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Youth in Europe report 2014
Substance use and social factors
Tallinn
©Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis
2
©ICSRA 2015
Youth in Europe report 2014
Substance use and social factors
Tallinn
©Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis
Margrét Lilja Guðmundsdóttir, Jón Sigfússon, Inga Dóra Sigfúsdóttir, Hrefna Pálsdóttir, Álfgeir Logi
Kristjánsson and Erla María Tolgyes Jónsdóttir
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©ICSRA 2015
Table of Content
TABLES ................................................................................................................................................4
FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................8
YOUTH IN EUROPE ...............................................................................................................................8
METHODS AND DATA..........................................................................................................................8
THE DATA COLLECTION .........................................................................................................................8
THE TARGET POPULATION......................................................................................................................8
INSTRUMENT ......................................................................................................................................9
RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................ 10
SUBSTANCE USE ................................................................................................................................ 11
Tobacco .................................................................................................................................... 11
Alcohol consumption ................................................................................................................. 13
Other illegal substance use ........................................................................................................ 15
First time use of substances ....................................................................................................... 18
PARENTAL FACTORS ........................................................................................................................... 21
Parents reactions to substance use ............................................................................................ 23
Substance use and parental factors - Cross tabulations ............................................................. 25
THE PEER GROUP ............................................................................................................................... 27
Substance use and peer-group................................................................................................... 28
LEISURE TIME ................................................................................................................................... 30
Sports and aerobic activities ...................................................................................................... 32
Organized or extracurricular activities ....................................................................................... 33
Substance use and organized sport – Cross tabulations ............................................................. 33
Substance use and organized recreational activities – Cross tabulations .................................... 34
WELL-BEING IN SCHOOL ...................................................................................................................... 36
Substance use and well-being in school – Cross tabulations ....................................................... 38
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Tables
TABLE 1. PARTICIPATING STUDENTS IN EACH MUNICIPALITY. .......................................................................... 10
Figures
DAILY SMOKING. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY FIGURE 1.
GENDER. ................................................................................................................................... 11
CHEWING TOBACCO ONCE OR MORE DURING LAST 30 DAYS. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 2.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER................................................................. 11
SNUFF ONCE OR MORE DURING LAST 30 DAYS. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN FIGURE 3.
THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ..................................................................................... 12
WATERPIPE ONCE OR MORE OFTEN DURING LIFETIME. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 4.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER................................................................. 12
WATERPIPE ONCE OR MORE DURING THE PAST 30 DAYS. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 5.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER................................................................. 13
TRIED ALCOHOL DRINK ONCE OR MORE OFTEN IN LIFETIME. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 6.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER................................................................. 13
DRUNK ONCE OR MORE IN LIFETIME. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE FIGURE 7.
PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ............................................................................................ 14
DRUNK ONCE OR MORE OFTEN IN LAST 30 DAYS. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS FIGURE 8.
IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ................................................................................. 14
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SOMETIMES OR FIGURE 9.
OFTEN DRINK ALCOHOL IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES. ................................................................ 15
SLEEPING PILLS OR TRANQUILIZERS ONCE OR MORE OFTEN IN LIFETIME. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 FIGURE 10.
YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER................................................. 15
CANNABIS ONCE OR MORE OFTEN IN LIFETIME. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN FIGURE 11.
THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ..................................................................................... 16
AMPHETAMINES ONCE OR MORE OFTEN IN LIFETIME. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 12.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER................................................................. 16
ECSTASY - ONCE OR MORE OFTEN IN LIFETIME. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN FIGURE 13.
THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ..................................................................................... 17
SNIFFING - ONCE OR MORE OFTEN IN LIFETIME. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN FIGURE 14.
THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ..................................................................................... 17
AGE FOR THE FIRST TIME: HAD A DRINK OF ALCOHOL. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 15.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES. ................................................................................... 18
AGE FOR THE FIRST TIME: GOT DRUNK. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE FIGURE 16.
PARTICIPATING CITES. ............................................................................................................... 18
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AGE FOR THE FIRST TIME: SMOKED CIGARETTE. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN FIGURE 17.
THE PARTICIPATING CITES. ........................................................................................................ 19
AGE FOR THE FIRST TIME: SMOKED CIGARETTE DAILY. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 18.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES. ................................................................................... 19
AGE FOR THE FIRST TIME: USED CANNABIS. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE FIGURE 19.
PARTICIPATING CITES. ............................................................................................................... 20
HOW EASY OR HARD WOULD IT BE FOR YOU TO RECEIVE THE FOLLOWING FROM YOUR FIGURE 20.
PARENTS…? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT
SAY IT WOULD BE RATHER OR VERY DIFFICULT. ......................................................................... 21
HOW WELL DOES THE FOLLOWING APPLY TO YOU…? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 21.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SAY IT APPLIES OFTEN OR ALMOST ALWAYS, BY
CITY. .......................................................................................................................................... 21
HOW WELL DO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO YOU…? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR FIGURE 22.
OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SAY IT APPLIES RATHER OR VERY POORLY, BY
CITY. .......................................................................................................................................... 22
HOW WELL DO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO YOU…? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR FIGURE 23.
OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SAY IT APPLIES RATHER OR VERY POORLY, BY
CITY. .......................................................................................................................................... 22
HOW WOULD PARENTS REACT IF YOU WOULD SMOKE CIGARETTES? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 FIGURE 24.
YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER................................................. 23
HOW WOULD PARENTS REACT IF YOU WOULD BECOME DRUNK? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR FIGURE 25.
OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ........................................................ 23
HOW WOULD PARENTS REACT IF YOU WOULD SMOKE CANNABIS? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR FIGURE 26.
OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ........................................................ 24
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SMOKE DAILY, FIGURE 27.
ANALYSED BY HOW EASY OR HARD IT WOULD BE TO RECEIVE CARING AND WARMTH FROM
THEIR PARENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 25
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT HAVE BECOME FIGURE 28.
DRUNK DURING THE PAST 30 DAYS, ANALYSED BY HOW EASY OR HARD IT WOULD BE TO RECEIVE
CARING AND WARMTH FROM THEIR PARENTS. ......................................................................... 25
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SMOKE DAILY, FIGURE 29.
ANALYSED BY HOW WELL THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO THEM: MY PARENTS KNOW
WHOM I AM WITH IN THE EVENINGS......................................................................................... 26
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT HAVE BECOME FIGURE 30.
DRUNK DURING THE PAST 30 DAYS ANALYSED BY HOW WELL THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
APPLY TO THEM: MY PARENTS KNOW WHOM I AM WITH IN THE EVENINGS. ............................. 26
HOW OFTEN DO YOU DO THE FOLLOWING…? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN FIGURE 31.
THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SAY THEY DO THE FOLLOWING ONCE A WEEK OR MORE
OFTEN…. ................................................................................................................................... 27
HOW EASY OR HARD WOULD IT BE FOR YOU TO RECEIVE THE FOLLOWING FROM YOUR FIGURE 32.
FRIENDS…? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SAY
IT WOULD BE RATHER OR VERY DIFFICULT. ................................................................................ 27
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©ICSRA 2015
HOW MANY OF YOUR FRIENDS SMOKE CIGARETTES? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD FIGURE 33.
STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES. ................................................................................... 28
HOW MANY OF YOUR FRIENDS DRINK ALCOHOL? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS FIGURE 34.
IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES. .................................................................................................... 28
HOW MANY OF YOUR FRIENDS BECOME DRUNK AT LEAST ONCE A MONTH? PERCENTAGE OF 15 FIGURE 35.
– 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES............................................................. 29
HOW MANY OF YOUR FRIENDS SMOKE HASHISH OR MARIJUANA? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR FIGURE 36.
OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES. ............................................................................ 29
DURING THE LAST 7 DAYS, HOW OFTEN DID YOU STAYED AT HOME FOR A WHOLE EVENING? FIGURE 37.
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ......... 30
DURING THE LAST 7 DAYS, HOW OFTEN DID YOU GO OUTSIDE AFTER TEN O'CLOCK IN THE FIGURE 38.
EVENING? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY
GENDER. ................................................................................................................................... 30
DURING THE LAST 7 DAYS, HOW OFTEN DID YOU GO OUTSIDE AND RETURNED AFTER FIGURE 39.
MIDNIGHT? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY
GENDER. ................................................................................................................................... 31
HOW OFTEN DO YOU ENGAGE IN SPORTS IN A SPORTS CLUB/TEAM? PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 FIGURE 40.
YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES. ................................................................... 32
HOW OFTEN YOU EXERT YOURSELF PHYSICALLY SO YOU EXHAUST YOURSELF OR SWEAT? FIGURE 41.
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES. ............................ 32
DO YOU TAKE PART IN ANY ORGANIZED RECREATIONAL OR EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES? FIGURE 42.
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES. ............................ 33
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SMOKE DAILY FIGURE 43.
ANALYSED BY HOW OFTEN THEY ARE ENGAGED IN SPORTS IN A SPORTS CLUB/TEAM. .............. 33
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT HAD BECOME FIGURE 44.
DRUNK PAST 30 DAYS ANALYSED BY HOW OFTEN THEY ARE ENGAGED IN SPORTS IN A SPORTS
CLUB/TEAM, BY CITY. ................................................................................................................ 34
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SMOKE DAILY FIGURE 45.
ANALYSED BY HOW OFTEN THEY TAKE PART IN ORGANIZED RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES. ........... 34
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT HAD BECOME FIGURE 46.
DRUNK PAST 30 DAYS ANALYSED BY HOW OFTEN THEY TAKE PART IN ORGANIZED RECREATIONAL
ACTIVITIES. ................................................................................................................................ 35
HOW WELL DO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO YOU? I FIND THE SCHOOL STUDIES FIGURE 47.
POINTLESS. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY
GENDER. ................................................................................................................................... 36
HOW WELL DO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO YOU? I FEEL BAD AT SCHOOL. FIGURE 48.
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY GENDER. ......... 36
HOW WELL DO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO YOU? I GET ON BADLY WITH THE FIGURE 49.
TEACHERS. PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES, BY
GENDER. ................................................................................................................................... 37
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©ICSRA 2015
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SMOKE DAILY FIGURE 50.
ANALYSED BY HOW WELL THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO THEM: I FIND THE SCHOOL
STUDIES POINTLESS. .................................................................................................................. 38
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT HAD BECOME FIGURE 51.
DRUNK DURING THE PAST 30 DAYS ANALYSED BY HOW WELL THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
APPLY TO THEM: I FIND THE SCHOOL STUDIES POINTLESS.......................................................... 38
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SMOKE DAILY FIGURE 52.
ANALYSED BY HOW WELL THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO THEM: I FEEL BAD AT
SCHOOL..................................................................................................................................... 39
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT HAD BECOME FIGURE 53.
DRUNK DURING THE PAST 30 DAYS ANALYSED BY HOW WELL THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
APPLY TO THEM: I FEEL BAD AT SCHOOL. ................................................................................... 39
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT SMOKE DAILY FIGURE 54.
ANALYSED BY HOW WELL THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS APPLY TO THEM: I GET ON BADLY WITH
THE TEACHERS. ......................................................................................................................... 40
PERCENTAGE OF 15 – 16 YEAR OLD STUDENTS IN THE PARTICIPATING CITES THAT HAD BECOME FIGURE 55.
DRUNK DURING THE PAST 30 DAYS ANALYSED BY HOW WELL THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
APPLY TO THEM: I GET ON BADLY WITH THE TEACHERS. ............................................................ 40
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©ICSRA 2015
Introduction
Youth in Europe “Youth in Europe – A Drug Prevention Program” was initiated in 2005 and since then over twenty
cities/municipalities in Europe have participated and made use of the successful methodology behind
the program.
The program is based on primary prevention work initiated in Iceland in 1998. Through that work
substance use has decreased more in Iceland than in any other Western country and use of
substances measures lowest there amongst youth in comparison to all European countries.
“Youth in Europe” is considered by many to be the biggest health promotion project targeting youth
substance abuse across Europe. This evidence-based, international programme was initiated by
Icelandic Scientists, The City of Reykjavik and ECAD (European Cities Against Drugs) and is carried out
in cooperation with major European cities. Taking a broadly holistic approach, its aim is to decrease
the likelihood of substance use among young people.
The core elements of the project are three: community based approach, collaboration between
researchers, policy makers and people in the field, and evidence based work.
The city of Reykjavík, Iceland, serves as the chair and provides management for this programme,
while research is conducted by the Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis (ICSRA). The
President of Iceland, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson is the patron of the program and the main sponsor is
Actavis Group, an International pharmaceutical company that has operations all over Europe.
Methods and data
The data collection A survey using a fully comparable core-questionnaire was administered in all the participating cities
in November 2014. A typical week were to be selected (i.e. not a week following a holiday or other
events scheduled the same week). Since comparable data collection is fundamental a standardised
sampling frame was formed and convenience samples were entirely avoided.
The target population The target population is students of the age group 15-16 year olds, one grade according to school
system in each city, normally but not necessarily the highest class in grammar school. The population
was randomly drawn in each city and the sample unit school classes rather than entire schools or
individual students. School classes where randomly selected from a list of classes in every
participating city. Total population sampling was used where the number of students was smaller
than sample size.
In the larger communities the sample should include 2,800 individuals in each of the surveys so that
the minimum number of answers 2,200 from participants could be attained or around 80% response
rate. The suggested figure of at least 2,200 allows for breakdowns by two background variables
(gender and another variable). Otherwise the full population of students were selected. Much effort
9
©ICSRA 2015
was put in maximizing response rates based on "The 11 steps of data collection procedures for
school-based surveys among adolescents", generated by ICSRA.
Instrument The same core-questionnaire was used in every city. The questionnaire included questions on
substance use (recent and throughout life) as well as questions on a large number of social factors
aimed to be able to map status of substance abuse and indicating relevant risk and protective factors
in each participating city associated with drug use.
In order to ensure comparability the translation process did include translations of the final
questionnaire into the language of every participating city and then a reverse translation to the
original language by another interpreter. Translations and reverse translations are necessary in order
to maximize comparison effects. When translating questions about substance use it is important to
adjust the language of the questionnaire to the cultural context of each city (using street terms that
refer to specific drug types or pharmaceutical names where and when appropriate).
10
©ICSRA 2015
Results
Table 1. Participating students in each municipality.
Participating students
City/Country
Boys
Girls
Total
Kaunas / Lithuania Number: 1157 1081 2238 % within city 51,7 48,3 100 % within
gender 22,2 20,2 21,2
Klaipeda / Lithuania Number: 603 569 1172 % within city 51,5 48,5 100 % within
gender 11,6 10,6 11,1
Klaksvik / Faroe Islands Number: 35 53 88 % within city 39,8 60,2 100 % within
gender 0,7 1,0 0,8
Riga / Latvia Number: 1199 1423 2622 % within city 45,7 54,3 100 % within
gender 23 26,6 24,8
Tallinn / Estonia Number: 1633 1506 3139 % within city 52 48 100 % within
gender 31,4 28,1 29,7
Tapa / Estonia Number: 49 53 102 % within city 48 52 100 % within
gender 0,9 1,0 1,0
Tartu / Estonia Number: 532 668 1200 % within city 44,3 55,7 100 % within
gender 10,2 12,5 11,4
All cities
Number total:
5208
5353
10.561
Gender not stated: 38
Total number of participants:
10.631
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©ICSRA 2015
Substance use
Tobacco
Daily smoking. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites, by Figure 1.gender.
Chewing tobacco once or more during last 30 days. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 2.students in the participating cites, by gender.
14,2 16,1 13,9 15,1 14,1 15,6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Tallinn All cities
%
Daily smoking
Boys Girls Total
4,8 4,0 2,4
1,5
3,6 2,7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tallinn All cities
%
Chewing tobacco - Once or more during the past 30 days
Boys Girls Total
12
©ICSRA 2015
Snuff once or more during last 30 days. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in Figure 3.the participating cites, by gender.
Waterpipe once or more often during lifetime. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 4.students in the participating cites, by gender.
4,6 4,5
2,4 1,7 3,5 3,1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tallinn All cities
%
Snuff - Once or more during the past 30 days
Boys Girls Total
46,4 51,8
44,2
51,3 45,3
51,5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Waterpipe - Once or more often during lifetime
Boys Girls Total
13
©ICSRA 2015
Waterpipe once or more during the past 30 days. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 5.students in the participating cites, by gender.
Alcohol consumption
Tried alcohol drink once or more often in lifetime. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 6.students in the participating cites, by gender.
13,7 14,8 12,6 13,7 13,1 14,2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Waterpipe - Once or more during the past 30 days
Boys Girls Total
75,8 80,7
77,2 83,9
76,5 82,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Tried alcohol - Once or more in lifetime
Boys Girls Total
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©ICSRA 2015
Drunk once or more in lifetime. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the Figure 7.participating cites, by gender.
Drunk once or more often in last 30 days. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in Figure 8.the participating cites, by gender.
46,4 47,5 44,0
47,1 45,2 47,3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Drunk - Once or more in lifetime
Boys Girls Total
23,8 18,4 19,9 17,3
21,9 17,8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Drunk - Once or more during the past 30 days
Boys Girls Total
15
©ICSRA 2015
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that sometimes or Figure 9.often drink alcohol in the following places.
Other illegal substance use
Sleeping pills or tranquilizers once or more often in lifetime. Percentage of 15 – 16 Figure 10.year old students in the participating cites, by gender.
15
29
10
18
11
4 3 3
14
29
9
16
11
3 2 3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
In yourhome
In the homeof others
In the citycentre
Elsewhereoutdoors
In aclub/disco
or abar/pub
In a schooldance/ball
In a collegedance/ball
In a youthclub/centre
%
Tallinn All cities
7,8 6,9
13,8 11,8 10,7
9,4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Tallinn All cities
%
Sleeping pills or tranquilizers - Once or more often in lifetime
Boys Girls Total
16
©ICSRA 2015
Cannabis once or more often in lifetime. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in Figure 11.the participating cites, by gender.
Amphetamines once or more often in lifetime. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 12.students in the participating cites, by gender.
30,3 27,0
20,9
17,0
25,7
21,9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Tallinn All cities
%
Cannabis - Once or more often in lifetime
Boys Girls Total
5,8 3,9
2,4 1,7
4,1 2,8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tallinn All cities
%
Amphetamines - Once or more often in lifetime
Boys Girls Total
17
©ICSRA 2015
Ecstasy - once or more often in lifetime. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in Figure 13.the participating cites, by gender.
Sniffing - once or more often in lifetime. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in Figure 14.the participating cites, by gender.
5,9 4,2 3,4
2,0
4,7 3,1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tallinn All cities
%
Ecstasy- Once or more often in lifetime
Boys Girls Total
4,5 3,3
1,3 0,8
2,9 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tallinn All cities
%
Sniffing - Once or more often in lifetime
Boys Girls Total
18
©ICSRA 2015
First time use of substances At what age (if ever) did you do any of the following for the first time: Had a drink of alcohol; got
drunk; smoked cigarette; smoked cigarettes daily; used cannabis.
Age for the first time: Had a drink of alcohol. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 15.students in the participating cites.
Age for the first time: Got drunk. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the Figure 16.participating cites.
22 19
14 14
18
13 17
20
15 15
19
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Never 11 or younger 12 13 14 15 or older
%
Age for the first time: Had a drink of alcohol
Tallinn All cities
55
3 4 7
14 17
53
3 3 7
13
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Never 11 or younger 12 13 14 15 or older
%
Age for the first time: Got drunk
Tallinn All cities
19
©ICSRA 2015
Age for the first time: Smoked cigarette. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in Figure 17.the participating cites.
Age for the first time: Smoked cigarette daily. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 18.students in the participating cites.
45
15 10 10 12
8
40
16 11 11 13 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Never 11 or younger 12 13 14 15 or older
%
Age for the first time: Smoked cigarette
Tallinn All cities
81
3 3 3 5 6
79
2 2 3 5 8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Never 11 or younger 12 13 14 15 or older
%
Age for the first time: Smoked cigarette daily
Tallinn All cities
20
©ICSRA 2015
Age for the first time: Used cannabis. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in Figure 19.the participating cites.
74
2 2 3 9 12
78
1 1 2 6
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Never 11 or younger 12 13 14 15 or older
%
Age for the first time: Used cannabis
Tallinn All cities
21
©ICSRA 2015
Parental factors
How easy or hard would it be for you to receive the following from your parents…? Figure 20.Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that say it would be rather or very difficult.
How well does the following apply to you…? Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 21.students in the participating cites that say it applies often or almost always, by city.
12
26
20 17
13
24
18 16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Caring and warmth Discussions aboutpersonal affairs
Advice about thestudies
Advice about otherissues
%
To receive the following from parents
Tallinn All cities
30
40
28
39
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Spend time with parents outside school onworking days
Spend time with parents in weekends
%
Time spent with parents - often or almost always
Tallinn All cities
22
©ICSRA 2015
How well do the following statements apply to you…? Percentage of 15 – 16 year Figure 22.old students in the participating cites that say it applies rather or very poorly, by city.
How well do the following statements apply to you…? Percentage of 15 – 16 year Figure 23.old students in the participating cites that say it applies rather or very poorly, by city.
20 18
20 17
15 17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Parents know whom I am withduring the evenings
Parents know where I am in theevenings
Parents know my friends
%
Parental monitoring
Tallinn All cities
59
45
60 60
40 43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
My parents set definite rulesabout what I can do outside the
home
My parents set definite rulesabout when I should be home
in the evening
My parents follow what I do inmy recreational time
%
Parental rule-setting
Tallinn All cities
23
©ICSRA 2015
Parents reactions to substance use How do you think your parents would react if you did any of the following: If you would smoke
cigarettes; If you would become drunk; if you would smoke cannabis.
How would parents react if you would smoke cigarettes? Percentage of 15 – 16 Figure 24.year old students in the participating cites, by gender.
How would parents react if you would become drunk? Percentage of 15 – 16 year Figure 25.old students in the participating cites, by gender.
68
17 12
4
68
17 12
3
70
16 11
3
71
15 11
3
69
16 12
3
70
16 11
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Totallyagainst
Very muchagainst
Rathermuch
against
They wouldnot care
Totallyagainst
Very muchagainst
Rathermuch
against
They wouldnot care
Tallinn All cities
%
How would parents react: If you would smoke cigarettes
Boys Girls Total
59
19 19
4
59
20 18
4
56
22 19
3
58
21 18
3
57
20 19
4
59
20 18
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Totallyagainst
Very muchagainst
Rathermuch
against
They wouldnot care
Totallyagainst
Very muchagainst
Rathermuch
against
They wouldnot care
Tallinn All cities
%
How would parents react: If you would become drunk
Boys Girls Total
24
©ICSRA 2015
How would parents react if you would smoke cannabis? Percentage of 15 – 16 year Figure 26.old students in the participating cites, by gender.
81
10 5 3
81
10 7
2
86
9 4 1
87
8 4 1
84
10 5 2
84
9 5
2 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Totallyagainst
Very muchagainst
Rathermuch
against
Theywould not
care
Totallyagainst
Very muchagainst
Rathermuch
against
Theywould not
care
Tallinn All cities
%
How would parents react: If you would smoke cannabis
Boys Girls Total
25
©ICSRA 2015
Substance use and parental factors - Cross tabulations
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that smoke daily, Figure 27.analysed by how easy or hard it would be to receive caring and warmth from their parents.
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that have become Figure 28.drunk during the past 30 days, analysed by how easy or hard it would be to receive caring and warmth from their parents.
36 33
21 21
14 16 12 13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that smoke daily
Caring and warmth from parents
Very difficult
Rather difficult
Rather easy
Very easy
35 31
27 22 24
20 19 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that have become drunk during the past 30 days
Caring and warmth from parents
Very difficult
Rather difficult
Rather easy
Very easy
26
©ICSRA 2015
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that smoke daily, Figure 29.analysed by how well the following statements apply to them: My parents know whom I am with in the evenings.
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that have become Figure 30.drunk during the past 30 days analysed by how well the following statements apply to them: My parents know whom I am with in the evenings.
9 11 13 16
24 26 31 32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that smoke daily
My parents know whom I am with in the evenings
Applies very well to me
Applies rather well to me
Applies rather poorly to me
Applies very poorly to me
13 11
23 20
38
31
41 36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that have become drunk during the past 30 days
My parents know whom I am with in the evenings
Applies very well to me
Applies rather well to me
Applies rather poorly to me
Applies very poorly to me
27
©ICSRA 2015
The peer group
How often do you do the following…? Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in Figure 31.the participating cites that say they do the following once a week or more often.
How easy or hard would it be for you to receive the following from your friends…? Figure 32.Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that say it would be rather or very difficult.
67
27 26 21
14
70
21 27
16 11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Spend time withfriends where noadult is present
Go to thecinema/movies
Spend timedowntown duringthe evening or on
the weekends
Hang out inside oroutside a newsagent/shopping
centre
Go to party
%
Once a week or more often
Tallinn All cities
24 25
23
16
22 22 23
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Caring and warmth Discussions aboutpersonal affairs
Advice about thestudies
Advice about otherissues
%
To receive following from friends
Tallinn All cities
28
©ICSRA 2015
Substance use and peer-group
How many of your friends smoke cigarettes? Percentage of 15 – 16 year old Figure 33.students in the participating cites.
How many of your friends drink alcohol? Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students Figure 34.in the participating cites.
24
35
21
14
6
20
28 27
19
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
None A few Some Most Almost all
%
How many of your friends smoke cigarettes
Tallinn All cities
19
30
21 21
8
16
26 25 24
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
None A few Some Most Almost all
%
How many of your friends drink alcohol
Tallinn All cities
29
©ICSRA 2015
How many of your friends become drunk at least once a month? Percentage of 15 Figure 35.– 16 year old students in the participating cites.
How many of your friends smoke hashish or marijuana? Percentage of 15 – 16 Figure 36.year old students in the participating cites.
32
26
19
15
8
31
26
21
15
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
None A few Some Most Almost all
%
How many of your friends become drunk at least once a month
Tallinn All cities
52
26
12 6
4
58
23
12
5 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
None A few Some Most Almost all
%
How many of your friends smoke hashish or marijuana
Tallinn All cities
30
©ICSRA 2015
Leisure time
During the last 7 days, how often did you stayed at home for a whole evening? Figure 37.Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites, by gender.
During the last 7 days, how often did you go outside after ten o'clock in the Figure 38.evening? Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites, by gender.
10 9 8 6
21 27
21 22
69 64
72 72
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Boys Girls Boys Girls
Tallinn All cities
%
At home for a whole evening
Never Once or twice 3 times or more often
43 49 46
52
33 33 34 34
24 18 20
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Boys Girls Boys Girls
Tallinn All cities
%
Outside after ten o'clock in the evening
Never Once or twice 3 times or more often
31
©ICSRA 2015
During the last 7 days, how often did you go outside and returned after midnight? Figure 39.Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites, by gender.
73
83
74
82
19 12
19 14
8 5 7
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Boys Girls Boys Girls
Tallinn All cities
%
Outside hours - outside after midnight
Never Once or twice 3 times or more often
32
©ICSRA 2015
Sports and aerobic activities
How often do you engage in sports in a sports club/team? Percentage of 15 – 16 Figure 40.year old students in the participating cites.
How often you exert yourself physically so you exhaust yourself or sweat? Figure 41.Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites.
46
9 10 14 12
9
45
8 10 14 12 11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Almost never Once a week Twice a week 3 times a week 4-6 times aweek
Almost everyday
%
Engagement in sports
Tallinn All cities
24
17 15 17 15 12
21 16 16 18 16 14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Almost never Once a week Twice a week 3 times a week 4-6 times aweek
Almost everyday
%
Physical exhaustion
Tallinn All cities
33
©ICSRA 2015
Organized or extracurricular activities
Do you take part in any organized recreational or extracurricular activities? Figure 42.Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites.
Substance use and organized sport – Cross tabulations
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that smoke daily Figure 43.analysed by how often they are engaged in sports in a sports club/team.
42
30
14 8
3 4
40
26
14 12
4 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Almost never Less than oncea week
Once a week 2-3 times aweek
4-5 times aweek
Almost everyday
%
Participation in organized recreational or extracurricular activities
Tallinn All cities
13 16 16 16 13 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Daily smoking
How often do you engage in sports in a sports club/team
Almost never
Once or twice a week
3 times a week or more often
34
©ICSRA 2015
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that had become Figure 44.drunk past 30 days analysed by how often they are engaged in sports in a sports club/team, by city.
Substance use and organized recreational activities – Cross tabulations
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that smoke daily Figure 45.analysed by how often they take part in organized recreational activities.
19 15
25 20
23 19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Drunk past 30 days
How often do you engage in sports in a sports club/team
Almost never
Once or twice a week
3 times a week or more often
14 16 11 13
17 17 19 19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All Cities
%
Daily smoking
Do you take part in any organized recreational activities
Almost never
Less than once a week
1-3 times a week
4 times a week or more often
35
©ICSRA 2015
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that had become Figure 46.drunk past 30 days analysed by how often they take part in organized recreational activities.
20 17
21 18
24 18
31
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Drunk past 30 days
Do you take part in any organized recreational activities
Almost never
Less than once a week
1-3 times a week
4 times a week or more often
36
©ICSRA 2015
Well-being in school
How well do the following statements apply to you? I find the school studies Figure 47.pointless. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites, by gender.
How well do the following statements apply to you? I feel bad at school. Figure 48.Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites, by gender.
8
19
8
18
5
14
4
13
7
17
6
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Applies almost alwaysor often to me
Applies sometimes tome
Applies almost alwaysor often to me
Applies sometimes tome
Tallinn All cities
%
I find the school studies pointless
Boys Girls Total
13
18
11
17 19
24
15
21
16
21
13
19
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Applies almost alwaysor often to me
Applies sometimes tome
Applies almost alwaysor often to me
Applies sometimes tome
Tallinn All cities
%
I feel bad at school
Boys Girls Total
37
©ICSRA 2015
How well do the following statements apply to you? I get on badly with the Figure 49.teachers. Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites, by gender.
7
14
7
14
4
11
4
11
6
12
5
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Applies almost alwaysor often to me
Applies sometimes tome
Applies almost alwaysor often to me
Applies sometimes tome
Tallinn All cities
%
I get on badly with the teachers
Boys Girls Total
38
©ICSRA 2015
Substance use and well-being in school – Cross tabulations
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that smoke daily Figure 50.analysed by how well the following statements apply to them: I find the school studies pointless.
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that had become Figure 51.drunk during the past 30 days analysed by how well the following statements apply to them: I find the school studies pointless.
24 24 19 21
12 14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that smoke daily
I find the school studies pointless
Applies almost always or often to me
Applies sometimes to me
Applies seldom or almost never to me
30 27 28 25
20 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that have become drunk past 30 days
I find the school studies pointless
Applies almost always or often to me
Applies sometimes to me
Applies seldom or almost never to me
39
©ICSRA 2015
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that smoke daily Figure 52.analysed by how well the following statements apply to them: I feel bad at school.
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that had become Figure 53.drunk during the past 30 days analysed by how well the following statements apply to them: I feel bad at school.
19 20 17 17 12 14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that smoke daily
I feel bad at school
Applies almost always or often to me
Applies sometimes to me
Applies seldom or almost never to me
26 24 24 20 20
16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that have become drunk past 30 days
I feel bad at school
Applies almost always or often to me
Applies sometimes to me
Applies seldom or almost never to me
40
©ICSRA 2015
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that smoke daily Figure 54.analysed by how well the following statements apply to them: I get on badly with the teachers.
Percentage of 15 – 16 year old students in the participating cites that had become Figure 55.drunk during the past 30 days analysed by how well the following statements apply to them: I get on badly with the teachers.
27 34
22 25
12 13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that smoke daily
I get on badly with the teachers
Applies almost always or often to me
Applies sometimes to me
Applies seldom or almost never to me
38 32 32
26
19 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tallinn All cities
%
Students that have become drunk past 30 days
I get on badly with the teachers
Applies almost always or often to me
Applies sometimes to me
Applies seldom or almost never to me
