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Page 1: inam:International E Journal of Tamil Studies ISSN : 2455 ... full...Symbols now in use to represent numbers. For example, was used for one, Y for two, y for three and so on. The first

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August 2017, Issue:10 www.inamtamil.com

இன : ப னா இைணய தமிழா வித ISSN : 2455-0531 ஆக 2017 மல :3 இத :10 1

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August 2017, Issue:10 www.inamtamil.com

இன : ப னா இைணய தமிழா வித ISSN : 2455-0531 ஆக 2017 மல :3 இத :10 2

Inam ISSN : 2455 - 0531

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[email protected] www.inamtamil.com

AS 2017 SB6 : 3 ��! : 10 May 2017 Volume III Issue 10

cdA[ ... SCIENCE IN THIRUKKURAL

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inam:International E_Journal of Tami

August 2017,

இன : ப னா இைணய தமிழா

SCIENCE IN THIRUKKURAL

1. Introduction The literature of an era often provides an insight into the state

of knowledge of the people living in that period. Viewed from this angle, Thirukkural is a veritable mine of information civilization in ancient Tamilnadu. That Thirukkuralscholars to have been composed about 2000 years agotreatise on social ethics and morality is well knrecognised is the fact that it also represents a compact encyclopedia of science, agriculture and medicine.

In this article, an attempt is made to collect all those couplets in Thirukkural which have a scientific backphysical and biological sciences. In the sections that follow, the serial numbers of the couplets under reference are given in parentheses.2. Physical Sciences

There are many couplets in Thirukkural which indicate a high level of understanding and knowledge of physics, chemistry and geology. Some examples are given below. 2.1: Astronomy There is a reference to lunar eclipse in couplet 1146:

�BCD �EFG HIJ�KLM��N� ��GOP��B

"when the moon is devoured by the serpent, darkness spreads in the world; likewise spreads the rumour even of one chance meeting of the lovers". Although the explanation of the lunar eclipse as due to the serpent of the skies (known in Hindu mythology asRahu) is now known to be incorrect, this couplet points to the fact that the ancient Tamils were keen observes of astronomical phenomena. A mention of stars is oun d in couplet 1116.

Another couplet (1031) indicates the possibility of the awareness of ththe earth on its own axis:

�VEWGX � �E�D YZ�GYV[DG YV�� ��Z.2

This couplet may be interpreted thus: the rotation of the earth causes an endless succession of day and night; likewise, people may move from one job to ano

1 One day the man saw the alarm

Makes the snake a snake. 2 The rotation is so that the world is behind it

Plow the plow

Tamil Studies ISSN : 2455-0531

, Issue:10 www.inamtamil.com

தமிழா வித ISSN : 2455-0531 ஆக 2017 மல

SCIENCE IN THIRUKKURAL N.S.Gnanapragasam

The literature of an era often provides an insight into the state of knowledge of the people living in that period. Viewed from this angle, Thirukkural is a veritable mine of information on the progress of civilization in ancient Tamilnadu. That Thirukkural- considered by many scholars to have been composed about 2000 years ago-is an excellent treatise on social ethics and morality is well known; not so well

also represents a compact encyclopedia of science, agriculture and medicine.

an attempt is made to collect all those couplets in Thirukkural which have a scientific back-ground, and to classify them under several headings in

l and biological sciences. In the sections that follow, the serial numbers of the couplets under reference are given in parentheses.

There are many couplets in Thirukkural which indicate a high level of understanding and knowledge of the physical sciences, namely, astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry and geology. Some examples are given below.

There is a reference to lunar eclipse in couplet 1146: HIJ�K _Z �EFG

C`W.1 "when the moon is devoured by the serpent, darkness spreads in the world; likewise spreads the rumour even of one chance meeting of the lovers". Although the explanation of the lunar eclipse as due to the serpent of the skies (known in Hindu mythology as

) is now known to be incorrect, this couplet points to the fact that the ancient Tamils were keen observes of astronomical phenomena. A mention of stars is oun d in

Another couplet (1031) indicates the possibility of the awareness of th

YZ�G _���a

This couplet may be interpreted thus: the rotation of the earth causes an endless succession of day and night; likewise, people may move from one job to ano

The rotation is so that the world is behind it

0531

மல :3 இத :10 3

an attempt is made to collect all those couplets in Thirukkural ground, and to classify them under several headings in

l and biological sciences. In the sections that follow, the serial numbers of the

There are many couplets in Thirukkural which indicate a high level of the physical sciences, namely, astronomy, mathematics,

"when the moon is devoured by the serpent, darkness spreads in the world; likewise spreads the rumour even of one chance meeting of the lovers". Although the explanation of the lunar eclipse as due to the serpent of the skies (known in Hindu mythology as

) is now known to be incorrect, this couplet points to the fact that the ancient Tamils were keen observes of astronomical phenomena. A mention of stars is oun d in

Another couplet (1031) indicates the possibility of the awareness of the rotation of

This couplet may be interpreted thus: the rotation of the earth causes an endless succession of day and night; likewise, people may move from one job to another almost

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endlessly, untill at last they settle down in agriculture, which therefore is the best vocation.

Meteorology must have been well- developed in ancient Tamilnadu, because a whole chapter of ten couplets (11 to 12) has been devoted to stress the importance of rain for a prosperous life on this earth. Also, refer to couplet 542:

�����de ��fG YZP�aZ�G �E��E ���a�J�de ��fG gh.3

2.2: Mathematics The use of numbers as a quantitative measure of things must have been well-

known at the time of Thiruvalluvar, as indicated by the frequent use of digits one (87, 109, 974), two (374, 402, 455, 662, 674, 737, 760, 875, 992, 1022, 1247), three (383,941), four (35, 146, 382, 390, 513, 605, 766, 950, 953), five (24, 25, 27, 43, 343, 354, 632, 675, 738, 939, 983, 1101), six (381), seven (62, 107, 1269, 1278), eight (9), and ten (450, 817). The concept of fraction was also known (1037).

Large numbers are also mentioned in several Places: Seventy (639), hundred (932) and thousand (259). It is remarkable that even Such a Large number as ten thousand (or, ten million) was in use among the ancient Tamils. This number, called ���h is mentioned in several places in Thirukkural (337, 377, 639, 816, 817, 954, 1005).

Even the concept of infinity was probably known, as shown by the Couplet 22: Dm[�� P�I�� D�ndopE ���qD rm[���s tBudP��B C`W4

"The fame of the ascetics is as the number of people who have lived and died in this World". This number must, indeed, be extremely large, because human life has been in existence on the earth for several millions of years and the world population runs in to thousands of millions!”

The ancient Tamils used a set of symbols different from the Indian or Arabic Symbols now in use to represent numbers. For example, � was used for one, Y for two, y for three and so on. The first Letter of the Tamil alphabet is _ , which also connotes the number eight. Thus, the same symbol could denote a letter or a number, and the meaning could be arrived at only from the context. This dual role of symbols was probably in Thiruvalluvar’s mind when he wrote the Couplet 392:

tBPnE� X�� tfqP�E� r{�sB|G �BPnE� ��fG Y} dg.5

"Whether called as numbers or letters, symbols are useful to a living being as are the two eyes". An object is Viewed from two different angles by the two eyes of a person,

3 The whole world is a monarch

Colon wolf drink 4 The excellence of the abandoned pride

Count the dead 5 These are the number one letter

Living life

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and from these sensations the mind is able to synthesise a stereoscopic vision; Likewise, people may view a symbol like � or _ from two Points of view: as letters or numbers- the exact meaning has to be inferred by the mind from the context. The use of common symbols for both letters and numbers is also in vogue in the Roman system: the Capital letters I, V, X, L, C, D and M Standing for numbers 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 respectively. 2.3: Physics

Physics is based on measurement of length, weight and time, and it deals mainly with mechanics, optics, sound, magnetism and electricity. There is ample evidence in Thirukkural to show that physical principles were well understood by the people of Tamilnadu even two millennia ago.

A rod of wood was used as a measure of length (710, 796) and in the construction of balance (118):

��EP��D � �dgM ���a���a _��[P��I��a ���C��� ��E�m� d �u.6

"The two arms of a balance used for weighing must be equal in length; Likewise, a just person must not favour one of the contending parties but must remain neutral. "Another couplet (29) refers to a unit of time called �nG.

A Keen sense of mechanics is revealed in the reference to the important role of the axle-pin in a rolling temple car (667,1032), the axle in a cart (475) and the pillars in a building (615, 983). The use of a dressing mirror was probabIy known (706):

_|q�D ���|G ��Mg���a PJ��G �|q�D ���|G �G7

"Just as the mirror reflects the object placed in front of it, the face reveals the thoughts passing through the mind". The visible phenomenon of the reflection of light by a polished mirror is here used by Thiruvalluvar to explain the subtle concept that the face is the index of the mind.

There is also a mention of how a shadow is cast by an opaque object (208, 1034) and sweet melodies are produced by flute and the lute (66). 2.4: Chemistry

The preparation of various substances and the study of their properties constitute Chemistry. The well developed state of chemical and metallurgical engineering at the time of Thiruvallvar is revealed by several references to the use of metals such as iron, copper and gold and to substances like salt, lime and yeast.

The toughness of steel (t�g) was known (759, 773) and so it was used for making spears (500, 546, 774), arrows (279, 597), swords (727, 882), rods (24) and files

6 Equal to the equation

Coding certification 7 The next is the shining heart of the heart

Face to face

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(567, 997). Modern researches have shown that it was in Tamilnadu that steel was first produced in a large scale in India

As at present, gold was very much in use among the ancient Tamils for making jewellery (919, 1081, 1110, 1124). Goldsmiths purity gold by heating it in fire when the impurities like copper get oxidised and get removed as scales, leaving behind pure, glittering gold. This process is compared by Thiruvalluvar to the elimination of the flaws from one undergoing penance by the purifying fire of suffering (267):

�C��CIG P��E���a H��|G DE�� �C��C �J�`e` �� dg8

The purity of the gold thus prepared was checked by rubbing it with a touchstone (505, 986). It was also possible that a gold hook was used as bait in fishing, because in water gold will have a glittering appearance which will attract the fishes (931).

It was known that articles of food such as milk get spoiled when kept in vessels made of copper (887, 1000). Salt was added to food for imparting taste (802, 1050, 1302). The fermentation of food was effected by the addition of yeast (1050). The nature of poisons was also known (580) and alcoholic drinks were considered to have poisonous ingredients (926).

Lime was used as a whitener (714). The nature of combustion and the process of burning were well understood (129, 308, 435, 674, 691, 896, 1104, 1148, 1159). 2.5: Geology

The study of the various types of material found on earth's surface, such as rocks, soil and water, constitutes the science of geology. The importance given to agriculture even at the time of Thiruvalluvar is reflected in several couplets (1032, 1033, 1034). Efficient agricultural practices demand a thorough knowledge of water and soil resources (16, 17, 550, 1038, 1147).

A piece of land that is allowed to dry, such that the soil crumbles to a quarter of its initial weight, will yield without any manuring an abundant harvest (1037).

P��h�OfL ���� YndeE �hqP�I�G ��BC�D ��Z� �|G9 For the purpose of irrigation, wells are sunk in sandy soil such as found in

river- beds, which will give an abundant supply of water (396). P���C��q �WG �n`��u ��[� dgd �`m��q �WG _p�.10

“The more one digs in a well located in sandy soil, the more is the supply of water likewise, the deeper one studies, the wiser one becomes”

8 Burning golden light

Take a look 9 Patch up the cigarette cuisine

No matter what will happen 10

Sleeping a tumor

Throwing knowledge

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Rain water is stored in tanks for common use (215). In such stored water, several salts get dissolved depending upon the nature of the soil (452). When an excessive amount of, salt is present in the soil, it is unfit for cultivation (406). Also in places where rainfall is scanty, soon deserts will appear devoid of any vegetation (78).

To obtain minerals from the hard rocks, one has to dig into the earth (307, 151). The nature of the land determines the type of life it can sustain (959). 3. Biological sciences:

At the time of Thiruvallvar, the Tamil people seemed to have been well versed in the various branches of biological sciences too. The infinite variety of the flora and fauna of Tamilnadu offered wide scope to the poet to illustrate his profound thoughts with apt similes. The survey that follows deals with the biological ideas in Thirukkural. 3.1: Botany

An outstanding example of how abstract ideas can be linked to common experience is the following couplet(595):

P�KNq ���� �Z � ��CG ��[� �G YKNq ����D Y� �11

"The stem of a lotus flower is as long as the depth of the water in which it floats; similarly, the stature of a person is measured by the goodness of his heart."This couplet reveals Thiruvallur's keen sense of perception of Nature and Man! Of the several flowers mentioned in Thirukkural, lotus (595, 617, 1103) and water-lily (1114) are well-known even now; but not so is that sure and now almost obsecure species called anicha (_���G) (90, 1111, 1115, 1120) This flower is so delicate that it begins to fade even as it is smelt (90):

�����d g�V�G _���G �[L[D �J�d�d g�V�G �I[D12 The small size of the millet seed (L��) is in marked contrast to the huge size

of the nut of the palm tree (���) (104, 144, 433, 1282) Another tiny seed is that of the sesame (889). The kunrise seed is red all over, expect at its nose which is black in colours (277). Other plants mentioned in Thirukural are sugar-cane (1078), bamboo (1113, 1272), cotton (1273), nerunchi thorn (1120) and green grass (16). Tree may bear fruits which may be edible (216) or poisonous (1008). A thorny plant is easily plucked why it is tender, but will cause injury when its roots deepen (879). 3.2 Zoology

That Thiruvallur was a keen observer of Nature is also evidenced by an anmerous references to birds, reptiles and animals. He was probably even aware of the classification of living beings into celebrate and invertebrate (72, 77, 89). Of the invertebrates says the poet (77):

11

Floody water flame is changing

Increase in his own 12

The smile of the snake

A daring party

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tE� Z��� P�}a���Zd ����� _E� Z��� _mG13

"The sun's heath scorches the boneless worms; even so, the power of rightsosuness will torture a person devoid of love."

Elephants have always been treated with respect in Tamilnadu, and it is no wonder that several couples mention it (500, 597, 599, 774, 1087). There are also references to other animals: majestic lion (59, 381), ferocious tiger (273, 599), docile cow (1066), fierce ram (486), cunning jackal (500), and cowardly mouse (763), Reptiles such as hissing snake (763), cautious tortoise (126) and powerful crocodile (495) are also mentioned.

The gregarious and generous nature of the crows is worth emulating by man (527):

��d�� �s�� ��s[DB�G �d�G _E�� s� d�� YN14 “The crow beckons to its kind to share the food it has found; only with people

of such good nature does fortune abide”. That is, indeed, a good lesson in practical socialism.

Of the others birds, mention has been made of the gorgeous peacock (1081) patient heron (490), and the nocturnal owl (481). Watching a new-fledged bird flying away abandoning its own broken shell, brings to the mind of the poet the sublime thought of the soul quitting the body at the time of death (35):

gCG�� ��qD H���OK �m[�`�m YCG���| Y}�C J�O15

3.3: physics The study of the structure and functions of the different part of the body is the

aim of physiology. Almost every external part of the human body finds a mention in Thirukkural. The five senses of taste, sight, touch, sound, and smell are gradually developed in a child in the order given (27):

���H� �W��� J�`mP�EW �[LE ���P���E ���C YZg.16

Only those who know how to keep the senses under control will be able to lead a happy life in this world (6, 27).

13

Nick Latan is the Weilpolaku Kai

Anbi Latha 14

Kaka karaa is a breakthrough

Sister.You are Rarek 15

The hut is separated by the body and the body is almost exposed

Life-Friendly 16

The taste of uriosterion

Typewriter Kate Ullak

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For personal hygiene, water is essential (298). To keep the body in good health, the intake of selected food in proper amounts is very essential (942, 944, 947). In the case of sickness a proper diagnosis must precede any treatment (948). 3.4: Genetics

The science of genetics is making rapid strides now thanks to molecular biology, which attempts to explain hereditary traits in terms of DNA and RNA.

But, surprisingly enough, even at the time of Thiruvallvar, the Tamil people seemed to have known how hereditary characteristics are passed on from one generation to another (398):

HI��d�B ��E�`m �a� HI�`g tf���G X��� O�CqD.17

"The education acquired in one birth confers benefits even up to seven succeeding births. "Similar ideas are also fouud in other couplets (62, 107, 538, 835). This view probably emanated from the Hindu doctrine of Karma, which emphasises the need for doing good always eschewing all forms of evil. 3.5: Psychology

The intrisate mechanism of the human mind is not easy to comprehend. Even in this obscure field, Thirukkural provides many valuable insights. Here is an example (293):

�EPJ� �p�D P����`� P���q��E �EPJ��� �E��� �|G.18

"Utter not a word which the conscience tells is false, lest your own conscience should smite you”. Even to entertain the very thought of stealing is an evil to be avoided (282).

To achieve one's ambitions, one must possess besides will power and a firm mind (666), the ability to act at the proper time (484) avoiding procrastination (668) Anger must always be subdued (335). Gambling must not be indulged in, because one who lose a hundred times in the fond hope of gaining once (932).

One of the best known Thirukkural couplets is the following (391): �`� ��Cmd �`��� �`m�E �`� _�`g ��19

"Learn without any flaw what is worth learning; then, act according to what has been learnt!" This noble thought is truly a master-piece of educational psychology. 4. Conclusion

This brief survey points clearly to the fact that Thirukkural, though composed about 2000 years ago, remains fresh as the pages of the scientific journal printed today 17

For a single education

Waking up the cheat 18

It's a lie to lie

Herself shoots herself 19

Learning the lesson to learn

Stand up

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இன : ப னா இைணய தமிழா வித ISSN : 2455-0531 ஆக 2017 மல :3 இத :10 10

.This best known Tamil classic shines as a beacon light in this modern scientific era. Times may change, but the lofty truths enshrined in Thirukkural will remain changeless!

rd��|�s 1975�G �B| ����Z�� �L���qLE �ZG ��s�.�.�._m��nE, ��s�.�.�.�����s���G �e���E �L��a P���[� ���a _p��a �IqD�K tFG ���I[D P��P����P�`mD.

… JEpdg���

�.L{�� �� (�Z���B|, �u�qD�m, r[D���E �a , ����q� ) ¡.O����� (�Z���B|, �u�qD�m, r[D���E �a , ����q� ) ���.����¢� (�Z���B|, �u�qD�m, r[D���E �a , ����q� ) P�.�s�L (�Z���B|, �u�qD�m, r[D���E �a , ����q� ) �.�s£� s�¡� (�Z���B|, �u�qD�m, r[D���E �a , ����q� )

r� �K rd��|�s��d ogK ��P�fqDn�� _��C Y���� �K.

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_� rZde�M��a ���� ��[� �K r.P¡�����

��� ��C ����N (�gL �JsG) ��V���qD�m, P��� ¤.P�.s� �a  (�E����)

LI��s���K� - 620 023.

_� rZde�M�K _d��Zq ��VE _���¥���Z t|qL�GOG �E����. _� rZde�M��a ���� ��[� tE���E �u gp��Cq�d� HEm�gG. r[��Z}a, ���� ��[� �K �`p� �u��N�G, ��Z�E ��Z���C�� P��BC Ym� ��Z��N�G t|qD�sdgG ����� rd��|�s _��eEmD.

��Z�E, ��Z�, �sq�� �e����C�� �D P�a¦G ��}a�K ��h��a ���� ��[� �§dgG rCG YB|. r{��}a��a �� �BC P���Z� ��nG P��D P��L Y�s���`g Y��s��d oq�IG ��nIG gpd���|eEm� tE���q P��a�����G ��|emD.

��Z��E �sq��� Hfd�G ��sn���� ��G P��BC ��Z�}E �C�Zq �udgG ��}a�N�� ���� ��[� �K ��E�|q�� ��hIdeEm� . �I�qL�n� ��Ca�K �Z�`pa rq���� ¨V�a ���� ��[� ��N� �[Ld� hemD. P�IG��¦G ��Z�}E �� P����§dgG, r�¥��dgG YKN�eEm� �N���G, �Z �JsM��a �sq���s�a �h���|eEm� �N���G ���� ��[� �K ���� �IeEm� . ��Z�E P��IK ��C��� ��W ��� ��sn������ ��`W �ZM�§dg� �[D P�EpIdgG ¨V�a, ��Z� ��Z�Fde�C}a �D�s�� ���� ��[� �K P��Z�`p YKN� . a�Z, PJ��a L�n� ��Ca�K rq���� ¨Va��a ���� ��[� ��N� �qLdeEm�. ��¦G, ��Z�E �E _���¥� _F��M��N PJIMe� JB��CG �e [D P��K���� ���a, ��nFCE ��� �efG ����� �qLsM��N�G _����Ca��a ��n hemD. t���, ���� ��[� �K ��Z��CG P��BC Y�����G Ym���G, ��Z�}CG P��BC �u���G r�CP�����G, ��Z�}E O�¥��dgG r�¥��dgG ����C ��Z���G, _�¨V�a ���� ��[� �G tL ������G �`p t|qD�s���� rd��|�s}E �J�d���gG.

��Z�FdgG ���� ��[� �§dgG YKN Ym���Z ����}` �[D�m�G ��Z��E, ��Z��K ��C ���� �[� ��n�CG,

‘_�K P��a�� LmG oW” (�M.478), ‘� P��a¦G ���P�aZ�G t�dg r������

YKND” (�M.479) tEW om, _D ���C ��nE, ‘rN���a �[D��CD. _���� �sq���E rE�q�� YB����� tE�� �m[D _M���� �Me rI������? ohd ��qLI������? tEW OZG� �I[DeEm�K. �u[D �E _h��s�� ���� � _�Idg _�dgG �BC���� tBu tBu J|Mg���� ���Z _�K �E YKNG

�N1321Q0-)$

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J|MgeEm�K. t��� _��Nd ��d� ��G ��s[D P�a�����” (��.29) tEW oWem�E.

��Z��CqD Y�� P��B|, ‘��Z�! Y�dg J�E ��nFG ra�Z. t�dg � ��Z�FG ra�Z. XP��a �E «D �g[� _EO P��BC �E ����}E

OZG��Zd ���|G � _IN�LIdeEm��” (�M.480) tEW ��nE ��[D P��KeEm�E. ��Z��CqD _� �G ��`�m� ��hd���h YB�� ��Z�� Y�sdgG ��n�E �B���D �G E��� �� �[������ P�emD.

��Z�}E ����q D��s �dg�` P��I�|q ��Z��E ��n��q �D �|q����|, D� �WG ��Z�dg� ����q D�n���� �pD P��fD _Mgq �Me}I tEW oW����| (�M.477) ��Z�}E �Ca �ud�q ��dgG �E ��Z�dg��� _���¥� _F��M��N� ��n�CG P��a� J����|G �����K J`p�n}a ��nd eCdeEm�. �B gV[����� P�`Pm|qD _� ��}a YmMed P��BhI[� _��N

PJIMe, “r��hq D�aem��� rNGP�B �I�G �C[D L��K �e��C����?” t�d ����, �[��� �����| �Em tE��d �B| gWJ��}��q ���`W�qD, �E �B��Nd ���N�a ��mqD �hd P��BC�K. _�� ���qD t����DG J�E

�e¥[D J����C������E; r����DG JgeE�mE. ‘��s�� ��n Jg�G” tEW ��n�CG P��a� �e¥em�E(J`.370). ��¦G, ��Z��§dg H������s rG�B�Zea ��B��`g ra�Z. J|�a�a P�� ��s� P�m���N�� ��¦Z�qLa P��I[L�KN P�B��ZIK ���sFG rI���s�}E r�§dg �Js�� tEWG ��Z��E ��n�CG oWeEm�E.

rMy�G ��Z�E ���� ��[�CqDq �E _���¥� ��¥���Nd opq ��Z���d gpqD J����|�DG Y� qLd oW�DG, ��nE ��Z�d���q ��Z��CqD Y���CE ��[D P��K�DG, ��Z�E ��Z���C�� �Ca £ qD���DG �e� ��¥��K ��Z�FdgG, ���� ��[� �§dgG r�C�� YKN Ym� ��Z���G _�E �Vq���G de�qD���|qD���� _��eEm�.

��Z�dgG ���� ��[� �§dgG YKN Ym���Z ��Z�E �sq��� ��`P��BC��a ��}a �J [� ��n�CG ��Z�����K

�E �W���� �Z�����a t|qL�GOeEm�K. ��Z�E �sq�����| r�n[���a ���P��a �gL��}`W (�M.131); O�a���� P�`m��a ��C���D ����h[D, ��aJ�`mG Y�C���}IdgG. _���a J�G r��[�� �� ����C�G. �� _u�Nu[� �sq��� ��d�� P��B| ���� �|������. _���a P��E P�`W ��G Y�������(J`.380); Y|d��}E rC��d�q��� ���a ��E�C��a rIde�m�G (J�Zh.388); �IG�E ¬�d ��d�K ���Z� ����`W rIdeE�m�G (J�Zh.390) �Z���� ��Z� E��dgG �IqDd�N�gG. rd�IqDd��Nd op, ��Z���� �sq���C�� P��B|� ����� �� ������ t�q ��Z� ��n�CG ��[D oWem�K.

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_�� ��n�CG _�E ���e� P�aZ ��B|G tEFG gp���N�e�

��Z��K _��CG �E P��� ���h tE E��}E ��N�a�K PJe¥[D �Me�. _[��Z��d �BC � ��Z��CG Y�s������ t��G (�M.140) ��Z�E P��Wd� r�Z�� DE�q��� P��DKN�E. _�E �Idg _���d ��n� P�a������a tG���G �m��D oW����� (�M.473) tEWG oWem�K.

����}` �[� ��Z��D ���sd �BC ��Z��K ��n�CG, ��n�� ��Z��D �� �[���a _����| tE ����VgG LIG� �[�D _��d ��B����� (�M.134) tEWG oWem�K.

���� ��[� �K ��Z���a O�V�P�W�¦G r�V� P�W�¦G ����a �`m�D �I[DG tE ��Z �B| _���d P��B| �I��E tEW

oWG YE _p��� ��s��|e�mE tEWG (�M.474) J�E _u[LI[� ���K��N�K �Meq ���K�K ��h� ��Z���G, �B�K JZG rV[����G �BC ��nE ���G �I[L��E. _�E ��sE��� Y�C��E (�M.475) tEWG ��Z� ��n��� O�¥eEm�K.

��nFCE ��Z�FG P�EW ��}a ��BC, ��nE gpqDq ��Z�, ‘�Z

P������ YWLP�����Nd oW��E” tEWG (�M.43) ��Z��� rhqD�sqDq LIqL tG�CG P��B| �[D �� d������� �B�`m�E tEWG (�M.138) ��Z��D O�¥��hq L���a �q��p��E tEWG (��.74: 6-7) oWeEm�K. �����G, ���� �[� �m���, r�K ��Z�Fdg� �sq����d o�|�qD JZG P����K. r�K P���Z H�d� ��B|G. ��Z�Fdg �d�G ��|���G tEW oWeEm�K (J`.170).

��Z�}E �`m��� �B| ���e� P�Em�CqDq ��Z���a O�V� P�W�� �N���G ��Z��E oC� Hfd�qL`gq D�nO[� �CqD r�V� P�W�� �N���G ���� ��[� �K ������|q�� ��|KN� .

��Z� �sq���� ��`P��BC ��Z��� X`��� ��Z�G ���� ��[� �K _[��Zdgd ��sn���¦G

��Z��D �sq���� Hfd�q��a ��[� ��Z� ��Z��CG, YE �sq�� P��� J�dgp �`gp���|G, �sq���Ps�| �h� DnM��d oqL��a ��s e�[D ���� ��C���|G rMg �s��BC�G tEW oW����|, ��¥«D ��n}�|� �Z�`�m�G op� ��n��d ��n�a�Z��(��.71), _���nE��E r�`�mP�aZ�G tE�CG �[D ���|� tEW Y�dg� P��E�����(��.72) tEWG ��dem�K.

��V� �I�q L�n���Ca��a ���� ����C���� J����¦G, �I�} qDd gV[�� ¤EW �� �h� ��ZM��¦G ��L ��Cq� �n�E ��a gL�s ­�h� �sq���CG P�Em�E tEW s�®P�¯��E gp��|em� (2006:284). rd�Iq���� _.P�a�s�� _� �§G ���WqLd oWeEm� . ��¦G s�®P�¯��E, ������ �����m ��¥d��dgK ­�h���a _��CG ��nh��� H����, �s� �aZ��� ����, ��N���|, �Ca, ��Ca, �Z�d ��Z�BnM�K taZ�G H�|P��q�����

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�sq��� ����}�. �����N �K �sq��� rId����Nq �M�K ��qL`���

X`�|qL�� �K. �I�qL�n� �sq����s�C ‘�D�sd ����” op� ‘P��Bh

��� ” �K§� �Zde� ‘��s�E ����s” HqDKN� �K. P��Bh ��� �G P��B�C}a ����� ¨h, ����a ���h� _� P��h �NM� °�, rs�a P�Id��a JC[D P�EW �C��s ����|qL�� �K. _� �ND ��¥d�� ‘�VG ��

��¥d��� �m��” ���EmD. r� �ND �nG On [D �Me� _nMg�C Ja raZM�§dgd P��fMgh� P�a�IG �mIG �[D ���}� . ���� ����s� ���Em P��Bh ����sd �B�C� PJ�� J|dg`m� (s�®P�¯��E, �.284).

‘P��Bh ��� ” tEm�a P��K�N�hd����C P�B�K tEW P��IK. ���`m �E�E Y��� P�B��Nd P��K�N�hqD �[D, P�Em �E� �G ����� P��I��N�de, P�a� ��E ��Z ���s�de�� �K. �Z��L��sG, �u����Zd ����M��a �qLs��e�KN �u��� rdP��Bh ���E ���d���. �K§�

‘��s�E ��� ” tEW t��q�� �K rq������ t� �NMgG. ��V� �I�� ��Ca��a �sq��� ������E �n����E. �n����� �C� �sq��� ��G

P�Em��� _E�m� _��sO gpd��a�Z. ���a ‘�D�sd ����” gp��|G P��Bh ���CG ��`± ���I[DG P�a� �K �[D ��G �BC���q P�emD. �I�q L�n� �sq���IG, �K§� ��Zd �u���IG P��D ��� tEm�¦G P�{��W J���q��� �� [�� �K. Y�C����NE ��qL`��� YI��d����C� �K(s�®P�¯��E, �d.258).

�sq��� �N��� ��C� P�`WK�N�E f�Jsq P���a _D�EW. _� �K ��W P����a ¤|��C�`��� ��EW�K �M� rZde�qDK YKN�. _D���Z r� �K �Z �C� ��N�| P��C O�C�� �N���G ���C�P�m�a�Z tEW _.P�a�s�� gp��|em� (2007:79).

�I�q L�n� ��Ca��a ��Z�d�§dg r�C����� �Ca tE�D �sq�����a ��|�� ��¥��EW. �C¦dg� �sq����G HI ��sn�� ��s `W fDG _D�� ��sn�EW. ��W �Z ��snM�N�¦G �Ca ��VZ�G. ��Em��, �L`W��qD 52-��D ��C�a �E�E oq��|G ��� dgd �� P��|qD �h���a _�E ���� �Ca P��BC�K tEW P�����d gp��C� P�`WKND.

�sq��� Hfd�G Y�C����NE Hfd����d ��n��|emD tE��� �I�� ��Ca��a ��n hemD. ��¦G �sq��� Ym��a �n�Fdg �J�� �IG, P�a�G ���gG, � �dgG, ��| �IG, ���G tEPmaZ�G �I�� ��Ca��a ���a�K ra�Z. ����, _��D �sq������a, ��E r{��W D� Y`m���, �E rN�� ��[D ��C���� P��a�� OZGO����| �. ��W _m�L�²|�K t���G �C�C�a�Z (s�®P�¯��E, �.284).

��Z� ��N� ���`W���s�� ��¥[� �E� �K _� �ND ��Z}a ���a P��B| _do�CqL�I[� �Ca ����s�| Ym� P��BhId� ��B|G.

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r�P�BhPs�| ��Z� ��Nd o�|�dgG ���Z}a ��E ��n �K ¤|��|KN� . ��B ���� P�B�K �sq��� �N��, _��sq��� �D�s��� ��n �K P��a��hIeEm� tEm L.�.�qL�G (2003:48) o`WG rMg� ��hd���Cq �d���gG (_.P�a�s��, �.84).

���� ��� taZ�IG r{��W��E rI[�� �K tE�m�, taZ�q ��Z� �§G _�P�Bh�s�| Ym� P��BhI[�� tE�m� om h��D. r� ��a HI �Z

��|G _{��W rI[���a��E ‘�sq��” tEm P��a �M� rZde� �I�qL�n� ��Ca��a 6 rCM��a ��|G gp��C� P�`WKND tEW _.P�a�s�� oWem� .

���� ��[� �K, oq��|G P���a raZ�d ��ZM��a �I� �Z � qD�m��a «E �hqDKN� . _�`�m Yn�d����G, �`��`����G ��E�|qL�KN� (_�G.126, P�IG.283-4, �M.48, �M.47, �M.49). t���, PJ��a �Z «E�hq P���a P��� P�Bh �sqL, �sq�� t� _�Vd��P�`mD ���E�m, ��n o�CqD «E �hdgG P�B�§G �sq��, �sqL t� _�Vd��P�`pId� ��B|G tE��� _p� hemD. rD�� �sq�� tEm P��a¦I��d�qL`��� ��sn��� _��emD t�Z�G. ��Z}E «DG ��Z� �K «DG ¤|��| P��BC ��Z� �K _�P�B��N J�h� P�EW Ym� P��BC��a _� �ND Hfd�G �sq��� Hfd�G t����|KND. «E �hdgG P�Bh �sq�� t����CD ���Z�� _� �K �Me}I[� rCG �sq��� �� t� _�Vd��P�`pId� ��B|G.

h��� °s��Zd ��Z��� �M� ��ZqLa ����s de�qD�G ���[� �����

P��a��C�� rI[DKND. � �B��E ��D °sq�� P����|qL �W�����W _�C� ��B|G tE��� _����qLE gp���N���G rI[DKND. �B���E ��¥J�K tE�D ��s��mdg���C��� ra�Z. ��¥J�K g�m�G, P�B��E ��s��s�`m tBud���G, ��Z«D P��BC � �G �sq���dg �������D t�Z�G. ��¦G ��Z�� ��|G P���Z��d P��BC ���� ��[� �K _s��a ��`mM�N�¦G, P��C [� ��� �N�¦G ��Zq� ��¥�`gG P���a rE��dgG �N�e� . r[��Z}a �E� ��E Om ��¥�a �D P�Em ���� ��[� �K _� ��¥�¦G �Ca £ qDG �D P�EWG _���a �NG P�`W ��¥[�� .

��Z��D �sq��� Hfd�qL`gq D�n O[���a ��Z�}�D ��qL`gG r�¥��dgG �N�� ���� ��[� �K, ���}E P��I�|� �[D P�Em ��Z��CqDq �D P�EWG, ��Z�}E ��Z gpqD t|qD�sqDG, ��Wn qLq ��Z���d P��n [��CqDG, �E ��Z �B| �I[L��CqDG ��Z���a O�V� P�`WKN� . ��Z��D ��}Z�� �[� ���� ��[�CqDq ��Z� ��[D �E YKN Yn ���N�G YCa gp�O��N�G P����|qD����| �`m������G �W����G P��dem�K.

��nE ��Z�}CG ����D ���Em �J�C��� o`W�K ra�ZP��FG ��Z� ��n�CG ����D ���Em o`W�K _� rZde�M��a rCGP�`WKN�.

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��Z�FCE ��nFG ��nE ��Z��CG ����D ���Em o`W�§G, _do`W��a PJIMe� JB��CG oW�D ���a ��Z�E ��n�CG �E _���¥� _F��M��Nd oW�DG ��Z�}E ���� tBn�D rIdgG ��Z��CqD� ��nE Y���CE ��[D P��K�D��� ������N _� rZde�M��a ��n hemD. t���, ���� ��[� �K _���¥�a ��Z�E ��Z��Ide�C�� �� d���Z� Ym��N��� P��a��|KN� tE�D P����emD.

D�n �Em�� P�a�s�� _., �M� rZde�qLa gh�d�§G ��Z�d�§G, �`�L�O, 2007, t�a, LI��-621 012. �����E P�., �M���Z r�dgf� ����G _s� YI��d�G, J�E���D �L�O, h�G� 2012, ���� �����¢E�, P�E��-600 014. s�®P�¯��E, ���|G P�����G P��a�����IG ��¥� ��� YI��d�G, �a �L�O, J�G� 2006, ����, P�E��-14. P¡�����, r., ��� � n���� ���� ���E ��� ��Z, r�G - �E���| r�n�q ��V����¥, ���� 2016.

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ODd���� : rZd�n ��s��m YI��d� �`��K ��� �.LI��� �G�[�G D��� ��C ����N

�D�s ���s�� �a��Zd�V�G, �D�s - 21.

��¥d �����sO �M� ��ZG, �M� �I�� ��ZG, �dL r�d�d ��ZG, �����d ��ZG, �s�[�d ��ZG, �`��ZG t� �BC �sZ�`�md P��B| L�¥emD. r{�sZ�`�m� �� dgG���D ��Z[���WG ����}a ��¥[DKN YI� - YKNCd� ��W�a��Nq P������ O[D P��KNZ�G. �M���Z �����K ������, �����, ���C�Z�G, �M� �I�� ��Zd �����K P�B�����G, �����d ��Z ����, �qL rZde�d ��Z ����, �s�[� rZde�d ��Z ���� �m�� P��C ��Z� P���K, �Iq���� �`WG _��qD� �������N�G _�E r�M��N�G P��B| r�`m���|KN�. r{��W ��Z ��`mqL`��`�q ��¥d���� �h�qLa ��`mM�K ��¥[DKN�. �qP��E���G �`m�Bha �Me�Z� ��E �I��dg� �E �Z ��`mM�K ��¥� ¨V�a ��¥[��. rG��`mG ��¥d���� _����¦G _�E ��d�q�� X`�|qL�D. ���Zq���d ����}Z�N �N�� ��a� ���E, t�s� ��B|, h.t�. t��� �����E OL� �`��K ��¥d���� �s�¦G _�E ��L��� YBC�de�. r[�� �EOZqLa ��� ����, ODd���� ���`mG P�`m�. ���a �a ��� ���� �`����� ��sL��E �����K ������d gp��CZ�G. ��sL �a��W ���O �h�Z�� ������N tfL��¦G _{�����D ��fG OD �`���N�G �G ���� �h�qLa ����B| P�`p P�`WKN� . ��sL��q P��C [D �udP��h �sG��s, tfqD �sG��s, ���G��h �sG��s t� �EW �sG��s�K ���Ep�. rG�EW �sG��s��� �� [� ��� �K - tfq��N �K ODd������ �N qP�|dgG �`�}a �M��N ¤|�|qLd P��BC� . rG�`���E ��� ODd���� �Z ���nM��N _�C[�D. ��¥� ¨V�a ODd����}E ���nM�K gpqD rI��W �IqD�K �Z��. ODd���� rZd�n ��s��mdg���| �[� ��¥d ���� �s�a rI[D ��Pm�I ���nq��� P�`mD tEWG, OL� ���nq��� P�`W��C�¦G �sOd����}E ��d�G, _�E oW�§G rLa ��nd eCdeEm� tEWG rI��W ��Z����h� ��L�C� . r[��Z��|�K �Z ������ ���a��Nq �IeEm�. rD gpqD �a�d�BnE ��D ODd����}E ���`mG �N ���G tEm ��a ���� tfL�KN� . ODd���� gpq� ������ ����qL`g _hq�NG r�C� �.J�.���s�u�E. �.J�.���s�u�E ��E tEm O��P��a ¨m���}a HI ��������� tfL�� . r[� ���������d gpqD ��s�® �� �qD tfL�� . r[��¥� ODd���� gpq� �� ��qL`g _hq�NG _��qDq �[�D. _��q P��C [D t�³E ��� ���� tEFG ����� ��Ca, _������ ��C¦dg� ����� s�����E �La, ����� s�����E �L¦dgd g.�.s�¡�����Z�E �La t�d ���� gpq� ����M�K �N [DP��B�C ���}�. ODd������ _��qD ��CM�§dgG P��B| P�a��`g r{����M�K P�DG Y���. r{���}Z��

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����M�K ODd����dg rZd�n ��s��m YBC�? ra�Z��? ���Em ��K���N tf�� _�`g ��C���G ���dgdg YWD�n����G rI[��. ODd����dgq ��¥ ����E ���� ����}E�� gpqD� �a��W ����M�K ��¥[��¦G, ODd����dP��q �� rZd�nq�� ���O �a �gqDKND. r���|qD, ODd���� rZd�nG tEFG �a ODd���� f��dgG rZd�nG ��|emD. r{��W ���� ODd����dg rZd�nG �gdgG �`�}�I[D �pD ��W��|, X`���� �gd��P�`WKN rZd�n ��s��mdgK ODd������ _CdgG ���dg�§G rMgq P���`��|KN�. r����dg��N� �E�IG ��Z��a �gqD �J�d�Z�G. - ��¥d ����}Z�N ��E ��Z���| - ���O �a : OD��� rZd�nG - OD������ �`� : ODd���� rZd�nG - �s�Zd�n ��s��m : ODd������d ��C��q�a ��¥d ����}�Z�N ��E ��Z���|

��¥d ����}�Z�N �K rI��� ��Z���|�§CE rI[�� . ODd����dg ������L YB|; ������L ra�Z. OD����q�E, g.�.s�., �.�.P�aZ���, P��..�.sgJ��E, �.�u, �s�K �Z���� ������L YB|, ���a _�� HI �Z rCM��a PJe¥����C�Z�G tEeEm� . �.J.���s�u�E, J.���� qL, ���G��h tfq��N �K �Z���� ������L�� Y�CqDd P��B| P�aZdoh�D ODd���� t�d �G²s���d gp��|eEm� .

¨m���}a �������}E ��q�E����N �Nde� P�a¦G g.�.s�. _�`g ������L YB| tEem� .

�������dgG ����Zd�nG YB|. _L¦G ���NM��� ����M�� taZ�G �[��� ��B|G. �IG ��� ��|G ��m�� rIdgG. ��� ����dgG tD�� ����� ��C��G YB|. XP�Em�a r[� _ZM��sM��N taZ�G YKNCde�D ����. _D _�`�m r´CG���a ��`pd P��K§G. ��a YBC�de��h�� rId� ��B|G tEm�a rId��D (�.�.P�aZ���, ���a rZde� �� ��G, �.170) g.�.s��E rd�IqD ODd����dgG P��I[DG. tD��, ����� �Z�� P���C�§G, ���NM���, ����M�� ���Em �����|�§G ��C��G ODd����}a rCGP�m ��B|G. r�`�md ���E �E �I��G���a ��`pd P��KNZ�G.

g.�.s��E r[�� �L�Z� ��hd���|G �.�.P�aZ��� ��� ����dg� rZd�n��� rI[��¦G _��� ODd����dg� rZd�n����G P��KNZ�G tEem� . �������d��� �Z rZd�n _G�M��Nd om HI� `�|G���D ODd����d��� �Z ��L��N�G _La J�G ��Be�m�G. g.�.s� ������� �`p� P��E��¦G ODd���� �`p� �Nd������ _D rIdemD (��ZD, �.172). rd�IqD r��� YWL P���G.

J°� rZde�� �[��� �s�a de�����s��d �I��P�W�� OD����q�E. r� ������� �`pd gp��|G���D _D ���O rZd�n �sOg���C����� �s��B|G tEem� . OD����q�E �������, ODd����q �E����a ���� tf���a �sOd ����}E _�����Z�� �E ������ tfL�KN� .

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OD����q�E ���O� �`pd oWG���D ‘���O �m���D ���� _��L}E ���qL`g _fq�G P��|dgG µ���P���� ���� �mdg� OmG��� HI �E����� �E�`p �� q����N� �� ���aZ’ tEem� . (��ZD, �.173). r{��W ���OdgG ���� J�CdgG YKN Ym� �`p� ��D ��Z�����C �Nde� P�aem� .

OD����q����| PJIMe� P��C O P��BhI[� P��..�.sgJ��FG OD����q��E �IqL�� Hq��s���� rIdeEm� . ‘����� «pd ���� tf�d oC�D tEm �IqD�C�� _aZ sgJ��E. ���O, tD��, �����}E ���� _p[D P��B| ������� rCqLa «p� OL� �h�a - ��� J�qDCE ���� tf� ��B|G tEm �IqD�C�� sgJ��E. rD OD����q��a rI[D _� YI��ded P��BC _��s��G’ (s�¡�� q��BCE, ODd���� �sZ�W,�.106). rdo`W� ODd����dg ���O ��� oW�K ��B|G tEm �IqD�C�� P��..�., tE���q P����|qDemD. OD����q��E �IqD ��Z����h�Z�� �EW ��D ������ sgJ��E tfL�KN� .

��¥ �����¦dgG ODd����dgG r�C}Z�� ��D ��Z�����C� �s�§G P����|qL�KN� . ‘rD��E ODd���� tEW �Z Y��snM��Nd ���hq��E r� ���O r��d gp��|G. _��a tEm e�C��C ��� �h������ rIdem HI �h�� _M¶�qDKN ��¥ ���O ODd���� �`�dg rCG �C�D tE�D ��W’ (���doq�E, ����d���, �.78) tEW ��hd���|em� .

tfqD �qL��}a P���[DKN �Z ODd�����K �s��� ���OI�q��d P��BhIdeEm�. J.���� qL, �.�u, L.���.��������a, t�.��q£��sE YK��C �ZIG �s��� ���OI�q��q �G ����}a ����B|KN� . �.�u}E J�sG tEFG ������d gpqD �L��|G �.�������L _D ������ ���}Z�� ���OI�q�� �M�� ��h� P�aemD. r[� ������ �h�Z�� rd���� �D�sd����}E ����Z J�dg ���·�|emD tEW �L���|KN� .

ODd����}E ��������d �I���|G J.���� qL P��Cd� ��ZM��a �s��� ���OI�q��d ����B| �����K r�`p�KN� . �`��ZM��a ��E ODd������� ��CqDKN� . ‘���� qL 1937�G �Bh�I[D 1964�G �B| ��sdgG r� P������a ���Iq�M��N _L�G. ��q��[La �qP��E�D. 1964ra oC ���Iq�G tfL}Idem� ’ (��ZD, �. 108) tEW J.���� qL}E �sOd ���� �`��� ���doq�E ��hd���|em� . r���� �.�u�G t|qDd ���h�KN� .

J.���� qL tfL� P��Cd���Zd �����K �Z ������ ����M�§dgd �NG _��qDq �[DKN�. r�I�C� ������� �����a ��C���Odg Y���CD, Y��C��D tEW rI��W �IqD�K rI[��. P��..�. gp��|G���D, ‘J.���� qL, g.�.s�., �.J�.�. �e� ��IG �MeZ rZde�� OZ���� _h���C���d P��B�C ������N� O��� `��C� tEem� . t�FG rG��a �s��� �����a ��C����Z�� ���� �`���N ��`P��BC� J.���� qL ��E. r�I�C� ����}a ���OG ra�Z; �����G ra�Z’ (s�¡�� q��BCE, ODd���� �sZ�W, �.107) t�d �|�����q P��..�.sgJ��E �� �qDKN� . r[� �� ��G P��..����| �EW�C��a P��C [�D.

OZ� gV[�� J.���� qL}E ���G g��G tEFG 157 ���Nd P��BC ����}E �a �gL�� t|qDd P��B| _D �����a ��C���OdgK �s�a�Z

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t� �� ��G P��DKN� . OZ� gV[��}E �� ��qL`g� �.�.P�aZ��� �LZ�qDKN� .

���� qL �sO��d ���� O��� ��[D ���`W� P�f����� ������N� O��� ��[D ���`W� ��Cd� h��a�Z�� tEm Xd�q��a, ��� ��a, ���a� �����E����a �Z �B|�K HDMe �EW ��|� �mg ���a��� �h ��md��G ��� ��q ��`pd P��KN�G P� � ���s �m �`p� ��Z�� JCqL _La ��P�IG �N ����d �B|��CD ���Zd ���C �E �sO��(���a��KN) ������N�G ODd���� r�q���| �� qD ��C� . (�.�.P�aZ���, ���a rZde� �� ��G, �.100)

�.�.P�aZ����E �IqD ���� qL�� �� �dgG �E��}a rI[��¦G _�E �sOd���� �`���� ��hd���Cq ��m�a�Z.

¡¸E 1969 ����s r��a P¡�E ODd����}E YI�G tEPm�I ��|�s}a OZ� gV[����� ���a ���� qL�� �� �qDKN� . ‘���� qLdg �sO��d ����}a H�}E�qLa Z}�OG ¤|��|G rI[DG ��¥P���}a �}`� raZ�� ��snqL��a tD��, �����, � , ��N ���� �Z rCM��a ��P��|d��a�Z. _�sD H�}E� _p�dg P����G Y��}I[��a ���� ��� �g[���� _��[LId� h�G’ (��ZD, �.116) tEW J.���� qL}E ���� YI����Od gpqD P¡�E �Nde�KN� . OZ� gV[��, P¡�E rI�IdgG �LZ�dgG ��Z}a �.�.P�aZ����E o`W� �E�I��W _��eEmD.

rD��� Hq� �[�h�N�a �� P���K, ���q ��N�K, r�`� P�B��N�N�a �� ��K. tfqD rZd�nG ���� rIdemD. t��� �[�h��a �� ������ tEW ��qDd P��KN�|��. XE r�ndgmK �������a taZ�G �sZ���. _NP��q� �[�h��a �� HI ��� r�ndgmN������ tEW P��KNZ���! (��ZD, �. 210) tEW �L¦�sqDKN� . �.�.P�aZ����E r��La ODd����dg rZd�n ��s��m�G, �����a oWG YB| tE���� OZ��|qDemD.

���doq�E, �.�.P�aZ���, �.�u �Z���� ��E �IqD��N H����qD �J�dgG���D J.���� qL}E �sO �h�Z�� ���� �`��K ���a���C[LI[��¦G, _�� �����a oW��Nd P��BhI[�� tE��� ��IG �Wd���Z�D. ���a _��� ODd���� tEW opd P��BC ���� qL}E P���� _�q���� YKND.

�.�u ��¥ �����a OmJ�C��N� ODd�������| H���| �s��[DKN� . r{��s����}E��� �Z h��K e�CqDKN�. ��¥d ���� �s�a OD�OD �h�M�K ���`W�����D OL�aZ. ���� H{P��I ��ZqL`��`�q �E�� ��`pd P��B�C �[DKND. t��� ‘ODd���� �s�����; ���Odg Y���C��; ODd���� �s����� tE��� H�Od P��KN �IGO���IG _D ���Odg Y���CD tE��� �Wd�Z�G. r���a rd�IqD �Nd�G ������|emD’ (���OG �����G, �.85) tEW gp���|KN� .

tfqD’ �qL��}a tfL �[� ��� �K �M��E ������N� ODd�����K t�d opdP��BC�¦G _�� �sOd ������E ����Z� P�`pI[�� tE���� �.�u}E �IqD�� _p�Z�G.

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J.���� qL}E ����E rs� gWM����G �a ��¥J�C�E �[�Gr �.�u}E ��h, �I��s��E ��Z ����, L.���.��������Z�E tMeIde�m�G, ��q£��s�E �I�O °L, �[�s s�����}E ���L�K ¤m��� �Z �����K �s��� ���O �h�M��a ��n���C�. r�� �m�� ���Iq�G, ��qD�m, �J�� ������, ��P�B��, P�BP�[D�m, ���Iq�G, ���qD�m �`WG P�[D�m �h�Z�� �����N�� YKN� tEem� �.�u. HI �Z �����K rE� �����}Z�� ���� tEW r�G ��n h��� ���dgG rI[�D. _�`�m HIO�C H�O�� �J�de HI gp���C r�qLa �� d� ��Bh��� tEm �Iq���G �.�u E��qDKN� . _{���}a J.�}E ��qD�n, �.�u}E J�sG, D�s ������}E £s����, P��EF���}E ���� �Z����E ������N HIO�C H�O�� tEFG ���dea _�e HI gp���C �� r� ���dgK _Cd� ��B|G tEem� .

r{��m��� ODd����}E �����a �E�� gpq� ����M�K J�CP�`WKN�. t�FG ODd���� [��� ���� �hqL¦G ������¦G rI[D ��Pm�I ���nq�� _�C[D��CD tE��� �W���`g ra�Z. ���¦G �s�E oW�K �M��M�� ��pd eCdeEm�. ���O �a : OD��� rZd�nG

��¥P��� �[LZd�n �s��d P��BCD. _�� tfqD, P��a, P��IK, ���O, _u tE��. r{��[LZd�n ����§K �gL��� _N� rZd�n �a�K ���Ep�D ����Zd�nqL`g ��|����gG. _�qL��� , P��a������� , �M� ���O�C�� �Z�� rZd�n �Nd�G ¤m�� rI�DdgG ��`��C ���O �a�K ���a ���Ep�KN�. ��¦G rI���G �`m�Bha ����L��sG, P���C�L��sG, ���O�a �Z�� ����Zd�n �a�§G ���Ep�KN�. r[�a��E ���`mq��� �� dgG���D X��� J�EeZd�n �a��N YI��dg���d ���h¦G ����Zd�nM�§d��� �a��N YI��dg�L�Z OZ� �K _L� ���G P�¦qL}IdeEm� tE�D P�emD. ����Zd�nM��N �gq� �Z��� �K [D��E ���� �G ��Z _��qDKN� . ��Z[���WG OD�OD ���O �a�K ���Ep��¦G _�`WK r�C}a ���Ep� ���O ��`mM�§dg� rZd�nM��N �gqD� P��a¦G ���dg ra�Z. ���a r����de�I[D ��W��C �Z��� �s�nq ��V�E ���O �a L�¥emD.

�������N ��s�W��D �a [��� ����Zd�n �a���I[D ��W�|emD. [��� ���O �a�K P�B��, ������, �����, ������ �`WG �I��� t� �gqD� P�a¦G. _{���}a rI[D �a J�E���G �Em���G P��B| _�`�m�| OD��� (ODd����), L�s���, r����� t� �E�m�G �� qD� ����� �W tEemD ���O�a. ��¦G �Z ����M��E P���s�G ��`p ���qDKND. r{��W ���O��E OD����N� ��|�D ��|G r[��E �J�d��EW. r[�a ��|G �[���D ����e� OD����`��� rZd�nM��Nd ���h�|d ���|��� rMg de� �J�d���gG. �s�nq ��V�E ���O�a ODd���� gpqD �W �`��d��Nq �IemD.

1. �`�� OD��� �sh P�W�� (35) 2. _����� ��N��� OD��� L�s���

r����� H���� _W�� ��¥���. (59) 3. �sO� ���PCFG E��� ��d��E

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_�� tfqD HfMgG P���C�G �Iq�� �IGOG °��a P��aZq �|q��E _IGOG ���Z _��q�D OD���. (138)

4. YI�� YqL�K OD��� ��W LOW ��CZ�G Y�s��� ��W. (139)

5. P��|���� tL qDd P��LdgG PJ��G �|���� ���C� �m[�D OD��� _�`P��a g�mqD� ����a �� q��a �`� �m[D `W� P�W��. (140)

6. _��P��fM g�Cq� OD��� tD���� ���P��d �ILFG _h��s ��m��� ������ P��`��a pqD �h�Z�G. (141) r[�`��d�K ODd����d��� _h����O, ������K OD����E rCG, OD����`��� rZd�nG, Y�s�����I[D OD����E ��q�E��, OD��� r�`WG���D �� d� ��Bh���, OD����E _h��s��m��d ��C��dgG���D ���qLa P��KN ��Bh� �L�m�K ��� P��L��N� ���eEm�. ODd����dg� rZd�nq�� ���O�a �gqDKND. OD������ �`� : ODd���� rZd�nG

�s�nq ��V�E OD�`���q P��C [D rs��¡[Ls�E ODd���� rZd�nG (2004) tEm ��Zd gp��CZ�G. r[�a ODd����dg f����� _N�a rZd�nG om �EWKND. [��� ����Zd�nM��E _���O �m�� _h���C���d P��B| r[�a YI��d����|KND. ����Zd�nG oWG ���O �a��N����EW YW���a, ����}�a, H���a tEFG �EW r�a��N r[�a P��B|KND.

�a r���Z�� ��D OD����d ���h �`emD r[�a. �B�C� rZd�n �a�K P���K YW�O�K t� tfqD, _��, � , ��N, _h, P���C tEW �����|qL Y�sdgG. ���a r[�Z����s� P��a, _h}E P��C tFG OL� YW�O��N�G ��h YW�O�K �[D tEem� . (��.sgs��E, ODd���� rZd�nG, �s������s)

����Zd�n �a�§K tfqD, _��, � , ��N, _h, P���C ��� ���OW�O�K rEp�����D ����Zd�n �¦K rCGP�`pIdgG. r[� �m}�I[D �pD ��W��|� P��a, � , _h, _hqP��C , P���C tEFG �[D YW�O��N �E�� YW�O�N�de rIdemD. _�`WK, P��a�Z ��s _h�� t��_ _h}E P��C�s P���C��� t��_ ¬��� �[DG �¦W� ��gG (�.6) rLa _hqP��C tE�D ����Zd�nqDK OD�s��gG. �a YW�O�K �WG t[P�[� �m}a ODd����}a rCGP�`WKN� tEW t|qDd���C���|KND. � , _h, P���C �EWdgG [��� ����Zd�n �a�K ��h� P�a¦G �E��}�Z r�IG rZd�nG P��DKN� .

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���Zq���� �[�����N ��E (����}�Z�N ��E) ���� OZ���C �h�G, gp¹| ���Em YqL�m��Nq D�n YW�O�N�� �de}Idem� rs��¡[LsE. �h�G, gp¹|��E �����N� �gqD _�`g rZd�nG oWeEm� . �h�G, gp¹|��N �s�Zd�nG ���[� YI��G, YK§�m}E ������d �IDeEm� . r�� rsB|G raZ��a oC ���� ��� �m���� _���G. ��¦G _�`�md �IqD P������| YqL �m�N��� ��|� ��E�m� tEem� .

P�B��, ������, �����, ������, �I��� ��� ��d��N����a _hqP��C ��, �IqDd ��������, P��C ��Z���, �qLs���, gWG��, P��D��� t� �W �����Nd ����}E ����N�de _�`p`gG r� rZd�nG �gqDKN� . _hqP��C ���� �IqDd ������� P��C ��Z� ���� �qLs� ���� gWG�� �EP��| P��DP�� �µYG ���� ����� ��sB C�gG. (52) ��d�§dg� rZd�nG � , _���O, _h��s��m ����}E _���O �m ����`�m r[�a �sa�Cq P��gq��demD.

����dg �� rEp������ HEW ��|P��IK. _���|P��I�N rE�m� ��� ��¥d�����| P��C O�C�����Nd P��B| ���� r�`ma JZG tEem� .

����}a rCGP�WG ���E o`W, �`o`pE �BO, ���� _����a YKN Y�s��Ca��E _���O �m��, ODd���� J��C� �d��E �h� �m�� X`W �IG���D _[� �h�q��q ����ded P��KNa, [��� ���� �h�a om���C �h�G «B|G �E _�E ����q �E���� X`ma, ����}a �IG �Id���� P��a�E �h��� ���qD tfDG ���dg ��� �a��W ����� P��L�K H�O P��L�N�� H����a om���|KN�.

r{��W rE�m� ��¥d�� �m�§dgq P��C O�C� ���dg��a ODd���� rZd�nG tEFG r[�a _��[DKND. �s�Zd�n ��s��m : ODd������d ��C��q�a

���a e�Cd��P�WG �a rZd�n �a P��a�����G. rD �`��ZqLa ���Ep� rZde�M�K �Z�`p`gG rZd�nG oWG �Z���G L�¥emD. ��¦G �Z ������|��N �gqD� P��a¦G �Z���G YKND. �I[�� ��FG OD�D eN[� ����E ��`�m (P��a.P��.�.231) tEFG �`���E��� OL����q ���EWG rZde�M�§dg rZd�nG oWG �E����q P��a����� ��h� P�aem� .

P��a�����qLE ������|�§dgK ODd������� P��IqL� �� dgG �`��� P�.rsqL�� qL ��`P��B|KN� . P��a�����G P���§dg� YW�O�N�� 34 �����Nd gp��|G. r�`pa �a �W YW�O�K �M�Z�� X��� YW�O��E �ZG ODd����}FK YKN ��M��� �m���� �Ndgem� . ODd����}FK rCGP�WG H�J�G, �mP���� P��`�Z�O, �`��, ���P���, ��, _M��G, DP��a, ��Z��|, H��� �e� �h�M�K ODd����}FK rCGP�WG ��M��� �m���� t|qDd���h�KN� . ���Z ��C�P�`m �h�M��Z�� ODd����}FK ��n�P�WG tD��, �����, r��O, sB ���Em �����a oW��E J�M�K ��hd���C� P�`WKN�.

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�`��, �[LsG, ��, _M��G, DP�����a _��[DKN �����, tD��, r��Oq P���C�K ������, P�B��d��a _��[DKN P����O, HµYq P���C�K ���Z ���J�qDCE _����a�Z. r�a��� H�J�G ��B|�CqLa _��eEm�. �������a _���G ��� J��C� P���C�§dgG, �`��, �� ��� P���C�§dgG YKN _h���C ��W��| r�D �gG. r[� ��W��|, r{�I ���dgG r�C�� ��� ��W����C X`�|qD����gG. (P�.sqL�� qL, P��a����� ODd����}�a, �. 34)

ODd����}a ����N�P�WG P���C���L�K �sOd������a rCGP�WG P���C���L��d ���h¦G J�G g�m[�� YKN�.

����}E �d�qLa YKNCd�qL`g r�n���d oW��|�D YqL �gG. �M���ZG P��CMe rEW��s �m[D �NMgG ������N� �� q��a r[� YB�� P�`Pm�� OZ��|G. ����}E �§��q �E���� � n}��D YqL�� �gG. ODd���� YKNCd�qL`��`m �h�q�� ��|�aZ YqL��N�G J�h�D. YKNCd�q�� ���qDCFG o ��� P�p�CFG P��}C� OL� YqL��N J�h�D. r�`������� P�h�Om �J �C� ���� ODd���� ���� ���deE ��N��� ��m����� ����G �`p ��NqD� ����G ­C����� ����G YqL�K ��E��C� (_sM�s��, ��¥�ODd����q Lm����, �.269) t�� ODd����}a rCGP�WG YqL��E rEp����������G ��E����C�G _sM�s�� �Nde� P�a�� .

P��a������ P���K YW�Od ������|�K P�IG��¦G ����}E YqL�N��� ��E�|q���|eEm�. _�`WK ���O, �sO, P���C, �J�dg, o`W���, ������ , �NE, ��Z���, ��E ��� P��a������ P���K YW�O�K ODd����}a YqL�N��d ����N�P�WG �m���K gpqD P�.sqL�� qL �s��[DKN� . _�`�m�| P�����|, t�����, E�G, P��IK, D�m���, ���|, �BnG �e� r{P��|d oW�§G rCGP�WG �E�����G �Nde�KN� . tB��� ���O�N�� _G��, _Vg, P��E��, ���a, �I[D, r��O, OZE, r�VO ���Em�`pE �MgG �m���� �s���P�`WKN�. ��¦G L�nd������| _�G �`WG OmqL�n��E ���� �Nd����|KN�. P��g�O�s - P�f����� ���� rZde� �s�a ��¥d ��� �K �N [D �IeEm� . _{��W �N [D �IG���D ODd����}E ��d�G ���Zq���d ��� ��E ����}E �ZG X`�|eEmD. �sOG - OD���G r�n[D �mdgG ����}a OD��}E °��G �s�E ���¦G ��C��G rCGP�WG. t�����E P��Cd� ��ZM��a ODd���� �`�}a ¤|��C ��¥d��� ��E �����K ��s �s�E ��� P�E�C�� P��eEm�. - OD����q�E, g.�.s�., P��..�., �.P�aZ���, �.�u ���E�m� ODd����dgd ��C��G rZd�nG ��B|G, _�`p`g �����, tD�� �Z�� P���C�§G ���NM���, ����M�� �Z�� �����|�§G ��B|G tEm �IqD��a �EWKN� . ��C� ��s rd�IqD��a �Em� �K P��..��G OD����q�FG��E. �.�.P�aZ���, �s�K ���E�m� EP��BhI[� �IqD���I[D PJe¥���G _�C[DKN� tE��� _p�hemD. - P��Cd���Z tfqD �qL����a tfL �[� ��� ��E �����K �sOd����}E �����Z�� _��[LI[����G ��nhemD. _{��W rI[��`gd ��snG �s�Zd�n� �}`���d ��� �K P�`pI[��� �gG.

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- ��¥ ������E OmJ�C�K ODd����dgq D�n P������� YKN�. �sOd�����K ��Z��`mqL`g��`� ��W�|�D���a ODd����}E �h�G ��W��|KND. ���a ODd����}FK �s��� ���OdoW�K rCGP�W���q �� d� r�Z�a�Z. - ��Z��`mqLE ������ Yn [� ���O�a r�C}a �[� �����a oW�§dgG rZd�nG �gqDKND. _[����}a ODd����dg� rZd�nq�� ���O�a ��h�KND. ���� ��Z}a rZd�nG �gd����C�¦G �E��`���� rD YKND. - �s��� ����Zd�n� ���dea ODd����dg rZd�nG oWG �E��}a ODd���� rZd�nG tEFG �a L�¥emD. �s��� �������N YK��Me�G, OD�s��� �h�G, gp¹|, «P���� ���Em YqL�§dg� rZd�nq���G r[�a ��h�P�a¦G ��Mg �m���� ��Z}a ���`mq�d���� YKND. �gqD� P�a¦G rZd�nG H{P��EWdg��� t|qDd���|��N� ODd�������I[�� t|qDd ���h}I��D ��¦G r[�¦dg� �m�O� �� qDKND. - P��a����� ��|G 34 P���K YW�O��a 28 YW�O�§K ODd������� P��IqL� �� dgG �E�����G, _�`g� t|qDd���|��Nq �I��Z�G �m���� �m}a sqL�� qL ��`P��BhI��D ��s��|G ��Z}a YKND. - rE�m� ��Z��CqLa ODd���� OL� ���nq�� _�C[D��C ��Z}¦G _La �s��� �����a oW�K ��ndeC����� �� d� heEmD. D�n�` ��h�a

1. _sM�s��, ��¥� ODd����q Lm����, P�E��, 1987. 2. rs��¡[LsE, ODd���� rZd�nG, P�E��, 2005. 3. �[����, ���.J., ��¥ ������E ���`mG �N ���G �`���G - �a

P��gL, ��¥� �a��Zd�V�G, ����· , 1989. 4. �s�nq��VE,�., ���O �a (���G Y�s�G), r�`m�¥� �}`m�G, LI��µ ,

1981. 5. P�aZ���,�.�., ���a rZde� �� ��G, tfqD �s�sG, P�E��, 1984. 6. ���doq�E, ����d���, �L ��Z�G, P�E��, 2002. 7. P��a����� , P��a�����G P�����a Y�s�NG, �.P�¯;�N��snE (�.�.),

�D�s ���s�� �a��Zd�V�G, �D�s, �`�L�O, 1989. 8. �u, �. ���OG �����G, �[L�� �L���G, P�E��, 2006. 9. �u�BCE, �., ���a ����Zd�n �N ��, ���K �L���G, P�E��, 2001. 10. sqL�� qL, P�., P��a������ ODd����}�a, P�E��, 1998. 11. s�¡�� q��BCE, ODd���� �sZ�W, ����, P�E��, 2002. 12. �a�d�BnE, ODd����}E ���`mG �N ���G, ����Z�G, 2009.

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Y��� ��s��� , ��¥qD�m �D�sd �a , �D�s - 11.

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��q°�d gnG Y�C��s�� J�G _p�Z�G. LI�s��hsE _����s�� rI[� P��fD _s� g|G�qL��C�� �ndg raZ��a rI���`����G J��hE ��E��d����G JaZ ��Z������N �VMe�� . g[L��q ��`W�a D�����E ��BC� �§dgq DE�G ��N�q� ���DG �Ds r{�I� ��E JE������ �IG��� . _p��� �VMgG �[���� rV[D � � ��}a JCdgG ��BC� �§dg �Ds �J�C����G ��m�����G ��D���O _�qD Y�� P��D �[�� . r[��Z}a D�����E ������� °�Fdg J�� �Z[� r��O��N _�qDd �M��}a �¥�hq����D, °| LIG��� °��� ���qDd g[L P�¯s� �K «D ����`W �I[L��K. DE�qLa rIdgG g[L}CG �Ds , °�E �snG _�C����C�E, ����� �N [��a �m ��E�§dgG ��qD �JC ����O YB|. _���a P��W�� ��qLC ��B|G tEWG °�E ��s�a �[D �|��E tEWG �L ��m[� �Ds g[Ldg _p��s�G ��W�a; P����G �VMe�� .rD _�E � � �[����� P����|qDeEmD. ��BC� ��Nd ��q�a _sdg �����}a ��BC� �§dgq £�� �JC YKND tE��� �Ds _p[LI[�����, r[� ��J� q LI��� }�`p| J��E �[� �[L ����� �p[��E �h��[ �[�� P�E��� ����E mE��}F n [��! (�L.��s�n�-122) tFG �L�I�� ��CZh�K P����deEm�. �Z P�����N _p[� �Bh���� �Ds ��BC� �K ��sn���G P�a¦��}a ��Z�� �K P���}a �I��CG ��qD �s rIdemD tE���d gp���a Yn qLq ���qDd P��K§G �����G op�� . ��¦G, _sdg �����}a ��BC� ��E �snq��q �� d� E��`��C�� �sM�G P��|G HI��CG �����}a rI[D P����m rs���� �����G _��dgG�hd op����, PJh�����q �N� �uZ��m PJp���� h���Pm�I �BC�M ����h��E �V���a (�L.��sn�-123) tFG r{�L�I����CZh�K OZ��|qDeEm�. _|q���� _sdg �����}a £��`m�G �Ds op� �m��h� ��BC� �K �sM������ �����q ���q�� . r{����� �Ds ��D _p�E D�nP��B| �LPJp ���EW ��BC� ��Nd �����`p�� . ��G ��BC� ��Nd �����`p� ��Z D�����E ���� �K _p�����WG ������� �� qDd P��BC� . r�P��a��E �ZG _�E � � �[������| �� [� rs���[Lsq���G _p� rZg��� YKND. D�����Fdg _p��s oma �Ds ��BC� ��CG _EOG �u�G P��BhI[�D ���Z�� ��D _BnE LI�s��hs �`WG _�I�C� O�a� �N�� P�¯s� ��CG P����� _EO P��BhI[�� . ��G Lm[D, H�� ��m�Ep JE�� �IG �IqD��N� ����� . _� �§dg� ���� ��Z�������� t����DG Jae �[�� . �g�}E £� Yn ��a �BC���|� ��BC� �§CE ¨D ��N��C ��B|G tEW £ ���q� D������CG �a�q��}a �aZ �Ds , � ���h ­���� ��BC� �§dg� �Me�|d P��|d���a r���� ���� ��Nd ���h¦G P��h� _p�aZ��� �K

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P��a¦G �� q����d ���| _�E�h JC�������a LI��K YE����| �sqL¦KN�N�� �Ze� P�EW �|��K tEW t|qD�sq�� . ��¦G,�Ds �[D� d�G (�`mG) �����§G ���a _�[D�|G tEW _p��s oW���, �a��� PJ��aZ� ���������E �Vp� P������| �a��s�{ ��L�E P�����h ��L� �VM��K Oa��C�F n �Z��� O�¦G ����M ���e` P�a���N�� �|� �`m� �����M P�|P�Em�E (Yq.Y -14) tEm YqL�����I� ��CZh�K gp��|eEm�. r�¨¥��Z}¦G ��sE _m��[��� ���Z�Med ��n��|��� JE�p�Z�G. LI�s��hsIdg ��Z���� �VM�a D������E ����� tBnq�� _���IG _p[LI[� ¨V�a �Ds ����K, P���� �K YCEP�EW LI�s��hsCG, YM�§�C� r[� ��E gZq�� _����E ���E. t��� r���q L���G P����� ��Z��D. r��� Y}�s�| ��V �|���a ��M�K DE�G _F��d�q��E �J|G. � �qLE ��L��h, HI gZq��d ��d� �����C ������G, es��qL`��� HI gZq���G, J��h`��� HI es��q���G, �q���`��� ­�Z�G f����G L���G P��� ��B|G (�º�.d.��q-125) tE��� t|qDd���h _p��s op�� . LI�s��hs D�����E «DKN �B�hq����� _E���a �DsE ��Z������d ���������a ��¥J�K f�DG DE�q�� _F��d� �J�CD. ��¦G, �Ds LI�s��hsCG ¨���Cq��a YM�K ��E�K �`WG �G�}E O�a� ���C�� ��s��G _L�dgG. r���a t�IdgG t[��� JE���G ��N��D. t��� ¨D ��N��C X`��| P����D rI���� JaZD tEW ��Z���� �VMe�� . LI�s��hs �DsE �Iq�� X`Wq D������CG �Z ���}a t|qDd om _�E _�� X`��a�Z. _�E �[��}E ��q�� ��`p�C LI�s��hs�s� �DsE �Z����� ��BC� ��N r[Ls�s��qLa rI[D _�VqD �s� P���� . �Ds _Bn�E ��C�N�� «mh���a �I��CG taZ� ��sq���G om, �I�FG ¨��|�D �m���� �C�a�Z tEW Yn [LI[� ���L¦G �[��}E ��C�N�� X`Wd P��B| _�ICE P�Em�E. �Ds LI�s��hsCG_mG, P��IK, rE�G r�� �Ep`g��� �ZE � �qLE �Z�� X`�|eEmD, � �G _s��E �� . ��BC� ��C�I[D�pqDd P��BC��q LI��d P��|qD �|M�K. _s�E �mI�C� Y�C����N �IG�d oC�D. rD�� ��Z�� rs�� � �G. �����a g|G�G, gZG �d��E JE����d �IqLa P��B| gZqL`�� �NM�����G, £������G YKN D�������� ��m� �hqDq �I��� _��n}a _�s� P���M�K tEWG �I�E ��qLa t� «DG �I����, P�W���� e�C��D, _���a � � PJp��h ­�}a _s���� P����E tEWGt|qDdop�� . �DsE _p��s LI�s��hsIdg �snq �W��}a; YKN�Fdg �I[D ����D ���EW ��[�D. LI�s��hsE r���� ����Z�� _p[� _� r� P�¯s� ��E gZG _��D YWL t� Yn [D P��BC� . rD�G �DsE ��� L ����� ��q°� gnq��� �sL������� _��eEmD. �Ds �a�Z Y�Cq�a ��� d��ZG �IG EO _qL��Os ���dgd eI�hnE ��BC� �§dg Y� _s�Y��� �M��� P�`Wq �I��`��� �[�P��fD, P�¯s� �K rs����������| �I[���G�a �I�� �K tEW_p[LI[DG t������ ��¥[�

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�DsE raZqL`�� _� P�Em� . ��s�qLE J������ eI�hnE � �qLE J�������E. _�¨¥��Z}a tD � �G tEW Yn [�����a ���qLE �h���� P�¯s� ��CG rIdgG �Ds raZG Y�m[�� eI�hn . �Ds HI��s �m[� �qL�s�� �NMe�� . �|�E (²´� ), D�s�n , � n ���E�m� �m[� °s �N���G gI����G rI[� ���L¦G _�L �E P�M����Z Y� qL� P��fD _��� H|d� �M��CG �dL rI[� P��fL¦G _{��}�Z P�¯��N�� �Em� . ���a �Ds�s� ��W tEW _p[�DG �J d�B �Js�� _p��s �VMe�G �BhqDG �EFK rI[� ��q°� �`WG rs��� gnq�� P����|qL�� . �EO P�¯s� ��E ���}a eI�hnE ��BC� �§d��� HI � �a HI es��G ��s ���| �W��d����C P��fD ������ _���IG P�¯��� �h��� rI[�P��fD �Ds ��|G �I�Fdg �VM� ��Bh� rs���� Y����Nd P��|d� ��B|G tEW �[D�sq�� . _�`��� _� �m��� r��������d P�¯s� �K td��N��C P��fD LC��� h� t|qD H�s °����a _eZq�� _�d�doh� ��D �a�Z _�Ld���� ��E�|q� ����CE tEW rsB| DB|�N�de Y�CqP�p[���, �a�sBhF � [� �aZ��� ��psB|�C P��h��E �a�sBh��� �I��eE ��Z[���N ea �[D�E �a�sB| L�G��g �`gZe PZBuZ�� ��P��L��E (Yq.eI-131) tFG YqL�����I� ��CZh�K t|qD�sdeEm�.rWL��� �Ds Dm� ��¥d�� t��, �M�a�G X`W� �Zs��ICE O�� ��qL�s P�Em� . r�����G _�sD ��� L ������ ���|eEm�. t��� �Ds ��q°� �� �Em P�G�Z��� . P��g�O�s ��s�d��� ���|G ��qLs���C��E _h���C}a �Ds�sd ���M��a _� d��Zq�� _p[��s���� ��D taZ�� ¨¥��Z}¦G rI[D �[DKN� . JaZ�s�}FG £��s�}FG _� Y���C� _p��s op�G �BhqDG P����� ��Z�� t|qDd���h ��JCqL�KN� . �qL� �C�� rI[�P��fL¦G _�� JaZ��� £���� tE���� �gq�p[D JE���� �Em� . rWL���, ­�Zea �s��� ���q�� _p[D °|��W _�C��� YE�����D tEW �Ds Dm� Og[��� _�CG ��q°� gnG ���Z�Me rI����� OZ��|qDemD. �Id�d gp¹�| �Nd�G 1. �L.�G - �L�I�G - �G����Id�G 2. �L.��sn� - �L�I�G -��sn�����Id�G 3. Yq.Y  - YqL���� �I�G - Y �E �D 4. �º�.d.��q - �º���s�qLa de� ��qLsM�K D�n�`��h�a

1. �����ZeI´n������� ��.. (Y.�.), �����s�G, Y���L���G, P�E��, 2013.

2. ����[���, »¡����a, �º���s�qLa de� ��qLsM�K, ¶�� �L���G, ���sd­ , 2013.

3. �º� q���L, ¼�[�F, �º�q�� �Ds . ¶�� �L���G, ���sd­ , 2010.

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��s��h� YN��¦G ��¦n � ��E��d �Iq��d�G (�M� _�dgp¹|��N E��qD)

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H{P��I ���G HI �B���| ��CqL`gK P��a��|�IeEmD. _{���}a ��¥����G ��dP�� HI �B����C ��s�WqDdP��B|KND. _��B���|� ¨VZ�a �ud����C ���E ��E om�IG �IqD��N P�����C���d op�C h�La�Z. rq�g ¨V�a �EF�C� �Iq�� f����� HI ���E P����|q�d gp¹|�K P�I[D�n OeEm�. �M� rZde�d o`W ��[� �K _���IG ���d ��|���|�§dg Y��C��Bh� _���G rI����a _d��|���|�§dg Y��|�DCE �q�G YKNd�IqD��N�G t{��m�}FG P����|q� ��B|G tEm Y[D�a gp¹|��N� ��E�|q�d ��sn��� _��eEm�. _{���}a �M��OZ� �K gp¹|��N� ��E�|qL t{��W ��¦n � ��E��d �Iq��d�M��Nq �M�ND ������a ��C��qDKN� tE����G ��s��| �����Z YN��a �J�dea t{��W _�e�KN� tE����G �s��G ���� rd��|�s ��deEmD. ����a �a� _�qL�n � ���Zde�G. _�qL�n}a ����Z ������d P��B| ¬B�����, _�� ���G _F��d�d oh� Yn ���K �Z YKN�. P��aZ���� ��¥d��}�I[D ��� ¬�d�M��Nd �`WdP��|demD. ���G �`p� ��Ca P�B�C�E oW��N�G, r�`�� P��`�� LO �e� ��doW��N�G YKND YKN�h�� P��a�D ���Zd�n �a. _[�a ��¥��q P��C�D, _p��q P��C�D, _���d �`�� _p���Z��� P�W���s�Epd ���¦dg rEp������ Yn �� ��Z��� P�m���C� . ����q���| r��[� On �� ��Z�� tBn���C� . ���G ��¦n �G Y}�M�§dg r�`�� _�q� P���C. Y}�M��E �[�L� �Me� _W�C��a P��Cs, ��D r�q��q P��C [D P�Ided P��B�C P�aZ, r��P�Id�qL`��� r�a­d���� ��¦n � _��[DKND. Y}�M��E ��¥�¦G ��¥�a ��q�G r�E P��I��C �gG. _���a��E �M��OZ� �K ����Z� �m��qD� �Z ���nM��a ��h�KN� . tBud���G P�We�. HI� _F��dgG ���a Yn �� �`m�s�a _F��d� h�G. _[� _F��q��d ��Z rZde�G ��}a �� _F����� P����|q��G h�G. P�BuE D�sq��, �e¥����d oC �B OZ� �N�a ���� �� d� h�G. �G��� P�Bn�� ��`pdP��B| (J��e - J���E ���G) P�B Yn ��� O��� h�G. r�����G ���Z�a ��|�� ��qL�G. ��m��, °s Yn ��� �ms�a �V��� YKN� [D _F��d���� tL ��� ��N�d���� h��D. _���a��E �M��OZ� �K r�`��������, P��`�������� _����Ca��N� ��h �e¥[�� . �`m�IdgG �e¥�� ��h� . gp¹| - P��`P��IK �Nd�G “HI ��s �`ma ‘HEm�� r�nq�a’ tEFG rI P��IB����Nd P��BCD. ‘�G��E’ (Symbellein) tEFG e�sd� ���� P��a (Alex Preminger - 1975:883). HI gp¹| “OZE�N�a _p���|G HI �I�P��I�N�G _�P��IN�a Yn q���|G

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¬B �Iq���G HI ��s ������a r�P��a P��I�P��Iq�G P�WemD”. (t�. ���C���E - 1988:82). r{���� P��a�Z �Z���d P��B| �MeZqLa YI��d����C P�� �P��a ‘�G�a’ (Symbol) tE�D. r�P��a “HI P��IK _aZD HI �IqDdg� �LZ�� �`gG HI gp _aZD HI P��IK” t�� P��IB�� P�WeEmD (J.A. Cuddon 1977:915). e�sd�� P�{��a �s��CG �Vde�I[� ‘��� �����E’ (To Semion) tEm P��a�Z �Z���d P��B| �MeZqLa ����hd� (Semiotics) ‘����Z½’ (Semiology) tEm P��`�K YI��d����|KN�. �Z�P��aZ�� e�sd��P��a ‘gp’ tEm P��IB�� P��BC����� �VM����CD. ‘_�C��NG’, ‘rZ����’, ‘gp’ ��� �Z P��IB����N YKNCde�D ‘�G�Z�E’ (Symbolon) tEm e�sd�� P��a. r��h��� YI��d����C ��E (Sign) tEFG �MeZ� P��aZ��D HI �IqD _aZD P��IB����q P��dgG gp tE�D Y��C� �Z P��IB����Nd P��BC��� �NMgemD (J.A Cuddon-1977:30). ‘�G�a’ tEFG �MeZ� P��a¦dg Y� ��s��� ���a �h�G, gp¹| tEFG P��`�K �N��|eEm�. (rs��.P���I��E, 1978 : 230), (��.������[�E, 1983 : 188) (�L .������E, 1994:311). gp¹| tEFG ��¥�P��a ‘¤| P���G gp’ _aZD ‘¤C�e �`gG gp’ t� ���C�G. r�E �� HI �IqL�� _aZD HI P��IB��}�� ¤| P����`��� ��Pm�EpE rCqLa ���� �L���� �`�D tEm P��E�� �Nd�G P�m��|G. ��¦G, ‘HI �IqD _aZD P��IB��dg� �LZ�� _��CqLa ��E �EW �� ��B����|qD�a’ �ZG r�P��a¦dg� P��IB��� P��Iq�G P����gG. r�E �ZG ‘HI gp���D ��dg� r�a��� P��IB��}��d ���|��`��� _aZ��a ��Pm�I P��IB��}�� Yn qDG P��I�|� �L����� P��a�|�a’ tE��� gp¹| tEm ��Z�P��a�E P��E�� �`WG P��IB�� �Nd�G tE���� P�mZ�G. “gp�� r|�D gp¹| tEm�¦G, HI rV���d gp (_�C��N qL�s) ¤| P�������G P��K§�a P��Iq���gG” tEFG _�D���E (1987:166) �IqDG ��`�IqL�� �W�G. gp¹ - ��s��m gp¹| tEFG P��a¦dg _p� �K �Z ��s��m �[DKN� . _�� �E�I��W, “����qLa �IqD� OZ��|q�G P��� �d�K P�DG ��E�|qDG gp��E ��¥� �`p� _p��a �a��� gp}�a �gG t� P� h�B| - h - �¨ gp��|eEm� . “gp}��Z _P�d�IG �Me�Z�IG ‘Semiotics’ tEm P��aZ�¦G ��s���� ‘Semiology’tEWG gp���| �IeEm� . gp (Sign) tEm P��I�a �VMgG ‘Semeion’ tEm e�sd��P��a�Z r�`pE �� �P��aZ�gG” tE� (¨.�¡��� �[�ss�®, 1987:101).

“rZde�qLa HI P��I�N��� _aZD ��¥������� gp��C �IG HI P��a _aZD P��`gp �E r�a��� P��I�Nq �� q� �pP��Ep��d gp��|��� gp¹|” tE�� (��. ������[�E, 1983:188).

“HI P��IK _����| r��O�C� rEFG X��� HI P��I�Nd gp}�|d ���|�D _aZD _�`g� �LZ�� �EW P����|qD�D gp¹| �gG” (�s� , 1982: 30).

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“H�Om��¦G H�|m��¦G �`Pm�E�md gp���� Yn qDG P��IK (Object). gp¹| t���|G” tE�� (_�Da sg��E, 1990:19).

“X��FG � H�O�� _aZD H�|m��a gpd� ���dem P��I§G gpqDKN P��I§G P��C O P��BhIdgG” (_sM�s��, 1991:28).

“HI P��IK _����| P��C O�C� �pP��I P��I�Nd gpqD �`gG P��fD gp¹C�emD” (_�Da ��� , 1987:167). ��s��h� YN��¦G ��¦n � ��E��d �Iq��d�G

��� YKNqLE ��¥d�� �m��� �gqDd oWG � _p���Z YN��a. HI��D YKNG _�F�C� P��a��E �ZG Yn ����N P����|qDemD. t��� P���Z _p[D �s����E �� YKNq�� �Jsh��� _p� h�G. ��¦G “YKNq�� �Jsh��� _p��`g Y��snM�K �ZG �ud�h�G. rMy��� rZde�M�K ����E YKNqDK P�EW Yn ��d����|� �E� Yn ����� ��`mG P�����|emD” tE�� (°.�L�s��dL, rZde�G YN��¦G: �.1).

r{��W, rZde�G YN��¦G �E�� ��n[D ��n��|emD. ��¦G �M� _�rZde�M��a OZ� �K ��¦n �� P��a��|��N� O���G ���D gp¹|��E �� _�P��a��|��N� P�G�����d ��C��qDKN� . r��M� _�d gp¹�C�d�d ������a rCGP�`WKN ����a P��L��N ��s��hE YN��a _�g�m}a �s��G P��fD ����a gpq� ��¥ �s��E �� �� (_) �B��| ��E����� �Iq��d�G Y�C���� �NMgemD. ��EWdg� �Z ��Ca�K ��|�� ¶�V P��IqLd ���C�P�`WKN�. YCa YW�O��N� ��|�a, P���W On �� �`pd oW�a YK��C ����` P��L��Nd opC�G gp¹|�K ��E�|q�� P�`WKN�. r�`�m P����Cd oW�a rZde�� ��C��a �s�q�E�� �h� �����¦G. ��Z�a ��mP��IN���� om ��Bh� ��C��G YBC�emD. r�`g� �M�� ��d�K P��CMe rE�m� L�s}��� ��Ca�K ��s}a �Z ��EW�K YKN�. ���a �����C ��Z�FG ��Z��G YKNq��a r�n[�D ���Z (YKN� On ��) YCZ�a r�n�G P���W On �����G ��`P��B|KN� . r��� r�`��� On �� tE� . r�`��� On ����e� P���W On �� �M� ��Z ���a ����qLa r�a��� rI[���� �M����Ca�K �Z P��deEm�. “��}�¥ ��Vd�B ��_ ���PN�| ���G _p�� ��m��� On �� ­�` Wh}E On O�[ L����d �s[� �s�P��| J��P�Z` �I��}` �|GO�a ��[� ���� ����`W PJ|��� �q� �B�JK ���Z J|M�� £s �Me PJIJa ��G _�C�[ ����N” (_�J�. 62:5-12)

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tFG ��Ca ���G _p�� ��m���On �� t�d �N�d��Z P���W On ����d gp��|eEmD. J|MgG DE�G £s _�nqD �� ��q �[��K t� _�On �� gp��C���|KND. “P�I[���� gW��K �WP�a Z��G HI J�K Ons� OnE

_�s J�K ��¥d���G ��BCPZE ����” (gW[.280:3-5) t�q ��Z�E HI�E ��Z�}E �� �� _�ndgG HI J�K rE�G e�Cq��a ���DG, _[� _�s J�K ��¥�� ���DG t� r�`��� On ���� ��B|eEm�E. rs�dgp �`p� ��Ca�K r[� r�`��� On ��d��� �NM��Nd gpq� ��Ca�N���� YKN�. ��Em��, “�IM��a ��M�� °�g DW�a rIGO�d gI�N}` ���EWG ���h�C

ta� �IJ �N�`g Ja�Z �a�Z PJ|P�B uZ��” (gW[.47)

tFG gW[P����q ����}E o`W �Z�P����|�a �N�d o�CqL`g Y���D tE����G �m _p���a ��Z��G ��Z�FG o|� tE����G P����|qDeEmD. P��D ���E On �� �������d ��qP����, “�Mg XWG �I[L� ��IG OBo [�� J�pIM o[�` P��D��� PsaZ�IG a�Z�[ �BP���a Od�� P��D�Ps�| taZ�G On gpd P��B|” (��q. 101:47-50) tFG _h�K �NdgeEm�. r{�h��a P��D ���E On �� J�CP�`m�� (_) On �� J�CP�W��`��� _�C��Nd gp�K ��n�P�`m�� �e��� ��mP��IN���� om���|KN�.

r{���m �u��� Os�nqLa “�mMo [��E ��}a ��FZ� _�¥�G e�Cq��a _{�mMo [��E �C�� �E�� ���EW ��FG _��N ¬� [�� £I��E” (�u��� Os�nG, �N�:62) tEW On �� Du��Zd ������ ��IG t|qD�s��� . “�f� ���[� �I[��K tI�� �V�q ����s� ���Z ��rq �B|�� �KNE r�� _�ZD gEW�� P�B�na D��G” (J`. 260:1-4) tEm J`p�n� ��C�a ‘����a’, ‘D���a’ tEFG rI P��`�§G YC`On ��}E gp¹C�� �`eEm�. ����` P��L��Nd omd gp¹��Cd ����§G �Vdg �q� ��Ca���Z�G ��n��|emD. r���, ‘�Zh� P��[L��Z ��¥[� ��G��, _s�h� P��[L��Z Og[D P��BC��’ tFG r{�h��a ‘��GO’ �B gpdgG, ‘_s�h� P��[D P�B gpdgG gp¹C�e�KN�.

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HI P��`Pm�Ca �IG H{P��I P��a¦G �¥��Z}a ��q���� H{P��I P��IB��}��d ���|G ����� _��[DKN�. “­q� �IG�E ���q� PJa�E �V� �sE” (�M. 4:4-5) tE�La �IG ‘­q� �IGO’ tEFG P��C ‘­q�a’, ‘�IGO’ t� rI P��`�N��� �[D �m��, ‘­d� ��|�� h�a’, ‘�sq��’ tEm P��IB����Nq �IeEm�. rLa ­q�a tE�D YC`On � rE�qLE gp¹C�e�KND. “�V� ��_qD ��N[Dg £G�VG �V� ���N ��YG” (gW[. 8:1-2) “_a�� � �sG�E ��Om ��N�� gB|� rZ��d P�B�C ��YG” (gW[. 91:1-2) “��nd����| ���N ���¨a �CJ�g Dn q��d P��deE £G�VG ��YG” (gW[. 164:1-2) tEFG ��CZh��a ‘HI ��� «E’ HI ���d ����d �{��a’ tEm P��a �qLd����|KND. rG�EW ��EW��¦G rCGP�WG ���K ��Z�FdgG ‘«E�K’ �sq��dgG gp¹C�eEm�. r��� YNdgp}�a �J�dea ����a rEFG P����q �IG. �¥��qLa _Cd����C _aZD _d����C ��� Yn ��K X���D HI ��}a P������C £IG tEm ��s��h�� �[����� rMg r�nqDd ��nhemD. ��¦G �����a / ��C�O��a rCGP�WG g�[� ��Z}Z�� P��I��K P�B gp���G g�[� �h�Z�� P��I��K �Bgp���G gpqD �`gG tEW oWG ��s��|, �{��a, �[D�a ���Em P��a�K On ��� P����}E gp¹C�gG tEem� . “gp¹�C�d�qLa ���, YI, �BO, Yn �� ��� _h���C}a gp¹|�K P����|eEm� tEW ��s��| ��m����� ��|em� . r�E�h �sG XW�a tFG ��� �Z�d gp¹C�emD (SE. XV, P. 157). ��GO YI �M�d gp¹C�emD (SE .XIV, P. 157). Y�C}E �BO � ��nqLE gp¹|�N�eEmD (SE. XVI, P.401-12). r�� _��qDG J���}E gp¹�| P�����|�K �gG” tE�� (L.g.rs���[LsE: 2011:76-77). “Jm�B �B�C ¬Cd��E rm�d ��qD ­�CW �a�E o�|�a P�pdgG �V�� P����� _�C��s� �sG�E _s��� _E� _GK PJ|MP��h _I� �G�a _�Z�C DCde _���sa ���C �d��E �D�Z �����Mg ����E °MgO P�efM �V��G �C���d ���� �s” (_�J�. 96:1-8) tFG rNM�|M��� ��Ca ���|G Y��� H�O�� _h���C}Z�� YK§�m Y��G �emD. rdgp�O� P��I§dg YK�N �Z �h�M�K H�O�� _h���C}a Y��M�N�e _���� gp¹|�N�eEm�. r�E _h���C}a P��������D �sq��� ������G, K§�C� �sG�E P��h _���� ¨¥[D L�G PJ��

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��� ��n����G, �G�a r�Z ������Z�d gW��N���G, _���d P��h DCde����� ��nE _���q ��Z����| o�h�����G ���Cd��`W ��Z������G, ��`m�a r�Z °Me�G �IMe�G eC����q ��Z�E �Me� �� _�K ���OG �Me��� P���G P�`m���G t�� �Z H�O���K r�FK YKN�. ��s��h�d gp¹�h�a ��}a r[� H�O�� J���d oW��Nq P����dgemD. �sq��� ��dg� P����� gp¹C�� �I�La g�[� P��IK P�B�����| H�O�� Y�C���d gpdemD. P����� «E ��Z���d gpdemD. rD ��qL`eC�Ep �B gp��d gpdgG (SE. XV, P. 155). �K �Z[� � �Ie� «�E P�Idg ���E�qLa L�Nq���d gpdemD. YN��g������h ����� ��d�G HI ��qLa ����a P��C O�C�D �gG (SE. VII, P. 215-216). �G�a r�Z r���C�a gW���Nd gpdemD. r�Z ���a ���C��� P��I��K P�B gp��d gpqD �`�D YN��g�����E h� (rs���[LsE. 2005:573). ���Cd��`W °��Z�a �IMe ��G �G�a r�Z tE�La ��`W �Bgp��d gpqD �`emD. “��}a ��Bh� Od� eV�`gq ���� P��a��D” tEFG D�m}a _��[����d gp��C��|G ��Nd�[���E gW[P����� ��CZ��D,

“��G�E ��M��� tE ���� ��� ��G­M ��h tEm� r�� �� �mG�E ������q P�B¿ ��rq LM�K �Bu� �FG P��� Y� dgG tEm� ” (gW[.196:1-5)

tE�La rCGP�`WKN ����a gp¹C��D, ����M��� - f ¤|��C`m On �E�G ��G­M��h t�a - �� ��m��C�a ������q P�B¿ - f ¤|��|CEoh� On �E�G Y� dgG t�a - ��G ��m��C��� �E��

�N�d��ZqLa ��Z� ��dgq �[� ����M����d oC ��G­M ��h���d P��B| �e¥[� ��Z�E, �`O ��¥d��}E ���D _�K �mGO ��Z}E g� [�, r�� ��sq �[��¦G _[� Y� �����d oWeEm�E tEFG �IqD, ��C�E ��a��Z}a OZ��|emD. P��D���, �N�d ��ZqLE / ����E ���D ��Z� f����� �� ¤|��| P��KN��a, ��Z��E �EO�mdg Y����C On �� P����}a ¤|�|��K tE�DG, �`Od ��ZqLa t{�� _���Ep f �I�OCE ¤|�|��K tE�DG P�����C���q P�emD.

“��sa ����� d ���� �Z�E ��sa J�C P�{��� �g�L �� _�D _p[L� ����s - ��sa �W����|� P�IG�VG �Me ��Me�K Y} ��� �pD ������ P���” (gW[. 18)

tFG ��ZE r���Ca ��Z�Fdgq ���� op�D. _���D rs�dgp�B ��Z���� On [D P�a¦G ��Z����q ���� ��}Cq�� �B| ��Z�}E �Iq� ��Z Yn qL, ��s�a _��N �nG P��D P��KNa ��B|G t� �`OWqLd op�D. r�E �F�a P��IK - �p� �Z�d P��G��Z P�� �VG �Me��`

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���EW ��Z�}E Y}s�e� �p� P��G�a �����e� P�IG �VG ��[D �MgemD. r� P�{� _p[D � _d���� ¬� [D rEOW���. rE�ma _d��� L �� _�K Y}Idg rWL��� ��dgG tEW oWem�K ����. r�E P��IB��}a Y} dg� �Z��E �p� P��GOG _{�}E�B ���Epd ��[� ���qL`g _dP��G�a ��[� �Z�d���G H�O����K �eEm�. r��� ��hd���C ‘_�D’ tFG P��a P��B| P�����C��� rEP��I P��I�N�G ���|em�K ����.

r���C�a �sqLa �Z��E t�C ������ YKND. P����G P������� �N [D, e�N�� p�G _N�dg� �Z� L [D �|�DB|. YN��g����� ��}a r��h�q�� rI ���nM��a _��Z�G. �EW, �J�� L ��; �`Pm�EW ���.

�J�� L �� tE�D YN� �g����� �h gp���C tBnG _aZD �IqLa YN �`ma _L���� ��CG P�W���d gpdgG. P�IG��¦G ��L�O (affect) tBnM��a rD ��fG (Laplanche:13-14). r�E�h, ��Z� ��G ��� �J���a ��Ld����C��� ��Ca gpdemD. �`Pm�I ���n��� ‘���’ ����a �����d gpdemD. P��D��d ���a / O���a ‘���’ �[��a ��D ����a YW�O�� �����d gpdgG (Dundes:251). ���h t|q�a, �¦�� ��q�a ��� ��� ��¥��§dg rd�Iq�� �EOZ��� YKND. (rs���[LsE,2005:575) r�� g`m�n �E P�����|�N�gG. �Z� L [D e�N p�D���a ����J�� �g[D ��p�dg (frustration) YKN�� �J|G tEW Yn qDemD. e�N�� pq�a tE�D ����a P���Z�| P��C O�C�D tFG gp�OG YKND (Carvelho neto:66). HI ���N rD HI � d�� �����Zd gpd�Z�G tE�� ��s��|.

r{��m�� ��� YKNM��N _Z�� ��s��| ��� YK§n ���K tEW ���q���G (Sex), � d�q���G (aggression) ���|em� . r[�� ��¦n ���G � d� Yn ���G J���}E �Ld� Yn ���N�� rI����� ��|em� (SE.XXII.P.96-111). r�E�h ��s��| oWG ��¦n ��}E P�����C�� _�rZde�M�K _��eEm�.

��¦n ���G � d�G J���}a _��[LI[��¦G ��¦n ���� �E�� t�� ��|em� ��s��|. _���a _�E �Z ������|�K ��¦n �� �Nd�M�N�� �NMgeEm�. ��� �a ��Z ��s}Z�� ��� YN� ��C�O�K _��qL¦G P�IG��E�� ��¦n �� _h���C}Z���� tE��� ��s��� ��EW�§CE �M��M�� �Ndgem� .

�M� rZde�M��a ��¦n �� �E�u}Z�� ���a ��Ca�N�e� _�� ��Ca��N �gL. ���a rD _EO �h�Z��D t�FG ��mP��IN��d ���G YKND. r���a _d����C ��¦n �� _EP�� rC�P�� ��ed ���Z�emD. t��� ���a tE�D H|d�qLE gp¹|. _E�FK Y�P��IN��d ���G rI����a, ���a P������a ��mdgp�O�K r�a���� P�`W _��eEm�. �h�G, gp¹|, YI��G taZ�G ���a rZde�M��E de� �d�d �I��N�eEm�. YN��g����� �J�dea ��mP��I��K taZ�G ��m����� J���}E P�����|�N�gG.

��m���, ����` P��L��Nd omd gp¹��Cd ����§G �Vdg �M� rZde�� ��Ca��a ��n��|eEm�. r�E��, rZde�� ��C��a gp¹|�K �s��d�d ��su�N���G P��Z�`p�KN� tE��� _p�hemD.

����Z rE�� On �d��� ������ P�Bh �I��� ��Z��N�� �M����Ca�K ���|eEm�. r�`��� On �� ��Z���� �`p� _��q�� X`�|qL��¦G _�� J�Cp Ja�n��d� �¦G ��Z����� _����Ca��a ��n hemD.

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_����Ca��a rCGP�WG �����[� �K ���d ��|���|�§dg Y���|q �M��E �IqD��N P����|qD�La gp¹|��Nd ����B|KN� . �M� rZde�G ���|G �sq��� oC ��¦n � ��À�C�a �Z �C�ICE Ym� P��BC P��L�K ra�Z. ��m��q ��Z�E HI�FC���� Ym� P��KN ��B|G tEm tBnG P��BC�N���� ��n��|em�K. �sq��� raZG P�EW «BC ��Z��E ���}a JaZ� ���Z��Zhq� ��GOB, _� �G �Z �¥e���a P�`m JW���[�G. _� �G q�M�N�a �L[� P�{�| �e� _�C��NM�K _��qD�� gp¹�| �J�dea On �� J�CP�`m���d gpdgG ����a P��L�N�� �NMgeEm�. ��¦G _�rZde�M��a ��Z�E - ��Z� �In��}a rCGP�WG �`gp, J�dgp _�C��NM�K P���W On �� ��¥[������ ��|G gp¹|��N �gG.

HI ��C���NE ��D YKNqD Yn ���N YKN�h�� P����|q� r�Z����W Omd��su�K ��C��gG ��Z}a _�Fdgd gp¹|�K P�DG Y��eEm�. r{��m��� �M� rZde�� ��C��a ��qLs������q �|qD, ��qLs ��E����d ��d� Y����`gG, J������ P������|dg Y����E �ZG �s� �d�d ��su���� P��a�|��`gG, rIB����d� ��V�dgq D�n �`��`gG �M� rZde�� ��C���N �K ��D ��C�O��a gp¹|��N� ��E�|qL ����a P��L��N ��mP��IN��d ���h� �M� rZde�q���G _�E��q ���V�G ��V �B���h���G ��E���m� P��DKN� tE�D P���. D�n�Em �a�K 1. _�Da ��� , 1987, «s��E ����K, _E�G (�) ��, ���M��. 2. _�Da sg��E, 1990, ODd����}a gp¹|, _E�G (�) ��, ���M��. 3. _sM�s��.� (_de� OqLsE), 1991, ��¥� ODd���� - HI Lm����, �Em�G YZ�� �L���G, �����. 4. _V�G��.���, 2001, ��� �J�dea �M� ��� , _s�[q P��¹|, �V����a, ���sdgh. 5. �s� , 1982, �G���G, _p�sM�G P��¹|, LI�Oq� . 6. ���C���E. t�, 1988, gp¹�h�a, ���d����� - 20:4 r.�.� �EmG, _Bn���Z J� . 7. rs���[LsE L.g, 2005, �d�B� �s��| : YN��g�����, _p��a _�Z�K P��¹�C�G, P�E��. 8. rs���[LsE. L.g, 2011, P��a�����G ��s��h�G, _�Z�K P��¹�C�G, P�E��. 9. rNG�L. P��, 2006, gp}�a - HI �M�� �� ��, ��{�� P��¹|, P�E�� - 600 024. 10. t�a��[�E. X, 2010, �I�qL�nd gp¹|�K, ��{�� P��¹|, P�E��. 11. ������[�E.��, 1983, ���Z rZde�� P��aZ�s�L Macmillan India Ltd, Madras. 12. �B�G�K�N. . (�L), 1985, gW[P����, ��¥� �a��Zd�V�G, ����· . 13. �[�ss�® �¡���. ¨, 1987, gp}�a ������|�K J��C� �Vd��`p�a - P��gL 1, J��C� �Vd��`p�a ���d �V� P��¹|, LIPJa��� - 7. 14. �����[�s�� .P��.��, 1965, gW[P����, �V� P��¹|, LIPJa���.

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15. _________ 1970, _�J�ÂW, ��`p���� ��s, �V� P��¹|, LIPJa���. 16. _________1973, _�J�ÂW, �u��C ��NG, �V� P��¹|, LIPJa���. 17. _________1973, _�J�ÂW, �qLZd �����, �V� P��¹|, LIPJa���. 18. D�s�����K�N. HN��.�, (Y�s), 1957, �MgW�W, _Bn���Z� �a��Zd�V�G, _Bn���Z J� . 19. J���� de�� , (Y�s), 1969, ��qP����, �V� P��¹|, LIPJa���. 20. J�s��n��� �� . �E�q� . _, (Y�s), 1967, J`p�n, �V� P��¹|, LIPJa���. 21. P�� �I��E. rs��, 1978, �M� rZde� H�²| (rZde�d P��K���K), «���� Oq�� ��Z�G, �D�s. 22. ������E. �L , 1994, rZde�d ��Z�P��aZ�d�G, ���d����� - 25:1, r.�.�. �EmG, OD���. 23. �����E. P�, 2010, �M� rZde�qLa g|G�G, NCBH, P�E�� - 600 098. 24. Cuddon, J.A, 1977, A Dictionary of literary terms, Andre Duetsch, London. 25. Dundes, Alan 1980, Interperting folklore, Indiana university press , Bloominton and London. 26. Laplanche.J and J.B.partalis 1973, Language of psychoanalysis, The Hogarth press and the institute of psycho analysis London.s 27. Preminger,Alex. 1929, The Encyclopaedia of Americana, vol.17, American corporation, New York.

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OVMg�I���Nd gV[����g _p���|qDG �J�dea gV.�L�s�E �����K

��� P¡.s��� Y��� ��s��� , �a�}�a D�m ���qs� �a��Zd�V�G, ����· .

r�`��}E ��s�`ma �d� r{�Z�qLa �m[���G, �N [���G, �h[���G tE�m r{�Z�q�� J�G �C[D ��C���DG _p�� �N q���G tEW P��a¦G _N�`g HI �Z�s r{����qLa _p��a ����� ��CqD, rm[DG rmd���a ��¥[D �IeEm� . ­��� _p[� J���I[�� ���E H{P��E�m�G �E _p��a, _p���Zd �� [�����, _��� �J�de� P�aZ� ��uq��E. ”_��Ep _����D YZ�G” tEm ��E�m� P��EP�����d oC ”_��Ep r�M��D YZ�G” t� ��`p��C�E. _p���Zd P��B|, J���q�� ��`pd P��BC�E. gWe� ��ZqLa ���aP��C O, P��IN���s ���`mG, �����G, P���a¬��G r��h� �`�Z �������N� ��CqD, rEW �C�K D�K tFG Äd������E D�K��N �s��[D P��BhIdem�E.

gV[��� �I�qLa, _p��a _� ��E �E���W ��NdgK§G Og[D tBn`m OL� �[�����N YI��de �|eEmD. _[� �V�V� P�a�M��Cq�� � �G P�Ie �I���q P��C [D, _p��a P��L��N YKNCde� �a��W gV[�� rZde�M�K ��Cd���|eEm�. _{���}a, gV[��d ��� gV.�L�s�E _� ��E gV[�� rZde�� ��Ca��a ��nZ�gG _p��a P��L��N r�M��B���� rd��|�s _��emD. _p��a

HI ��ZqLa _p��d gp��C� ��E��C, r[� ”��E�” tEm P��a ZqLE P��a��I[D ”��}EÅ��” tE�m �m[���gG. r�E P��IK _p��a tEW JG��a _p����CD. _p��a _p� �K

_EW �Z��� �� qD ��� ����C ���E �EO _�� �s��[��E: _Iea P�Em�E: _hP�|qD ��q��E: h� P��B|KN�E. r��h _p��a Lm�� �N q� tq������ �������K _{�����D �G Lm���� �µ�d�q ��Me�La�Z. 1930ra r�`��¦d��� �J��a �� P�`m � . �. �. rs��E _� �K, 1928ra µ��� 200/ P�Z�a "�P�d�s�� ����" tEm �I���d �B|�hq�� . r���s�J��ha �m[� _[� ���� 1948ra rs��E r�`��a ���q��q P��CMe�� . 1954ra _�Idg� ��s� sq�� �ID �VM����CD.

rG�BuE ��[� , ���P�����G ����Z�� �}EW _p��a D�m}a ����� ��CqD, _B�C J�|��Nq ���J��hE«D �� ����� P�¦q���q� C�dC A.P.J._�Da�Z�G �W��L�Z�� "�B¿a � dg�� XE �IemD"? tEW _� tf��� �a ��K�. _p��a _�E ��N��q ��h��CD. ��Zdg ��a P�a¦G ����G, t�C�q �sG YKN ����G, _��s ��a�J�de� �� d� ��q�D. _�E ��N���E ��s�q���dg HI ����� e�Cq�� . gV[��� �I�G gWGO� ��OG �Z�G _� �§dg� �hq� g��Z��gG. _p��a Lm�� �V�Z� �I�qL�Z�� �K�}a ��� �Z��� �N qDd P��BC� . ��n� ��Cq�� _EO P��BC� , ���s��� , _p�� �N q�� . r[L� rs���qLa L�C r�dgJs��� �u��`p�� . “L¨a, _d�, �Iq°, J�d, ���´” ���Em X���n��N� �`p ��n� ��Cq�� op�� . 2002 �a 2007 ��s

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r[L� gh�s�� �u}a rI[����DG �E�G�d��, Hfd�G, �a�, �����`W tE�� ���Em JaPJp��N� �W� �K �`WG ��n� ��Cq�� �e [D P��B�C rI[�� . rG�Bua ��N[� �����E, t|q� �Z��G _p���Z. _[� _p���Zd ��� gV. �L�s�E _� �K �G ��Ca��a �L� ��qD JG �V�Z�§dg Yn��� ��h ��N��|G �E����N t|qD�s����� rd��|�s _��eEmD. ��� gV. �L�s��E _p��a �� �� "��ha �f�P�a�G �a� HI�`g ��CaZ �`�m ���" (gmK-400) �a���E Y� [� P�a�G tEm �K§�E �IqDdg X`� gV.�L�s�E _� �K �W� ��E �a� �N ��dgG _� ��E tL ��ZG ��E�� P�m�G �W� ��E ��qLa _p�, Hfd�G, JaZ �[��� �e��� ���sq��u���a �L� ��B|G tE��`����G, J��hE E��`mqL`����G, �W� �§d��� ��Ca��N tfL �Iem� . ��� �`���a YI��d���|G P��IK�K P��`��� P��IK�N�gG. ���E �E ������d �IL _{�����D OL� OL� P��IK��N� ��CqD� ��E P�Wem�E. ���a, �E��s s}a, P���Zd����, ����C� ��deK, �u�P��p, �h��sG, ���C�, P���Z���, P��Lq��K, O���Bh, �Z�G, J�����h ��� _p��Z�a ��N[� _`O�� P��IK�K �`pd ��� gV.�L�s�E �Z ��Ca��N� O��[DKN� tE�D gp��Cq�d�D.

P���Zd���� P���Zd���� YZ�� P��L��N _p� Y��G ����G tE���d �IqLa P��B|

��� �G ��C�a, "YZ� JC��� HI PJ�h}a °�h�I[D �� d�Z�G ��D _p��� �h��h��� J�§G r���a �N d�Z�G �Z P���}a L�s��CM�K �� qD J�G �eVZ�G"20 tEW gp��|em� . �W� �a P���� ��s _���IG P���Zd������d �B| J��ha JCdgG P��L��N °�ha rI[��h�� _p� . �W� �§d��� gV[��� �I� J�C�G, �W� �§d��� ����K, �m��, �ZMg, r�`��, �`WG P��`�� �`p� P��L�K, �Z P�����a L�s��CM�K, P��D _p�, J��ha JCdgG JC�O ��¥��K, �VM��Z �sZ�`W J�C�M�K �e��`�m YCFdgCE �B|ns� ��E�|G P���Zd����}E �m����d ��� gp���|KN� . P���Z��� YZ�� P��L��N J�G rI[� rCqL�I[�� YCFdgCE HI ��CqLa P����|q�Z�G. rq���� P���Z������ �`pd gp��|G ��� , "eM eM eM eM P���Z��� o� tE�� _�VqL|G, ��La �����E P���Z��� º�Z� tE�m P��a�|G"21 tEW ��|em� . HI �W�E P���Z��� �u H�q���� �� qD, ��La t|qD ��qD� ��������G, P���Z�a �B�dg t�C�� �sqLa rI��� , P���Z���}a ������ tB������G, P���Z���}E _���q���G, _p���E �N �����G ��� gV.�L�s�E

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��C�a gp���|KN� . P���Z��� tE�D _��qD� P��a�§dgG _������ HI �I����� P��a�|emD. �W� �a P���� ��s _���IG ��E�|q�d oh� �������q L�¥emD. P���Z��� ra�ZP�Em�a J��ha t[�� �u�G �s��� P��a�C�D tEm ��Zdg �N [DKND. 2016 �G �B| J�G� �`WG L�G� LM��a �CeVdg� �I���V, ��¥ ���ZqLa P�E�� YK�C �C�Z�s� �gL}a P�IG��L��� X`�|qL�D. _����D Xs�N��� P��I��K ��L���C[��. P���Z��� �`WG r�n�G r�M���a �d�§dg� P�IG��L���q �[��. �u�P��p

rEW taZ� rCM��N�G �u�P��p �des�qDd P��B|KND. _p��Z�a ��N[� HE�m �u�P��p. ��u�G P����G, �CG ��s��G, �K� �`WG �a q �� �`��� ��C�Oq��M��N� ��E�|qD��`gG, �s���N� �L��`m�G �L�md��G, P��Æ � ��nG P����`g E�L� P����G, YZea YKN _��qD� �gL��Nd �BCp��G, �Bua X���n YKN rCq��q P��d��G, taZ� ��sM��N�G �md���a ����a ��qDd P��B|, ���gG���D tfqD �h�a P��|dgG _IG�u��� P���D �u�. r��h� �Z ��Z��a �u�P��p ��E�|���d ��� �G ��C�a, "�u�P��p tMgG �u�P��p �nde|�L�Z O��P��p �CG ��s[D ���|��G ���|dg r����d o�|��G X���n ���qLa rIdg�CG P��a¦��G �md���a J�G P��a��� ��qLa ��Med P��K§��G”22

tEW gp��|eEm� . r��h� �Z ��Z��a �u�P��p J��hE �N ��d����G, �d��E ��G���h`����G, ��E�|���� _p���E E��`mqL��d ��� gV.�L�s�E ��Ca O��[DKN� . �E��s s}a

�E��s s}a �E�a ���G �|G, rs� ��a t����DG ����s� ��[D P�a¦G, �B r��dgG �JsqLa ��`m��� �m[D P�a¦G, gpq� �JsqLa P�EW�|G tE���d ��� , "�E��sqLa P��C �Bh �E�a ���Z �|��, �B�n r��dgG �JsqLa ��`m��� �m[D ���g��"23 tEem� . ����C� ��deK

J�G P�aZ ��Bh� rCqL`gd gpq� �JsqLa P�EW �� [D�CZ�G. rI� ��|�� ��nG P��� ��B|G. _L������ P�Em�a ��qLa h�G. taZ� �Bh��N�G [L� P�a¦G. �W� �K ��nG P���G���D ��hd�� �� qDd P��B| P�a� . tP��I�N� P�I�N�a ��Med ghdgG. es��M��a ��I[D ��L g�m��� YKN

22

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gV. �L�s�E, �dgG �V�Z.�d-5

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rCM��a ���G ��E�|eEm�. rq���� ����C� ��de�E �m����d ��� �G ��C�a "�}W ��m�� P���s��Z ��Me ��Med ghdg��G, ��s���� P�Em�a «�C K ���G �B| Dhdg��G"24 tEW gp��|em� . rEW ����C� ��deK�K P�I�N�a P�Ie�KN�. r�E ���� _���IG _p� . ���dg�sqD ���� PJId�h}a gWdg ��}¦G, �W ���Z��¦G, ��N���¦G Og[D P�a��`g t������ rIdgG. P�IJ�sqL`gK§G, es��qL`gK§G ��fG �d�§dg ����C� ��de�N �m[�D tE���d �IqLa P��B| ��E �BCp[���d ��� gV.�L�s�E ��Ca O��[DKN� . h��s J��hE �N ��d����G, �W� ��E E��`mqL`����G, YZ�G ��s���� P��a�C�G, �d��E ��¥d��q ����d����G, _p��a _���G tE���d �IqLa P��B|, ��� gV.�L�s�E _� �K �W� �§dg _p��a �B|�h�O��N _p���|qDG �J�dea ��Ca tfL �Iem� .

24

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_�¥LFG r�� ��¥P���}ErZd�n��gG. _�P��I�Zd�nqLarIL�nd��C���Od gp��Cq�d���gGP��D��� P�����|�§K HEm��rCGP�`WKND tE���d ��B����P�����| - �Nd�G P�����| tE�D P��}E�B ���EWG ��W��|�K _aZD Yn �� P�����|�K t�Z�G. rNG­sn tEem� . ��s��� , “YZ�q�� YKN ��¥�� �B| ��¥[����m Omq�� dgG OZ��|���� m�`m�E P����|�a�I���, _��G, P�I��G, P�g�P�����|�N��d oWem� . r��� “J���� _f�� r��sa �I��� _��G P�I��G P�g� Y���P�E m���PZ�C�G P����� PCE�tEFG �`���E �ZG _p�heEmDtMP�Mgq ���EWG tE���q ��q�����d gp���|KN� YCZ��� P����K �a��W ���}���� ����Cq�� �n�deEm��n�q��Z �����|qL _��� ��FC _p��Z��q P��a����� �[DKN� J�� “r|d�B �IM��a Jg��M��N _ZM�����d ���h¦G OE���}��a _ZM�q�a �m[�D�q��a �J����|� ���gG tE�D DP���¨V�a ��� dg taZ��`p`gG �JsG rIdemD�Js�a�Z. _�E ��N� �� rWd�G�J���K J�§dg J�K _L�qD �IeEm� P��a����� ���E de�qD�q��� �Z �`m�B|�§dg E�� Yn [D J�� tEmP��I P�������C _���CE tEm J�Eg ��Zd�NE��Nd “tKNa rN�� ������ �CP�EW YKN� ��C J��J�E P�E�

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Tamil Studies ISSN : 2455-0531

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��qP����}a J��P�����|�K - _p� ��� �.���

P�E��J�| (_), Hsq�J�| (�) ����· -614625

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��¥P���}E ����m��� _La _��[DKN_�P��I�Zd�nqLa rCGP�WG_�G, OmG

gp��Cq�d���gG. r{����¥�dgG HEm�� J�� tEFG P�����| ��qP����}a��B���� rd��|�s _��eEmD.

P�����| tE�D P��}E�B ���EWG ��W��|�K _aZD Yn �� rNG­sn , “P��}E�B ���EW��E P�����C�}`WYZ�q�� YKN ��¥�� �B| ��¥[����m Omq�� dgG

OZ��|���� m�`m�E P����|�a” tEem� . P��a����� J��, _f��P�g�, Y��� tEm t�| P�����|��N _h���C r���,

J���� _f�� r��sa �I��� _��G P�I��G P�g� Y���P�E m���PZ�C�G P����� PCE�” (P��a.P��IK-247)

tEFG �`���E �ZG _p�heEmD. _��s, r[� t�| P�����|�§G gq ���EWG tE���q ��q�����d gp���|KN� . _���D ���

YCZ��� P����K �a��W ���}���� ����Cq�� �n�deEm��n�q��Z �����|qL _��� ��FC _p��Z��q P��a����� �[DKN�

r|d�B �IM��a Jg�” tEm� �K§� . ��� �K P��EJ��}��a �M�K �M��N _ZM�����d ���h¦G OE���}��a _ZM�q�a �m[�D�q��a �J����|� ���gG tE�D DP���. �s�s���� rE�m� ��¥d��� ¨V�a ��� dg taZ��`p`gG �JsG rIdemD. ���a, ����`g ��|G

_�E ��N� �� rWd�G, rsq� _fq�G, � d��s �J�� �Z�� �J���K J�§dg J�K _L�qD �IeEm�.

P��a����� ���E de�qD�q��� �Z �`m�B|�§dg E�� Yn [D J�� tEmP��I P�������C _��qDKN� . J�����D tKNa, rN���CE tEm J�Eg ��Zd�NE��Nd ��sn���d P��B| �I����,

tKNa rN�� ������ �CP�EW YKN� ��C J��J�E P�E�” (P��a.P��IK-248)

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P�����| tE�D P��}E�B ���EWG ��W��|�K _aZD Yn �� �}E�B ���EW��E P�����C�}`W”

YZ�q�� YKN ��¥�� �B| ��¥[����m Omq�� dgG _f��, r��sa,

| P�����|��N _h���C

r[� t�| P�����|�§G _���D ���

YCZ��� P����K �a��W ���}���� ����Cq�� �n�deEm�. r[�� �n�q��Z �����|qL _��� ��FC _p��Z��q P��a����� �[DKN� .

��� �K P��EJ��}��a �M�K �M��N _ZM�����d ���h¦G OE���}��a _ZM�q�a �m[�D. “�����|�

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tEFG �`���E �ZG _p�heEmD. J�� tE��`g� ��s��� , J�� tE�D ��O. _D W��qD Jg�¦G, _N�� �q�¦G, P�I�� �q�¦G t� �EW �����|G” tEW �Nd�G �Iem� . tKNa

tKNa tE�D tK� J����|�D �gG. r���d ���P��� tEWG oW�DB|. rD �m�s� OB�|q��� �BnG ��N���C��d om��|���gG. �msD P���Zd �B| tK§G���D �ms�a tKN���C ���G J�� �mdgG. rNG­sn , “tKNa tE�D J����| P��IK �BC�E �� W��Z�| �IG. �e¥��� P��IK tKNa ��sn��� �IG” tEem� . ��Z��E �sq��� Hfd�q��d �B| ��Z� tK� J����|���,

“r��On [� t�aJaZ� rZMP�}WYm�_�E J����[� �|d���h J�uEp �EtaZ�” (�I�d.2:14-15) tEFG ��qP����� ��CZh��E �ZG _p�heEmD. r���d�d oh� _Ve����C� �sq���E �`�K �L[� ��[� �|d��Nd ���h J�n�Ep�� �I��E t�q ��Z��E £� Hfd�q�� tK� J����|��E �ZG ��Z�dg tKNa ��sn��� J�� ���EWeEmD.

��Z��D �sq��� Hfd�qL`gq D�n���gG ��n��q ��Z� tK� J����|���, “����` P�EW� �� [�ra ���}�E ��Ps�| L�IG ������ ��������” (�I�d3:16-17) tEFG ��qP���� ��C�E �ZG_p�heEmD. rLa, �sq��� rIdgG ��}�Z P�EW H{P��I °C��� ����, � rIdgG rCG P����a ���|d���|q ���s�| L�G YEF�C� �����d �BC J�M�K g�m oW������? t�q ��Z� ��Z��CG oW��E �ZG ��Z�dg tKNa ��sn��� J�� P����|eEmD. rD���a,

“J��� eE�m ���� PJIJa �u�B CE� Du��G DNM� rIGOr�E mE� �IM����| tI�� �G�a P�a_�C e��, g��Nd oGO�| �a�Z ��[L ��s� ���� ¬B��D ¤ GOmqD Y�m�� P�ar| ��N _�g��Z Og�IG �BD�m �sE LB�� _�ZG �D�� J�K _u� OD��� � On� ����| �µYG ��nE P�I�a O�`m�� ���[P��d �ZMe ��¥r�| tG���� Og�[�����, _D �B| P��G �� Y��� ��m}P�E tL P�EW rG��� _EW _�D YG��� tEm

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tEFG �EFG �J�de �G� PJ�����E P��fD�E mD��”(_�G.56) tEFG _�J�Â`W� ��C�a, ��Z�, �J`Wq ��Z���q ��h�[� ��n��a t�dgd g�m��� J���O X`��CD. t{��PmEm�a P��[� gNG �ZM�d �� P�� P��G����C� tI�� ��| �a rmMe �G��E r�Z��Nd e�qD, g��N �Z ��Nq LEW gNd��s}a YKN ����� ­d��E ��s[�q��� P�`W _��[��h, P���h¦dg �[D �� eEm � qD�m �s��e� ��Z���� �sq���CE �� d� �IG� �[��E ��nE. �[��E �«�qLa �EW ¤Em ��, �E�� �J�de� ���[���a �Zd�`W� ��[D �����d ¶�V ����| _��qDCE JG °�ha Og[��E. _��� �� qD ��qDK �e¥[� J�E, _�EE P�EW, YE raZG rD�EW tEW op��E. ��Me� PJ��� Y�C����� tE���G �E���G �J�deq P��fD �Em�E. _[��Z�� ���q��a t�dg J�� ���EWemD tEem�K. rLa ��Z�dg tKNa ��sn��� J�� ���Ep��� _p�heEmD. rN�� rN�� tE�D gV[��q �E����gG. _dgV[�� oWG �V�Z� �����d ���gG ���D �Bh���� J�� ���EWG. ���� ��|�aZ��a _D P���G gWGOq��G J���� YBC�dgG. gV[��}E �V�Z��sn��� rE�G YBC���� �K§� ,

“gV��D ����D tE� �G �d�K �V�Z� P��a��N��� ” (gmK.66)

tEFG gm�a gp���|KN� . rN�� tE��`g rNG­sn ,“gV� oWG �V�Z� P��a¦G, rN��� P��IN�}`W” tEW �Nd�G �Iem� .O�a��E rN�� ��sn��� J�� ���EW���, “Lm�aZ ��M�Vm ���s J�|GrG ���aZ�E P�`m ��E” (�I�d.21:26-27) tEFG ��qP����� ��CZh��E �ZG _p�heEmD. rLa��Z�E �[��� _p���a O�a��� �J�de, YEF�C� �[����� ���a Lm�aZ�� P��a��N� P������ tEW P��aZ, ��E �EF�C� ���� �J�de� �deEm�E. r�E �ZG rN�� ��sn��� J�� ���EW��� _p� heEmD. rD���a, “YB|�e¥ ��C �V�Z J��E �V� P�Id��N �VMg gsa ���Em” (�D�sd.668-669) tEFG �D�sd����� ��CZh��a �K�N YBC� �K ������q �G�Cq�� rId�� P��� ��E��¦G �K�N YBC� . �����a �V�Z H����a �� q����N� ���� t�d oW��E �ZG rN�� ��sn��� J�� ���EW��� _p�heEmD ������ ������ tE�D _p�aZ��aP���G P��a �gG. r��� _p�E�� tEWG oW� . P��D���d opE ��¥d��}E rEp�����D _p� ��Bh��`�m _p��LIq�a �gG. ������ tE��`g rNG­sn , “���C���Y�qDns�DP�����d���Ca‘’ tEem� . ��s��� , “������ tE�D

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_p�E��” tEem� . ��Z�E YB����� P�a�G P��IK��E tEW oW��E �ZG ��Z��D ������ ��sn���q ����dg J�� ���EW���, “P��IK _aZ�a P��I§G YB�C�? t�, ��V�E �I�P��K �C�J�d�G ��d����| _� q�����?” (���Zd.13:10-11) tEFG ��qP����� ��CZh��E �ZG _p�heEmD. ���� ��Z��� �J�de� P��I�N YB����� P�a�G tEWG ��W P�a�G ra�ZP�EWG _p����}a �¥[D eCdgG YE _p�, YE�� ��d�, _�E ��Z}a _����| � _E�� �m[D ��C����? tE��E �ZG ��Z��E ������ ��sn���q ����dg J�� ���EWeEmD. �CE

�CE tE�D t��d op��¦G t�La JGO�D �gG. �m P��a¦��� _p[D P��BC�¦G, ��E _p[���� �mIdg �NM�d omq P������gG. tD op��¦G �s��[D �� d���a _��h�� JG� �|��� �C����gG. �CE tE��`g rNG­sn , “P��IB�� �p��D L�d���Ca” tEem� �����[�s��sL�� , “�CG-X¥�� _���D �s���D, ��m�D JGO��aO” tEem� .

��Z� ��Z��E �C��q �E����q ����}CG op J����|���, �D�� �� ���sd �B| �L�p��

X�V�� P�Em�Z Jdg�[D¤����” (a�Zd.14 :4-5) tEFG ��qP����� ��CZh��E �ZG _p�heEmD. rLa, YE ������ ��Id��� �nG P��D P��|d�� ������ _p�h��� ��Z}a YKN����? _[� LI�nq��q �|qD, _��N �n[D P��K§G ���� _p��� _p�`m����, ����V��� YKN����? tEW ��Z���d �B| J����h��| �� t�q ��Z� ����}CG oW��E �ZG ��Z��E �C����a ��Z�dg J�� ���EW��� _p�heEmD. h��s P��a����� P������h��a ��[�E P������| Yn ���Nq P��a����� ��q Da������G ¬������G �Nde�KN� . P�����| tE�D P��}E�B ���Ema, P��I�OZ���| P����|q�a ���Em P��I��K Y�s���� ��E ��}Z�� P����|eEm�. rq���� P�����|�§K HEm�� J�� P�������Cd ��qP�������d��a�� dgG���D OZ�E _p�¬��G OZ��|eEmD. ��¦G, P������|d oW��N YKNCde ���� dg P������|n ��q ���`W������ rZde�M�K tFG �IqD� P�m��|eEmD. �� �� �a�K

• �[���� J.�.(Y�s.), 2008, P�{�Zde�d �I·ZG-_�J�ÂW, ��¥�B _md��C�N, P�E��.

• …(Y�s.), 2008,P�{�Zde�d �I·ZG-�qD����|, ��¥�B _md��C�N, P�E��.

• P�¯��È��(�L.), 2002, LIdgmK ���ZV� Y�s, ��s�� �L���G, P�E��. • ….(�L.), 2010, P��a�����G - rNG­sn Y�s, ��s�� �L���G, P�E��

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• �[�s� qL g.(�L.), 2012, P��a�����G P��INL��sG - ��s��� Y�s, _Bn���Z� �a��Zd�V�G, ��G�sG.

• ���s�u�E�.��.,2009, P��a�����G-P������h�a Y�s�Nd�����, P�����E �L���G, ��G�sG.

• �����[�s ��sL�� (Y�s.),1975, P��a������ P��I��CZG OqD�s - P������h�a, J��Z Oq�� ��Z�G, �D�s.

• �u�E rs�.(Y�s.), 2010, ��qP����d �����K, ��E�L �L���G, P�E��.

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OZGP�� ��a �JIG �B���| _�C��N rV�O�K (¤V �d��N E��qD)

�.��������� ��� ��C ����N (�gL�JsG) ¤.P�.s�. �a , LI��s���K� - 23.

OZGP�� � ��sn��� HI J��hE �B���| _�C��NG t{��W OZGP��IG �d�N�a �G �BE�� rV�Odg YKN�eEmD tE���� OZGP�� ¤Vq��¥ �d��E ��¥d�� ��¥� P��B| _�C��N��|qDeEmD rd��|�s. OZGP�� � ���E ��dg �JIG �u����O �`WG �� d� r�Z�� ��snM�N�a ��E ��fG OZqL�I[D (rCG) ��W HI OZqL`g� P�� [D P�a¦��Z� OZGP�� � tEW _�VdeE�m�G. r�OZGP�� ���D P�IG��E�����

� P��IN���s ���s�E�� � r�`��� �`mM�K � _s��a ��snM�K (��G, ��Ld ��|���|�K) � ��CP�|�Od�K � P��[� �I�O � �B���| ¤ �O

tE�� ���Em �Z ��snM�N�a ��¥eEmD. ���a ��`op� ��snM�N�a ��|�Ep, OZGP�� �a tE�D �Z J�|��a �d��E ��a ��C�����q Lud���|�DG YB|. _�L�K ��C��q Lu�O JCq���|G J�|��a de� rCG �edgG J�| tEW rZM����d gp��CZ�G. rZM����� P��Wq���s 1948ra ��h´ �����N ��C�I[D �|��Z P�`mD. _Ep�I[�� ��V �M�N� ���s��CG D� d�q D�Me�D. _[�� ���s��CG 1983-�G �Bh`g� �E� YKJ��|� ���s�� ��p�D. r����E ��sn��� ¤Vq��V �Z ¤Vq�� ��| P����p r[L��, _P�d��, ��C�, ��L�s��� YK��C �Z J�|�§dg� OZGP��s ��Bh� ��Z YI���D. Xmq��V ¤Vq ��Va �Epa HI �Me� ¤Vq�� ��| P����p� �mJ�|��a ��¥eEm� . 8,00000dgG ��`��C tBud��}� P��J�|��a ��¥���� “¤Vq ��¥�d�K” tFG �de�²h�� ��Z��L� P��deEmD.

��C� - 300,000 (2007) �de� rs�®½�G - 120,000 (2007) r[L�� - 100,000 (2005) P¡ �� - 60,000 (2008) �s�E� - 50,000 (2008) ��L�s��� - 50,000 (2007) ���� Z�[D - 50,000 (2008)

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��Z��� - 20,000 (2008) J� �� - 10,000 (2000) PCE�� d - 9,000 (2003)

tEW OZGP�� ��ÉV �d��E tBud�� ��C��|eEmD. tBud�� tq������ rI��FG, ¤VqLa HEm�� ��¥[� ��¥ �d�K, rEW YZ�G f�DG ��WB|, �Æ�Z�[L�I[D ��C� ��s �a��W J�|��a ��¥��`g� �M�N�E _s��a ��Z _h���Cd ��sn��� _��eEmD tE��� �W���`ea�Z.

�Z YB����� �I���Epd ��C��qL��a ¤Vq�� ��| P����p _[�� J�|��a ��V ��Bh� ��Zdgq �KN���C� . r{��W, �IG���� �IG����Z� P����p� ��V , ��G OZGP�� [� OL� J�|��a �Z OL� ���a��N tL �J�d� ��Bh �[�D. r�`g E� _F��q�p��� g� , r�P�p, E� _p[Ls�� P���, ��`W� �B��| tE�� ���Em �Z rC ���|�K rI��FG, _� �K �qL}a rIdeEm P��P��I �s���� �G r�dgf�`g� OL� J��h� P��|q� ‘_�L�K’ tFG P���s��gG.

��E _aZD ��M�K rDJ�K��s ��q�, �J�q� �B�n ��|� �[D, Xmq��V �M��E �B����� rV[D, _[�� J��h`gK OgG ��Z}a, ��M�K ��Me �`gG P�� X`�|qDG �� _fq�q�� ¤Vd��� ��� ��[�E oW��}a,

J�E gh}IdgG °�C ��C�� °| tEem�� P�I�����| Y�dgq P����?

J�E gh}IdgG J��C ��C�� J�| (XL�, ��� ��[�E JWdg�K, �.64)

tEW _fq����� �L� P����E �ZG _�L ��¥d�� H{P��I OZGP�� ¤V�d��E ��qL¦G tq����P��I ��L��� X`�|qL rIdeEmD tE��� YnsZ�G. P��� ��¥P���dP�EW �BC, PJh� �sZ�W YB|. Y� ��� P�GP��� _M¶��sG P�WG E�I[�� �E ���P�����G ���V ���m� ����� �§K �� de����� �K ¤V �d�K. _G�d�K ��E ���qDG �� qLs�� ��W HI _[�� J��h`gd gh��WG ��Z}a, ��dg E _p�G raZ�� _aZD _L�G P���� rEP��I P�����d �`WdP��KN ��Bh� ¨¥��Z X`�|eEmD.

Y��sn��� ¤Vq��V s´���a ��d� �J ��}a s´�P����� ��a ��E �hqD, �E� �G g|G�qL� dgd �`Wd P��|qD, �E� �E �K�N��N s´�P���� �K���a �� ����a ���P��� �md�hd�� �|eEmD. �E P�����q

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P���Zq��E Xmq��V �E _�C��Nq���G P���Zq��E �eEm�E. rI P����§dgK �deq ��dgG gV[���K ��E ��fG J��h� ���G P����� ��|�� ��G ��� ��Bh� ¨¥��Z}a �E ���P����� �mdeEm� . r[� P��� rV�O �E���a r�d�Z��`g ���gdeEmD. ���P���}E _���G �`pd oWG P���}�a �a¦J �K �M�K P����� rV[��a �E� YM�K �B����C t�La rV�² �K (If you lose your language: It is easy to lose your culture, too) tEem� �K. OZGP�� [� ��V �K ���Vd �����E de�qD�q��d oWG ��� _G� “�h|G ��V�” tFG ����}a,

�h|G ��V� �a � HI �nG ����q ��| …………….…………….… � ��Z �m}E �E�� YE�h YmP�E �mDG ��Z _p��� �K�N YZ�sMe�a ���s�? ��su «La J���� ��VP�E WWL P��}E � P�� Y�C�K _aZ HBC�¥ P����� ���� (�h|G ��V�)

tEW tfDem� . r�d�Z�O P���}V�O P�WG P���}V���� ��|�Ep, ��¥� �B����C�G ��Ld�q D�Me�D. �E J��h�I[D _[�� J��ha _�L�N�� ��fG ��ÉV� �K�N�K ��E ��fG J��hE �B���| _G�M��N _L���� �E�`WG ¨¥��Z YI��eEmD. r�E ��sn���q �E�� _p����Z �E J��hE �B��|��N _� �K Omd�udem� �K. �E J���C� �� [�� ���G P����� ��qD J�G H�s J��h� tEem _p�¦G _� �§dgK raZ��a ���eEmD. ��n�, P�B�n� �E ra��¥d��dgq D�n ��|eEm P��fD, ��E rD��s}a ��¥[D �Vd����C �Z����s� �E�u YKN HI r�n��q ��|eEm P��fD P�g ����sn��� ��`p�d �Z�O _� �§dgK X`�|eEmD. _� ��E �K�N�§G, �[�L�§G ¤V �BuE �K�N�K tEem ��qD� _�C��Nq�� rVdeEm� . _���a ���� O�a raZ� ��Z�G YI��eEmD. t�a P��� rV�O, r�d�Z��`g ���gqD J�N�C�a r� _��O �`�}a �E ��nq��q L�� LI��d P��KeEmD. �B���|� ���� P���, r�G tE���d �C[D OZGP�� �d�K �M�§�C� �B��| P��C ��� rC ���|��N�G tL P��KN ��Bh rIdeEmD. ��G rD��s ��`P��B| �[� �Z �Vd��Vd�M��N _� �K ��`m ��Bh�KND. ra�ZP��a ��G ��fG J��|� �Vd��Vd�M�N�a �G �B���|� �Vd�M��Nd ���C�G �J eEmD. _�`WK,

� P���Cu�a � ���Z Y|q�a � �Bh�� �`WG �V�d P��BC��CG

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tE�� ���Em �Vd��Vd�M��a ��m� ��`mM�K ��¥[D �IeEm�. P���Cu�a

PJ`p}a P���Cu�a tE�D �B�§dgG, P�B�§dgG P��D��� �sO. �sG�qLa r[L���¦G, ¤VqL¦G YKN P�B�K ��|G �IG� _u[� P���|, ¤V �d��E OZ�P�� �`g� �mg, �m J�|��a �s�q D�Me�D. r�E ��sn���� �ZIdg �I��� P��IN��� P���| _��}FG �Z J�|��a _���a �s�����§G X`��CD. _P�d���a �Z �ICM��E E� , P���| ����� �§dg tLs�� r�P�p r�d�G HEW ���Ep�D. (Dot Buster) tEm r[� r�d�G P���| ��q�� ��Nq ��dg���d gpd���N��d P��B| r�Me�D. rD���Em �Z ��M�s���qL��a �G �sO �� [� _�C��Nq�� ¤V �d�K ���|G _�Z��Z X`��CD. ���Z Y|q�a

���Z, �B���| ÈL���� �a��W ���ZM��a ��fG r[L�� P�B��N�G, ¤V� P�B��N�G r�ndemD. _u�G �m�K ��p��¦G, P�IG��E���G ¤V, �M�N� P�B�K ���Z Y|qD����� �Vd���de rI[�� . _[�� J�|��a ���Z _u[�� �K HI�IdP��I� �� qDd P��KeEm���D rI�IG Hq� J���C� �� [�� �K tE��� _p� heEmD. ���a ¤V �d�K OZGP�� [� J�|��a _L� OVd�qLa YKN �h�� (Chudidar) g ��(Kurta) ��B�(Pant) ���Em ��C��E P�a��dg �gL��� YKN��a, ���Z _u�D J���qL`g tLs��D tEWG, ����qLa �E ����� Y�s _[J��| J°� s�, J��� ��C��N _u� ��B|G tEem tBnG YI��eEmD. rEFG �Z �E ��[Ls ��C�� _u� h��a�Z tEem ���Iq�qL`gG YKN�eEm� . r���a HI J��hE �B���| _�C��NG ����G ����OG YI��eEmD. P��M�a �Bh��

��V ��E �Bh����a �� de���� �Bh�� P��M�a. Xmq��V ��V ��E _�C��N����� P��M�a �Bh�� �I���|eEmD. ¤Vq��� P��Wq���s ¤�C , �IC� �m�O t�� �Z �Bh���K P��BC�C��hFG, g|G�G f�DG HEm�� r�n[D �MgP�WG HI �Bh�� tEm�a _D P��M�a �Bh�� ��|G��E. r��� ¤V tfq��N �[Ls�Z�� ������� oW��}a,

“P��M�ZEW ��dg��a, �h��a tf[D g|G�qL� _���IG �s�h� �E, `mq��d �f� _aZD P�fe, YZd����N ��qD �K�Ds���� P��M�a P�����|G rCq�� �����a _�C��N� �|qD�� �K. YK�N ���� �I��`g ���a�K J�`OmG �C���|, _�� �qL �h�a ¶m��|G. eVdg� �� q� HI ��Z}a, JEg P�f����C �EW �`��N _|de, _|��� _����� °�hE ��Z�. �K�N�K �s���q P��C P�h P��§q�, °�hE ��Z� , JEg _ZM�d����C ��¦G �IG �I�����WG ��md����C ������ _|���`W�� . _���� ����| �B P��M��Zq ���d�, P�B�K ����Z�m}a �p��N�G, �G��Z�G ������ �K. �E ¨�Fdg �EW r�Z��a P��M�a ��Cd���C, g|G�qL� _���IG HEm�� r�n[D P��BC�|� ” (�V¦G ��¥ YZ�G, �.216) ¤VqDd ��� ��� ��[�E �E J��ha J�CP�WG �V�d��Nd oW��}a, ‘� qP�fG sP���

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�MP��� � OmG �Ca �aZ�

oqDd�K gG��K � OmG ��`p�a g�V[D ����

¤ qL|G �[��G ­�nG � OmG

J��a rE�G ����qL|G ��E��

� OmG t��V�q ������ J�|!

tEW XMe Y�sdeEm� . ���a rq���� �V�d��N�, P��M�a �Bh����� ��G OZGP�� [�

J�|��a ¤V� �K P��BC�C h���? _aZD P��BC�h��a _�� �e¥��, ��[LsG e�Cdg�� tE�D ��K�dgp��!

��m���, OZGP�� ¤Vq��¥ �d�K ‘P�[��¥ ¤VG J�E ����� ��s��B|G �W�h�B _K� _��d P������B|G ………………… ��ÉV� ����ZJ�E ���� ��B|G! ��Z���a P�G�IqL �� d� ��B|G Y�¥� ����a Yf�� LE� ��B|G! � P��}a ��`m�h X`m ��B|G! L��s�| ��ÉV �Bua tEmE ����D ���P��q L� ��B|G’ (����G ��h, ��� ��[�E)

tEW ��� ��[�E �E ����}a gp��|���� ���a tBuZCM�� Xd�M��N YKNCde, ���� ������ ��ZP�� tBu, _[�� J���Cq ��G OZGP�� [� J���C, �G �`���� J�C�� tBu, tE�mdg �h���� t� tBu ��¥��d ��K�dgp���| ��qD ��fG _�Z��Zd�� �KN���|KN� tE��� Yns heEmD. D�n�Em��

� ��� ��[�E,1983, JWdg�K, rs���M� J� , ��V� ���aZOsG ���Z, P���h��d�G, P�E��.

� …,2006, �����[�E �����K (P��.2), �����[�E gha, rs���M� J� , ��V� ���aZOsG ���Z, P���h��d�G, P�E��.

� �[Ls�Z�� �������, 2008, �V¦G ��¥ YZ�G, ��Z���| �L���G,

J�� ���}a. � O´�s�¡� �., 2003, ¤V����s��CqLa t�D �����M�K, _�C��NG

�L���G, Oq��Jq�G, LI��. � …., (�B| ��sG ra�Z), _d��sdg� ���� _G���dg (31 ������E

P��g�O), ����a P��¹|, ºG�q��, P�E��. � (http://ta.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/)

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