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INTERDISIPLINARITAS DALAM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN & PEMBANGUNAN. Soemarno, Nopember 2012. ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN. ONTOLOGI - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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INTERDISIPLINARITASDALAM
KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN & PEMBANGUNAN
Soemarno, Nopember 2012
ONTOLOGI
“Ontologi ilmu” membatasi diri pada ruang lingkup kajian keilmuan yang dapat dipikirkan manusia secara rasional dan yang dapat diamati melalui panca
indera manusia (dengan atau tanpa alat bantu).
Beberapa aliran dalam ilmu kajian lingkungan adalah realisme, naturalisme, empirisme.
Ontologi membahas tentang apa yang diketahui oleh manusia, yaitu suatu realitas. Realitas (kenyataan) adalah segala sesuatu yang ada di dunia nyata,
lingkungan hidup manusia. Untuk memudahkan pemahaman manusia, kenyataan (fakta atau fenomena) diidentifikasi menjadi dua hal yaitu kenyataan yang dapat diukur oleh manusia
dan yang tidak dapat diukur oleh manusia. Hal-hal yang dapat diukur secara kuantitatif oleh manusia disebut sebagai
“kenyataan material”, sedangkan kenyataan yang tidak dapat diukur secara kuantitatif disebut sebagai “kenyataan nonmaterial”.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
“Materi” dapat dipandang sebagai “kenyataan” yang dapat diindera dan “nonmateri” adalah kenyataan yang tidak dapat diindera.
Realitas material mempunyai banyak ciri-ciri yaitu:
1. Sistem yang terdiri atas “komponen-komponen” nya; 2. Ada batasannya ruang dan waktu;3. Dapat dianalisis dan disintesis;
Memiliki ukuran kuantitatif (dapat diukur secara kuantitatif).
Contoh dari “realitas material” adalah lahan, air, hutan, rumah, udara, dan lainnya.
Realitas “non-material” mempunyai ciri kebalikan dari “materi”.
Contoh dari realitas “nonmaterial” adalah persepsi, akal, jiwa, pikiran dll.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Pentingnya pembahasan ontologis ini berkaitan dengan pembuktian kebenaran tentang “konsep teoritis” atau hipotesis”.
Apakah sebuah pengetahuan yang dihipotesiskan sesuai dengan realitas atau tidak. Jika tidak, maka pengetahuan tersebut “bernilai salah”.
Selain itu ontologi juga digunakan untuk menetapkan batas-batas dari ilmu yang sedang dibahas. Jika obyeknya adalah material, maka
batasannya juga harus material. Jika obyeknya non-material, maka batasannya juga non-materi. Dengan mengetahui hakikat dari apa yang
dikaji maka kita dapat menghukumi kajian itu dengan hakikat yang diketahui.
Jika kita membahas tentang “sumberdaya hutan”, maka kita dapat menghukumi “hutan” dengan hakikat-hakikat “hutan” itu.
Misalnya : 1. Hutan itu mempunyai luasan; 2. Hutan terdiri atas lahan, flora, fauna; dan 3. Permasalahan hutan dapat dianalisis dan disintesis untuk mencari
alternatif solusinya.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
IKL membatasi ruang lingkup kajian-kajian lingkungan yang dapat dipikirkan manusia secara rasional dan yang dapat
diamati melalui panca indera manusia, baik secara langsung atau dengan menggunakan alat bantu.
IKL merupakan bagian dari serangkaian pengetahuan yang dapat ditemukan dan dipelajari serta dibutuhkan untuk
mengatasi berbagai permasalahan di dunia nyata, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan
lingkungan hidup dan pembangunan.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Kajian lingkungan (kuantitatif, kualitatif dan mix-method) merupakan instrumen ilmiah yang efektif untuk melakukan kajian-kajian ilmiah tentang lingkungan hidup manusia, memberikan informasi,
pembelajaran dan dapat untuk memotivasi komunitas pembangunan, serta mengarahkan kehidupan masa depan yang ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan (Sustainable Development );
Pembelajarannya dilakukan melalaui cara-cara menyisipkan wawasan dan konsep-konsep tentang kajian-lingkungan secara luas, mendalam dan futuristik mengenai IPTEK dan permasalahan
lingkungan dan pembangunan, baik yang berdimensi local, nasional dan global, serta alternative solusinya;
1. Penanaman pengetahuan (keahlian), persepsi, sikap dan kesadaran, rasa tanggung-jawab dan kemampuan (dan ketrampilan) kepada mahasiswa untuk dapat berkontribusi lebih baik bagi pengembangan IPTEK lingkungan dan pembangunan berkelanjutan;
2. Pengembangan kapasitas mahasiswa untuk mampu merencanakan, mengembangkan dan meng-implementasikan rencana kegiatan-kegiatan yang ramah lingkungan dan sustainable development, dengan mempertimbangkan perspektif eco-system, antara lain:
• Pengembangan SDM yang berkeseimbangan IPTEK dan IMTAQ, • Konservasi lingkungan dan pengelolaan biodiversitas • Keadilan sosial - ekonomi• Keselarasan dan kelestarian lingkungan fisik dan budaya • Keseimbangan produksi dan konsumsi sumberdaya alam.
Program Dokor Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan (Environmental Studies):
Aspek-aspek yang dapat diangkat dalam penelitian disertasi IKL antara lain:
1. Etika lingkungan, integrasi sains dan agama dalam kajian-kajian permasalahan realitas lingkungan hidup
2. Kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi yang ramah lingkungan a.l.: Ekonomi Hijau, PDRB Hijau, Subsidi Hijau, Green-taxes, Clean and renewable energy, Green water Policy.
3. Pengelolaan sumberdaya alam untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan, a.l. Pengelolaan hutan lestari, Sistem Pertanian Sehat, Pengelolaan sumberdaya air dan DAS, Penataan ruang ramah lingkungan, Ekowisata dan wisata alam .
4. Teknologi rekayasa lingkungan, a.l. Teknologi Biodiversitas, Pengelolaan limbah dan sampah (3R: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), Carbon sequestration, Sanitasi Lingkungan, Rehabilitasi dan restorasi lahan, Mitigasi dampak global warming.
5. Adaptasi dan Mitigasi Impacts of Global Climate Change, a.l. Sistem produksi pangan organic, Konservasi Hutan dan Penghijauan (Carbon ‘sink’), Pengurangan
(emisi Reduction of Emission from Deforestration and Degradation = )REDD .6. Ketahanan Pangan dan Energi, a.l. Sistem produksi pangan yang adaptif,
Konservasi dan rehabilitasi lahan pangan, Diversifikasi pangan dan energi alternatif, Energi ramah lingkungan (Geothermal, Solar, Coastal, Wind, Microhydro),
( ).Substitusi BBM yang praktis dan aman
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Epistemologi Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan
Epistemologi juga disebut “teori pengetahuan” (theory of knowledge); berasal dari kata Yunani episteme, yang berarti “pengetahuan”, “pengetahuan yang benar”, “pengetahuan
ilmiah”, dan logos = teori.
Epistemologi dapat didefinisikan sebagai cabang filsafat yang mempelajari asal mula atau sumber, struktur, metode dan sahnya (validitas) pengetahuan.
Persoalan-persoalan dalam epistemologi IKL adalah:
1. Apakah kajian lingkungan itu ?; 2. Bagaimana caranya mahasiswa dapat mempelajari dan mengetahui lingkungan ?; 3. Darimana pengetahuan tentang lingkungan itu dapat diperoleh ?; 4. Bagaimana validitas pengetahuan itu dapat dievaluasi ?; 5. Apa perbedaan antara pengetahuan a priori (pengetahuan pra-pengalaman) dengan
pengetahuan a post priori (pengetahuan purna pengalaman) ?; 6. Apa perbedaan di antara: kepercayaan, pengetahuan, pendapat, fakta, kenyataan,
kesalahan, imaginasi, gagasan, kebenaran, peluang, kepastian ?
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Aspek Epistemologi IKL lazimnya disebut dengan “metode ilmiah”.
Metode ilmiah dalam IKL merupakan prosedur sistematik dalam mendapatkan pengetahuan ilmiah. Syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar suatu pengetahuan dapat disebut ilmu tercantum dalam apa yang dinamakan dengan metode ilmiah.
Langkah dalam epistemologi IKL antara lain berpikir deduktif dan induktif.
Berpikir deduktif memberikan sifat yang rasional kepada pengetahuan ilmiah dan bersifat konsisten dengan pengetahuan yang telah dikumpulkan sebelumnya.
Secara sistematik dan kumulatif pengetahuan ilmiah disusun setahap demi setahap dengan menyusun argumentasi mengenai sesuatu yang baru
berdasarkan pengetahuan yang telah ada. Secara konsisten dan koheren maka ilmu mencoba memberikan penjelasan yang rasional kepada objek yang berada
dalam fokus penelaahan IKL.
Penjelasan yang bersifat rasional ini dengan kriteria kebenaran koherensi tidak memberikan kesimpulan yang bersifat final, sebab sesuai dengan hakikat
rasionalisme yang bersifat pluralistik, maka dimungkinkan disusunnya berbagai penjelasan terhadap suatu objek analisis tertentu.
.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Proses kegiatan ilmiah dapat dimulai ketika mahasiswa mengamati sesuatu obyek penelitiannya.
Mengapa mahasiswa mengamati atau memperhatikan sesuatu ?;
Hal ini berarti mahasiswa tersebut menghadapi (atau mempunyai) “masalah atau kesukaran” yang dirasakan pada saat dia menemukan sesuatu dalam
pengalamannya yang menimbulkan pertanyaan.
Pertanyaan ini timbul disebabkan oleh adanya kontak manusia dengan dunia empiris yang menimbulkan berbagai ragam permasalahan.
Dengan demikian dapat diartikan bahwa kalau “ada masalah baru” , maka dimulailah proses berpifir baru ; dan karena masalah ini berasal dari dunia empiris, maka proses berpikir tersebut diarahkan pada pengamatan objek
empiris.
Masalah atau pertanyaan seperti inilah yang kemudian disebut “masalah penelitian” atau “pertanyaan penelitian”.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Alur berpikir yang tercakup dalam metode ilmiah dapat dijabarkan dalam beberapa langkah yang mencerminkan tahap-tahap dalam kegiatan ilmiah.
Kerangka berpikir ilmiah yang berintikan proses logico-hypothetico-verifikasi ini pada dasarnya terdiri dari langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :
1. Perumusan masalah yang merupakan pertanyaan mengenai objek empiris “system lingkungan hidup” yang jelas batas-batasnya serta dapat diidentifikasikan faktor-faktor dan komponen-komponen yang ada di dalamnya;
2. Penyusunan kerangka berpikir dalam pengajuan hipotesis yang merupakan argumentasi yang menjelaskan hubungan yang mungkin terdapat antara berbagai faktor yang saling mengkait dan membentuk konstelasi permasalahan penelitian. Kerangka berpikir ini disusun secara rasional berdasarkan premis-premis ilmiah yang telah teruji kebenarannya dengan memperhatikan faktor-faktor empiris yang relevan dengan permasalahan penelitian; dan
3. Perumusan hipotesis yang merupakan pengumpulan fakta-fakta yang relevan dengan hipotesis yang diajukan untuk memperlihatkan apakah terdapat fakta-fakta yang mendukung hipotesis tersebut atau tidak.
4. Penarikan kesimpulan yang merupakan penilaian apakah sebuah hipotesis yang diajukan itu ditolak atau diterima. Sekiranya dalam proses pengujian terdapat fakta yang cukup yang mendukung hipotesis maka hipotesis itu diterima. Sebaliknya sekiranya dalam proses pengujian tidak terdapat fakta yang cukup mendukung hipoteis maka hipotesis itu ditolak.
.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Dalam IKL, kegiatan-kegiatan kajian ilmiahnya selain untuk mengembangkan IPTEK yang ada, diharapkan juga berorientasi pada “problem solving masalah
realitas lingkungasn hidup.
Problem solving merupakan suatu proses intelektual dalam menemukan masalah dan memecahkan berdasarkan data dan informasi yang akurat, sehingga dapat diambil kesimpulan yang tepat dan cermat. Problem solving juga merupakan
suatu pendekatan dengan cara problem identifikation hingga ke tahap synthesis; kemudian analisis masalah hingga mencapai tahap aplikasinya; selajutnya
komprehension untuk mendapatkan alternatif solusi dalam penyelesaian masalah.
Problem solving merupakan taraf yang harus dianalisis dengan cara memahami sejumlah disiplin ilmu yang relevan dan ketrampilan-ketrampilan yang terkait.
Dengan demikian yang dimaksud dengan problem solving dalam penelitian adalah hasil kajian terhadap satu masalah-penelitian dapat menghasilkan banyak
alternative jawaban yang realistik.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Tiga langkah penting dalam problem-solving adalah:
1. Mengidentifikasi masalah secara tepat. Secara konseptual suatu masalah (M) didefinisikan sebagai kesenjangan atau gap antara Kinerja actual dan target kinerja (T) yang diharapkan, sehingga secara simbolik dapat dituliskan bersamaan; M = T – A.
2. Menentukan sumber dan akar penybab dari masalah, misalnya dengan metode Fish-Bone analysis atau Root Cause analysis (RCA). Suatu solusi masalah yang efektif, apabila kita berhasil menemukan sumber-sumber dan akar-akar masalah, kemudian mengambil tindakan untuk menghilangkan masalah-masalah tersebut.
3. Menyusun alternatif solusi masalah secara efektif dan efisien.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Langkah-langkah mencari alternatif solusi yang efektif dan efisien yaitu:
1. Mendefinisikan alternative solusi secara tertulis 2. Membangun diagram sebab akibat yang dimodifikasi untuk
mendefinisikan : (a) akar penyebab dari masalah itu, (b) penyebab-penyebab yang tidak dapat dikendalikan, namun dapat diperkirakan
3. Setiap akar penyebab dari masalah dimasuskkan ke dalam diagram sebab akibat; sedangkan penyebab yang tidak dapat diperkirakan, didaftarkan secara tersendiri
4. Mendefiisikan alternatif solusi yang efektif dengan memperhatikan dan mempertimbangkan: (a) pencegahan terulang atau muncul kembali penyebab –penyebab itu, (b) alternative tindakan yang diambil harus terkendali, dan (c) memenuhi tujuan dan target yang ditetapkan.
5. Menerapkan atau implementasi alternative solusi yang diajukan.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Metode problem solving ini menekankan pada penemuan dan pemecahan masalah secara berkelanjutan.
Kelebihan metode ini mendorong mahasiswa untuk berpikir secara ilmiah, praktis, intuitif dan bekerja atas dasar inisiatif sendiri,
menumbuhkan sikap objektif, jujur dan terbuka.
Sedangkan kelemahannya memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama, tidak semua materi kajian memerlukan perencanaan yang teratur dan
matang, dan tidak efektif bagi mahasiswa yang pasif.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
MIXED-METHODOLOGY
Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan mempunyai lingkup kajian yang luas, sehingga memerlukan beragam metode-metode ilmiah sesuai dengan disiplin ilmu yang relevan. Seringkali diperlukan penggabungan beberapa metode ilmiah yang
sinergistik dalam suatu “Mixed-methodology” atau “mixed research method”.
Akhir-akhir ini muncul kecenderungan baru untuk menggunakan dua metodologi penelitian, kuantitatif dan kualitatif dalam satu penelitian.
Kecenderungan ini tentunya didasari oleh keinginan untuk menghadirkan hasil penelitian yang mencukupi terhadap kepentingan penjelasan dan pemahaman
yang lebih komprehensif.
Penggabungan dua metode ilmiah tersebut tidak berarti keduanya dicampur-aduk sembarangan, sebab kedua
metode ini secara ontologis, epistemologis dan aksiologis memang berbeda.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Penggabungan kedua metode ilmiah tersebut harus dilakukan secara berurutan terintegrasi, misalnya metode kuantitatif dulu baru
kemudian dilanjutkan dengan metode kualitatif, disebut sebagai explanatory research design; atau metode kualitatif dulu baru
kemudian dilanjutkan dengan metode kuantitatif, disebut exploratory research design.
Design penelitian biasanya diartikan sebagai prosedur pengumpulan data, analisis data, interpretasi dan pelaporan data dalam suatu
penelitian. Desain penelitian merupakan sebagian saja dari metode penelitian.
“Mixed Research Method” lebih merupakan desain-riset dalam suatu metode penelitian.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Explanatory Research Design
Di dalam explanatory research design, maka yang perlu diperhatikan adalah bagaimana seorang peneliti melakukan penelitian kuantitatif terlebih dahulu
dan setelah selesai melakukannya maka dilanjutkan dengan melakukan penelitian kualitatif terhadap sesuatu yang dianggap sangat memerlukan
penggambaran secara lebih mendalam.
Secara prosedural, maka Desain Riset Eksplanatori adalah sebagai berikut:1. Pengumpulan data Kuantitatif2. Analisis data Kuantitatif3. Pembuktian Kuantitatif4. Melakukan identifikasi pembuktian untuk tindak lanjut5. Koleksi data kualitatif6. Analisis data kualitatif7. Pembuktian Kualitatif8. Interpretasi Kuantitatitif dan Kualitatif.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Exploratory Research Design
Di dalam desain penelitian eksploratori, maka peneliti akan melakukan penelitian dengan mengumpulkan data kualitatif terlebih dahulu dan
kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan penelitian kuantitatif.
Penelitian kualitatif akan menghasilkan rumusan-rumusan proposisi dan kemudian diuji dengan penelitian kuantitatif.
Secara prosedural adalah sebagai berikut:1. Pengumpulan data kualitatif2. Analisis data kualitatif3. Pembuktian secara kualitatif4. Pengembangan instrument kuantitatif5. Pengumpulan data kuantitatif6. Analisis data kuantitatif7. Pembuktian secara kuantitatif8. Analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Triangulation design: Data Transformation ModelUntuk penelitian yang menggunakan desain triangulasi yang bermodel transformasi data, maka dilakukan dengan prosedur sebagai berikut:Pengumpulan data kuantitatifAnalisis data kuantitatifPengumpulan data kualitatifAnalisis data kualitatifTransformasi data kualitatif ke kuantitatifMembandingkan dan mengkorelasikan dua set dataInterpretasi berdasar data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Ada banyak contoh model mixed methodology di dalam literatur Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
. Aksiologi Ilmu Kajian Lingkungan Aksiologi berasal dari kata “axios” yakni dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti “nilai” dan “logos” yang berarti “teori”. Aksiologi diartikan sebagai nilai-nilai (manfaat) yang berkaitan dengan kegunaan dari pengetahuan yang diperoleh. Aksiologi membahas tentang nilai (manfaat) suatu pengetahuan dan hasil-hasil kajiannya, nilai dari sesuatu tergantung pada tujuannya. Sehingga pembahasan tentang nilai pengetahuan tidak dapat dipisahkan dari tujuannya. Semua pengetahuan memiliki tujuan obyektif. Tujuan dari IKL adalah untuk mendapatkan kebenaran tentang hasil-hasil kajian lingkungan. Kebenaran yang didapatkan dari kajian lingkungan tentu saja dimanfaatkan untuk mensolusi, mengelola, memperbaiki atau melestarikan lingkungan hidup.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Dalam Encyclopedia of philosophy dijelaskan bahwa aksiologi disamakan dengan value dan valuation.
Ada tiga bentuk value dan valuation, yaitu :Nilai, dalam arti abstrak-sempit “menyatakan sesuatu yang baik,
menarik, dan bagus”, sedangkan dalam arti luas “merupakan kewajiban, kebenaran dan kesucian”. Dalam kaitan ini, aksiologi
sebagai bagian dari etika, alat untuk mencapai tujuan. Nilai sebagai kata benda konkret, seringkali dipakai untuk merujuk kepada sesuatu yang bernilai, seperti nilainya, nilai dia, dan sistem
nilai. Kemudian dipakai untuk apa-apa hal-hal yang memiliki nilai atau bernilai itu.
Nilai, sebagai kata kerja “valuasi”, mengandung makna “menilai, memberi nilai dan dinilai”. Menilai sama dengan evaluasi, dan
biasanya digunakan untuk menilai perbuatan, termasuk kegiatan dan karya ilmiah. “Menilai” mempunyai dua makna, yaitu “menghargai”
dan “mengevalusi”.
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Aspek aksiologi IKL juga mempunyai beberapa pertanyaan:
Untuk apa pengetahuan ilmiah IKL itu digunakan?
Bagaimana kaitan antara cara penggunaan pengetahuan ilmiah IKL dengan kaidah-kaidah moral?
Bagaimana penentuan objek IKL yang ditelaah berdasarkan pilihan-pilihan moral?
Bagaimana kaitan metode ilmiah IKL yang digunakan dengan norma-norma moral dan profesional?
ILMU KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Nilai-nilai yang harus melekat pada lulusan PDIKL:
1. Nilai teori: lulusan PDIKL dalam kaitannya dengan nilai teori dicirikan oleh cara berpikir rasional, orientasinya pada ilmu dan teknologi, serta terbuka terhadap ide-ide dan pengalaman baru (open mind).
2. Nilai sosial : dalam kaitannya dengan nilai sosial, lulusan PDIKL dicirikan oleh sikap menghargai profesionalisasi, menghargai prestasi, bersikap positif terhadap permasalahan dunia nyata, dan menghargai hak-hak asasi sesama makhluk hidup;
3. Nilai ekonomi : dalam kaitannya dengan nilai ekonomi, lulusan PDIKL dicirikan oleh tingkat produktivitas yang tinggi, efisien menghargai waktu, terorganisasir dalam perilaku, dan penuh perhitungan;
4. Nilai pengambilan keputusan: Lulusan PDIKL dalam kaitannya dengan nilai ini dicirikan oleh sikap demokratis dalam kehidupannya bermasyarakat, dan keputusan yang diambil berdasarkan pada pertimbangan pribadi yang mendalam;
5. Nilai Religi: dalam hubungannya dengan nilai agama, lulusan PDIKL dicirikan oleh sikapnya yang tidak fatalistik, analitis, penalaran dan inovatif.
Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment.
It is an interdisciplinary science overlapping the categories in Natural sciences, Engineering sciences and Social sciences.
In nature, Environmental science focuses on pollution and degradation of the environment related to human activities and their impact on
biodiversity and sustainability.
As an interdisciplinary field, environmental science also applies knowledge from economics, law and social sciences. It can be applied
to cyberspace environment also.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
In nature, Physics is used to understand the flux of material and energy interaction and construct
mathematical models of environmental phenomena.
Chemistry is applied to understand the molecular interactions among natural systems.
Biology is fundamental to describing the effects within the plant and animal kingdoms.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s.
This was driven by the need for a large multi-disciplined team to analyze complex environmental problems, the
arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation, and
growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Environmental science encompasses issues such as climate change, conservation, biodiversity, groundwater and soil contamination,
use of natural resources, waste management, sustainable development, air pollution and noise pollution.
Due to the interdisciplinary nature of environmental science, teams of professionals commonly work together to conduct environmental
research or to produce Environmental Impact Statements, as required by the National Environmental Policy or under state
laws. Other professional organizations engender work in environmental
science and aid in communication among the diverse sciences.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SUB-CATEGORIES
Atmospheric sciences examines the new phenomenology of the Earth's gaseous outer layer with emphasis upon
interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences comprises meteorological studies,
greenhouse gas phenomena, atmospheric dispersion modeling of airborne contaminants, sound
propagation phenomena related to noise pollution, and even light pollution.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Taking the example of the global warming phenomena, physicists create computer models of atmospheric
circulation and infra-red radiation transmission,
chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions,
biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions to carbon dioxide fluxes, and
specialists such as meteorologists and oceanographers add additional breadth in understanding the
atmospheric dynamics.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Ecology studies typically analyze the dynamics among an interrelated set of populations, or a population and
some aspect of its environment.
These studies could address endangered species, predator/prey interactions, habitat integrity, effects
upon populations by environmental contaminants, or impact analysis of proposed land development upon
species viability.
ECOLOGY STUDIES
An interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors
might include several related environmental science fields.
For example one might examine an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact
certain species by water pollution and air pollution.
For this study biologists would describe the flora and fauna, chemists would analyze the transport of water
pollutants to the marsh, physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists would assist in
understanding the marsh soils and bay muds.
INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS
Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study
include soil contamination and water pollution. The topics of analysis involve chemical degradation in the
environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a solvent containing lake to
yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
As an example study, consider the case of a leaking solvent tank which has entered the soil upgradient of a
habitat of an endangered species of amphibian.
Physicists would develop a computer model to understand the extent of soil contamination and subsurface transport of solvent, chemists would
analyze the molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil type and biologists would study the
impacts upon soil arthropods, plants and ultimately pond dwelling copepods who are the food of the
endangered amphibian.
COMPUTER MODEL
Geosciences includes environmental geology, environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and evolution of the earth's crust. In some classification
systems it can also embrace hydrology including oceanography.
As an example study of soils erosion, calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil scientists.
Hydrologists would assist in examining sediment transport in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the
receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic
flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.
GEO-SCIENCE
"Environmental science" and "ecology" are different fields of study,
although there is some overlap due to the multidisciplinary nature of
environmental science.
Ecology is the study of the interrealtions of living organisms, whether at
the population, community, or ecosystem level. In contrast,
environmental science is a broad area of study including diverse
areas such as meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, soil chemistry,
water chemistry, pollution studies, and biological responses of
systems to anthropogenic influence.
TERMINOLOGI
Environmental studies is the academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the
environment. It is a broad interdisciplinary field of study that
includes the natural environment, built environment, and the sets of relationships
between them.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Environmental studies, encompasses study in the basic principles of learning of the subjects, such as:
Kebijakan, politik, hukum, ekonomi, sociologi dan aspek-sosial, perencanaan, pencemaran ,
Sumberdaya alam, dan
Interaksi manusia dan lingkungan sekitarnya.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
An interdisciplinary field is a field of study that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions have
emerged.
Originally the term interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to describe studies that use methods and insights of several established
disciplines or traditional fields of study.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Current environmental problems have evolved into a complex set of
interdisciplinary issues involving ecological, political, economic, social, as
well as physical and biological considerations.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Modern environmental studies must include the study of the urban environment as well as the
natural environment.
Environmental studies encompasses several fields.
Environmental studies is a distinct from ecological science and environmental science.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Interdisciplinarity involves
researchers, students, and teachers in the
goals of connecting and
integrating several
academic schools of thought,
professions, or technologies -- along with their
specific perspectives -- in the pursuit of a common
task.
Interdisciplinary research has a collaborative focus and blends and integrates research between disciplines. Researchers from two or more
disciplines work together and create a shared discourse about the research problem. Sometimes this offers a vantage point from which to
interrogate the core assumptions of a discipline and to trace or even redraw its boundaries.
Recent decades have seen the birth of 'interdisciplines – such as ecological economics and climate adaptation – where an
interdisciplinary research project has consolidated to the point of creating a new discipline.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sustainable.unimelb.edu.au/content/pages/what-interdisciplinary-research …….. 26/12/2012
"Interdisciplinary studies" is an academic program or process seeking to synthesize broad perspectives,
knowledge, skills, interconnections, and epistemology in an educational setting.
Interdisciplinary programs may be founded in order to facilitate the study of subjects which have some coherence, but which cannot be
adequately understood from a single disciplinary perspective (for example, women's studies or medieval studies).
More rarely, and at a more advanced level, interdisciplinarity may itself become the focus of study, in a critique of institutionalized disciplines'
ways of segmenting knowledge.
INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Ilmu Lingkungan :
An interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences (including physics, chemistry,
biology, soil science, geology, and geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental
problems.
Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental
systems.
Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes, evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the effects of global climate
change. Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological
processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to
the analysis of environmental problems.
Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space and
time relationships as well as quantitative analysis.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Lintas Disiplin Ilmu
multidisciplinary - researchers in separate disciplines work independently within their own disciplinary perspective, to address a common problem
interdisciplinary - researchers work jointly, but from each of their respective disciplinary perspectives, to address a common problem
transdisciplinary - researchers work jointly using a shared conceptual framework that draws together discipline-specific theories, concepts, and approaches, to address a common problem
(Rosenfield, 1992)
Firm boundaries
Permeable boundaries
No or blurred boundaries Source: Dan Stokols, 2004
• InterdisciplinaryStarts with disciplines and looks for
lines of interest that connect them.
• TransdisciplinaryStarts with complex problems and
looks for new conceptualizations that transform understanding of theory and practice.
Arguments for Transdisciplinarity
• The problems we face transcend the disciplinary knowledge we practice.
• Universities should be communities of scholars – incubators and testing laboratories of ideas – not confederations of turfdoms.
• It’s not either/or! We need disciplinary, interdisciplinary, AND transdisciplinary programs in Higher Education.
A Cautionary Tale:The Interdisciplinary
Program Builder
The captain of the javelin team who won the “toss” and elected to receive.
Advantages of Transdisciplinary Collaboration
• Greater Explanatory Power • Increased Capacity for Synthesis
(not just analysis)• Better Integration of Science,
Management, and Policy• Methodological Pluralism• Promotes Coupling of Models• Builds Foresight Capacity
Disadvantages of Transdisciplinary Collaboration
• Labor Intensive – Educationally Demanding• Cooperation Hard to Sustain (turfdoms) • Administratively Complex• Breadth vs. Depth Tradeoffs• Diffuse vs. Focused Conceptual Models• Few Professional Incentives (tenure hurdles,
less rewards for team contributions)
Weak or Negative Incentive Structures!
NEEDED:A Science of Integration
Science
ManagementPolicy
PoliticsEthics
Economics
Env. ContextHistory, Literature,Psychology, Geog.,Sociology, etc.
The Redlands ApproachCenter for Environmental Studies
Facilitating Interdisciplinary Work1. Tenure-Track Faculty lines in Natural Science, Social
Science, and Humanities2. Conceptual Framework: Sustainability
(Ecol/Econ/Equity)3. Tools of Integration: GIS – spatial literacy4. Heuristics: Ecological Footprint Analysis5. Team Research: Design Studios & Policy Clinics6. Experiential Learning: “Glocal” Program (community
service learning plus travel courses and study abroad)7. Setting Examples on Campus: Green Buildings/Design
Human activities (fishing)
Freshwater habitat (water quality, quantity &
timing)
Estuarine habitat (water quality, mixing
processes)
Ocean habitat
Climate change (altered water cycle)
Human activities (resource & land use)
Human activities (aquaculture, development)
Climate change (sea level rise & ocean mixing)
Health & Viability of PNW salmon
Integrated Watershed Analysis
Climate change
2000 UN Millenium Summit
Halve Extreme Poverty
UniversalPrimary
Education
Empowerment ofWomen/ gender
equality
Reduce <5mortality
by 2/3
Reduce maternalmortality
by 3/4
Reverse spread of diseases, esp. HIV/AIDS, Malaria
EnsureEnvironmentalSustainability
Form a Global
DevelopmentPartnership
for aid, trade, debt relief
Millenium Developme
nt Goalsby 2015
Background/ History cont’d…
Sustainable Development• Sustainable
Development is the process by which we move towards sustainability
“…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs” (World Commission on
Environment and Development, 1987)
• This was endorsed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio
Diunduh dari: http://www.sustainableni.org/uploads/d27385c876ae944c1531ad4cc6a
e8015.png
Sustainable Development• In May 1999 the UK’s
Sustainable Development Strategy was published & defined sustainable development in terms of four objectives– Social progress which
recognises the needs of everyone
– Effective protection of the environment
– Prudent use of natural resources
– Maintenance of high & stable levels of economic growth & employment
Sustainable development triangle – key elements and interconnections (corners, sides, center). (Source: adapted
from Munasinghe [1992a, 1994a])
Diunduh dari: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Economic,_social,_and_environ
mental_elements_of_development
Conservation & Protection
Fresh Water Management
Biodiversity
Sustainable Production
& Consumption
Key Themes…
Gender Equality
Poverty Alleviatio
n
Peace & Int’l
Understanding
Imp. of Info . &
Comm. Technology
for ESD
HumanRights
Health Promoti
on
Key Themes (cont’d)…
“Sustainable Development – is development that meets the needs of the
present without
compro-mising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs.”
Sustainable Development
Diunduh dari: http://www.dolceta.eu/malta/Mod5/sites/malta_Mod5/local/cache-vignettes/L384xH242/SUSTAINABLE_DEVELOPMENT_-_DIMENSIONS-d4b26.jpg
PILAR PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN• Economic
Development – poverty eradication
• Social Development – active participation of women; education; good governance
• Environmental Protection – prevent environmental degradation and patterns of unsustainable development
At the local, national, regional, and global levels
What is Sustainability?
Diunduh dari: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/sustainvu/who-we-are/what-is-sustainability/
PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI• Poverty eradication• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the world’s people
with income less than $1/day• Basic health services for all, reduce health threats• Increase food availability• Combat desertification, mitigate effects of drought
and floods• Provision of clean drinking water• Enhance industrial productivity
Changing Unsustainable Patterns of Consumption and Production
• Cleaner production technologies• Developing cleaner, more efficient energy technologies• Maintain urban air quality and health, and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions• Sound management of chemicals throughout their life
cycle, and of hazardous wastes
PERLINDUNGAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI DAN SOSIAL
• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards and protect ecosystems
• Watershed and groundwater management
• Support desalination of seawater, water recycling
• Ensure the sustainable development of oceans, marine environmental protection
Diunduh dari: http://www.mckeancountypa.org/Media/Images/Conservation_District/what_is_watershed.jpg
LIMA AGENDA PRIORITAS DUNIA
1. AIR DAN SANITASI2. ENERGI3. KESEHATAN4. PERTANIAN – PERKEBUNAN-
KEHUTANAN-PETERNAKAN-PERIKANAN
5. BIODIVERSITYAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM
Water and Sanitation“Water is not only the
most basic of needs but is also at the center of sustainable development.”
• Around 1.2 billion people still have no access to clean drinking water
• Around 2.4 billion people do not have adequate sanitation.
Sustainable sanitation system
Diunduh dari: http://www.otterwasser.de/english/imge2/abb3eng.gif
AIR DAN SANITASI
Beberapa Issue Kunci:• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards• Protect ecosystems• Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation,
industrial and domestic wastewater treatment• River basin, watershed and groundwater
management• Support desalination of seawater, water recycling• Marine environmental protection - oceans, seas,
islands and coastal areas are essential components of the Earth’s ecosystem
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR
IAEA-supported projects worldwide using nuclear techniques:
• Isotope techniques for water resources development and management
• Automatic tracer flow gauging stations in ephemeral rivers
• Investigating dam and reservoir leakages and safety
• Pengolahan air-limbah dengan Electron- beam
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR
Nuclear power plants are used for saltwater de-
salination
Seawater Desalination Process
Diunduh dari: http://www.sdcwa.org/desalination
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR
RCA Projects:– Isotope Techniques for Groundwater
Contamination Studies in the Urbanized and Industrial Areas
– Investigating Environmental and Water Resources in Geothermal Areas
– Use of Isotopes in Dam Safety and Dam Sustainability
ENERGI“Some 2 billion
people lack access to electricity and rely on traditional fuel sources such as firewood, kerosene, or biomass for their cooking and heating.”
PRODUKSI KAYU BAKAR
diunduh dari: http://www.ruffordsmallgrants.org/files/Firewood%20production.JPG
ENERGI
Some key issues:• Focus on access to energy in rural areas• Energy conservation and energy efficiency –
building design & management, better mass transportation, advanced and innovative cleaner technologies
• Promotion of renewable energy• Action on climate change – ratification by
countries of the Kyoto Protocol
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI
Nuclear Power – reduces emission of greenhouse gases
Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide:• Comparative studies on natural gas and
nuclear power• Uranium resources development• Operational and safety issues of nuclear power
plants• Nuclear power plants for saltwater desalination
• Electron beam purification of flue gases• Isotopic techniques to study climate change
and predict future global changes resulting from greenhouse gases
• Rational exploitation of geothermal sources• Isotope hydrology and geochemistry in
geothermal fields• Quality control and inspection of pipelines by
NDT
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI
RCA Projects:
– Process Diagnostics and Optimization in Petrochemical Industry
– Role of Nuclear Power and other Energy Options in Competitive Electricity Market
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN ENERGI THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
DIUNDUH dari: http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/nuclear/power_plant.gif
KESEHATAN“Good health is vital for eradicating poverty and
achieving sustainable development.”Some key issues:
– Reduce mortality rates in 2015: by 66.7% for children & infants under 5; by 75% for maternal mortality rates
– Control & eradicate communicable diseases, reduce HIV prevalence, combat malaria, tuberculosis
– Ensure that chemicals are not used and produced in ways that harm human health
– Reduce air pollution– Improve developing countries’ access to
environmentally sound alternatives to ozone depleting chemicals
Some IAEA-supported projects worldwide:• Use of radioisotopes in the diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of diseases– Upgrading of radiotherapy services– Production of Tc-99m Gel Generators for Nuclear
Medicine– Early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer– Screening of newborns for neonatal hypothyroidism– Nuclear medical techniques in preventive
nephrology
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN
– Isotopes for control of human communicable diseases (SIT for Tsetse eradication & control of malaria)
– Molecular biology techniques using radionuclide methods (e.g. Polymerase chain reaction or PCR) for diagnosis of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B & C, tuberculosis
– Rapid diagnosis of dengue fever infection– Early detection of congenital diseases in
children
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN
• Applications of radiation technology– Radiation sterilization of health care products– Cyclotron for short lived medical radioisotopes– Radiation sterilization of human tissue grafts for
transplantation (bone, skin & other tissues)• Nutrition
– Nuclear techniques to address problems of malnutrition such as micro-nutrient deficiencies, energy expenditure, nutrient absorption & utilization
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN
RCA Projects:– Strengthening Medical Physics in Asia and the Pacific
region– Brachytherapy in Treating Cervical Cancer– Distance-assisted Training (DAT) in Radiation
Oncology – Distance-assisted Training (DAT) for Nuclear
Medicine Technicians – Management of Liver Cancer using Transarterial
Radioconjugate Therapy – Treatment with Unsealed Radioactive Source:
Radiosynovectomy – Osteoporosis and Serum Turn Over by RIA and DEXA– Improved Information of Urban Air Quality Mgt.
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN KESEHATAN
PERTANIAN“Agriculture is central to sustainable development.
About 70% of the poor in developing countries live in rural areas and depend in one way or another on agriculture for their survival.”
Some key issues:– Address serious soil fertility problems– Diversification of crops– Increase water-use productivity– Apply R&D to increase productivity in crops and
livestock
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN
Mutation breeding to
produce new varieties in
different crops and
ornamental plants
Many Cattleya orchid hybrids are not only big and showy, but also wonderfully fragrant.
Diunduh dari: http://www.annarbor.com/home-garden/orchid-festival/
• Crop productivity– Control of insect
pests by Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)
– Biofertilizers to increase crop production
– Optimization of water and fertilizer use for crops
– Saline groundwater and wastelands for crop production
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN
Induced Mutations (Successful nuclear techniques) designed to change the genetic makeup of a given plant variety without crossing with another variety. With this approach, a variety retains all its original attributes but is upgraded in one or two changed
characteristics. This approach is based on radiation-induced genetic changes.
Scientific methods, mainly the use of radiation, can increase by a hundred thousand times the likelihood of beneficial changes in plants grown for man’s use,
and provide a tool to break through present limitations in variability. Already there are examples of better crops of wheat, barley, rice, oats, peanuts,
soybean and other plants.
Diunduh dari: http://intuitech.biz/chapter-20-nuclear-energy-applications-food-agriculture-crop-improvement-edited-dr-mir-f-ali/
…… 26/12/2012
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN
• Increasing food security– Food irradiation for food preservation
• Livestock development– Sustainable animal production– Improving productivity of goats– Feed supplementation for increasing livestock
production– Improving cattle fertility and disease diagnosis– Eradicating rinderpest, screwworm
TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR DAN PERTANIAN
• RCA Projects:– Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance of
Agriculture Productivity– Production of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Antigen and Antibody ELISA Reagent Kit– Enhancement of Genetic Diversity in Food,
Pulses and Oil Crops & Establishment of Mutant Germplasm Network
– Better Management of Feeding and Reproduction of Cattle
– Application of Food Irradiation for Food Security, Safety and Trade
BIODIVERSITAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM
“Biodiversity and the ecosystems
they support are the living
basis of sustainable
development.”
BIODIVERSITAS DAN PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM Some key issues:
– Significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010
– Reverse the trend in natural resource degradation
– Restore fisheries to their maximum sustainable yields
– Protection of the marine environment from land based sources of pollution
Relationship between biodiversity, ecological engineering and stakeholders
http://ricehoppers.net/2009/11/communicating-biodiversity-and-ecological-engineering-to-farmers/
BIODIVERSITAS DAN TEKNOLOGI NUKLIR
Nuclear techniques are used:– To trace the fate of pollutants, and study
sedimentation rates in pollution studies– To identify pathways of pesticides &
agrochemicals in the environment• RCA Projects:
– Enhancing the Marine Coastal Environment– Applications of nuclear and modeling techniques to
sustainable development in the coastal zone– Investigating Environmental and Water Resources in
Geothermal Areas
PENELITIAN INTERDISIPLIN DALAM KLP
Interdisciplinary research (IDR) adalah “mode of research” yang mengintegrasikan informasi, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, dan / atau theories dari dua atau
lebih disiplin ilmu untuk “to solve problems” yang solusinya berada di luar lingkup suatu disiplin ilmu.
Contoh Jurnal Internasional:1. IJMRA: International Journal of Mixed Research Approach2. JESS: Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences3. JIER: Journal Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 4. JIES: Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences5. JERAD: Journal of Environmental Research And
Development6. Dll.
In a mixed model research, quantitative and qualitative approaches are mixed across at least two of the stages of research.
KAJIAN INTERDISIPLIN
Pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak dapat terwujud hanya dnegan pembangunan ekonomi, tetapi juga diperlukan lingkungan yang baik, kualitas pendidikan yang bagus, dan keadilan manfaat pembangunan bagi semua warna
negara.
Banyak permasalahan dalam pembangunan-masyarakat yang tidak dapat diselesaikan secara teknis saja, tetapi juga memerlukan pemahaman yang mendalam dan pertimbangan-pertimbangan
“humanity, society and nature”.
RISET INTERDISIPLINInterdisciplinary research (IDR) adalah
suatu mode riset oleh tim atau individual yang mengintegrasikan informasi, data,
techniques, tools, perspektif, konsep, dan /atau theori, dari dua atau lebih
disiplin atau bodies of specialized knowledge, untuk mengembangkan pemahaman yang
mendasar atau menyelesaikan masalah yang “penyelesaiannya” di luar lingkup
suatu disiplin ilmu.
Karakteristik IDR yang baik:
1. flexibility, adaptability, creativity2. curiosity about, and willingness to learn
from, other disciplines3. an open mind to ideas coming from other
disciplines and experiences4. good communication and listening skills
5. an ability to bridge the gap between theory and practice
6. a good team worker: Kesatuan antara mahasiswa pembimbing dan penguji
Multi-metodologi
Multimetodologi = mixed methods research, adalah suatu pendekatan penelitian yang
mengkombinasikan metode pengumpulan dan analisis data kuantitatif dan kualitatif.
Istilah 'multimethodology' lebih banyak digunakan dalam “operations research” .
Pendekatan ini menjadi populer semenjak tahun 1980-an
Mixed-Method Research (MMR)Mengkombinasikan metode-metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif menjadi suatu idea yang bagus.
Menggunakan pendekatan multiple ini dapat memperkuat keunggulan masing-masing
pendekatan dan mengatasi kelemahannya masing-masing.
Pendekatan ini juga dapat menyediakan jawaban yang lebih komprehensif terhadap “research questions”, menerobos keterbatasan suatu
pendekatan tunggal.
Multi-Method Studies (MMS)Multi-method studies menggunakan berbagai metode pengumpulan data dan analisis data di dalam suatu
“single research paradigm”.
Misalnya, anda melakukan penelitian kualitatif, dimana anda melakukan observasi sebagai seorang partisipan,
dan anda juga melakukan wawancara dengan orang-orang.
Atau dalam penelitian kuantitatif anda melakukan survei perilaku siswa, dan anda juga mengumpulkan informasi
dari catatan komputer tentang frequensi ‘hits’ dalam penggunaan bahan ajar berbasis web.
Dengan kata lain, anda menggunakan metode-metode yang secara luas-kompatibel di dalam suatu paradigm
(atau a set of beliefs and values).
Proposal penelitian interdisiplin yang baik• Specify clearly why an interdisciplinary approach is needed,
which type of interdisciplinary approach is envisaged and which disciplines should be involved.
• Describe how the disciplines involved will be integrated and how this relates to the type of interdisciplinarity involved; demonstrate how the quality of integration will be assured
• Summarise the interdisciplinary skills of the researchers involved
• Describe how interdisciplinarity will be reflected in the research questions, research objectives, outputs and outcomes.
Bagaimana Eutrofikasi mempengaruhi
biomasa dan komposisi
spesies algae sistem perairan tawar dan pantai
Response of algal biomass to
nitrogen and phosphorus availability in
aquatic ecosystem.
The species composition of
algal communities inhabiting the
water column to respond to
nutrient loading.
Coastal marine ecosystems will
respond positively to nutrient loading
control efforts.
Ekosistem Akuatik
Dinamika Populasi .
BIOLOGI PERAIRAN
Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem.
Val H Smith. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2003, Volume 10, Number 2, Pages 126-139.
To analyze the
groundwater quality of
Imphal West district, Manipur,
India,
and assess its
suitability for drinking,
domestic, and agricultural
use.
Model analisis multivariate
(PCA) sangat bermanfaat
Kontaminasi As dan Konsentrasi
Na tinggi menjadi kendala
bagi pemanfaatannya
Dampak kesehatan
manusia tidak nyata.
Statistik multivariate
Dampak kesehatan
masyarakat
KUALITAS AIR
Groundwater quality in Imphal West district, Manipur, India, with multivariate statistical analysis of data
Elangbam J. K. Singh, Abhik Gupta and N. R. Singh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2012
Forest is considered as
one of the most important and most attractive
recreation resources in
nature which is the destination of most of the
nature tourists.
Perencanaan Wanawisata
lestari?
The 7 forest areas with total area of
6.3 ha are suitable for intensive
outdoor recreation and remaining areas of this
region (2476 ha) could be used for extensive outdoor
recreation.
Sumber air menjadi faktor
pembatas penghembangan
wanawisata.
Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari
Valuasi Ekologi-Ekonomi
Valuasi Wanawisata
Ecological Based Planning of Forest Outdoor Recreation Case Study: Traditional Span of Mandj in Lordegan Forests-Iran
Beytollah Mahmoudi, Naghmeh Sharifi, Rahim Maleknia, Reza Ahmadeian and Amin HaghsetanRes. Jour. of Environmental and Earth Sciences. 2012 Vol. 4 , (7): 680-687
Evaluation of an interdisciplinary,
experiential service-learning
project that combined
environmental studies and marketing .
Students in environmental studies were able to identify and apply ways in
which marketing tools can be employed to
promote social causes and effect positive
environmental behavioral change.
Marketing students applied marketing
concepts to a real-life situation, while
gaining a greater awareness of
environmental issues and the role of businesses in environmental stewardship.
Environmental Services valuation
Perilaku Konsumen
Green Marketing
Integrating Marketing and Environmental Studies Through an Interdisciplinary, Experiential, Service-Learning Approach
Nila M. Wiese, and Daniel J. Sherman. Journal of Marketing Education April 2011 vol. 33 no. 1 41-56 .
The use of food crops
such as corn grain to produce ethanol
raises major nutritional and ethical concerns.
Using food grains to produce
biofuels is already causing food
shortages for the poor of the world.
Growing crops for biofuel not only ignores the need to reduce fossil energy and land
use, but exacerbates the
problem of malnourishment
worldwide.
Agroteknologi tanaman serealia.
Ekonomi Pangan dan Ekonomi Energi.
Ekonomi Sumberdaya
Food Versus Biofuels: Environmental and Economic CostsDavid Pimentel, Alison Marklein, Megan A. Toth, Marissa N. Karpoff and Gillian S. Paul.
Human Ecology. Volume 37, Number 1 / February 2009 . p.1-12
Pola-pola akumulasi
kesejahteraan dan
pengaruhnya terhadap
deforestasi hutan oleh
smallholder
The main factors explaining the relationship between the
farming systems and deforestation
were:
1. years of residence on the lot,
2. distance of the lot to main market and
3. the amount of day labor hired.
Ekonomi RUMAHTANGGA
Pengelolaan Hutan
PERHUTANAN SOSIAL
Smallholder Livelihoods, Wealth and Deforestation in the Eastern Amazon.
Pablo Pacheco. Human Ecology. Volume 37, Number 1 / February 2009 . p. 27-41
Urbanization can increase or decrease species
richness,depending on
several variables.
Some of these variables include:
taxonomic group, spatial
scale of analysis, and intensity of
urbanization.
Species richness
tends to be reduced in areas with extreme
urbanization (i.e.,
central urban core
areas).
Biodiversitas
Urbanisasi .
EKOSISTEM PERKOTAAN
Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals
Michael L. McKinney. Urban Ecosyst (2008) 11:161–176
AbstractPhosphorus (P) in rivers in the Mississippi River basin (MRB) contributes to hypoxia in the
Gulf of Mexico and impairs local water quality.
We analyzed the spatial pattern of P in the MRB to determine the counties with the greatest January to June P riverine yields and the most critical factors related to this P loss. Using a database of P inputs and landscape characteristics from 1997 through 2006 for each county in the MRB, we created regression models relating riverine total P (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and particulate P (PP) yields for watersheds within the MRB to these factors. Riverine yields of P were estimated from the average concentration of each form of P during January to June for the 10-yr period, multiplied by the average daily flow, and then summed for the 6-
mo period.
The fraction of land planted in crops, human consumption of P, and precipitation were found to best predict TP yields with a spatial error regression model (R 2 = 0.48, n = 101). Dissolved
reactive P yields were predicted by fertilizer P inputs, human consumption of P, and precipitation in a multiple regression model (R 2 = 0.42, n = 73), whereas PP yields were
explained by crop fraction, human consumption of P, and soil bulk density in a spatial error regression model (R 2 = 0.49, n = 61). Overall, the Upper Midwest's Cornbelt region and lower
Mississippi basin had the counties with the greatest P yields.
These results help to point out specific areas where agricultural conservation practices that reduce losses to streams and rivers and point source P removal might limit the intensity or
spatial occurrence of Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and improve local water quality.
A Spatial Analysis of Phosphorus in the Mississippi River Basin Linda M. Jacobson, Mark B. David and Laurie E. Drinkwater. JEQ Vol. 40 No. 3, p. 931-941. 2011
AbstractFour local-scale sites in areas with similar corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] agriculture were studied to determine the effects of different hydrogeologic settings of
the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain (NACP) on the transport of nutrients and pesticides in groundwater.
Settings ranged from predominantly well-drained soils overlying thick, sandy surficial aquifers to predominantly poorly drained soils with complex aquifer stratigraphy and high organic matter content. Apparent age of groundwater, dissolved gases, N isotopes, major ions, selected pesticides and degradates, and geochemical environments in groundwater
were studied.
Agricultural chemicals were the source of most dissolved ions in groundwater. Specific conductance was strongly correlated with reconstructed nitrate (the sum of N in nitrate and N gas) (R 2 = 0.81, p < 0.0001), and is indicative of the relative degree of agricultural effects on groundwater. Trends in nitrate were primarily related to changes in manure and fertilizer use at the well-drained sites where aquifer conditions were consistently oxic. Nitrate was
present in young groundwater but completely removed over time through denitrification at the poorly drained sites where there were variations in chemical input and in geochemical environment. Median concentrations of atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-
triazine-2,4-diamine), metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide), and some of their common degradates were higher at well-drained sites than at poorly drained sites, with concentrations of degradates generally higher than
those of the parent compounds at all sites. An increase in the percentage of deethylatrazine to total atrazine over time at one well-
drained site may be related to changes in manure application.
. Trends and Transformation of Nutrients and Pesticides in a Coastal Plain Aquifer System, United States
Judith M. Denver , Anthony J. Tesoriero and Jeffrey R. Barbaro. JEQ Vol. 39 No. 1, p. 154-167 2010
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in how changes in agricultural practice associated with the introduction of particular genetically modified (GM)
crops might indirectly impact the environment. There is also interest in any effects that might be associated with recombinant and novel combinations of DNA
passing into the environment, and the possibility that they may be taken up by microorganisms or other live biological material.
From the current state of knowledge, the impact of free DNA of transgenic origin is likely to be negligible compared with the large amount of total free DNA.
We can find no compelling scientific arguments to demonstrate that GM crops are innately different from non-GM crops. The kinds of potential impacts of GM crops fall into classes familiar from the cultivation of non-GM crops (e.g., invasiveness,
weediness, toxicity, or biodiversity).
It is likely, however, that the novelty of some of the products of GM crop improvement will present new challenges and perhaps opportunities to manage
particular crops in creative ways.
Potential for the environmental impact of transgenic cropsPhilip J. Dale, Belinda Clarke & Eliana M.G. Fontes. Nature Biotechnology 20, 567 - 574
(2002)
Abstract
Cities are growing inexorably, causing many to think that inevitably their environmental impact will worsen.
In this paper, three approaches to understanding the environmental impact of cities are analyzed, namely population impact, Ecological
Footprint and sustainability assessment.
Although the population impact model provides some perspective on local impact, and the Ecological Footprint model on global impact, only the
sustainability assessment approach allows us to see the positive benefits of urban growth and provides policy options that can help cities reduce their local
and global impact while improving their live-ability and opportunity, which continue to drive their growth.
This approach is then applied in the city of Sydney.
The environmental impact of citiesPeter Newman. Environment and Urbanization October 2006 vol. 18 no. 2 275-295
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. Air quality in developed countries has been generally
improved over the last three decades. However, many recent epidemiological studies have consistently shown positive associations between low-level exposure to air pollution and health outcomes. Thus,
adverse health effects of air pollution, even at relatively low levels, remain a public concern.
This paper aims to provide an overview of recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges in this field and to identify future research directions for air
pollution epidemiological studies.
Health effects of ambient air pollution – recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges
Cizao Ren and Shilu Tong. Environmental Health 2008, 7:56 .
Abstract
To inform family physicians about the health effects of air pollution and to provide an approach to counseling vulnerable patients in order to reduce exposure.
MEDLINE was searched using terms relevant to air pollution and its adverse effects. We reviewed English-language articles published from January 2008 to December 2009. Most
studies provided level II evidence.
Outdoor air pollution causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Canada. It can affect both the respiratory system (exacerbating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
and the cardiovascular system (triggering arrhythmias, cardiac failure, and stroke). The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is a new communication tool developed by Health Canada and Environment Canada that indicates the level of health risk from air pollution on a scale of 1
to 10. The AQHI is widely reported in the media, and the tool might be of use to family physicians in counseling high-risk patients (such as those with asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, or cardiac failure) to reduce exposure to outdoor air pollution.
Family physicians can use the AQHI and its health messages to teach patients with asthma and other high-risk patients how to reduce health risks from air pollution.
Health effects of outdoor air pollutionApproach to counseling patients using the Air Quality Health Index
Alan Abelsohn. Canadian Family Physician August 2011 vol. 57 no. 8 881-887 .
The significance
of the irradiance reductions for building
radiation climate
A taller tree with a longer clear bole on
the south produced more favorable ratios
of cooling season to
heating season insolation
reductions than the tree with
the short clear bole on the
south.
Teori Fotosintesis.
Neraca Energi Pohon:Ekologi Pohon
URBAN ECOLOGY
Effects of individual trees on the solar radiation climate of small buildings
Gordon M. Heisler. Urban Ecology. Volume 9, Issues 3–4.. 1986. Pages 337-359
Analisis Vegetasi
Plant - Soil – water relationship.
URBAN HYDROLOGY
Urban vegetation impacts on the hydrology of Dayton, OhioRalph A. Sanders. Urban Ecology. Volume 9, Issues 3–4. 1986. Pages 361-376
The specific role of
vegetation in lessening
urban impacts on
runoff
The existing tree canopies alone work to
lower potential runoff by about
7%.
This could be increased to
nearly 12% by modestly
increasing canopy
coverage of the land surface.
Ecosystem Services.
Landuse changes.Land Conversion
Valuasi ekologi-ekonomi
Land use change and its effects on the value of ecosystem services along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico
Ecological Economics. 2012. Vol. 82. No.1. Pages 23-32G. Mendoza-González, M.L. Martínez, D. Lithgow, O. Pérez-Maqueo, P. Simonin
to analyze land use changes and calculate the value of
these changes in terms of lost
ecosystem services.
Land use change may seem
economically profitable.
However, after losing ecosystem
services, the apparent gains
from urban development are
lost.
Land use and policy making
should consider ecosystem service
losses so that ecosystems are preserved and
society benefited..
Teori Partisipasi.
Perhutanan Sosial.
PERANAN GENDER
Factors affecting women's participation in forestry in TurkeyEcological Economics. 2007. Volume 60, Issue 4, Pages 787-796
Erdoğan Atmiş, İsmet Daşdemir, Wietze Lise, Ömür Yıldıran
Studi ini menganalisis partisipasi perempuan
dalam kehutanan
The estimated game theoretic model on
women's participation
indicates that the sharing of forest benefits among
women in Turkey is considerably
harmonious, while there is scope for
improving the Forest Organisation,
namely by stimulating
participation towards a more
effective management of the
Turkish forests..
Ekologi Hutan
Management Hutan.
VALUASI EKONOMI
Willingness to pay for forest amenities: The case of non-industrial owners in the south central United States
Ecological Economics. 2006. Volume 56, Issue 1. Pages 132-143. Ronald Raunikar, Joseph Buongiorno
Kita menganalisis
WTP (willingness to pay) untuk nilai non-kayu (NTV)
oleh pengusaha
suasta hutan non-industri (NIPF) pada
hutan campuran di USA selatan
Many NIPF owners maintain a more
diverse and natural stand structure than
that of a more profitable even-aged industrial plantation.
The average NIPF owner was willing to
forego 60% of the timber profit for the NTV of their more
natural stands compared to a less diverse industrially managed even-aged
plantation.
Mikrobiologi Lingkungan.
Kimia Lingkungan.
Pengolahan Limbah Cair…..
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Water Reclamation Plants in Southern California
Amy Townsend-Small, Diane E. Pataki, Linda Y. Tseng, Cheng-Yao Tsai and Diego Rosso.JEQ Vol. 40 No. 5, p. 1542-1550
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived and potent greenhouse gas produced during
microbial nitrification and denitrification.
This treatment a potentially large source of N2O in
urban areas.
Our results suggest that wastewater
treatment that includes
biological nitrogen
removal can significantly
increase urban N2O emissions..
Teknologi aplikasi pupuk.
Agrohidrologi.
Pencucian unsur hara pupuk dari lahan…..
Nitrate Leaching from Nitrogen-Fertilized and Manured Corn Measured with Zero-Tension Pan Lysimeters
John M. Jemison and Richard H. FoxJEQ. Vol. 23 No. 2, p. 337-343
Excessive N fertilization
increases the potential for nitrate (NO−
3) leaching, but no
research has evaluated NO−
3 leaching from
corn (Zea mays L.) receiving
economic optimum N rates
(EON).
In the nonmanured corn, the 3-yr average
amount of NO3-N leached was 107 kg ha−1 or 36% of the N
applied at EON.
Total mass of NO3-N in the 1.2-m soil profile
following harvest was useful to predict
annual flow-weighted average leachate NO3-N
concentrations, but this is not practical in
most soils of the Northeast..
Nutrients Root absorption
Metal reactions in aquatic environment.
Fitoremediasi Air Limbah…..
Phytostabilization of iron ore tailings through Calophyllum inophyllum L.Nilima Chaturvedi, N K Dhal, Palli Sita Rama Reddy
International Journal of Phytoremediation 12/2012; 14(10):996-1009.
The phytostabilization of waste material generated during
mining and processing of iron ore through Calophyllum inophyllum L. have been investigated.
Iron ore tailings and its varying
composition with garden soil were
taken to study plant growth, chlorophyll content and metal uptake pattern of
Calophyllum inophyllum L..
Removal of more than 30% of the
most of the heavy metal like Fe, Pb, and Cu & Zn has been observed in all the treatments during one year of
observation.
The overall study clearly suggests that the plant can
be used as an efficient tool for
restoration of mining wastes and
other similarly contaminated sites.
.
Pemupukan fosfat.
Penyerapan hara oleh akar tumbuhan.
Fitoremediasi tanah yang tercemar…..
Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata L. I. Influence of phosphatic fertilizers and repeated harvests.
Asit Mandal, T J Purakayastha, A K Patra, S K SanyalInternational journal of phytoremediation. 14(10):978-95.
A greenhouse experiment was
conducted to evaluate the
effectiveness of diammonium
phosphate (DAP), single
superphosphate (SSP) and two
growing cycles on arsenic removal by
Chinese Brake Fern (Pteris vittata L.) from an arsenic
contaminated Typic Haplustept
of the Indian state of West Bengal..
Two successive harvests with
DAP as the phosphate
fertilizer emerged as the promising
management strategy for
amelioration of arsenic
contaminated soil of West
Bengal through phyotoextraction
by P. vittata..
Teori Motivasi dan Partisipasi Sosial
Ekonomi Sumberdaya Hutan.
PERHUTANAN SOSIAL
International Journal of Social Forestry (IJSF), 2010, 3(2):81-100.STATUS OF JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT IN INDIA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DETERMINANTS OF FOREST PARTICIPATION IN A DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION SETTING
Soumyendra Kishore Datta and Krishanu Sarkar
Perlindungan sumberdaya hutan
mensyaratkan partisipasi aktif
masyarakat sekitar hutan.
Partisipasi aktif dalam aktivitas
konservasi hutan memerlukan
komitmen dan motivasi
masyarakat di sekitar dan di dalam hutan.
Grant of permanent tenurial right to
forest dependent people, mitigating
the fear of eviction, extension of various
support facilities and ensuring a cohesive trust between forest department and forest protection
committees
seem most urgent for ensuring meaningful
participation.
Tata-kelola Usaha
Sustainable BUSINESS FIRM.
TANGGUNG-JAWAB SOSIAL KORPORASI
Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in Italian SMEs: towards a 'territorial' model based on small 'champions' of CSR?
Mara Del Baldo. International Journal of Sustainable Society. 2010 Vol. 2 No. 3. p 215-247
Adakah hubungan positif
antara budaya tanggung-jawab sosial dg sistem tata-kelola yang
ada?
Seberapa besar signifikansi
korelasi tersebut pada UKM dan usaha sekala
besar ? .
The concluding reflections trace the features of a territorial model
of socially responsible orientation
centred on the best practices of SMEs, 'convivial enterprises' who
are excellent examples of
'spirited businesses‘.
Produksi Bersih
Sustainable consumption.
SISTEM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN
Designing Environmental Management System for promoting sustainable consumption
Shirish Sangle . Int. J. of Sustainable Society, 2008 Vol.1, No.1, pp.29 - 43
Ide tentang konsumsi-lestari telah menjadi isu
global. Sejaklan dnegan
upaya pemerintah untuk mmenerapkan
ide ini, diperlukan peran-serta industri dalam menciptakan pola-pola konsumsi yang lebih lestari.
Pendekatan untuk mengelola isu-isu kelestarian telah
menjadi konstruksi dalam
“Environmental Management System
(EMS)” berbasis standar ISO 14001.
The implications of this model for
structuring salient elements of EMS
are then discussed.
The audit would measure the
extent to which an organisation has a
management system competent
to make consumption pattern more sustainable..
Green Industry
Manajemen Perusahaan
ECO-EFFICIENCY
Conditional eco-efficiency measure from the perspective of pollution emission firms
Feng Yang, Sheng Ang, Liang Liang, Dujun Zhai. Int. J. of Sustainable Society, 2011 Vol.3, No.3, pp.276 - 291
Penerapan eko-efisiensi menghadapi
kendala sasaran
profit dan polusi dari perspektif
emisi polusi perusahaan.
Different from the previous eco-
efficiency measures, our technique admits the selfish motives of
pollution emission firms which have little
motivation to minimise the
pollution emission.
As a result, the current approach can
be accepted by pollution emission firms for providing
feasible strategies in performance
improvement..
DAMPAK GLOBAL POLUSI UDARA
Kerjasama internasional.
PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL
Atmospheric Pollution as a Global Policy ProblemTapani Vaahtoranta. Journal of Peace Research May 1990 vol. 27 no. 2 169-176
Polusi udara telah menjadi
permasalahan global,
pengendaliannya mensyaratkan
adanya kolaborasi banyak negara.
Kerjasama terkendala oleh
fakta bahwa negara-negara di
dunia tidak mengalami dampak
yang sama dan minat perlindungan
lingkungannya juga beragam
Three changes in particular
contributed to the emergence of atmospheric
pollution controls:
1. the imperatives of ecological interdependence,
2. technological developments, and
3. growing public pressure on policy-makers. .
Polusi lalu-lintas jalan raya
Epidemiologi: Analisis regresi
KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Traffic air pollution and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: a Danish cohort study
Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Steen Solvang Jensen, Matthias Ketzel, Mette Sørensen, Johnni Hansen, Steffen Loft, Anne Tjønneland and Kim Overvad . Environmental Health 2012, 11:60
Polusi udara kota akibat lalu-lintas jalan raya telah
dihubungkan dg “cardiovascular mortality”, yang
diduga diakibatkan oleh paparan polusi
udara dan biring lalu-lintas.
Karakter personal dan gaya hidup
diduga mempengaruhi
hubungan tersebut
Traffic air pollution is associated with
mortality from cardiovascular
diseases and all causes, after
adjustment for traffic noise.
The association was strongest for people with a low
fruit and vegetable intake. .
POLUSI Udara Kota
Epidemiologi: Analisis Multivariate
KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Air pollution and infant health: Lessons from New Jersey
Janet Currie , Matthew Neidell, Johannes F. SchmiederJournal of Health Economics 28 (2009) 688–703
Kita mengkaji dampak dari tiga kriteria pencemar udara terhadap
kesehatan bayi di New Jersey pada
1990 dengan jalan
mengkombinasi-kan informasi tempat tinggal
ibu dan informasi dari data
pemantauan kualitas udara.
We find consistently negative effects of exposure to carbon
monoxide (CO), both during and after
birth, with effects considerably larger
for smokers and older mothers.
Since automobiles are the main source of carbon monoxide
emissions, our results have
important implications for
regulation of automobile emissions..
Ekologi Pohon.
Hujan asam
HUTAN KOTA
Acid Rain, Air Pollution, and Tree Growth in Southeastern New York
L. J. Puckett. JEQ Vol. 11 No. 3, p. 376-381
Apakah analisis dendro-ekologis dapat digunakan
untuk mendeteksi perubahan hubungan
pertumbuhan pohon dg iklim , sebagai akibat dari paparan
kronis terhadap komponen-
komponen hujan asam dan polusi
udara.
Temporally, the shift in growth response
appears to correspond with the suspected increase in acid rain and air
pollution.
This change could be the result of
physiological stress induced by
components of the acid rain-air
pollution complex, causing climatic conditions to be
more limiting to tree growth..
Pencemaran udara.
Fisiologi tanaman.
The experiment was designed as a split-split plot with six
replications.…..
Field Testing Soybeans for Residual Effects of Air Pollution and Seed Size on Crop Yield
R. K. Howell, L. P. Rose and R. C. LeffelJEQ. Vol. 9 No. 1, p. 66-68
Mean seed weights (g/100 seeds) for four
soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.],
cultivass grown in 1973 and 1974 in cylindrical open-
top field chambers that provided
carbon-filtered air were significantly greater than from plants grown in nonfiltered air in chambers, or in
conventional plots without chambers.
Differences in seed size observed for
different air qualities did not
significantly affect yields. In general,
there was no significant yield advantage for
plants grown from a selected seed
size as compared with the original lot
seed..
Rekayasa Instrumen pemanasan
Teori pembakaran.
KONSERVASI ENERGI
Emissions and Energy Conservation in Residentdal Oil Heating
A.C.S. Hayden, R.W. Braaten & T.D. BrownJournal of the Air Pollution Control Association . Volume 28, Issue 7, 1978
Emisi dari pembakaran minyak
pada peralatan pemanas di
permukiman dapat dikurangi dengan jalan memperbaiki efisiensi siklis dan “steady running”. Teknik-teknik yang
mereduksi kebutuhan pemanasan
(thermostat cut-back) atau mereduksi
kehilangan panas dapat mereduksi emisi SO2 dan NO sebanding dengan hemat bahan bakar.
Improved burner performance,
with combustion at low excess air, offers the largest fuel savings, with
commensurate reductions in SO2
and NO, and greater
reductions in CO and particulates..
Kualitas UdaraIndoor & outdoor
Dinamika partikulat dalam udara ambient.
PENCEMARAN UDARA
Indoor/Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure Continuity Relationships
Marc HalpernJournal of the Air Pollution Control Association . Volume 28, Issue 7, 1978 . pages 689-691
Hubungan kontinyuitas pencemaran udara indoor-outdoor dikaji
untuk menemukan parameter utamanya.
Hipotesis keseimbangan homeostatis
antara pencemar indoor dan
outdoor diuji dg menggunakan
indeks kontaminan
partikulat Pb.
The results of this study
demonstrate the importance of considering
parameters other than outdoor
pollutant levels in determining
indoor air quality.
Solar Radiation budget.
Ekofisiologi tumbuhan.
The role of trees and grass in reducing regional and local
temperatures in urban areas . …..
The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area
D. Armson, P. Stringer, A.R. Ennos.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012 Volume 11, Issue 3. Pages 245-255
The process of urbanisation alters
the thermal balance of an area
resulting in an urban heat island effect where cities
can be several degrees centigrade
warmer than the surrounding rural landscape. This
increased heat can make cities
uncomfortable places and, during
heat waves, can pose serious health risks.
Grasses and trees can effectively cool surfaces and so can
provide regional cooling, helping reduce the urban heat island in hot
weather.
Grasses has little effect upon local air
or globe temperatures, so should have little effect on human comfort, whereas
tree shade can provide effective
local cooling..
Analisis citra dan Fotografi.
Analisis Kenyamanan Lingkungan
MANAJEMEN HUTAN KOTA
Analysing recreational values and management effects in an urban forest with the visitor-employed photography method
Erik HeymanUrban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 3. Pages 267-277
Pengelolaan hutan kota memerlukan
“trade-offs” antara konservasi
biodiversitas dengan promosi nilai-nilai wisata-
kota.Kajian preferensi
membuktikan bahwa masyarakat lebih menyenangi hutan-kota semi-terbuka dnegan
sedikit tumbuhan-bawah
dibandingkan dngan hutan-kota
yang masif dengan tumbuhan bawah
yang rapat.
This study has shown that the
visitor employed photography
method can be used as a quantitative
method to evaluate perceptions about forest vegetation
and management in urban woodlands,
and could serve as a valuable
complement to conventional methods in
preference research.
Teori persepsi dan preferensi kONSUMEN
Valuasi jasa-jasa lingkungan.
PERENCANAAN KOTA
Perceptions of parks and urban derelict land by landscape planners and residents
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 303-312Mathias Hofmann, Janneke R. Westermann, Ingo Kowarik, Elke van der Meer
Persepsi masyarakat dan pelaku
usaha belum diintegrasikan dalam proses perencanaan
kota
Perencanaan RTH kota berbasis persepsi
masyarakat dan kualitas lahan
dan lingkungan.
Analisis Persepsi, sikap dan perilaku .
Analisis pengambilan keputusan publik
Perilaku Konsumen
Attitude and willingness toward participation in decision-making of urban green spaces in China
Xi-Zhang ShanUrban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 2. Pages 211-217
Urban green spaces serve a
variety of residents with various perceptions,
preferences and demands.
Their effective governance and
precision provision increasingly require
public input. Due to the unique political regime, public decision-making in China has long been controlled by
governments with the public neglected..
The positive attitudes and strong willingness
toward participation despite socioeconomic variations, fitting into a
global trend of increasing civic
consciousness and strengthening the theoretical base of
public participation.
This positive findings lay a sound social foundation for the
participatory decision-making in decision-
making of urban green spaces..
Kesehatan Ibu & Anak.
KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Ekologi Kuantitatif
An ecological quantification of the relationships between water, sanitation and infant, child, and maternal mortality
June J Cheng, Corinne J Schuster-Wallace, Susan Watt, Bruce K Newbold and Andrew MenteEnvironmental Health 2012, 11:4
Akses air bersih dan sanitasi
berhubungan erat dnegan
kesehatan ibu , anak dan
kelahiran.
Seberapa jauh upaya
perbaikan akses air bersih dan
sanitasi mempengaruhi mortalitas ibu,
anak dan bayi ? .
Our analyses suggest that access to water
and sanitation independently
contribute to child and maternal mortality
outcomes.
If the world is to seriously address the
Millennium Development Goals of
reducing child and maternal mortality,
then improved water and sanitation
accesses are key strategies. .
Abstrak
Salah satu ruangan yang berpotensi tinggi untuk mengalami masalah polusi udara dalam ruang adalah ruang perpustakaan. Di antara berbagai polutan yang memiliki peran penting
terhadap kesehatan adalah terdapatnya kapang di dalam udara ruangan. Gangguan kesehatan akibat kapang di dalam ruangan perpustakaan dapat dialami oleh orang-orang
yang beraktivitas di dalam perpustakaan, misalnya petugas perpustakaan, dosen, dan mahasiswa.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan identifikasi terhadap kapang di dalam udara ruang perpustakaan di tiga fakultas (FA, FB, dan FC) di lingkungan Universitas “X”.
Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi keberadaan kapang, serta kualitas fisik dan kimiawi udara dalam ruang.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu udara dalam ruang di ketiga perpustakaan berada di atas standar peraturan. Intensitas cahaya sangat rendah di perpustakaan FB dan FC,
sementara konsentrasi debu di perpustakaan FA sangat tinggi. Di perpustakaan FA ditemukan kapang pathogen, yaitu Aspergillus fumigatus, sementara di perpustakaan FB
ditemukan Scopulariopsis candida, dan Fusarium verticilloides di perpustakaan FC.
Secara umum, kualitas fisik, kimiawi, dan mikrobiologi udara dalam ruang di ketiga perpustakaan telah melebihi ambang batas.
. KUALITAS UDARA DALAM RUANG PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS ”X” DITINJAU DARI KUALITAS BIOLOGI, FISIK, DAN KIMIAWI
Laila Fitria, Ririn Arminsih Wulandari, Ema Hermawati, Dewi SusannaMAKARA, KESEHATAN, VOL. 12, NO. 2, DESEMBER 2008: 76-82
AbstractPermasalahan yang saat ini menjadi isu di lingkungan perumahan adalah peningkatan pencemaran udara dan kebisingan. Sumber kebisingan yang dominan di lingkungan perumahan adalah berasal
dari lalulintas kendaraan bermotor. Jumlah kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia semakin tahun semakin meningkat, akibatnya lingkungan perumahan di Perkotaan menjadi bising. Kebisingan sendiri terkait
dengan kepadatan lalulintas. Kondisi ini ditambah dengan penyediaan sarana jalan yang tidak memadai menjadikan lingkungan perumahan menjadi jalan pintas dari dan ke jalan umum. Hal ini semakin menimbulkan kebisingan di
lingkungan perumahan. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Kota Yogyakarta dan DKI Jakarta memperlihatkan bahwa tingkat kebisingan
yang terjadi di lingkungan perumahan telah berada diatas ambang baku mutu yang disyaratkan.
Kebisingan yang terjadi di lingkungan perumahan sudah saatnya memerlukan penanganan yang serius, mengingat pengaruh buruk dari kebisingan terhadap kesehatan manusia pada akhirnya akan
mempengaruhi kualitas hidup masyarakat.
Berbagai penanganan kebisingan telah banyak dilakukan terutama terkait pada 3 (tiga) hal, yaitu pada sumber suara, media suara dan penerima. Penanganan secara arsitektural lebih tepat ditujukan pada
penanganan media perambatan suara. Pengolahan ‘jalan’ bunyi yang dalam hal ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi kebisingan yang diterima oleh penerima dapat dilakukan dengan cara: Pertama, memperpanjang jalannya media perambatan dengan
cara menjauhkan antara sumber suara dengan penerimanya. Ke dua, memberi penghalang antara sumber dengan penerima, penghalang dapat berupa dinding penghalang, barier tanaman, maupun fasa di
bangunan itu sendiri. Penanganan secara non Arsitektural dapat dilakukan dengan cara membuat kendaraan bermotor yang lewat lingkungan perumahan menurunkan kecepatannya sampai kurang lebih
20 km/jam.
. TINGKAT KEBISINGAN PADA PERUMAHAN DI PERKOTAANMoch Fathoni Setiawan. Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan. Vol 12, No 2 (2010)
AbstractKarbon monoksida (CO) merupakan salah satu zat polusi udara yang bersifat racun dan dihasilkan dari sektor transportasi dan industri. Sensor gas MQ-135 memiliki kepekaan yang relatif tinggi, low cost dan
relatif lebih tahan lama dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam pengukuran polusi udara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat rancang bangun alat pengukur konsentrasi gas Karbon Monoksida (CO) menggunakan sensor gas MQ-135 berbasis Mikrokontroler dengan komunikasi serial USART dan untuk mengetahui output pengukuran berdasarkan regresi jika dibandingkan dengan alat
ukur standar ECOM J2KN.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah membuat hasil rancangan alat rancang bangun alat pengukur konsentrasi gas karbon monoksida (CO) dengan mikrokontroler ATMega32, sensor gas MQ-135, IC MAX 232, serta konektor DB9. Sumber tegangan yang digunakan 18 V kemudian difilter oleh
LM7805 menjadi 5 V untuk tegangan referensi ADC mikrokontroler. Sedangkan tampilan hasil pengukuran ditampilkan dengan menggunakan LCD dan Interface pada Laptop dengan program visual basic 6.0 . Analisis data digunakan uji regresi. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan bahan penghasil asap yang
bersumber dari kertas yang dibakar kemudian diukur kadar CO-nya dan dikalibrasi menggunakan , ECOM J2KN.
Dari hasil penelitian dan berdasarkan hasil uji regresi diperoleh koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 0,949. Hal ini berarti bahwa terdapat faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil konsentrasi gas CO selain resistansi
sensor sebesar 5,1%. Faktor tersebut antara lain suhu gas, kelembaban gas, dan tekanan gas. Komunikasi serial yang dipakai adalah jenis serial USART dengan mode Asynchronous data dengan
baud rate 9600.
Kata kunci: Sensor gas MQ-135, Mikrokontroler, komunikasi serial USART
Rancang Bangun Alat Pengukur Konsentrasi Gas Karbon Monoksida(CO) Menggunakan Sensor Gas MQ-135 Berbasis Mikrokontroller Dengan Komunikasi
Serial USARTElly Indahwati, Nurhayati
Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 1, No 1 (2012).
Abstract
Metal containing wastes/byproducts of various industries, used consumer goods, and municipal waste are potential pollutants, if not treated properly. They may also be important secondary resources if processed in eco-friendly manner for
secured supply of contained metals/materials.
Bio-extraction of metals from such resources with microbes such as bacteria, fungi and archaea is being increasingly explored to meet the twin objectives of
resource recycling and pollution mitigation.
This review focuses on the bioprocessing of solid wastes/byproducts of metallurgical and manufacturing industries, chemical/petrochemical plants,
electroplating and tanning units, besides sewage sludge and fly ash of municipal incinerators, electronic wastes (e-wastes/PCBs), used batteries, etc. An
assessment has been made to quantify the wastes generated and its compositions, microbes used, metal leaching efficiency etc. Processing of
certain effluents and wastewaters comprising of metals is also included in brief.
Future directions of research are highlighted.
Bio-processing of solid wastes and secondary resources for metal extraction – A review
Jae-chun Lee , Banshi Dhar Pandey. Waste Management 32 (2012) 3–18
Abstract
We investigated the relationships between the light environment beneath a forest canopy and stand attributes, i.e., culm density and total basal area, in a stand of
bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens. Mazel exHouz. based on a thinning experiment.
A 15 m × 15 m plot was established in the stand and 10 successive thinning regimes were performed, so that thinning ratio by the number of culm for each thinning was approximately 5%. The digital hemispherical photographs were taken before and after each thinning, and the sky factor was computed as a measure of light environment
from the photographs.
The light environment became brighter and homogeneous as the thinning regimes progressed. The culm density was a good predictor of the light environment, and the
relationship between sky factor and culm density could be well expressed by an exponential equation. Because of the larger culm sizes and total leaf area, the change in light environment with thinning was more sensitive in the P. pubescens stand than
Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. stands examined in previous studies.
This suggested that species characteristics should be carefully considered when elaborating culm density control for Improving light environment in bamboo stands.
Relationships of light environment to stand attributes in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens
Akio Inoue, Haruka Tateishi, Kotaro Sakuta, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Nobuya Mizoue, Fumiaki Kitaharad. Ecological Engineering 38 (2012) 135– 139
Diunduh dari: http://www.unescap.org/drpad/vc/orientation/m8_1.htm ………….. 26/12/2012
INTERDISIPLIN PENDUGAAN DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN
Diunduh dari: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=12462 ………….. 26/12/2012
Effects of Ozone Air Pollution on Plants
Ground-level ozone causes more damage
to plants than all other air pollutants
combined.
This web page describes the ozone pollution situation,
shows classical symptoms of ozone
injury and shows how ozone affects
yield of several major crops.
.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/aqbasics/visibility.cfm ………….. 26/12/2012
Visibility Effects of Air PollutionVisibility is one of the primary air-related attributes that people associate with national parks. Many
visitors come to parks to enjoy the spectacular vistas.
Diunduh dari: http://agrotechno-park.blogspot.com/2011/10/advantage-and-disadvantages-of.html ………….. 26/12/2012
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOREMEDIATION
Bioremediation is also attractive because of
several advantages that its application has over more conventional technology.
For instance, bioremediation techniques
are typically more economical than more
traditional methods. It is estimated that
bioremediation would cost one-third to one-half that of incineration. In addition, in some cases pollutants can be treated at the site, thus reducing the risk exposure to cleanup personnel and potentially wider exposure
as a result of transportation accidents
(Gabriel, 1991).
Diunduh dari: http://rydberg.biology.colostate.edu/Phytoremediation/2006/Pereyra-Webpage/Phyto%20of%20AMD.htm………….. 26/12/2012
PHYTOREMEDIATION is the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment to render them harmless (Salt
et al., 1998). Phytoremediation is divided into the following areas: phytodegradation, phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytostimulation, and phytovolatilization
Diunduh dari: http://05lovesgeography.blogspot.com/2011/02/eutrophication.html………….. 26/12/2012
EUTROFIKASI
Eutrophication refers to an excessive
amount of nutrients in a body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients
(mainly phosphorous in freshwater and
nitrogen in saltwater) from the land, which
causes a dense growth of plant life,
leading to a decrease in oxygen supply, which causes the death of animals.
Diunduh dari: http://www.greenecowalls.com/benefits_environmental_airquality.html ………….. 26/12/2012
Sick Building Syndrome
Indoor air quality has become a huge concern over the past
decade. The EPA has acknowledged indoor air quality
as one of the top five environmental health risks. This
is compounded further by the fact that we spend the majority of our time indoors: whether we are in
school, at work, or at home. These indoor environments often emit and harbor harmful particles and vapors that frequently cause
what is referred to as "sick building syndrome". Prolonged
exposure to indoor environments often results in occupants complaining about fatigue,
headaches, nausea, and irritation- all due to the off-gassing of many
common products such as carpeting, household cleaners,
and furniture
Diunduh dari: http://www.eolss.com/eolss/5a.htm ………….. 26/12/2012
Sustainable Development with reference to Different forms of CapitalFigure shows that the body of knowledge may be referred to the different forms of capital that are
essential for sustainable development.
A major premise motivating the evolution of the Encyclopedia is that economic and other
development policies should be based on the principles of sustainability, namely:
intergenerational equity; intragenerational equity, and precautionary principle (risk aversion strategies) and conservation of
biodiversity .
The broad framework has received wide acceptance:
1. Natural Resources or Natural Capital (The Environmental Dimension)
2. Economic Resources or Built Capital (The Economic Dimension)
3. Social Resources or Social Capital (The Social Dimension)
4. Institutional Resources or Institutional Capital (The Institutional Dimension )
Diunduh dari: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/guide/stormwater/ ………….. 26/12/2012
URBAN STORMWATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICESThe study is based largely on existing
literature and data on best management practices (BMPs) that are
used to control urban storm water runoff.
Topics covered include: BMP performance measures and
measurable goals, availability of measurement methods, design criteria,
monitoring issues, costs and cost minimization opportunities, and the benefits and economic impacts of constructing and operating BMPs.
The discussion of BMP performance includes structural BMPs such as
infiltration devices, ponds, filters and constructed wetlands; and the
effectiveness of non-structural BMPs, low impact development practices and
management measures such as maintenance practices, street
sweeping, public education and outreach programs.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0429-B1.HTM ………….. 26/12/2012
BARRIERS TO AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has principally been attributed to the
transformation of the forest into agricultural land.
Forestry in Amazonia was slow to get underway primarily because of the high cost
and technical difficulties associated with timber extraction in tropical ecosystems. Now
however, forestry is becoming ever more prevalent in the development of the region. The major trends emerging from this sector
are: selective logging, plantations, sustainable yield management and very recently,
sustainable forest management.
This paper presents the most important barriers, along with possible opportunities for
achieving sustainable forestry, in five categories: environmental, technological,
sociological, economic and political.
It concludes that the most important challenges are political in nature and that these should be prioritized if forestry is to
contribute to the sustainable development of the region.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934105000687 ………….. 26/12/2012
PARTICIPATORY MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
Casual loop diagram of management of forest as perceived by its stakeholders.
Diunduh dari: http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/nile-2020.htm ………….. 26/12/2012
. Future Demands on Nile River Water and Egyptian National Security
by Hans Cathcart
Environment-Conflict Link and
Dynamics
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1476945X10000917 ………….. 26/12/2012
EMERGY-BASED EVALUATION OF PERI-URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICESShu-Li Huang, Yu-Hwa Chen, Fei-Yu Kuo, Szu-Hua Wang
Ecological Complexity, Volume 8, Issue 1, March 2011, Pages 38–50
Energy diagram of water resources in the greater Taipei area.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343510000497 ………….. 26/12/2012
. THE TRANSITION TO AN URBANIZING WORLD AND THE DEMAND FOR NATURAL RESOURCES
Shu-Li Huang, Chia-Tsung Yeh, Li-Fang Chang.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Volume 2, Issue 3, August 2010, Pages 136–143
Conceptual diagram of urban ecological economic system.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nicholasmirzoeff.com/O2012/category/steel/ ………….. 26/12/2012
DIAGRAM OF OCCEAN ACIDIFICATION
TOPIK-TOPIK KAJIAN DISERTASI
PENELITIAN KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN DAN MAL-NUITRISI
EKSEKUTIF-LEGISLATIF
PERUMUSAN KEBIJAKAN
PROSES PERUMUSAN
LEGIS-LATIF
Masya-rakat
EKSEKUTIF
Masyarakat lebih berdaya berpartisipasi dlm perumusan kebijakan
A1
A2
A1.1
B1
C1
PENELITIAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI RUMAH TANGGA PEDESAAN
PENELITIAN PENGELOLAAN SDAL DENGAN GIS DAN REMOTE SENSING
Penelitian Optimasi polatanam berbasis padi dengan Intergrated Multiple Goal Linear Programming (IMGLP)
PENELITIAN SISTEM USAHATANI TERNAK DAN LINGKUNGANNYA
PENELITIAN SISTEM INDUSTRI MINYAK JARAK
PENELITIAN POLA TANAM PERTADU
PENELITIAN MODEL OPTIMASI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN PERTANIAN
PENELITIAN SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY DI WILAYAH PEDESAAN
PENEKLITIAN PERILAKU KONSUMEN HASIL PERTANIAN
PENELITIAN RESPON PRODUKTIVITAS AGROEKOSISTEM
PENELITIAN MODEL OUTBREAK HAMA DALAM EKOSISTEM PERTANIAN
PENELITIAN DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM TERHADAP PERTANIAN
The appropriateness of approaches to solve selected problems in sustainable agriculture.
PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN AGROPOLITAN BERBASIS AGRIBISNIS
PENELITIAN MODEL PENGELOLAAN EUTROFIKASI EKOSISTEM AKUATIK
PENELITIAN MODEL PENDUGAAN KARBON EKOSISTEM DARAT
PENELITIAN MODEL NERACA AIR DAS
PENELITIAN MODEL HIDRO-GEOLOGI ZONE RESAPAN MATA AIR
MODEL PENDUGAAN RUNOFF BERBASIS HUJAN HARIAN
KAJIAN MODEL NERACA AIR KAWASAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI
KAJIAN MODEL PENGELOLAAN TANAH DAN AIR LAHAN PERTANIAN
Land-use Evolution and Impact Assessment Model
FACILITATINGINTERDISCIPLINARY
RESEARCH
---
RISET INTERDISIPLIN
Interdisciplinary research (IDR) :
Suatu mode riset yang mengintegrasikan informasi, data, teknik, tools, perspectif, konsep, dan / atau teori-teori dari dua disiplin ilmu atau
lebih guna mendapatkan pemahaman yang komprehensif atau untuk menyelesaikan
permasalahan yang solusinya berada di luar jangkauan satu disiplin ilmu tertentu.
When IDR Works Well
IDR akan berhasil kalau ia merespon permasalahan atau proses yang berada di luar
jangkauan suatu disiplin ilmu tertentu.
Misalnya, astrobiology, inisiatif NASA, untuk mengkaji asal-usul dan distribusi kehidupan, memerlukan partisipasi banyak disiplin ilmu.
WHEN IDR is LESS SUCCESSFUL
Kegagalan IDR biasanya disebabkan oleh karena tim peneliti tidak dapat menyatu secara fungsional.
Hal ini dapat terjadi karena beberapa alasan:
1. Anggota tim terlalu mementingkan dirinya sendiri di atas kepentingan tim, meremehkan kontribusi anggota tim lainnya, atau lemahnya kepemimpinan tim.
2. Anggota tim kurang paham kontribusinya dalam tim3. Kurangnya pemahaman oleh anggota tim yang senior4. Kurangnya waktu untuk dapat berkerjasama dalam
penelitian.
GRADUATE STUDENTS
Many researchers begin serious involvement in IDR as graduate students.
For doctoral students working in an IDR team environment, fulfilling the requirements for a PhD qualifying examination or dissertation in the home
department may require extra planning and coordination between DISCIPLINES.
There may be barriers to entry, such as admissions policies, that are biased against students whose
undergraduate degree is not in the same discipline as the proposed graduate degree.
POSTDOCTORAL SCHOLARS
A postdoctoral experience often provides the best opportunity for researchers to train deeply in a new discipline.
The STUDY provided in postdoctoral years can provide skills and knowledge beyond those acquired by graduate students, which are
focused on the home discipline.
Despite committee interviews that indicate heightened interest in IDR among postdoctoral scholars, progress toward interdisciplinary expertise may be slowed by a relative shortage of interdisciplinary
postdoctoral fellowships.
Moreover, a potential fellow may not be sufficiently knowledgeable about the secondary discipline to be useful to a potential mentor.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WAKTU-TUNGGU
Implementing a quality maintenance systemFAKTOR-FAKTOR
YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT LAYANAN
Quality audit experience for excellence in healthcareFAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WAKTU-TUNGGU PASIEN
The interconnectedness between environmental degradation and progressive impact of natural disasters can be illustrated by the case of the Yangtze River Basin, in China, where
concerns related to environmental vulnerability have been incorporated in watershed management
KAJIAN RISIKO BENCANA DAN DEGRADASI LINGKUNGAN
Risk mitigation in offshoring of business operations
Service failure and recovery strategies in the restaurant sector
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEGAGALAN LAYANAN
Technology Management for Small Business
FLOWCHARTING
TERIMA KASIH SEMOGA BERMANFAAT
Wss.