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Ingurumen Jarduketarako Sozietate Publikoa Sociedad Pública Gestión Ambiental Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Basque Country [1990 2000] LURRALDE ANTOLAMENDU ETA INGURUMEN SAILA DEPARTAMENTO DE ORDENACION DEL TERRITORIO Y MEDIO AMBIENTE Serie Programa Marco Ambiental N.º 11 Noviembre 2002

INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 1990-2000

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Page 1: INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 1990-2000

Ingurumen Jarduketarako Sozietate PublikoaSociedad Pública Gestión Ambiental

Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the BasqueCountry[1990 • 2000]

LURRALDE ANTOLAMENDUETA INGURUMEN SAILA

DEPARTAMENTO DE ORDENACION DELTERRITORIO Y MEDIO AMBIENTE

Serie Programa Marco Ambiental N.º 11 Noviembre 2002

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Environmental Framework Programme Series

• Nº 1, November 2000, Economic Impact of Environmental Spending and Investmentof the Basque Public Authorities

• Nº 2, May 2001, Ecology Barometer 2001

• Nº 3, October 2001, The Environment in the Basque Country

• Nº 4, January 2002, European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development

• Nº 5, February 2002, Inventory of Hazardous Waste in the Basque Country (Outline)

• Nº 6, April 2002, Cycling Towards Fume-free Cities

• Nº 7, May 2002, Total Material Requirement of the Basque Country. TMR 2002

• Nº 8, July 2002, Transport and the Environment in the Basque Country. TMAIndicators 2002

• Nº 9, August 2002, Sustainable Development in the Basque Country

• Nº 10, October 2002, Environmental Indicators 2002

• Nº 11, November 2002, Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the BasqueCountry

www. Ingurumena.netBasque Government WebSite on Sustainable Development in the Basque

Country

Published by:IHOBE - Sociedad Pública de Gestión Ambiental

Report drawn up by:Fundación LABEIN for IHOBE, S.A.

Designed by:Imprenta Berekintza

Basque Translation:Elhuyar

English Translation:Chris Pellow© IHOBE 2002

Registration nº:BI-2489-02

Page 3: INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 1990-2000

Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the BasqueCountry[1990 • 2000]

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I n d e x

I n d e x

Presentation ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.1. Climate Change: Description ................................................................................................................................. 11

1.2. Climate Change: International Agreements ................................................................................................ 12

2. Methods ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 15

3. Results ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17

3.1. Trends in GHG Emissions in the Basque Country ................................................................................... 18

3.1.1. Main sources of GHG emissions in the Basque Country ................................................. 18

3.1.2. Trends in CO2 emissions .......................................................................................................................... 20

3.1.3. Trends in CH4 emissions ........................................................................................................................... 22

3.1.4. Trends in N2O emissions .......................................................................................................................... 23

3.2. Trends in GHG’s in comparison to the base year .................................................................................. 24

3.3. Trends in GHG emissions in comparison with GDP .............................................................................. 26

3.4. Emissions in the Basque Country compared to other countries .................................................... 27

3.5. Trends in GHG emissions including imported electricity ................................................................... 29

3.5.1. Direct & indirect emissions from each sector of activity ................................................................ 31

4. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

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Presentation

7

Presentation

T he effects of greenhouse gas emissionsand the influence of GHG’s on climatechange are causes for world-wide con-

cern. Their concentration is resulting in ever-increasing global warming, and the morequickly the climate changes the greater the riskto the environment will be.

In 1992 the international community took on thisproblem at the Convention on Climate Change,led by the United Nations. This was the start ofa process which led to the adoption at the endof 1997 of the Kyoto Protocol, which establis-hed emission reduction targets for the first time.The Protocol urges industrialised countries toreduce overall levels of six greenhouse gases byat least 5% of 1990 levels by 2008-2012.

In the Basque Country, one of the prime goalsof the Basque Strategy for Sustainable Develop-ment 2002-2020 is precisely to curtail the emis-sion of gases harmful to the atmosphere, thushelping to meet the objectives of Kyoto.

This inventory of greenhouse gases has beendrawn up as part of that framework. Its purpo-se is to gather accurate, comparable datawhich will help establish strategies for action tosolve this problem.

The document follows the methods proposedby the United Nations, and analyses thetrends in anthropogenic emissions of the maingreenhouse gases over the past decade (1990– 2000). It also looks at the economic/ con-sumer activities and processes which producethese gases. The report shows that over theperiod considered emissions increased by25%.

The report also reveals that the biggest increa-ses in emissions took place in transport and ser-vices, electricity generation and municipal solidwaste, all of which are activities linked to bothproduction and consumption. It can be deducedfrom this that reducing emissions is not just ajob for the public authorities, but also a sharedresponsibility for institutions, businesses and thegeneral public alike.

More emphasis on alternatives to fossil fuels asenergy sources, and a greater rationalisationof energy consumption, more use of publictransport and efforts to reduce waste on thepart of all players in the economy and insociety in general are needed if we are tomake progress in the fight against climatechange. If solutions are not found, the situationwill only get worse.

Sabin IntxaurragaBasque Minister for Land Use and theEnvironment

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There is world-wide consensus that the changesin the world’s climate observed in recent yearsare influenced by increases in the concentra-tions in the atmosphere of the so-called “green-house gases” (whose name derives from theirinfluence on global warming).

Before the onset of the industrial age, levels ofgreenhouse gases in the atmosphere were moreor less constant for thousands of years. Since1750 the levels of many greenhouse gaseshave been rising as a direct or indirect conse-quence of human activities.

Table 1 gives examples of several greenhousegases and indicates their levels in 1750 and1998, plus their rate of increase in the 1990’sand the time they remain in the atmosphere.

Introduction

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1Introduction

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According to the third IPCC (IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change) report the concen-tration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increasedby 31% since 1750. The current level is unsur-

passed in the last 420,000 years, and pro-bably in the last 20 million years. The currentgrowth rate of CO2 has no precedent in at leastthe last 20,000 years.10

Intro

duct

ion

Growth Residence Global

GHG’s Chemical Preindustrial Concentration rate over time in the Anthropogenic Warmingformula Concentration in 1998 the 1990’s atmosphere sources Potential

(GWP)*

Variable - Burning of fossil

Carbon Dioxide CO2 278,000 ppbv 365,000 ppbv 1,500 ppbv/yr (5-200 - fuels 1

years) - I and use change

- Production of cement, lime, etc.

- Fossil fuels

Methane CH4 700 ppbv 1745 ppbv 7 ppbv/yr 12 - Rice fields 21**

- Dump sites

- Livestock farms

Nitrous Oxide N2O 270 ppbv 316 ppbv 0.8 ppbv/yr 114 - Fertilisers 310

CFC-11 CClF3 0 0.268 ppbv -1,4 pptv/yr 45 - Liquid coolants 6200-7100***

- Foams

HFC-23 CFCl3 0 0.014 ppbv 0.55 pptv/yr 260 - Liquid coolants 1300-1400***

Perfluorome thane CF4 0.040 0.080 ppbv 1 pptv/yr 50,000 - Aluminium production 6500

Sulphur SF6 0 0.0042 ppbv 0.24 pptv/yr 3,200 - Dielectric fluids 23900hexafluoride

Notes: pptv = 1 part per trillion volume; ppbv = 1 part per billion volume; ppmv = 1 part per million volume* GWP for an average half life of 100 years

** Including indirect effects of formation of tropospheric ozone & stratospheric water vapour*** Net warming potential (including indirect effects of ozone layer depletion)

Table 1. Main Greenhouse Gases

Illustration 1. Increases in world atmospheric concentration of CO2 from the onset of the IndustrialRevolution, in ppm1.

360

350

340

330

320

3101960 1970 1980 1990 2000

-450 -400 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0

400

350

300

250

200

150

Human disturbance

Thousands of years

Atm

osp

her

ic C

O2

(pp

mV

)C

on

cen

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

Atm

osp

her

ic C

O2

(pp

mV

)

50

1 ppm = parts per million (ppb = parts per billion). This is the ratio of GHG or, in this case, CO2, to the total number ofmolecules of dry air. Thus, 300 ppm of CO2 means there are 300 molecules of CO2 per million molecules of dry air.

Sources: UNEP/ GRID-Arendal & Climate Change 2001: “The Scientific Basis”

Source: UNEP-GRID-Arendal

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The concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere hasincreased by 151% since 1750 to a level unsur-passed in the last 420,000 years.

N2O concentration is up by 17% from 1750levels, and it continues to increase. Such con-centrations have not been attained for severalthousand years.

Since 1995 the concentration in the atmosphe-

re of halocarbonated gases which are bothgreenhouse gases and ozone-layer destroyers(CFCl2 and CF2Cl2) has been increasing moreslowly, and has even dropped in some casesas a result of the regulatory measures passedin the Montreal Protocol. However the levels ofthe substances which have replaced them inthe atmosphere (CHF2Cl and CF3CH2F) areincreasing, and these are also greenhousegases.

Illustration 2. The Greenhouse Effect

1.1. Climate Change: A Description

The earth absorbs radiation from the sun,mainly on its surface. The energy absorbed isredistributed by atmospheric and marinecurrents and radiated back out to space asinfra-red radiation. Over the earth as a wholethe incoming solar energy and the energyradiated back into space balance each otherout. Any factor which alters how much radiationis received from the sun or radiated back into

space, or which upsets the distribution ofenergy within the atmosphere or between theatmosphere, the earth and the oceans, canaffect the climate.

As a result, increasing levels of GHG’s in theatmosphere can be expected to lessen the effi-ciency with which the earth’s surface radiatesenergy back into space, leading to a warmingof the lower atmosphere and the surface of theplanet.

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Climate change is also highly likely to have asignificant effect on the world’s environment. Ingeneral, the faster the climate changes, the gre-ater risk there will be of damage to the envi-ronment. The characteristics of global warmingwhich are already present at a global levelinclude the following:

- Higher temperatures in the lower atmosphere;- Cloudier skies, with more rain and more watervapour;

- Shrinkage of the thickness and the area cove-red by the polar ice caps and the glaciers ofthe Arctic;

- Warming of the oceans and higher sea levels.

12

Intro

duct

ion

Illustration 3. Main consequences of climate change

Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

1.2. Climate Change: InternationalAgreements

Great efforts will be needed to stabilise the levelsof GHG’s in the atmosphere. The internationalcommunity is tackling this challenge through theConvention on Climate Change led by the UnitedNations. With more than 170 signatories since

its inception in 1992, this convention seeks toachieve the stabilisation of GHG levels in theatmosphere to prevent dangerous anthropogenicinterference in the climate system. With that inmind, the developed countries undertook to indi-vidually or jointly restore 1990 levels of carbondioxide and other GHG’s not controlled underthe Montreal Protocol by 2000.

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In its first period of sessions, the Conference ofthe Parties to the Convention reached the con-clusion that the undertaking given by the deve-loped countries was insufficient to achieve thelong-term goal of preventing dangerous anthro-pogenic interference in the climate system.Moreover, the Conference agreed to undertakea process intended to take appropriate measu-res for the period following 2000 through theadoption of a protocol or some other suitablelegal instrument.

This resulted in the adoption on 11th December1997 of the Kyoto Protocol of the UN Frame-

work Convention, in which the Parties to theConvention agreed by consensus that indus-trialised countries had a compulsory duty toreduce the overall levels of their six main gre-enhouse gases by at least 5%. For the Europe-an Union this meant an 8% reduction on 1990levels for the period from 2008 to 2012(though Spain was permitted a 15% increase).

In the Basque Environmental Strategy for Sus-tainable Development 2002-2020, the Basqueautonomous Community has established thecurtailing of GHG’s as one of its priority goals,to help fulfil the Kyoto protocol.

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15

On ratifying the Kyoto protocol, each signa-tory must, within one year before the com-mencement of the first period of commitment,establish a nation-wide system for estimatinganthropogenic emissions by sources and cal-culating the absorption capabilities of sinks forall GHG’s not controlled under the MontrealProtocol.

The methods used in these estimations must bethose accepted by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change and agreed by the Confe-rence of the Parties in its third period of ses-sions.

The method adopted by the Basque Country forits inventory of GHG’s is that proposed by theIPCC. The intention at all times has been toobtain valid, comparable data which will betraceable and consistent for future updates, andto establish plans and strategies for action to cutemissions.

The six gases to be inventoried are:

- Carbon dioxide (CO2)

- Methane (CH4)

- Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

- Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s)

- Perfluorocarbons (PFC’s)

- Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

The source processes or sinks to be inventoriedare:

1. Energy. This includes all activities related topower transmission, transformation and con-sumption.

2. Industrial processes. All activities whichby dint of their process characteristics aresources of GHG emissions (combustion pro-cesses in industry are classed under “EnergyIndustries”)

3. Solvent & other product use. This hea-ding covers basically NMVOC’s (non metha-nic volatile organic compounds) arising fromthe use of solvents.

4. Agriculture. Emissions from working theland, raising livestock, etc., excluding com-bustion processes and waste water treat-ment.

5. Land use change & forestry. Variationsin emissions & absorption in sinks due to chan-ges in land use and in forestry.

6. Waste. Dump sites & waste treatment.

7. Others. All sources not belonging to theabove groups.

Before calculations were drawn up, the dataavailable in the BAC were analysed, as werethe studies and ratios used in the EuropeanUnion as a whole and in certain member states,including Spain, France and Austria. The gaseswhich contribute most to the greenhouse effectin Spain and in the EU as a whole are CO2,CH4 and N2O4, in four sectors of activity.

M e t h o d s

2M e t h o d s

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16

Met

hods

Illustration 4. Mean contribution of each GHG to aggregate emissions of GHG’s in the EU and inSpain from 1900 to 2000

SPAIN

CH4

10.5 %

N2O8.3 %

HFC1.5 %

PFC0.2 %

SF6

0.0 %

CO2

79.5 %

CH4

9.3 %

N2O9.1 %

HFC0.9 %

PFC0.2 % SF6

0.2 %

EUROPE

CO2

80.3 %

Illustration 5. Mean contribution of each IPCC group to aggregate GHG emissions in the EU andSpain (not counting absorption in sinks) from 1990 to 2000

EUROPE

Industrialprocesses

7.0 %

Use ofsolvents0.2 %

Agriculture9.6 %

Land usechange &forestry0.2 %

Waste3.3 %

Energy79.7 %

Industrialprocesses

7.8 %

Useof solvents

0.5 %

Agriculture11.8 %

Land use change& forestry

0.0 %Waste3.7 %

Energy76.2 %

SPAIN

The purpose of the inventory for the BC, whosefirst results are presented here, is to estimateanthropogenic emissions of CO2, CH4 andN2O in the following groups: (1) Energy; (2)Industrial Processes; (4) Agriculture; and (6)Waste. In 2000 these groups accounted bet-ween them for 96.8% of aggregate GHG emis-sions in Spain, and 98.2% in Europe. This firststage of the project has drawn up an inventoryof emissions of the main GHG’s in the chiefcontributing sectors of the BAC. Future updatesof the inventory will include the remaininggases and processes/ activities of lesser signi-ficance.

Inventories can be drawn up on the basis ofmeasurements, but emissions were estimatedhere using the Revised IPCC Directives method.This method entails multiplying activity figures(quantity of fuel burned, output, fertiliser use,etc.) by general ratios which link them with theemissions which they generate, thus giving ageneral approximation of what is occurring.These ratios can be taken as highly accurate forCO2, as they are based on data on the carboncontent of fossil fuels. However they are not soaccurate for CH4, N2O and other pollutants.Therefore, specific data on facilities and activi-ties are used wherever they are available.

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17

R e s u l t s

Illustration 6. Trends in GHG emissions (CO2, N2O and CH4) produced in the Basque Country (tonsof CO2 equivalent)

20.000.000

18.000.000

16.000.000

14.000.000

12.000.000

10.000.000

8.000.000

6.000.000

4.000.000

2.000.000

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Annual trends in GHG emissions

N2OCH4CO2

Em

issi

on

s (t

on

s o

f C

O2 e

qu

ival

ent)

2 Base year for the undertakings established in the Kyoto Protocol.3 The latest year for which the official data required for the inventory are available.

3R e s u l t s

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The main results of the study are given below, inline with the goal of inventorying and analysingtrends in anthropogenic emissions of the mainGHG’s (CO2, CH4 and N2O) produced in the

Basque Country through combustion, agricultu-re, industrial processes and the management ofmunicipal solid waste (MSW) between 19902

and 20003.

Page 18: INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 1990-2000

3.1.1. Main sources of GHG emissionsin the Basque Country

The main sources of CO2 are combustion pro-cesses (stationary and mobile) and industrial

processes (manufacture of mineral products &reduction of iron ore: the latter contributed toemissions in the BAC in the last few years ofoperation of the Altos Hornos de Vizcaya steelmill).

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Illustration 7. Distribution of CO2 emissions in the Basque Country

Losses intransformation

4.5 %

Mineralproducts5.7 % Steel making

& metallurgy0.0 %

Combustion89.8 %

CO 20002

Losses intransformation

5.2 %

Mineralproducts

5.4 % Steel making& metallurgy

4.3 %

Combustion85.1 %

CO 19902

3.1. Trends in GHG emissions in theBasque Country

Aggregate GHG emissions from processes asper IPCC groups (1) Energy; (2) Industrial Pro-cesses; (4) Agriculture; and (6) Waste in theBasque Country totalled 18,500,000 tons ofCO2 equivalent in 2000. This figure is up by25.3% on emission levels in 1990, the baseyear for the Kyoto Protocol in regard to emis-sions of these gases.

Illustration 6 and Table 2 show the trends ofemissions in the Basque Country.

The illustration shows direct GHG’s (CO2, CH4

and N2O) in terms of tons of CO2 equivalent.Figures in tons of CH4 and N2O are convertedto tons of CO2 equivalent by multiplying the pro-duct of their emissions by their global warmingpotentials of 21 and 310 respectively.

In spite of their higher GWP, CH4 and N2O con-tribute much less to GHG emissions than CO2.

GHG’s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2 12.479 13.280 13.862 13.305 13.219 13.163 11.870 10.843 12.384 14.414 15.819

CH4 1.679 1.735 1.880 1.824 1.855 1.891 1.729 1.773 1.905 1.935 2.056

N2O 669 668 689 682 674 704 728 713 697 704 706

Total 14.827 15.683 16.432 15.811 15.748 15.758 14.326 13.329 14.986 17.053 18.582

Table 2. Trends in GHG emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) in the Basque Country (in Gg of CO2 equi-valent)

*

* The foundry industry is not included in this figure.

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The main sources of CH4 in the Basque Countryare the dumping of MSW and agriculture, with

enteric fermentation and the anaerobic mana-gement of manure as significant contributors.

Illustration 8. Distribution of CH4 emissions in the Basque Country

Dumps66.0 %

Agriculture28.0 % Enteric frmentation

19.4 %

Losses intransformation

4.0 %

Combustion2.0 %

Manuremanagement

8.1 %

Stubbleburning0.5 %

CH4 1990

Dumps74.0 %

Agriculture20.1 % Enteric fermentation

14.2 %

Losses inTransformation

4.1 %

Combustion1.8 %

Manuremanagement

5.4 %

Stubbleburning0.5 %

CH4 2000

Illustration 9. Distributions of N2O emissions in the Basque Country

Chemicalindustry43.2 %

N2O 1990

Combustion5.7 % Manure

management4.8 %

Stubble burning0.4 %

Agriculturalland

45.9 %

Chemicalindustry46.3 %

N2O 2000

Combustion6.2 % Manure

management3.4 %

Stubble burning0.5 %

Agriculturalland

43.6 %

The main sources of N2O emissions in the Bas-que Country are agriculture (mainly fertiliser

use on agricultural land) and the chemicalindustry.

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3.1.2. Trends in CO2 emissions

The main source of CO2 is combustion proces-ses. This is followed by industrial activities,

where clinker production, quicklime production

and the reduction of iron ore at Altos Hornos de

Vizcaya have all contributed.

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Illustration 10. Trends in CO2 emissions by IPCC sectors

Met

ric

ton

s o

f C

O2

Anual trends in CO2 emissions by activity18.000.000

16.000.000

14.000.000

12.000.000

10.000.000

8.000.000

6.000.000

4.000.000

2.000.000

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Energy Industrial Processes Agriculture Waste

Trends in overall CO2 emissions are stronglyinfluenced by emissions in IPCC group 1,“Energy”, which covers all stationary and mobi-le combustion processes, plus losses during theexploitation, transportation and transformationof fuels.

The IPCC method does not take into accountCO2 emissions from the biomass. As part oftheir life cycle, plants fix CO2 from the atmos-phere via photosynthesis. When a plant dies

the carbon stored in its organic matter decom-poses and releases heat and CO2, which isreabsorbed in the next cycle of plant growth. Ifthis balance is maintained there is no net incre-ase in carbon in the atmosphere, and combus-tion only accelerates the natural process ofdecomposition. Unlike the fixed/ released car-bon cycle in plant biomass, the burning of fos-sil fuels releases carbon which had been storedup for centuries, and results in a net increase ofCO2 in the atmosphere.

CO2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Energy11,274 12,011 12,779 12,072 11,873 11,963 10,967 10,030 11,576 13,484 14,925(IPCC 1)

IndustrialProcesses 1,205 1,268 1,083 1,233 1,346 1,201 903 813 808 930 894(IPCC 2)

Total 12,479 13,280 13,862 13,305 13,219 13,163 11,870 10,843 12,384 14,414 15,819

Table 3. Annual trends in CO2 emissions by activities (Gg CO2)

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Each sector contributes differently to the overallemissions. In the case of CO2 these differencesdepend basically on the type and quantity offuel burned. Thus, CO2 emissions, aggregate

GHG emissions and energy consumption allshow minimum levels in 1997, largely as aresult of a drop in activity in the steel makingand foundry sector.

Illustration 11. Sectoral trends in consumption and CO2 emissions resulting from combustion in theBasque Country (IPCC Group 1.A)

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

01990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

16.000.000

14.000.000

12.000.000

10.000.000

8.000.000

6.000.000

4.000.000

2.000.000

01990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Sectoral energy consumption (Basque Country) Trend in CO2 emissions/ IPCC sector (1990 - 2000)

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

Kte

p)

Tm

Processing

Transport

Manuf. Industries & construction

Other sectorsManuf. Industries & construction

Other sectors

Processing

Transport

The contribution of each fuel to CO2 emissionsdepends on the quantity of fuel used and on itscarbon content per unit of energy. That contentdepends in turn on the type of fuel: for instance

coal contains 30% more carbon than oil, and

60% more than natural gas, so its contribution

to emissions is correspondingly higher.

Illustration 12. Trends in consumption and CO2 emissions from IPCC Group 1.A, combustion pro-cesses, per type of fuel in the Basque Country

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Kte

p

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

16.000.000

14.000.000

12.000.000

10.000.000

8.000.000

6.000.000

4.000.000

2.000.000

0

Tm

CO

2

Consumption per fuel type (1990-2000) Annual trend in CO2 emissions/ fuel type (1990-2000)

Liquid fuels Solid fuels

Biomass

Other fuels

Gaseous fuels Liquid fuels Solid fuels

Gaseous fuels Other fuels

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Between 1990 and 2000 petroleum derivativeswere the most widely consumed fuels for gene-rating energy, accounting for an average of57% of total energy consumption. They werefollowed in order of importance by natural gas(which is being used more and more) and coal.Coal consumption in 1990 accounted foraround 20% (including coal used to make blastfurnace gas and battery gas), but by 2000 haddropped to 8% of the total fuel for energy. It isused mainly by coal-fired power plants, cementfactories and the steel making and foundryindustries, though these latter industries areusing it less and less.

Consumption of petroleum derivatives is alsolinked to transport and electricity generationthrough power stations and co-generationplants (included under Manufacturing Indus-tries and Construction in the IPCC classifica-tion).

Natural gas is used mainly by industry and thetertiary sector (residential and services).

Use of renewable energy sources in the BasqueCountry is concentrated mainly in the papermaking sector, which uses bark and blackliquors, and to a lesser extent in the woodindustry and the residential sector.

3.1.3. Trends in CH4 emissions

The main source of CH4 emissions is the anae-robic fermentation of organic matter in biologi-cal systems. Agricultural processes such as ente-ric fermentation by animals (the digestive pro-cess of ruminants, in which bacteria in the sto-mach decompose the carbohydrate intake, endemit methane as a by-product) and the decom-position of animal droppings, plus the decom-position of degradable organic matter at MSWdumps all contribute.

Other sources of methane emission in the Bas-que Country include fugitive emissions duringthe transportation and distribution of naturalgas and the incomplete combustion of fuel (bothincluded in group 1, “Energy”).

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Illustration 13. Trends in CH4 emissions in the Basque Country by IPCC sectors

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

120.000

100.000

80.000

60.000

40.000

20.000

0

To

ns

of C

H4

Annual trend in CH4 emissions by activities

Energy Industrial Processes Agriculture Waste

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As can be seen, the biggest contribution tomethane emissions is from MSW dumps. Orga-nic matter at dumps is decomposed by bacteriaand gives off biogas (sometimes known as“landfill gas”), comprising basically CO2 andCH4. The IPCC method does not count carbondioxide from decomposition of organic matterat dump sites or from biogas combustion as netemissions. Instead it considers them as origina-ting in a natural process which is the inverse ofphotosynthesis and therefore does not increasethe net carbon content in the atmosphere, as the

CO2 is reabsorbed by plants in the next growthcycle, provided a sustainable balance is main-tained.

The contribution of MSW dumps is increasingslightly, even though the biogas plants now ope-rating – Artigás (1992), San Markos (1995)and Sasieta (2000) – have helped bring downemissions by more than 20,000 tons to date.As indicated above, CO2 emissions from bio-gas combustion are not counted in the IPCCmethod.

CH4 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Energy4,797 4,647 4,638 4,314 4,078 4,704 4,727 4,291 4,835 5,300 5,801(IPCC 1)

Agriculture22,401 22,210 22,438 21,970 21,573 21,908 21,910 20,976 21,002 20,239 19,699(IPCC 4)

Waste52,759 55,757 62,465 60,586 62,664 63,435 55,680 59,175 64,879 66,625 72,414(IPCC 6)

Total 79,958 82,614 89,541 86,870 88,316 90,047 82,317 84,442 90,715 92,164 97,914

3.1.4. Trends in N2O emissions

The main anthropogenic sources of N2O in theBasque Country are agricultural land (espe-

cially as regards emissions arising from the useof synthetic and organic fertilisers), the indus-trial production of nitric acid and combustionprocesses, particularly from mobile sources.

Illustration 14. Trends in N2O emissions in the Basque Country by IPCC sectors

Ton

s o

f N

2O

Annual trend in N2O emissions by activities

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001993199219911990

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

WasteAgricultureIndustrial ProcessesEnergy

23

Table 4. Trends in CH4 emissions (Mg of CH4) by IPCC sectors

Page 24: INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 1990-2000

Emissions from agricultural land are the result ofnitrification (microbial aerobic oxidation ofammonium to nitrate) and denitrification (anae-robic reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen gas).Nitrous oxide is an intermediate gas in the reac-tion sequences of both processes, and leaks offthe walls of microbes into the atmosphere. Inmost agricultural land N2O formation intensifieswhen the nitrogen available increases, thus alsoincreasing the amount of nitrification and deni-trification.

The main industrial source of N2O in the BasqueCountry lies in secondary reactions during theproduction of nitric acid.

3.2. Trends in GHG’s in comparisonwith the base year

Annual trends in anthropogenic emissions ofGHG’s in the Basque Country (CO2, CH4 andN2O) are as follows, taking 1990 as the baseyear.

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Illustration 15. Annual trends in aggregate GHG emissions in the Basque Country in comparisonwith the base year

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

-5%

-10%

-15%

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

5.77%

10.82%

6.64% 6.21% 6.28%

-3.38%

-10.10%

1.07%

15.01%

25.32%

Percentage of change in GHG emissions in comparison to base year

N2O 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Energy123 121 128 130 129 133 118 104 112 133 147(IPCC 1)

IndustrialProcesses 931 941 951 964 976 989 1,002 1,015 1,027 1,040 1,053(IPCC 2)

Agriculture1,103 1,093 1,145 1,106 1,069 1,150 1,228 1,182 1,111 1,097 1,079(IPCC 4)

Total 2,158 2,155 2,223 2,200 2,175 2,272 2,347 2,300 2,250 2,270 2,279

Table 5. Trends in N2O emissions (Mg of N2O) by IPCC sectors

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The biggest contributors to the increase in emis-sions in the Basque Country from 1990 to

2000 are the following:

Illustration 16. Absolute changes in GHG emissions in the Basque Country in 2000 comparativelyto those in 1990.

-750 -250 250 750 1.250 1.750

BASQUE COUNTRY

Absolute change in Gg of CO2 equivalent

1.A.3. Transport (CO2)

1.A.1. Energy Industries (CO2)

1.A.4. Other Sectors (CO2)

6.A. Waste (CH4)

1.B.1. Crude oil & natural gas (CO2)

2.A. Mineral products (CO2)

2.B. Chemical industry (N2O)

1.B.1. Crude oil & natural gas (CH4)

1.A.3. Transport (N2O)

1.A.1. Energy Industries (N2O)

1.A.2. Manufacturing industries & construction (N2O)

4.B. Manure Management (CH4)

4.A. Enteric fermentation (CH4)

1.A.2. Manufacturing ind. & construction (CO2)

1.B.1. Solid fuels (CO2)

2.C. Metal production (CO2)

4.B. Manure Management (N2O)

Sectors in the Basque Country with the greatest variation Absolute variation Relativein emissions from 1990 to 2000 Gg (thousands of tons) variation

1.A.3. Transport (CO2) 1,892 70.6%1.A.1. Energy Industries (CO2) 1,330 55.5%1.A.4. Other Sectors (CO2) 579 53.1%

6.A. Waste (CH4) 413 37.3%1.B.1. Crude oil & natural gas (CO2) 386 125.6%

2.A. Mineral products (CO2) 223 33.3%2.B. Chemical industry (N2) 38 13.1%

1.B.1. Crude oil & natural gas (CH4) 18 27.0%1.A.3. Transport (N2O) 5 78.4%1.A.1. Energy Industries (N2O) 5 71.7%1.A.2. Manufacturing industries & construction (N2O) -5 -23.3%

4.B. Manure Management (N2O) -9 -27.2%4.B. Manure Management (CH4) -26 -18.9%4.A. Enteric fermentation (CH4) -33 -10.1%

1.A.2. Manufacturing ind. & construction (CO2) -220 -4.9%1.B.1. Solid fuels (CO2) -317 -94.6%

2.C. Metal production (CO2) -535 -100.0%

Table 6. Absolute & relative changes in emissions of key source processes in the Basque Countryfrom 1990 to 2000

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Overall GHG emissions in the Basque Countryare increasing due to increases in emissionsfrom transport, the service sector and electricitygeneration. This latter increase is due to increa-

sed demand for electricity in industry andamong end consumers in the service and resi-dential sectors.

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Illustration 17. Trends in GHG emissions in the Basque Country, in Spain and in the EU comparedto the Kyoto targets for Spain and the EU.

140

135

130

125

120

115

110

105

100

95

90

851990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

133.71%

125.32%

96.47%

GHG Index for SpainPath to Kyoto target for SpainKioto target for EU 15

GHG Index for Basque Country Path to Kyoto target for EUGHG Index for EU 15

Kyoto target for Spain

1990

= 1

00

3.3. Trends in GHG emissions incomparison with GDP

The graph below shows the trend of emissions,that of gross domestic product and the compa-

rative variation between them.

GDP increased to above 1990 levels in all theyears considered.

Illustration 18. Indices of GHG emissions, GDP4 of the Basque Country and ratio of emissions(including imported electricity) to GDP

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

1990

= 1

00

Index of trend in GDP

Index of trend in GHG emissions originating in the Basque Country

Index of trend in GHG emissions originating in the Basque Country compared to GDP

4 GDP at constant prices, taking 1995 as the base year.

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The lowest point on the index showing trends inemissions is in 1997. This is due mainly to theclosure of the Altos Hornos steel mill, which wasa major consumer of fossil fuels and therefore alarge-scale emitter. After that year the indexrose again due to continuous increases in emis-sions from services, transport and electricitygeneration in response to greater demand fromend consumers.

Both emissions and GDP have increased since1996, but the rate of increase is faster for emis-sions. The increase in GAV (Gross AddedValue) in industry from 1996 to 2000 is greaterthan that in the service sector, but it is the latterthat contributes most to the GDP of the BasqueCountry. However the service sector does nothave such a high level of fuel consumption asindustry, and as a result emissions are increa-sing faster than GDP.

De-linking from economic growth is observablefrom 1993 to 1997, when emissions actually

dropped, but the link grows closer again from1997 to 2000, and the gradient is actually ste-eper for emissions than for GDP.

3.4. Emissions in the Basque Countrycompared to other countries

Although there are slight variations from year toyear, the general picture is that in 2000 fossilfuel consumption accounts for 77% of GHGemissions in the Basque Country, 75% in Spainand 79% in the 15 EU countries as a whole. IfCO2 alone is considered, combustion processesaccount for 90% of all emissions in the BasqueCountry, 92% in Spain and 94% in the 15 EUcountries as a whole.

The cement industry and mineral products arethe next biggest industrial sources of CO2 emis-sions: in the Basque Country they account for6% of the total, in Spain 7% and in the 15 EUcountries 5%.

Illustration 19. Mean distribution of GHG emissions in the EU, Spain and the Basque Country from1990 to 2000 by IPCC sectors

EUROPE

Industrialprocesses

7.0%

Solvent use0.2%

Agriculture9.6%

Land usechange &forestry0.2% Waste

3.3%

Energy79.7%

SPAIN

Industrialprocesses

7.8%

Solvent use0.5%

Agriculture11.8%

Land usechange &forestry0.0%

Waste3.7%

Energy76.2%

BASQUE COUNTRY

Industrialprocesses

8.4%

Agriculture4.6%

Waste7.5%

Energy79.5%

27

Page 28: INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 1990-2000

The bar graph below compares per capita GHGemissions in the Basque Country with those else-where, expressed in tons of CO2 equivalent. Tomake the figures comparable, only emissions ofCO2, CH4 and N2O in each country are counted(i.e. absorption in sinks is not included).

In the case of the Basque Country two series aregiven: the first shows the tons of GHG’s producedper capita in the Basque Country, and the secondincludes not only emissions produced within theBasque Autonomous Community itself but alsopotential emissions from electricity imports.

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Illustration 20. Per capita GHG emissions in 1990 and 1999 (this comparison covers onlyemissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O and does not take into account absorption insinks)

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Per capita GHG emissions in EU countries (1990-1999)

1990 1999

Ton

s o

f C

O2

equ

ival

ent

per

cap

ita

Unite

d Kin

gdom

Belgi

um

Denm

ark

Finl

and

Ger

man

y

Gre

ece

Irela

nd

Italy

Luxe

mbo

urg

The

Nethe

rland

s

Portu

gal

Swed

en

Austri

a

Fran

ceBas

que

Count

ry

Basqu

e co

untry

(inc

. ele

ctric

ity im

ports

)

Spain

EU 15

Per capita emissions in the Basque Country areamong the lowest anywhere in the EU, but thisis largely due to the fact that although the Bas-que Country is a major electricity consumer itis far from being able to supply all its ownrequirements and must therefore import electri-city. That imported electricity does not produceemissions at the point of consumption, but doesproduce them at the point of generation if it isproduced using fossil fuels. If electricity importsare taken into account per capita emissionlevels in the Basque Country (see “Basque

Country inc. electricity imports” on the graph)are similar to those in Germany and Greecefor 1999 and to those in France and Greecefor 1990.

A comparison of the contribution of emissionsfrom combustion in the Basque country and inSpain reveals that levels are more or less steadyfrom 1990 to 1995, and drop in 1996 withfalling fuel consumption, reaching their lowestlevel in 1997 before beginning to climb againin the following years.

Source: Own data based on studies submitted by UNFCC countries

Note: emissions for both years are divided by the nº of inhabitants in 1996

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Illustration 21. Contribution of GHG emissions in the Basque Country to emissions in Spain as awhole.

6%

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

0%

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

5.2% 5.3% 5.4% 5.5% 5.2% 5.0% 4.6%4.0% 4.4% 4.6% 4.8%

Illustration 22. Energy consumption and electricity imports

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Kte

p o

f im

po

rted

ele

ctri

city

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n in

Kte

p

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1.200

1.000

800

600

400

200

0

Sectoral energy consumption (Basque Country)

Transformation

Transport

Electricity imports in Ktep

Manufacturing Industries &Construction

Other sectors

5 GHG emissions in Spain are being compared (CO2, CH4, N2O, PFC’s, HFC’s and SF6), excluding CO2 sink absorption asper Group 5.

Source: Own data and date for Spain from the study submitted by Spain to the UNFCC5.

3.5. Trends in GHG emissions includingimported electricity

Estimates of emissions from combustion proces-ses which occur in the Basque Country do nottake into account the combustion involved ingenerating imported electricity: the energy

transformation involved in the processes gene-rally requires fossil fuels to be consumed, andtherefore gives rise to emissions of GHG’s at thepoint of origin.

The illustration below shows the trends in elec-tricity imports into the Basque Country.

29

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The bar graph in the illustration below showsthat maximum levels for transformation coincidepractically with the minimum levels of electricityimports. This implies that in those years in whichless energy transformation for electricity takes

place, and therefore less fuel is required, emis-

sions in the BAC are lower, electricity imports

are higher and therefore emissions at the point

of origin outside the BAC are higher.

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Illustration 23. Trends in GHG emissions in the Basque Country taking emissions due to electricityimports into account.

Generation of electricity & heatElectricity importsOther activities

25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1.850 1.754 1.5903.084 2.896

4.998 5.0764.724

4.552 4.5924.899

4.376 5.1344.644

4.338 5.311

13.923 14.72514.582

14.614 14.58314.004

13.321 12.37413.396

13.969

15.685

1.165904 958 1.198 1.005 955

Th

ou

san

ds

of

ton

s o

f C

O2

equ

ival

ent

The data on GHG emission trends in compari-son to the base year obtained from the graph

and table above can be summed up asfollows:

Table 7. Emissions occurring in the Basque Country and those associated with electricity imports (Ggof CO2 equivalent)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total inBasque 14,827 15,683 16,432 15,811 15,748 15,758 14,326 13,329 14,986 17,053 18,582Country

Electricit4,998 5,076 4,724 4,552 4,592 4,899 4,376 5,134 4,644 4,338 5,311y imports

Total 19,825 20,759 21,155 20,363 20,340 20,657 18,702 18,464 19,631 21,391 23,893

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3.5.1. Direct & indirect emissions fromeach sector of activity

To date our sectoral classification has followedthe IPCC guidelines. But if emissions from com-

bustion processes are included in the activities

where they take place rather than under

Energy, the effect of each activity on total emis-

sions can be seen.

Illustration 24. Change from base year levels for aggregate direct & indirect GHG emissions (inclu-ding electricity imports) in the Basque Country in percentage terms

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

-5%

-10%

-15%

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

4.71%6.71%

2.71% 2.60% 4.20%

-5.66% -6.87%

-0.98%

7.90%

20.52%

Illustration 25. Direct emissions6 of GHG’s by activities

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001990

25.000.000

20.000.000

15.000.000

10.000.000

5.000.000

0

Ton

s o

f C

O2

equ

ival

ent

Energy

Industry

Transport

Residential

Services

Agriculture

Waste

6 Direct emissions are those arising from the process carried out on the site where combustion takes place.

31

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32

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in the Basque Country (including electricity imports)

25.000.000

20.000.000

15.000.000

10.000.000

5.000.000

0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001990

32.2% 29.7%26.3%

22.5% 23.1%23.2% 25.8%23.7%

26.9%24.2%

24.3%25.5%

26.8%

27.2%30.8%

34.4%37.9% 37.3%35.5%

39.1%

24.7%

20.5%

22.4%

23.8%

21.6%

17.5% 17.9%16.5%17.9%

18.0%

4.7%

5.0%

5.2%

5.2%

5.5%

4.6%4.3%4.8%

4.2%4.5%

6.5%

6.6%

7.4%

8.4%

8.4%

7.3%7.8%7.8%

6.8%6.9%

8.2%

8.2%

9.1%

9.3%

8.2%

8.5%8.4%8.0%8.0%

7.5%

21.0%

40.4%

18.2%

4.2%

7.4%

7.5%

Ton

s o

f C

O2

equ

ival

ent

Direct GHG emissions

Energy

Industry

Transport

Residential

Services

Agriculture

Waste

25.000.000

20.000.000

15.000.000

10.000.000

5.000.000

0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001990

Ton

s o

f C

O2

equ

ival

ent

Direct and indirect GHG emissions

15.5%

39.8%

19.6%

7.9%

5.8%

5.1%

6.4%

15.6%

41.5%

16.7%

8.3%

6.5%

5.3%

6.4%

16.5%

40.2%

17.5%

7.9%

5.3%

5.7%

6.9%

16.5%

39.7%

17.6%

7.9%

5.4%

6.1%

6.7%

16.5%

40.7%

16.9%

8.2%

4.9%

6.5%

6.3%

15.5%

46.3%

13.9%

7.4%

4.8%

5.6%

6.5%

15.5%

46.7%

13.9%

7.3%

4.1%

6.1%

6.5%

15.5%

47.1%

13.1%

7.7%

4.2%

6.1%

6.2%

15.2%

46.8%

14.2%

8.6%

3.6%

5.3%

6.2%

15.7%

47.8%

13.9%

8.3%

3.4%

5.3%

5.6%

14.5%

49.5%

13.9%

7.5%

3.3%5.6%

5.6%

Energy

Industry

Transport

Residential

Services

Agriculture

Waste

Note: Emissions from the energy sector include emissions from refineries and losses in transportation and distribution of bothfossil fuels and electricity.

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Direct emissions from the energy sector includeemissions of GHG’s during the generation ofelectricity (thermo-electric plants, co-generationand biogas plants), refineries and fuel transfor-mation. As can be observed, the energy sectorhas considerably increased its emissions from1990 levels. But if these emissions producedduring electricity generation in the BasqueCountry and at the point of origin of importedelectricity are distributed according to the endconsumption of electricity and heat, the trendrevealed is different.

As shown in the illustrations below, the increasein emissions from electricity generation is due toincreasing demand for electricity from industry,services and the residential sector.

Disaggregating the direct and indirect emis-sions from those industries which consume mostenergy in the Basque Country, the overall trendis as per illustration 27 below.

The importance of the steel making andfoundry, metal processing, paste and paper,cement, rubber derivatives and glass industriesis significant. Between them they account in2000 for 70% of final energy consumption byindustry. The high energy consumption of thesefive industries and the emissions associatedwith their production processes (mineral andchemical industries), any variation in their out-put is reflected in consumption and emissionsfrom industrial processes, and in total emissionsin the Basque Country.

Steel making & foundries

Chemical industry

Rubber

Cement & lime

Machinery & metal products

Construction

Glass

Paper & card

Rest

12.000.000

10.000.000

8.000.000

6.000.000

4.000.000

2.000.000

01991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001990

Direct and indirect GHG emissions

Ton

s o

f C

O2

equ

ival

ent

Illustration 27. Trends in direct and indirect emissions from industry in the Basque Country

12.000.000

10.000.000

8.000.000

6.000.000

4.000.000

2.000.000

01991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001990

Direct GHG emissions

Ton

s o

f C

O2

equ

ival

ent

Steel making & foundries

Chemical industry

Rubber

Cement & lime

Machinery & metal products

Construction

Glass

Paper & card

Rest

33

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Page 35: INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 1990-2000

1. Climate change is not somethingfor the future: it is a fact. Almost allhuman activities generate GHG’s, sopopulation growth and the current econo-mic system are the two biggest variablesin this global problem.

2. The fight against climate changecannot be put off until its effects are

obvious. If measures are not taken itseffects will worsen over time and it will betoo late to prevent some of its consequences.

3. The search for solutions and thetaking of action must be world-wide, and must involve all states.The Kyoto protocol establishes a basis fortackling this challenge properly.

Conclusions

35

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20001990 1990 1999

Trends in GHG emissions in the Basque Country, GDP of population, energyconsumption and GHG emission per capita in comparison with EU 15

Ton

elad

as p

e cá

pit

a

1990

= 1

00

Per capita GHG emissionsin the Basque Country

Per capita GHGemissions in the EU

Per capita GHG emissionsin the Basque Countryincluding electricity imports

GDP

GHG emissions in theBasque Country

Trends in energyconsumption

Trends inpopulation

GHG emissionsincluding electricityimports

GHG emissions includingelectricity imports by GDP

4Conclusions

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Page 36: INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 1990-2000

4. The response to climate change should notcome exclusively from institutions. Eachindividual has their personal res-ponsibility, and can help to reduceenergy consumption in their home,in transport and in their workpla-ce.

5. In our country one of the five priority goalslaid down for the coming years in the Bas-que Environmental Strategy for Sustaina-ble Development 2002 – 2020 is the cur-tailing of GHG emissions to help fulfil theKyoto protocol.

6. Emissions of the main GHG’s generatedin the Basque Country total 18.6 milliontonnes of CO2 equivalent. This figure isup by 25% on the level for 1990.(The increase in Spain as a whole is33.7%).

7. If we take into account that the BasqueCountry imports a great deal of electricitywhich also produces emissions, the sumtotal of emissions inside and outside the

BC attributable to our social and economicactivities is 23.9 million tons of CO2 equi-valent, an increase of 20.5% on 1990levels.

8. Bearing in mind total sectoral energy con-sumption, the biggest increases inemissions over the last 10 yearshave come in transport, energytransformation, services anddomestic consumption.

9. Per capita GHG generation from thesocial and economic activities of the BACis close to the European average level. Thefigure is down from 1990 levels in termsof CO2 equivalent per unit of GDP.

0. In the face of climate change, the fun-damental lines for action by theBasque Government must betransport policy, energy genera-tion, energy efficiency (especiallyin industry) and the fostering ofenergy saving in all sectors of acti-vity.

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