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Inhibition of radiation induced dissolution of UO2 by sulfide ― A comparison with the hydrogen effect [1]
Miao Yang, Alexandre Barreiro Fidalgo, Sara Sundin, Mats Jonsson
Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, KTH
September 6, 2013 Roskilde, Denmark
[1] M. Yang, A. B. Fidalgo, S. Sundin, M. Jonsson, J. Nucl. Mater., 434 (2013) 38-42
Radiolytical oxidation and its inhibition of UO2
Kinetic of Radiolytical oxdiation of UO2 Inhibition of radiolytical oxidation of UO2
U(IV)
H2O2
2OH-
x HCO3-
UO2(CO3)X(2-2X)(aq)+x H+
H2
2H+
ε
Scheme Processes causing oxidative dissolution of UO2 & Noble metal particle catalyzed H2-inhibition [2]
U(VI)
Introduction
[2] M. Trummer, O. Roth, M. Jonsson, J. Nucl. Mater., 383 (2009) 226-230 5
Sulfide sources
Bacterial sulfate reduction, BSR, Major source
Thermochemical sulfate reduction, TSR, required 100-140 °C
Dissolution of sulfide minerals, e.g. Pyrite, low solubility in deep repository
Introduction
[3] T. E-L Tullborg, C. J Smellie, G. A-Ch Nilsson, SR-Site sulphide content in the groundwater at Forsmark, TR-10-39 (2010) 45
[3]
7
Infuluence factors
pH and [CO32-] [S2-]
[U(VI)]0=168.3μm, [S2-] T=2.0 mM [U(VI)]0=168.3μm, [CO32-] T=4.0 mM
UO22++HS-↔UO2+S0+H+ [4]
[4] B. Hua, H.F. Xu, J. Terry, B.L. Deng, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40 (2006) 4666-4671
Introduction
8
Pd catalyst poisoning effect
Catalyst
poisoning by
sulfide [5-8]
Competitive adsorption of H2S/HS- with the reactants e.g. UO2
2+ + H2→ UO2 + 2H+
H2S/HS- VS. H2
Modification of the electronic properties of the palladium
in the vicinity of sulfur atoms
Formation of Pd*S compounds (suggested) Pd + H2S(aq) → Pd*S + H2(aq)
Pd + HS-(aq) + H2O ↔ Pd*S + H2(aq) + bOH-
(aq)
[5] L.L. Hegedus, R.W. McCabe, Catalyst Poisoning, (1984) [6] G.D. Angel, J.L. Benitez, Mol. Catal., (1994) 409 [7] S. Wilke, M. Scheffler, Surf. Sci., 329 (1995) 605-610 [8] R. Hughes, Deactivation of Catalysts, (1984)
Introduction
9
Scheme
Effect of sulfide on inhibition of radiation induced dissolution
of UO2
Oxidant(s) scanvenging
H2O2+sulfide
Reduction
Direct reduction N2+U(VI)+sulfide H2+U(VI)+sulfide
Catalytic reduction N2+U(VI)+sulfide+Pd H2+U(VI)+sulfide+Pd
UO2 pellet+sulfide+N2
γ source
Experimentals
10
Methodology
• 3mM H2O2 with 0.1, 0.5, 1 mM H2S/HS-
• [H2O2], Ghormley I3- method [9-11]
• H2O2+2H++2I-→2H2O+I2 • I2+I-→I3-
Oxidant scavenging effect of H2S/HS-
• UO2 pellet, 0, 1, 2 mM H2S/HS- • 137Cs γ-source, dost rate ~0.15 Gy/s • [U(VI)], Arsenazo III method [12,13]
H2S/HS- inhibition of radiation induced dissolution of UO2
• 150 μM U(VI), 0, 1, 2 mM H2S/HS- • Autoclave • [U(VI)], Arsenazo III method
Effects of H2S/HS- on Pd catalyzed reduction of
U(VI) by H2
[9] W.A. Patrik, H.B. Wagner, Anal. Chem., 21 (1949) 1279 [10] T.C.J. Ovenston, W.T. Rees, Analyst, 75 (1950) 204 [11] Y. Nimura, K. Itagaki, K. Nanba, Nippon Suisan Gakk., 58 (1992) 1129 [12] S.B. Savvin, Talanta, 8 (1961) 673 [13] I.K. Kressin, Anal. Chem., (1984) 2269
Experimentals
11
Oxidant scavenging effect of H2S/HS-
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
[H2O
2]/m
M
Time/s
0.1mM sulfide 0.5mM sulfide 1mM sulfide
[H2O2]:[H2S/HS-]=~4:1-3:1
[sul
fide]
Figure 1 Concentration of H2O2 plotted against time with different H2S/HS- concentration
Results and discussion
12
In vessel
H2S/HS- inhibition of radiation induced dissolution of UO2 pellet
[sulfide] The inhibition periods for the two sulfide
concentrations used in this work roughly corresponds
to the times required to produce equimolar amounts of
radiolytic oxidants under the present conditions.
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
[U(V
I)]/µ
M
Time/s
without sulfide 1mM sulfide 2mM sulfidePellet in γ-cell
Figure 2 Concentration of UO22+ plotted against irradiation time with different H2S/HS- concentration
Results and discussion
13
Catalytic reduction by H2S/HS- in the presence of N2?
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
[U(V
I)]/μ
M
Time/s
N2 N2/H2S N2/H2S added 1mL H2SN2/H2S Readded 1mL H2S N2/H2S/Pd N2/H2S/Pd added 1mL H2SN2/H2S/Pd Readded 1mL H2S
No catalytic effect of Pd on U(VI) reduction by H2S/HS- in the presence of N2
Figure 3 Concentration of U(VI) plotted against reaction time at 1.5 bar N2 under different conditions
Results and discussion
14
In autoclave
Effects of H2S/HS- on Pd catalyzed reduction of U(VI) by H2
0
50
100
150
200
0 10000 20000 30000
[U(V
I)]/μ
M
Time/s
20 bar H2 20 bar H2/H2S(1mM)
20 bar H2/H2S(2mM) 1.5 bar N2/H2S(2mM)
20 bar H2/Pd 20 bar H2/Pd/H2S(1mM)
pH 7.97 7.48 7.87
In autoclave pH 7.74 7.49 7.75
Figure 4 Concentration of U(VI) plotted against reaction time at 20 bar H2 or 1.5 bar N2 under different conditions
Reduction of U(VI) by H2 in the absence of a
catalyst cannot be observed in the given time
period
H2S/HS- reduces U(VI) is strongly pH-dependent
and the rate of reduction increases with increasing
[H2S/HS-] and decreasing pH value
Reduction of sulfide appears to be completely
independent of the presence of H2 in the absence
of a catalyst
No clear poisoning effect can be observed
Results and discussion
15
Conclusions
16
Reduce H2O2? Reduce U(VI)?
Sulfide does reduce H2O2 and U(VI), thereby inhibiting or retarding
radiation induced dissolution of UO2 based spent nuclear fuel.
Poison Pd catalyst?
No evidence of sulfide poisoning of palladium catalyst can be observed in
the present conditions.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks for their remarkable work and kindly help.
Professor Mats Jonsson
Dr. Sara Sundin
Dr. Claudio M. Lousada
Kristina Nilsson
Åsa Björkbacka
Alexandre Barreiro Fidalgo
The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., SKB and
China Scholarship Council, CSC are gratefully acknowledged for financial support.
17