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The Sicilian Renaissance Institute
Villa Virginia - Via Dante 159
I 90141 Palermo - Italy
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C U L T U R E O F L A W F U L N E S SThe role of religious experiences
The Sicilian case
The SicilianRenaissanceInstitute
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INDEX
- Introduction
The Sicilian Cart
by Leoluca Orlando Pag. 7
- Preface
The need for "antimafia pastoral"
by Cardinal Salvatore Pappalardo 11
- Promotion of a culture of lawfulness
The contribution of Sicily's Catholic community
by Mons. Salvatore Di Cristina 19
- Palermo's "Segno"
by Nino Fasullo 25
- What model of Church to face the Mafia
by Cosimo Scordato 33
The Sicilian Reinassance Institute
Statement of purpose 39
Biographies 45
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The Sicilian Cart
by Leoluca OrlandoPresident of the Sicilian Renaissance Institute
Culture of legality seems a play on words, words that express different realities:
wholesome and warm the former, cold and angular the latter. An astounding play on
words.
It is the priority choice of the United Nations Organization in the matter of crime
prevention in the world in 2002 and for the next four years.
But the astonishment goes further. The United Nations indicate the rebirth of
Palermo as model and symbol for the promotion of the culture of legality in the five con-
tinents.
What happened in Palermo and, more generally, in Sicily during the last few years
of the century and the millennium?
The citizens sought to oppose a violent and uncivil phenomenon like the Mafia
without themselves becoming violent and uncivil.
Their NO to the death penalty to the point of conferring honorary citizenship
upon the condemned (of any country and no matter what the reason: nobody may kill,
not even a state!) and honorary citizenship for the 14th Dalai Lama, the concert of soli-
darity for the oppressed Kurdish people and honorary citizenship for David Trimble and
John Hume, both winners of the Nobel Peace Prize, but also the re-opening of the
Massimo Theatre and the construction of tens of new school buildings, and the rehabi-
litation of the city's immense and most beautiful centre, completely abandoned for so
many years ... all these, far from being episodes of protagonism of a peripheral admini-
stration, were part and parcel — like the tesserae of a mosaic — of a precise and harmo-
nious cultural project.
Our experience proved to be a theory and a model, and not only a vitalistic and
precarious experience made up of unemployed asking for work by protesting on the
roofs of the palaces of power, or of garbage bins overturned by demonstrators, made up
of traffic jams and continuous exhortations to do better (a kind of "io speriamo che me
la cavo"1; or as we would put it in our Sicilian dialect, "agghiurno... ora speriamo ca
scura"... "we have seen the day break ... let's hope we'll manage 'til the evening").
That experience is today making the rounds of the world, a foundation — The
Sicilian Renaissance Institute — has come out of it and promotes positive leadership
towards the tandem democracy-legality.
If it is true that there is a relationship between democracy and peace, it is also true
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that peace is far too important for it to be entrusted solely to the military. Palermo
reminds us that there is a relationship between democracy and legality, but that legality
is far too important to be entrusted only to policemen and public prosecutors.
The model is the Sicilian cart, the traditional Sicilian cart with its two wheels, the
wheel of culture and the wheel of legality.
Two wheels that have to turn at the same speed, otherwise the cart won't move for-
ward, will simply wheel in circles.
If only the wheel of culture is turning and the wheel of legality remains still, there
is the risk of organizing a fine concert of Sicilian music in honour ... of some Mafia boss.
At the beginning of my work as mayor (in the second half of the 'eighties) I see-
med to be — just like many other mayors of Sicilian cities — a policeman, a public pro-
secutor: I almost invariably talked about crime and trials ... the cart stood still, both its
wheels had sunk deep into the bog of fear and collusion .. but a start had somehow to
be made, the cart had to be got moving again.
Thanks to the dedication of courageous policemen and magistrates, the wheel of
legality eventually started moving again and I could therefore concern myself with the
other wheel, making sure that the two wheels would turn at the same speed.
And so it was, the two wheels began to turn at the same speed, and Palermo, once
a handicap, became a resource, something shameful was turned into a model.
Midway through the 'eighties we had some 240/250 Mafia killings in Palermo
(and solely in Palermo!) each year. In 2000 we had just eight murders in Palermo, none
of them connected with the Mafia.
Midway through the 'eighties they said there was democracy and free market in
Palermo. 1 don't know what kind of democracy and what kind of free market they had
in mind, seeing that the whole of the economy was controlled by the Mafiosi and that
every Palermitan had either a relative or a friend who had been killed by the Mafia, either
because he opposed that criminal organization or was actually a member of it!
In 2000 we can really speak of democracy and free market in Palermo: democracy
in Palermo lives the hopes and the ills — and the latter unfortunately are not by any
means few — of Italian politics as a whole and in Palermo it has become possible to live,
work and do business without coming up against the Mafia.
At the beginning of my term as mayor, midway through the 'eighties, the munici-
pal administration neither had a regular budget nor an inventory of public property; in
2000 Palermo's municipal administration obtained an Aa3 rating from Moody's, an
international financial reliability rating that put it on par with the administrations of
Stockholm, Boston and San Francisco, and better than such cities as New York or
Chicago, to say nothing of Rome, Milan and Turin.
Am I saying that the Mafia no longer exists in Palermo? Certainly not!!!
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The Mafia exists, even in Palermo.
But today the Mafia no longer controls — as it did in the past — the heads and the
purses of Palermo's citizens.
Though the Mafia — I am referring to the new and winning Mafia - still seeks to
control both heads and purses, it no longer does so by invoking and distorting such tra-ditional values of culture as honour and family, but rather by evoking and distorting
liberty and success, the emerging values of Italian culture.
Today in Palermo both the "old" and the "new" Mafias are present and operating.
There is the risk that the old Mafia, the Mafia bound up with the politics of the
so-called "First Republic" — which should have been swept away by the explosion of the
moral question in the 'nineties — will now become flanked by a new Mafia, the Mafia
that tries to get its foot into the politics of the so-called "Second Republic": the Mafia
of the First Republic bound up with the distortions of the economy of unearned
income, the Mafia of the Second Republic bound up with the distortions of theeconomy of profit.
This experience is today becoming a model and surpasses the confines of the rea-
lity conditioned by the Mafia.
In the past the Mafia was a "genus"; and this genus coincided with the Sicilian
Mafia.
The Mafia was the Sicilian Mafia - the Mafia was Sicily, Sicily was the Mafia.
Today it is being realized that the Sicilian Mafia is only a "species"; the Russian
Mafia is another, so is the Chinese variety, and the Colombian one is yet another.Reflecting about the different Mafias in the world today, we can affirm that the
genus is not Mafia, but rather what is called "identity illegality", i.e. an illegality con-
nected with a cultural identity.
When we are attacked by a robber who wants to deprive us of our money, all we
have to do is to call the police, the public prosecutor. But when we are attacked by a rob-
ber who wants to deprive us of money by invoking Corsican pride, Basque identity, the
teachings of Mahomet or the words of Christ or of Yahweh .. . it is no longer enough to
call the police or the public prosecutor ... what we need is the second wheel of theSicilian cart, the wheel of culture.
In other words, school, the world of information, the men of religion, civil society.
And thus every time we think of violation of human rights by bandits and terro-
rists, no matter what their cultural identity, we always come back to the wheel of cultu-
re, the wheel that at Palermo contributed to freeing the heads of the citizens from the
hegemony of the Mafia.
Culture, as should be clear by now, is music, is dance, but first and foremost is con-
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sciousness of one's individual and community identity and its link with the respect of
the human person, every human person.
Every cultural identity is exposed to the risk of mortifying (humiliating) the
human person, the fundamental rights of every human person. It is the phenomenon,
the theory that, basing myself on Salman Rushdie's famous book and the experience of Palermo's renaissance, I call "satanic verse".
When a value, a cultural sign is used to mortify human rights, that value, that cul-
tural sign is turned into satanic verse. Honour and the family were thus used by the
Mafia as satanic verse to kill and rob... in the name of honour, in the name of the family.
And likewise Basque, Catholic-Irish or Corsican pride have been used by Basque,
Catholic-Irish and Corsican terrorism to kill and to rob... in the name of that
selfsame pride.
And in just the same way the German people's respect for the law was used by
Nazism to obtain obedience for the racial laws... in the very name of that traditionalGerman respect for the law.
And in just the same way freedom, security and wellbeing can be used as satanic
verse whenever they are invoked to kill, to rob, to violate rights of the human person.
It is Palermo's experience that tells us all this.
And we Sicilians have a great experience that we ought not to boast about ...
indeed, George Bernard Shaw reminded us that experience is the name we give to our
mistakes... and we Sicilians have great experience because we have made many great
mistakes.
The Mafia still exists: violent and weakened the one that uses honor, family and
friendship as "satanic verse"; enchanting and go-getting the one that uses liberty, success
and wealth as its "satanic verse".
Though equally criminal, both these mafias can be resisted: that is the lesson that
comes from Sicily. With the two wheels of the Sicilian cart, with respect for law and
identity, with the culture of legality born in Sicily amid sorrow and fear, rage and hope,
it is possible to resist all the Mafias in any part of the world, as also all the manifesta-
tions of identity illegality".
That lesson, which the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations adoptedand made its own, has affirmed itself as a strategic choice for the prevention of crime throu-
ghout the world. But that lesson stands in need of being continuously updated and vivified
to avoid that distortions of the economy of unearned income and capitalism without rules,
isolation and mortification of the operators of justice and loss of sense of responsibility could
bring about, and not only in Sicily, a return to the terrible season of massacres.
1) A schoolboys completely ungrammatkal, but also untranslatable way of saying "let's hope I'll get by" rendered
famous by the book of a teacher published in Italy some years ago.
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The need for "antimafia pastoral"
by Cardinal Salvatore Pappalardo
Palermo Archbishop emeritus
When I first arrived in Palermo in December 1970, it was still being affirmed that
Cardinal Ruffini, one of my predecessors in the see, had denied the existence of the
Mafia in Sicily. That was not correct. In a pastoral letter written in 1967 he had in fact
said that the Mafia was not "the true face of Sicily", as some people may still hold today,
but that Sicilians (and even I have said this on several occasions) had rather to be consi-
dered as the victims of the Mafia and that, given their ancient civilization, culture and
Christian faith, they had virtues and merits that could not but be loyally recognized. Ishould here add that the Cardinal's letter went on to sustain that the cause of the pre-
sence and arrogance of the Mafia in Sicily's territory was the absence of the State, una-
ble to assure the orderly enjoyment by the citizens of their rights and their legitimate per-
sonal liberty.
Nowadays everybody recognizes that such a situation existed for a long time in
Sicily and that a citizen who wished to obtain something from a municipal, regional or
state administration often had to seek the mediation of an influential friend, or turn to
some politician or even a Mafioso, with the result that people obtained as a "favour"what was really their due as an act of correct administration or justice. And it could also
happen that in this manner they obtained things to which they were not entitled and
even things that were clearly contra legem.
In short, the political situation in Italy, and especially in Sicily, was for a long
period of time such as to give rise to collusions, connivances, favouritisms and the like,
and this to the point where all this was practically taken for granted! A regional inquiry
about the Mafia carried out in the 1970's produced numerous volumes of proceedings,
but practically no results. Evidently, the action of those who were supposed to ascertain
the facts and set the law in motion whenever appropriate had become blocked at a cer-tain point, and everything could therefore continue as before.
It should be borne in mind, however, that very little was known at that time about
the nature and organization of the Mafia. People could be certain only that it was some-
thing you had best stay away from, indeed, that you did well not to even pro-nounce its
name in public for fear that in some way or another that could bring troubles on your
head. It therefore created a certain impression when in the course of some public spee-
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ches I openly referred to the presence and pernicious action of the Mafia and the Mafiosi
and suggested that they were present even among the so-called "white collars". In short,
there was a tendency to consider and confine the Mafia as something purely criminal
and therefore of interest only to the police forces and the courts. The crimes it commit-
ted, especially the murders, were looked upon either as internal affairs of the Mafia gangsor as intimidations or vendettas involving some official or magistrate who had done his
work with excessive zeal. In the sad period when organized terrorism was rampant in all
part of the Italian peninsula, some people even came to believe - almost with satisfac-
tion - that no such terrorist acts had occurred in Sici-ly, because there was the Mafia to
prevent it!
However, for the purposes of a proper valuation of the attention that the Sicilian
episcopate paid to the large number of assassinations and armed robberies that were
being perpetrated in the island, it seems to me important to mention that the bishops,ever since the regional synod in 1952, and therefore in the days of Cardinal Ruffini, had
inflicted "excommunication" (i.e., the spiritual penalty of exclusion from the Church
community) upon the executors and instigators of these crimes. The excommunication
was confirmed by the Sicilian Episcopal Conference on two subsequent occasions and it
still applies today.
The perception that the Mafia, quite apart from its individual crimes, also pro-
moted a subversive project vis-h-vis the State dates to the end of the 1970s, and with it
came the general realization that the fight against it could not be left solely to the poli-ce forces and the courts. The numerous crimes committed around the beginning of the
1980's, among them the assassination of the Regional President, Piersanti Mattarella,
other servants of the State and then also the Prefect of Palermo, General Carlo Alberto
Dalla Chiesa, brought home to everybody just how tragic the situation had become and
how great was the need for the State to intervene quickly and with great determination.
The Latin phrase I quoted on the tragic occasion of the funeral of General Dalla Chiesa
remained impressed in people's memory: "Dum Romae consulitur, Saguntum expugnatur"
("While they talk in Rome, Saguntum is being conquered") was intended to be, and was
also understood as such, an appeal that the State should be more continuously and acti-vely present in its territory and implied also that the social structures should realize that
they could no longer remain inert, but had likewise to be present and active in the face
of such a menacing danger.
Since then the Church assemblies and meetings in the island have witnessed an
ever larger number of interventions and denunciations not only of the antisocial aspect
of the Mafia, but also of the things that place it in such sharp contrast with the Gospel
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and the ways of living and operating that are peculiar to the Church community. The
Regional Meeting of 1985 even arrived at prospecting the need for a specifically "anti-
mafia pastoral" in the island. The diction may not have been wholly correct, but it did
bring home just how very essential it was that the Church, too, should assume a very
dear and decided position in its educational and formative action. A position that wouldvigorously underscore that observance of the natural law, the divine commandments and
the evangelical precepts implies in itself not only a radical opposition to individual acts
of criminal transgression, but also the refusal of the very concepts and mentality of the
Mafia, which have to be expressly condemned as such and shown up as in every way
detrimental to legality, true justice and Christian charity.
The statements made in this connection by the bish-ops in their pastoral docu-
ments and the communiques of the Regional Conferences thus became ever stronger
and more explicit and were subsequently confirmed also by the present Pope, who in1991 re-ferred to the Mafia in the following terms: "This social scourge represents a
serious menace not only to civil society, but also to the mission of the Church, since it
undermines the ethical consciousness and Christian culture of the Sicilian people from
within". In short, we realized more clearly that, as far as the Mafia was concerned, we
had to talk not only with the juridical categories and the language of the penal code and
civil society, but also with the categories and terminology of the Church, so as to make
it very clear that the actions and the mentality of the Mafia are already in themselves gra-
vely sinful, that they are in radical conflict with the Gospel, which proclaims justice, love
and peace as the fundamental and inalienable values of a Christian.
Equally strong words can be read in similar documents published between 1992
and 1995 (years that witnessed the massacres of the magistrates Falcone and Borsellino
and their escorts, and the assassination of Don Puglisi, a priest), when the General
Assembly of the Italian Dioceses to be held in Paler-mo was already being prepared: "As
regards the Mafia, inasmuch as it is a distorted complex of false values, quite apart from
its pernicious potential of delinquency... it is our duty to underscore the denunciation...
regarding its incompatibility with the Gospel..., which is inherent in the Mafia as such,
because without any shadow of doubt it forms part of the kingdom of sin, and turns itsmembers into nothing other than hands of the Devil". For this reason, we kept on repea-
ting that "all those who in some way and deliberately form part of the Mafia or commit
acts of connivance with the Mafia should know that they are and live in unhealable
opposition to the Gospel of Jesus Christ, that they are outside the communion of his
Church". These were unequivocal statements that cannot leave any doubt as to the posi-
tion the Church has assumed in respect of the Mafia, and were made known both to the
faithful and to all those in society who could be interested in knowing this position.
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Other citations, if you wish, could still be added, a case in point being a document
that the bishops published in 1996 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Sicily's
Statute of Autonomy: "We cannot but recall and denounce delinquency in all its forms,
and particularly the Mafia... It constitutes Sicily's most shameful social scourge that with
its foul and excessive power, the tragic succession of its dead... and its abominable cri-mes, humiliates, mortifies and damages our land, corrodes the essential nodes of its
social and political life, and clouds its image and name before the rest of the country and
the world". It is legitimate to hold that such repeated public denunciations and con-
demnations have not remained without effect in the mind and conscience of those who
in this land of Sicily are anxious to continue calling themselves Christians.
As regards the Palermitan Church, in particular, together with all the other chur-
ches in the island, it has sought to be present and active in its territory, intensifying the
various forms of evangelization in the course of time, especially the so-called popularmissions, which were celebrated throughout the dioceses with great commitment in
1984 and the immediately following years as a moment of intent reflection about the
moral and religious values of life and a strong and general appeal for a change in peo-
ple's behaviour. Some 4000 "lay missionaries" of both sexes were involved in this work,
by means of which the Church sought to reach as many people and families as possible,
in individual homes, in blocks of flats, in streets and squares, in public structures, in
meeting places and at work.
It was in those years that we had the opportunity of increasing the number of parishes, which was brought from 158 to 178, thus enhancing their presence in the ter-
ritory and the specific activities of religious education and formation performed at this
level. We paid ever greater attention to young people, to whom so many pastoral appeals
had already been addressed in preceding years, seeking to stimulate them ever more
strongly towards the good and away from evil.
We sought to involve all the Church realities and communities in this program, so
that it should be seen that the action that had to be taken was not just limited to the
clergy, the religious and small groups of volunteers, but called for the presence of theentire Church community. We also had some extraordinary penitential celebrations that
took place in the Cathedral and enjoyed a massive participation of people and civil and
social representations; improperly called "antimafia masses", they sought to promote
wide-spread consciousness of the social and moral evil induced by Mafia activities.
The Palermitan Church has always been richly blessed with good will and dedica-
tion to its mission, and it made extensive use of these to spread not only strictly religious
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values, but also those of human promo-don, social solidarity, legality and morality. The
youth groups in the parishes have always been a field where priests, religious educators
and pastoral workers have worked with much patience, fighting unceasingly against
every form of egoism and spreading the notion of the common good that is just as essen-
tial for the life of the Church community as it is for the progress of civil society.
The same formative and educational commitment has also been extended to many
and highly diverse associations of young people - and also of the not so very young - that
exist in the dioceses, about a hundred in all, each with its own membership, and all for-
ming part of the Lay Apostolate Council. They include the popular confraternities, some
of which can look back on a history covering several centuries, the numerous groups of
Catholic Action, and those animated by the numerous religious orders present in
Palermo with their churches, schools, oratories and meeting places where adolescents can
play and learn.
We have always been able to rely also on the numerous volunteer groups at work
in various social service centres for persons at risk or in need of material or assistance,
among them the "Borsellino Centres, Santa Chiara, the so-called Case famiglia (Family
homes), those of the Cardinal Ruffini Charitable Institution, the Sisters of the Good
Shepherd, the Servants of the Poor, the Missionaries of Charity, Biagio Conte's Hope
and Charity Mission, and so on. But mention should also be made here of the strongly
formative activities of the Catholic schools: between kindergartens, elementary, secon-
dary and higher schools they tot up to 132; managed either by religious educators or di-rectly by the Diocese, they are doing highly profitable work, not least among the fami-
lies of their pupils.
Together with these charitable and educational institutions, Palermo's Church has
also sought to help lay people to improve their education in the social and religious
fields: apart from the Theological Faculty and the Superior Institute of Religious
Sciences, about forty popular schools have been opened offering three-year courses of
basic theology, a Social Service University School, university courses in jurisprudence,
and two centres dedicated, respectively, to political culture and Catholic social doctrine.
This long list of initiatives, not by any means com-plete, bears witness to the atten-
tion the Diocese has always paid in the past, and even more so in recent years, to ensu-
re that evangelical culture and spirit should permeate to the various levels of the popu-
lation, for these not only sustain the life of faith of Christians, but are undoubtedly also
a valid antidote for every form of ethical, legal, moral and social deviation.
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Though care has always been taken to enhance the fundamental action and
responsibility of parents in the education in the religious and civil education of their
children, our Church has always held that the state school institutions are privileged
means and fields for promoting the global education of children and preventing them
falling prey to the obscure forces at work in society. Recent years have seen the Paler-
mitan schools actively engaged in activities aimed at promoting social values, and this
has undoubtedly been one of the most important elements for fostering greater civil con-
sciousness not only among the young, but among the citizenry as a whole.
Don Giuseppe Puglisi, the priest assassinated by the Mafia in Palermo in 1993,
thought and acted in this way. Particularly committed in the Brancaccio quarter, he did
a great deal of work for the religious and social formation of the young and this was why
the Mafia decided to kill him. Always well conscious of the duties that derived from his
pastoral ministry, he kept asking the competent authorities that in his quarter, quiteapart from appropriate structures to take the youngsters away from the degradation and
miseducation of the streets, there should be opened a secondary school, capable not only
of giving them culture, but also promoting the sense of their civil dignity and liberty and
the ability to defend them.
Palermo's Church today takes this minister as symbol and martyr of the will of
redemption that still animates the city, so that it may continue and complete the pro-
mising process of liberation from the Mafia that has been under way and to reaffirm the
loftiest values of physical, civil, moral and religious life, values that are all inherent in theChristian faith that for so many centuries sustained this ancient and noble Sicilian peo-
pie.
* Speech in occasion of the international symposium "The role of Civil society in Countering organised crime: (
bal implication of the Palermo, Sicily Renaissance" '— December 2000
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T h e role of rel igious experiencesThe Sicilian case
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Promotion of a culture of lawfulness
The contribution of Sicily's Catholic community
by Mons. Salvatore Di Cristina
Let me begin by bidding a hearty and most cordial welcome to all of you, Ladies
and Gentlemen, and saying a word of thanks to the organizers of this seminar, to whom
I am most grateful for having invited me to come here and make a contribution. May
you all have the fruits and benefits you expected from this experience.
As regards my specific contribution, I cannot set the ball rolling without making
at least a brief mention of a "note" by the Italian Episcopal Conference that goes back toa few years ago, but is still rather significant for our present purposes. Indeed, both the
subject matter of the note, which bore the title Educare alia legalira (Educating for legal-
ity), and the particular historical moment that suggested its publication at the time have
a close bearing on the reflections of our seminar
The note in question is dated 4 October 1991, a date that brings to the mind of
us Italians a rather stormy and tempestuous period of our recent history, characterized
by certain scandals that derived from the failure of some top levels of the political life of
our country to comply with the requirements of legality. Let me say right away that the
note of the Italian episcopate had a considerable and, indeed, capillary impact of reflec-tion and self-criticism on practically all the country's Church communities, giving rise
to a courageous calling into question of choices and life styles that were more or less cur-
rent at the various levels of public and private life and a consequent and rather tangible
re-awakening of a more authentic civil consciousness among Italian Catholics.
As regards Sicily in particular, the theme of education for legality had at the time
and keeps on having true moments of choral reflection that, on at least two particularly
solemn occasions during this last decade, also enjoyed considerable publicity and echo.
I am referring to a great Church meeting held in November 1993 with the partic-
ipation of more than one thousand five hundred representatives of all the Sicilian dio-
ceses. That meeting courageously denounced the "spreading and taking root of an exces-
sively subjectivist mentality", the tendency to interpret the "good, including the com-
mon good, in an egocentric and utilitarian sense. It therefore declared this way of seeing
things and the behaviour patterns that go with as being in contrast with Christian cul-
ture. Given the ecclesial character of the meeting, the message was clearly addressed first
and foremost to Catholics and was intended to stimulate a healthy self-criticism:
"Unfortunately — as the final document of the meeting noted — we have to admit that
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not even Christians always manage to remain immune from this sickness of society" .
The second solemn occasion was offered by the Conference of the Sicilian Bishops
in 1996, which coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of the statute that set up the
Sicilian Region. As regards lawfulness, the final document, produced with the help of
numerous experts in various juridical, administrative and social fields, noted with dis-cretion, but also rather forcefully, that the regional political framework at that moment
was "burdened by the widespread technical incompetence of those responsible for the
public Administration, the lack of true political professionalism of these selfsame admin-
istrators .. and (even) a certain deplorable openness of the system to being permeated by
illicit and illegal interests" . The bishops therefore called for the "vigil and responsible
participation of all, especially those who have direct responsibilities in the political and
social field", appealing to them "to act in a manner that was not in conflict but in har-
mony with the inalienable good of democracy and civil living together" , this in clear
awareness that "no institutional reform is possible if it is not accompanied, founded andsustained by a reform of customs, fruit of the conversion of minds and hearts" .
But the efforts of the Sicilian Church in favour of education for legality, efforts
that we have been vigorously making for many years now, even though we are always
looking for new methodological approaches, found their most typical application in
connection with the sad phenomenon of the Mafia.
It would hardly be appropriate for me to attempt a description of the Mafia phe-
nomenon here; nor do I think would you wish me to retrace the various changes that
have occurred in the attitude of the Church and civil society vis-a-vis this phenomenon
and the reasons underlying these changes. Here I only want to recall that - from aboutthe middle of last century onwards - the change began to take shape in the Church, per-
haps too slowly at first, but almost certainly long before it did so in civil society. In this
connection one only has to bear in mind that - as early as 1962 - the Plenary Council
of Sicilian Bishops under the chairmanship of Cardinal Ernesto Ruffini had inflicted
excommunication upon the executor and instigators of crimes committed in furtherance
of organized criminality: a penalty that was subsequently confirmed by the Sicilian
Episcopal Conference and is still applicable explicitly in connection with Mafia crimes.
For the sake of truth and justice, I should also recall that as from the 'seventies
onwards the contributions of the Sicilian episcopate and especially the statements of its
Regional Conference have been characterized by the forcefulness and appropriateness of
their denunciations. In particular, I cannot but recall the interventions of Palermo's pre-
vious Archbishop, Cardinal Salvatore Pappalardo, especially the speeches he made on the
occasion of the tragic assassinations of the 'eighties and the early 'nineties, murders that
shook the entire nation. Given his acute intelligence, Cardinal Pappalardo was well
aware of the risk that could be associated with his commitment, which - though prima-
rily intended as a pastoral commitment — could nevertheless be interpreted in accor-
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dance with the stereotype of the "anti-mafia priest" (or, in his case, "anti-mafia bishop"):
in other words, the risk that his role as minister of the Word of God could become flat-
tened into the reductive instances of so-called "civil religion".
Cardinal Pappalardo's concern really derived from the need for finding an appro-
priate methodology, a Christian approach to the Mafia phenomenon, the peculiar theo-logico-pastoral horizon of which had not yet been clearly appreciated. On the one hand,
there was the need for dispelling some commonplaces that saw the Mafia as traditional-
ly "bound" to Sicily's ecclesiastic environment, be it on account of an occasional mafia
affiliate who was also a relative of a member of the clergy, or the longstanding practice
of the local mafias to play an active part in parish committees and congregations, or sim-
ply the ostentatious respect the Mafia was wont to show to men of the Church; on the
other hand, the Church wanted to define the Mafia and the struggle against it in terms
of a language that was not simply the mirror image of the language used by the courts
and the mass media and therefore rather sterile from the point of view of the faith. Morerecently, lastly, an episode bound up with certain sacramental events administered by a
Catholic priest to a fugitive mafia member, an episode that made the headlines not least
on account of a clumsy and theatrical police operation, laid bare the existence of a spe-
cific problematic regarding the "pastoral care of Mafia members".
But let me come back to my theme. The tragic recrudescence of Mafia violence,
which reached a peak of brutality on the occasion of the assassinations in Palermo that
I recalled a moment or two ago, aroused a wave of indignation that at long last began to
assume a truly popular character even in Sicily. A wave of indignation that, at least
among the strata of the population normally reached by Christian catechesis, obviouslyalso tended to assume specifically Christian connotations. At this point many people
took the view that dissociation from the Mafia, paid for with one's life, could be due to
a Christianly motivated fidelity to one's conscience or that the commitment in the fight
against the Mafia of some servants of the State could in some way be connected with the
fact they were also practicing Catholics. The need for organizing an opposition to the
Mafia that in some way was inspired directly by the Christian faith was beginning to be
felt in the parishes and among the groups of the Catholic associations. At the regional
meeting it was even said that Sicily stood in need of an "anti-mafia pastoral": the term
may not be very appropriate, but is certainly highly expressive of this strongly-felt needfor motivating and organizing the handling of this specific problem by means of a
method inspired by the Gospel.
A true turning point as regards the sense and the authentically Christian style of
the fight against the Mafia was reached when Don Giuseppe Puglisi, parish priest of
Brancaccio, one of Palermo's quarters where the Mafia is particularly numerous, was
assassinated precisely on account of the dedication with which he sought to recuperate
the people of his parish to a truly Christian consciousness. The spiritual stature of Don
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Giuseppe and his lofty personality as a pastor, which he lived with a simple and yet win-
ning and intensely communicative humanity, forcefully proposed him as a lofty model
for the ecclesial community and its pastors, especially with a view to a method of fight-
ing the Mafia no longer defined in purely general terms, but rather by its specific con-
gruity with the mission of the Church.The formative contribution that Don Giuseppe Puglisi made to the fight against
the Mafia, a contribution he paid for with a death — forgive me the oxymoron — lived as
a true Christian, not only enabled the Church community to shed once and for all the
equivocations of a certain and by then distant past, but also to adopt a pedagogy that
will surely prove a winner against the Mafia's culture of death.
Some months after his death, all this was very much in the minds of those attend-
ing the previously mentioned Third Meeting of the Sicilian Churches, whose labours are
reflected in the document issued by the Sicilian bishops under the title "New
Evangelization and Pastoral", especially when, assuming an unusually forceful positionagainst the culture and the practice of the Mafia, they make specific reference to Don
Giuseppe Puglisi:
"Against this Mafia mentality and against the violence of the Mafia, we Bishops of
Sicily intend to oppose once again, but even more decidedly, the unarmed and yet irreducible
power of the Gospel, a power that is dedicated to the persuasion, promotion and conversion
of people, but also wholly intransigent in not authorizing exceptions or simple-minded com-
promises as far as evil is concerned, no matter who may commit it or profit therefiom. Don
Giuseppe Puglisi fully incarnated this twofold power of the Gospel: he represents an example
for all of us; the model that he constitutes for the Sicilian clergy and every true Christian isalso the challenge we launch to all those whom it may concern".
It is legitimate to think that such strong denunciations and condemnations by
Sicily's topmost Church authorities have not failed to produce effects in the mind and
consciousness of all those who in this land of ours set store - and continue to set store
— on calling themselves Christians.
The Theological Faculty of Sicily and other of the island's academic and Catholic
cultural realties have for a long time past been involved in this reflection about theChristian specificity of both the theological motivation and the methodology and pas-
toral language of the Church's fight against the culture of the Mafia. Using the appro-
priate scientific instruments, they came to grips with the themes of the correct ethical
and moral valuation of the Mafia phenomenon and sought to define in various ways the
principles that should inspire the Church's attitude in the face of organized criminality.
To which I might add that some priest-teachers have for some time been experimenting
an interesting model of environmental pastoral action in a particularly degraded area of
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can claim to be absolute leaders in this field at the national level. A particular has been
made in connection with the work of Christian formation of the lay confraternities, tra-
ditional forms of religious association in our island, though in the past not always free
of infiltrations far from compatible with an authentic Christianity. Today the confrater-
nities often constitute a precious source of help for the priests.
5. The organizations at work to recuperate the unwitting victims of the Mafia cul-
ture, especially the children and the youngsters in the high-risk areas include the Centro
Padre Nostro, founded by Don Giuseppe Puglisi in his Brancaccio, centres like Santa
Chiara of the Salesian Fathers and Paolo Borsellino in the San Ernesto Parish, Casa dei
Giovani, an association that is also an important structure for the rehabilitation of drug
addicts, and the recently founded Centro Educazione alia Fraternita, which is sustained
by a private association of highly motivated Christian laymen.
6. Though the Church of Palermo has always endeavoured to use its service struc-
tures to arouse and enhance the fundamental responsibility of the family in the religious
and civil education of the new generations, it has also held in great consideration the task
and the responsibility that the public institutions, school first and foremost among
them, have in connection with the global human education of the young. It has there-
fore endeavoured to maintain close relations of collaboration through its own associative
organizations. As a general rule, these relations are fruitful and cordial, based on mutu-
al respect for the competencies of the two sides and dedicated solely to the interest of the
young.This was the way of thinking and acting of Don Giuseppe Puglisi, engaged to the
very end in urging the lower secondary school so sadly lacking in his quarter. It has since
been set up and bears his name.
The Church of Palermo, its clergy and people, all, has assumed this minister as
symbol and witness of the will for redemption that animates it. It hopes that, following
his example and trusting in his intercession with God, the whole of the City of Palermo
will continue and complete the work of liberation from the Mafia, liberation from all
browbeating of man by man that has been so promisingly commenced; a liberation
accompanied by the promotion of the authentic (and therefore Christian) culture of thevalues of life, peace and justice that founds human co-existence and is desired by our
Creator.
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Palermo's "Segno"
by Nino Fasullo
1. The first issue of "Segno" (Sign) saw the light of day in Palermo in November
1975. It did not have at its back a real editorial program, fruit of studies and specific
analyses: the new paper had been decided in the space of a few weeks in substitution of
another. But behind it there was an experience and, certainly, also very clear ideas about
the renewal of the Church and politics: indeed, the paper kept steering its course on the
twin rail of the Christian faith and commitment in society.However, the ideas of "Segno" had not been born right in Palermo. They came
from the Vatican Council. The paper thus drew its origin from the most important
ecclesial event of the century. The experience and the passions, on the other hand, were
altogether Sicilian or, better, Palermitan: they assumed form and color in a city that,
though immobile and backward, was also rich in energies that always seemed on the
point of erupting.
In actual fact "Segno" was born in Palermo in the house of the Redemptorist Fathers
in Via Badia, rising from the ashes of another review, "II Cristiano d'Oggi"(The Christian
Today), which ever since the end of 1972 had aroused quite a few perplexities and reservesin the Church environment and the political environments associated with it.
Of this story we shall here underscore only two points: the essential characteristics
of the review and its links with Palermo. The latter aspect is somewhat particular, inas-
much as "Segno", even though it was situated in and always concerned itself with
Palermo, never enclosed itself in the city or in Sicily: its space was the country, with an
ever-open eye for the problems of international life.
2. The period and the ideas amid which "Segno" saw the light of day are thus those
of the 'seventies and, in their turn, were prepared by the previous decade. Years that fromthe ecclesial point of view were marked by the Council, and therefore by Gaudium et
spes and the explosive force of the liturgical reform, which had brought the spontaneous
ecclesial groups to life.
At the social and cultural level, on the other hand, those years were marked by don
Lorenzo Milani's Lettera ad un professoressa (Letter to a schoolmistress) and the Letter to
Pipetta, by 1968 in die universities, the war in Vietnam and guerilla warfare in Latin America,
with the theology of liberation associated with it. And therefore by critique of politics.
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"the political unity of Catholics is abolished", but rather because it had "commanded"
the Church to leave herself free of all mundane concerns of wielding power - be it even
indirect, be it even for good purposes, for example, safeguarding democracy and the
interests of the Church - in order to concern herself full-time with the Gospel, and
therefore with the poor. In the end the Council had left the Church with the possibili-ty of having but one party: the party of the poor. And if she had acquired authority and
civil and cultural force, these had to be wholly spent for the poor.
It will readily be understood just how new and subversive an approach of this kind
must have seemed in Palermitan Catholic environments, that it aroused reserve and in
some cases even hostility.
"Segno", which in the meantime had come to life, found itself in the midst of the
tempest. Quite a few people, understanding the sense of its cultural commitment and
the issue at stake, sympathized with the review, that is to say, with the perspective of free-
dom and democracy that, from within the Church, it represented for Palermo and Sicily.
5. One characteristic of "Segno", possibly a specific one, was its laity. The review
was constituted — in the house of the Redemptorist Fathers, but independent and
autonomous of them — as a monthly of "Catholics and laymen". An intentionally
ambiguous, but correct description. Because, even though historically "laymen" and
"Catholics" in Italy represented two line-ups that were not only different but also hos-
tile, today Catholics who base themselves on the Council can also be "laymen" without
ceasing to be Catholics. The differences and dividing fences of former days have disap-
peared. Without traumas and in all tranquillity a Catholic can also be a layman. Rather,he cannot but be such, for example, in politics or in proposing or voting a law to regu-
late the phenomenon of divorce. Laity, as far as the review is concerned, no longer
means, obviously, opposition to the Church, but simply responsible use of critical rea-
son in all fields of knowledge and morality, society and politics. In Palermo and Sicily,
"Segno" was de facto the expression of a group of men and women committed to com-
mon objectives that were really shared by believers and non-believers. Who is a believer?
was the question asked in those years. Those who in words profess the faith, or those
who concretely further the teachings of the Gospel? Who is a Catholic politician? Those
who frequent the curias and are presented and sustained by the bishop at election time,or those who are effectively committed in favor of justice, liberty, peace, the dignity of
the poor, of women, and for a future of freedom for the young?
6. The editorial group of "Segno" used Chapter 25 of the Gospel according to
Saint Matthew as the criterion for reading the history of the Church. It was also sus-
tained by the evangelical parabola (Mat 21, 28-32 of the father who has two sons, but
who is effectively obeyed only by the younger, who is seeming disobedient in words.
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What collapsed in those days was a Catholic pseudo-culture and the seemingly massive
and often artificial wall that divided believers from non-believers: all of whom were
invariably seen as "left-wingers". There came to be experimented a cultural and opera-
tive co-existence that changed not only the ideology, but also — and more concretely —
everyday practice.One of the most significant effects of this position was the unitary character of the
anti-Mafia movement of the 'eighties. The fact that in Palermo there was but one anti-
Mafia movement, where believers and non-believers found themselves committed side
by side to the attainment of one and the same objective: putting an end to the domin-
ion of the Mafia and the culture that characterizes it. And this was yet another of the
Council's qualifying teachings that "Segno" promoted by its various initiatives.
In short, "Segno"'s Catholics took the Council as their guide. It was not by chance
that in those years the young readers of the review were reading some of the Council's
documents each week. The "segnisti" were laymen to the hilt, because they distinguishedbetween faith and reason and assumed the responsibility of science and culture, as also
of actual practice. They freed God of all responsibility that really behoved men.
7. "Segno" was a review of critique. A review that criticized in order to rejuvenate,
to push towards new comprehensions and responsibilities. Passion for change was the
most intimate spring of the cultural and political activity of "Segno". Purely Christian
passion, as one might say. To the point of legitimately holding that a Christian who did
not commit himself to changing the world in a progressive sense would not be a
Christian. In this sense, for whatever meaning there may attach to this term, "Segno"was culturally a paper of the left. But only if left is not taken to mean, as it must not be
taken to mean, atheist and unbelieving. As far as "Segno" was concerned, man or woman
of the left meant only a seeker of freedom, especially for the poor, justice, equality, truth
and peace: in the sense of Pacem in terris of John XXIII, a notoriously left-wing mani-
festo.
8. The central category of Chapter 25 of Matthew's Gospel is practice. Tell me
what you do, what side you are on, the things and the people you are in favor of, and I
will tell you whether you are a Christian. Not that orthodoxy is of no importance, quitethe contrary. But it is life, practice and behavior that resolve and settle questions, some-
times even the theoretical ones. At least according to the Gospel. Another parabola that
"converges" with the teachings of Matthew is that of the Good Samaritan (Lk 10, 30-
37), which in Palermo, in Via Badia, was the theme of a memorable talk given by Dom
Giovanni Franzoni. The doctrine of the parabola is clear: you cannot pass beyond the
problems of men, pretending not to see them. You have to stop, take them in, and come
to grips with them. Consequently, the Christian faith, rather than being a mere title for
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saving oneself, is a force for liberating others. The faith has to be spent in the city. Spent
in the sense of consumed, run through, employed to the very last drop.
With these convictions it was inevitable that "Segno" should confront itself with
the problems of the city. It seemed beyond all doubt that the gravest and most urgent
problem of Palermo and Sicily was the Mafia. We could not ignore it. Unlike the over-
whelming majority of the Church, who behaved as if the Mafia did not exist, who would
not perceive the infernal fire that burnt the men of Cosa Nostra and the city, "Segno'"s
little group began to thunder against the Mafia and to say that the Mafia phenomenon
was radically anti-Christian and that failure to oppose it was gravely sinful. "Segno" was
the first Catholic review after the Council to say all this. While others remained silent.
Or distinguished or understood, but passed on. To be precise, "II Cristiano d'Oggi" had
already begun to talk about the Mafia in the 'sixties. In issue No.42, with a leading arti-
cle entitled Without prophets, it had openly denounced the silence of the Church.
Isolated, we were looking for contacts. There was no lack of collaboration, even fromsome (but very few) priests.
9. In the last thirty years, practically the entire life of "Segno", the fight against
the Mafia has de facto been the reviews principal commitment. But only because the
Mafia was the dominant problem. "Segno" was not conceived as a periodical of Mafia
questions. The review found the Mafia there without looking for it. And thus there was
practically no issue of the 'eighties that did not speak about the Mafia. It was the fault
of Cosa Nostra if in those terrible years we did not succeed in publishing an issue that
did not talk about the Mafia. In "Segno" there is everything: the anger, the sorrow, theindignation, the weeping, the desperation, the humiliation, the anguish, the widows, the
orphans, the funerals, the homilies of the Archbishop, the press communiques of the
trade unions, the parishes, the police unions, Catholic Action (but never of Opus Dei or
Communion and Liberation), the political parties, first and foremost the Italian
Communist Party. And integral documents with date, place and time of publication.
And then studies and reflections: precise, rigorous, documented. In this way "Segno" was
the expression not only of the little editorial group that for almost thirty years has writ-
ten its leading articles only after having discussed, read and approved them. But rather
the review of a large number of men and women who wrote, subscribed and met to fighta phenomenon and a power that offends Palermitans, Sicilians, Italians, humanity. You
cannot understand "Segno" apart from this choral consent, ample though not vast, and
not only Sicilian.
10. There is an aspect of the Palermitan anti-Mafia that the review often under-
scored and promoted: the fact that the civil and cultural opposition to Cosa Nostra can-
not be a matter of principle, words, sterile, with the risk of running dry within itself.
Attention was always concentrated on the propositional contents. De facto the paper
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fought specifically for constructing something new: legality. It was a question of intro-
ducing esteem for the law into civil ethics, understanding the law as a common asset of
primary importance, so that every care had to be dedicated to the acquisition of a prop-
er sense and appreciation of it. A revolution in the fullest sense of the term. Opposing
the Mafia does not just mean repudiating the violence of others, but promotion of obser-vation of the law by all. If being Mafiosi means feeling and being concretely exempt from
and outside the law, being anti-Mafia must mean publicly observing the law. Submission
to the law as practice of non-Mafia culture. More practice of the law, less Mafia. More
Mafia, less law observed. In this, as in many other things, Leonardo Sciascia, was a great
master. The great writer kept affirming that the Mafia had to be fought with law.
11.The concrete experience of this motive was initiated in August 1987, when
Leoluca Orlando formed his "pentacolor" government: the event was probably the most
positive that Palermo had known in the second half of the twentieth century. "Segno",
never given to easy infatuations and political fideisms, was among the first to grasp the
importance of this experience understood as an exceptional opportunity for the city that
could not be wasted. In fact, it constituted a turning point in the history of Palermo and
the fight against the Mafia. It was not by chance that against it there came to be
unleashed the opposition of political and cultural forces that have to be described as —
to say the least — short-sighted. And of men and groups incapable of understanding ideas
and processes not forming part of their own schemes. Apart from the results, undoubt-
edly open to question and at times disappointing, that Palermitan political experience,which turned Italy upside down, remains possibly the most significant the city has ever
known. "Segno" sustained it, albeit not uncritically, dedicating it several monographic
issues and numerous studies.
12. Another characteristic of "Segno" is its discretion. It lives precariously in the
mist of hardships. It arrives more or less everywhere. Having sent out one issue, we start
thinking about the next. It has known some moments of success, but all very ephemer-
al. Its financial sponsors are its subscribers, among whom Father Giuseppe Pugliesi was
one of the most faithful. And then Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, willed into
the Courthouse by Rocco Chinnici. It can rely on excellent collaborators, among them
the late Marcello Cimino and Giuliana Saladino, who prepared the index of the first ten
years of the review.
Let us recall some of the important issues that made (albeit little) history. First of
all "Segno" 35/1982, Sul fronte di Sagunto (On the front of Saguntum), the issue pub-
lished immediately after the assassination of General Dalla Chiesa, which documents the
mobilization of civil society and the first significant commitment of the Church. In it
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you can also find the answers that 26 leading Catholics gave to some questions posed by
the review, the first of which asked (remember that the date is 1982!) "whether the Mafia
was a problem that the Church had to face". The issue also contains the report that G.
Falcone and G. Turone made to the Castelgandolfo meeting in June 1982 and which we
gave the title The Mafia in the sanctuary of the banks, though it was originally entitledInquiry techniques in the Mafia field: we had obtained the text from Rocco Chinnici,
who asked Giovanni Falcone for it. The other important document of that issue was the
famous pastoral letter of Cardinal Ernesto Ruffini, integral text, entitled The true face of
Sicily, in which the Archbishop denounced the "three factors that more than any others
... have contributed" to the organization of "a grave conspiracy to dishonor Sicily [...]:
the Mafia, the Gattopardo, Danilo Dolci".
Another important issue was "Segno" 45/1983, Verso la signoria dei missili
(Towards the dominion of the missiles), dedicated to the movement for peace, not only
in Sicily, against the installation of the missiles at Commiso. It also contains an impor-tant study by the historian Carlo Marino, Pacifist movement and popular struggles at
the beginning of the 'fifties.
"Segno" 66/1986, Processo alia Mafia (Mafia on trial), published the most signif-
icant parts of the ordinance of the investigating magistrates of the Court of Palermo that
was to give rise to the maxi trial commenced on 10 February 1986; and also Cronaca
di una mattanza (Account of a slaughter), the dramatic story of the dead who had
stained Palermo with blood in those years.
"Segno" 53/1984 published an Article by Aurelio Grimaldi, Viaggio in un girone
della citta violenta (Voyage in a circle of the violent city), on which Marco Risi based hisfilm Mery per sempre (Mery forever).
"Segno" 93/1988, Palermo oltre Sagunto (Palermo beyond Saguntum), was the
issue of Palermo's political turn guided by Leoluca Orlando, but prepared by decades of
democratic struggle by the left for the liberation of the city and Sicily from Mafia
dominion.
"Segno" 101/1989 published a correspondence between the Vatican Secretariate of
State and Cardinal Ruffini on the theme of the Mafia and the Ciaculli massacre of 1963.
"Segno" 209/1999 was a great monographic issue dedicated to Leonardo Sciascia.
13. In 1995 "Segno" brought to life the Alfonsian Weeks, an initiative of a cultur-
al character that takes place each year in the last week of September. They are opened in
the Sala delle Lapidi (Hall of the Inscription Tablets) of Palazzo delle Aquile , to under-
score that the event is closely connected with the city. In actual fact, however, they could
be opened anywhere and maintain the same significance.
The first Alfonsian Week was dedicated to the them Una cultura mite per la citta
(A gentle culture for the city), a request for peaceful civic relations, governed by reason,
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liberated from the acrimony that tends to poison them. The year after it considered
trust, understood as the fundamental virtue of civil life. The 1999 topic was repentance,
seen as an anthropologic force that cannot but concern all of us. The 1997 theme was
Religione violenza vangelo (Religion, Violence, Gospel). A number of priests had kept
visiting an arrested Mafioso to convert him: a behavior that was equivocal and speciousand brought out some not very convincing aspects of a pastoral practice that was far
from transparent. It was sustained that there was a difference between religion and
Gospel. As if to say that a Mafioso could be religious without having anything in com-
mon with the Gospel. The theme Dio, chi e, dov'e? (Who is God, where is he?) was tack-
led by the fifth Week , the interlocutors including, among others, the great Lutheran the-
ologian Jiirgen Moltmann. In September 2000 we talked about the poor: because the
poor come immediately after God. In 2001 we came to grips with the theme of the "use-
lessness" of Christianity, to draw attention to the delicacy of and respect for the mystery
of God, which nobody should ever dare to put into his service, not even for so-calledgood purposes.
Among the rapporteurs of the Alfonsian Weeks we have had Massimo Cacciari,
Marciano Vidal, Gherardo Colombo, Massimo D'Alema, Furio Colombo, to cite only
a few of the best known and appreciated personalities.
14.Today the review is face to face with new and difficult problems. The Mafia
question, though terribly identical and monotonous, has relatively new and elusive char-
acteristics, as is typical of all complex phenomena. The Mafia has a long history and it
is simply impossible not to be on one's guard and suspicious where this criminal organ-ization is concerned. One must be particularly careful to avoid the facile vice of illu-
minism applied to the Mafia. An almost unpardonable ingenuity that nobody, especial-
ly a Sicilian, must ever commit.
Lastly, "Segno" is a useful review: and that is one thing that can be said without
any shadow of doubt. Whoever wants to know in detail what happened in Palermo in
the course of these last thirty years, must necessarily turn to it. There he will find a world
of passions and intelligence, at times exalting. Above all, however, he will find the dream
of an island and a world free of the humiliating power of the Mafia.
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What model of Church to face the Mafia
by Cosimo Scordato
What was the perception that the Church had of the Mafia and what had been the
Church's attitude towards it? What made it possible for such a phenomenon so pro-
foundly anti-Christian in both its inspiration and its practice to take root in a Christian
environment? What part was played by certain expressions of Mafia culture and practice
that, though undoubtedly different, yet seem so very similar to a certain religious-
Christian world? What can the Christian community do in concrete terms? These and
similar questions have become more and more pressing in the reflections of the ItalianChurch and, more particularly, the Church in Southern Italy.
Notwithstanding the good will of individual people and local churches, notwith-
standing the pontifical pronouncements of the last few decades, and with all the undoubt-
edly greater awareness of the Christian community in the face of the Mafia emergency ,
we have to admit that we have not yet matured an ecclesial intervention that, as the Pope
had suggested, could be considered "specific, original, concrete and efficacious".
Exploring the space for a "Christian approach", i.e. capable of intertwining with
and yet distinguishing itself from other approaches , has become ever more essential to
safeguard the peculiarity of the diaconate that the Church is called upon to offer to theworld in which it lives. It is not a matter of chance that recourse should be had to the-
ology in this context, for theology is the critical instrument of ecclesial reflection. But,
given the size of the available Mafia biography , we shall limit ourselves to an initial
working definition:
"Mafia is a series of criminal organizations — among which Cosa Nostra is the most
important, but not the only one — that act within a vast and ramifiied relational context, con-
figuring a system of violence and illegality aimed at the accumulation of capital and the
acquisition and wielding of power, that avail themselves of a cultural code and enjoy a cer-
tain social consensus".
Here, indeed, we come face to face with various definition possibilities that reflect
different cognitive and interpretative itineraries; this very fact makes it necessary to
adopt a multidisciplinary approach, seeing the problem in various perspectives; and yet
one can nowadays note a certain convergence as regards the constitutive data of the
Mafia association.
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1. What model of Church?
If the Church does not want to exhaust her task in the role of a civil religion, it
becomes urgent to undertake a reflection that will take its cue from a re-thinking of the
Church's very identity at the historic and concrete level; historical experience has clearly
shown that, notwithstanding the gradually growing awareness of the Church, there
remain disquietening interweavings within the Christian community; so that the next
step cannot but be a radical re-thinking of the Church's image and her relationship with
society.
"The question that the sore of the Mafia raises for the Sicilian Church is not that of a
sermon against the Mafia, a vigorous denunciation of its evil. It is rather something that is
more profound and, at the same time, very simple. Without enlarging the Church's faults,
without resolving this distorted religious mentality in a simplicist manner in the responsibil-
ity of the Church, it remains true that the Church must come to grips with the question, must keep vigil on herself not only in depth, but also in the simplicity of her road, which is noth-
ing other than that of the essentiality and radicality of following the crucified Christ, con-
templated... "
The need for re-thinking the Church model is explicitly assumed by G. Mazzillo
who - highlighting the inadequacy of the juridico-hierarchical and mysterico-charis-
matic ecclesial models, which have indirectly rendered possible the persistence of the
Mafia phenomenon, proposes as a true alternative the design and practice of what he
calls the historico-liberating model.
"According to the historico-liberating model, the Church is the People of God on themarch with Christ and with men and receives and shares the needs and the hopes of all and,
first and foremost, the poor. "
If the Church wants to avoid the risk of slipping on reality, she has to move
between prophetic denunciation and the practical purposes of bearing witness.
"Recognizing that sin is not a simple personal or individual dimension, but also a social
structure and anti-solidarity pact, the prophetic denunciation must be accompanied by a pact
of solidarity and love that is a concrete project and not just vaguely spiritual or an exhorta-
tion. "
This time attention has to be concentrated on rendering concrete the commu-nity inasmuch as it is committed to translating into the space of solid visibility the true
response and alternative to the being and acting of the Mafiosi, and conferring credit and
strength not only upon denunciation, but even more upon the capacity of factual
announcement, on new and creative gestures of the community. Within this radical re-
thinking of being Church, we should like to explicit some particularly central aspects of
our theme.
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2.1 Power in the Church
First of all, it has to be clearly affirmed that every form of Constantinism has to be
seen as a disguised form of paganism, because the witness of the Church, just like that
of Jesus, has to be put 'before' power and not 'by means of" power and dominion; onaccount of her propositional aspect, the Church, characterized by her eschatological
reserve and contagious memory, living her faith as the primary principle of critique of
every theory and every practice, cannot assume and legitimize any institutional models
and political formulas, but "gives form to practice as tension to produce and develop ever
more numerous and qualified conceptual coordinates and practices in which man can be con-
ceived as a free being, legitimate possessor of the reason of end in the ample intra-mundane
and intra-historical horizon and true protagonist of projects that orientate towards the novum
and imply going beyond. "
In observing the ecclesial phenomenon, without in any way belittling her mysteri-co-sacramental aspects, one must never forego the instruments of critique; as compared
with the twofold stumbling block of those who do not in any way want to objectivate
the way they behold the Church and those who observe her by means of a mere tran-
scription of socio-political categories, it is preferable to establish a fecund hermeneutical
circuit in which the organization of social life and its thematization with rules of the
game and specific limitations capable of safeguarding the minimum conditions of
coexistence is assumed as opportunity for re-thinking the ecclesial space and, vice versa,
the Church could offer the diaconate of her reflection wherever such ecclesiological
categories as service, charisma and others could enrich human comprehension of community life.
The following conditions are proposed within the postulate of controllability and
the minimum conditions of the theory of the personalistic political community and
could lead to the re-thinking of ecclesial life. The members of the community must
perceive themselves as a multipolar "we"; a political community with personalistic con-
sciousness is in the trim of dialogue; is the creator of human and humanizing values;
turns each and all its members into protagonists of the community's history; realizes jus-
tice in accordance with the logic statute of love (which excludes hate, but does not
exclude struggle); lastly, it fights against every type of alienation of man. It should beexpressly recalled that the concrete realization of all this runs the historical risk of obscu-
rity and turbidity.
2.1.1 For a non-violent and creative communication
Exercise of power in the Church has to be observed with a two fold attention sug-
gested by the ambit of communication; the first is that the incumbent of any ecclesial
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ministry should divest himself- or at least re-dimension — his personal point of view and
assume that of the community, thus avoiding the risk of absolutizing his personal per-
spective for no other reason than the fact that he has the task of deciding in the name of
all; the second concerns the development of conceptual forms, interpretative structures
capable of receiving complexity to an ever greater extent and therefore capable of accept-ing the multiplicity of different points of view and approaches. We could develop with-
in the life of the Church the very methodologies that, when applied to the reception of
confessional differences, could open ample space for intra-ecclesial pluralism.
With a view to opening up adequate operational horizons, we should also adopt
indications that, though born and conceived in other conceptual contexts, could facili-
tate the progress of a critical re-thinking.
2.2Sacramental practice
It is well known that even Mafiosi enjoy ample access to sacramental life; apart
from comments proposed in connection with canonical discipline and also the need for
an evangelization to integrate the process of sacramentalization that is often mere rou-
tine, we should like to draw attention to the radical alternative that the sacraments rep-
resent vis-a-vis any kind of Mafia ideal. The first three sacraments (baptism, confirma-
tion and communion) are conceived, in analogy with the human condition (at birth
man is washed. Perfumed and nourished), as gestures with which God, through the
mediation of the minister of the Church, purifies and restores the transparency of his
image and likeness (baptism), strengthens, perfumes and replenishes his gifts (confirma-tion), and nourishes with himself and has himself assimilated (communion).
Very well, going beyond stereotyped rituality, we have to rediscover the beauty and
the wealth of the symbolic gestures with which God reveals and donates himself to man
in the celebrative event, which ought to constitute the basis that founds and inspired the
whole of Christian life. God, in fact, makes himself known as father-mother-brother
who stoops over the life of his creature and expresses his relationship of love by taking
on loan the tenderness of the mother (or the father) who washes her child, perfumes it
and nourishes it at her breast. There is nothing heavy in the simple transparency of this
divine gestural expressiveness that, seeing the God has taken it from human languageand given it back into the hands of the Church, should become the style of life of the
community. Jesus' (baptismal) invitation to his disciples to wash each other's feet has to
be seen in its regal capacity of inspiring each and every gesture of the Church when this
originary and eschatological divine tenderness constitutes the starting point.
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2.3 Poor Church or Church of the poor
Ecclesial comprehension for the condition of the poor, combined with the choice
of poverty, represents the true antidote to the potential of violence accumulated in the
course of history, whereas — quite the contrary — the wealth of ends and intentionality inhuman relations constitutes the slow alternative to this violence.
On the one hand, we have to overcome the removal with which the society of well-
being and economic power keeps everything that could disturb its imperturbability at
arm's length. Face to face with the conviction that poverty, misery are not natural facts
like rain or the setting of the sun, but rather fruit of a history and political choices that
prolong its duration, we need not only good will and pious desires, but also readiness to
change the course of things, utilizing all the elements of analysis and intervention that
reflect the sensitivity and greater awareness of our day and age.
On the other hand, every local community has to fall silent (some time or other)and hearken to the multiplicity of laments that rise from within it. Listening to these
voices implies a twofold response: the first in the direction of an institutional involve-
ment (promotion of adequate services) with the possibility of assessing the suitability of
a policy on the basis of the choices made in this field; the other in the direction of a self-
involvement of the community who, giving priority to the most urgent needs, takes steps
to commit its best resources of people and means.
In this context even the reconstruction and interpretation of history by the Church
has an obligatory point of observation: looking at historical events from the point of
view of the oppressed, the last. Hitherto all historical reconstruction have been far toosimilar to the narrations, the gestures of the world in which there are celebrated person-
ages, wars, victories, defeats, conflicts of power and the like, but where are the people to
whose laments God lent his ears and with respect to whom he spoke his definitive word?
And where is the narration of the passion of the Lord and, in Him, every passion of suf-
fering humanity? Have we hearkened to the shout of all those who have suffered vio-
lence?
3. For a cultural shift
What we have in mind here is the importance that attaches to the cultural role of
the ecclesial community within a society in which even the Church is running the risk
of becoming squashed and flattened; on the one hand, indeed, we must not lack the crit-
ical consciousness of a searching look that will see the many myths (accumulation of
money and profit, ambition of hegemony in various ambits, concentration of resources,
etc.) the fount of the unbalances that offend the person, social coexistence to the point
of lack of international equilibrium, in this context the Church must not fail to speak
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the word of denunciation that often concerns the very countries of Christian origin; on
the other hand, the Church must cultivate the so-called 'eschatological reserve' in mak-
ing a distinction between every historical realization and the goal of the kingdom of
God; by means of this reserve we create the conditions for the prophetic attitude that
does not remain that does not remain imprisoned by the dazzling allure of contempo-rary conquests, but rather, looking at the world from the point of view of eschatological
perfection, tends to highlight and underscore the undeniable limits that are associated
with even the best projects.
In this difficult task of discernment and accompaniment, we have to re-think the
various interventions of the Church's pastoral work (catechesis, popular celebrations,
etc.) and highlight the need for combining evangelical choices with the places and times
of Christian life.
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The Sicilian Reinassance Institute
Statement of purpose
Sicily is undergoing a remarkable transformation. Following decades of Mafia con-
trol, Palermo and other communities over the island have been making in recent years a
significant comeback to lawfulness and democratic culture, based on a revival of citi-
zenship participation and commitment. In a world where organized crime and corrup-
tion have become major impediments to democratic, political and economic develop-
ment, the renaissance process which is going on in Sicily even through difficulties and
resistances is a shining example of how communities can work together to reduce crime
and corruption and enhance the quality of life of their people.The Sicilian Renaissance Institute (SRI) is designed to foster civic renewal throu-
ghout the island and to provide information and inspiration to interested regions and
communitites around the world. Specifically, the Institute will: facilitate an understan-
ding of the recent Sicilian experience in this field through publications, audiovisual
material, seminars and educational exchange; and co-operate with institutions, commu-
nities and individual in Sicily and elsewhere to encourage the adoption of civic initiati-
ves designed to strengthen a culture of lawfulness and democracy aiming at preventing
and mitigating the effects of crime and corruption.
The Sicilian Renaissance Institute (also named Istitutoper il Rinascimento Siciliand)
was founded in Palermo on November 29, 1999 as a nongovernmental, nonprofit orga-
nization by a group of Italian and American civil society leaders. The SRI is based in
Palermo, Italy, and it maintains an office in Washington D.C., USA. Its policy and direc-
tion is set by an international Board of Directors.
The members of the current SRI Board of Directors are:
President: Hon. Prof. Leoluca Orlando, member of the Sicilian Parliament; former
Mayor of Palermo and member of the European and Italian Parliaments;
Vice President: Dr. Rita Borsellino, Vice President of LIBERA (Italian national consor-tium of civic associations);
Counselors: Prof. Roy Godson, President, The National Strategy Information Center,
Washington, D.C.; Professor at the Georgetown University; and Andrea Scrosati,
President, Media Network (Italian national public relations firm).
Honorary President is Cardinal Salvatore Pappalardo, Palermo Archbishop Emeritus.
Honorary Director for Culture is Prof. Wole Soyinka, Nobel Laureate in Literature and
Professor at Emory University.
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Activities completed
Ever since its foundation the SRI has carried out an intense research and docu-
mentation activity on the ongoing process of civic renewal in Sicily, and has subse-quently disseminated worldwide its findings about the principles that have inspired the
initiatives undertaken in this field by the various components of Sicily's civil society, as
well as their effective practices and the results obtained.
This knowledge-spreading effort was made first of all by means of two publications
that the SRI prepared, printed and distributed on a worldwide scale to international
organizations; government agencies; public bodies; foundations; civic, religious and edu-
cational associations; newspapers and journals; as well as to individual politicians, edu-
cators, trade unionists and other civic leaders in many countries interested in the pro-motion of a culture of lawfulness as an effective complementary strategy to prevent and
reduce the effects of crime and corruption..
The first of these, originally published and distributed in February 2000, was prin-
ted in two 34-page versions (one, in Italian, entitled "II Rinascimento di Palermo: Fatti e
opinioni"; the other, in English, entitled "The Palermo Renaissance: A Real-life Civics
Course'). This publication was subsequently updated and reprinted in October 2000,
with a total run of 16,000 copies for each version.
The second was a 70-page publication, likewise printed in two versions (inItalian, "Per un cultura di levalita: il Rinascimento di Palermo"; in English, "Creating a
Culture of Lawfulness: The Palermo, Sicily Renaissance") distributed since December 2000
in more than 5000 copies.
The contents of the latter publication, together with other information, were also
inserted in the SRI Internet site, www.sicilianrenaissance.org.
In addition to the above, the Sicilian experience in the promotion of a culture of
lawfulness was also illustrated and discussed by SRI representatives at numerous high-
level international conferences, seminars and meetings. Among these mention mighthere be made of the following:
the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime held in Vienna in
April 2000;
the biannual Convention of the American Federation of Teachers, held in
Philadelphia in July 2000, in the course of which the SRI President, Leoluca
Orlando, received the AFT Human Rights Award "Bayard Rustin";
the Georgetown University's Executive Leadership Seminar on the theme "Strategic
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Approaches to Transnational Crime and Civil Society", held in Washington, DC, in
July 2000;
the International Leaders Forum of the National Democratic Institute of the United
States, held in Los Angeles in August 2000;
the First National Conference on "Building Sound Communities in the Transitionof Mexico" held in Mexico City in January 2001;
the meeting of the Young President's Organization International held in Venice in
June 2001;
the eighth edition of the "Rencontres Internationales du Memorial pour la Prevention
des Conflits", on the theme "Trafics et mafias: les Etats impuissant?", held in Caen,
France, in October 2001 ;
the ceremony held at St. Petersburg, Russia, in October 2001, during which the SRI
President was awarded with the Puskin Prize 2001;
the symposium on the theme "Fostering a Culture of Lawfulness on the Island of Ireland" held at Gleneagles, Scotland, in November 2001;
the participation to the United Nations experts meeting on crime prevention, held
in Vancouver, Canada, January 2002;
the participation to the series of seminars and conferences on "Culture of lawfulness:
the Sicilian model" organized by the German Universities in February 2002;
the participation to the conference "Europe: a cure against the mafia", held in
Antibes, France, in March 2002;
the participation to the memorial ceremonies of the six months anniversary of the
tragic events of September the 11th: "Response, Rebuilding and Reconciliation",organized by Columbia University, New York on the 1 lth -12th of March 2002;
the participation to the international conference "Building Sound Communities-
Security: a commitment for everybody" organized by the cultural Institute "Ludwig
von Mises", Mexico City, 14th-18th of March 2002;
the participation to the Eurasian-American Seminar on crime and terrorism preven-
tion: "the spaces of crime, corruption and terrorism" organized by the magazine
Limes, Rome, May 2002;
participation to the seminar "Enhancing democracy: transatlantic perspectives of the
role of educators", a joint initiative by The National Union of Teachers of Englandand Wales and American Federation of teachers, Stokerochford, UK, July 2002;
participation to the European Conference on "Tackling terrorism - the role and the
responsibilities of local Authorities", organised by the Chamber of local authorities
of the Council of Europe, Luxembourg, September 2002;
the lesson on "Culture of lawfulness and crime prevention: the role of the public
administration" held at the Faculty of Economy of the Havana University in the fra-
mework of the training course for public managers, Cuba, September 2002;
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participation to the II Euromoney Conference, organised by Euromoney Istitutional
Investor, Dubrovnik, Croatia, October 2002.
The concrete results obtained in Palermo in the struggle against organised crime
were recognised by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations: in the lastguidelines for the prevention of crime (February 2002) it indicates the necessity of acti-
vely promoting culture of lawfulness as a tool in this field.
Our method of intervention is both simple and innovative: it is based on the "sim-
ple" communication of an experience without any direct intervention in the countries
concerned: we rely on bilateral exchanges to enable social operators, journalists, teachers
and religious authorities to become familiar with what has already been done in Palermo,
assess these experiences and study possible ways in which they could be autonomously
applied in their own reality.
The sending out of our delegations or the presence of foreign delegations in
Palermo and Sicily, appropriate publications and debates and seminars are the instru-
ments for spreading knowledge of what has been done in Palermo, are moment of con-
frontation, stimulus and mutual enrichment, but always in the perspective of respect for
and valorisation of the different cultures, the different reference values.
A similar activity of illustrating the Sicilian experience in matters of education for
lawfulness has also been performed by SRI representatives on numerous occasions when
foreign leaders (government representatives, politicians, educators, professionals, busi-
nessmen, journalists, etc,) visited Palermo either in official delegations or workinggroups.
The SRI also organized — either directly or in collaboration with supporting insti-
tutions — the following events intended to encourage the adoption of civic initiatives
against organized crime in countries particularly at risk:
a five-day seminar on the theme of "The Cultural Approach in the Fight Against
Crime and Corruption" held in Palermo in May 2000 for an official delegation of
the Republic of Georgia;
an international three-day symposium on "The Role of Civil Society in the Fight
Against Organized Crime: Global Implications of the Palermo Renaissance" held at
Palermo in December 2000 as part of the official program of the High-Level Signing
Conference for the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized
Crime. Detailed reports on this theme were presented not only by leaders of the
Sicilian renewal and the Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations, but also
by authoritative representatives of such countries as Hong Kong, Botswana, Georgia,
Mexico and the United States;
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a five-day seminar on "Countering Crime Through Culture" held in Palermo in
September 2001 for an official delegation from Mexico.
In particular, intense activities were undertaken in the various cities of the United
States of Mexico: indeed, in the light of the Palermitan experience, the Mexican govern-
ment, basing recently decided to render the teaching of the culture of legality obligatoryin all the elementary and basic schools..
Lastly, the Institute has carried out a series of activities intended to encourage civic
renewal in other parts of Sicily, and in January 2000 promoted — making also a consi-
derable contribution to its actual organization — a meeting in Palermo of representatives
of Italian civil society that sought to maintain a high level of attention in the fight
against the Mafia.
In the course of 2002, the Institute is intensifying its activities aimed at promoting
a culture of lawfulness in all parts of Sicily and, further, to expand the disseminationabroad of the effective practices and results of the cultural anticrime initiatives that have
been, and will be, undertaken in this island by means of publications, audiovisual mate-
rials and other informational channels.
The SRI is also planning a series of educational exchanges (in the form of seminars
to be held in Sicily or participation of representatives of Sicily's civil society in confe-
rences held abroad) with countries particularly interested in adopting a similar cultural
approach in their struggle against organized crime, terrorism and corruption, among
them Peru, Nigeria, El Salvador, Vietnam, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Albania.Furthermore, the Institute intends to collaborate with global institutions, as well
as with governmental agencies and NGO's of other countries, particularly in the
European area, with a view to adopting joint initiatives aimed at promoting civic edu-
cation and a culture of lawfulness in various regions of the world.
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Biographies
Salvatore Di Cristina, is Titular Bishop of Bilta and Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of
Palermo. Born in 1937, completed his studies at the Palermo Archiepiscopal Seminary
and was ordained priest in 1960, subsequently continuing at the Patristics Institute of
the Lateran University, where he obtained his Doctorate in Theology and Patristic
Sciences.
For several years he was a teacher at the Palermo Seminary, where he performed variousfunctions, and later became Dean of the Theological Faculty of Sicily. He set up and for
ten years directed the Diocesan School of Basic Theology and is Consultor of the Roman
Congregation for Catholic Education.
At present is member of the Pastoral Secretariat of the Sicilian Episcopal Conference.
Is Prelate of Honour of H.H. John Paul II and President (Ciantro) of the Cathedral's
Metropolitan Chapter.
Nino Fasullo, Redemptorist Father, taught philosophy and pedagogy in teacher-trai-
ning colleges. At present is editor of "Segno", a review of political and theological cultu-re that he founded in 1975. Among others, he prepared some of the shorter works of
Alfonso de Liguori (1696-1787) for publication: "Degli obblighi de giudici, avvocati,
accusatori e rei" (About the obligations of judges, attorneys, prosecutors and the guilty),
1998; "Maria Nostra Avvocata" (Mary Our Attorney), 2000. For the last eight years has
organized the Alfonsian Weeks at Palermo each year.
Cosimo Scordato, was born at Bagheria (Palermo) in 1948.
Ordained priest in 1972, he is now a lecturer in theology at the Theological Faculty of
Sicily.For many years he has dedicated himself to a project for the rehabilitation and moral
renewal of Palermo's Albergheria quarter, where he is in charge of the "Saint Francis
Saverio" Social Centre.
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Published by/Stampa a cura di: The Sicilian Renaissance Institute
Project Manager/Redazione:' Pietro Galluccio
Translation from Italian/Traduzioni dall'italiano: Herbert Garrett
Cover design/Grafica della copertina: Studio Triskeles, Palermo
Printed by/stampato da: Tipografia Vivirito, Palermo
August 2002
Agosto 2002
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