Ingés Técnico Petrolero - Julio César Llópiz.pdf

7/30/2019 Ings Tcnico Petrolero - Julio Csar Llpiz.pdf

1/82

MANUALDE EJERCICIOS

PARA CURSO DE

INGLS CON FINESESPECFICOS

A Glance to thePetroleum Industry

(a course for intermediate level students)

AUTORES: Lic. Julio Csar Llpiz PachecoLic. Mayra Lpez GutirrezLic. Amircal Salermo Llanes

Lic. Nieves Crdenas VargasLic. Mayralina Trespando Rams

ASESOR TCNICO: Ing. Rolando Fernndez Garrido


2/82

2

Unit 1 Introduction Getting to know Oil

1- CONVERSATION

Listen to the following dialogue between two people who meet in anairport. Answer the questions below.

Tony: Excuse me. Is this the right gate to board Flight 308 to Canada?Susie: Yes, it is. But, dont rush, we still have time.Tony: Thanks SusieSusie My name is Susie.

Tony: Nice to meet you, Susie. Im Tony.Susie: My pleasure.Tony: Do you live in Canada?Susie: Yes, I do.Tony: Were you here on vacation?Susie: No. I was on a business trip. I work for Sherrit Oil Company.Tony: Really! I work for PDVSA.Susie: Oh, are you from Venezuela?Tony: No, I am not. I grew up there, but I was born in Cuba.

Your English doesnt sound like your first language either.Were you born in Canada?

Susie: No, I wasnt. I was born in Portugal, but I moved to Canada when I was 15.

Tony: And when did you start working for Sherrit?Susie: I started six years ago, right after I graduated as a geologist. I specialized in

Petrology. Did you study something related to the oil industry, too?Tony: No, I didnt. I studied English Language Teaching and now I teach English to

PDVSA workers.Susie: Are you going to do some work in Canada?Tony: No, I am not. I won this trip there because I was the best worker of the year

in my company in 2007.Susie: Oh, good for you! Congratulations!Tony: Thanks, Susie.

Questions:

1. What are their names?2. Where are they from?3. Why was she traveling?4. Where does Susie work?5. How about Tony?6. How long has she worked for Sherrit?7. What does she do there?8. Does he work as a researcher, too?9. What does he do?

10.Is he going to Canada for business?


3/82

3

2- SPARK

A- Read the following concept and answer the questions below.

Whats Petroleum?

The word Petroleumcomes from Latinpetra, which means rockand from Greekoleum, which means oil.It is also called crude oil, a naturally occurring oily, bituminous liquid composed ofvarious organic chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of Earthand is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry. Modern

industrial societies use it primarily to achieve a degree of mobilityon land, at sea,and in the airthat was barely imaginable less than 100 years ago. In addition,petroleum and its derivatives are used in the manufacture of medicines andfertilizers, foodstuffs, plastics, building materials, paints, and cloth and to generateelectricity.

1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation. Encarta Encyclopaedia.

a) What type of element petroleum is?b) Is there much petroleum inside the Earth?c) Which is one of the main uses of petroleum today?d) What other uses of petroleum do they refer to in the text?

e) Can you mention other uses?

3- ACTION

Complete the following text with the verbs in the box.

collect can work reduce drill use produce process are talk analyzecollects cant works reduces drills uses produces processes is talks analyzes

My name is Patrick Roth. I am a geologist. I _______ for the petroleumindustry in an Iranian oil field. Our company __________ several wells in thatarea. It is a big company that ___________ a great amount of oil everyday. I

__________ geological data, ___________ rock samples and ___________ them inmy microscope. My co-workers are Iranian, but they _______ to me in Englishbecause I _______ speak Persian. We all _________ our protection means atwork because they help to _________ risks. It ______ a very nice job.

A- Make a similar presentation of yourself and share it with yourclassmates.


4/82

4- OIL LINGO

Watch CUPETs presentation and complete the following statementswith the words from the list.

risk, exploration-production, rock, pipelines, limestone, reservoirs, derrick,oil fields, enterprises, facilities, refinery, headquarters, offshore, tuff, casing,state budget, companies.

a. The place where oil is processed is called a ______________.b. The tubes used to transport oil are called ______________.c. The area with the most _____________ in Cuba is the Western Oil

and Gas Enterprise.d. CUPETs _____________ lead the work of several ______________.e. The stage of investigation and extraction of petroleum is called

_________________.

f. Between 1960 and 1990, oil exploration in Cuba was made with the____________.

g. Cuba currently keeps exploration contracts with foreign ___________based on ___________.

h. Sta. Maria, Cantel and Camarioca are among the Cuban serpentine_____________.

i. Jatibonico and Catalina are two of the _____________ reservoirs ofthe island.

j. Most of the oil fields in Cuba are _____________ reservoirs.k. The search for petroleum in the sea is called _____________

exploration.

5- READING

Read the following article and then say if the statements below themare true (T) or false (F). Notice the Key Discoveries at the end.

History of the Oil and Gas Industries

i. Since the earliest recorded history there have been accountsof crude oil and natural gas seeping to the earth's surfaceii. Oil was used to caulk boats and buildings, grease wheels and

dress wounds of animals and people - but was rarely used asfuel because of the foul smelling fumes

iii. Better-quality crude oil seeps provided lamp fuel in someparts of the middle east

iv. Natural gas fed the celebrated "perpetual tires" at Delphi inGreece, Baku on the Caspian Sea and other mystical sites inthe ancient world

v. In the 3rd century AD, Chinese people transported gas in

bamboo to light temples. They also gas heat to extract saltfrom brine.


5/82

5

vi. Coal gasification was invented by a Flemish chemist in 1609.Coal gas first lit the streets of London, England in 1807.

vii. Discoveries of oil and gas became more common in the 18thand 19th centuries as people dug deeper wells in search ofwater

viii. "Rock oil" or petroleum was once a popular patent medicinein Canada and the United States

ix. Safer natural gas was first used for street lighting as early as1821 when it was piped through hollow logs to Fredonia, NewYork

x. However. natural gas was not widely used until the end of the19th century when better drilling techniques and less leakypipes were developed

xi. The demand for better lighting led directly to the firstwidespread use of crude oil. By the 1850s, the best availablelamp oil was selling for US$2.50 per gallon ($0.66 per liter)

xii. ColonelEdwin Drake found a practical way to produce largequantities of oil when he used a cable-tool drilling rig to tapan oil reservoir at Oil City, Pennsylvania in 1859

xiii. By that time oil was already being produced from hand dugwells in Canada and Eastern Europe, but Drake's drilled wellunleashed the first "oil boom". It is often sited as thebeginning of the modem oil era.

xiv. Initial development around the world over the next fourdecadesfocused on the making and selling oil kerosene for lighting

xv. The development of the internal combustion engine late in the19th century transformed society and changed the nature ofthe oil and gas industry.

xvi. The diesel engine, invented In 1892, became popular forindustrial machinery and ships in the early 1900s

xvii. In 1911, Winston Churchill made a crucial decision to switchBritains Imperial Navy from coal to oil

xviii. The First World War, 1914-1918, established oil as a keystrategic commodity. Horses and trains gave way to tanks,trucks, airplanes, motorcycles and automobiles -all poweredby gasoline.

xix. Oil also played a dominant role in the Second World War- armies in North Africa, Europe and the Soviet Union werecrippled when their oil supplies were interrupted

- lack of oil helped end the dominance of the Japanese Navy inthe Pacific

- fuel shortages weakened German forces near the conclusion ofthe war

- the first large petrochemical plants during the war to producesynthetic rubber


6/82

6

Key Discoveries

1859 Colonel Drake drills first well at Titusville Baku1873 Oil opened to development1885 Royal Dutch discovers oil in Sumatra1901 Gusher at Spindletop in Texas1922 Los Barroso discovery in Venezuela

Discovery of oil in Bahrain1932 Oil discovered in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia1938 Oil discovered in Algeria and Nigeria Groningen1956 Gas field discovered in Netherlands Zelten field1959 Discovered in Libya1968 Oil discovered on Alaska's North Slope1969 Oil discovered in the North Sea

a) ____ There are thousands of years of crude oil evidences over the face

of the earth.b) ____ Oil has many uses in everydays life.c) ____ Chinese people used the bamboo to light temples.d) ____ Coal gas was first used in 1807 to light English streets.e) ____ Three centuries ago it was common to find oil and gas while

searching for water.f) ____ Petroleum is the only name this resource has in English.g) ____ Petroleum was once used as medicine in some parts of the world.h) ____ Natural gas was very used at the end of the 19th century.i) ____ The beginning of modern oil era started in the 18th century.

j) ____ The internal combustion engine contributed to the development ofthe oil and gas industry.

k) ____ The British Imperial Navy used coal after 1911.l) ____ Tanks, trucks, airplanes, motorcycles and automobiles all

powered by gasoline substituted horses and trains.m) ____ Oil was still about to be discovered during the 2nd World War.n) ____ Synthetic rubber was produced during the 2nd World War.

6- PERSONAL DATA

Suppose you are taking a course with a foreign teacher who onlyspeaks English. The first day, the teacher wants to know all aboutyou. Introduce yourselves and give personal information.

____ Name _____ Family____ Age _____ Address____ Marital status _____ Interests, hobbies

____ Education and qualifications _____ Course expectation


7/82

7

7- PROFESSIONAL DEGREES

One of the issues to take into account while introducing in a professional situation, isyour education and qualifications. Match the degrees with their correspondingabbreviations.

1-Doctor of Philosophy MD2-Master of Education MA3-Bachelor of Medicine BSc4-Doctor of' Medicine PhD5-Master of Arts Med6-Master of Letters ChB7 -Bachelor of Surgery MB8-Bachelor of Science MLitt

1- Figure out the degrees corresponding to the following abbreviations. Makesentences with each of them. The Useful Expressions below may help you.

Note: These abbreviations may be written with or without full stops.

a) Blitt ___________________ b) Mphil ___________________c) BA ____________________ d) BEd _____________________ f) MBA ___________________ e) BPhil ____________________

Useful expressions

I have a Bed degree in Englishor Im a Bed in English

I have been engaged in TOEFLIm a senior professor atI also serve as and Im in charge of

8- FILL IN

Team work

Read the following Positions Openads and complete the formbelow for each of the companies:

But, first: Whats Positions Open?

Positions Open(unboxed) listings are $1.50 per word with a minimum of 20words. Boxed advertisements are 100 per column inch. Payment must bereceived prior to publication. A 10 % discount is given for three or moreconsecutive insertion of the same ad. Ads with a code number for responses arean additional $10.


8/82

8

COMPLETIONS MANAGER

Terra-Tek, a world leader in large-scale laboratory drilling, completions testingand research, is seeking an oil industry professional to manage its completions-related activity. Requires MS (PhD preferred) in Petroleum. Civil or MechanicalEngineering with 8-10 years research and operations experience in wellcompletions and simulation technologies. Duties include interacting withindustry and government clients to develop testing and research programs,managing large-scale laboratory completions and simulations experiments, andanalyzing, interpreting, and presenting data to our clients. Competitive salaryand benefits package. FAX (801.584.2406) or send rsums to Jean Jensen.TerraTek, Inc., 400 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108. Equal OpportunityEmployer.

SENIOR APPLICATION ENGINEER

Company involved in design and manufacture of compressors and gas tur-bines seeks Senior Application Engineer to assist its Marketing Departmentin the developing Eastern European market.Position involves team approach in the selection and application of turboproducts meeting customers specifications and requirements and theintegration of turbo products with controls, instrumentation, electrical andprocess equipment to meet compression system requirements. Position alsoinvolves frequent interface with other departments of company, customercontact, interaction with outside engineering services, and frequent travel toformer C.I.S. and Eastern European countries. Will develop optimumrotating and associated station equipment selection and overall scope of

supply in determining customer requirements and specifications.Position requires Bachelor's degree in Mechanical or Aeronauticalengineering plus seven years of direct engineering experience in theoperation and marketing of turbines and compressors, which must haveinvolved work as a member of a team in connection with the selection andapplication of turbo products as well as experience in dealing directly withcustomers. Candidate must be able lo provide names of three referencesfrom previous employers who can attest to above experience. Salary $51,120to $76,860, depending on experience. Apply al Texas EmploymentCommission, Houston, Texas, or send rsum to Texas EmploymentCommission, TEC Building, Austin, TX 78778, J.O. #TX7504837. Ad paidby An Equa1 Opportunity Employer.

DIETSMANN

For its international worldwide contracts, Dietsmannwants to update itsdatabase for the following disciplines:

drilling petroleum, reservoir engineers drilling superintendents, toolpushers, base managers drillers, assistant drillers well services and well test supervisors drilling, completion and workover supervisors senior rig electricians and rig mechanics, rig maintenance engineers


9/82

9

All applicants preferably to have international experience.

Candidates should send a detailed rsum, accompanied by a passportsize photograph to:

DietsmannTechnologies (International Coordination Center)Noorderlaan 133,B2030 Antwerp, Belgium

DIRECTOR, PETROLEUM RECOVERY RESEARCH CENTER

New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center (PRRC), a Division of NewMexico Institute of Mining and Technology invites applications and nominationsfor the position of Director. The mission of the PRRC is to engage in theoreticaland practical research in the recovery of petroleum, to disseminate theknowledge acquired, and to assist others in their efforts to recover petroleum.

Activities include laboratory and field work devoted to improving recovery ofcrude oil and natural gas, enhanced oil recovery, reservoir characterization, andtechnology transfer. The staff consists of 33 full-time engineers, scientists,technicians, and support personnel, plus about 30 student employees.Candidates must have distinguished research records and internationalreputations in methods for improved oil recovery and must have strongadministrative and budgetary skills. The successful candidate will have aminimum of ten years experience in research and development of improvedmethods for oil recovery, inc1uding at least three years in management ofresearch projects, budgets and personnel, inc1uding scientists and engineers.Some oil and gas industrial experience is preferred, including experienceworking with government agencies.

Applicants must be eminent engineers or scientists with an advanced degree,PhD preferred, in engineering or physical science in an area related to theresearch mission of the PRRC. Strong interpersonal and communications skillsare essential. The position requires the ability to interact effectively with oil andgas producers and professional scientists and engineers, to develop goodworking relationships with industrial sponsors and government agencies, tostimulate productive research, and to provide leadership as to future researchdirections. The Director must have a demonstrated capacity to get researchproposals funded by oil and gas companies, and/or other agencies that fundresearch and development in improved oil recovery. Submit application materialto New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Human Resources, Wells Hall

Box C-020e. So. corro, NM 87801. AAEOE

PRODRILL ENGINEERING (UK)PARTS OF THE SMEDVIG GROUP

Drilling EngineersRig Supervisors

Overseas OpportunitiesBoth office and rigsite positions

Send rsum to:14641 Beechnut St., Suite 200 Houston, TX 77083


10/82

1

III Employment

- Name of the company: _______________________________________.

- The company specializes in: __________________________________.

- Positions offered: ____________________________________________.

- Requirements: ______________________________________________.

- Duties: _____________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________.

- Any other information: __________________________________________.

- This company is located in: _____________________________________.

9- WATCH AND SAY

Watch the following macromedia presentation and answer:

a) What activities does this company develop?b) What ministry does CUPET belong to?c) What other industries does this ministry represent?

d) How many refineries does CUPET have?e) What does the slate of products include?f) Whats the name of the place where investigations on petroleum are made in

Cuba?g) How would you call CUPETs main offices in English?h) Can you name some other of CUPETs enterprises?i) Look at the map and mention some of the oil facilities in Cuba and say where

they are located?j) Do you happen to know which ones currently produce more petroleum in our

country and which ones dont produce much or are not successful at all?Please, say.


11/82

11

10- GROUP WORK

Read the rsums of these candidates and decide which one would bethe best choice for the position of Director, Petroleum RecoveryResearch Center. Also, say why you think so.

1- Daniela Brown

Research Technologist

received a diploma in

Chemical Technology in

Canada.

has a lot of experience in

practical research in the

recovery of petroleum

has no teaching

experience

has 15 years experience

2- James Smith

Petroleum Engineer

received a BA SC, a MASc and a Ph, D

served as chairman of the

Calgary section and was

National Director for 5

years

has little teaching

experience but laboratory

and field work experience

in recovery of crude oil

with international

reputation

has strong interpersonal

and communication skills


3- Bill Hynes

Research Scientist

received a B. Sc, and a M.Sc, in India and a Ph D

and an MBA in Canada

began his teaching and

research career in 1967,

has authored over 50

publications and

presentations

He is currently on the

Board of Governors of the

Petroleum Society

has no budgetary skills


A- Which position is most attractive to you? Why?Work in pairs and discuss. The useful expressions below may helpyou.

Useful expressions

- I think the most convenient option would be, because- In my opinion, the best candidate is, because- I would choose, due to- The one with the greatest curriculum is, since- The person with the best conditions is, because- My choice would be, because..

11- ON YOUR OWN

If you were to apply for a job, what working experience data wouldyou supply? Do a rsum using the style of the ones above.


12/82

12

12- FILL IN

What follows is two styles of rsum, American and British, ofMarion Roberts, from the U.S.A., and Mary Phyllis Hunt, fromEngland. Fill in the CVs blank spaces with the following words.

CV American Style CV British Style

Experience Other interests

Education Education/Qualifications

References Employment to date

Languages Name

Objective Address

Personal Nationality

Other interests Marital Status

Date of Birth

Telephone

References

Curriculum Vitae - American Style

RSUM

Marion Roberts Date of birth: February 25, 2002-06

2633 High Av. Urbandale,

IA 5109

Tel: (319) 853-1212

Marital status: married, no children

I can currently be

contacted at:c/o Ed and Joan Grant

105 East 15 st Street, apto.

12

White Plains, NY 78893

Tel: (917) 743-3628

To obtain an elementary school teaching

position in the Westchester area, where I

will be living permanently


13/82

13

Education

1995 State of New York teaching certificate

1994-95 Masters in Education SUNY at Syracuse

1989-93 B.A. (cum laude)

Major: History, Minor: English Literature

University of Iowa

Teaching assistant SUNY at Syracuse

-Camp Counselor, Urbandale Youth Center

-I speak fluent Spanish and have good

command of French

I am a qualified ski instructor/ other

interests include swimming and playingtennis

Dr. J. Smith, Department of Education at

Syracuse

Syracuse, NY79923

Mrs. G.L. Brice

Director of Operations Urbandale Youth

CenterUrbandale, IA 51019

Curriculum Vitae-British Style

RSUM

Mary Phylis Hunt

16 Victoria Road Brixton

London SW 2 SHU

O181 677 9683

British

11 March 1965


14/82

1

Single

Education / Qualifications

1997-98 U. of Essex Business School

Postgraduate Diploma in Business

Management with German

1993-97 London School of Economics, Department

of Business Studies

BSc First Class honors in Business with

Economics Colchester

Grammar School for girls

7 O levels and 4 A levels German B

Employment to date1992- Deputy manager, Retail Outlets Division,

Delicatessen International, Riverside

House, 22 Charles St, London EC7X4JJ

Assistant Purchasing Officer, Delicatessen

International, 77 Rue Baudelaire, Paris,

France.

Trainee Manager, Sainsways Food Stores

PLC, Lincoln Arcade, Kent

Tennis and swimming

Judo brown belt

Wine tasting and vineyards

Dr: Margaret McIntosh, Director of

Studies, U. of Essex Business School,

Colchester CR3 5SA

Mr. J. Byers-Ellis Manager, Retail Outlets

Division Delicatessen International,

Riverside House, 22 Charles St. London

EC7X4JJ

(as present employer is not aware of this

application yet, please inform me before

contact him )

A- Do your own Curriculum Vitae using the style that the company youwant to work for demands. (TBHI)


15/82

15

B- PAIR WORK

Student A

Read Marion Roberts rsum again and do the exercises below.

a) Say if the following sentences are Right or Wrong

___ Marion Roberts lives in Iowa

____She is 29

____She is staying at Eds house in the state of New York

____She wants to teach children

____She went to college in different states

b) Be ready to express your opinions by answering the following questions.

1.-Do you think she has the necessary qualifications to be the teacher? Why orwhy not?

2.-How could her personal interests be useful for her job?

c) Now compare the answers to your questions with a partner and

determine the differences between both styles.

Student B:

Read Marys again CV and do the exercises below

a) Say if the following sentences are right or wrong

___ Mary went to college

___She was not a very good student in college

___She studied hard in Grammar School

___She has a good command of German

___She hasnt told her boss she is looking for a new job.

b) Be ready to express your opinion by answering the following questions:

-Do you think she has had too much leisure time in her life? Why or why

not?

-How do you like her?

c) Now compare the answers to your questions with your partner and

determine the differences between both styles.


16/82

16

13- SEEK

Read this article on Petroleum Formationand find the Englishequivalents for the following terms:

caliza, restos, sedimentos, amontonarse, crudo, limo, roca madre, arenisca,hundirse, descomposicin, precipitarse, elevarse, esquisto, lodo, cortezaterrestre, lago, fondo marino, superficie, enredado, rocas carbonatadas,organismos marinos, poros, reservorio, capa, fluir, densidad, depsitos,crecer, materia orgnica, arena, hacia arriba, cuenca, presin, pilago,denso.

PETROLEUM FORMATION

Petroleum is formed under the Earths surface by the decomposition of marineorganisms. The remains of tiny organisms that live in the seaand, to a lesserextent, those of land organisms that are carried down to the sea in rivers and ofplants that grow on the ocean bottomsare enmeshed with the fine sands and siltsthat settle to the bottom in quiet sea basins. Such deposits, which are rich inorganic materials, become the source rocks for the generation of crude oil. Theprocess began many millions of years ago with the development of abundant life,and it continues to this day. The sediments grow thicker and sink into the seafloorunder their own weight. As additional deposits pile up, the pressure on the onesbelow increases several thousand times, and the temperature rises by severalhundred degrees. The mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone; carbonateprecipitates and skeletal shells harden into limestone; and the remains of the deadorganisms are transformed into crude oil and natural gas.

Once the petroleum forms, it flows upward in Earths surface through a wellbecause it has a lower density than the brines that saturate the interstices of theshales, sands, and carbonate rocks that constitute the crust of Earth. The crude oiland natural gas rise into the microscopic pores of the coarser sediments lyingabove. Frequently, the rising material encounters an impermeable shale or denselayer of rock that prevents further migration; the oil has become trapped, and areservoir of petroleum is formed. A significant amount of the upward-migrating oil,however, does not encounter impermeable rock but instead flows out at the surfaceof Earth or onto the ocean floor. Surface deposits also include bituminous lakes andescaping natural gas.

A- Analyze the text and say if the following statements aretrue (T) or false (F). Justify the false ones.

____ Petroleum is formed on the surface of the Earth.____ It is formed by the decomposition of sea organisms.____ Seaweeds also contribute to the formation of petroleum.____ The process of oil formation started ten thousand years ago.____ The mud and sand solidify into limestone.____ Crude oil is formed from alive organisms.____ When petroleum is formed, it goes up to Earths outer layer.____ The Earths crust is constituted by carbonate rocks only.

____ Crude oil and natural gas are deposited in subterranean lakes.____ Some of the oil migrates onto the sea bottom.


17/82

17

a) Class activity:

Summarize in a few sentences what the reading Petroleum

Formationdeals with.

b) Assignments

Team 1: Translate paragraphs 1

Team 2: Translate paragraphs 2

c) Team Activity. Using the Another Way to Say Technique:

Team 1: Do your own version of paragraph 1.

Team 2: Do your own version of paragraph 2.

15- WATCH AND DO

Watch the following video and do the exercises below:

I. Answer the following questions about the text.- What is the listening about?- What began the creation of oil reservoirs?- What areas of the world does it mention?

II. Fill in the blanks.

The creation of an __________ begins with the movement of the ________ over____________. Todays North Sea reservoirs marked by the red dot were born whenthis push and pull of land formed a valley in the Equator. Over time, the valleymoved __________________, it was flooded to become a shallow ____, then became aswamp, later a ________ and then back ___________. When water flooded the ______it produced _________________ that would later ___________. The continents are stillmoving today and the valley that became the ____________ continues to subsidecollecting _________________ that, over the next ________________, may eventuallybecome oil.

III- Vocabulary.

Working with your classmates extract words related to oil formation.

IV- Write True (T) or False (F) as you listen. Correct the wrong statements.

__ Oil reservoirs started when the land formed a valley in the Northern part of theEarth.

__ Oil was formed due to organic matter.__ The continents are still moving.__ Over the next million years the organic material will become water.


18/82

18

V- Find in the listening:

a) A synonym ofstart: ________________

b) Two adjectives: ___________________

c) English equivalent ofpantano: _____________

d) A verb in present continuous: ______________

e) An adverb: _________________

d) An expression of time:____________________

e) English equivalent ofevitar(conjugated): __________________

f) A synonym ofwaterless: ___________________

VI- Answer the following questions in reference to the listening.

1. - Was todays North Sea reservoir formed due to the movement of continents?

2. - Was the movement of the lands an important point in forming oil reservoirs?Why?

3. - Can you explain in a simple form how the formation of oil took place?

4. - Whats happening nowadays?

VI.- Give your Spanish version of the paragraph.

16- BASIC DEFINITIONS

Find in the chart the definitions for the following terms:

Condensate Field OilSynthetic Crude Oil Raw Gas Oil SandsCrude Bitumen Pentanes Plus Crude OilNatural Gas Liquids Pool GasMarketable Gas Oil Sands Deposit

A mixture containing methane, other paraffinic hydrocarbons, nitrogen,

carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, helium and minor impurities, or

some of them, which is recovered or is recoverable at a well from an

underground reservoir and which is gaseous at the conditions under

which its volume is measured or estimated.

A naturally occurring viscous mixture, mainly of hydrocarbons heavier

than pentane, that may contain sulphur compounds and that, in itsnaturally occurring viscous state, will not flow to a well.


19/82

19

A mixture mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons that may be

contaminated with sulphur compounds, that is recovered or is

recoverable at a well from an underground reservoir and that is liquid at

the conditions under which its volume is measured or estimated, and

includes all other hydrocarbon mixtures so recovered or recoverable

except raw gas, condensate or crude bitumen;A natural reservoir containing or appearing to contain an accumulation

of oil sands separated or appearing to be separated from any other such

accumulation

A mixture mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons which

ordinarily may contain some butanes and which is obtained from the

processing of raw gas, condensate or crude oil

Condensate or crude oil, or a constituent of raw gas, condensate or crude

oil that is recovered in processing, that is liquid at the conditions under

which its volume is measured or estimated

A natural underground reservoir containing or appearing to contain an

accumulation of oil or gas or both separated or appearing to be separatedfrom any other such accumulation

A mixture mainly of methane originating from raw gas, if necessary

through the processing of the raw gas for the removal or partial removal

of some constituents, and which meets specifications for use as a

domestic, commercial or industrial fuel or as an industrial raw material

A mixture mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons that may be

contaminated with sulphur compounds, that is recovered or is

recoverable at a well from an underground reservoir and that may be

gaseous in its virgin reservoir state but is liquid at the conditions under

which its volume is measured or estimated

A mixture, mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons, that may

contain sulphur compounds, that is derived from crude bitumen and that

is liquid at the conditions under which its volume is measured or

estimated, and includes all other hydrocarbon mixtures so derived

(I) sands and other rock material s containing crude bitumen, and

(II) the crude bitumen contained in those sands and other rock materials

Propane, butanes or pentanes plus, or a combination of them, obtained

from the processing of raw gas or condensate

Raw gas or marketable gas or any constituent of raw gas, condensate,

crude bitumen or crude oil that is recovered in processing and that is

gaseous at the conditions under which its volume is measured or

estimated

(I) the general surface area or areas underlain or appearing to be

underlain by one or more pools, or

(II) the subsurface regions vertically beneath a surface area or areas

referred to in (I)

A- INDIVIDUAL WORK

Lets translate(Each student will translate a different definition from the chart)


20/82

2

B- GROUP WORK

Choose at least 3 terms from the chart and write a paragraph withthem.

17- WATCH AND DO


I. - Answer the following question after listening.

Is the video commenting about the formation of oil reservoirs according to theorganic theory or according to the inorganic theory? Expand your answer.What is the indispensable element for the matter in the settlement to become liquidhydrocarbon?


21/82

21

II. - Match the word with its definition.

a) Organism b) Algae c) Migrate d) Hydrocarbone) Shallow f) Plankton g) Settlement

___ A single living plant, animal, bacterium or virus___ Accumulation of any substance on a portion or surface___ Having only a short distance from the top to the bottom___ Very small plants and animals which float on the surface of the sea and

on which other sea animals feed___To move from one place to another___Very simple, usually small plants that grow in or near water and do not

have ordinary leaves of roots___ A chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon.

III.-Make sentences with the following words:

1. - reservoir

2. - hydrocarbons

3. - settlement

4. - oil

5. migration

IV. - Answer the following questions in reference to the listening.

1. - Which are the sources of oil?2. - Was the temperature important in the formation of oil reservoirs? Explain

V. - Give your Spanish version of the listening.

18- READING

Increasing recoverable reserves

Increasing recoverable reserves in the mature fields is not easy. In certain reservoir

(such as Bloque IV of the giant Bachaquero field in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela)horizontal wells can offer an effective method to increase recovery.In order to evaluate the potential for strategically placed horizontal wells to increaserecovery, Maraven S.A. Schlumberger teamed up to conduct a study in a pilot areaof the central part of the Bloque IV. Using wire line logs, cores, seismic data, fluidsamples and the combined production and pressure histories, the interdisciplinaryteam constructed a reservoir model which was used to identify regions that wouldyield additional recovery by redevelopment with horizontal wells.The team selected the location of the first horizontal well in the field, which wasdrilled following a novel approach involving 3-D geosteering techniques.The article focuses on the methodology followed by the geoscientists, their findings

and proposals to maximize oil recovery from the field.


22/82

22

I. - Answer the following questions.

1. - How can scientists increase recoverable reserves?2. - What tools do scientists use in their discoveries?3. - What do they choose?

4. - What techniques do they use?II. - Give your English version of these ideas in Spanish.

- En este tipo de yacimientos, los pozos horizontales pueden ofrecer una alternativavlida.

- El equipo seleccion la ubicacin del primer pozo horizontal en el campo.

III. - Find in the reading.

a). - pozos in English: __________________b). - reservoir in Spanish: ________________

c). - an opposite ofdecrease: ______________d). - recovery means: ____________________e). - muestras de fluido: __________________f). - seperfor: __________________g). - oil recovery: _________________

IV. - Translate the reading into Spanish.

19- WATCH AND DO


I. Answer these questions about the text.

- What is the listening about?- Do all the reservoirs have the same characteristics?- Which is the area called the land of giants? Why?- How old can a reservoir be?

II. - Write True (T) or False (F). Explain the false ones.

___ Not all reservoirs contain oil and gas.___ All the reservoirs have the same shape.

___ Oil and gas have been centralized in some parts of the world.

___ The reservoirs never excide a million year of age.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________


23/82

23

III. List the words/phrases that describe reservoirs geologically speaking.

IV. Find equivalents in the listening for:

- huge potential- parts of the world- important volumes- significant volumes- shallow

V. Write the following sentences in a different way.

a) We have reservoirs that are perhaps one million years oldb) Some may be very skinny reservoirsc) All of these different characters of reservoirs have vital amounts of oil and

gas that we want to produce

20 - READING

Read and make a summary (in teams).

We know now that reservoirs can be very complex, fragmented pieces and blocks orpermeable rock, all of which have enormous potential for containing oil and gas.Some may be very skinny reservoirs, some may be flat like pancakes, some may befragmented. All of these different characters of reservoirs have vital amounts of oiland gas that we want to produce.

There are some areas of the world where oil and/or gas have been centralized,

accumulated. The Middle East, perhaps, can be called the land of the giants whereoil fields can be eighty kilometers long, the reservoir body could be a thousandmeters thick and with all of that, fields of oil these are significant volumes of worldreserves.

We have reservoirs that are shallow as a thousand feet and we have reservoirs inTexas that are down at 30 000 feet. We have reservoirs that are perhaps one millionyears old and others that are exciding six hundred million years of age so that avariety of rocks and history, properties, internal character takes place.

21 - WATCH AND DOWatch the following video and do the exercises below:

I. Answer the following questions.

- What is the listening about?- What elements related with reservoirs/geology are mentioned (key words)?

II. Find in the listening the English words for:

- arcilla- capa- arenisca


24/82

2

III. - Answer the following questions in reference to the listening.

- When does the North Sea reservoir start its life?- What rocks are parts of oil formation?- Is today the search for oil focussing on better understanding of the

formation of it? Explain.

IV. - Fill in the blanks.

There are ____________________________________. This one, in the North Sea,____________________________when the water was shallow. As sea water________________ it left a layer of ______________ shown in white.________________, the sea floor sank and an organic rich shale, here in olivegreen, was deposited over the salt. This shale became __________________,next, sand stone that would become the oil reservoir, here in lighter green ontop of the shale was laid down. As the salt again aroused the earthspressuring heat ___________________ producing _______________________ into

the sand stone. Later, the salt mushroomed into a dome trapping oil and thesand stone under the flanks of salt. Meanwhile, as the salt squeezedupwards, ______________________ was trapped beneath the pillow of salt thatbroke off. Today, the search for oil is focusing ______________________ of theseand _______________________________________.

V. - Find this sentence in the reading.

- A travs del tiempo, el fondo marino se hundi y un esquisto rico en capasorgnicas, en la parte verde olivo, se deposit encima de la sal.

VI. - Give your English version of this sentence.En estos momentos, la bsqueda de petrleo esta centrada en una mejorcomprensin de esta y otras estructuras para entrampar petrleo.

VII. - Vocabulary. Class activity.

Find words (5 at least) related with reservoirs (in teams). Make sentences usingeach of them.

22- READING

Read this text and do the exercises below:

The Earth looks weird below the surface. How can geologists fill in this picture usingremote sensing from the surface? There are several kinds of remote sensing. Eachworks by extending the eyes of the geoscientists into the earth. Surveys ofanomalies and gravity can reveal rock bodies that may trap oil. Similar maps ofmagnetic anomalies, like this one of Alaska, taken from an airplane can also revealoil traps. Likewise, shallow structures can be discerned with ground penetratingradar. But perhaps the most powerful tool is the seismic survey, which uses echoesto map rock layers as far down as four miles. These surveys peek the big picture but

miss the details. Still, these techniques generally find structures that may containoil; they usually dont detect oil directly.


25/82

25

I. Say if the following statements about the reading are true or false,

___ The reading is about geology.___ The reading is about remote control systems.___ The surveys are used for detecting oil traps.___ The examples given are about the Gulf of Mexico.___ There is one kind of survey.

II. List the words related to geology and geology techniques.

III. Find in the reading the words that match with the followingdefinitions,

_________ An examination of opinions, behaviour etc., made by asking peoplequestions.

_________ Thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement withsomething else and therefore not satisfactory.

_________ The force which attracts any object of any mass towards any otherobject of any mass._________ To see, recognize or understand (something that is not clear)._________ A system which uses radio waves to find the position of objects

which cannot be seen._________ Related to earthquakes; technique used to the study the rocks and

similar substances that make up the Earth's surface, esp. in orderto understand its structure, origin, etc.

_________ A level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, which is differentfrom the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance.

IV. Find the equivalent in Spanish to the words in exercise III.

V. Extract from the reading:

- Four regular verbs. Write their past form.- Two modal auxiliary verbs.- Three adverbs.- One sentence in passive voice

23- SUMMING UP

I- Make a summary, of no less than 5 sentences, where you talk about themost important topics you have learned in this unit.


26/82

26

Unit 2 Exploring, drilling, producing

1- SPARK

Drilling Crew

In your opinion:

- Which are the two top positions in an oil rigs crew?- Who is the company representatives right hand?- What do mechanics do in an oil rig?


27/82

27

2- OIL LINGO

Drilling Rig Schematic

1. accumulator

2. A-frame

3. air compresor

4. annular (bag)

preventer

5. annulus

6. base

7. bell nipple

8. BOP control

9. bit (drill)

10. bradenhead11. burning pit

12. casing-hanger spool

13. cathead

14. cat line

15. catwalk

16. cellar

17. centrifuge

18. chemical barrel

19. choke line

20. choke manifold

21. choke manifoldcontrol

22. compound

23. conductor casing

24. crown block

25. cyclone desander

desilter

26. dead line

27. degasser

28. discharge line

29. doghouse

30. drawworks

31. drill collars

32. drillers console

33. drilling line

34. drillpipe

35. drill tool storage

(junk box)

36. dynamatic or

hydromatic

37. elevators

38. engines

39. fast line

40. fill-up line

41. flow line

42. fuel line

43. fuel tank

44. generating unit (light

plant)

45. gin pole

46. hoisting line

47. hook

48. intermediate casing49. Kelly

50. Kelly bushing

51. Kelly (rotary) hose

52. kill line

53. ladder

54. line guide

55. mast

56. mast lifting line

57. mixing (mud) pit

58. monkey board

59. mousehole60. mud

61. mud-gas separator

(gas buster)

62. mud gun (submerged)

63. mud gun (surface)

64. mud hopper

65. mud line

66. mud logging unit

67. mud (paddle) mixer

68. mud-mixing plant

69. oil and grease storage

70. pipe rack (floor)

71. pipe racks

72. pressure (mud) gauge

73. preventer control

lines

74. preventer (BOP) ram

type

75. production casing

76. pump drive

77. pump, mud mixing

78. pumps, mud

79. ram wheel

80. ramp

81. rathole

82. reserve drilling line

83. reserve (mud) pit

84. rotary drive

85. rotary (table)

86. safety (Gernimo)

line

87. sand settling (mud)pit

88. shale pit

89. shale pit jet

90. shale shaker

91. stairs

92. stand pipe

93. storage, bulk barite

94. storage, liquid mud

95. storage, mud

additives

96. substructure97. substructure, pony

98. suction lines

99. suction (mud) pit

100. surface casing

101. swivel

102. swivel (spring)

103. tong,

counterweight

104. tong, lead

(breakout)

105. tong, makeup

106. tool house

107. traveling block

108. trip tank

109. walkway

110. water, storage

111. water table

112. weight indicator

113. BOP and casing


28/82

28


29/82

29

I- Match the parts in column A with the system they belong to (B). Find thenames of three more parts of each system.

A

___ mud line___ doghouse___ swivel___ tool house___ dead line___ drill collars___ choke line___ fuel line___ flow line___ stand pipe___ suction lines___ mouse hole

___ ram wheel

Team Work

B

1. Hoisting system2. Rotary system3. Drilling string4. Circulating system

II- Say what each of these systems does in the drilling process.

III- Choose one part of each system and give a brief explanation oftheirfunction.

IV- Say the names in English of each of the parts indicated in thefollowing picture:


30/82

30

3- WATCH AND SAY

I. - Listen carefully and be ready to answer the followingquestions.1. Does the listening describe the operators job at the refinery?2. Does the listening describe the operators job at the oil well?3. What specifically is the listening about? What does it describe?

II.- Answer the following question:1).- Can you mention the problems the operator faces?2).- What would it happen if the drilling fluid worked?3).- Is the drilling fluid going to widen the drilling time? Why?4).- What would happen if the well is completed?

III.- Find the English equivalent of,

- Surgencia a pozo abierto o Reventn- Tubera trabada- Tubera de perforacin- Equipo de Perforacin- Fluido de Perforacin

IV. - Find in the listening,- Sentences in future tense and write in what other form you could

say it. Then translate both sentences.- Extract four adjectives and four nouns.


31/82

31

- A comparative form.- Extract a conditional sentence.- A non-defining relative clause

4- TRUE OR FALSE

Say if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

____ Drilling is the process of collecting crude oil after it is in exploitation.____ Recovery can be classified in: primary, enhanced, secondary andtertiary.

____ Primary recovery is the hardest one to obtain oil and gas.____ The molecular structure of petroleum is formed by carbon andhydrogen.

____ The content of sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen and some other metals incrude oil

is a positive element.____ The different types of crude oil produce the same derivates.____ Cement is an unnecessary element for drilling a well.____ Offshore drilling is that one done in the ocean.____ We havent been able to do horizontal drilling in Cuba yet.

5- WATCH AND SAY

I. - Answer:1). - Whats the listening about?2). - In what way do specialists drill as soon as possible?3). - What do they prepare the mud for?4). - What do you understand by an unproductive rock?

II.- Fill in the blanks.I tend to think of it in _______________________, the first is to drill from thesurface down to _________________________ where essentially you are drillingunproductive rough and in that you want to drill _______________ possibleand in the most efficient way possible. Then, you want to drill through the

reservoir and theres much importance that you are able ___________________afterwards. So you want to tailor your fluid to minimize the damage whileyou are drilling the reservoir.

III.- In the listening extract:a).- English equivalent of yacimiento.

b). - A verbal phrase that expresses an ability to produce a reservoir.

c). - An opposite of maximize.

d). - To tailor is.

IV. Find in the listening,


32/82

32

- A superlative phrase.- A comparative phrase.- An adverb of time.- A present continuous sentence.- Four adjectives.- Four nouns.- Write the noun of the following adjectives,

Important____Efficient _____Productive____

6- READING

The stages of drilling

Wells are normally drilled in stages, starting with a surface hole drilled to reacha depth anywhere from 400 to 600 meters, depending on final well depth andarea conditions. The crew then pulls out the drill string and inserts steel pipe,called surface casing, which is cemented in place, to keep the wall from cavingin. It controls the return flow of mud and other fluids encountered during drillingand also prevent contamination of groundwater. The beginning of the actualdrilling, which takes place after the surface hole is drilled, is called spudding in.

After setting surface casing and installing the blowout preventers (BOPs), thecrew resumes drilling. A probe for shallow gas or heavy oil in eastern Alberta orSaskatchewan may require only two or three days to drill 450 metres throughsoft shales and sandstone to the target depth. However, a rig may work eightmonths or longer to penetrate 4,500 metres or more through hard, complex rocksin the foothills of the Rockies.

When the bit needs to be replaced because of wear or changing rock strata, thecrew has to pull out the entire string, unscrewing sections of pipe in single,double or triple sections, depending on the height of the derrick, and stackingthem upright in the derrick. Then, they have to put the whole string back into thehole again, with the new bit in place. This process, which can be very laboriousand time-consuming for a deep hole, is called tripping. Major improvements inthe durability of bits and the formulation of drilling fluids since the 1980s havegreatly reduced the number of trips required to drill a well. Many shallow wellstoday are drilled without a bit change.

If the string breaks or gets stuck in the hole, a specialist is called in to help thecrew go fishing with special tools. No one wants to lose an expensive bit andbottom-hole assembly, but the blocked hole is the real problem. As a last resort,the crew drills a curved section called a sidetrack to bypass the debris.

After reading the text carefully, do the following activities.

I. Answer these questions,1. What is the reading about?

2. Say the stages of drilling mentioned in the reading.3. What is the range of depth reached when drilling a surface hole?


33/82

33

4. What is the name of the steel pipe cemented in the hole?5. What are the functions of the casing?6. What must be installed before restarting drilling?7. What does the crew have to do for changing the bit?8. What would be the reasons for changing the bit?9. What is tripping?10.What has reduced the number of trips in the present drilling

process?11.What does go fishing refer to in last paragraph?

II. Find the equivalents in Spanish for,

- depth- surface hole- pull out- drill string

- steel pipe- flow of mud- soft shales- sandstones- rock strata- time-consuming- get stuck- to bypass

III. Match the words with their definitions.

a) groundwater___ Group of people whowork on and operate a ship,an aircraft, a spacecraft,etc.

b) crew ___ That has only a short distance from the top to thebottom.

c) resume ___ The amount or type of use that something has over a periodof time

d) shallow ___ The process of fitting different parts together of amachine, device, or object

e) wear (noun) ___ Pieces from something that has been destroyed or pieces ofrubbish or unwanted materialwhich are strewn around

f) assembly ___ Water that is found underthe ground. Groundwater hasusually passed down throughthe soil and become trapped byrocks

g) debris ___ Something that takes a lot of

time and efforth) laborious ___ To begin again or restart an


34/82

34

activity

IV. Find in the reading,

- One non-defining subordinate sentence- One conditional sentence- Five nouns functioning as adjectives- Two sentences in passive voice. Write both in active voice

if possible.- Two irregular and four regular verbs

V. Write sentences with the following words/phrases,

- time-consuming (adj)- As a last resort- Debris

- resume

VI. Translate the last two paragraphs into Spanish.

7- FINDING TERMS

I- Match the definitions with the following words or expressions:

a) derrick b)drilling pipes c)key horizons d)mud tanks e)

chemicals

f) rock g)cap rock h)bed of shale limestone i)well-casing j)

nozzles

k)blow out preventers l)core m)rock-bit n)drill stem|string o)

marker bed

p)cuttings q)drilling mud|fluid r)hoisting system s)tripping t)

hook

u)rotary table v)Kelly w)swivel y)travelling block z)well-head

fittings

____ a framework or tower over a deep drill hole for supporting boring tackleor

for hosting and lowering.____ the string of tools that are used to drill a well, the Kelly, drill pipe, drillcollars,

stabilizers and drilling bit.____ rock chips or fragments resulting from the drilling that are brought up tothe

surface in the circulating drilling mud.

____ the equipment used to maintain surface control of a well.____ a steel pipe used in wells to seal the borehole from formation fluids andto


35/82

35

reinforce the walls of the borehole.____ a device joining two parts (as in a chain) so that one or both can pivotfreely.____ a heavy steel member, four or six-sided, suspended from the swivelthrough

the rotary table and connected to the topmost joint of drill pipe to turnthe drill

stem as the rotary table turns.____ piping designed to become the walls of the well. It may be fully orpartially

cemented.____ a fluid circulated inside the wall during operations with special

characteristics (during rotary drilling and workover operations) to keepit clean and under control.

____ a mineral or mineral compound which forms an essential part of theearths

crust.

____ a narrow piece attached to the end of a tube so that the fluid (oil) thatcomes

out can be directed in a particular way____ an arrangement of pulleys and wire rope or chain used for lifting heavy

objects; or a winch or similar device.

8- DEFINITIONS: DRILLING

Terms

Surface Casing Cuttings Exploratory WellBlowout Preventer Casing AcidizingDrawworks Drill Pipe Kelly Kick Development Well Drillstem TestLogs Tripping Spudding InCore Fish Blowout

Definitions

A type of pipe that is used for encasing a smaller diametercarrier pipe for installation in a wellThe first and sturdiest joint of the drill string in conventionalrotary drilling rigs; thick-walled, hollow steel forging with fourflat sides that fits into a square hole in the rotary table.A well drilled in or adjacent to a proven part of a pool tooptimize petroleum production.The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig which spools off ortakes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drillstring and bit.A well drilled both in search of a new and as yet undiscoveredaccumulation of oil and gas, or in an attempt to significantlyextend the limits of a known reservoir.Steel pipe sections, approximately 9 meters long, that arescrewed together to form a continuous pipe extending from

the drilling rig to the drilling bit at the bottom of the hole.Rotation of the drill pipe and bit causes the bit to bore


36/82

36

through the rock.Equipment that is installed at the wellhead to controlpressures and fluids during drilling, completion and certainremedial operations to restore production.A method of sampling fluid from a formation using a tool

attached to the drillstem; the sample is used to assess thetype and volume of fluids in the formation as well as theirpressure and rate of flow.A continuous cylinder of rock, usually from five to 10centimetres in diameter, cut from the bottom of a wellbore asa sample of an underground formation.Chips and small fragments of rock cut by the drill bit andbrought to the surface by the flow of drilling mud.An object left in the well bore during drilling or workoveroperations that must be recovered or drilled around beforework can proceed.The injection of acids under pressure into the rock formation

to create channels that allow the hydrocarbons to flow moreeasily into the wellbore.An uncontrolled flow of gas, oil or other fluids from a well.The first string of casing put into a well; it is cemented intoplace and serves to shut out shallow water formations and asa foundation for well control.When fluids with a higher pressure than that exerted by thedrilling mud enter the wellbore; this creates the potential for awell to blow out of control.Detailed depth-related records of certain significant details ofan oil or gas well; usually obtained by lowering measurement

instruments into a well.Beginning to drill a well.The process of removing the drill string from the hole tochange the bit and running the drill string and new bit backinto the hole.

9- READING

Cuttings and cores

Results from previous drilling provide important information for explorationists.When a well is drilled, small rack chips called cuttings are recovered from thedrilling fluid. These are ground up and broken off by the drill bit as it cuts intothe earth. Geologists, geochemists and palynologists, scientists who study

pollen and small fossils - examine the cuttings to learn more about the age,chemistry, porosity, permeability and other properties of the subsurface rock

formations.

Larger, more continuous cylindrical rock samples, called cores, can also be cutusing a special coring bit. Although coring adds to the cost of the well,laboratory analysis and visual examination of the core provide additional

important details about the basins history, the composition and physicalcharacteristics of the rock and any fluids within it.


37/82

37

Even if a well fails to encounter oil or gas in commercial quantities, it stillprovides valuable information about underground rocks and structures. Thismay allow explorationists to generate new prospects or to match up certainseismic patterns with corresponding rock formations, which can lead to successwith the next well - or the one after that.

Read the text and then answer the following exercise,I. Answer the questions about the reading.

1. What is the reading about?2. Do you think that the results from the last drilling are

important? If so, why?3. What are, according to the reading, the scientists purposes when

getting the samples from the cuttings?4. What is the objective of obtaining cores?5. What happens if oil is not found after drilling?

II. Find equivalents in English for the following words,

- astillas de rocas- subsuelo- ncleos o testigos- barrena sacancleos- cuenca- formaciones rocosas

III. Find in the reading,- Two sentences in passive voice- A relative clause- Three modal verbs- Three verbs in present (write the past form of these

verbs)- Three phrasal verbs (verbs formed by two or more words:

look at, depend on, etc.)

V. Translate the article into Spanish.

10- WATCH AND SAY

I. Answer the following questions:

Is the listening about oil reservoirs?Is it about re-entry well?What is the listening about?

II. Say if the given statements are true or false. Correct the wrongstatements.

____ You dont need to how the oil moves to know where to drill.

____ The snapshot from the time lap seismic survey show which parts ofreservoir contains oil.

____ The second survey is not necessary.


38/82

38

____ The second survey reveals undrained reserves.

III. Fill in the blanks.

By the time you produce ________________, you know ____________________, and

drilling through the side of ___________________ can drain the reservoir___________________. But to know where to drill next ________________________________________ through the reservoir ________________. This is done withtime lap seismic, in which the seismic survey provides the snapshot of thereservoir ______________________. This snapshot shows ___________________

__________________. Later, after the oil _____________________, the yellow areaaround the wells, a second seismic survey is made. This reveals undrainedreserves, shown in dark green, beyond the tip ___________________. Extendingthe horizontal well can tap this bypassed oil. _________________________ of thereservoir, permanent sensors, shown as boxes _______________, help __________and _______________ recovery. By observing well performance ______________,highest yield and longest life can be achieved for the reservoir.

IV. Answer the following questions after reading the text used forlistening.

1. What is time lap seismic used for?

2. What technique is it used to know how the oil moves through thereservoir?

3. What do permanent sensors do?

4. Whats the advantage of observing the well performance in realtime?

VI. Translate into Spanish the following sentences (in teams). Select thebest translation of each sentence.

By the time you produce your first well, you know where more oil is, anddrilling through the side of an existing well can drain the reservoir morecompletely.At any point in the life of the reservoir, permanent sensors, shown asboxes inthe well, help monitor and optimize recovery.

11- READING


39/82

39

Air and underbalanced drilling

Occasionally, wells are drilled without mud to increase penetration rates and toavoid sensitive rock formations coming into contact with water. In so-called airdrilling, compressed air removes the cuttings. Drillers can also obtain many of

the same benefits through underbalanced drilling - using mud lightened by theaddition of nitrogen or other gas. Underbalanced drilling has becomeincreasingly common in Western Canada because it minimizes damage to the

producing reservoir. This is especially useful in clay formations. Clays cancollapse into the wellbore or swell if fresh water-based drilling fluids are used.Underbalanced drilling minimizes the invasion of the drilling fluid into thereservoirand allows oil and gas to be produced more effectively.

Read and then do the following activities.

I. Answer these questions.

a) When is mud not used in the drilling process?

b) What, then, removes the cuttings? What is this process called?c) What is underballanced drilling?d)Are clays useful in this process? Why?e)What else can underballanced drilling do?

II. Match the words with the correct definition.

ratecuttings wellbore mud clay

__________ The speed at which something happens.__________ A type of heavy soil that becomes hard when dry, used for

making

things such as bricks and containers..

__________ The hole drilled by the bit.

__________ Rock chips produced by chipping and crushingaction of the drill.

__________ A thick liquid mixture of soil and water, or this mixture after ithas

dried.

III. Make sentences with the words above.

IV. Extract from the reading, adverbs a sentence in present perfect tense a modal verb verbs in present. Write them in past tense. Two nouns functioning as adjectives.


40/82

40

12- DEFINITIONS: FIELD EQUIPMENT

Terms

pipeline battery test hole dehydrator treater well separatorenhanced recovery processing plant evaluation well experimental

scheme

a plant for the extraction from gas of hydrogen sulphide,helium, ethane, natural gas liquids or other substances, butdoes not include a well head separator, treater, or dehydrator.a well which when being drilled is expected to penetrate apool or oil sands deposit and which is drilled for the solepurpose of evaluation

a system or arrangement of tanks or other surface equipmentreceiving the effluents of one or more wells prior to delivery tomarket or other disposition, and may inc1ude equipment ordevices for separating the effluents into oil, gas or water andfor measurementa scheme or operation for the recovery or processing of oil orgas, including the drilling and completion of wells forproduction or injection, that uses methods that are untriedand unproven in that particular applicationan unfired apparatus specifically designed and used forseparating fluids produced from a well into 2 or more

streams, but does not include a dehydratoran apparatus designed and used to remove water from rawgas

(i) an orifice in the ground completed or being drilled(ii) for the production of oil or gas,(iii) for injection to an underground formation, or(iv) as an evaluation well or test hole

any pipe or any system or arrangement of pipes whollywithin Alberta and whereby oil, gas or synthetic crude oil orwater incidental to the drilling for or production of oil, gas orsynthetic crude oil is conveyed, and

(i) includes all property of any kind used for thepurpose of, or in connection with, or incidentalto, the operation of a pipeline in the gathering,transporting, handling and delivery of oil, gas,synthetic crude oil or water, but

does not include any pipe or any system or arrangement ofpipes that constitutes a distribution system for thedistribution within a community of gas to ultimate consumers

a well drilled or being drilled to a depth of more than 150

metres for the primary purpose of obtaining geological orgeophysical information and which, when being drilled, is not


41/82

41

expected by the Board to penetrate a pool or oil sands deposit

the increased recovery from a pool achieved by artificialmeans or by the application of energy extrinsic to the pool,which artificial means or application includes pressuring,cycling, pressure maintenance or injection to the pool of asubstance or form of energy but does not include theinjection in a well of a substance or form of energy for thesole purpose of(i) aiding in the lifting offluids in the well, or(ii) stimulation of the reservoir at or near the well bymechanical,

chemical, thermal or explosive means

a fired apparatus specifically designed and used forseparating gas and water from crude oil

13- WATCH AND SAY

I. Say true or false after watching to the video. Correct the falsestatements.

___Keeping an open pathway for oil to move into the well is not a bigchallenge.

___ The drilling fluid lines the well with a residue called mudcake.

___ Mud can invade the rock and plug the pores if it is not customized.___ Oil will never find ways through the rock pores, into the well.

II. Fill in the blanks.

Once __________________________, you face a new __________: keeping anopen pathway for oil to move into the well. Inside the borehole, drilling fluid,also known as _____, lines the well with a residue, called mud cake. If mud isnot customized for the ______, mud cake, here in brown, can invade the rockand plug the pores between rock grains. _______, here in green,

__________________ that barrier, but if the drilling fluid _________ to fit well_______________, it will not block the path _____________. Oil can then find its

way through the rock pores, through the _______________, and into the well.

III. According to the listening, what are the English words, for:

- boca del pozo- poros- fluido de perforacin (lodo)- condiciones del pozo- bloquear

IV. Rewrite the following sentences using different words,

Once you drill into the reservoir, you face a new challenge: keeping anopen pathway for oil to move into the well.


42/82

42

Inside the borehole, drilling fluid, also known as mud, lines the well witha residue called mud cake.

V. Find in the reading the following,

- Two conditional sentences- A non-defining relative clause- Three nouns functioning as adjectives- Two compound nouns (In grammar, a compound noun is a noun

which combines two, or sometimes more, different words, Ex:bookstore, handbag, newspaper)

VI. Give the Spanish version of the text.

Once you drill into the reservoir, you face a new challenge: keeping an openpathway for oil to move into the well. Inside the borehole, drilling fluid, alsoknown as mud, lines the well with a residue called mud cake. If mud is not

customized for the job, mud cake, here in brown, can invade the rock and plugthe pores between rock grains. Oil, here in green, cant penetrate this barrier butif the drilling fluid is changed to fit well conditions, it will not block the path ofthe oil. Oil can then find its way through the rock pores, through the mud cake,and into the well.

14- READING

Compartments in the reservoir.

Analysis of the areal and vertical production pattern and pressure profilesshows that the Lower Lagunillas reservoir of Bloque IV is highlycompartmentalized. It comprises a number of distinct reservoirs in different faultblocks that produce from several layers separated by shale barriers, some ofwhich are partially sealing. Thus, the production behaviour of individual wells ishighly variable, depending on the compartment and the layer being drained bythe well.

Bubble plot of the cumulative production from Bloque IV reveals that most of theproduction comes from the central part of the field and from a small area in thenorth of the pilot area. This area of anomalously high gas-free oil production,compared to wells on either side of it, results from faults recently delineated by

a 3-D seismic survey.The fault for the west of this area is apparently a barrier which renders the gasinjection in the northern wells ineffective for the pressure maintenance of thecentral and southern parts of the field. Abnormally high quantities of gas havebeen produced from some wells in the southern part of the field in the vicinity ofthe major faults Pueblo Viejo and VCL-70, suggesting that these wells aredraining from separate compartments.

I. - Say True (T) or False (F). Explain the false statements.

____ There is a good continuity in the Lower Lagunillas Reservoir of Bloque IV.

____ All of the shale barriers are totally impermeable.


43/82

43

____ A 3-D Seismic Survey showed the presence of faults.

____ The wells are draining from a single compartment.

II. Match the words with their definitions.

Anomalously a person or thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement with something elseand therefore not satisfactory

Comprise to have as parts or members, or to be (those parts or members)

Compartment any of the enclosed parts into which a vehicle,a space or an object used for storing things isdivided

Render to cause (someone or something) to be in a particular state

Vicinity the immediately surrounding area

Distinct clearly noticeable; that certainly exists

Areal adjective referring to the measure of a flat space

III.- Translate these ideas into English.a).- El yacimiento Lagunillas Inferior, Bloque IV est altamentesectorizado.b).- A causa de esto, la historia de produccin de cada pozo essumamente

variable.c).- Un estudio de ssmica 3-D mostr una serie de fallas.d).- Las grandes cantidades de gas producidas sugieren que estos pozosdrenan

sectores separados.

IV. Classify the following words grammatically speaking,- Gas-free- Compartmentalized- Distinct- Shale barriers- highly variable- 3-D seismic survey- High gas-free oil production

V. Say the following sentences in another way,

Thus, the production behaviour of individual wells is highly variable, depending

on the compartment and the layer being drained by the well.


44/82

44

Abnormally high quantities of gas have been produced from some wells in thesouthern part of the field

VI. Translate the first paragraph into Spanish.

15- WATCH AND SAY

I. Say if the following statements about the listening are true or false,

___ The listening is about geology.___ The listening is about remote control systems.___ The surveys are used for detecting oil traps.___ The examples given are about the Gulf of Mexico.___ There is one kind of survey.

II. List the words related to geology and geology techniques.

III. Fill in the blanks.

Heres how the _______________ looks below the ______________. How can_______________ fill in ________________ using remote sensing from thesurface? There are ____________________ of remote sensing. Each works byextending the eyes of the geoscientists ___________________. Surveys ofanomalies and gravity ___________________________, can reveal rock bodies

______________________. Similar _________________________, like this one ofAlaska, taken from an airplane can also ________________________. Likewise,shallow structures can be discerned with ground penetrating radar. But

perhaps the most ______________________ is the seismic survey, which usesechoes to map ____________________ as far down as _______________. Thesesurveys peek the big picture but ___________________. Still,

_____________________ generally find structures that _____________________;they ____________________________.

IV. Find in the listening the words that match with the followingdefinitions,

_____ An examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking peoplequestions.

_____ Thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement withsomething else and therefore not satisfactory.

_____ The force which attracts any object of any mass towards any other objectof any mass.

_____ To see, recognize or understand (something that is not clear)._____ A system which uses radio waves to find the position of objects which

cannotbe seen._____ Related to earthquakes; technique used to the study the rocks and similar

substances that make up the Earths surface, esp. in order to understandits structure, origin, etc.

_____ A level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, which is different fromthe

material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance.

Discern / Layer / Survey / Radar / Gravity / Seismic / Anomaly


45/82

45

V. Find the equivalent in Spanish to the words in exercise IV.

VI. Extract from the listening,

- Four regular verbs. Write their past form.- Two modal auxiliary verbs.- Three adverbs.- One sentence in passive voice

16- READING

Dynamics in the Lower Lagunillas Reservoir.

The unexpected proliferation of free gas and water in the highpermeabilityzones and the declining production from the Lower Lagunillas reservoir ofBloque IV, motivated the operator to seek a better understanding of the reservoir

and to evaluate the potential to increase ultimate recovery and offtake rate bydrilling horizontal wells. To quantify the potential benefits of fieldredevelopment, Maraven selected a pilot area and, jointly with Schlumberger

formed an interdisciplinary team of geoscientists to study this area.

The first step involved reviewing the production history and pressure responseof the field during the past 37 years. After the successful completion of the first

producer, the field was developed rapidly by drilling additional wells during1958 and 1959. Production rose rapidly and peaked in November 1959 at225,000 BOPD from 86 wells. Between 1960 and 1963, the production declinedrapidly due to gas encroachment from the north and subsequent closing of wellsin this sector.

In order to maintain the reservoir pressure, the operator started a gas injectionprogram in 1965. The rate of pressure decline slowed to 7-8% annually in 1974,but this was due to shut-down of the fields northern sector and to aquifersupport in the south. The gas injection program has been only partially effectiveand both pressure and production rates have shown continuous decline duringthe last 30 years.

In October 1989, the production rate jumped to 39,800 BOPD as a result ofacidization and improvement in the lifting method. So far, approximately 45% ofthe original oil in place (OOIP) has been recovered and an extra 13% of OOIP isthought to remain as recoverable reserves. Current production from the field is18,000 BOPD with a field gas-oil ratio of 1235 scf/ stb and a water cut of 20%.


46/82

46

I.- Read the following ideas in Spanish. Give your English version andorganize them. (1st paragraph)

Promovi un estudio profundo del yacimiento. Maraven seleccion y form un equipo interdisciplinario de cientficos. El aumento inesperado de gas y agua en zonas de alta permeabilidad.

II.- Read the 2nd paragraph. Answer the following questions.

1.- What was the first step?

2.- What happened in 1958 and 1959?

3.- What happened between 1960 and 1963?

4.- What was the main cause of the declining?

III.-Read the 3rd paragraph again. Rewrite the following sentences usingdifferent words,

In order to maintain the reservoir pressure, the operator started a gas injectionprogram in 1965.

The gas injection program has been only partially effective and both pressureand production rates have shown continuous decline during the last 30 years.

VI. - Translate the entire reading into Spanish (Team work, one paragraphper

team).

17- WRITING

I- Complete the following description of the way drilling occurs

At the surface ________________ are bolted to the ____________. On the __________floor, theres a _____________: through it passes the top-most length of the__________ a square section of pipe called the Kelly. The _____________ is grippedin a square drive brushing in the revolving table trough which it slides down

freely as the hole gets deeper.

The upper end of the Kelly ___________ on the ____________ , the weight of thewhole drilling string is taken through the swivel to a ____________ on the

travelling block and to the ____________ block of the derrick head.The strong ___________ cables form the block leads to the drum of the __________where the driller can feed out to control the weight on the bit as it progresses.

18- READING AND UNDERSTANDING

I. Scan through the reading below to find out which of these sentencesare

right or wrong. Then correct the wrong ones


47/82

47

a) ____ Fossils fuels were originated by the process of ancient living organismsduring

a long period of time and under certain conditions.

b) ____ At room temperature, hydrocarbons can be classified as coal, charcoal,gasoline and asphalt.

c) ____ Natural gas, Bitumen, Coal and Crude Oil are hydrocarbons.

d) ____ Natural gas is richer in lighter components (i.e. C.) than crude oil andbitumen.

e) ____According to the percent of H2O contained in either natural gas or crudeoil,

they are known as light or heavy.

Background: fossil fuels- a short science lesson

Natural gas, crude oil and coal are called fossil fuels. Like the fossils we see inmuseums, fossil fuels originated as life forms millions of years ago.

The energy in fossil fuels began as solar energy. Plants use sunlight andchlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis to convert water and carbon dioxideinto sugars, starches, fats and proteins- the building blocks of life. The remainsof primitive plants and animals have been transformed over millions of years byheat, pressure, water flows, or biological and chemical reactions. This processresults in compounds of hydrogen and carbon known as hydrocarbons trappedunderground.

Fossil hydrocarbons are generally classified according to their physical state atroom temperature natural gas is obviously a gas. Crude oil is liquid. Bitumen isviscous or semi-solid type of petroleum. Coal is solid.

Chemically natural consists of molecules with more hydrogen than carbonatoms. The main constituent of natural gas is the simplest hydrocarbon,Methane (CH4), a molecu1e of one carbon atom and -- - hydrogen atoms. Crudeoil and bitumen are generally made up of larger more complex molecules withmore carbon atoms. Depending on density and molecular weight, pelro1eUI11hydrocarbons are often described as light or heavy.

Hydrocarbons seldom occur in pure forms. Methane, for example, may be foundin coal seams, oil reservoirs, and in mixtures with hydrogen sulphide., carbon

dioxide or other hydrocarbons known as natural gas liquids. Oil and gasproduction containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is calledsour, while productionwith little or no sulphur content is termedsweet.

Most oil and gas requires some processing to remove substances such ashydrogen sulphide, water, carbon dioxide and to separate the naturallyoccurring mixtures into the various marketable commodities. Field gathering

pipelines carry oil and gas from wells to processing facilities, although some oilis transported by truck. Field processing facilities are calledbatteries, while gasis processed atgas plants. Some bitumen and heavy oil goes toupgraders,which alter its chemical composition to produce a marketable commodity called.

The natural gas coming from a gas plant can be used as is by the final

consumer (although an odorant, mercaptan is added for safety reasons indistribution systems).Crude oil and bitumen require further processing under


48/82

48

heat and pressure at a refinery to produce usable products such as gasoline

Documents

Ingés Técnico Petrolero - Julio César Llópiz.pdf