Interpreting

identifying logic relations

听辨句子逻辑线索• 英语句式紧凑，句与句之间有大量的衔接结构。这些衔接结构是句、段、篇的逻辑纽带，是信息构筑的“关节”。正确听辨句间的逻辑线索，是理解句子以及话语的重要一步。

• A. The economy is struggling; however, the Federal Reserve has left interest rates unchanged.

• B. The economy is struggling; consequently, the Federal Reserve has left interest rates unchanged.

听辨句子逻辑线索

• 英语造句注重句式的完整和与上下文的衔接，常常运用连接词、关系词、短语以及其他手段将句子连接起来，表达一定的逻辑联系和语义关系。因此，掌握英语中常见的逻辑线索标识词是正确听辨信息逻辑线索的关键。英语句子间的逻辑关系和对应的标识词主要分为以下几类：

听辨句子逻辑线索

• 先后次序： first of all, next, before, after, previously, simultaneously

• 并列关系： and, too, at the same time, meanwhile, in the meantime

• 递进关系： also, moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, not only

• 转折关系： but, however, though, whereas, nevertheless

听辨句子逻辑线索

• 让步关系： although, though, despite, in spite of, even though

• 因果关系： so ， thus ， hence ， as a result ， consequently, because, for

• 对照关系： like, similarly, in a similar manner

• 对比关系： different from, unlike, by contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary

听辨句子逻辑线索

• 解释关系 : that is to say, in other words, this means

• 条件关系 : if, unless, once, provided that, in case (of), had I known, were this to happen

• 举例关系： for example, for instance, in this case, such as

• 归纳总结： on the whole, in brief, to sum up, in conclusion ， in summary

听辨句子逻辑线索

• 汉语造句少用甚至不用任何形式的连接手段，而是依靠分句间隐含的逻辑事理关系来安排语序。• 听汉语的难点是要依靠上下文，掌握这些分句间的内在的逻辑线索，从而准确判断出讲话人的真实意图，为后来的翻译打好基础。

听辨句子逻辑线索

Come and invest in America

• As someone who has long been engaged in promoting America's trade ties to China, I am so glad to attend today’s seminar on Chinese investment in the States and I very much appreciate your interest in making an investment in my country.

• The message I wish to convey to you is loud and clear. The United States welcomes China's investments, a point made abundantly clear by President Obama when he met Chinese president Xi Jinping in California.

• Why? The reason is simple. We need Chinese investment to create good-paying jobs, upgrade our infrastructure and broaden our middle-class.

• And there are also a whole lot of reasons why Chinese companies ought to come here. The United States has the world’s largest market. America is open for business. People are looking at lower energy costs here. They are looking at stability, they are looking at the increased productivity of our workers.

• This is a great platform from which you can export duty-free around the world because of the free-trade agreements we have with many countries. The U.S market is well-developed with the sound legal system and there are lot of sectors worth your investments.

• The weak recovery in U.S economy means opportunities for Chinese companies to acquire technology, brands and sales networks, which can be connected with the huge Chinese market and bring great benefits to Chinese investors.

• China and the US agreed in July last year to start substantive negotiations on bilateral investment treaty, which will reduce investment barriers and facilitate market access in the two economies. So it is now the best time for Chinese companies to put money in the United States.

• Entering foreign markets is a great challenge for any country. There will be differences in culture ， languages, regulations, consumer habits, infrastructure and human capital. So what's important is that you should learn more about the American culture, mesh with it instead of fighting it.

• We will help you navigate national, state and local rules and regulations so that you can invest faster, open facilities faster and make profit faster. But in the United States some industries are highly regulated and foreign companies should appreciate this to avoid delays.

• To succeed in the United States, a Chinese company should hire experienced local staff who will understand how business is conducted across cultures and identify key stakeholders. You should also take advantage of the legal, accounting and insurance services provided by American law firms, investment banks, public relations firms and insurance companies to reduce risks.

• Chinese companies operating in the US should know how they can contribute to the local community and bolster American growth and employment. In addition they should undertake crisis plan to prevent a minor issue from developing into a big one that could affect their image.

• Building brands is critically important. Chinese brands are not very well known in the United States. Chinese companies will therefore have to do more to build awareness and promote their products to American consumers. It takes time and money for an investment project to be successful.

• You need to make long-term and major investing plan or just don’t bother. More importantly, starting green field project, namely, building new factories from ground, provide smoother move into the US market than does a merger or acquisition.

• As more Chinese companies make investment in the United States, they will add a new dimension to the close business relations between the world’s two largest economies. It is my hope that Chinese companies will be firmly implanted in United States and become an integral and valuable part of our country’s economic and social fabric.

GDP: a new perspective• For years ， policy makers and economist

s have all used GDP to measure the growth of a country. But this excessive focus on GDP can distort development incentives and lead to unintended consequences. Clearly, for a country to prosper, sufficient economic activity must be generated in order to employ greater numbers of people and to improve the overall standard of living.

• However, GDP was developed as a measure decades ago ， and it has many shortcomings that can make it a poor measure of quality of life. Instead ， economists and policy makers should focus on other indicators and develop new models for measuring a country's development progress. And this is fully possible with today's technology.

• GDP records all the financial transactions of products and services within a country. The first problem with this measure is that with many companies operating in multiple countries, the profits that is created do not necessarily stay within a country's borders. In fact, a majority of the profits of multinational firms flows back to the country of origin.

• For instance, Nike may hire Chinese workers to produce its shoes, have stores in China to sell its products, and only Chinese customers buy from those stores. 90 percent of the economic activity happens in China and gets recorded in China's GDP.

• However, the majority of the profits of Nike goes back to the owners in the United States even if none of the economic activity happens in the United States. The national wealth measure is therefore, distorted because it would seem that China is getting richer and the United States is getting poorer. Obviously, this is not the case.

• Secondly, GDP does not show distribution of income. A company that creates a lot of income from production does not show how that income is being distributed. The majority of profits actually go to very few individuals.

• Another problem with GDP as a measure for economic progress is that it only captures financial transactions. When a mother takes her kid to watch a movie ， that activity is captured in GDP. But when she takes the same kid to play soccer in a park, that activity is not captured in GDP.

• However, going to the park to play soccer could create a better quality of life than going to the movies. If the focus becomes overwhelmingly on GDP growth ， policy makers would have more incentives to create more movie theaters than public parks. As a result, the quality of life could drop.

• The worst part about focusing on GDP is that it can actually create the conditions for a worse quality of life. The pollution that causes cancers, food poisoning, or birth defects actually adds to GDP growth because whenever people seek medical help and incur medical bills to pay for all these ailments, GDP grows. On the other hand, GDP doesn't grow if people remain healthy and don't seek medical help. Obviously, it is much better to have a healthier, cleaner society, but that will not create higher GDP growth.

• In summary, GDP can be used as a guide, but it should be considered alongside other factors and indicators that are important to developing a sustainable society. Other measurements that should be adopted include the happiness index which measures satisfaction with life, air quality index, pollution index, and life expectancy.

• GDP has been relied upon because it is fast and easy to gather that gross data and make simple comparisons across countries. But because of its many shortcomings ， policy makers would achieve their development goals faster if they also used other ways to measure their progress.

关于安全管理的几点建议• 词汇与表达• 矿山企业 mining enterprise• 重中之重 top priority• 执行与落实 execution and implementation• 空谈 empty talk• 官话／套话 official waffle; empty words• 安全专项检查 inspection on specific safety

measures

• 深入作业现场 site visit; on-site inspection• 安全隐患 safety hazard• 整 改 rectify and improve

关于安全管理的几点建议

• 作为一个建设矿山的企业，安全工作是前提，是重申之重。如何搞好安全管理工作，值得领导与安全管理人员深思。• As a mining enterprise, safety is a

prerequisite and top priority of our work. How to ensure safety is a matter that requires careful consideration by both the leadership and the safety officers.

• 一、安全管理制度重在执行与落实• 安全管理规章制度，不应只是空谈，而要及时组织落实，要用职工们喜欢的形式，进行有效的宣传。在日常工作中，要加强对制度执行情况的检查监督，发现问题立即处理。

• Execution and Implementation of Safety Regulations and Rules

• Safety regulations and rules are not empty words and must be implemented. We must try to publicise them in an easy-to-receive manner. Daily monitoring needs to be increased to identify hazards and deal with them in good time.

• 二、安全交流重在真诚对话• 安全管理工作，说到底就是要与职工面对面地交流。作为领导，不能整天说官话、讲套话，要诚恳地与职工做朋友。安全管理贵在沟通与交心。只有与职工关系密切了，安全工作才能顺利开展。

• Good Communication• Safety management, at its core, is dependent on

face-to-face communication with the workers. Leaders should stop their official waffle and get to know their workers sincerely. Safety management emphasizes good communication and frankness. Only through close relations with the workers can safety management be implemented smoothly.

• 三、安全监管重在预防• 安全监管工作，就是要加大安全检查的力度。定期或不定期开展安全专项检查，是预防安全事故的最好途径。安全检查重在深入作业现场，详细了解作业点的安全状况，要倾听职工的意见，虚心接受职工的建议，发现安全隐患要采取措施进行整改。

• Prevention• Safety inspections need to be

strengthened. A combination of regular and impromptu inspections of specific provisions are the best way to prevent accidents. On-site inspections are good ways of discovering the safety conditions and obtaining workers' suggestions so as to identify and rectify any safety hazards.

• 四、安全环境重在教育培训• 如何获得良好的安全环境？一是靠学习，二是靠教育。公司在职工的安全教育培训上，要加大资金的投入力度，要有长远规划。安全知识的获得，不是一天或两天的集中学习就能拥有的，二要靠长期的教育学习，要形成一种制度。同时要开展职工安全技能竞赛活动，努力提高职工的安全防护意识。

• Training• A safety environment depends on training

and practice. Companies need to increase their capital input in safety training and set up long-term plans. Knowledge of safety is not acquired in a day or two of intensive instruction but rather through a long-term training programme. Safety skills competitions are a good way to raise awareness.