INTRODUCTION 绪言 Chapter 1 Drilling Fluid Technology 钻井液工艺原理 Prof. Dr. Xiuhua Zheng E-mail: [email protected]@cugb.edu.cn Exploration Dept. School

INTRODUCTION绪言

Chapter 1

Drilling Fluid Technology钻井液工艺原理

Prof. Dr. Xiuhua Zheng E-mail: [email protected] Dept. School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences(Beijing)

中国地质大学 ( 北京 ) 工程技术学院勘查教研室

mailto:[email protected]

钻井液 Drilling Fluids 2010中国地质大学 ( 北京 ) page 2

China University of Geosciences (Beijing)§1

Introduction

Drilling Fluid in Billingual Language钻井液双语课程

参考书：1. 《钻探工艺学》中册，“钻孔冲洗与护

壁堵漏”，李世忠主编， 1989 ，地质出版社，高等学校教材。

2. 《钻井液工艺学》，鄢捷年主编， 2006 ，中国石油大学出版社。（ “九五”中国石油天然气集团公司级重点教材）。

教材：1. Drilling Fluids2. 钻井液性能评价测试及设计指导

书



Introduction

List of Literatures ( 参考文献清单） ① “Composition and properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids” G.R.Gray”, Fifth Edition. Gulf Publishing Company, 1997.

② 《钻探工艺学》中册，“钻孔冲洗与护壁堵漏”，李世忠主编， 1989 ，地质出版社，高等学校教材。

③ 《钻井液工艺学》，鄢捷年主编， 2006 ，中国石油大学出版社。（ “九五”中国石油天然气集团公司级重点教材）。

④ “Principles of DRILLING FLUID CONTROL”, Edited by A Subcommittee of the API Southern District Study Committee on

Drilling Fluids, Published by PETROLEUM EXTENSION SERVICE, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas in

cooperation with INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF DRILLING CONTRATORS, Houston, Texas, 1969.

⑤ “IDF TECHNICAL MANUAL”,The Advanced Technology of International Drilling Fluids.

⑥ DRILLING FLUIDS HANDBOOK, Magcobar.

⑦ 《 21 世纪初国外钻井液和完井液技术》，徐同台，赵忠举主编， 2004 ，石油工业出版社。

⑧ 《钻井液与岩土工程浆液》，乌效鸣等， 2002 ，中国地质大学出版社。

⑨ 《钻井液与完井液》，华北石油管理局，华北油田分公司钻井工艺研究所。

⑩ 《地质与勘探》，中国冶金地质总局。

⑪ “SPE drilling & completionan”, official publication of the Society of Petroleum Engineers.[periodical].

⑫ www.spe.org

⑬ http://www.miswaco.com/

⑭ http://www.baroididp.com/

⑮ http://www.halliburton.com/ps/default.aspx?pageid=2424&navid=1004

⑯ http://www.bakerhughesdirect.com/cgi/bhdf/myHomePage/welcome.jsp

http://www.spe.org/

http://www.miswaco.com/

http://www.baroididp.com/

http://www.halliburton.com/ps/default.aspx?pageid=2424&navid=1004

http://www.bakerhughesdirect.com/cgi/bhdf/myHomePage/welcome.jsp



Introduction

Concept and Aim for Drilling Fluids in English

教学理念和教学目标

教学理念：用英语掌握专业知识，英语只是工具。教学目标：按教学大纲要求掌握专业知识，同时掌握英语专业术

语，可读、可写、可交流。



Introduction

Hardworking努力

Perseverance坚持

Success成功

challengE挑战

成功秘诀！

Enjoy!



Introduction

Glossary of §11. Drilling fluid

2. Cuttings

3. Annular velocity

4. Gel structure

5. Filtration

6. Density

7. Viscosity

8. Mud solid

9. Sand content

10. Methylene blue test

11. pH value and alkalinity

12. Filtrate

1. 钻井液2. 岩屑3. 环空流速4. 凝胶结构5. 失水6. 密度7. 粘度8. 泥浆固相9. 含砂量10. 亚甲基蓝测试11. pH 值和碱度12. 滤液



Introduction

ContentsWhat are Drilling Fluids

钻井液定义

What can Drilling Fluids do

钻井液功能

Why and how do drilling fluid performance

钻井液性能

Components of Drilling Fluids

钻井液成分

？

？

？

？



Introduction

1. Definition of Drilling Fluids钻井液定义

The term drilling fluid encompasses all of the compositions used to aid the production and removal of cuttings from a borehole in the earth.

钻井液：包含了钻孔时使用的所有清除岩屑的介质。 Examples:

Water 清水 Air 空气 Mud 泥浆 Foam 泡沫 Oil 油



Introduction

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5• 6

• 7

• 8

• 9

• 10

• 11

• 12

• 13

• 14

• 15

• 16

• Rig Floor• Rig Shaker• Sand Trap• Active Pit• Suction Pit• Reserve Pit• Slug Pit• Rig Mud Pump• Transfer Pump• Holding Tank for Cellar • Fluids• Return Tank Shaker • (Optional)• Return Tank • (Optional)

• DE Washdown Tank• Filter Unit• Lined Tank (80m3)• Blender/Pill Tank• (As Required)

• Closed Loop

• • Fluid System

• SW 99032/1 C

• 1

• 2

• 2

• 2

• 2

• 3

• 3

• 3

• 3

• 4

• 4

• 5

• 6

• 7

• 8

• 8

• 9

• 11

• 12

• 13

• 15

• 15

• 16

• 16

• 14

• 10

• 9



Introduction



Introduction

Foam drilling泡沫钻进

Air drilling was used instead of mud drilling but they added foam to the air mix to help with hole conditions and to help bring the cuttings to surface. The white foam was like shaving cream. It is being dumped to the pit while drilling.



Introduction

Micro-bubble微泡沫泥浆

Micro-bubble drilling fluid used in Inner Mongolia for Uranium Exploration

可循环微泡沫钻井液在内蒙铀矿钻探中的应用



Introduction

Oil-based mud油基泥浆

The drilling fluid is stored in these tanks prior to being pumped down the well bore and returned.

Eagle-1 is using a special oil-based mud （油基泥浆） for this horizontal drilling project （水平钻井） .

www.vicpet.com.au/.../eagle/gallery1.asp

http://www.vicpet.com.au/.../eagle/gallery1.asp



Introduction

① Carry cuttings （携带岩屑）② Suspend cuttings （悬浮岩屑）

2. Functions功能

At rest Visplex* is a gel that supports the weight of the small rock shown here.

When stirred it becomes more liquid and the rock sinks.

Drilling fluid Visplex* has an interesting and unusual property. It can change form - from thick to thin. This allows the drilling fluid to suspend cuttings when drilling stops.



Introduction

• Mud pump （泥浆泵）• Rotary hose （水龙

头）• Kelly （方钻杆））• Drill collars ( 钻

挺 )

• Bit （钻头）• Annulus （环空）• Casing ( 套管 )

• Drillstring （钻柱）• Shale shaker （振动

筛）• Mud pits （泥浆池）



Introduction

③ Maintain the stability （维护井壁稳定）④ Prevent the inflow of fluids( 井涌 ) and

blowout( 井喷 )-oil, gas, or water-from permeable rocks penetrated



Introduction

Formation pressure地层 ( 孔隙 ) 压力 Pp

Drilling mud static pressure Pm

fm PP

Why and how?



Introduction

⑤ Form a thin, low-permeability filter cake（泥饼） which seals pores and other openings in formations penetrated by the bit.

⑥ Cool and clean the bit( 冷却和清洁钻头 )

⑦ Reduce friction （减少摩擦）⑧ Transfer hydraulic power to the downhole

motor( 向井底马达传递动力 ).

⑨ Assist in the collection and interpretation of information available from drill cuttings, cores, and electrical logs （收集和解释岩屑、岩心和电测井信息） .



Introduction

钻井液功用：① 携带和悬浮岩屑② 冷却钻头③ 润滑钻具④ 保护井壁⑤ 防止地层流体流入井内⑥ 提供孔底动力⑦ 形成泥饼⑧ 传递孔底信号

Why and how?



Introduction

3. Properties性能

① Density 密度 ② Viscosity 粘度 ③ Filtration 漏失性能④ Mud solid and liquid content 固相、水

含量⑤ Sand content 含砂量

Pm Density Hole Stability



Introduction

⑥ Methylene blue test and cation exchange

capacity, and bentonite content （亚甲基蓝测试和阳离子交换容量和膨润土含量）

⑦ pH value and alkalinity （ pH 值和碱度）⑧ Filtrate analysis （滤液分析）⑨ Resitivity （电阻） , lubricity （润滑性） ,

electrical stability of emulsions （乳化液的电稳定性） , corrosiveness （腐蚀性） .



Introduction

4. Principal Components钻井液的类型

Drilling fluids can be classified on the basis of a principal component.

These components are (1) water （水） , (2) oil （油） , and (3) gas （气） .

Frequently two-and sometimes all three-of these fluids are present at the same time, and each contributes to the properties of the drilling fluid. This general classification is shown in Table 1-1.



Introduction

Gas （气） Water （水） Oil （油） Dry gas: Air, natural gas, exhaust gas, combustion gasMist: Droplets of water or mud carried in the air streamFoam: Air bubbles surrounded by a film of water containing a foam-stabilizing surfactantStable Foam: Foam containing film-strengthening materials, such as organic polymers and bentonite

Fresh water:Solution:True and colloidal, i.e., solids do not separate from water on prolonged standing. Solids in solution with water include:1.Salts, e.g., NaCl, CaCl2

2.Surfactants, e.g., detergents, flocculants3.Organic colloids, e.g., cellulosic and acrylic polymersEmulsion:An oily liquid maintained in small droplets in water by an emulsifying agent, e.g., diesel oil and a film-stabilizing surfactantMud:A suspension of solids (e.g., clays, barite, small cuttings) in any of the above liquids, with chemical additives as required to modify properties

Oil: Diesel or crudeOil mud:A sable oil-base drilling fluid contains:1. Water-emulsifying agents2. Suspending agents3. Filtration-control agentsContains cuttings from the formations drilledMay contain barite to raise density

Table 1-1 Classification of Drilling Fluids According to Principal Constituent

依据成分的钻井液钻井液分类



Introduction

Gas-typed Drilling Fluids （气体型钻井流体）Dry gas （干气） : Air, natural gas, exhaust gas, combustion gas

Mist （雾） : Droplets of water or mud carried in the air stream

Foam （泡沫） : Air bubbles surrounded by a film of water containing a foam-stabilizing surfactant

Stable Foam （稳定泡沫） : Foam containing film-strengthening materials, such as organic polymers and bentonite



Introduction

Water-based Drilling Fluids （水基钻井液）Fresh water （清水） :

Solution （溶液） :

True and colloidal, i.e., solids do not separate from water on prolonged

standing. Solids in solution with water include:1.Salts, e.g., NaCl, CaCl2

2.Surfactants, e.g., detergents, flocculants3.Organic colloids, e.g., cellulosic( 纤维 ) and acrylic （丙烯酸） polymers

Emulsion （乳状液） :

An oily liquid maintained in small droplets in water by an emulsifying agent,

e.g., diesel oil and a film-stabilizing surfactantMud （泥浆） :

A suspension of solids (e.g., clays, barite, small cuttings) in any of the above

liquids, with chemical additives as required to modify properties



Introduction

Oil-based Drilling Fluids （油基钻井液）

Oil （油） :

Diesel or crude

Oil mud （油基泥浆） :

A stable oil-base drilling fluid contains:

1. Water-emulsifying agents

2. Suspending agents

3. Filtration-control agents

Contains cuttings from the formations drilled.

May contain barite （重晶石） to raise density.



Introduction

Drilling Fluid Selection

Fig.1-2. Drilling fluids can be prepared ranging in density from that of air to 2 1/2 times that of water



Introduction

Key Points

Drilling Fluids

Functions

Properties

Components

Relationships between them?



Introduction

Exercise One

1. Definition of drilling Fluids2. Functions of the drilling Fluids3. Properties related to the effective

functions of the drilling fluids4. Principal components5. Factors that influence the selection of

drilling fluids

Questions?

Discussions:

Documents

INTRODUCTION 绪言 Chapter 1 Drilling Fluid Technology 钻井液工艺原理 Prof. Dr. Xiuhua Zheng E-mail: [email protected]@cugb.edu.cn Exploration Dept. School