Index

Page numbers for figures and tables are in italics.

Abang kangyŏk ko 我邦疆域考 (Studies of our country’s territories), 313

Abaoji 阿保機 (Khitan ruler), 259–61, 320, 323, 334; death of, 260–61, 260n97, 327n49, 350–51

Abatai 阿巴泰 (Manchu prince [1589–1646]), 319agriculture, 285–86, 289–91; of Puyŏ, 114n20, 135,

187 194, 202, 209, 219, 294–95; of Xituanshan culture, 80–81, 84, 98–99

Amur River. See Heilong RiverAn Chŏng-bok (1712–91), 313, 268n125Andong Protectorate 安東都護府, 257, 258n91,

348n1apocryphal texts, 21–22, 21n39armor, 105, 111–12, 135, 188, 193–94, 202, 291, 293axes: bronze, 67, 75, 77, 78, 86–87, 95; jade, 74;

stone, 79, 97, 127axle ends. See chariots, axle ends

Baijinbao 白金宝 culture, 89, 89n56Baishan Mohe 白山靺鞨, 250, 253, 254n79Balin youqi 巴林右旗 (Inner Mongolia), 323Balin zuoqi 巴林左旗 (Inner Mongolia), 159n58,

257n89, 261n101, 262n103, 323Baoshan 宝山 culture, 83, 85–86, 88, 125, 125n42,

128, 291n36Baoshan 宝山 site, 83, 85, 127–28Barth, Frederik, 281–82, 297–98, 300Bashangdi 八晌地 site (Jiaohe County), 211–12Bazhong 八中 site (Shanghewan Township), 214Bei 倍 (Khitan prince), 260, 261n98Beifan fengsu ji 北蕃風俗記 (Record of customs

of the north), 254, 336Beiling 北岭 site (Dehui County), 124Beiping Commandery 北平郡, 235–36, 270–72

Bei Qishu 北齊書 (History of Northern Qi), 238n28, 239

Beirong 北戎 (Northern Rong), 30–31Beishi 北史 (History of the Northern Dynas-

ties), 238n28, 239bells, 112, 121, 177n109belt hooks, 106, 111–12, 114, 116, pl. 2boars. See pigsbronze: ornaments, 74–75, 78, 88, 95, 122, 293;

production, 65–67, 94, 99; projectile points, 67, 78, 80, 87, 212; tradition of Jilin, 69, 77, 78, 94–96, 99, 290; tradition of Liaoning, 65–68, 99; vessels, Chinese, 29, 37–39, 39n33, 63, 63n2, 64n3; weapons, 79. See also individual object types

buckles, 112, 115, pl. 1burial goods, placement of, 71, 74, 79, 93, 111, 136buyao 步摇 head ornaments, 132

cairn burials, 122Cao Pi 曹丕 (187–226), 193Cao Tingjie 曹廷杰 (1850–1926), 251n70, 320, 328capstone burials, 85–86, 88, 125n42cauldrons: bronze, 112, 114, 114n20, 115, 122, pl. 5,

pl. 13; iron, 217, 217n72Ch’aeksŏng 柵城, 242, 242n43, 245n46, 249–50Chaeryŏng River 載寧江, 266, 267n123, 275n154Chakhar 察哈爾 Mongols, 319Chaliba 查里巴 site (Wulajie Township), 250n67,

251, 251n70, 353Ch’angam 蒼巖城 (Koguryŏ fortress), 342Changli Commandery 昌黎郡, 160–62, 160n65,

161n66, 163n72, 232Changnyŏng-bu 長嶺府 (Parhae superior pre-

fecture), 259n93, 347–48, 348n1, 350, 350n4, 355

386 i n d e x

coins, 209n60; of Han, 57, 58n88, 69, 106, 112, 114, 119, 123, 130, 207, 292; of Tang, 251; of Yan, 57, 58n88, 59. See also knife coins; Xiangping spade coins

cows, 98n68, 99n71, 135, 187crematory burials, 85–86, 88, 105, 124, 130culture, archaeological, 280–81“curved-dagger bronze culture” 曲刃青铜短剑

文化, 54. See also Liaoning dagger

Da Yanlin 大延琳, rebellion of, 324, 324n41Daban 大板. See Balin youqiDachang gucheng 大常古城 walled site (Wulajie

Township), 251n70daggers: antenna-style, 130n56; bronze, 67, 79–

80, 84, 87, 94–95, 212; See also Liaoning dagger; slender bronze dagger

Dagou 達姤 polity, 239–40Dahaimeng 大海猛 site (Wulajie Township), 72;

lower layer, 81; middle layer, 102, 104–7, 104n5; Parhae remains at, 353; soybeans found at, 98n69

Daheishan 大黑山 mountain range, 58, 126, 218, 218n75, 350

Dahuofang 大伙房 site (Fushun City), 83, 87Daifang Commandery 帶方郡, 46n55, 152, 156,

163–64, 163n72, 275, 275n154; associated with Paekche origins, 265–69

Dajiabang 大甲幫 site (Fushun City), 87n48Dajiazishan 大架子山 site, 83, 85, 127–28Daling River 大凌河, 31, 35n21, 39n33, 41, 63, 65,

68n14, 131–32, 160n65, 236n20Damolou 大莫婁, 232, 238–41, 250, 278; varia-

tions in name of, 238n28Da Qing yitongzhi 大清一統志 (Gazetteers of the

unified Great Qing), 319–20, 321n34Dayang 大阳 site, 83, 85Da Yuan yitongzhi 大元一統志 (Gazetteers of

the unified Great Yuan), 310Dingan 定安 (K. Chŏngan) state, 262–63, 352n11Dingling 丁零, 235Di 狄 peoples, 40–41, 40n39, 43disputes, history, 3, 5, 17, 17n23, 20n36divination, 26, 192, 195dogs, 98n70, 99n71, 107, 135, 187dolmen burials, 87–88, 130Dongbei tongshi 東北通史 (Comprehensive His-

tory of the Northeast), 20, 329Dongdan 東丹 state, 260–61, 261n98, 310n2, 313Donghu 東胡, 41–45, 41n41, 45n50, 50–51, 61;

nationality, 20Dongjiatun Dongshan 董家屯东山 walled site

Changsheshan 长蛇山 site (Jilin City), 72, 76, 92, 94, 104, 212

Changsu 長壽王 (Koguryŏ king [r. 413–91]), 242, 242n40, 247n55

Chaoxian 朝鮮. See Chosŏn (ancient polity)chariots: axle ends, 112, 121, pl. 15; fittings, 121,

123, 130; linchpins, 121, 121n30, 205, 205n50, 206n54, pl. 15

Cheng 成王 (Zhou king), 35–37, 160Chengzishan 城子山 walled site (Dongliao

County), 223, 225Chengzishan 城子山 walled site (Xifeng

County), 338–41, 339–40n6, 340, 343, 344Childe, V. Gordon, 281Chinbŏn 真番 polity, 46–50, 47n58, 50n64, 141–

42. See also Zhenfan CommanderyChin 振 (Ch. Zhen) state, 257Chishuidi 池水地 (Jiaohe County), 209, 210Cholbon 卒本 (early Koguryŏ capital), 26, 171,

171n86, 266, 277n157. See also Cholbon-PuyŏCholbon-Puyŏ 卒本夫餘, 171, 178n109, 265–66Chŏng Yag-yong 丁若鏞 (1762–1836), 313, 314n15Chŏngan 定安 state. See Dingan stateCh’ŏngch’ŏn River 淸川江, 48n59, 56n79, 68n14,

266, 275n154Chōsen Government-General Museum, 203,

203n49, 205, 205n51Chosŏn 朝鮮 (ancient polity), 3, 10, 10n4, 17, 42–

57 passim; Han conquest of, 48–49, 137, 141–42; and Jizi/Kija, 15, 34, 37–40; location of, 45–46; in North Korean scholarship, 18; warfare with Yan, 42–46; and Wei Man, 48–49

Chosŏn kingdom (1392–1910), 14, 16, 20–22, 303–4, 310, 313, 316

Ch’u 騶 (Koguryŏ king), 143, 143n3, 144n8, 173n95, 174

Ch’umo 鄒牟 (Koguryŏ progenitor), 168, 178, 241, 241n35, 244. See also Chumong

Chumong 朱蒙 (Koguryŏ progenitor), 15, 168–72, 172n92, 174n96, 176–78, 178n111, 183, 241, 244, 249, 277n157, 299n50; in Paekche myth, 265–66, 265n117, 269; as possible cognate for “Tong-myŏng,” 183. See also Ch’umo

Chun 準 (Chosŏn king [fl. 195 bce]), 43, 48n60Chungwŏn, Koguryŏ stele at 中原高句麗碑,

245n46Churyu 朱留 (Koguryŏ king), 170, 172, 172n92,

174, 248, 248n58, 341. See also Muhyul; Taemucircumscription, territorial, 219, 230, 285, 288–89,

292–94, 294n42clothing, of Puyŏ, 12, 187, 190, 192n27Cohen, Ronald, 22, 286, 287n26, 296, 300

i n d e x 387

Fangyan 方言 (Dialects), 49Fayuan zhulin 法苑珠琳 (Forest of pearls

in the garden of the Dharma), 182Fei River 肥水, 234–35Feng Sheng 馮勝 (Ming general), 318–19Flannery, Kent, 286Former Qin 前秦 state (351–94), 233–35, 246,

248, 272Former Yan 前燕 state (337–70), 131, 160, 164n76,

166, 205n53, 232–36 passim, 246, 248forts, hilltop. See hilltop fortsfoundation myth, 280, 295–97; of Koguryŏ,

21, 168–77, 247–48, 278; of Paekche, 264, 267–69, 274; of Puyŏ, 26, 181–85, 227n90, 229, 299; of Silla, 296, 302–3; of Wanyan Jurchen, 297, 297n46

Fried, Morton, 284–87Fu Jian 苻堅 (Former Qin ruler), 233–34, 233n5Fuer River 富尔江, 84, 171–72, 171n89, 176,

176n105Fulaidong 富来东 walled site (Jiaohe County),

210, 211funerary customs, 99n71, 108, 119, 121–23, 136,

192–93, 192n27, 207n56Fuyu Mohe 浮渝靺鞨, 256. See also Puyŏ-Mohe

Ganggenmiao 岗根庙 site (Balin youqi), 323Gao Kan 高侃 (Tang commander), 337, 342Gao Yang 高陽 (legendary emperor), 302Gaogouli District 高句驪縣 (Xuantu Com-

mandery), 159n56, 173, 173n95Gaolicheng 高力城 walled site (Qingyuan

County), 220Gaolifang Nanshan 高丽房南山 walled site

(Shanghewan Township), 215, 217, pls. 34–35Gaotaishan 高台山 culture, 64, 66, 92, 92n58Gardiner, Kenneth, 274–75Gellner, Ernest, 283, 299Geng Lin 耿臨 (Xuantu governor), 151gentry, of Puyŏ, 189, 189n19gold, 245, 250; earrings, 132, 276n155, pl. 3; min-

ing, 187n16; ornaments, 105, 112, 121–22, 130, 132, 187, 190, 203, pl. 10, pl. 19

Gongsun Du 公孫度 (?–204), 152, 154–55, 267Gongsun Gong 公孫恭, 153, 155Gongsun Kang 公孫康, 152, 154, 267, 267n123Gongsun Yu 公孫域 (Xuantu governor), 149Gongsun Yuan 公孫淵 (?–238), 152–53, 156, 160Gongsun 公孫 regime (189–238), 158, 267; rela-

tions with Koguryŏ, 152–53; relations with Puyŏ, 152–55

Gorlos, Mongol Banner, 319–20

(Shanghewan Township), 215–17, 216, 217n72, pls. 32–33

Dongjingcheng 东京城 walled site, 347, 350Dongliao River 东辽河, 58, 82, 84–86, 126, 160,

222–26, 351, 351n10, 355Dongliao 东辽 walled sites. See hilltop forts,

at DongliaoDong sansheng yudi tushuo 東三省輿地圖說

(Maps and descriptions of the territories of the three eastern provinces), 251n70, 320

Dongtuanshan 东团山: complex, 190, 194, 197–209, 332, 354, pl. 21; as Puyŏ political core, 211, 213, 229, 284, 290, 292, 307, 332–46 passim; site, Jilin, 80, 104, 117–23, 139, 246. See also Nanchengzi walled site

Duan 段 Xianbei, 273Duke Huan of Qi 齊桓公 (r. 685–643 bce), 32,

32n13Duke of Shao 召公, 28

earth-pit burials, 92, 94, 105, 121–23, 130–31, 136Eastern Puyŏ 東扶餘, 21, 162, 168–69, 232, 241–

43; Koguryŏ subjugation of, 240, 243, 247, 275, 299n18; location of, 240, 242, 315n18, 346n17. See also Ch’aeksŏng

Eastern Xia 東夏 state, 310n2, 314–15Eastern Yi 東夷: of Korea-Manchuria region,

188–91, 188n17, 193, 238n27; of Shandong region, 35–36; variable use of term, 34

Eight Princes Disturbance (291–306), 162Erdaohezi 二道河子 burials (Liaoyang County),

65, 67, 80, 94Erdaohezi River 二道河子, 225Erlonghu 二龙湖 walled site (Lishu County),

58–61, 55, 60, 137–38, 218, 223, 224–25, 291–93, 292n38

ethnic consciousness, 281–83, 297–98, 300; and myth, 2, 297–301; and state formation, 294–95, 297–98, 300

ethnic identity. See ethnic consciousnessethnicity: in archaeology, 68–69, 69n19, 81–82,

203, 281–83, 290, 298; studies of, 16–22. See also ethnic consciousness

ethnie, 283, 298, 300ethnogenesis, 297–301

face masks, bronze: on finial caps, 121, pl. 16; from Lamadong, 132–33, 161n69, 207n56, pl. 20; on linchpins, 121, 121n30, 205–6, 206n54, pl. 15; from Maoershan and Dongtuanshan, 117, 123, 133, 203–7, 203n49, 204, 205nn50–53, 206, 208, pls. 30–31

388 i n d e x

historiography, 10, 13–22, 16–19; of China, 18; of the Korean peninsula, 3, 9, 22–23, 305; of Koryŏ, 14–15, 303; of North Korea, 18, 20, 304; of Silla, 14–15; of South Korea, 16–18

Holbon 忽本, 171, 171n86. See also CholbonHorhan 忽汗城 (Parhae capital city), 260horse gear, 67, 105, 111, 121–22, 133–34, 293horses, 12, 135, 184, 187, 194; in cemeteries, 107–8,

111–12, 130, 135; introduction of, 135, 139, 194, 293, 293n40; in Puyŏ state formation, 62–63, 184–85; in warfare, 67, 112, 135, 187

Hou Hanshu 後漢書 (History of the Eastern Han), 25, 43, 140, 144n8, 148, 150, 247, 316, 320

Hou Ji 后稷 (mythical figure), 183, 183n7Houshi 猴石 cemetery (Gongzhuling County),

124Houshishan 猴石山 site (Jilin City), 72, 76–78,

91, 92, 95–98, 290Hu 胡, 41–44 passim, 49. See also Donghu;

XiongnuHuaidetang Houshan 怀德堂后山 walled site

(Shanghewan Township), 215, 216–17, 217n72Huaizhou 懷州 (Liao prefecture), 257n89, 323,

323n39, 324n41Huanglongfu 黃龍府 (Liao superior prefecture),

260–62, 262n106, 310–25 passim, 326–35, 347, 350, 352–53n11; establishment of, 260; Jurchen conquest of, 312; location of, 261, 312–13, 312n5, 319–21, 328–30, 333–34; rebellion at, 262, 326–27; removal of inhabitants of, 262n106, 327–28; as site of Puyŏ capital, 320–21

Huangyujuan 黄鱼圈 walled site (Shulan County), 217–18, 218n77

Huangyujuan Zhushan 黄鱼圈珠山 site (Shulan County), 82, 124–25, 124n39, 125n40; hilltop fort at, 217–18, 218n77

hu arrows 楛矢, 35, 36n24, 36n27, 160, 160n61Huashuzuizi 桦树嘴子 walled site (Shanghe-

wan), 215, 217Hui (Ye) 穢, 31–34, 70, 188, 188n17, 190, 202,

275n154, 283Huicheng 濊城. See Ye-sŏngHuifa River 辉发河, 82, 82n34, 84, 87–88, 126,

176, 344, 348Huimo (Yemaek) 穢貉 / 濊貊, 32–34, 34n19,

49–50, 50n64, 141–43, 188, 194; as a reference to Koguryŏ, 143, 143n5, 150, 150n32, 154n44, 155n45, 173–74

Hŭlsŭng-gol 紇升骨 (early Koguryŏ capital), 26, 170

Hunhe River 浑河, 84, 87, 146–47, 159n56, 164,

Great Zhen 大真 state. See Eastern XiaGuandicheng 官地城 walled site (Jilin City),

208–9, 209n61Guangwu 光武帝 (Han emperor [r. 25–57]),

144n8, 145–46, 173, 175Guanmashan 关马山 site (Jiutai County), 124Guanqiu Jian 毌丘儉 (?–255), 156, 158Guantong gucheng 官通古城 walled site (Wula-

jie Township), 353Guanzi 管子 (Writings of Master Guan), 32–33,

39, 39n34Guigaishan 龟盖山 site (Jilin City), 117–18, 118,

121–22, 195, 203Guiren 歸仁, as site of Puyŏ capital, 315–18, 317,

322, 326, 329, 334Guntuling 滚兔岭 site (Luobei County), 250n67Guo Yisheng 郭毅生, 331, 331n63Guzhu 孤竹, 31, 31n9, 63; town of, 38n32

Hae Mosu 解慕漱 (mythical figure), 21, 169–70, 184

Hae Puru 解夫婁 (legendary Puyŏ king), 21, 169, 265–66, 268n125, 299n50

Haedong kogi 海東古記 (Old records of Korea), 149n21, 266, 266n120, 268, 268n126

Haedong yŏksa 海東繹史 (History of Korea), 313Haizhou 海州 (Liao prefecture), 323–25Han Ch’i-yun 韓致奫 (1765–1814), 313Han Paek-kyŏm 韓百謙 (1552–1615), 310, 314n15Han 漢 empire (206 bce–220), 12, 46, 140, 166–

67; conquest of Chosŏn, 43, 141; establishment of commanderies, 48–49, 142; influence in Puyŏ state formation, 280, 292; material cul-ture of, 69–70, 101–14 passim, 123–24, 130, 135, 197, 207; occupation of Liaodong, 47–48; rela-tions with Puyŏ, 142–52, 188, 193

Han 韓 people, 156Hanshu II 汉书 culture, 89, 89n56, 124, 124n39Harbin, 183, 240, 307, 329–30Heicheng 黑城 site (Ningcheng County), 52,

263n109Heilongjiang Province, 36, 184, 232, 250, 313,

320Heilong River 黑龙江, 11n6, 240hilltop forts, 129n52, 144, 176n106, 196, 209–29,

292; chronology of, 227; distribution of, 228; at Dongliao, 222–26; at Jiaohe, 209–14; at Qingyuan, 220–22; at Shanghewan, 214–20, pls. 32–37

Hino Kaisaburō 日野開三郎 (1908–89), 16, 254n78, 329–31, 333, 352n11

historical geography, 3–4, 16, 18, 36, 307, 320, 326

i n d e x 389

ka 加, aristocrats, 12, 154, 154n43, 157, 157n50, 188–95 passim, 189n18

Kaema 蓋馬 kingdom, 173, 173n95, 174n96, 175Kaiyuan 開原 (Liaoning Province), 50, 66, 311;

as site of Puyŏ capital, 310–15Kaiyuan 開元 (of Ming), 310Kaiyuan District 開原縣 (of Qing), 310, 312–15,

312n5, 315n21, 319Kaiyuan Route 開元路 (of Yuan), 310, 314–15,

316n23; removal of, 314Kanwigŏ 簡位居 (Puyŏ king), 154Kaya 加耶 confederation, 6, 9n3, 296Kebineng 軻比能 (Xianbei leader [?–235]), 153Khitan 契丹, 16, 255–63, 257n89, 258n91, 303, 313–

14, 334–35, 349–52; conquest of Parhae, 260–62, 322–24, 330n58, 350–51, 355; and Damolou, 239, 241

Khitan Route 契丹道 (of Parhae), 260, 320, 349–50

Khorchin 科爾沁 Mongols, 319Kija 箕子, 15–16, 15n13, 37n29, 304n59. See also JiziKim Kyo-hŏn 金敎獻 (1868–1923), 21Kim Pu-sik 金富軾, 8, 14n9, 15, 168, 173n93, 175,

265–66, 268n126King Kwanggaet’o stele, 168–72, 178, 240–41,

241n35, 243–48 passim, 346n17knife coins, 58n88, 53, 53n71, 59knives, 111; bronze, 65–67, 75–78, 95, 112; iron,

60, 112, 121; stone, 74, 79, 87, 127Ko Un 高雲 (?–409), 237, 237n24, 238n27Koguryŏ Annals 高句麗本紀, 14n8, 140, 149n21,

167–72, 176–77, 253, 265n117, 297n47Koguryŏ 高句麗 kingdom (trad. 37 bce–668),

3–7; alliance with Xianbei, 148–55; foundation myth, 168–77; historiography, 14, 14n8, 167– 68, 247; location of, 46, 153, 171, 174; occupation of the Puyŏ region, 240–41; 244–49, 251–57; putative connection with Puyŏ, 168–72, 177– 79, 301–4; warfare with Former Yan, 163–65; warfare with Puyŏ, 14, 172–77, 297n47; and Xuantu Commandery, 142–44, 148–49. See also Puyŏ-sŏng

Koi 古爾王 (Paekche king [trad. r. 234–85]), 264, 264n113, 269, 269n129, 274

Ko-ju 高州 (of Makkal-bu), 258Kŏlgŏl Ch’ungsang 乞乞仲象. See Qiqi

ZhongxiangKŏlsa Piu 乞四比羽. See Qisi BiyuKŏnmu 建武 (Koguryŏ king, Yŏngnyu 榮留王

[r. 618–42]), 337Koryŏ kingdom 高麗 (918–1392), 8n2, 14–16,

21–22, 37, 56, 56n80, 297n46, 303, 304n59

164n77, 220, 222, 340–41, 348n1; note on usage of term, 147n15

husbandry: of Puyŏ, 135, 187, 194; of Xituanshan, 81, 98–99

Hwandan kogi 桓檀古記, 21, 21n39Hyŏn 玄 (Puyŏ king), 165–66, 232–33

Ikeuchi Hiroshi 池内宏 (1878–1952), 16, 160n61, 242, 242n39, 329–31, 333

iron: agricultural implements, 57–58, 105, 111, 220–26 passim; production technology, 61, 68, 99, 134, 187–88, 225; in Puyŏ state forma-tion, 62–63, 105, 135, 139, 290–94 passim; spread of Yan and Han, 69, 106, 123, 127–29, 137, 225, 290–91; weapons, 12, 112–14, 130, 135

Iryŏn 伊連 (Koguryŏ king, Kogugyang 故國 壤王 [r. 384–91]), 246

Iryŏn 一然 (Koryŏ monk), 8, 15n12

jade, 188, 313; axes, 74; beads, 117, 207; ornaments, 105, 203; ritual items, 193; suits, 12, 26, 158, 193, 195

jealousy, in Puyŏ, 12, 191, 195Ji 薊 (Beijing), 47, 232, 236n20Jiankang shilu 建康實錄 (Veritable records of

Jiankang), 270–71, 273Jiaohe 蛟河 walled sites. See hilltop forts, at

JiaoheJiao River 蛟河, 209–11, 213Jicheng 棘城, 131–33, 160, 162, 164Jilin City, 62, 102, 187, 197, 203n48Jilinhada 吉林哈达 mountain range, 84, 87, 127,

187, 350Jin Yufu 金毓黻 (1887–1962), 20, 36n26, 328–29,

331, 332n65Jin 金 empire (1115–1234), 263n109, 297, 313–16,

329. See also Wanyan JurchensJin 晉 state (eleventh century bce–376 bce), 42Jin 晉 state (265–420), 158, 232, 234, 264n110; rela-

tions with Paekche, 271–74, 277; relations with Puyŏ, 158–64; relations with Yilou, 159–60; restoration of Puyŏ, 161–62, 169

Jing Ke 荊軻, 47Jinping Commandery 晉平郡, 270–72; as error

for Beiping, 272Jinshu 晉書 (History of the Jin), 140, 159–61,

165n79, 235–36, 247, 273Jinzhou 錦州 (Liaoning Province), 40, 42–43, 61Jiu Tangshu 舊唐書 (Old history of Tang), 256–

58, 258n90, 337Jizi 箕子, 15, 31, 34, 37–40, 42–43, 45n51. See also

Kija

390 i n d e x

Li Jiancai 李健才, 240, 240n34, 242n39, 332–33, 338, 343–44, 353–54n15

Li Jinhang 李謹行 (620–83), 253, 253n73, 256Li Jinzhong 李盡忠 (Khitan leader), 257, 257n89Li Shiji 李世勣 (Tang commander [594–669]),

324, 337Li Wenxin 李文信 (1903–82), 69, 117, 199n41, 205–

7, 207n55, 339n6Liangquan 凉泉 culture, 66, 86, 101, 220, 222, 224–

27, 224n85, 226n88, 295; chronology of, 129; described, 125–31; distribution of, 126, 126–27; pottery types, 128–29

Liang River 梁水, 173n95Liangshu 梁書 (History of Liang), 270Lianhuapu 莲花堡 site (Fushun County), 57–58,

68n14, 127Liaodong Commandery 遼東郡, 179, 220–22, 232,

235, 255, 312–13; under Han, 45, 50, 57n87, 141–55, 175; under Murong, 160, 163–64; under Qin, 47, 47n58; under Wei, 156–58; under Yan, 44, 44–47, 51–54, 61, 68, 138

Liaodong dependent state, 148, 160n65Liao 遼 empire (907–1125), 259, 261–62, 307, 312–

35 passim. See also KhitanLiaoning dagger, 54n74, 64–68, 64, 67, 79–80, 87,

87n48, 94; distribution of, 68Liaoshi 遼史 (History of Liao), 259–63, 312, 318,

326–33 passim, 350; geographical problems in, 315n21, 316n22, 322–26

Liaoxi Commandery 遼西郡, 160n65, 232n2, 254n80; Paekche’s putative activities in, 270–74; under Han, 145; under Jin, 161n66; under Murong, 232, 235–36; under Sui, 255; under Yan, 44, 51–53. See also Liaoxi corridor

Liaoxi corridor, 31, 40–43, 41n40, 61linchpins. See chariots, linchpinsLindong 林东. See Balin zuoqiLingzhi 令支, 31, 31n9; town of, 38n32, 235–36Lintun Commandery 臨屯郡, 46n55, 49, 52n70,

54n73Liu Bang 劉邦 (247–195 bce), 47–48Liubian jilue 柳邊紀略 (Brief accounts of the

Willow Palisade), 312, 312n6Liucheng 柳城 (modern Chaoyang), 254–55,

270–71Liulihe 琉璃河 site (Beijing), 29n3, 32n12, 35n21,

37–38, 39n33, 64n3Longan 龍安 (of Qing), 318–21Longcheng 龍城, 132, 232, 235–37, 236n20long-distance trade, 285, 287–89; and Puyŏ,

293Longgang mountain range 龙岗岭, 355

Kossinna, Gustaf, 281Koumohan 寇莫汗, 160, 160n63Kubu 丘夫 (Koguryŏ king, Sosurim 小獸林王

[r. 371–84]), 248, 248n58Kumoxi 庫莫奚 polity, 239Kŭmwa 金蛙 (legendary Puyŏ king), 21, 170, 176Kŭnch’ogo 近肖古王 (Paekche king [trad. r. 346–

74]), 264, 264n110, 274, 276–77, 276n156Kungnae 國內城 (Koguryŏ capital), 242n40, 337Ku Samguksa 舊三國史, 168, 172n93Kut’ae 仇台 (Paekche founder), 267–69, 274Kwanggaet’o 廣開土王 (Koguryŏ king [r. 391–

413]), 168–69, 178, 240–45, 275Kwanggaet’o stele. See King Kwanggaet’o steleKye Yŏn-su 桂延壽 (1864–1920), 21

lacquer, 108lacquerware, 121–23, pl. 14Lafa River 拉法河, 209, 213, 213n67Lalin River 拉林河, 186n14, 219, 219n79Lamadong 喇嘛洞 cemetery (Beipiao County),

131, 161n69, 276n155; analysis of skeletal mate-rial from, 143n66; bronze faces from, 132, 205, 205n53, 207n56, pl. 20; described, 131–34; ethnic attribution of, 132–34

Lan Han 蘭汗 (Later Yan minister), 237, 237n26Laodaolu 老道炉 walled site (Dongliao County),

223, 224–25Laoheshen 老河深 cemetery site (Yushu County),

82, 105–6, 109–11, 124, 138n70, 150n31, 177n109, 194–95, 276n155, 293, 293n40; compared with Lamadong burials, 132, 134; compared with Maoershan burials, 117–23 passim, 136; com-pared with Shiyi burials, 130, 135; description of, 108–16; distribution of burial goods at, 136–38, 290; ethnic attribution of burials at, 114–17n20; horse pits at, 185; Mohe burials at, 150–51

Later Yan 後燕 state (384–409), 234–37, 234n12, 237n26, 246

Later Zhao 後趙 state (319–51), 163n75, 232, 232n2Ledyard, Gari, 275, 275n154legitimacy, political, 14–15, 166–67, 259, 279–80,

298–306 passim; and history writing, 5–6, 19; stemming from Puyŏ, 1–2, 22–23, 172, 178–80, 249, 257

Lelang Commandery 樂浪郡, 45, 50, 57, 143, 147n16, 156, 266, 269n127, 275n154; establish-ment and reorganization of, 46n55, 49, 142; Koguryŏ conquest of, 38n32, 163–64, 275; under Former Yan, 38n32, 163n72; under the Gongsun regime, 152, 267n123; weakening of, 145, 175, 265

i n d e x 391

metallurgy, iron, 47, 99, 139, 187Miaohoushan 庙后山 culture. See Machengzi

culturemigration, in origin myth, 178n109, 184, 194,

227n90, 264, 278, 280, 295–97, 305Mikami Tsugio 三上次男 (1907–87), 69, 117,

198n37military organization of Puyŏ, 135–36, 194, 219, 289mirrors, bronze: Chinese, 106, 111–12, 114, 116, 121,

123, 130, 207, 292, pl. 6; northeastern style, 65, 65n8, 78, 95

Misongni 美松里 culture, 89n57Mo (Maek) 貉, 31–34, 32n15, 35n21Modun 冒頓 (Xiongnu leader), 48–51, 141Moduru 牟頭婁 (Koguryŏ official), 244–45; tomb

inscription, 168, 170, 244–45, 247Mohe 靺鞨 people, 13, 16, 19n32, 243, 249–63

passim, 310n2; archaeological culture, 81, 108, 250–51, 250n67, 251n70; missions to Northern Wei, 252. See also Sumo Mohe

Mokchŏ 木底城 (Koguryŏ fortress), 247n53, 342Mongch’on-t’osŏng 夢村土城 walled site (Seoul),

265n114, 276n156Mongols, 15, 20, 309, 314–15, 318–19, 321n33mounted warfare, in Puyŏ, 12, 112, 136, 185, 192–

94, 226, 289–90, 293n40Mudan River 牡丹江, 36, 153, 186n14, 213, 257, 259,

293, 350, 355Muhyul 無恤 (Koguryŏ king [trad. r. 18–44 ce]),

170, 174–75, 174n99. See also Churyu; TaemuMurong Bao 慕容寶 (355–98), 234, 236–37, 237n24Murong Chui 慕容垂 (326–96), 232–37, 238n27Murong De 慕容德 (336–405), 237, 238n27Murong Huang 慕容皝 (297–348), 163–67, 178,

231–33, 237n24, 240, 247Murong Hui 慕容廆 (269–333), 160–67, 163n72,

237Murong Hui 慕容會 (373–97), 237Murong Jun 慕容軍, 165Murong Jün 慕容儁, 232Murong Ke 慕容恪, 165, 232Murong Nong 慕容農, 235–36, 238n27, 272Murong Ping 慕容評, 233, 233n7Murong Ren 慕容仁, 163Murong Sheng 慕容盛 (373–401), 237n26, 246n53Murong Wei 慕容暐, 232Murong Xianbei 慕容鮮卑, 131, 160–67, 238, 301–

3; attack on Puyŏ in 346, 165–66, 178, 231, 240; invasion of Puyŏ in 285, 12–13, 131–34, 161–62, 242; and the Lamadong cemetery, 131–34; and Puyŏ elites, 232–38; relations with Koguryŏ, 163–64, 246–48

Longshoushan 龙首山 site (Liaoyuan County), 83, 86, 129n50

Longtanshan 龙潭山 walled site (Jilin City), 117, 118, 121, 202–8 passim, 345, 246, 332; as site of Koguryŏ’s Puyŏ-sŏng, 256, 335, 336–46

Longtoushan 龙头山 site (Dongfeng County), 83, 85

long wall, of Koguryŏ. See Puyŏ-sŏng (Koguryŏ fortress), and Koguryŏ long wall

long walls, Chinese: of Han, 146, 186; of Yan, 43– 44, 44, 47n57, 51–52, 54–57; of Zhao, 43

Longzhou 龍州 (Liao prefecture), 326–27, 327n49. See also Huanglongfu

Lower Capital of Yan, 53, 56–58, 104n5, 107Lower Xiajiadian 夏家店下层 culture, 29, 29n6,

35n21, 63–64, 66, 94n60, 99n71Lower Xinle 新乐 culture, 224n85Lu Wan 盧綰 (256–194 bce), 47–48Luan River 滦河, 31, 272Lunheng 論衡 (Doctrines evaluated), 26, 182Luoyang 洛陽, 147–49, 159, 234, 239Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋 (Annals of Lü Buwei), 33Lüshun Museum, 203, 203n49, 204, 205, 205n50,

pl. 30

Machengzi 马城子 culture, 66–67, 84, 92, 92n58Maeguru 買溝婁, 156, 162. See also Northern

OkchŏMahan 馬韓 polity, 267, 271, 271n139, 273–75Majiagou 马家沟 walled site (Dongliao County),

222–25, 223, 224Mak-chu 鄚州 (of Makkal-bu), 258Makhil-bu. See Makkal-buMakkal-bu 鄚頡府 (Parhae superior prefecture),

258, 258n92, 315n21, 355n17Malgal (Mohe), in Samguk sagi, 275n154Malinowski, Bronislaw, 298–300Manpanhan 滿潘汗, 45, 45n48, 57Manshū rekishi chiri 滿洲歷史地理 (Historical

geography of Manchuria), 328Manzhou yuanliu kao 滿洲源流考 (Studies on

Manchu origins), 315, 316n22, 325n46Maoershan 帽儿山 cemetery (Jilin City), 80,

94n60, 105–6, 134, 136, 193–95, 200, 203, 227, 332; bronze faces from, 133, 204, 205–7; 206, pls. 30–31; description of, 117–23

Marquis of Yan 匽侯, 28–29, 64n3marriage practice, of Puyŏ, 191, 195Matsui Hitoshi 松井等 (1877–1937), 328–29Mayŏ 麻余 (Puyŏ king), 154, 157, 188Menggu youmu ji 蒙古游牧記 (Record of nomad

life in Mongolia), 320, 321nn33–34

392 i n d e x

Paekche 伯濟國 (polity of Mahan), 267, 271, 271n139, 273–74

Paekche Annals 百濟本紀, 264–66, 268n125, 269–70, 269n129, 275n154

Paekche 百濟 kingdom (trad. 18 bce–660), 10, 14; conflated with Puyŏ, 272–73; foundation myths of, 265–67; historiography, 14n8; and Liaoxi, 270–74; location of, 165, 271–72; and Puyŏ surname, 236, 272–74; putative connec-tion with Puyŏ, 13, 264–77

Paekko 伯固 (Koguryŏ king [trad. r. 165–79]), 150–51

P’ae River 浿水. See Pei RiverPang Tongshan 龐同善 (Tang commander), 342Panhan District 番汗縣 (Liaodong Command-

ery), 45, 45n48, 45n49, 56Paotaishan 炮台山 (Jilin City), 203Paotaishan 炮台山 types, 83, 85Paoziyan Beigang 泡子沿北岗 site (Jiaohe

County), 210, 212Paoziyan 泡子沿 culture, 102–35 passim, 212,

224n85; definition of, 104; distribution of, 104; pottery of, 104, 105. See also post-Xituanshan culture

Paoziyan Qianshan 泡子沿前山 site (Jilin City), 98n68, 104, 105; description of, 107–8

Parhae 渤海 (Ch. Bohai) kingdom (698–926), 16, 18, 183–84, 347–56; claims of Puyŏ succession, 259, 263, 278, 303; destruction of, 259–61, 349–50; establishment of, 239, 257–58; Puyŏ as a prefecture under, 243, 257–58; relations with Japan, 259; removal of populations of, 261, 322–26, 330n58; restoration movements, 262–63, 303, 352–53n11. See also Puyŏ-bu

peasantry, of Puyŏ, 189–90, 189n19, 232Pei Songzhi 裴松之 (372–451), 42, 182Pei River 浿水, 48, 48n59; associated with the

Taedong River, 266, 266n118, 268pigs: bone ornaments, 74; domestication, 98, 187,

194; figurines, 98; as food, 99; mandibles in burials, 71, 79, 98; in Puyŏ funerary ritual, 98, 99n71, 135; in Puyŏ myth, 182, 184; teeth in burials, 71, 74, 87, 98n68

Pingguo 平郭 (Liaodong Commandery), 163Pingyang cemetery 平洋墓葬 (Tailai County),

99n71Pingzhou 平州, 163–64, 163n72, 270Piryu 沸流 (Paekche progenitor), 265–69, 274–76Piryu River 沸流水, 171, 171n89, 176plaques: bronze, 106, 112, 114, 114n20, 130; gold,

121

Muyu Gen 慕輿根, 165myth, 279, 298–99; divine origin in, 229, 296–

97, 303; egg birth in, 183, 296; function of, 23, 297–304; political power of, 301–4; read- ing as history, 9, 26, 297. See also foundation myth

Na Ch’ŏl 羅喆 (1863–1916), 21Naghachu 納哈出 (Mongol rebel), 319, 321n33Namso Fortress 南蘇城, 164–65, 164n77, 246n53,

342Nanchengzi 南城子 walled site (Jilin City), 118,

198n39, 199–202, 207–8, pls. 22–26Nanjing 南京 (Yuan myriarchy), 315, 315n18Nan Qishu 南齊書 (History of Southern Qi), 271,

271n137Nanshan 南山 site (Jilin City), 117, 118, 121–22,

195, 203nationalism, 5, 20, 283nationalist history, 3, 19–21nationality (modern concept, 民族), 19–21National Museum of Korea, 17n22, 205, 205n51,

276n155Nen River 嫩江, 2, 11n6, 240net sinkers, 84, 93, 97, 98, 107, 127new religion, 16–22, 304Ningguta 寧古塔, 36, 312n6, 313Niuchengzi gucheng 牛城子古城 walled site

(Siping City), 331n63Nok-san 鹿山 (Puyŏ capital), 133, 165, 329–33Nongan 農安 (Jilin Province), 69, 124; archaeol-

ogy of, 334; pagoda of, 318–19, 321, 321n35, 334; as site of Huanglongfu, 262, 315–20; as site of Puyŏ capital, 318–22, 330; walled remains at, 322, 331n63

Nonni River. See Nen River“Northern Complex,” 29, 30n7, 54n75, 63, 67Northern Okchŏ, 156, 161–62, 169, 232, 242–43,

275, 315n18, 316. See also OkchŏNorthern Puyŏ 北扶餘, 21, 168–69, 178, 239–47

passim, 241nn35–36, 265–66, 299n50, 313; iden-tification of, 241

Northern Qi 北齊 state (550–77), 238n28, 239, 252

Northern Yan 北燕 state (409–36), 237n24, 246, 302

Okchŏ 沃沮, 49, 156, 185, 188n17, 194, 316n22, 324–25. See also Northern Okchŏ

Onjo 溫祚 (Paekche progenitor), 265–69, 274–77 passim, 275n154, 277n157

i n d e x 393

Qin Kai 秦開 (Yan general), 43, 45, 51, 57Qinghua site 庆华遗址 (Bin County), 184n8Qingyuan 清原 walled sites. See hilltop forts,

at QingyuanQin 秦 state / empire (ninth century bce–206 bce),

47–48, 51–52, 61, 220, 222; occupation of Liao-dong, 47

Qiqi Zhongxiang 乞乞仲象, 257–58, 258nn90–91Qisi Biyu 乞四比羽, 257, 258n90Qi 齊 state (ca. 1045 bce–221 bce), 47Qiujiatai 邱家台 site (Tieling County), 57, 57n87Quan Liao bei kao 全遼備考 (Comprehensive

reference for Liaodong), 312, 320Quan Liao zhi 全遼志 (Complete gazetteer of

Liaodong), 319, 319n26, 321, 321n34

radiocarbon dates, 80–81, 104, 119, 250n67, 251ranks and titles, of Puyŏ, 12, 154, 157n50, 189,

189n18regicide, practiced in Puyŏ, 157–58, 192Rhee, Song Nai, 287–88ritual practice, of Puyŏ, 12, 185, 191–93, 293Rong 戎, 30–31, 40n39. See also Shanrong;

BeirongRuo River 弱水, 186, 309, 320; general meaning

of term, 186n14

Sabi 泗批 (Paekche capital), 274sables (and pelts), 187–88, 190, 291n37saddle frames, 133–34, 134n65Samguk sagi 三國史記 (History of the Three

Kingdoms), 6, 8–9, 9n9, 270, 272, 297; sources for, 167–68, 173n93

Samguk yusa 三國遺事 (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms), 8, 15n12, 25, 171, 182n4

Samhan 三韓 (Three Han) polities, 4, 19n32, 20Sandaohao 三道壕 site (Liaoyang County),

57n85, 106, 106n13Sandaoling 三道岭 site (Jilin City), 203, 208Sangbu 相夫 (Koguryŏ king, Pongsang 烽上王

[r. 292–300]), 277n158Sanguozhi 三國志 (Record of the Three King-

doms), 25, 42, 140, 154–62 passim, 178, 185, 309–10, 320

Sanwan Guard 三萬衛 (of Ming), 310, 313, 319, 321

Saodagou 骚达沟 site (Jilin City), 71–76, 72, 73, 77, 78, 92, 95–96, 290; hilltop tomb at, 73, 75n27, 76–78, 94, 96, 290

Sayu 斯由 (Koguryŏ king, Kogugwŏn 故國原王 [r. 331–71]), 163–64, 164n76

plaster: coffin frames, 94; coffins sealed with, 119–20, 122

polygamy, practiced in Puyŏ, 195post-Xituanshan culture, 69, 101–25 passim,

195, 201–22 passim; burials of, 120, 136–37; definition of, 101–2; description of, 135–38; distribution of, 104, 123; excavations, 102, 103, 106–25; pottery of, 111–12, 112, 135–36, 291; regional variations of, 123–25. See also Liangquan culture; Paoziyan culture

Price, Barbara, 287Pu-ju 扶州 (of Puyŏ-bu), 258, 350n5Pullae 不耐, kings of, 188n17P’ungnap-t’osŏng 風納土城 walled site (Seoul),

265n114, 276n156, 277n158Put’ae 夫台 (Puyŏ king), 149Puxian Wannu 蒲鮮萬奴 (?–1233), 314–15, 315n18Puyŏ: as a dependency of Koguryŏ, 178, 244–49;

ethnicity, 19–21; fall of, 164–67; foundation myth, 26, 181–85; frontier defenses of, 226– 29; historical sketch of, 11–13; in Koguryŏ his-tory, 167–79; location of, 11–12, 225; relations with Chinese regimes, 142–67; relations with Yilou, 153–55, 213, 293; ritual practices of, 191–93; social organization of, 188–91; state forma-tion of, 289–94; studies of, 2–4, 10, 15–22

Puyŏ 扶餘, as a surname: in Paekche, 13, 236n22, 272–74, 277; in Puyŏ, 235–36, 236n22, 238n27, 272

Puyŏ-bu 扶餘府 (Parhae superior prefecture), 257n89, 258–62, 307–38 passim; Khitan con-quest of, 260, 323; location of, 347–56

Puyŏ Fortress 扶餘城, 254. See also Puyŏ-sŏng (Koguryŏ fortress)

Puyŏ-Mohe, 354. See also Fuyu MohePuyŏ-sŏng 扶餘城 (Koguryŏ fortress), 246, 259,

309, 319, 328–29, 335–45; and Koguryŏ long wall, 337–38, 339, 341, 343–44; location of, 331, 336–46; and Sumo Mohe, 254–56, 336–38, 343–44; Tang conquest of, 318, 337–38, 341–43; Puyŏ- sŏng 扶餘城 (Parhae fortress), 259–61, 260n97, 320, 323, 327, 327n49

Puyŏ spirit, in Koguryŏ state cult, 172, 249P’yŏngwŏn 平原王 (Koguryŏ king [r. 559–90]),

253, 253n71P’yŏngyang 平壤 (Koguryŏ capital), 15, 249,

324n43, 337

Qiao Xuan 橋玄 (Han commander [109–89]), 150Qielu District 且慮縣 (Liaoxi Commandery), 53,

54n73

394 i n d e x

Silla kingdom, 8, 188n17, 192n26, 271, 324n43; alliance with Tang, 243–44; historiographical tradition stemming from, 3, 15–19, 304n59, 306; inclusive historiography under, 14–19, 14n9, 303–4; mythology of, 296, 302–3; warfare with Koguryŏ, 249, 251

silver ornaments, 105, 112, 121–22, 190, pl. 11Sima Qian 司馬遷 (ca. 145–86 bce), 29, 29n4,

39, 46Sima Yi 司馬懿 (179–251), 154, 160Simiancheng 四面城 walled site (Changtu

County), 317, 318, 328–29, 331, 334Sin Ch’ae-ho 申采浩 (1880–1936), 19–21Sindan minsa 神壇民史, 21Sin-sŏng 新城, 163–64, 163n74, 164n77, 245n46,

246n53, 337, 340–43Siping 四平 (Jilin Province), 50, 85, 262, 327, 331–

35, 331n63Sira Mören 西拉沐沦 (Ch. Xilamulun) River,

29, 30, 41, 44, 50, 257n89, 322slender bronze dagger 細形銅劍, 68n14Smith, Anthony D., 283, 298, 300social complexity, 96, 98–99, 135–36, 144, 283–95

passim; and state formation, 22–23, 135, 279, 285–87

Social Darwinism, 19social evolution theory, 284–86social stratification, 12, 23, 67, 76–87 passim, 94,

96, 99, 136, 227, 229, 285–99 passimSŏkch’on-dong 石村洞 cemetery (Seoul), 265n114,

276, 276n156Songhua River 松花江, 2, 11, 11n6, 70, 80, 186–87,

203, 240Songjiang Township 松江乡, Jiaohe, 210, 211–13Songjiangshan 松江山 walled site (Jiutai

County), 218Songmo Area Command 松漠都督府, 257,

257n89Songshi 宋史 (History of Song), 262–63Songshu 宋書 (History of Song), 270, 270n132,

272–73Sŏn-ju 仙州 (of Puyŏ-bu), 258Soushenji 搜神記 (Records of searches for spirits),

182Southern Capital 南京 (of Liao), 261n98Southern Capital 南京 (of Parhae), 316, 324–25,

324n43, 325nn45–46Southern Qi 南齊 state (479–502), 270n132, 271South Manchuria Railway Company, 328soybeans, 98, 98n69, 194spindle whorls, 74, 77, 79–80, 87, 93, 98, 107, 122,

201n43

seals, Chinese, 52n70, 143; related to Puyŏ, 147, 159, 159n58, 188, 188n17, 194, 262, 262n103

secondary state formation, 286–89; and Puyŏ, 294–306 passim

Sejungni-Lianhuapu culture 細竹里–蓮花堡 文化, 68n14

Service, Elman, 284–86Shabayingzi 沙巴营子 walled site (Naiman

Banner), 106, 106n13Shangdang 上黨, 233, 233n8Shanggu Commandery 上谷郡, 44, 49, 145Shanghewan 上河湾 walled sites. See hilltop

forts (at Shanghewan)Shang 商 kingdom (ca. 1600 bce–1045 bce), 15,

28–29, 34, 37–38, 63, 183n6, 302; Zhou conquest of, 28n2, 34–35, 37, 39

Shangshu dazhuan 尚書大傳 (Great commentary of the Book of Documents), 39

Shanhaiguan 山海关, 31, 40–41, 64, 161n66, 232n2, 235, 272

Shanrong 山戎 (Mountain Rong), 30–31, 32n13, 34, 38–39, 54

Shengjing tongzhi 盛京通志 (Comprehensive gaz-etteer of Shengjing), 198n39, 310, 312–13, 319

Shi Hu 石虎 (Later Zhao leader [295–349]), 163n75

Shiertaiyingzi 十二台营子 site (Chaoyang County), 65–67, 79–80, 94, 95n64

Shiji 史記 (Records of the historian), 29, 29n4, 34n19, 39, 43, 46–47, 141–42

Shijing 詩經 (Book of odes), 32, 183Shilashan 石砬山 site (Jiutai County), 124,

124n39Shilazi 石砬子 type, 83, 85–86, 125, 127Shiratori Kurakichi 白鳥庫吉 (1865–1942), 16,

247–48, 247n55, 274, 328Shiwei 室韋, 239, 256, 256n87Shiyangling 石羊岭 walled site (Shanghewan

Township), 215, 216–17, 217n72Shiyi 石驿 cemetery (Dongliao County), 130,

130n55, 135, 226Shoku Nihongi 續日本紀 (Continued records

of Japan), 259Shomu 神龜天皇 (Japanese ruler [r. 724–49]),

259Shuangchengzi 双城子 walled site (Dehui

County), 350–51Shuanglazi 双砬子 walled site (Qingyuan

County), 220Shujing 書經 (Book of documents), 35Shunshantun 顺山屯 culture, 66–67, 92silk, 122, 122n33, 187, pl. 17

i n d e x 395

Taiping huanyu ji 太平寰宇記 (Gazetteer of the world during the Taiping period), 254, 270, 336

Taizi River 太子河 (Liaoning Province), 47n56, 84, 173n95

Taizong 太宗 (Liao emperor). See YaoguTaizong 太宗 (Tang emperor [r. 626–49]), 337Taizu 太祖 (Liao emperor). See AbaojiT’angni 橐離 polity, 26, 89n56, 182–84, 184n8, 296Tan’gun 檀君 (mythical progenitor), 15–21 passim,

15n12, 184, 304, 304n59Tanshihuai 檀石槐 (136–81), 149–51, 150n26,

150n31, 219n78textiles, 79, 98, 98n70, 122, 187Three Kingdoms: historical concept, 14–15, 14n9;

period of Korean history, 23, 244Tianjiatuozi 田家坨子 type, 124Tieli 鐵驪 polity, 263, 352n11tile ends: of Han, 207; of Parhae, 348, 351n10; of

Yan, 56Tongdian 通典 (Encyclopaedic history of institu-

tions), 270–71, 273Tongmyŏng 東明 (Puyŏ progenitor), 26, 182–83,

265n117, 267, 296; as founder of Paekche, 265–67, 268n125

“Tongmyŏng Wang p’yŏn” 東明王篇 (Essay on King Tongmyŏng), 168–69, 172, 172n93

Tongren 同仁 site (Suibin County), 250n67Tongsa kangmok 東史綱目 (Annotated account

of Korean history), 268n125, 313Tongzhou 通州 (Liao prefecture), 262, 262n106,

318–22 passim, 326–33, 335; association with Puyŏ-bu, 329–30; location of, 318, 327, 331, 331n63; as site of Puyŏ capital, 312, 316, 327

trade, 63–64, 69, 80, 136–37, 187–88; with Han, 123, 137–39, 197, 207, 292; in state formation, 230, 285–89, 292, 294–95; with Wuhuan, 139; with Xianbei, 114, 138–39, 293; with Yan, 137, 224–25, 291, 291n37, 295

tribalization, 287tripodal vessels, 66–67, 84–85, 87–88, 91, 92n58,

104, 127–28, 217Tuchengzi 土城子 site (Jilin City), 72, 76, 92, 102,

104, 208–9, 208n60Tuchengzi 土城子 walled site (Jilin City), 208–9,

208n60Tudiji 突地稽 (Sumo Mohe chief ), 253–58, 336–

37, 343Tuhe 屠何, 31, 31n9, 53n72; town of 徒河, 40n40,

53, 53n72Tumen River 图们江: and Ch’aeksŏng, 242–43;

and Eastern Puyŏ, 232, 240, 242, 346n17; and Northern Okchŏ, 156, 162, 169

state, definition of, 22–23, 285. See also secondary state formation; state formation theory

statecraft, language of, 166, 247–48, 297, 301–5state formation theory, 284–86stirrups: from Lamadong, 133; from Maoershan,

122stone-cist burials, 67, 67n13, 87, 124; of Liang-

quan culture, 130; of Wanghua culture, 86–88; of Xituanshan culture, 71, 75, 76, 92, 94, 136. See also capstone burials

stone-piled tombs, 177n109, 206n54, 276, 276n156style, in archaeology, 282Su Qin 蘇秦 (380–284 bce), 39, 42subsistence, 80–81, 84, 98–99, 135, 209Suifen River 绥芬河, 315Suishu 隋書 (History of Sui), 250, 252n71, 267–69,

268n125Sumicheng 苏密城 walled site (Huadian

County), 347–49, 349, 351, 351n8, 355Sumo Mohe 粟末靺鞨, 251, 251n70, 253–59, 278,

336, 338, 341, 343–44, 354; archaeological remains of, 343. See also Mohe people

Sun Aocao 孫敖曹 (Khitan leader), 255–57Sun Wanrong 孫萬榮 (Khitan leader), 257, 257n89Suoligou 索离沟 site (Bin County), 184n8Supreme Capital 上京 (of Liao), 323, 324n41Supreme Capital 上京 (of Parhae), 323n37, 323n39,

330n58, 334, 347, 348n1, 349–50Supuyan 蘇僕延 (Wuhuan leader), 154n44Sushen 肅慎, 31, 35–37, 69, 70, 141n1; nationality,

20; as reference to Yilou, 36n27, 37, 160, 160n61, 186n14, 249

Susŏng 遂成 (Koguryŏ king [trad. r. 146–65]), 149, 149n21

Suzi River 苏子河, 87, 164, 220; beacon towers on, 142, 146–48, 146–47n15, 186, 222; as the Namso River, 164n77; and route to Kungnae, 337, 340–44

swords, 105, 111–14, 113, 130, 130n56, 132, 188, 276n155, 293, pl. 18

Tae Choyŏng 大祚榮 (Parhae king [?–719]), 257–58, 258nn90–91

Taedong River 大同江, 266, 266n118, 324n43Taejong-gyo 大倧敎 religion, 21, 21n39, 304Taemu 大武神王 (Koguryŏ king [trad. r. 18–

44 ce]), 172. See also Churyu, MuhyulTaeryŏng River 大寧江, 56–57, 56n79, 56n81Taeso 帶素 (legendary Puyŏ king), 21, 170, 172–76Taesŏng-dong 大成洞 cemetery (Kimhae City),

276n155Taijitun 台集屯 site (Huludao City), 52, 53, 66

396 i n d e x

Weifang 围坊 culture, 29n6Weihu mountain range 威虎岭, 213, 355Weilüe 魏略 (Brief history of Wei), 42–44, 57, 182,

185n12, 192n27Weishu 魏書 (History of Wei), 170, 172n92,

177n107, 178, 238–50 passimWeiyingzi 魏营子 culture, 29, 35n21, 63–64, 63n2Wen 燕文侯 (Marquis of Yan [r. 362–333 bce]),

39, 42Wen 文帝 (Sui emperor [r. 581–604]), 253–55Wigŏ 位居 (nephew of Puyŏ Ox ka), 154, 154n43,

156–58, 157n50, 185, 187n15, 189Wigung 位宮 (Koguryŏ king [r. 227–48]), 156,

267n124Wigut’ae 尉仇台 (Puyŏ crown prince), 147–49Wigut’ae 尉仇台 (Puyŏ king), 152, 152n36, 154;

and Paekche origins, 267–68, 167n124n, 269, 271, 274. See also Kut’ae

Willow Palisade, 214, 215, 219, 310–19 passim, 344

Wiman 衛滿. See Wei Manwood-coffin burials, 94n60, 192–93; at Lama-

dong, 131–32; at Laoheshen, 108, 111, 132; at Maoershan, 117–23; of post–Xituanshan cul-ture, 105, 136; of Xituanshan culture, 94

Wu 武王 (Zhou king), 28, 34–43 passimWu Xuanming 烏玄明 (Dingan king), 262Wu Zhaodu 烏昭度 (Wure leader), 263Wuhuan 烏桓 / 烏丸, 49–51, 50, 130n54, 139, 141–

42, 145–46, 149, 154n44, 262n103Wuji 勿吉, 239–41, 245, 249–52, 257Wujiazi 五家子 walled site (Gongzhuling

County), 351, 352, 352–53n11, 353, 355Wujing zongyao 武經總要 (Essentials of the mil-

itary classics), 259Wujintang 乌金塘 site (Huludao City), 65–67, 80Wulacheng 乌拉城 walled site (Wulajie Town-

ship), 351, 353–55, 354Wulajie 乌拉街, 72, 80–81, 106, 251, 259, 261, 335,

343, 346; and Jurchen Ula kingdom, 80–81, 251n70; as site of Puyŏ-bu, 347–55

Wuling 武靈王 (king of Zhao [r. 325–299 bce]), 42n42, 43

Wunü Mountain 五女山 (Huanren County), 171Wurecheng 兀惹城, 262–63, 262n106, 327, 352n11Wusugu 烏素固 Shiwei, 256, 256n87Wuzhong 無終, 31, 31n9

Xi 喜王 (king of Yan [r. 255–222 bce]), 47Xiadu 下都. See Lower Capital of YanXiajiadian 夏家店 culture. See Lower Xiajiadian

culture; Upper Xiajiadian culture

Tuoba 拓跋 Xianbei, 237–38, 247Tuoli 橐離 polity. See T’angni polity

Ŭira 依羅 (Puyŏ king), 162Ŭiro 依慮 (Puyŏ king), 157–58, 158n52, 161–62Ŭlbul 乙弗 (Koguryŏ king, Mich’ŏn 美川王

[r. 300–331]), 163–64, 164n76, 246, 277n158Ungjin 熊津 (Paekche capital), 274Unyang-dong 雲陽洞 cemetery (Kimp’o City),

276n155Upper Xiajiadian 夏家店上层 culture, 29, 35n21,

54, 54n74, 64, 66–67, 94n60, 95, 293n40Upper Xinle 新乐 culture, 66–67, 83, 86, 88, 92,

92n58Ut’ae 優台 (Paekche progenitor), 265–66, 268–

69, 268n126

Viscount of Ji. See Jizi

walled sites, of Puyŏ, 195–226Wang Chong 王充 (27–ca. 100 ce), 26, 182Wang Mang 王莽 (r. 9–23 ce), 173–74, 173nn94–

95, 191n25; relations with Puyŏ, 142–45Wang Mianhou 王綿厚, 53n72, 57n85, 338–40,

339n6Wang Qi 王頎 (Xuantu governor), 156–58,

157n50, 185, 193Wangbabozi 王八脖子 site (Liuhe County),

176n106Wanghua 望花 culture, 66–67, 82–88, 83, 99n71,

125–28, 224, 224n85, 226, 226n88, 295; pottery of, 84

Wangjianglou 望江楼 cemetery (Huanren County), 177n109

Wangjiatuozi 王家坨子 site (Dehui County), 124Wangping District 望平縣 (Liaodong Command-

ery), 57n87, 145, 145n12, 159n56Wanyan Loushi 完顏婁室 (1077–1130), 312, 312n5,

319–20Wanyan Jurchens, 297, 297n46warfare, 137, 193; between Puyŏ and Koguryŏ,

172–77; mounted, 12, 67, 112, 135–36, 185, 187, 193–94; and ritual, 192, 293; in state formation, 285, 288–89, 295

Wei Man 衛滿, 10n4, 45n48, 48, 48n60Wei 魏 empire (220–65), 12, 36, 155n45; conquest

of Gongsun regime, 152, 154; description of Puyŏ, 26, 178, 185–95, 202, 229, 296; diplomacy with Puyŏ, 154–58; expeditions to the east, 26, 156, 160, 185, 234n11, 242n43, 246; relations with Puyŏ, 156–58; and Yilou, 36n27, 153n39, 159–60

i n d e x 397

ganization of, 49, 142, 144; frontier towers of, 146–47, 146–47n15; function of, 146–47, 155, 158–59; and Koguryŏ, 142–44, 147–49, 173n95, 235–36, 246, 272; Koguryŏ conquest of, 163n72; location of, 171–72, 292, 309, 309n1, 313n9, 316n22; and Puyŏ, 149–51, 185–86, 197, 274n149; and Puyŏ fortifications, 220, 222, 226; weaken-ing of, 173–75, 177

Xue Rengui 薛仁貴 (Tang commander [614–83]), 337–38, 341–42, 344

Xuegu Dongshan 学古东山 site (Wulajie Town-ship), 72, 81, 102, 104–5, 104n5, 106–7, 117

Yan Po 燕頗, rebellion of, 262–63, 262n106, 326–29, 332

Yan-Bo 燕亳, 35, 35n21Yangmaek 梁貊, 173n95, 174, 174n96Yangtun Dahaimeng 杨屯大海猛 site. See Dahai-

meng siteYanshan 燕山 mountain range, 29, 30, 40, 41, 63,

236n20Yan 燕 state (ca. 1045 bce–222 bce), 28–61, 30,

41; archaeology of, 51–61; burials, 40, 40n38; capital location, 29n3; long wall, 43–44, 44, 51, 54, 56, 58, 58n89; relations with Chosŏn, 42; territorial expansion of, 41–51

Yantielun 鹽鐵論 (Salt and iron debates), 45Yaogu 堯骨 (Khitan ruler), 261, 261n98, 323Ye 鄴 (Anyang), 232–35, 232n4, 233n8Yelu Helibi 耶律曷里必 (Liao commander), 262,

262n106, 327Ye-sŏng 濊城 (Puyŏ capital), 190, 194, 202Yeweng Pass 蠮螉塞, 235, 236n20Yi Chong-hwi 李種徽 (1731–98), 19n33Yi Kyu-bo 李奎報 (1168–1241), 168–69, 172–73,

172n93Yi Pyŏng-do 李丙燾 (1896–1989), 11n5, 16, 242n38,

266, 268n125, 268n127, 269Yilou 挹婁, 20, 36–37, 36n24, 37n27, 156–66 pas-

sim, 185–86, 194, 213, 227, 230, 244, 249, 251, 273, 293; as subject to Puyŏ, 36, 139, 153, 213; rebellion, 153–55, 153n39, 158, 162. See also Sushen, as reference to Yilou

Yimiancheng 一面城 walled site (Siping City), 331–32, 331n63

Yingyang Commandery 滎陽郡, 234, 234n11Yingzhou Route 營州道 (of Parhae), 259n93, 348–

50, 355Yinma River 饮马河, 78, 218n75, 229n91, 312n5,

321n33Yitong River 一统河, 176, 176n106, 312n5, 321,

321n33, 352n11

Xianbei 鮮卑, 12–13, 20, 50–51, 138–39, 145–57 passim, 219, 309; alliance with Koguryŏ, 148–55, 167; confederation under Kebineng, 153; confederation under Tanshihuai, 149–51; rela-tions with Puyŏ, 101–2, 114, 138–39, 150–51. See also Duan Xianbei; Murong Xianbei; Tuoba Xianbei; Yuwen Xianbei

Xiangping 襄平, 44, 47n56, 57, 57n84, 57n85, 159Xiangping 纕坪 spade coins, 57–58, 57n84, 59Xi’anping District 西安平縣 (Liaodong Com-

mandery), 156, 156n48Xiaochengzi 小城子 walled site (Shulan County),

218, 218n77, pls. 36–37Xiaohuangdi 小荒地 site, 52, 54n73Xiaoling River 小凌河, 35n21, 63Xiaoxishan 小西山 site (Panshi County), 82, 92,

94Xiejiajie 谢家街 type, 83, 85–86, 125, 127Xifeng 西丰, as site of Koguryŏ Puyŏ-sŏng,

338–43Xigaima District 西蓋馬縣 (Xuantu Command-

ery), 159n56, 173, 173n95Xihuangshantun 西荒山屯 site (Huadian County),

82, 125Xingjiadian 邢家店 site (Nongan County), 124,

124n39Xingxingshao 星星哨 site (Yongji County), 78–

80, 79, 89–99 passim, 90, 92, 212Xinjie 新街 walled site (Jiaohe County), 209–11,

210Xinlun 新論 (New discussions), 182Xintaizi 新台子 (Tieling County), 57–58,

159n56Xin Tangshu 新唐書 (New history of Tang),

238n28, 239, 257–58, 258nn90–91, 329n55, 337, 347n1, 355

Xiongnu 匈奴, 41, 48, 51, 62, 106, 114, 130n54, 141–46, 149; burials, 94; confederation, 137, 145; and Puyŏ, 142, 191; warfare with Han, 137

Xishan 西山 site (Jilin City), 117, 118, 122, 203Xituanshan 西团山 culture, 61, 184–85, 201, 280,

290; bronzes of, 94–96; burials of, 92–94; description of, 69–82; developmental phases of, 94–98; distribution of, 69, 70; dwellings, 71, 77–78, 81, 84, 96–98, 97; ethnic attribution of, 69–70, 283; excavations, 70–80; pottery of, 89, 90, 91; related sites peripheral to, 82; tomb typology, 92–93

Xituanshan 西团山 site (Jilin City), 71, 72, 73, 92Xuantu Commandery 玄菟郡, 46, 50, 61, 137, 142–

64 passim, 173–77, 179, 192, 288, 316, 320; dis-tricts of, 159n56, 173; establishment and reor-

398 i n d e x

Yuhwa 柳花 (mother of Chumong), 170Yuri 類利 (Koguryŏ king [trad. r. 19 bce–18 ce]),

170, 173–74, 174n99Yuryu 儒留 (Koguryŏ king), 170, 265. See also

YuriYuwen 宇文 Xianbei, 161, 163n75, 165, 273Yuyang Commandery 漁陽郡, 44, 145

Zhai Rong 祭肜 (Liaodong governor [?–73 ce]), 145–46

Zhangguangcai mountain range 张广才岭, 213, 355

Zhangjiagou 张家沟 walled site (Qingyuan), 220Zhangjiayuan 张家园 culture, 29n6, 63Zhanguoce 戰國策 (Records of the Warring

States), 39, 42Zhao 昭王 (king of Yan [r. 312–278 bce]), 43Zhao Wenhui 趙文翽 (Yingzhou governor), 257Zhao 趙 state (453–222 bce), 42–43, 47, 48n60, 49,

176n106Zhenfan Commandery 真番郡, 46n55, 49, 142Zhengjiawazi 郑家洼子 cemetery (Shenyang),

65, 67, 94n60Zhen 振 state. See Chin stateZhongshan 中山 state, 43Zhoushu 周書 (History of Zhou), 170n86, 172,

267–69, 269n130Zhou 周 state (1045 bce–256 bce), 15, 28–43, 47Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑑 (Comprehensive mirror

for aid in government), 140, 165, 233, 236–37, 273, 329, 341–42

Zuozhuan 左傳 (Zuo’s tradition), 32n13, 35Zuzhou 祖州 (Liao prefecture), 261–62, 261n101

Yiwulu Mountains 醫巫閭山, 52, 54, 61, 64, 65, 66–68, 142

Yi Zhoushu 逸周書 (Remaining Zhou docu-ments), 33, 41n41, 141n1

Yŏ Am 餘巖, 235–38Yŏ Ch’i 餘熾, 238n27Yŏ Ch’o 餘超, 238n27Yŏ Hwa 餘和, 238n27Yŏ Sung 餘崇, 236–37, 238n27Yŏ Sung 餘嵩, 237n23Yŏ Ul 餘蔚, 233–34; as former king of Puyŏ,

234n10, 236–37, 238n27, 276Yŏ Ul 餘鬱, 238n27Yŏmmo 冉牟 (Koguryŏ governor of Puyŏ),

244–45Yŏn Kaesomun 淵蓋蘇文 (603–66), 337, 342n12,

344Yŏn Namgŏn 淵男建, 337, 342Yŏn Namsaeng 淵男生 (634–79), 337, 342yŏnggo 迎鼓 ceremony, 191, 191n23, 191n25Yongling 永陵 (Liaoning Province): burials at,

83, 87; site of Xuantu Commandery, 49, 142–47 passim

Yŏngyang 嬰陽王 (Koguryŏ king [r. 590–618]), 253n75, 254

Yŏnu 延優 (Koguryŏ king, Sansang 山上王 [r. 197–227]), 191n22

Youbeiping Commandery 右北平郡, 44, 51–52, 52n68, 145, 263n109

Yu Huan 魚豢, 42, 185n12Yuan empire (1271–1368), 263n109, 307, 310, 314–

16, 334Yugi 留記 (Remnant records), 14n8, 247, 247n54