Integrated assessment of water flows and urban water networks in smart parks.

Application to the service sector

Anna Petit-Boix, Sidnei Pereira Silva, Aldo Ometto, Frederico Yuri Hanai, Ademir Barbassa, Alejandro Josa, Xavier Gabarrell, Joan

Rieradevall

ISIE Conference 2015. Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology

7-10th July 2015 - Surrey, Guildford, UK

Contents

1. Introduction to Smart Parks

2. Objectives

3. Methods

3.1 Case study selection

3.2 General features of the retail park

3.3 Scenario proposal

3.4 Methodological approach

4. Results and discussion

4.1 Tank sizing

4.2 Environmental performance

5. Conclusions

The service sector represents 70% of the world’s GDP*

*The World Bank (2015) - Services, etc., value added (% of GDP) (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.SRV.TETC.ZS)

Savills and TW Research Associates, 2004 The Definitive Guide to Retail and Leisure Parks Trevor Wood Associates, 5 Penn Road,

Hazlemere, High Wycombe, Bucks HP15 7LN

Food Clothes

Furniture

Leisure

Customer service

Maintenance

services

Electronics

Others

Savills and TW

Research Associates

(2004):

In Western

Europe, most

stores are

clustered into

> 700 retail

parks

Introduction

http://www.detail-online.com/architecture/topics/the-10-biggest-shopping-centres-in-the-world-018606.html

A sustainable management of these areas is required, especially when their dimensions become larger and more services are offered.

Introduction

A sustainable management of these areas is required, especially when their dimensions become larger and more services are offered.

Introduction

Need to integrate the concept of smart park

Kazemersky and Winters (1999):

“an innovative model designed to integrate the inflows

and outflows of energy, water and waste streams for

multiple businesses in a sustainable and synergistic

manner”

Kazemersky, P. and Winters, K. 1999 Chattanooga SMART. Park Education of Graduate Students Through the Use of Real World Projects. ASEE Southeast.

Sect. Conf., US.

Smart parks

Inputs

Energy

Food

Water

Products

Transport

Outputs

Emissions

Products

Transport

AIM: To environmentally assess water self-sufficiency in retail parks from the perspective of smart parks.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

• To propose rainwater harvesting (RWH) scenarios in individual and collective systems and analyse the RWH potential

• To assess the environmental impacts of these scenarios in a case study area using LCA

• To determine the net environmental impacts of implementing RWH instead of business as usual (BAU)

Objectives

Case study selection

Sant Boi de Llobregat

El Baix Llobregat, located in

the Metropolitan Area of

Barcelona

Climate: Mediterranean

Population: 82,000 inhabitants

Average precipitation: 650 mm/year

Catalonia

Methods

36,260 m2 –

Food, clothes

and others

2,300 m2 -

Clothes 10,065 m2 –

Furniture,

gardening,

DIY

4,200 m2 -

Toys

2,800 m2 -

Electronics

4,760 m2

- Sports

410 m2 –

Fast Food

400 m2 –

Fast Food

1,240 m2 - Car

maintenance

Water consumption: 98 m3/day

Customers: 12,323/day

Other impervious areas: 150,000 m2

Building type: one storey

General features of the retail park

Methods

Scenario 1

Individual approach

Company-based

rainwater harvesting

Methods

Scenario proposal

Scenario 0

BAU – Potable water

coming from a plant

located 3.5 km away

Rainwater tank

Scenario proposal

Methods

Scenario 2

Collective approach

Single-tank rainwater

harvesting

Rainwater consumption

Rainwater collection

Rainwater tank

Methodological approach

Methods

Tank sizing 1

Modelling of

buildings with large

catchment areas

Gabarrell X, Morales-Pinzón T,

Rieradevall J, et al. (2014)

Plugrisost: a model for design,

economic cost and environmental

analysis of rainwater harvesting in

urban systems. Water Pract Technol

9:243. doi: 10.2166/wpt.2014.028

__Parameters__________________ Units

system demand m3· day

% drinking water demand %

users· day adim.

roof catchment area m2

soil catchment area m2

rain water (roof) tank volume m3

grey water tank volume m3

roof runoff coefficient adim.

filter efficiency coefficient adim.

soil runoff coefficient adim.

Methodological approach

Methods

Tank sizing 1 Modelling of large

surfaces according

to water demand,

roof and soil area,

etc.

Life cycle

impacts

2 TANKS and DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

• Structurally optimized superficial concrete tanks

• HDPE pipes with a diameter of 90 mm

Raw material

extraction

Pipe

production Transport

On-site

installation

System boundaries

BAU Potable water treatment plant

• 1.26·108 m3 treated/year

• 3.5 km of HDPE pipes with a diameter of 90 mm

Operation End of life

Raw material

extraction

Pipe

production Transport

On-site

installation

System boundaries

Operation End of life

Included Excluded FU: 1 m3 of water demand

covered by RWH

Results

Tank sizing 1

For each scenario, Plugrisost® was run using a 20-year precipitation series

Modelling stopped when an increase in the tank size did not entail a relevant

increase in the rainwater harvested

The selection ensured an average demand coverage of >85% and up to 100%

% d

em

an

d c

ove

red

Scenario 1 Scenario 2

2 x 10 m3

40 m3

2 x 75 m3

2 x 150 m3

250 m3

1000 m3

1500 m3

+

2270 m pipe network

The collective approach enabled the collection of only 1% more

rainwater than the individual scenario

Results

Life cycle impacts 2

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100%

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

CML 2001 & Cumulative Energy Demand

ecoinvent v2 Gross environmental impact

40-60%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100%

1000 m3 75 m3 250 m3 150 m3 150 m3 75 m3 10 m3 10 m3 40 m3

Results

Life cycle impacts 2

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100%

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

CML 2001 & Cumulative Energy Demand

ecoinvent v2 Gross environmental impact

40-60%

Breakdown of Scenario 1

The largest tank (1000 m3) provides

60% of the park’s water and

accounts for 40% of the total impacts

750 m3 subdivided into 8

different tanks are not

efficient in harvesting

rainwater the cost is

larger

Results

Life cycle impacts 2

CML 2001 & Cumulative Energy Demand

ecoinvent v2

Net environmental impact (NEI)

Most remarkable

changes in ozone

depletion

Reduced chlorination

requirements

0.00E+00

5.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.50E-03

2.00E-03

2.50E-03

Scenario 1 Scenario 1-B Scenario 2 Scenario 2-B

kg

CF

C-1

1 e

q/m

3

Ozone Layer Depletion

20%

50%

IMPLEMENTATION

BURDENS:

Environmental

impact of RWH

AVOIDED BURDENS:

Environmental impact

of treating and

transporting the

demand covered by

RWH

NEI

Other impact

categories:

2-20%

impact

reduction

Conclusions

An integrated water management of a retail park from a smart park

perspective might have different benefits:

• It provides water self-sufficiency in water stressed areas

• It promotes synergies among independent companies: collective

rainwater harvesting can represent up to 60% fewer impacts than

individual tanks

• A collective approach reduces the material and energy requirements and

environmental burdens of an expanded system: there are avoided impacts

related to potable water treatment plants (50% of ODP reduction in the

best scenario)

• It is a first step towards integrating other synergies such as green energy

production, local food, etc.

Integrated assessment of water flows and urban water networks in smart parks.

Application to the service sector

Anna Petit-Boix, Sidnei Pereira Silva, Aldo Ometto, Frederico Yuri Hanai, Ademir Barbassa, Alejandro Josa, Xavier Gabarrell, Joan

Rieradevall

ISIE Conference 2015. Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology

7-10th July 2015 - Surrey, Guildford, UK