International Conference ...BASEININIS VALDYMAS: POŽEMINIO VANDENS VIETA Pirmininkauja: Jonas Satk ūnas, Lietuvos geologijos tarnybos direktoriaus pavaduotojas 111000...555000–––111111...222000

International Conference “““GGGEEEOOOHHHEEERRRIIITTTAAAGGGEEE FFFOOORRR SSSUUUSSSTTTAAAIIINNNAAABBBLLLEEE DDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTT””” EEEXXXCCCUUURRRSSSIIIOOONNN GGGUUUIIIDDDEEE

International Workshop

GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR IINN TTHHEE BBAALLTTIICC RREEGGIIOONN:: CCHHAALLLLEENNGGEESS FFOORR FFUUTTUURREE

Dedicated to

the INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF PLANET EARTH AND 60 YEARS OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN THE BALTIC REGION

April 19–20, 2007, Vilnius, Lithuania

VVOOLLUUMMEE OOFF AABBSSTTRRAACCTTSS

Tarptautinis seminaras

PPOOŽŽEEMMIINNIISS VVAANNDDUUOO PPAABBAALLTTIIJJOO RREEGGIIOONNEE:: IIŠŠŠŠŪŪKKIIAAII AATTEEIIČČIIAAII Skirtas

POŽEMINIO VANDENS MONITORINGO PABALTIJO REGIONE 60-mečiui IR TARPTAUTINIAMS ŽEMĖS PLANETOS METAMS

2007 m. balandžio 19–20 d., Vilnius

PPRRAANNEEŠŠIIMMŲŲ TTEEZZĖĖSS

Vilnius, 2007

VOLUME OF ABSTRACTS GROUNDWATER IN THE BALTIC REGION: CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE

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OORRGGAANNIISSEEDD BBYY:: Lithuanian Geological Survey (LGT)

Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LAS)

Association of Geological Companies (GIA)

SSPPOONNSSOORREEDD BBYY::

Association of Geological Companies (GIA)

“Vilniaus Hidrogeologija” Ltd

“Grota” Ltd

OORRGGAANNIISSIINNGG CCOOMMMMIITTTTEEEE::

Dr. Jonas Satkūnas (chairman) Dr. Kęstutis Kadūnas (chairman) Jurgita Kriukaitė (secretary) Janina Giedraitienė (LGT) Dr. Jurga Arustienė (LGT) Antanas Marcinonis (GIA)

Published by Lithuanian Geological Survey

Compiled by: Jurga Arustienė, Jonas Satkūnas

Layout and cover design: Indrė Virbickienė & Regina Norvaišienė

Circulation: 85 copies © Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba Vilnius, 2007

GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR IINN TTHHEE BBAALLTTIICC RREEGGIIOONN:: CCHHAALLLLEENNGGEESS FFOORR FFUUTTUURREE VOLUME OF ABSTRACTS

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PPRROOGGRRAAMMMMEE

111999 AAAPPPRRRIIILLL 222000000777

999...333000–––111000...000000 – Registration

OOPPEENNIINNGG SSEESSSSIIOONN 111000...000000–––111000...222000 – Arūnas Kundrotas, Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania Juozas Mockevičius, Director of Lithuanian Geological Survey

111000...222000–––111000...555000 – Goundwater management: EU context Kęstutis Kadūnas, Lithuanian Geological Survey & Philippe Quevauviller, European Commission

PPAARRTT 11.. RRIIVVEERR BBAASSIINN MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT:: PPLLAACCEE OOFF GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR Chairman: Jonas Satkūnas, Deputy Director, Lithuanian Geological Survey

111000...555000–––111111...222000 – Implementation of water sector directives in Lithuania Aldona Margerienė, Water Director, Environment Protection Agency, Lithuania

111111...222000–––111111...444000 – Multilateral cooperation on trans-boundary aquifers management: Example from Lithuania Jurga Arustienė, Lithuanian Geological Survey

111111...444000–––111222...000000 – Concerning conditions of groundwater recharge and discharge in areas of intensive exploitations Vladimir A. Zubok, Gennadij I. Skackov, Belgeologia, Republic of Belarus

111222...000000–––111333...333000 –– LLuunncchh

111333...333000–––111444...000000 – Poster session

PPAARRTT 22.. GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR MMOONNIITTOORRIINNGG –– TTOOOOLL FFOORR SSUUSSTTAAIINNAABBLLEE WWAATTEERR MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT Chairman: Tatjana Jansone, Head of the Water Resources Division of the Environment Protection Departament, Ministry of the environment of the Republic of Latvia

111444...000000–––111444...222000 – Groundwater monitoring in Estonia Rein Perens & Leonid Savitski, Geological Survey of Estonia

111444...222000–––111444...444000 – Impact of climatic chantes to groundwater resources in Lithuania Janina Giedraitiene, Lithuanian Geological Survey

111444...444000–––111555...000000 – Groundwater monitoring in Latvia Uldis Nulle, Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Agency

PPAARRTT 33.. PPRROOBBLLEEMMSS AANNDD PPEERRSSPPEECCTTIIVVEESS:: DDOO WWEE KKNNOOWW AANNSSWWEERRSS?? Chairman: Kęstutis Kadūnas, Head of Hydrogeological Division, Lithuanian Geological Survey

111555...000000–––111555...222000 – Knowledge of distribution of trace elements in groundwater in relation with groundwater management Igors Levins, „Ģeoplus“ Ltd., Latvia

111555...222000–––111555...444000 – Groundwater of urban areas: does protection manageable? Algirdas Klimas, „Vilnius hidrogeologija“ Ltd, Lithuania

111555...444000–––111666...111555 – Discussion. Closure

111666...222000–––111999...000000 –– DDiinnnneerr:: „„GGeett –– ttooggeetthheerr““

222000 AAAPPPRRRIIILLL 222000000777

999...333000–––111444...000000 – Excursion: Hidrogeology of Vilnius and surroundings


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PPRROOGGRRAAMMAA

222000000777 mmm... BBBAAALLLAAANNNDDDŽŽŽIIIOOO 111999 ddd...

999...333000–––111000...000000 – Registracija

AATTIIDDAARRYYMMAASS 111000...000000–––111000...222000 – Arūnas Kundrotas, Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos ministras Juozas Mockevičius, Lietuvos geologijos tarnybos direktorius

111000...222000–––111000...555000 – Požeminio vandens apsauga Europos Sąjungos teisėje Kęstutis Kadūnas, Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba ir Philippe Quevauviller, Europos Komisija

11 DDAALLIISS.. BBAASSEEIINNIINNIISS VVAALLDDYYMMAASS:: PPOOŽŽEEMMIINNIIOO VVAANNDDEENNSS VVIIEETTAA Pirmininkauja: Jonas Satkūnas, Lietuvos geologijos tarnybos direktoriaus pavaduotojas

111000...555000–––111111...222000 – Vandens sektoriaus direktyvų įgyvendinimas Lietuvoje Aldona Margerienė, Aplinkos apsaugos agentūra

111111...222000–––111111...444000 – Daugiašalis bendradarbiavimas tarpvalstybinių vandeningųjų sluoksnių valdyme: Lietuvos pavyzdžiai Jurga Arustienė, Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba

111111...444000–––111222...000000 – Požeminio vandens mityba ir iškrova intensyvios eksploatacijos zonose Vladimir A. Zubok, Gennadij I. Skackov, Belgeologija

111222...000000–––111333...333000 –– PPiieettūūss

111333...333000–––111444...000000 – Stendinių pranešimų sesija

22 DDAALLIISS.. PPOOŽŽEEMMIINNIIOO VVAANNDDEENNSS MMOONNIITTOORRIINNGGAASS ––SSUUBBAALLAANNSSUUOOTTOO VVAANNDDEENNSS IIŠŠTTEEKKLLIIŲŲ VVAALLDDYYMMOO PPRRIIEEMMOONNĖĖ Pirmininkauja: Tatjana Jansone, Latvijos Respublikos aplinkos ministerijos Aplinkos apsaugos departamento Vandens išteklių skyriaus vedėja

111444...000000–––111444...222000 – Požeminio vandens monitoringas Estijoje Rein Perens & Leonid Savitski, Estijos geologijos tarnyba

111444...222000–––111444...444000 – Klimato pokyčių įtaka požeminio vandens ištekliams Lietuvoje Janina Giedraitiene, Lietuvos geologijos tarnyba

111444...444000–––111555...000000 – Požeminio vandens monitoringas Latvijoje Uldis Nulle, Latvijos aplinkos, geologijos ir meteorologijos agentūra

33 DDAALLIISS.. PPRROOBBLLEEMMOOSS IIRR PPEERRSSPPEEKKTTYYVVOOSS:: AARR ŽŽIINNOOMMEE AATTSSAAKKYYMMUUSS?? Pirmininkauja: Kęstutis Kadūnas, Lietuvos geologijos tarnybos Hidrogeologijos skyriaus vedėjas

111555...000000–––111555...222000 – Žinių apie sunkiųjų metalų pasiskirstymą požeminiame vandenyje svarba jo apsaugos planavime Igors Levins, „Ģeoplus“ Ltd., Latvija

111555...222000–––111555...444000 – Požeminis vanduo urbanizuotose teritorijose: ar jo apsauga yra valdoma? Algirdas Klimas, UAB „Vilnius hidrogeologija“, Lietuva

111555...444000–––111666...111555 – Diskusijos. Uždarymas

111666...222000–––111999...000000 –– VVaakkaarriieennėė:: „„BBūūkkii kkaarrttuu““

222000000777 mmm... BBBAAALLLAAANNNDDDŽŽŽIIIOOO 222000 ddd...

999...333000–––111444...000000 – Ekskursija: Vilniaus miesto ir apylinkių hidrogeologija


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CCoonntteennttss

1. Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. Pratarmė . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1. Multilateral cooperation on trans-boundary aquifers management: Example from Lithuania J. Arustienė . . . . . . . . 8

2. Groundwater management: EU context K. Kadūnas, P. Quevauviller . . . . . . . . . 10

3. Groundwater vulnerability mapping at the Geological Survey of Lithuania. R. Kanopienė . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4. Groundwater of urban areas: does protection manageable? A. Klimas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5. Groundwater monitoring in Estonia R. Perens, L. Savitski . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6. Modeling of surface and groundwater flow in the Narva Region, Russia M. Staudt, G. Van den Dool, J. Leveinen, S. Sapon, H. Vanhala & P. Lintinen . 15

7. Potential Contamination Sources of Geological Environment J. Šugalskienė, V. Minkevičius . . . . . . . . . 18

8. Bоздействие изменений метеорологических условий на грунтовые воды. Я. Гедрайтене . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

9. For notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20


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PPRREEFFAACCEE Just ten years ago, geological society celebrated 50 years anniversary of groundwater monitoring in Lithuania. To commemorate this event Lithuanian Geological Survey organized the conference and prepared special edition “Groundwater monitoring in Lithuania (1946‐1996)”. The main achievements of that period, interesting results of various investigations, historical review were presented.

Now we commemorate 60 years anniversary. During 60 years period Lithuanian hydrogeologists collected abundant and diverse material about groundwater regime and balance, impact of anthropogenic activity to groundwater resources and their quality in Lithuania. This valuable material resulted from long and accurate work done by dedicated specialists, who from the very beginning effectively directed groundwater monitoring, nourished and carried about development. Regional groundwater monitoring network methodically created during those years serves as the base for current monitoring.

During all years development of groundwater network was influenced by time actualities. The last decade development is associated with integration of Lithuania into European Community.

Transposition of EC laws into national level and implementation of river basin management principles leads to necessary improvements of groundwater monitoring system. Meeting the requirements of Water Framework Directive National groundwater network was modified and modernized its technical base. Observations of groundwater quality were extended and automatic data loggers for level measurements were installed. Status of Groundwater bodies which were delineated in Lithuania in 2004, was evaluated based on groundwater monitoring data; groundwater bodies and sub‐bodies potentially at risk are under further observation and assessment now.

International workshop “Groundwater in the Baltic region: challenges for future” is dedicated not only to commemorate anniversary groundwater monitoring, but the International Year of Planet Earth too. In the world where human activity strongly affects the environment and crosses the state boundaries, groundwater protection and sustainable use of water resources is a common issue for all hydrogeologists. Preservation of groundwater resources for future generations depends not only on our competence to collect and assess information, but share one with another as well. Coordinated actions on different sides of the state borders are very important for effective groundwater monitoring.

Further steps integrating to European Community, economic growth, climatic changes all suggest that in the next decades we need to put strong efforts to face challenges of the future. Long‐term observation data is valuable sources, which helps us to understand past and present and try to predict future trends.

Janina Giedraitienė, Deputy Head of Hydrogeological Division, Lithuanian Geological Survey


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PPRRAATTAARRMMĖĖ

Vos prieš dešimtmetį geologų bendruomenė paminėjo požeminio vandens monitoringo Lietuvoje penkiasdešimtmetį. Šiai sukakčiai paminėti Lietuvos geologijos tarnyboje vyko konferencija, buvo parengtas leidinys ,,Požeminio vandens monitoringas Lietuvoje (1946–1996)“. Jame apžvelgti svarbiausi to laikotarpio pasiekimai, įvairiu metu gautų tyrimų rezultatai, istorinė monitoringo raida.

Dabar pažymime požeminio vandens monitoringo šešiasdešimtmetį. Per tuos metus Lietuvos hidrogeologai sukaupė gausią ir labai įvairią medžiagą apie Lietuvos požeminio vandens režimą ir balansą, apie antropogeninių veiksnių įtaką požeminei hidrosferai ir vandens kokybei. Ši informacija yra ilgo ir kruopštaus, nuoširdžiai atsidavusių šiai profesijai specialistų, įvairiais laikotarpiais vadovavusių monitoringo kryptims, puoselėjusių ir turtinusių monitoringo tradicijas, darbo rezultatas. Metodiškai sukurtas ir pagrįstas atraminis regioninis požeminio vandens režimo stebėjimų tinklas tapo ,,pamatu“ dabartiniam požeminio vandens nacionalinio monitoringo tinklui.

Visais gyvavimo laikotarpiais požeminio vandens monitoringo plėtra siejosi su laikmečio aktualijomis.

Paskutiniojo dešimtmečio monitoringo raidą lėmė Lietuvos integracija į Europos Sąjungą.

Europos Sąjungos teisės aktus perkeliant į nacionalinį lygį, įdiegiant baseininio vandenų valdymo principus šalyje, požeminio vandens monitoringo sistemą teko tobulinti. Siekiant įgyvendinti Bendrosios vandenų politikos direktyvos (2000/60/EB) reikalavimus, požeminio vandens monitoringo tinklas modifikuotas, atnaujinta ir modernizuota jo techninė bazė. Žymiai labiau išplėstas hidrocheminių stebėjimų turinys ir apimtys, automatizuoti lygių stebėjimai. Pagal monitoringo stebėjimų rezultatus, 2004 metais išskirti ir patvirtinti šeši pagrindinių vandeningųjų sluoksnių požeminio vandens baseinai, įvertinta kiekybinė ir kokybinė vandens būklė juose, nustatytos rizikos zonos (pabaseiniai), atliekamas detalus vandens telkinių būklės vertinimas.

Tarptautinis seminaras ,,Požeminis vanduo Pabaltijo regione: iššūkiai ateičiai“ skirtas ne tik požeminio vandens monitoringo sukakčiai, bet ir Tarptautiniams Žemės metams paminėti. Žmogaus veiklos poveikis peržengia valstybių sienas, nepripažįsta jų ir vandens tėkmė, todėl požeminio vandens apsauga ir subalansuotas vandens išteklių naudojimas yra visų šalių hidrogeologų bendras rūpestis. Požeminio vandens būklės išsaugojimas ateities kartoms priklauso ne tik nuo to, kaip mes gebame įgyti ir kaupti informaciją, ja naudotis, bet ir perduoti vieni kitiems, pasidalinti patirtimi. Todėl koordinuoti požeminio vandens būklės stebėjimai abipus valstybių sienų yra svarbus monitoringo uždavinys.

Besitęsianti Lietuvos integracija į ES, intensyvėjanti žmogaus ūkinė veikla, klimato pokyčiai žada, kad ateinantis dešimtmetis pareikalaus ne mažiau pastangų, tinkamai pasiruošti ateities iššūkiams. Monitoringo informacija, ypač ilgamečių stebėjimų duomenys, turi neįkainojamąją vertę, nes tai ,,raktas“ praeičiai ir dabarčiai suprasti ir vertinti bei ateities pokyčiams numatyti.

Janina Giedraitienė,

Hidrogeologijos skyriaus vedėjo pavaduotoja


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MMUULLTTIILLAATTEERRAALL CCOOOOPPEERRAATTIIOONN OONN TTRRAANNSS--BBOOUUNNDDAARRYY AAQQUUIIFFEERRSS MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT:: EEXXAAMMPPLLEE FFRROOMM LLIITTHHUUAANNIIAA

J. Arustienė, Lithuanian Geological Survey

In the world where human activity strongly affects the environment and crosses the state boundaries, the status of groundwater resources becomes a major issue. Groundwater protection and sustainable use of all water resources superior to political boundaries is a new challenge to hydrogeologists.

Implementing requirements of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EB) for groundwater six main groundwater bodies were delineated in the territory of Lithuania based on division of the territory into large groundwater flow systems important for public water supply. Five of them are trans‐boundary. Upper‐Middle Devonian groundwater body is shared with Latvia and Belarus, Upper Devonian Stipinai and Permian–Upper Devonian with Latvia, South Eastern Quaternary with Belarus and Poland and Upper‐Lower Cretaceous with Kaliningrad.

Additionally, 16 groundwater sub‐bodies were delineated within the main groundwater bodies based on possible risks: ten were distinguished based on dynamics, i. e., possible interaction with surface water and terrestrial ecosystems, and six were distinguished based on hydrochemistry, i. e., possible risk to groundwater quality. It was assumed, that anthropogenic loads had or could have significant impact on groundwater quality in the Upper Devonian, Stipinai groundwater body and Biržai–Pasvalys (Northern Lithuania karst region) sub‐body located in the contact with Latvian border, as well as vulnerable Southeastern plain sub‐body bordering with Belarus and sub‐body of Kuronian lagoon bordering with Kaliningrad. These bodies were classified as potentially at risk because of high percentage of urban territories, vulnerable aquifers and traces of contamination in the groundwater. In other groundwater bodies and sub‐bodies, the local contamination did not affect groundwater quality of main aquifers. The chemical status of the groundwater was classified as good.

Salt‐water intrusions under Lithuanian geological conditions are a potential source of risk, especially in the confined aquifers. Almost all main groundwater bodies contain zones in which salt‐water intrusions occur. Six such zones were classified as groundwater sub‐bodies potentially at risk – two of them are located near border areas.

In the stage of preliminary characterization, problematic groundwater bodies were classified as “potentially” at risk meaning that the “real” risk should be assessed in the next stage. Detailed characterization is planned within a special project for “risk” sub‐bodies, whose results will serve as a basis for further development and establishment of environmental risk‐preventing measures. It could be done best only in co‐operation with specialists from neighbor counties.

The good base for future cooperation was laid back during recent years, working together on joint cross‐border projects. The best examples are shortly reviewed below.

A set of geological maps for the Lithuanian–Belarusian cross‐border Area The joint Lithuanian–Belarusian project of the integrated geological mapping for 51.000 km2 of the cross‐border area was completed in 2005. A set of maps at a scale of 1:200 000 was


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compiled using the integrated topographic basic map as a background. The set consists of pre‐Quaternary geological map, map of the Quaternary deposits, Geomorphological map, Map of natural resources and Hydrogeological map of the pre‐Quaternary aquifers. The pre‐Quaternary geological map and information of wells serve as a basis for hydrogeological map of the pre‐Quaternary aquifers in the Lithuanian–Belarusian cross‐border area.

The pre‐Quaternary geological map of Lithuanian–Latvian cross‐border area at a scale of 1:200 000 The project “Pre‐Quaternary geological map of Lithuanian–Latvian cross‐border area at a scale of 1:200 000” was started in 2000 by Geological Survey of Lithuania together with Geological Survey of Latvia and completed in 2003. The aim of the project was to compile a set of digital geological and structural maps of the Lithuanian–Latvian cross‐border area. As a result of the project, the pre‐Quaternary geological map at a scale 1:200 000, as well as a set of structural maps for the reference strata at a scale of 1:500 000 for the cross‐border area have been compiled. The maps were compiled on the basis of a complex integration of available well data stored in the archives of Lithuanian and Latvian Geological Surveys as well as seismic, well log and published data. The substantial problems related to the differences of the local stratigraphical schemes were solved after the compilation of the common legend, which was suitable for the geological maps of both the Latvian and the Lithuanian territories. Of special importance is the fact that the newly compiled set of maps is prepared in digital form using GIS MapInfo software, which allows an efficient updating of maps. Also, the maps can be easily plotted in different size and efficiently used as a background for hydrogeological, ecogeological and other scientific and applied maps.

The joint Polish‐Lithuanian programme of environmental geological research “Belt of Yotvings – fragment of Green Lungs of Europe” was launched in 1992. This programme, carried out by the Polish Geological Institute (PGI) and the Lithuanian Geological Survey (LGT) deals with the collection of all information significant for assessment of geological environments, resources and possible hazards in order to ensure sustainable use of the subsurface and better living conditions for the population. As a result „Atlas – Geology for Environmental Protection and Territorial Planning in the Polish‐Lithuanian Cross‐border Area” (Atlas 1997) was printed at a scale of 1: 500 000. It presents synthetic geological, geomorphological, geochemical, radioecological, hydrogeological, mineral resources and other environmental geological data intended for environmental protection and territorial planning of the cross‐border area.

The joint groundwater monitoring in the Polish–Lithuanian cross‐border area was launched in 1994. Monitoring system consists of 24 monitoring stations. 20 of them are installed into Quaternary confined aquifers, which are the main fresh water supply sources for public supply and individual residents. The type of the land use is assumed as a possible reason for hydrochemical differences on both sides of the border. Composition of groundwater on the Lithuanian side could be influenced by the anthropogenic impact related to soviet type collective farming (until 1991). Monitoring results show trends of sulphates and chlorides ions increase on both sides of the border during the monitoring period. Monitoring data on groundwater status reflect the status of the environment in the region.

Such examples of co‐operation shows that we are prepared to go further in trans‐boundary groundwater resources management.


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GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT:: EEUU CCOONNTTEEXXTT

K. Kadūnas, Lithuanian Geological Survey P. Quevauviller, European Commission

Groundwater is the most sensitive and the largest body of freshwater in the European Union and, in particular, also a main source of public drinking water supplies in many regions. European’s recognize, that groundwater is a valuable natural resource and as such should be protected from deterioration and chemical pollution. This is particularly important for groundwater‐dependent ecosystems and for the use of groundwater in water supply for human consumption. Groundwater in bodies of water used for the abstraction of drinking water or intended for such future use must be protected in such a way that deterioration in the quality of such bodies of water is avoided in order to reduce the level of purification treatment required in the production of drinking water.

The importance to protect and to save clean groundwater resources are underlined in many EC directives devoted to environment protection. Importance of groundwater protection and strict criteria are emphasized in directives of management of landfills of wastes, protection against diffuse pollution caused by nitrates, pesticides and biocides and management of point sources of pollution impementing integrated pollution prevention and control measures. Last directives, 2000/60/EC and 2006/118/EC incorporate groundwater protection measures named in earlier directives and establish a framework on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration in European Community.

Lithuania is probably the only country in Europe using exclusively groundwater resources for potable water supply. Their use and protection, therefore, should be the environmental task of the first priority. Before joining European Community Lithuania transposed requirements of all directives to the national legislation. However, transposition is only “one hand”, another “hand” is preparation of the reports according requirements of different directives and, finally, to develop program’s of measures to improve environment quality.

The first step on transposition and reporting on implementation of directives, especially in groundwater sector was successful. But more important task is to reach good groundwater status, the dead line for this is 2015.


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GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR VVUULLNNEERRAABBIILLIITTYY MMAAPPPPIINNGG AATT TTHHEE LLIITTHHUUAANNIIAANN GGEEOOLLOOGGIICCAALL SSUURRVVEEYY

R. Kanopienė, Lithuanian Geological Survey

One of the most important environmental geological problems is the quality of groundwater. Groundwater is the only source of drinking water in Lithuania. For the assurance of proper groundwater quality the environmental geological information should be taken into account during territorial planning and industrial objects site selection processes.

According to the data of geological investigations and mapping the set of environmental geological maps could be compiled. At Geological Survey of Lithuania environmental geological mapping was started in 1995.

Vulnerability of groundwater means a possibility for pollutants to reach the groundwater surface. This possibility depends on geological conditions, kind of pollutants and several other natural or man‐made factors.

Maps of groundwater vulnerability provide an important part of environmental geological information that is useful for territorial planning, environmental protection and groundwater management.

Vulnerability of shallow and artesian groundwater has being evaluated separately. According to methodology accepted in Geological Survey of Lithuania two maps of groundwater vulnerability have being compiled for each mapping area. Map of shallow groundwater vulnerability provides information on moisture (also pollutants) migration time from the land surface to shallow groundwater level. The shorter the migration time the higher the vulnerability of the shallow groundwater aquifer. The moisture migration time could be calculated according to lithology of unsaturated zone and the depth of shallow groundwater level. This time could be shown by isolines on the map. Polygons between the isolines could be coloured according to vulnerability level. Higher vulnerability – in red, and lower one – in yellow and green. Direction of horizontal shallow groundwater flow is shown as an additional information on the shallow groundwater vulnerability maps.

Vulnerability of artesian groundwater has being evaluated according to two groups of factors: lithological and hydrodynamic. Lithological part consists from lithological composition of overlaying deposits, thickness of layers above the aquifer and homogeneity of overlaying strata. In hydrodynamic part of evaluation attention has to be paid on direction of vertical groundwater flow. If the flow goes upwards, the aquifer is protected from the surface pollution and lithology is not very important then. When the flow goes downwards the major attention should be paid onto lithological factors. Those should be evaluated for the areas of different geological structure. Typical geological cross‐section should be compiled for each area. Vulnerability of artesian groundwater could be evaluated by three categories: low, intermediate and high. Polygons of different vulnerability are coloured on the map. Maps of artesian groundwater vulnerability contain some additional geological information, such as thickness of overlaying strata, typical cross‐sections of the areas of different geological structure, direction of horizontal groundwater flow, distribution areas of the aquifers, etc.

The groundwater vulnerability maps are compiled at a scale 1:50 000 for geological mapping areas and the project of groundwater vulnerability mapping at a scale of 1:200 000 for all the territory of Lithuania will be completed in 2007 at Geological survey of Lithuania.


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GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR OOFF UURRBBAANN AARREEAASS:: DDOOEESS PPRROOTTEECCTTIIOONN MMAANNAAGGEEAABBLLEE??

Dr. Habil. A. Klimas, “Vilnius Hydrogeology” Ltd

Why manage? Because cities and towns pollutes shallow groundwater, which sometimes is still used for drinking: in small towns and at the suburbs of cities local population still have dug wells and drink water from them. Certain groups of people like to drink water of natural springs available almost everywhere in the valleys of rivers, crossing the towns. But still more acute problem is the fact that the contaminated shallow groundwater pollutes deeper aquifers used for public water supply.

Urbanization impact on a groundwater has a long history in Lithuania.. First investigations of dug well water were carried out in 1946–1947 by I. Skorikov. Later on, in 1953–1970 extensive studies of shallow groundwater were organized in our largest towns by V. Mikalauskas and A. Kondratas. Those studies have been resumed by LGS and VHE in 1977–1989 and in 1994–2000, they have continuation even today.

Interesting results have been received in Vilnius where representative municipal groundwater monitoring (MGWM) takes place since 2004. MGWM network comprises 23 wells, 14 springs and 8 dug wells. Groundwater from dug wells is extremely polluted: concentration of nitrates in some of them exceeds 100 and even 200 mg/l. Groundwater from springs somewhere is a little bit better. But in many springs were detected not only nitrates, but also detergents, oil products and certain microbes. Traces of pollution contain groundwater from municipal monitoring wells.

Situation is much better with a groundwater from the municipal wellfields. Drinking water from those wellfields correspond all the requirements of hygiene norms. Nevertheless, traces of pollution of this water are also seen. Most typical cases are increase of concentration of unoxidised organic matters, of sulphates and chlorides. In some cases even nitrates are present. But most often deeper aquifers, recharged by polluted shallow groundwater and surface water demonstrates transformed, or secondary pollutants. Most typical cases are depletion of oxygen content, and, as a consequence, increase concentrations of iron and manganese, replacement of nitrates by ammonia, increase alkalinity of groundwater. Hygiene norms allow to drink such water, but we should to understand, that part of this water is sewage.

From all this follow that groundwater in urban areas was, is and will be polluted – it is inevitable, and the struggle against this phenomenon resemble the famous fight of Don Quijote with the windmills. Though unallowable pollution is intrinsic for urban water table aquifers, transformed pollution enters deep ones. So the question is – to drink or not to drink water, collected from under the cities? I daresay, that we should to strive not to drink water from under the urban areas. And we, in Lithuania, we have such possibilities almost everywhere.


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GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR MMOONNIITTOORRIINNGG IINN EESSTTOONNIIAA

R. Perens, L. Savitski, Geological Survey of Estonia

Monitoring strategy The first groundwater monitoring programme was established in 1959. The main objective of groundwater monitoring is to produce reliable and comprehensive information on groundwater resources and their quality. This information can be used as a basis for decisions on environmental issues.

According to set objectives and hydrogeological conditions, groundwater monitoring in Estonia is divided into state (national), local, enterprise and scientific monitoring. The basic monitoring network implemented by the Geological Survey of Estonia consists of 277 wells and 19 springs. Usually the stations have measurement screens at several depths and in different aquifers. The main monitoring procedures are water level measurements and water quality sampling. Water level of shallow groundwater is measured 3–5 times per month, the level of deep confined aquifers is measured once per month. In two observation wells automatic data loggers are installed. Water sampling for analysis of basic chemical composition is performed in 117 wells and 19 springs once per year, nitrogen compounds in shallow groundwater twice per year.

Important findings from the monitoring programme Groundwater level monitoring is a part of national monitoring to evaluate the response of the groundwater bodies to abstraction. About 140 thousand m³/d of groundwater is abstracted at present time in Estonia for domestic use. From this amount an average 30% is extracted from the deep confined Cambrian–Vendian groundwater body. The most serious consequences of the intensive groundwater use include the formation of regional depressions of potentiometric level which has caused changes in the direction and velocity of filtration flows in the Cambrian–Vendian groundwater body. As the groundwater body crops out in the Baltic Sea, not very far from the shoreline, the drawdown contours show that there exists the risk of recent seawater intrusion.

Chemical composition of shallow groundwater, especially the nitrate concentration in spring water is important from the point of view of agricultural impact to groundwater. As a result of misleading good agricultural practices and large use of fertilisers in the beginning of 80s the nitrate concentration in spring water on Pandivere Nitrate Sensitive Area exceeded 40 mg/l. During the last decades the concentration of nitrates seems to be declining, probably reflecting the decline in use of fertilisers.

Planned changes On the general hydrogeological conditions and groundwater flow in Estonia there are delineated 15 groundwater bodies. To report groundwater monitoring data to European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET), 5 groups of groundwater bodies corresponding to the main important aquifer systems are delineated.

In 2007 some changes were made into groundwater monitoring programme. Altogether the present density of quantitative monitoring wells is sufficient. Unfortunately the most amount of wells has been drilled 20–30 years ago and needs some renovation (redrilling, cleaning etc.). It would be necessary also to install automatic continuous


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monitoring stations, particularly in karstic groundwater bodies, where changes of groundwater level are highly fluctuating.

Considering the monitoring of groundwater chemical status it is planned to establish the surveillance and the operational monitoring network. These networks will consist of qualitatively observed monitoring wells and springs of the present national monitoring network and of wells for abstraction of drinking water (>10 m³/d).

The requirement of inspection of contents of pesticides in groundwater will be added to the programme of groundwater monitoring particularly in the nitrate vulnerable areas, which reflects best the impact of agriculture on groundwater.

Additional attention and monitoring will be needed in the deep confined Estonian–Russian transboundary Cambrian and Vendian groundwater bodies. At present in co‐operation between the French Geological Survey (BRGM) and the Geological Survey of Estonia the geological three‐dimensional model has been elaborated on the Russian‐Estonian border.


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MMOODDEELLIINNGG OOFF SSUURRFFAACCEE AANNDD GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR FFLLOOWW IINN TTHHEE NNAARRVVAA RREEGGIIOONN,, RRUUSSSSIIAA

M. Staudt, G. Van den Dool, J. Leveinen, S. Sapon, H.Vanhala and P. Lintinen, Geological Survey of Finland, Betonimiehenkuja 4, 02151 Espoo, Finland

Keywords: surface water modelling, groundwater modelling, oil shale mining, Estonia, St. Petersburg oblast, Narva

Introduction The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has carried out jointly with the Geological Survey of Estonia a geophysical test study in the Kohtlajärve area NW Estonia. In addition GTK is currently developing a surface and groundwater model for the Slantsy oil shale mining region near the Russian‐Estonian border under the EU LIFE project “Narva Groundwater Management Plan”. The oil shale occurs as kukersite in the late Middle Ordovician and early Late Ordovician argillaceous limestones and marls. In both areas the mining of oil shale has provided the main economical factor since the early years of the 20th century, especially in Estonia, which is supplying over 70% of its electricity needs with locally mined oil shale. However there are considerable large environmental impacts while mining for oil shale in the Kohtlajärve‐Johvi and Slantsy regions. For example the dewatering of mines and flooding of the closed mines in Estonia changed the hydrological conditions in the region and the processing of oil shale resulted in hydrocarbon (phenol) and sulphate contamination of ground and surface waters.

There are plans to shut down the mining activities in the Slantsy region in the near future, restore the natural groundwater levels, and use the aquifers as a source for drinking water supply. Terminating the dewatering pumping will have a positive effect on the water‐balance in the Ordovician deposits, but on the other hand, pollutants infiltrated into the subsurface during the past oil‐shale processing activities might be released to the environment in case the mining shafts are watered again. In addition, the aerogeophysical measurements carried out in the cross‐border area in Estonia depict a shallow highly conductive horizontal electric anomaly within the cone of depression of the oils‐shale mines. A geological explanation for the observations is the oxidation of sulphide bearing (Upper Ordovician) deposits, which have become the unsaturated due to the mine dewatering. Enriched sulphate concentrations might be released to the environment when the mining shafts in the Slantsy region are watered and the groundwater levels are allowed to recover. Risks of such adverse effects are being studied in the Narva GMP‐project by 3D ‐modeling of stratigraphy and groundwater flow.

Modelling of ground‐ and surface water flow in the Narva region

Groundwater: The aim of the ground water modelling is firstly to establish a model, which is reflecting the natural state of ground water flow in the region unaffected by mining. Secondly, the conditions during the mining operations will be modelled. Finally, possible scenarios of the environmental impacts after the closure of the mines in the region will be elaborated and assessed.

Currently, mining operation takes only place at Leningradskaya mine in Slancy. About 70.000 m3/d of ground water are extracted from the Ordovician water complexes in order to dewater the mine. The total mine pumping in the year 2002 amounted to


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28,34 Mio m3/a. The long pumping resulted in a cone of depression of 75‐80 m, having a radius of 30 km.

The drinking water is supplied by the Slancy Waterworks, which taps water from the River Plussa and from private wells. The wells are tapping the Cambrian‐Ordovician aquifer (9) and Lomonosov aquifer (8). Total withdrawal for the year 2002 was 337 m3/d for the Cambrian‐Ordovician aquifer and 1690 m3/d for the Lomonosov aquifer.

The groundwater model was established in the GMS environment (version 7) and uses 224 borehole logs to build up the structural geological model of the region. The model area is approx. 240 km2. 146 observation boreholes are used having information of the initial water levels as well as dynamic water levels. A hydro‐geological database for modelling purposes was provided by the project beneficiary St. Petersburg Expedition, this data is further processed and imported into the groundwater modelling software.

Surface water: The project area of NarvaGMP, as a case study, falls partly in the catchment area of Lake Peipsi, the drainage areas of the rivers Narva and Plussa, which are all part of the basin of the Gulf of Finland. The total estimate of the catcment area of Lake Peipsi is 47,800 km2 (including surface water), divided over three countries; Estonia, Russia, Latvia. There are 240 inlets into Lake Peipsi, the largest rivers (Velikaya, Emajõgi, Võhandu and the Zhelcha) are delivering 80% of the total inflow, therefore controlling the water regime of the lake.

There is only one outlet from Lake Peipsi to the Gulf of Finland; this is through the River Narva. The River Narva has an estimate drainage area of 1.348 km2, and the River Plussa, which later flows into the River Narva, has an approximate drainage area of 1,450 km2. The annual mean runoff through the River Narva is more then 12.5 km3, which makes it the second largest river lowing into the Golf of Finland. In comparison; the drainage area of the River Plussa has an annual runoff of 0.35 km3. This is equal to 11100 l/sec or flow module to 7.65 l/sec/km2, having taken precipitation for a normal year into account, in a dry season this could drop to 2.83 l/sec/km2 under current circumstances**. The drainage areas of the two rivers (Narva, Plussa) are running through the depressed groundwater zone.

Need for Environmental & Health Risk Assessment Previous studies carried out in neighbouring Estonia, suggest that oxidation processes in the Ordovician deposits can release of sulphates and if the neutralization capacity of limestones is exceeded also heavy metals could leach into the environment when mining shafts are watered again (Puura, 2005, Erg 2005). The mines, aquifers and surface water bodies comprise also a hydraulically interacting system in which the migration of pollutants is difficult to estimate (e.g. (Rätsep and Liblik, 2004). There are also results from other studies (Vanhala et al, 2004) suggesting that oxidation of sulphide bearing Ordovician deposits as depicted by the pilot airborne and field geophysical measurements is a regional scale phenomena the impacts of which could be studies be studied in the Narva GMP study region by the means of 3D‐groundwater modeling methods.

The NarvaGMP Case Study could function as an example for the whole region, in the project area the geology, hydrology and geochemical conditions are comparable with areas in the region with a similar industry (oil‐shale mining). The effects of intrusion of groundwater will result in a permanently raised groundwater level, allowing nutrients,


17

hydrocarbons and possibly heavy metals and to migrate from their deposits to new locations, either by groundwater or surface water streams.

The Narva district is not an isolated case, there are similarities between the oil shale mining areas in Estonia and Russia, and the large scale of the effected area by the mining activities, at both sides of the border, will ask for cross‐border co‐operation.

For now the water quality of Lake Peipsi and Narva Reservoir do not show increased levels of pollutants, but with the industry ceasing their activities there is a potential for raised environmental health risk effecting Estonia, Russia, Finland and the other Baltic countries along the Gulf of Finland. In order to tackle this environmental threat further research is needed and upcoming projects should further develop the results of the NarvaGMP and encourage stakeholders in Estonia and Russia to co‐operate.

REFERENCES:

Lake Peipsi Meteorology Hydrology HydroChemistry, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Agricultural University, 2001

http://www.karst.edu.cn/igcp/igcp299/1994/part4.htm, IV3 Karst hydrology the comparative analysis of some characteristics of the karst water regime and resources of the Russian platform and estimation of their perspective changeability under the effect of human‐induced transformations of the climate, V.S. Kovalevsky, A.V. Efremenko, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 1999

Vanhala, H., All, T., Huotari, T., Kattai, V., Lintinen, P., Valjus, T. and Suppala, I., 2004. A pilot study of airborne geophysics for mapping environmental geological issues around oil‐shale mining area at Kohtla‐Järve, North‐East Estonia. A report, Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland. 36 p + app.

Puura, E., 2005. Section on Estonia. In Wolkensdorfer C., Bowell, R., (eds), Contemporary Reviews of Mine Water Studies in Europe, Water and the Environement 2005 (24): Supplementary Material, Springer Verlag, 2005.

http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:Xx1Ci14Cz1wJ:www.imwa.info/docs/10.1007_s10230‐005‐0081‐3.pdf+%22Puura%22+%22Weathering+*+Mining+Waste%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5, Site visited 15.3.2007.

Erg. K., 2005. Groundwater sulphate concentration changes in Estonian underground oil shale mines. PhD dissertation, Tallin University of Technology, 40 p.

Rätsep, A. and Liblik V., 2004. Impact of oil shale mining and mine closures on hydrogeological conditions of North_east Estonian Rivers. Oil Shale, 21, 2, 137–148.


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PPOOTTEENNTTIIAALL CCOONNTTAAMMIINNAATTIIOONN SSOOUURRCCEESS OOFF GGEEOOLLOOGGIICCAALL EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

J. Šugalskienė, V. Minkevičius, Lithuanian Geological Survey

Filing of Information System of Contamination Sources of Geological Environment was continued in 2006. At the beginning of this year data on Molėtai district contamination sources were finished to transfer to information system. Data of potential pollution sources in Alytus County were collected from archives. Land‐use maps of Alytus district, Lazdijai district, Varėna district and Druskininkai municipalities at scale of 1:10 000 were analyzed and all the potential contamination sources were transferred to topographic maps at scale of 1:50 000. On the base of these data the list of potential contamination sources were prepared. Additionally, extra information on these sources was collected from the archive data.

Specialists of Division of Engineering Geology and Environmental Geology performed the inventory of contamination sources in Alytus County during June–August. During field works more than 780 potential contamination sources were inventoried. More than 350 potential contamination sources were inventoried in Alytus district, more than 210 in Lazdijai district, more than 170 in Varėna district and more than 40 in Druskininkai municipality.

More than 210 objects belong to the first type – industry, energetic, transport and service objects.

More than 230 objects belong to the second type – objects of waste collection and regeneration.

More than 330 objects belong to the third type – agricultural objects.

The transfer of collected data to Information System had been started. Information of potential contamination sources of Lazdijai and Druskininkai had been transferred to the Information System of Contamination Sources of Geological Environment.

Among the first type objects, messy, ruined or abandoned technical yards and petrol storage facilities are the most dangerous to the geological environment. These objects often become construction and demolition debris landfills. Sometimes soil, polluted by oil products, wells and tanks with oily water, occur in such objects. Among the second type objects, messy or abandoned pesticide storages are the most hazardous to the geological environment. There are no particularly dangerous potential contamination sources of the third type in Alytus County. But most of all abandoned objects belong to this type. The objects cover large areas. Large amount of demolition waste and sometimes even municipal waste are found in their territories.

By the order of director of Lithuanian Geological Survey (“Regarding to Inventory and Data Collection Order of Release Hazard Matter to the Groundwater “) Information Subsystem of Potential Contamination Sources was filled with data taken from questionnaires (declarations) of owners of potential contamination sources of geological environment. During the year 2006 information about 195 potential contamination sources had been transferred to the information system. There were 603 declaration data in the system by the end of 2006.

By the end of 2006 there were 5763 form data from 5190 contamination sources in the Information System of Contamination Sources of Geological Environment. In 2006 there were 1177 contamination source questionnaires registered in the Information System.


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ВВООЗЗДДЕЕЙЙССТТВВИИЕЕ ИИЗЗММЕЕННЕЕННИИЙЙ ММЕЕТТЕЕООРРООЛЛООГГИИЧЧЕЕССККИИХХ УУССЛЛООВВИИЙЙ ННАА ГГРРУУННТТООВВЫЫЕЕ ВВООДДЫЫ

Я. Гедрайтене, Литовская геологическая служба

В многолетних колебаниях уровня подземных вод на территории Литвы период 1962–1981 г.г. характеризуется подъемом, а 1982–2001 г.г. спадом уровня грунтовых вод. Выявлены некоторые отличия в сезонных и многолетних колебаниях уровня грунтовых вод этих периодов, которые обусловлены изменениями метеорологических условий – повышением температуры воздуха, увеличением количества осадков в холодном периоде и неоднократным повторением засух в теплый период.

Особенно ярко эти отличия отмечены в сезонных колебаниях уровня грунтовых вод в районах, где грунтовые воды залегают в супесчанно – суглинистых отложениях. Здесь, за последние 20 лет анализируемого периода:

максимальные весенние уровни наблюдалисъ на 0,5–2 месяца раньше, а минимальные – на 1–2 месяца позже, чем 1962–1981 г.г.

зимне‐весенние среднемесячные уровни залегают на 0,5‐1,0 м выше таких же уровней 1962–1981 г.г.;

летне‐осенние среднемесячные уровни залегают на 0,5–1,0 м глубже;

в песчаных отложениях таких ярких изменений не наблюдается, но среднемесячные уровни грунтовых вод последних 20 лет являются высшими.

Потепление воздуха в холодный период оказало более существенное влияние на режим грунтовых вод, чем летние засухи, поскольку зимой уменьшилось испарение с поверхности уровня грунтовых вод и увеличилось инфильтрационное питание весной. В связи с тем среднегодовые уровни 1982–2001 г.г. были выше уровней предыдущих 20 лет.

В 1982–2001 г.г. многолетние колебания уровня грунтовых вод приобрели более сглаженный вид, но существенно увеличилась продолжительность спада уровня грунтовых вод. Если в многолетних колебаниях подъем уровня в 30‐34 – летнем цикле был резкий и длился в среднем 15 лет, то понижение удлинилось до 22–25 лет. В последние 5 лет, в связи с 3 засухами, среднегодовые уровни грунтовых вод характеризуются значениями, близкими к своим минимальным отметкам. Резко увеличились и сезонные амплитуды колебания уровней грунтовых вод. В связи с тем уже 10–15 лет среднегодовые уровни грунтовых вод в стране залегают ниже многолетней нормы.

Такое длительное стояние уровней грунтовых вод близко к нижним отметкам среднегодовых многолетних уровней и увеличение сезонных колебаний, несомненно окажут негативное влияние не только на возобновление ресурсов подземных вод, но и на другие экосистемы.


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