2013 iema - Tla2013 iema - Tla

uef,aishdfõ iudc wdr:ßl f;dr;=re ì|la

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2 2013 iema - Tla

o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h ^o'foa'ks& t'c'fvd' ì,shk 506'7" 2012

tal mqoa., o'foa'ks' t'c'fvd' 17"200 ^2012& t'c'fvd' 16"000 ^2011&

o'foa'ks' ys jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;h 5'6 ^2012& 5'1 ^2011&

WoaOukh 1'7 ^2012& 3'2 ^2011&

cx.u .sKqfuys fYaIh t'c'fvd' ì,shk 22'8 ^2012&

úfoaY ixÑ; t'c'fvd' ì,shk 139'7 ^2012 foieïn¾&

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wmkhk t'c'fvd' ì,shk 247 ^2012&

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Wm;a wkqmd;slh Wm;a 20'41$1000 ck.ykh ^2013&

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2013 iema;eïnr®$Tlaf;danr®

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32 fjΩu 9-10 l,dmh ISSN 1391-3697

uef,aishdfõ iudc" wd¾Ól f;dr;=re ì|la'''

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3 2013 iema - Tla

ye¢kaùu

NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda ,n.ekSfï § l< hq;= f.ùula uqo,aj,ska fuka u fjk;a f.ùï WmlrKhla u.ska o l< yel' jákdlñka wvq f.ùï i|yd Ndú;d lrk tjeks WmlrK iq¿ mßudK f.ùï WmlrK f,i ye¢kaúh yel' t jeks f.ùï i|yd Ndú; l< yels WmlrKj,g ksoiqka jYfhka fplam;a ^Cheques&" Kh ldâm;a ^Credit Cards&" yr ldâm;a ^Debit Cards&" uqo,a weKjqï ^Money Orders& iy úoHq;a wruqo,a fma%IK ^Electronic Fund Transfer& wdÈh oelaúh yel'

úoHq;a udOH" wka;¾cd,h yd cx.u ÿrl:k wd§ lafIa;%j, isÿjQ ;dlaI‚l ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ u iq¿ mßudK f.ùï WmlrK iïnkaOfhka kj ksmehqï rdYshla ìys úh' fuu kj ksmehqï ìysùfï wruqKq lsysmhla we;s w;r" tajd w;ßka .kqfokqlrejkaf.a myiqj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" uqo,a iy fplam;a Ndú;h wvq lsÍu" wdrlaIdj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iy uyck;dj w;r uQ,H wka;¾lrKh ^Financial Inclusion& jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu hk lreKq m%Odk .Kfha ,d ie<lsh yel'

fuu iq¿ mßudK f.ùï WmlrK m%Odk udOH ;=kla Tiafia kùlrKh fjñka mj;S' tajd kï f.ùï ldâm;a" wka;¾ cd,h iy cx.u ÿrl:k fõ' miq.sh oYlh ;=< § uy nexl= 30 lska fujeks kj WmlrK 122 la jd¾;d ù we;s nj wka;¾cd;sl mshùfï nexl=j Tjqkaf.a jd¾;dj, i|yka lr ;sfí'

fuu ,smsfha uQ,sl wruqK jkqfha by; i|yka l< udOH ;=fkka f;dard.;a ckm%sh iy m%fhdackj;a kj iq¿ mßudK f.ùï WmlrK ;=kla mdGlhd fj; y÷kajd §uhs'

Tlafgdmia ldâm; ^Octopus Card&

fydxfldx ys ìys jQ Tlafgdmia ldâm;" iq¿ mßudK úoHq;a f.ùï WmlrKhlg WodyrKhls' fydxfldx ys l%shd;aul jk fmdÿ m%jdyk iud.ï myla tl;= ù msysgqjd.kakd ,o Tlafgdmia iud.u úiska 1997 § fuu ldâm; y÷kajd fok

,o w;r tys m%Odk wruqK jQfha m%jdyk .dia;= myiqfjka" ld¾hlaIuj whlr .ekSuhs' fuu Tlafgdmia ldâ mf;ys úfYaI;ajh jkqfha th iam¾Y rys; ^Contactless&" w.h rdYs.; (Stored Value) iy kej; w.h tl;= l< yels ^Rechargeable& ldâm;la ùuhs' b;du;a iq¿ ld,hla ;=< fuu ldâm; fydxfldx ys ish¨ ck;dj w;r ckm%sh;ajhg m;a úh' thg úfYaI fya;=jla jQfha tu ld,fha § trg udre ldis ysÕhla mej;s neúka" m%jdyk .dia;= f.ùug ck;dj fuu ldâm; nyq,j Ndú;d lsÍuhs' oekg trg ck.ykfhka ishhg wkQ myla muK fuu ldâm; Ndú;d lrk w;r ksl=;a fldg we;s ldâm;a ixLHdj ñ,shk úiails' 2000 j¾Ifha fydxfldx uqo,a wêldßh úiska Tlafgdmia iud.ug ;ekam;= Ndr.ekSfï iud.ï n,m;%h ksl=;a lrk ,§' tfia u Tlafgdmia ldâm; u.ska Ökh iy ueldjq hk rgj, o f.ùï lsÍug mq¿jk' Tlafgdmia ldâm; ks¾udKh lr we;af;a ´iafÜ%,shdkq ;dlaI‚l iud.ula úisks' fuu ldâmf;ys fu.d y¾Üia 13.56 l fidaks Ñmhla ^Chip& wka;¾ .; lr we;' t u.ska ;;amrhg lsf,da ìÜ 212 l fõ.fhka o;a; iïfma%IKh lrhs' f,dalfha Ndú;d jk wfkla ldâm;a yd ixikaokh lrk úg fuh b;du;a wêl iïfma%IK fõ.hls'

1 jk rEm igyk

Tlafgdmia ldâm;a

iq¿ mßudK kùk f.ùï WmlrKInnovative Retail Payment Products

tÉ tka fidauidka;" fcHIaG iyldr wOHlaI" f.ùï iy mshùï fomd¾;fïka;=j

4 2013 iema - Tla

m%jdyk .dia;= f.ùug wdrïN lrk ,o fuu ldâm;" wo fkdfhl=;a lafIa;%j, f.ùï isÿ lrk b;du;a ckm%sh f.ùï WmlrKhla njg m;aj ;sfí' fndfyda iqmsß fjf<|i,a" wdmk Yd,d" r:jdyk kej;=ï fmd<j,a" NdKav úl=Kk hka;% iy fndfyda is,a,r fjf<|i,a ;ukaf.a NdKav iy fiajd iemhSfï § fuu ldâm; ms<s.kq ,nhs' iuyr fiajd ia:dkj, uqo,a Ndr.ekSu kj;ajd we;s w;r Tjqka ta fjkqjg Ndr .kafka Tlafgdmia ldâm;a mu‚' fydxfldx ys fndfyda mdi,a isiqkaf.a meñŒu igyka lsÍu wd§ mßmd,k lghq;= i|yd o fuu ldâm; fhdod .kS' iuyr ld¾hd, iy fkajdisl f.dvke.s,sj,g we;=¿ùfï § fuu ldâm; wjir m;%hla fia l%shd lrhs'

2 jk rEm igyk

fj<|i,l we;s Tlafgdmia ldâ m;a lshjk hka;%hla

3 jk rEm igyk

ÿïßh ia:dkhl fõÈldjlg we;=¨ jk fodrgqfjys we;s Tlafgdmia ldâm;a lshjk hka;%hla

uQ,sl jYfhka Tlafgdmia ldâm;a foj¾.hla we;' tajd kï úl=KQ Tlafgdmia ldâm;a ^Sold Octopus Cards) iy

Khg fok Tlafgdmia ldâm;a ^On-Loan Octopus Cards& jYfhks' úl=KQ Tlafgdmia ldâm;la hkq kshñ; ñ,lg Tlafgdmia iud.u úiska úl=Kk" úfYaIfhka ks¾udKh l< ldâm;ls' ta i|yd ;ekam;= uqo,la ,nd fkd.kakd w;r .kqfokq lr b;sßjk uqo,a wef;d;a ldâm; ysñlreg tu uqo, fjf<| ksfhdað;hkaf.ka wdmiq ,nd.; yelsh' Khg fok ldâm;g fydxfldx fvd,¾ 50 l ;ekam;=jla ;eìh hq;=h' fuu ;ekam;=j ldâm; ieliSug úhoï jQ uqo, wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd iq/l=ula jYfhks' tu ldâm;g uqo,a jákdlula ksfhdað; fjf<| wdh;k u.ska tl;= lr .ekSug th Ndú;d lrkakdg myiqlï i,id we;'

Khg fok ldâm;aj, ;jÿrg;a j¾. lsÍula olakg ,efí' tajd kï <ud ^Child&" jeäysá ^Adult&" fcHIaG mqrjeis ^Elder& iy ;uka leu;s wdldrhg ilia lr .; yels ^Personalized& ldâm;a jYfhks' ;uka leu;s wdldrhg ilia lr .; yels Tlafgdamia ldâm;aj, ;ukaf.a PdhdrEmh" ku iy fjk;a úia;r o we;=<;a lr .; yelsh" úfYaIfhka u YsIHhka fjkqfjka idokakd jQ fujeks ldâm;a" mdi,aj, Tjqkaf.a meñŒu igyka lr .ekSu jeks mßmd,kuh lghq;= i|yd o fhdod .kq ,nhs' tneúka fuu Tlafgdmia ldâm; iuyr wjia:dj, § f.ùï WmlrKhla fkdjk fjk;a l¾;jH i|yd o fhdod.kakd nj fmkS hhs'

4 jk rEm igyk

Tlafgdmia ldâm;a .sKqï fYaI msßlaik hka;%hla

Tlafgdmia ldâm;a lshjk hka;% ^Octopus Card Reader Machines&" .kqfokq i|yd wjYH jk ish¨ u ia:dkj, ia:dmkh lr we;' nia r: ;=<" ÿïßh fõÈldj,g we;=¿jk ia:dk" fjf<|ie,a wd§ fkdfhl=;a ld¾hhka isÿjk ia:dkj, tajdg .e<fmk udÈ,sfha fkdfhl=;a lshjk hka;% ;sfnk nj oel.; yels h' tu hka;% wdikakfha ;u ldâm; ;eîfuka Ndú;d lrkakdg ;u f.ùï isÿ l<

5 2013 iema - Tla

yel' f.ùï lsÍu i|yd ldâm; fuu hka;%h wdikakfha ;enQ jydu Yíohla ksl=;a lrñka f.ùu ms<s.;a nj hka;%h oekqï fohs' tfuka u hka;% ;srfha f.jQ uqo, iy ldâmf;ys b;sß uqo, o fmkakqï lrkq ,efí'

5 jk rEm igyk

nia r:hl iúl, Tlafgdmia ldâm;a lshjk hka;%hla

fuu ldâm;aj, we;s fYaIh msßlaiSu i|yd fkdfhl=;a ia:dkj, msysgqjd we;s úuiSï hka;% ^Enquiry Machines& fhdod .; yelsh' Ndú;d lrkakka úiska ;u Tlafgdmia ldâm; fuu hka;%h u; ;eîfuka miq.sh .kqfokq oyhla iy wjidk fYaIh n,d.; yelsh' ;jo" ldâm;g uqo,a jákdlula tl;= lsÍu i|yd wod< ia:dkj, msysgqjd we;s jákdlï tl;= lsÍfï hka;% ^Add Value Machines& Ndú;d flf¾' fuu hka;% wdOdrfhka" úoHq;a uqo,a wdldrhg uqo,a yqjudre lsÍu i|yd ldâm;a Ndú;d lrkakkayg wjir ,eî we;' fmr lS myiqlï" n,h ,;a fiajd imhkakka úiska o ldâm;a ysñhkg ,nd fokq ,efí'

Tlafgdamia ldâm;a Ndú;d lrkakka úiska fuu ldâm;ska isÿlrkq ,nk .kqfokq ksYaldIKh i|yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka .nvd lsÍu iy bÈßm;a lsÍu (Store & Forward) hk moku u;hs' lshjk hka;% u.ska .nvd lr.;a fuu .kqfokqj, o;a; meh lsysmhlg miq ksYaldIKh i|yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí' ux.; ^On line& yd ux.; fkdjk ^O line& hk wdldr folska u Tlafgdmia ldâm; u.ska .kqfokq l< yels w;r" ux.; fkdjk wdldrfha .kqfokqj, o;a; iïfma%IKh lsÍu i|yd cx.u mß.Kl wd§ WmlrK Ndú;d l< yel'

tï - fmid ^M-Pesa&

cx.u ÿrl:k Ndú;fhka lrkakd jQ f.ùï WmlrKhlg ksoiqkla jYfhka flkahdfõ wdrïN lrk ,o tï-fmid

kï cx.u ÿrl:k f.ùï l%uh y÷kajd Èh yel' iajdys,s NdIdfjka cx.u uqo,a hk wre; we;s" fuu f.ùï WmlrKh" 2007 wfma%,a udifha § i*dßfldï (Safaricom) iy fjdvf*daka ^Vodafone& kï ÿrl:k fiajd imhkakka úiska y÷kajd fok ,§'

cd;sl ye÷kqïm;la fyda úfoaY .uka n,m;%hla fyda we;s mqoa.,hkg fuu cx.u ÿrl:k f.ùï l%uh Ndú;d lsÍug tu wdh;kh wjir fohs' tf,i ,shdmÈxÑ jQ tï-fmid idudðlhkag" ;u cx.u ÿrl:kh ;=< ia:dms; lr we;s .sKqug uqo,a ;ekam;a lsÍu isÿ l< yel' tu .sKqug wod< y÷kd .ekSfï ish¨ f;dr;=re cx.u ÿrl:kfha we;s isï (SIM) ldâmf;ys wka;¾.; lr we;' cx.u ÿrl:kfhys we;s .sKqfuys ;ekam;a l< uqo,a wfkl=;a md¾Yajhkag flá m‚jqv l%uh (SMS) u.ska mejÍu l< yels h' t fuka u NdKav iy fiajd ,nd .ekSfï § úl=Kqïlrejka fj; uqo,a f.ùu o fï wdldrfhka u l< yels h' ;jo" ;ukaf.a ffoksl úhoï i|yd wjYH uqo,a n,h,;a fjf<| ksfhdað;hkaf.ka ,nd .ekSug o fuu l%uh Ndú;d lrkakkag wjldY ie,iS we;' fuu l%uh ;=<ska uqo,a heùug fyda ,nd.ekSug whlrkq ,nkafka b;du;a iq¿ .dia;=jla mu‚'

6 jk rEm igyk

tï - fmid f.ùï l%uh iys; cx.u ÿrl:khla

tï-fmid ie,iqï lr we;af;a YdLd rys; nexl= l%uhla wdldrhg ksid" uQ,sl nexl= .kqfokq i|yd" Ndú;dlrkakkag nexl= YdLdj,g hEfï wjYH;djhla mek fkdk.S' tï-

6 2013 iema - Tla

fmid Ndú;dlrkakkaf.a myiqj i|yd" n,h,;a is,a,r fjf<|ie,a iy .=jka ld,h (Air Time) fyj;a weu;=ï ld,h úl=Kk wf,ú ie,a nexl= ksfhdað;hka jYfhka l%shd lrhs'

7 jk rEm igyk

n,h,;a tï - fmid ksfhdað; wf,ú ie,la

fuu cx.u ÿrl:k f.ùï l%uh y÷kajd §fï uQ,sl wruqK jQfha laIqø uQ,H ^Micro Finance& Kh .ekqïlrejkag Kh ,nd§u iy Kh whlr .ekSu hk lghq;= fuu.ska ld¾hlaIuj bgqlr .ekSuhs' ÿIalr m%foaYj, Ôj;ajk f.dúhkag iy iajhx l¾udka;lrejkag fuh b;du;a myiq l%uhla jQfha Tjqka jeä fofkl=g nexl= YdLdj,g hEug jvd cx.u ÿrl:k Ndú;h wmyiqjlska f;drj lr.ekSug yels jQ neúks' Kh fok wdh;kj,g tï-fmid u.ska Kh l<ukdlrKh b;d myiq jQ w;r thg oeÍug isÿ jQfha o b;du;a iq¿ msßjehls' tneúka j¾;udkh jk úg Kh fok wdh;k b;du;a ;r.ldÍ fmd,S wkqmd;j,g idudkH Khlrejkag fuu cx.u ÿrl:k f.ùï l%uh wdOdrfhka Kh fokq oelsh yelsh'

8 jk rEm igyk

tï - fmid cx.u ÿrl:k f.ùï l%uh Ndú;d lrkafkla

tï-fmid l%uh jeäÈhqKqùu;a iuÕ u fjk;a wdldrfha .kqfokq lsÍug o fuu l%uh Ndú; lrkakka Wkkaÿ ù we;' wE; m%foaYj,g f.dia /lshdj lrk mqoa.,hka ;ukaf.a hefmkakka fj; uqo,a iïfma%IKh lsÍu o fuu.ska isÿ lrk tjka .kqfokqjls' úÿ,s wd§ ì,am;a f.ùu" weu;=ï ld,h ñ,§ .ekSu" nexl= .sKqïj,g uqo,a udre lsÍu hkdÈh o fï jk úg fuu f.ùï l%uh ;=<ska isÿ lrkq ,nhs' f,dalfha we;s ÈhqKq;u cx.u ÿrl:k f.ùï l%uh tï-fmid jk w;r flkahdfõ cx.u ÿrl:k Ndú; lrk idudðl ixLHdj ñ,shk 17 la muK fõ' fuys we;s ckm%sh;ajh iy id¾:l;ajh fldmuK o h;a" th j¾;udkfha gekaidkshdj" we*aa.ksia:dkh" *Scs iy ol=Kq wm%sldj hk rgj, o jHdma;j mj;S'

úoHq;a fplam;a ^E-Cheques&

fydxfldx uqo,a wêldßh úiska ;j flá ld,hlska y÷kajd §ug kshñ; úoHq;a fplam;" mß.Kl cd,h Ndú;fhka lrkakd jQ kj iq¿ mßudK f.ùï WmlrKhls' fndfyda rgj, oYl .Kkdjla mqrd Ndú;d jk fN!;sl fplam;a fyj;a lvodis fplam;aj, we;s fndfyda .=Kdx. /l .ksñka fuu kj f.ùï WmlrKh y÷kajd § we;'

9 jk rEm igyk

úoHq;a fplam;la mß.Kl ;srfha Èiajk whqre

fuu úoHq;a fplam; mß.Klfha Ndú;d jk mSãt*a wdlD;shg ^PDF Format& wkqj ilid we;s w;r" thg o;a; wka;¾.; lr we;af;a ñksidg iy hka;%j,g lshúh yels tlaiatït,a wdlD;sfhks ^XML Format&. ;jo" f.jkakd ^Payer& úiska fuu úoHq;a fplam; ixLHdxl ^Digital& l%uhg w;aika lr ;sìh hq;= w;r f.jkakdf.a nexl=j úiska th iy;sl l< hq;= h' miqod;u oelafjk úoHq;a fplam;a o ksl=;a l< yels w;r" fplam;aj, jákdlu fydxfldx fvd,¾ HKD&" weußlka fvd,¾ USD& iy Ökfha

7 2013 iema - Tla

frkañksì ^RMB& hk uqo,a j¾.j,ska tllska i|yka l< yelsh' fuu úoHq;a fplamf;ys tla wvqmdvqjla jkqfha th" fN!;sl fplam;a fuka fjk;a whl=g msgika fldg mejÍu l< fkdyels ùuhs' ta wkqj th .kqfokq l< fkdyels ^Not Negotiable& fplam;ls' fuu lreK ;jÿrg;a úia;r l<fyd;a f.jkakd úiska wdodhlhd ^Payee& fj; fuu f.ùï WmlrKh Rcqj u bÈßm;a l< hq;= h'

flfia fj;;a" úoHq;a fplam; o úksuh ì,am;a wdd mkf;a /ljrKh ,efnk úksuh ì,am;la f,i ilid we;' tneúka" f.jkakdf.a iy wdodhlhdf.a whs;sjdislï fuu wdd mk; hgf;a iq/flkq we;' ;jo" iïm%odhsl fplam;a .kqfokq lsÍfï § fuka u úoHq;a fplam;a .kqfokq lsÍfï § o f.jkakd úiska wdodhlhdg ;u .sKqfuys f;dr;=re fy<s lsÍu w;HjYH fkdfõ'

úoHq;a fplam; l%shd;aul jk wdldrh o fN!;sl fplam;a l%shd;aul jk wdldrhg fnfyda fihska iudk fõ' uq,ska u f.jkakd úiska úoHq;a fplam;la ixLHdxl l%uhg w;aika fldg th ksl=;a lrk fuka wka;¾cd, nexl= l%uh wdOdrfhka ;u nexl=fjka b,a,d isáh hq;=h' t úg f.jkakdf.a nexl=j úiska th ixLHdxl l%uhg iy;sl fldg úoHq;a ;emE, ^E-mail& u.ska wdodhlhd fj; hjkq ,efí' ^iuyr wjia:dj,§ tfia iy;sl lrk ,o fplam; kej;;a f.jkakd fj; hjd Tyq u.ska wdodhlhd fj; heùug o lghq;= l< yel&. bkamiq" tu wdodhlhd fuu úoHq;a fplam; wka;¾cd, nexl= l%uh wdOdrfhka fyda

fjk;a ms<s.;a udOHhlska fyda wdodhlhdf.a nexl=jg ^Payee’s Bank& bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí' wdodhlhdf.a nexl=j úiska wdodhlhdf.a f;dr;=re ksjerÈ oehs fidhd n,d wdodhlhdf.a .sKqug /ia lrkq ,efí' bkamiq tfia /ialrk ,o úoHq;a fplam; wdodhlhdf.a nexl=j u.ska úoHq;a fplam;a ksYaldIKh i|yd fydxfldx ksYaaldIK iud.ug bÈßm;a lrhs' tu iud.u fuu úoHq;a fplam; ksYaldIKh ,sms f.dkqj;a iuÕ f.jkakdf.a nexl=jg fhduq lrhs' f.jkakdf.a nexl=j úiska fuu úoHq;a fplamf;a w;aika iy wfkl=;a f;dr;=re ksjerÈ oehs fidhd n,k w;r oaú.=K ^Duplicate& bÈßm;a lsÍula wef;d;a th j<lajhs' jerÈ wef;d;a f.jkakdf.a nexl=j úiska fuu úoHq;a fplam; w.re lrk w;r" tfia w.re ù fkdmeñ‚h fyd;a" wdodhlhf.a nexl=j úiska wdodhlhdf.a .sKqug fuu fplamf;ys jákdlu ner lr .kqfokqj wjidk lrkq ,efí'

fN!;sl fplam;aj, § l< hq;= jk fN!;sl m%jdykh ^Physical Delivery& iy fN!;sl bÈßm;a lsÍu ^Physical Presentment& fuu úoHq;a fplam;a l%shdj,sfha § wjYH fkdjk neúka úhoï m%udKh o wvqjk w;r ksYaldIK l%ufõoh o b;du;a myiq fõ' lvodis Ndú;h o wjYH fkdjk úoHq;a fplam; msßueiqïodhl iy mßir ys;ldó iq¿ mßudK f.jqï WmlrKj, kj ksmehqula jk nj fmkS hhs'

8 2013 iema - Tla

j¾;udk mrmqf¾ wjYH;d imqrd,k w;ru wkd.; mrmqf¾ wjYH;d imqrd,Sug o yelsjk whqßka wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh mj;ajdf.k

hEu ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amfhka woyia fõ' ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd iïm%odhslj fhdod.kq ,nk cd;sl wdodhï o;a; u.ska ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § jdhqf.da,h" ´fidaka ia:rh" fmdis, bkaOk jeks jákd mdßißl iïm;a flfrys we;s flfrk n,mEu ie,ls,a,g fkd.efka' tkï ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § Ndú; lrkq ,nk hka;% iQ;%" f.dvke.s,s wd§ m%d.aOk WmlrKj,g isÿjk ydksh .sKqïlrKfha § laIhùï hgf;a .Kkh lrkq ,enQj o" tu l%shdj,sfha È msßisÿ jd;h" ffcj úúO;ajh jeks mdßißl iïm;aj,g isÿjk ydksh .Kkh fkdflf¾' j¾;udkfha ñksid mßirfha we;s iïm;a m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh wkqj ñksid yd iajdNdúl mßirh w;r .egqï we;sùu iajdNdúl h' fun÷ .egqï wju lsÍu 1980 ueo Nd.fha muK isg ckm%sh jQ ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amfhka woyia flf¾' tkï" iajdNdúl mßirh yd iyÔjkfhka Ôj;aúh yelafla flfia o hkak ;sridr ixj¾Ok ixl,amfhka ñksidg meyeÈ,s lrfokq ,nhs'

j¾;udk f,dal ixj¾Okfha iajNdjh wkqj wkd.; mrmqr i|yd mßirh iq/lSu yd ixj¾Okh mj;ajdf.k hdu wNsfhda.d;aul nj fmkShhs' fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a wkd.; wjYH;d ie,ls,a,g .efkk Ñria:dhS ixj¾Ok ixl,amh j¾;udk f,dalhg b;d fyd¢ka .e,fmk nj fmkajd Èh yelsh' ;sridr ixj¾Okfha § fndfydaÿrg iajNdúl mßirfha meje;au yd l%shdldß;ajh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq fõ' tys § mDÓúfha mj;akd iïm;a m%udKh iSñ; nj;a" tu iïm;a j¾;udk ñksidg fukau wkd.; mrmqrg o mßirfha fjk;a Ôùkag o wh;a nj;a" ñksid hkq iajdNdúl mßirfha tla wxYhla muKla nj;a" ñksid iajdNdúl mßirfha kshuhkag wkqj l%shdl< hq;= nj;a fmkajd fokq ,nhs' tkï ñksia l%shdldrlï yuqfõ ffcj f.da,fha mj;akd ksIamdok yelshdj È.=ld,Skj" wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hEfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lrkq ms‚i ;sridr ixj¾Okh kï ixl,amh ks¾udKh lrkq ,en we;'

;sridrNdjh m%Odk ixl,am follska hqla; fõ' tkï" ÿn, ;sridrNdjh yd m%n, ;sridrNdjh jYfhks' ;sridrNdjh Wfoid uq¿ m%d.aOk f;d.h" tkï" iajdNdúl m%d.aOk f;d.h yd ñksid úiska ksulrk ,o m%d.aOk f;d.h kshñ;j ;sîu muKla m%udKj;a nj ÿn, ;sridrNdjhg wkqj oelafõ' ;sridr nj tkï" wkd.; mrïmrdjkays iqNidOk uÜgu my; fkdjeà ;nd .ekSug kï" iajdNdúl m%d.aOk f;d.h wju jYfhka j¾;udk uÜgfï mj;ajd .; hq;= nj m%n, ;sridrNdjh hgf;a woyia fõ'

;sridr ixj¾Okhla <Õdlr .ekSu i|yd mj;sk

wNsfhda.

trkaos ,shkf.afcHIAG w¾:Ydia;%" wd¾Ól m¾fhaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

9 2013 iema - Tla

1992 § n%iS,fha ßfhdaä cefkhsfrda k.rfha mej;s ñys;, iuq¿fõ § ;sridr ixj¾Okfha wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lrkq ,enQ w;r" ta i|yd wd¾Ól" iudchSh iy mdßißl wxY w;r iunr;dj wdrlaId jk wdldrhg ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh isÿúh hq;= nj fmkajd fok ,§' jDoaêh" ld¾hlaIu;dj" ia:dhs;dj wd¾Ól me;slfvys wruqKq jk w;r iudchSh me;slfvys wruqKq jkqfha idOdrK;ajh" iyNd.s;ajh" iún,.ekaùu" iudc ixp,;dj" iudc iyÔjkh yd ixialD;sl wkkH;dj hs' tfiau mdßißl me;slfvys wruqKq jkqfha ñksiqkag ys;lr ikSmdrlaIl mßirhla we;s lsÍu" m%;sIa:dmkh l< yels iïm;a ld¾hlaIu f,i Wmfhdackh lsÍu yd m%;sia:dmkh fkdl< yels iïm;a iq/lsuhs' fï wkqj ixj¾Ok l%fudamdhhka ie,iqï l< hq;af;a fï wxY ;=ku tljr ie,ls,a,g .ksñks' mßir fyda iudc me;slv fyda fkdi,ld yqfol,dj w;alr .kakd wd¾Ól j¾Okhla u.ska ;sridr j¾Okhla fyda ixj¾Okhla fyda w;alr .; fkdyel'

;sridr ixj¾Ok uQ,O¾u ñksidf.a j¾;udk ixj¾Ok m%h;akh ;=<ska m%dfhda.sl h:d¾:hla njg m;alr .kqfha flfia o@ ke;fyd;a tu ixl,amfhka .uH jk woyia j¾;udk ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha b,lal iM, lr .ekSu i|yd m%fhdackhg .; yelafla flfiao@ hkak j¾;udkfha mßirfõ§ka fukau wd¾Ól úoHdhska o uqyqKmdk m%Odk .eg¨jls' ;sridr ixj¾Okhg wod< .eg¨ f,dalfha iEu rglgu fmdÿ .eg¨ jk kuq;a tu .eg¨ jvd;a n,j;a jkafka wd¾Ól yd iudchSh jYfhka wvq ÈhqKq uÜgul mj;sk ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,g h' WodyrKhla f,i bkaÈhdj úiska uE;l § yß;d.dr jdhqj uqodyeÍu iSudlsÍu iïnkaOfhka jQ f,dal mßir iuq¿fõ lsfhdaf;da iïuq;shg w;aika lsÍu m%;slafIam lsÍu fmkajd Èh yels h'

;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd mj;ajd.; hq;= wjYH;djka f,i id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhS;dj mj;ajdf.k hEu" foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh mj;ajdf.k hEu" foaYSh b;=reï yd wdfhdack by< uÜgul mj;ajdf.k hEu" iïm;aj, M,odhs;dj yd ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu" há;, myiqlïj, mq¿,a jHdma;sh wdÈh oelaúh yel' ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, ;sridr ixj¾Okhla we;s lsÍug hEfï § fmdÿfõ úúO wNsfhda.j,g uqyqKmEug isÿúh yel' úfYaIfhka ck.yk j¾Ok fõ.h md,kh lsÍu" udkj wjYH;djka ms<sn|j wdl,amuh fjkialï we;s lsÍu" oßø;dj wvq lsÍu" mßir úoHd;aul oDIaáfldaKhlska iïm;a mßyrKh lsÍu" iïm;a ixrlaIKh lsÍu" kj iïm;a fidhd .ekSu" mßir wOHdmkh jHdma; lsÍu" mßirh wdrlaId lrk kS;sÍ;s mekùu" mßir ixrlaIK lghq;= i|yd m%cd iyNd.s;ajh ,nd.eksu ;sridr ixj¾Okh we;s lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh l< yels Wmdhud¾. lsysmhls' t fia u

ksIamdok l%shdj,shg il%Sh jYfhka odhl úh yels Y%u n,ldhla ks¾udKh lsÍug wjYH wOHdmkh" fi!LH jeks iudc há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu o b;d jeo.;a fõ'

;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd l%uj;a wdldrfha iïm;a mßyrKhla yd mßir l<ukdlrKhla wjYH fõ' fun÷ wxYhka ie,iqïlrKfha § iEu wxYhla ms<sn|j u mq¿,a j fidhd n,d b;d ie,ls,a,lska hq;=j lghq;= lsÍug isÿfõ' ke;fyd;a wkfmalaIs; .eg¨ j¾Okh ùug bv ;sfí' ta ksid wd¾Ól l%uiïmdokh;a" ta iuÕ w;aje,a ne|.;a mßir l<ukdlrKh" iïm;a Wmfhdackh jeks wxYj, ie,iqï ilia lsÍug;a ta ms<sn| úfYaI;djla iys; mqoa.,hskaf.a fiajh b;d jeo.;a h' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, ie,iqï ilia lsÍu" m%uqL;ajh ,eìh hq;= wxY ;SrKh lsÍu" ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu" uQ,Huh iïm;a fjka lsÍu" iïm;a mßyrK m%;sm;a;s yd Wmdh ud¾. ie,iqï lsÍu jeks ixj¾Okhg iDcqj u n,mdkq ,nk wxYj, ;SrK .ekSfï § foaYmd,ksl woyia o fndfyda f,i n,mdhs' t n÷ ;;a;ajhla hgf;a Ñria:dhS ixj¾Okhg wod< ;SrK .ekSu;a" tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu;a ms<sn| uQ,sl j.lSu rchg mejfrk w;r úfYaIfhka mßirhg ys;lr fkdjk wdldrhg iïm;a mßyrKh lsÍu" mßir ixrlaIKh" È<s÷ nj msgqoelSu jeks wxY j, jeä j.lSula mejfrkafka o rchg h' ;jo" ;sridr wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok udj;la f;dard .eksfï § úúO rgj,a m%uqL;dj Èh hq;= wxY flfrys uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduqlrk w;r ;j;a rgj,a ñY% l%shdj,shla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' fuys § ixj¾Okhg wod< ;SrK foaYmd,k fyda iDcq wd¾Ól jdis fkd;ld ;sridr ixj¾Okh <Õdlr .ekSu ms‚i .; hq;=fõ' ;sridr ixj¾Okhla lrd hk .ufka § m%Yia; uÜgul wd¾Ól j¾Okhla iuÕ by< iudchSh j¾Okhla mej;Su u.ska wd¾Ól j¾Okfha m%;s,dN jvd;a idOdrŒhlrKh fõ'

tfiau ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla id¾:l;ajhg m;aùu i|yd m%cd iyNd.s;ajh o by< uÜgulska ;sìh hq;=fõ' m%cd iyNd.s;ajh hkq uyck;dj ;u .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu i|yd mj;sk wjia:djka fyda l%shdud¾.j, § tajdg iïnkaOj lghq;= lsÍuhs' jvd fyd¢ka ixj¾Ok ie,iqï ilia lsÍug;a" mßir l<ukdlrKh mj;ajdf.k hEug;a fuh b;d jeo.;a fõ' flfiajqj o" m%cdj w;r jevlghq;= fyda m%;s,dN fn§hdu wiudkùu" m%cdj ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a nj wvqùu fyda Tjqka fkdi,ld yer ;ks mqoa., ;SrK .ekSu wdÈh fya;=fjka m%cd iyNd.s;ajh wffO¾hu;a jk wjia:d mj;S' .%dóh ixj¾Okh i|yd m%cd iyNd.s;ajfha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jYfhka ie,lsh yels 1979 § frdaufha meje;ajQ lDIsld¾ñl m%;sixialrK iy .%dóh ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ f,dal iuq¿fõ §" m%;s,dN fkd,nk .%dóh ck;dj ixúOdkh úh hq;= njg;a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ilia

10 2013 iema - Tla

lsÍfï § fukau iudchSh yd wd¾Ól wdh;k md,kh lsÍfï oS l%shdldß f,i iïnkaO úh hq;= njg;a wjOdrKh lrk ,os' .%dóh ck;dj w;r È<s÷ nj ;=rka lsÍu i|yd bkaÿkSishdfõ 1998 isg l%shd;aul jQ ixj¾Ok jevigyk f,dalfha úYd,;u m%cd iyNd.s;ajh iys; jevigykla f,i ye¢kaúh yels w;r tu.ska .%dóh ck;djg ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd§u yd iDcqj u Tjqkag uqo,a ,nd§u yryd ixj¾Okhg odhl;ajh ,nd.kakd ,§'

ixj¾Okh jk rgj,a ;sridr ixj¾Okhla lrd hk .ufka § mek ke.sh yels ;j;a .eg¨jla jkafka" wfkl=;a ixj¾Ok b,lalhka fj; fhduqùu fya;=fjka È<s÷ nj ms<sn| .eg¨jg iaÓr úi÷ula ,nd§u uÕyeÍ hEuhs' oßø;dj mek ke.sug n,mdk uQ,sl idOl wd¾Ól lreKqj,g iïnkaO ù ;sfnk ksid wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍfuka f;drj oßø;djh msgq oelSu ÿIalrh' iudcfha Ôj;ajk mqoa.,hska fm!oa.,sl uÜgfuka ie,l=jfyd;a Tjqkaf.a È<s÷ nj ksid Tjqkg jeä wdodhï ,nd.ekSug we;s bvlv weysÍ hhs' È<s÷ nj ksid mqoa.,hska i;= wdfhdack yelshdj wvq fõ' wvq wdfhdackh ksid ksIamdok m%udKh o wvq uÜgulg m;aùu fkdje<elaúh yel' wvq ksIamdokh u.ska ,efnkafka wvq wdodhuls' fuh úfYaIfhka lDIsld¾ñl wxYfha oelsh yel' fï wdldrhg oßø;djh ms<sn| .eg¨j m%dfhda.sl jYfhka úi£u ;rula ixlS¾K yd ÿIalr ld¾hhla ksid Ñria:dhS ixj¾Okfha § tu ;;a;ajh ndOdldÍ idOlhla jYfhka mj;sk nj fmkajd Èh yel'

ÈhqKqfjñka mj;sk rgj,g ;sfnk ;j;a .eg¨jla jkafka ;dlaI‚l W!k;djhs' iïm;a wmf;a fkdhk wdldrhg" t kï iïm;a m%Yia; f,i m%fhdackhg .ekSug;a jeä wd¾Ól j¾Okhla w;am;a lr .ekSug;a kj ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍu jeo.;a jk nj wd¾Ól úoHdhska fmkajd § ;sfí' iïm%odhsl ;dlaIKfha jeo.;a yd jákd ,laIK wka;¾.; jqjo j¾;udk ;dlaI‚l oekqu rys;j rglg bÈßhg .uka lsÍu ÿIalr fõ' mßir ¥IKh je<elaùug o kj ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSfï yelshdj mj;S' m%;spl%ShlrK n,Yla;s uQ,dY% fj; .uka lsÍu" n,Yla;s ld¾hlaIu;dj ÈhqKq lsÍu yd jk úkdYh wju lsÍu ÈhqKqfjñka mj;sk rgj,a wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= m%Odk wxY fõ' fï i|yd úfoaYSh rgj,ska ;dlaIKh ,nd.; yels jqjo" ta ,nd.kakd ;dlaIKh foaYSh l%ufõohkag" wd¾Ólhg yd foaYSh mßirhg fkd.e,msh yel' óg wu;rj fndfyda wjia:dj, § wjYH lrk ;dlaI‚l Ys,am l%u ,nd.eksu i|yd úYd, uqo,la jeh lsÍug o isÿ fõ'

j¾;udk ksoyia wd¾Ólfha isÿflfrk ksIamdok ld¾hhka mÍlaId lr ne,Sfï § tajdfha oelsh yels m%Odk ,laIK w;r ,dN Wmßu lsÍu uQ,sl mrud¾:hla jk w;r ksIamdokh uyd mßudK whqßka isÿlsÍu" mßir wdrlaIKh wvq

uÜgul mej;Su" kúk ;dlaI‚l l%u Ndú; lsÍu wdÈh ta w;ßka m%Odk fõ' fun÷ ksIamdok l%shdj,shla fya;=fldg f.k mßir ¥IKh jeäùu" wd¾Ól m%;s,dN iEu fofkla w;ru fn§ fkdhEu jeks ;sridr ixj¾Okhg mgyeks m%;súmdl we;s fõ' l¾udka;Yd,dj,ska msgjk ÿï fya;=fjka jdhqf.da,h ¥IKh ù WIaK;ajh o fjkia fõ' jdhqj hkq wm i;= b;d jákd fukau ksh; iïm;ls' tys m%udKh jeä lsÍug fyda w¨;ska ;j;a m%udKhla tl;= lsÍug fyda fkdyels h' t fia u foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï" ´fidaka ia:rh úkdYùu wd§ wNsfhda. o mek k.S' foaY.=Kh fjkiaùu ms<sn| wka;¾ rdcH uKav,h ^The Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change& úiska 2007 § ksl=;a l< ish y;r jeks we.hSï jd¾;dfõ olajd we;af;a 2100 j¾Ifha § ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha WIaK;ajh idudkH jYfhka fi,aishia wxYl 1 - 4 w;r m%udKhlska by< hkq we;s njhs' t fia u Lksc je,s wd§ iïm;a ukd l<ukdldß;ajhlska f;drj mßyrKh lsÍu ksid tys b,a¨u by< hEug idfmalaIj ñ, .Kka o by< hhs' tys § ñ,§ .ekSfï yelshdj by< uÜgul mj;sk msßi wiSñ;j tu iïm;a mßyrKh lrk w;r w;HjYH jqj;a ñ,§ .ekSfï fkdyelshdj u; ;j;a msßila tu mßyrKfhka neyer fj;s' fuu lreKq i,ld ne,Sfï oS ;sridr ixj¾Okhg wod< jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha wys;lr ;;a;ajhka wju lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu wjYH fõ'

;sridr ixj¾Okhla <Õdlr .ekSug kï iïm;a mßyrKh ms<sn|j ñksiqka ;=< mj;akd wdl,am fjkia lsÍu o wjYH fõ' ta i|yd mDÓúfha iïm;a mj;skafka ñksidg muKla fkdjk nj;a" wkd.; mrmqrg o iïm;a wjYH nj;a ta i|yd iïm;a ixrlaIKhla wjYH nj;a hk wdl,am ñksiqka ;=< we;s lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' kuq;a udkj wdl,am fjkia lsÍu myiqfjka l< fkdyel' ñksia ;SrK mqoa.,sl fuka u wd;aud¾:ldó ;SrK úh yel' mßirhg fl;rï wys;lr jqj;a jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu" c,h" jdhqf.da,h ¥IKh lsÍu jeks lghq;= isÿlrkafka ;u mqoa.,sl jdis i|yd h'

ÈhqKqfjñka mj;sk rgj,a fukau ÈhqKq rgj,a yd ke.S tk fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka ie,lSfï § o ixj¾Okh wLKavj mj;ajd f.k hdu wNsfhda.hla ù ;sfí' úfYaIfhka u wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd tlai;a rdcOdksh jeks rgj, o wd¾Ól j¾Okh isÿjkafka my< ;ks b,lalul j¾Ok fõ.hlsks' tfiau wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï ksid mßirhg isÿjk ydksh cd;sl .sKqïj,g .e,mqï lrkq ,enqjfyd;a iuyrla rgj, cd;sl wdodhu úYd, f,i my< jefgkq we;ehs we;eï ksÍlaIlhka úiska fmkajd § we;'

fujeks lreKq rdYshla ksid ixj¾Okh jk rgj,g fukau ÈhqKq rgj,g o ;sridr ixj¾Okh hkak wNsfhda.d;aul fõ'

11 2013 iema - Tla

fm<.eiau

1' fvd,¾lrKh hkq l=ulao@

2' úúOdldr fvd,¾lrKhka

3' fvd,¾lrKh i|yd fya;=

4' fvd,¾lrKfha $ úúOdldr fvd,¾lrKhkays jdis iy wjdis

5' fvd,¾lrKh( ldïfndaðhdkq w;aoelSu

w' ldïfndach fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhla njg m;a jQ wdldrh

wd' fvd,¾lrKfhka ldïfndachg ;sfnk jdis iy wjdis

6' ks.ukh( ldïfndach i|yd mj;sk m%;sm;a;s wjia:d

1' fvd,¾lrKh hkq l=ulao@

fvd,¾lrKh fkdfyd;a úfoaY uqo,alrKh hkafkka woyia jkqfha rgl ck;dj Tjqkaf.a tÈfkod lghq;= lrf.k hEfï§ foaYSh uqo,a fjkqjg úfoaY uqo,a Ndú;d lsÍu fõ' fvd,¾lrKh isÿ jkafka rgl ck;dj ks, jYfhka fyda fkdks, jYfhka foaYSh wd¾Òlh ;=< uqof,a ld¾hhka tkï jákdlfï ikaksêhla ùu" .sKqï tallhla ùu iy yqjudre udOhhla ùu imqrd .ekSug foaYSh uqo,a fjkqjg fyda thg iudka;rj fyda úfoaY uqo,a fia Ndú;d l< úgh' fvd,¾lrKh tu jpkfha w¾:fhkau woyi .;a úg wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ hkak woyia jk kuq;a th tfia fkdjk w;r ´kEu úfoaY uqo,la wod< fõ'

2' úúOdldr fvd,¾lrKhka

wd¾Ólhla ;=< fvd,¾lrKh úúOdldr fya;+ka ksid fukau úúO wjia:djka yS § isÿfõ' fufia fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ól i,ld ne,Sfï § m%Odk jYfhka fldgia ;=kla hgf;a j¾. l< yel' tkï¦

i' ks, fvd,¾lrKh

ii' w¾O ks, fvd,¾lrKh

iii' fkdks, fvd,¾lrKh

ks, fvd,¾lrKh iïmQ¾K jYfhka fvd,¾lrKh fyda úfoaY uqo,a rfgys tlu j,x.= uqo,a j¾.h f,i Ndú;d lsÍu iy foaYSh uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍu k;r lsÍu" ks, fvd,¾lrKh f,i y÷kajhs' fu uÕska úfoaY uqo,a foaYSh uqof,a ish¨ ld¾hhka tkï jákdlfï ikaksêhla ùu" .sKqï tallhla ùu iy tÈfkod NdKav yd fiajd ñ,§ .ekSug Ndú;d lsÍu fkdfyd;a yqjudre udOhhla ùu hk lreKq bgq lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka blajfodarh" mekudj" m,djq" kef.kysr áfudarh

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12 2013 iema - Tla

iy uhslafrdaksishdj jeks rgj,a j,x.= uqo, jYfhka wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh Ndú;d lrhs'

w¾O ks, fvd,¾lrKh isÿ jkafka rgla úfoaYSh uqo,a fukau foaYSh uqo,a o j,x.= uqo,a jYfhka Ndú;d lrk úgh' tkuq;a w¾O ks, fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhl jegqma" nÿ iy tÈfkod úhoï f.ùfï § foaYSh uqo,g m%uqL;ajh ,nd fohs' WodyrKhla jYfhka ldïfndach" nyudia rdcHh" yhsá rdcHh iy ,d´ih Tjqkaf.a foaYSh uqo,aj,g wu;r j wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh j,x.= uqo,a jYfhka Ndú;d lrhs' w¾O ks, fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ól oaú;aj uqo,a moaO;s f,i o ye¢kafõ'

rgl j,x.= uqo,a foaYSh uqo,a muKla jk mßirhla ;=< mqrjeishka mqoa.,sl .kqfokqj,ska nyq;rhla úfoaY uqo,aj,ska isÿ lsÍu iy uq,H j;alïj,ska jeä m%udKhla úfoaY uqo,aj,ska mj;ajd .ekSu fkd ks, fvd,¾lrKh hkafkka woyia lrhs' fkd ks, fvd,¾lrKh i|yd n,mdk m%Odk fya;=j jkafka by< WoaOukhla iy uqo,a wjm%udKh ùu ;=< foaYSh uqof,a ^jákdlfï /ia lsÍfï& ld¾hh id¾:l j bgq lr .ekSug fkd yels ùuhs' bkamiq rfgys mqrjeishka ñ, .Kkh lsÍfï § iy uq,H .kqfokqj,g t<öfï § úfoaYSh uqo,a i,lk w;r t u.ska foaYSh uqof,a wfkl=;a ld¾hhka o t kï .sKqï tallhla ùu iy yqjudre udOhhla ùu o wysñ fõ' uqo,a wdfoaYkh fyda ;;a;ajdldr fvd,¾lrKh fyda f,i fuh ye¢kaùug o fya;=j jkafka thhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka wdckaákdj" fmare rdcHh" reishdj" ;=¾lsh iy fulaisfldaj hk rgj,a Tjqkaf.a j,x.= uqo, wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh fkd jqj o fndfyduhla uq,H .kqfokq i|yd wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh Ndú;d lrhs'

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mekudj

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fkd ks, fvd,¾lrKh jQ ^fjk;a uqo,a&

ol=Kq Ökh ^fydxfldx fvd,¾&

fn,reia rdcHh ^reishdkq rEn,a&

fnda,alka w¾Ooaùmh ^hQfrda&

wm%sldfõ mej;s m%xY hg;a úð; ^hQfrda&

ueldfjda rdcHh ^fydxfldx fvd,¾&

13 2013 iema - Tla

3' fvd,¾lrKh i|yd fya;=

rgla ;u wd¾Ólh úêu;a f,i fvd,¾lrKh lsÍug m%;sm;a;s ;SrKhla .ekSu u.ska ks, fvd,¾lrKh jYfhka y÷kajk& fyda iajNdúl j ks, fkdjk fvd,¾lrKh& fyda mek kef.k úúOdldr fya;= ksid fvd,¾lrKh isÿjkq we;' t jeks fya;=¦

i' È.= ld,hla mqrd mej;s by< iy n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jQ wdldrfha NdKav yd fiajdj, wLKav ñ, by< hEfï ^WoaOukh& m%;sm,hla f,i rfgys cd;sl uqo,a flfrys mqrjeishkaf.a úYajdih wysñ úh yel' tu ksid mqrjeishka ;ukaf.a NdKav yd fiajd ñ,§ .ekSfï yelshdj ^l%h Yla;sh& fkdfjkiaj mj;ajd .ekSug úfoaY uqo,a fyda úfoaY uqo,aj,ska kdukh lrk ,o j;alï jeks úl,am uQ,H j;alï i|yd b,a¨ï lrhs' foaYSh uqo,a flfrys úYajdih wysñ ù we;s neúka jákdlfï ikaksêhla ùfï ld¾hh imqrd,Sug th wiu;a neúka rfgys mqrjeishka ;ukaf.a wdfhdack iy uQ,H .kqfokq isÿ lr .ekSug ia:djr úfoaY uqo,la fidhkq we;' th bkamiq úfoaY uqo,a Ndú;h ñ, .Kka f.k yer oelaùu olajd by< f.dia foaYSh uqo,g .sKqï tallhla hk ld¾hho wysñ jkq we;' mqoa.,hska jeä ixLHdjla fuh wkq.ukh l< úg mqrjeishka w;r .kqfokq úfoaY uqo,aj,ska isÿ fjkq we;s w;r yqjudre udOhhla ùu hk ld¾hh o foaYSh uqo,ska .s,syS hkq we;'

ii' by< WoaOukhla È.= l,la mj;sk miqìula ;=< wkd.; WoaOuk yeisÍï mqfrdal:kh lsÍug myiq ùu iy th uekSug fhdod .kakd ñkqï oXq ms<sn| j úYajdihla fkdue;s úg foaYSh jHjidhlhska iy ixúOdk È.= ld,sk fldka;%d;a;=j,g t<öfï § jvd ia:djr uqo,g tkï úfoaYSh uqo,g keUqre ùfï m%jK;djhla mej;Su'

iii' ñ, .Kka f.k yer oelaùfï § by< WoaOuk jd;djrKhla ;=< ksrka;rfhka ñ, .Kka fjkia lsÍug isÿjk neúka ia:djr úfoaY uqo,lska ñ, .Kka f.k yer oelaùu myiq ùu'

iv' wLKav j úfoaY uqo,aj,g idfmalaIj foaYSh uqof,a jákdlu ySk ù hdu ^wjm%udKh ùu& ksid mqrjeishka ;=< foaYSh uqo, jákdlfï ikaksêhla ùfï ld¾hNdrh ms<sn|j úYajdih wju ùu'

v' wLKav WoaOukh" wjm%udKh ùu fyda laIh ùu iy kqiqÿiq m%;sm;a;s ksid úm;g m;a wd¾Ól" úfoaY wdfhdaclhskaf.a úYajdih j¾Okh lr Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack wdl¾IKh lr h<ss f.dv kexùug fvd,¾lrKh f;dard .; yel' WodyrKhla jYfhka

ieïìhdj Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack wdl¾IKh lr úm;g m;a wd¾Ólh h<ss f.dv kexùfï wruq‚ka fvd,¾lrKh isÿ lrk ,§'

4' fvd,¾lrKfha $ úúOdldr fvd,¾lrKj, jdis iy wjdis

my; i|yka wdldrfha úúOdldr jdis ,nd.; yels neúka fndfyda wd¾Ól ks, jYfhka fvd,¾lrKh lsÍu fyda ks, fkdjk wdldrfhka fvd,¾lrKh ùu isÿ fõ'

i' idfmalaI jYfhka foaYSh wd¾Ólfha WoaOukh" úfoaY wd¾Ólj, WoaOukhg jvd by< uÜgul mj;sk úg fvd,¾lrKh ksjerÈ wkqmd;hlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu u.ska ia:djr wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhla <Õd lr .; yels ùu'

ii' ks, fkdjk wdldrfhka fvd,¾lrKh ùu u.ska rfgys mqrjeishka WoaOukfhka iy uqo,a wjm%udKh ùfuka wdrlaId ùu'

iii' wia:djr ;;a;ajfha mj;sk wd¾Ólhla yd iei£fï § fvd,¾lrKhg Ndckh jQ wd¾Ólhl we;s iud.ïj,g fláld,Sk Kh ,nd .ekSïj,ska f;drj È.=ld,Sk Kh ,nd.ekSu u.ska wdfhdack wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSu jdisodhl fukau ia:djr ùu'

iv' úp,kh jk WoaOuk" fmd,s wkqmd; yd úksuh wkqmd; mj;sk úg Kh ,nd fok cd;ska fyda wdfhdaclhska ^idudkHfhka úfoaYSh& Kh i|yd by< fmd,s wkqmd;slhla ^tkï wjodkï wêNdrhla& b,a¨ï lsÍu ksid wdfhdack msßjeh by< hEu u.ska È.= ld,sk wd¾Ól j¾Okhlg ndOd isÿ ùu' flfia jqjo" wd¾Ólhla fvd,¾lrKh ùu wjodkï wêNdrhla ke;fyd;a wjodku fjkqfjka b,a,d isákq ,nk by< fmd,S wkqmd;sl wvq ùu'

v' wd¾Ólh iy wd¾Ólfha mj;sk wdh;k b;d úYd, jYfhka úfoaYhkaf.ka Kh ,nd f.k we;s úg foaYSh uqo, wjm%udKh jqjfyd;a úYd, w,dN ú|sh yels fia u Kh f.úh fkdyels yels ;;a;ajhla olajd j¾Okh úh yel' fuh isÿ úh yelafla wjm%udKhg fmr úfoaY uqo,ska ,nd .;a Kh foaYSh uqo,g mßj¾;kh l< úg mu‚' tkuq;a fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhl by; wjodku fndfyda ÿrlg wvq lr .; yel'

vi' wd¾Ólhla fvd,¾lrKh ùu uÕska m%d.aOkh ráka msg;g .,d hEu j,ld úfoaYhkaf.a wdfhdackh lsÍfï wjYH;djhla mek fkdk.sk w;r u th foaYSh È.= ld,sk m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< j¾Okh ùug WmldÍ fõ' fï u.ska wd¾Ólfha uQ,H wxYfha lghq;= yd wjia:d mq¿,a ùug o fya;= fõ'

14 2013 iema - Tla

vii' .kqfokq msßjeh wju ùu ksid cd;Hka;r fj<|du iy wdfhdack ffO¾hu;a fõ'

flfia kuq;a fvd,¾lrKfha wjdiso mj;S'

i' rgl cd;sl uqo," tu rfÜ iajdêk;ajfha iy wkkH;djfha ixfla;h hs' tfy;a rgla ks, jYfhka fvd,¾lrKh jQ úg t rfÜ b;sydih" ch.%yK iy fjk;a jeo.;a wjia:d cd;sl uqo, yryd úoyd oelaùug fkdyels fõ'

ii' fvd,¾lrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i foaYSh uqo,a ksl=;a lrk uy nexl=jg tu uqo,a ksl=;a lr uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<a Kh ,nd§u u.ska ,efnk ,dNh ^iajdñ mqrialdrlh& wysñ ù úfoaYSh uqo,a ksl=;a lrkq ,nk wdh;khg tu ,dNh ysñ fõ'

iii' fvd,¾lrKfha § uq,H iajdêk;ajh wysñ jk neúka iajëk uqo,a m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍfï yelshdj o wysñ fõ' tfiau uy nexl=jg wjidk Kh fokakd jYfhka l%shd lsÍfï yelshdj o wysñ fõ'

iv' ks, fvd,¾lrKh u.ska úksuh wkqmd;hka fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj wysñ lrk neúka th wjdisodhl wjia:djka ys § fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj wysñ lrhs'

v' cd;sl wjYH;djka ys § uqo,a wÉpq .eiSu uÕska WoaOukh we;s lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lsÍfï úl,am wjia:dj wysñ fõ'

vi' cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § fvd,¾lrKh jQ úfoaY uqof,a wêm%udKh ùu u.ska wmkhk fjf<|fmdf<a ñ, wêl ùu ksid ;r.ldß;ajh wysñ fõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka wdckaákdj wefußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh ks, uqo,a tallh f,i Ndú;d lrk wjia:dfõ § wefußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh wêm%udKh ù ;snq neúka Tjqkag cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï ;r.ldß;ajh wysñ úh'

5' fvd,¾lrKh( ldïfndaðhdkq w;aoelSu

w' ldïfndach fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhla njg m;a jQ wdldrh

ldïfndach" ;dhs,ka;h" ,d´ih iy úhÜkduhg udhsï jQ w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ bkaÿÖk w¾Ooaùmfha ol=Kq m%foaYhg jkakg msysá rgls' ldïfndach ;ukaf.a uqo, jk ldïfndaðhdkq ßhd,a iuÕ wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ kS;Hdkql=, uqo,a jYfhka Ndú;d lrk w¾O ks, fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhls' th wdishdfõ jeäu fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólh f,i ief,fla'

ldïfndach" m%;sm;a;suh ;SrKhl m%;sM,hla f,i fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhla fkdjk w;r fjk;a fya;= ksid foaYSh uqo, flfrys uyck úYajdih m¨ÿ ùu u.ska fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhls' fmd,afmdÜ m%Odk;ajh oerE fLu¾rEÊ ^1975-1979& hgf;a ldïfndaðhdkq cd;sl nexl=j ^ldïfndaðhdkq uy nexl=j& we;=¿ j uq,H há;, myiqlï l%ufhka úkdY ùu wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ ldïfndaðhdkq wd¾Ólh lïmk fm<lg uqyqKÈks' fuu md,k ld,h ;=< uqo,a u.ska .kqfokq lsÍu" NdKav yqjudrej u.ska .kqfokq lsÍu iy fjk;a iajrEmj, jd‚c l%shdldrlï ;ykï lr ;snq‚' tkuq;a 1979 § fLu¾rEÊ md,kfha wjidkh;a iuÕ jd‚c .kqfokq kej; wdrïN jqKqq kuq;a cd;sl uqof,ys mej;s ysÕlfuys m%;sM,hla f,i ^ldïfndaðhdkq cd;sl nexl=j úkdY ùu ksid& ldïfndaðhdkqfjda NdKav yqjudre l%uh f;dard f.k fjf<|dfï § f.ùfï udOH f,i rka iy iy,a Ndú;d l<y'

1980 § uy nexl=j kej; f.dv ke.Su;a iuÕ ks;Hkql=, uqo, jYfhka ldïfndaðhdkq ßhd,a fhdod .ekqKq w;r uy nexl=fõ iqmqreÿ ld¾hhka o wdrïN flre‚' tkuq;a cd;sl uqo, flfrys úYajdih f.dv ke.Sug wiu;a jQ w;r" ck;dj iqrlaIs; uqo,a tallhla jYfhka wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾" úhÜkdï iy ;dhs nd;a Ndú;d l<y' ldïfndach ;ukaf.a foaY iSud fjf<|du wdrïN l< úg iy wka;¾cd;sl in|lï kej; we;slr .;a miq 1980 oYlfha w. Nd.h jk úg ldïfndaðhdkq wd¾Ólh md,s; wd¾Ólhl isg fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla olajd mßj¾;kh jqKs' .egqïj,ska ydkshg m;a jQ ldïfndac ck;dj kej; f.dv kexùfï iy ck;d wdKavqjla ìys lsÍfï wruq‚ka 1990 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha § ldïfndc tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixl%uK wêldßh wdrïN flreKq w;r" th rfgys fõ.j;a mqkre;a:dmkhla we;s ùug bjy,a úh' fï i|yd wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ì,shk 1'7 la jeh jQ w;r" tys m%;sM,hla f,i n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ ;rfï úfoaY úksuh m%udKhla rg ;=<g .,d wdfõh' fï i|yd ldïfndaðhdkq cd;sl nexl=j iQodkïj fkdisáhd fia u th n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ m%udKhla o úh' tfiau" Bg miq jirj, § o rgg .,d wd w;súYd, úfoaY m%d.aOkh o ldïfndacfha fvd,¾lrKhg fya;= úh'

1990 oYlh uq,a Nd.fhys nÿ wdodhu my; jeàu ksid mej;s whjeh ysÕh uy nexl=j uÕska mshùu iy bkamiq mej;s wêl WoaOukh ksid ldïfndaðhdkq ßhd,aj, jákdlu fõ.fhka my< hEu o ldïfndaðhdkqjka wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,rhg udre ùug ;j;a fya;=jla úh' j¾;udkfha § ldïfndaðhdkq ßhd,a ksl=;a lsÍu ld,h;a iuÕ by< f.dia we;s kuq;a Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack" ixpdrl l¾udka;fhka ,efnk wdodhï" weÕ¨ï wmkhk iy úfoaY wdOdr uÕska ,efnk wefußldkq tlai;a

15 2013 iema - Tla

ckmo fvd,¾ cd;sl uqo,g jvd wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ Ndú;h Yla;su;a lr we;' tkuq;a úYd, jYfhka lDIsl¾udka;h u; mokï jQ ldïfndacfha .%dóh wd¾Ólh" tys .kqfokq i|yd cd;sl uqo, Ndú;d lrk w;r" jvd l¾udka; iy fiajd mokï jQ kd.ßl wd¾Ólh tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh Ndú;d lrhs'

wd& ldïfndaðhdkq fvd,¾lrKfha m%;s,dN yd msßjeh$ wjOdku

wjqreÿ úiailg wêl ld,hla w¾O ks, fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhla jk ldïfndach" thgu wdfõKssl jQ iajNdjh ksid my; i|yka iSudjkag uqyqKmEug isÿù we;'

i' iuia; uqo,a iemhqu jeks uq,H iuia; ksjerÈj ;lafiare lsÍug fkdyelsùu ksid ldïfndaðhdkq cd;sl nexl=jg iajdëk yd id¾:l uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍfï yelshdj ÿ¾j, ù we;' ;jo" wefußldkq fvd,rhg idfmalaIj ldïfndaðhdkq ßhd,a wkqmd;h ie,lshhq;= uÜgfï by< w.hla .ekSu ksid lïfndaðhkq cd;sl nexl=fõ uq,h m%;sm;a;s l%shdldrlï j, wd¾Óluh n,mEu b;du;a w,amfõ' tfiau" ldïfndacfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;s" wfußldkq uyd nexl=j jk f*vr,a ßiõ nexl=fõ uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shdldrlï u; r|dmj;sk w;r tu m%;sm;a;s ldïfndachg jdisiy.; fyda fhda.H mßos isÿ fkdjkq we;' tfiau" ldïfndaðhdkq cd;sl nexl=fõ wjidk Kh fokakd jYfhka lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdjg o fuu ;;a;ajh m%n, f,i n,mdkq we;'

ii' iajdñ mqrialdrlh hkq uqo,a ksIamdok yd fnodyeÍfï úhoï yd wjidk jYfhka fuu uqo,a Khg §u ksid ,nk wdodhfï fjki fõ' fvd,¾lrKh ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i fuu iajdñ mqrldrl wodhu ldïfndaðhdkq cd;sl nexl=jg wysñ jkjd fia u tu wodhu wefußldjg ysñjkq we;'

iii' wdfhdaclhkaf.a yd ;ekam;= ysñhkaf.a rfÜ wd¾Ólh ms<sn| u;h fyda oelau n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk wdldrhg fjkiaùu ;=<sska laI‚l j ;ekam;= ráka msg;g .,dhEu ksid uq,H moaO;sfha øjYS,;djhg we;s jk n,mEu nexl= yd uQ,H moaO;sfha wia:djr;ajhg fya;= jkq we;' fuu ;;ajh ;=< uQ,H moaO;sh ia:djrj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd ldïfndaðhdkq cd;sl nexl=jg Tjqkaf.a cd;Hka;r ixÑ; fhdod .ekSug isÿjk w;r ta ;=<ska cd;Hka;r ixÑ; my< hkq we;' tfiau" nexl= ;ekam;= ráka msg;g .,dhk w;r" cd;Hka;r ixÑ; wdjrKh o ySkùu u.ska ;jÿrg;a úfoaY ;ekam;=j,g n,mEï isÿjkq we;'

iv' foaYSh uqo,a wjm%udK lsÍfï yelshdjla ldïfndaðhdkq cd;sl nexl=jg fkdue;sùu u.ska trfÜ wmkhk NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, cd;Hka;r fj<ofmdf<a ;r.ldÍ f,i wvqlsÍfï yelshdj wysñ fõ' wefußldkq fvd,rfha jákdlu wê;lafiareùu u.ska" ldïfndach yd wfkl=;a rgj,a w;r fj<| lghq;= j,go whym;a f,i n,mdkq we;'

v' ldïfndac mqrjeishkag" úfYaIfhka u .%dóh m%foaYj, Ôj;ajk ck;djg wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,rfha wdrlaIs; ,laIK wjfndaOhla fkd;sîu ksid b;d myiqfjka jHdc uqo,a jxpdj,g yiqúh yel'

vi' rfgys cd;sl uqo, hkq tys iajdêk;ajfha iy wkkH;djfha ixfla;h fõ' fvd,¾lrKh ksid cd;sl uqo,a Ndú;h yryd úfoaYSh ixpdrlhka w;r Tjqkaf.a iajdëk;ajh yd wkkH;djh úoyd oelaùug ldïfndachg we;s wjia:dj b;du;a iSñ; fõ'

tkuq;a fvd,¾lrKh ldïfndach jdisodhl m%;sM,o w;a lr § we;'

i' fLu¾ rEÊ md,k ld,h wjidk ùu;a iu. we;s jQ wêl WoaOuk ksid ldïfndaðhdkqjkag ldïfndaðhdkq ßhd,a flfrys ;snq úYajdih wvq jQ w;r" TjqqyQ NdKav yqjudrej flfrys fhduq ù jákd f,day ^r;%x& jeks udOH .kqfokq i|yd Ndú;d l<y' tkuq;a wd¾Ólh fvd,¾lrKh;a iuÕ ldïfndaðhdkqjkag cd;sl uqo,g iy wfkl=;a udOH j,g jvd wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh flfrys úYajdih jeä ù jákd f,day ^r;%x& jeks udOH j,ska neyer ù nexl= fkdaÜgq flfrys kej;;a fhduq úh' jákdlfï ikaksêhla ùu" .sKqï tallhla ùu iy yqjudre udOhhla ùu hk foaYSh uqof,a ld¾hhka isÿlrñka wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh rfgys f.ùï m%udKh mj;ajd .ekSug iy th ;j;a by< kexùugo WmldÍ úh'

ii' wd¾Ólfha uQ,H lghq;=j, isÿ jQ m%.;sh;a iuÕ ldïfndac wd¾Ólh ia:djr ù uOHu mdka;slhkag b;sß lsÍï j¾Okh i|yd fhda.H ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh úh'

iii' fvd,¾lrKh m%d.aOkh ráka msg;g .,dhEu je<lSug WmldÍ fjñka úfoaY m%d.aOkh wdl¾IKh lr .ksñka ldïfndacfha uq,H ia:djr nj j¾Okh lf<a h' fvd,¾lrKh wd¾Ól ;;a;ajfha fuka u uqof,ys ia:djr nj o j¾Okh lr foaYSh b;=reï ffO¾hj;a lrñka ^wdfhdack wjia:d iy b;=reï úfoaYhkays isÿ lrkjdg jvd& foaYSh uq,H w;rueÈlrKh ffO¾hj;a lrk ,§'

16 2013 iema - Tla

iv' fvd,¾lrKh uÕska uqo,a wjm%udKh ùfï wjodku úYd, m%udKhlg wvq lrk ,§' ;j o wdishdkq w¾nqoh iufha ^1997-98& isÿ jQ wdldrfha uqo, ;jÿrg;a wjm%udKh fõ hhs wfmalaId lsÍfï wjodku j,ld,k ,§'

v' wefußld tlai;a ckmofha mej;s my< WoaOukfha m%;sm,hla f,i ldïfndacfha WoaOukh o my< iy ia:djr uÜgul mej;sks'

vi' úfYaIfhka weÕ¨ï l¾udka;fha j¾Okhla isÿlr l¾udka; wxYfha j¾Okhla isÿ lrñka fvd,¾lrKh ldïfndacfha wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du iy fjf<| wjia:d by< kxjk ,§' ta iuÕu ck;djf.a wdodhu by< f.dia ú/lshdj my; jegq‚'

vii' ;jÿrg;a fvd,¾lrKh .kqfokq msßjeh ^uqo,a mßj¾;kfha§ isÿjk úhou& wju lsÍug WmldÍ fjñka fjf<÷ka iy úfoaYlhka ^ksjdvq .; lrk úg jeämqr úhoï lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i& hk fomd¾Yajhgu jdis <Õd lr fohs'

6' ks.ukh( ldïfndach i|yd mj;sk m%;sm;a;s wjia:d

ldïfndac wd¾Ólh w¾O ks, fvd,¾lrKh jQ wd¾Ólhla f,i ie,l=j o" kd.ßl wd¾Ól lghq;= iïmq¾Kfhka u mdfya isÿjkqfha wefußldkq tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾j,sks' ldïfndaðhdkq ßhd,a fhdod.kqfha fvd,rhl jákdlug jvd wvq f.ùï lsÍu i|yd mu‚' fuu fvd,¾lrKh ùu ksid ldïfndach iajdëk uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍug fkdyelsù we;sjd fia u m%;sm;a;s ysñldr;ajh o wysñ ù we;s neúka ldïfndaðhdkq rch yd uQ,H wêldÍka úiska wd¾Ól lghq;= ks¾fvd,¾lrKh lsÍfï" ke;skï cd;sl jHjydr uqo,a Ndú;hg fhduqlsÍfï yelshdj i,ld n,ñka isà'

ks¾fvd,¾lrKh lsÍu fkdfyd;a foaYSh uqo,a Ndú;h kej; m%p,s; lsÍu id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍug yelsù we;af;a rgj,a w,am ixLHdjlg mu‚' nyq;rhla rgj, trg m%d.aOkh ráka msg;g .,d hEï" ráka msg; ;ekam;= jeäùu" foaYSh uQ,H w;rueÈlrK yelshdj wvqùu yd rfÜ uQ,H moaO;sh wia:djrùu hk lreKq ksid wid¾:l ù we;' fï fya;=fjka ldïfndac wêldÍka úiska id¾j wd¾Ól mßirh ia:djrj mj;ajd .ksñka" jvd;a fj<|fmd< uq,sl m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lrñka cd;sl uqo,a Ndú;h j¾Okh lsÍug lghq;= lrf.k hhs'

uQ,dY%

Ear, S., 1997, “A Currency Board for Cambodia”, Les Cahiers du Ceria, série rouge, n°2. http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~sophal/board.pdf

Encinas Ferrer, C., 2002-2003, “The ABC of Dollarization”, http://www.economiaglobal.com/les/The_ABC_of_Dollarization-_Full_Text.pdf

Im, T. N. & Dabadie, M., 2007, “Dollarization in Cambodia”, Note in National Bank of Cambodia, http://www.nbc.org.kh/download_les/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117 14_article_dollarization.pdf

Menon, J., 2007, “Dealing with Dollarization: What Options for the Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia?”, ADB Institute Discussion Paper No. 63, http://www.adbi.org/les/dp63.dollarization.transitional.economies.southeastasia.pdf

Menon, J., 2008, “Cambodia’s Persistent Dollarization: Causes and Policy Options”, Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration No. 19.

Meyer, S., 2000, “Dollarization: an Introduction”, http://www.cumber.com/content/travel/dollarization.pdf

Nombulelo, D., 2011, “Dollarization in Cambodia: Causes and Policy Implications”, IMF Working Paper 11/49.

17 2013 iema - Tla

m%Yak m;%hlg id¾:lj ms<s;=re iemhSug kï Tn úiska my; i|yka .=Kdx. mqreÿ mqyqKq lsÍu b;d jeo.;afõ'

1. ksrjq,a udkisl uÜgulska hq;=j m%Yak m;%h lshùu'

2. ms<s;=re iemhSug fmr m%Yakh b;d fyd¢ka lshjd wjfndaO lr .ekSu iy m%Yak fldgia lsysmhlska iukaú; kï tu ish¨ fldgia lshjd" tu tla tla fldgia iy tu fldgiaj, hï iïnkaO;djhla fõ kï tu iïnkaO;djh o uekúka y÷kd .ekSu'

3. m%Yakhg wod< ms<s;=r muKla ;¾ldkql+,j bÈßm;a l<hq;= nj ;rfha isys ;nd .ekSu' t u.ska ld,h b;sßlr .ekSug yelshdj we;s fjkjd muKla fkdj wkjYH lreKq ksid ms<s;=frys .=Kd;aulNdjhg isÿúh yels ydksh o j<lajd .; yelsh'

4. m%Yak m;%h lshùfï § tla tla lreK iy tu lreKq w;r iïnkaO;dj;a" wOHhkh l< úIh ks¾foaY jHQyh ;=< tu lreKq f.dkqlr we;s wdldrh ms<sn|j;a Tng ukd wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h'

´kE u úIh ks¾foaYhla ilia ù we;af;a lsishï ;¾ldkql+, iy wjfndaO lr .ekSug myiq wdldrfhks' t neúka úIh ks¾foaYfha jHqyh ms<sn|j ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd.; hq;= h' th ukdj lreKq wjfndaO lr .ekSu ;=<sska úNd.fha § m%Yakhg wod< ms<s;=re ixúOdkh lr .ekSug myiqjk w;r" ld,h ld¾hlaIu j l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSug o bjy,a fõ'

WodyrKhla f,i yÈisfha Tng jeo.;a .ukla hEug isÿ jQfha hehs is;kak' t jeks wjia:djlg .e,fmk we÷ï ksis ms<sfj,g ;nd fkd;snqfKa kï Tng fl;rï wmyiq;djlg

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< úNd.fha miq.sh wjqreÿj, m%Yak m;%j,g wod< iúia;rd;aul ms<s;=re'

wd¾Ól ú

oHdj

iS'mS'ta' lreKd;s,l" wOHCI" nexl= úÿ msfhi

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< muKla fkdj iEu úNd.hlg u mdfya oekqu uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd

fmdÿ l%uh jkafka úNd.dfmalaIlhkaf.ka ,sÅ; ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSuhs' ta wkqj" úNd.hg iQodkï ùfï § mka;s ldurfhka" Wmldrl mka;sj,ska" úIhhg wod< fmd;am;a" iÕrd iy ,sms wd§ úúO l%uj,ska oekqu ,nd .ekSu ;rug u" tu oekqu Ndú;d lrñka fok ,o m%Yak m;%hlg ms<s;=re f.dkq lsÍu iy tu f;dr;=re ;¾ldkql+, j bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj o wksjd¾hfhka u ÈhqKq lr.; hq;= h' tu yelshdj úNd.h iu;aùug muKla fkdj" bÈßfha § jeäÿr wOHdmkh id¾:l lr .ekSug iy jvd M,odhS f,i ;u /lshdfõ ld¾hhka bgq lsÍug o bjy,a fõ'

tfy;a wmf.a wOHdmk l%uh ;=< tfia lreKq f.dkq lsÍu yd bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj ÈhqKq lr,Sfuys ,d ;ju;a we;af;a wvq ie,ls,a,ls' tu wvqj imqrd,Su iy ta i|yd fmdÿfõ isiqka w;r mqreoaola we;s lsÍfï wNs,dIfhka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< isiqka i|yd wod< wd¾Ól úoHdj iy jd‚c úIhhka i|yd miq.sh m%Yak m;%j,g wod< wdo¾Y ms<s;=re ,shd m<lsÍug ;SrKh lr we;s w;r" fuh tu jevigyfkys m<uq wÈhr fõ' fuu ,sms fm< mßYS,kfhka miq isiqka ;u lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍfï yd ,sùfï yelshdj jvd j¾Okh lr .ekSu iy tu.ska jvd ;d¾lsl isiq mrmqrla ìys lsÍu Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ taldhk wfmalaIdjhs'

18 2013 iema - Tla

uqyqK mEug isÿfõo@ tfia u hï lsis úIh lreKla oek .ekSug Tnf.a fmd;am;a iy igyka kej;;a mßYS,kh lsÍug isÿjQ úfgl tajd ms<sfj,g ilid fkd;snqfKa kï" wod< ,smsh fyda ,smsf.dkqj fyda fidhd .ekSug jehjk ld,h iy ta fya;=fjka we;sjk wmyiq;dj úYd, msßjehla nj f;areï .; hq;=h' tjeks wjia:d j<lajd .; yelafla bÈßfha§ we;s úh yels fujeks ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j ie,ls,af,ka is;d n,d lghq;= ixúOdkh lr .ekSfuks'

úNd.hg bÈßm;a ùfï § o wkq.ukh l<hq;af;a fuu l%shdmámdáhuhs' uQ,sl wjYH;dj jkafka ;ukag wOHhkh lsÍug we;s úIh ks¾foaYh ms<sn|j ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSuhs' bkamiq ta wkqj oekqu ixúOdkh lr .; hq;= h' túg by; lS wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSu t;rï wmyiq ld¾hhla fkdfõ' kuq;a tn÷ wdldrhlg úIh lreKq yeoEÍug isiqka yqre lrùug ksis jevms<sfj,la fkd;sîu fndfydaúg oelsh yels wvqmdvqjls'

wms oeka my; m%Yakhg ms<s;=re iemhSug W;aidy lruq'

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& úNd.h 2012 wf.daia;=

wd¾Ól úoHdj ii ^ 21 s 11&

—w˜ Wm fldgi

1' ^i& wd¾Ól iïm;a Tn ks¾jpkh lrkafka flfiao@ Tn tajd j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,nkafka flfiao@

^,l=Kq 04&

^ii& jHjidhlfhl=f.a m%Odk ld¾hhka ljf¾o@ ^,l=Kq 04&

^iii& ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj ^productive eciency& iy iïm;a fnod fjkalsÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj ^allocative eciency& w;r fjki fmkajd fokak'

^,l=Kq 04&

^iv& wdjiaÓl msßjeh ixl,amh meyeÈ,sfldg" ysÕ iïm;aj, úl,am Ndú; w;r f;aÍfï m%Yakhg th iïnkaO jkafka flfiaoehs úia;r lrkak'

^,l=Kq 04&

^v& úOdk.; wd¾Ólhla iy fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla w;r olakg ,efnk fjkialï i|yka lrkak' ^,l=Kq 04&

by; m%Yakfha fldgia ish,a, u fyd¢ka lshjkak' oeka wms tu m%Yak úIh ks¾foaYfha l=uk fldgig wh;aoehs n,uq'

wd¾Ól úoHdj" wd¾Ól iïm;a y÷kd .ekSu" iïm;a Wmfhdackh iy ta i|yd úúO iudc wkq.ukh lrk wd¾Ól l%ufõohka hk lreKq wdY%fhka m%Yakh f.dkq ù we;s nj Tng jegfykjd we;' m%Yak m;%h lshjk úg Tfí is; úIh ks¾foaYfha we;s tu fldgiaj,g ksrdhdifhka u fhduqjk nj Tng jegfykjd we;' tfia isÿjkafka Tn ;¾ldkql+,j tu wxYj,g iïnkaO lreKq wOHhkh fldg f.dkqlr ;sfí kï muKla nj o Tng jegfykq we;' úNd. ch.ekSfï ryi thhs'

oeka wms by; m%Yakfha we;s tla tla fldgig ms<s;=re imhuq'

ksYaÑ; ms<s;=rg fmr hï meyeÈ,s lr .ekSula ;sîu o m%Yakhg wod< ms<s;=r f.dkq lsÍu i|yd m%fhdackj;a fõ'

1 ^i& meyeÈ,s lsÍu

m%Yakhg wod< m%Odk ixl,amh M,odhs iïm;a nj Tng fmkS hhs' M,odhs iïm;a hkq wfma mßfNdack wjYH;djka iDcqju imqrd .ekSug m%fhdackhg .;yels fyda NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg fhdod .ekSug yels iïm;a fõ' by; ks¾jpkhg wkqj y÷kd.; yels iïm;a w;r úfYaIs; iïm;a j¾.hla ms<sn|j m%Yakh f.dv k.d we;' tkï" —wd¾Ól iïm;a˜ ms<sn| ks¾jpkh hs'

ta i|yd ms<s;=re iemhSug M,odhs iïm;a w;r mj;sk úfYaIs; ,laIKhla jk wiSñ; iemhqu yd iSñ; iemhqu w;r fjki y÷kd.; hq;= h' c,h" iQ¾h;dmh jeks mßfNdackhg yd ksIamdokhg fhdod.;yels iïm;aj, iemhqu wiSñ; jk w;r" .ia fld<ka yd j.d l<yels bvï jeks iSñ; iemhqula we;s iïm;a o wm w;r fõ' t jeks iSñ; iemhqula we;s iïm;a iïnkaOfhka we;s úfYaI ,laIKh jkafka" tla wjYH;djla imqrd .ekSug fhdod .ekSfï§ tu iïm;aj,ska ,nd.; yels úl,am m%fhdack lem lsÍug isÿùuhs' fuu lemlsÍfï ixisoaêh wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § ye¢kafjkafka wdjiaÓl msßjeh hkqfjks' fuu lreKq ish,a, leáfldg m%Yakhg wod< ms<s;=re wmg my; i|yka whqßka bÈßm;a l<yels h'

ms<s;=r

m<uq fldgi ^ks¾jpkh&

iudchl jqjukdjkag idfmalaI j tu jqjukdjka imqrd .ekSu i|yd m%fhdackhg .; yels tu iudch i;=" iemhqu iSudiys; iïm;a —wd¾Ól iïm;a˜ f,i ye¢kafõ' iemhqu iSudiys; neúka tu iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § wdjiaÓl msßjehla oeÍug isÿùu tys we;s úfYaI ,laIKh fõ'

19 2013 iema - Tla

fojk fldgi ^iïm;a j¾.SlrKh&

wd¾Ól iïm;a ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § fhdod.kakd wdldrh iy odhl;ajfha iajrEmh wkqj j¾. .Kklg fjka l<yels fõ' tkï"

1' N+ñh ( iajNdjO¾ufha odhdohla f,i ,efnk ish¨ foa'

2' Y%uh ( ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod.; yels udkj" ldhsl yd udkisl Yla;sh

3' m%d.aOkh ( ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o ksIamdok l%shdj,shg fhdod.kakd ish¨ foa'

4' jHjidhl;ajh ( wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd ksIamdok iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j l<ukdlrKh lr NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh yd fnodyeÍu isÿ lsÍu iy tys § we;sjk wjodkï oeÍug yelshdj we;s l%uh'

1 ^ii& ms<s;=r

jHjidhlhdf.a m%Odk ld¾hhka jkafka¦

i' NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda ksIamdokh fldg wf,ú lsÍfuka ,dN Wmhd.; yels fj<|fmd< wjia:djka y÷kd .ekSu'

ii' ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd N+ñh" Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh hk ksIamdok idOl ld¾hlaIu whqßka ixúOdkh lsÍu iy ksIamdok l%shdj,sfhys fm<öu'

iii' fj<|fmd< wjia:djka ch .ekSu i|yd kjH;djka ìys lsÍu'

iv' by; lreKq iïnkaOfhka .kq ,nk ;SrK yd tu ;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ we;sjk wjodkï oeÍu hkdÈhhs'

1 ^iii& ms<s;=r

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj¦

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj" ksIamdokh iïnkaO ksuejqu iy msßjeh hk fo wxYfhkau i,ld ne,sh yels h'

tkï"

fok ,o fhojqï m%udKhlska ,nd.; yels Wmßu ksIamdok uÜgu ,nd.ekSu ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj hs'

wfkla w;g"

fok ,o ksuejqï uÜgula wju msßjehlska ksIamdokh l< yels wdldrhg ksIamdokh lsÍu o ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj hs'

iïmQ¾K ms<s;=r i|yd fuu fo wxYfhka u th bÈßm;a lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

1 ^iii& ms<s;=r

iïm;a fnod fjkalsÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj¦

iïm;a Wmfhdackfha wjidk wfmalaIdj jkafka t u.ska iudcfha jqjukdjka Wmßu whqßka ix;Dma; lsÍuhs'

ta wkqj" iudcfha jqjukdjka Wmßu whqßka iïmQ¾K lsÍug yels whqßka tla tla NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh i|yd fnod yeÍu" fnod fjkalsÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj fõ' t jeks wjia:djla ,Õdlr .;a úg iEu NdKavhla u ksIamdokh lsÍfuka ,efnk wdka;sl m%;s,dNh" ta yd iïnkaO wdka;sl msßjehg iudk úh hq;= h'

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj yd fnod yeÍu ld¾hlaIu;dj we;sjk wdldrhg iïm;a Wmfhdackh jk wjia:djl ksIamdok ,laIH ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h u; msysáh hq;= w;r tu ,laIH yd iïnkaO ksIamdok ixfhdackh iudchg Wmßu Wmfhdackhla ,ndÈh hq;= h'

1 ^iv& ms<s;=r

wdjiaÓl msßjeh¦

wdjiaÓl msßjeh hk ixl,amfhys ir, f;areu jkafka" wjia:djla lem lsÍfuka orkakg jk msßjeh hkakhs'

iïm;a Wmfhdackh iïnkaOfhka wdjiaÓl msßjeh hk ixl,amh iïnkaO jkafka jqjukdjkag idfmalaI j iïm;aj, we;s ysÕ;dj ksihs' iïm;aj,ska úl,am m%fhdack we;s w;r ysÕ;dj ksid tu ish¨ u m%fhdack ,nd .ekSug m%dfhda.slj yelshdjla ke;' ta ksid u tla wjia:djla iïmQ¾K lr .ekSug iïm;a fhoùfï § wfkl=;a úl,am wjia:djka lem lsÍug isÿ fõ' fuys § úl,am rdYshla lem lsÍug isÿjk ksid tajd w;ßka jvd;a u jeo.;a úl,amfha jákdlu wdjiaÓl msßjeh f,i ie,fla' fï iïnkaOfhka WodyrKhla i,ld n,uq'

20 2013 iema - Tla

lsishï N+ñ Nd.hla my; i|yka l%shdlrlï i|yd fhoúh yels hehs is;kak'

1' f.dúm<la

2' l¾udka;Yd,djla

3' ksjdi ixlS¾Khla

4' l%Svd msáhla

N+ñ Nd.fha we;s iSñ; nj ksid by; úl,amhka w;=ßka iïmQ¾K lr.;yels jkafka tla wjia:djla mu‚'

wms f.dúm<la ;ekSug ;SrKh l<d kï" wfkla wjia:djka ;=ku lem lsÍug isÿ fõ' tu lem l< wjia:d w;=ßka jvd fyd|u wjia:dj f,i wm i,lkafka l%Svd msáhla f.dvke.Su kï f.dúm< i|yd wmf.a N+ñ Nd.h fhdod .ekSfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh jkafka l%Svd msáhla fkd,eî hduhs'

uQ,sl ,laIKh úOdk.; wd¾Ólh fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólh

1' iïm;a whs;sh rdcH wxYh i;= h fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= h

2' iïm;a Wmfhdackfha wruqKq iudc iqNidOkh fm!oa.,sl iqNidOkh

3' iïm;a Wmfhdackh iïnkaO hdka;%Kh

uOH.; ie,iqï l%uh u.ska ;SrK .ekSu

fj<|fmd< hdka;%Kh fyj;a ñ, hdka;%Kh u.ska iïm;a Wmfhdackh

4' NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh iy fnod yeÍu

rdcH jHjidh u.ska ;rÕldÍ mßirhla ;=< fm!oa.,sl jHjidh u.ska

5' wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï i|yd idkqn,

n,h mokï lr.;a idkqn, fj<|fmd< ld¾hlaIu;dj mokï lr.;a idkqn,

6' iïm;a Wmfhdackfha rdcH ueÈ.;aùu

wd¾Ólfha iEu wxYhla mqrdu me;sr mj;S

fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g myiqlï iemhSu iïnkaOfhka muKla iïnkaO fõ'

^v& jqjukdjkag idfmalaI j iïm;a iemhqfuys we;s ysÕ;dj iy ta ksid iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § wjiaÓl msßjehla oeÍug isÿùu iEu iudchlg u fmdÿ ixisoaêhls' ta ksid iEu iudchlg u ld¾hlaIuj iïm;a Wmfhdackh lsÍug isÿfõ' tfia tla tla iudchla ta i|yd fhdod.kakd l%ufõohka fjkia fõ' fuu m%Yakh f.dvke.S we;af;a tu l%ufõohka iïnkaOfhks' tu fjkialï m%Odk wxYhka hgf;a my; i|yka whqßka ms<s;=r f,i bÈßm;a l<yelsh'

1 ^v& ms<s;=r

by; wdldrhg tla tla ,laIKh iïnkaOfhka mj;akd iudk wiudklï oelaùfuka ms<s;=r jvd;a meyeÈ,sj bÈßm;a l< yelsfõ' tfukau wod< ish¨ lreKq ixúOdkd;aulj bÈßm;a lsÍugo yelsfõ'

igyk B<Õ l,dmfhka ;j;a m%Yakhlg ms<s;=re n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'

21 2013 iema - Tla

wdr®:ßl jr®Okh ^]&

jr®Ih jdr®Isl 1ldr®;=j

2ldr®;=j

3ldr®;=j

4ldr®;=j

2010 8'0 7'1 8'5 8'0 8'6

2011 8'3 8'0 8'1 8'5 8'3

2012 6'4 7'9 6'4 4'8 6'3

2013 - 6'0 6'8 7'8 -

úksuh wkqmd; ^tallhla i|yd remsh,a& 2012 iema;eïnr®®

2013 iema;eïnr®

jd◊c nexl= ^idudkH& uOH wkqmd;

t'c' fvd,r® 131'7846 132'4690

iagr®,ska mjqï 212'2178 209'7450

fhka 1'6863 1'3352

hQfrda 169'4849 176'6894

bka†hka remsh,a 2'4138 2'0722

ú'.e'ys' 202'5887 201'6444

úfoaY úksuh ñ,° .ekSï yd úls”ï ^t'c'fvd'ñ,shk&

2012

ck: - iema:

2013

ck: - iema:

ñ,° .ekSï 517'59 715'25

úls”ï 1"776'48 628'70

2012 iema;eïnr®

2013 iema;eïnr®

idudkH ffoksl wka;r® nexl= ms˙jegqu ^t'c'fvd' ñ,shk&

36'68 20'29

^jd◊c nexl= w;r t;eka" miq †k iy uqo,a .kqfokq we;=<;aj&

b†˙ úksuh fjf<|fmd< .kqfokq 2012 iema;eïnr®

2013 iema;eïnr®

b†˙ f.ùï wkqmd; ^t'c'fvd,r® tallhla i|yd remsh,a& ^w&

udi 1 131'82 132'90

udi 2 132'33 133'27

idudkH ffoksl wka;r® nexl= b†˙ f.ùï m%udKh ^t'c'fvd' ñ,shk&

17'05 15'21

jd◊c nexl= w;r fkdmshjQ Y=oaO j.lSï ^t'c'fvd' ñ,shk& ^wd&

2'02 -4'82

fmd,S wkqmd;slh ^]&

2012

Tlaf;danr® 31

2013

Tlaf;danr® 31

jdKsc nexl=j, idudkH nr ;enQ m%uqL

Kh wkqmd;h ^udih w.&

13'97 11'45

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a M,odj - ^udih w.&

†k 91 10'66 8'56

†k 182 11'90 9'11

†k 364 12'48 10'02

uy nexl= tla†k m%;sñ,°.ekqï wkqmd;slh 7'75 6'5

uy nexl= tla†k m%;súl=Kqï wkqmd;slh 9'75 8'5

n˙; idudkH talaIK uqo,a wkqmd;slh -

^udih w.&

10'54 7'86

YS% ,xld wka;r® nexl= wr®mK wkqmd;h 10'60 7'93

m%;sm;a;s fmd,S wkqmd;sl - 2013 Tlaf;danr® ^]&

m%;sñ,°.ekqï wkqmd;slh 6'50

m%;súl=Kqï wkqmd;slh 8'50

fiajd úhqla;sh ^]&

YSr®Ih 2012 2013

2

ldr®;=j

3

ldr®;=j

4

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1

ldr®;=j

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ldr®;=j

iuia; 3'9 4'1 3'9 4'6 4'4

jhia ldKav wkqj

15 - 19 18'5 19'1 19'2 18'3 20'5

20 - 24 17'6 15'9 16'8 20'7 19'9

25 - 29 7'7 7'4 4'9 7'5 6'4

30 - 39 2'3 2'9 2'4 2'7 3'0

40 iy Bg by< 0'5 1'0 0'9 1'2 0'8

cd;Hka;r fjf<| NdKav ñ,

2012iema;eïnr®

2013iema;eïnr®

fjki ^]&

fld<U f;a fjkafoais ñ,

f;a ñ, rems'$ls'.%E' 419'73 475'64 13'3

t'c'fvd'$ls'.%E' 3'18 3'59 12'9

wdkhk (CIF)

iy,a rems'$fu'fgd' 101"204'40 104"212'97 3'0

t'c'fvd'$fu'fgd' 767'95 786'70 2'4

iq≥ iSks rems'$fu'fgd' 84"304'89 66"449'31 -21'2

t'c'fvd'$fu'fgd' 636'72 501'62 -21'6

fndr f;,a rems'$fu'fgd' - 14"705'91 -

t'c'fvd'$fu'fgd - 111'01 -

;s˙`.= rems'$fu'fgd' 42"489'65 42"222'1 -0'6

t'c'fvd'$fu'fgd 322'42 318'73 -1'1

ld,Sk idr®j wdr®Ól igyk

22 2013 iema - Tla

fld<U md˙fNda.sl ñ, or®Ylh ^]& - 2013 Tlaf;danr®

udisl fjkiaùu ,laIHuh moku u; fjki

jdr®Isl idudkH WoaOukh

2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013

-0'1 -0'3 0'2 5'1 8'9 6'7 7'1 6'8 7'6

úfoaYSh fjf<πu

YSr®Ih 2012ck-iema

2013ck-iema

fjki ^]&

wmkhk 7"305 7"327 0'3

lDIsldr®ñl 1"736 1"837 5'8

lr®udka; 5"519 5"453 -1'2

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wdkhk 14"173 14"048 -0'9

m˙fNdack NdKav 2"292 2"333 1'8

wka;r® NdKav 8"552 8"529 -0'3

wdfhdack NdKav 3"305 3"177 -3'9

fjk;a 24 10 -58'0

fjf<| fYaIh -6"869 -6"721 -2'1

fvd,r® ñ,shk

uQ,dY%h( ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr®;fïka;=j

ia:djr ñ, ^2002& hgf;a ldr®ñl wxYh wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h ^]&

m%Odk wxYhka

2012jdr®Isl

20121 ldr®;=j

2013*1 ldr®;=j

2013*2 ldr®;=j

2013*3 ldr®;=j

lDIsldr®ñl 8'5 12'0 2'0 -1'1 7'0

lr®udka; 10'3 10'8 10'7 10'1 8'1

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* ;djld,sl uQ,dY%h( ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr®;fïka;=j

uqo,a iemhqu

YSr®Ih2011

wjidkhg2012

wjidkhg2013

1 ldr®;=jwjidkhg

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^w&

1' iuia; jHjydr uqo,a tl;=j

293'2 318'1 332'3 313'0

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242'9 251'5 262'6 246'1

1'2 jdKsc nexl= fj;e;s jHjydr uqo,a

50'4 66'5 69'7 66'9

2' uy nexl=j fj;e;s jd◊c nexl= ;ekam;=

146'3 166'3 180'1 187'3

3' uy nexl=j fj;e;s rdcH ksfhda‚; wdh;kj, ;ekam;=

1'8 13'9 1'5 2'7

4' ixÑ; uqo,a ^1+2+3& 439'4 484'4 512'4 500'3

5' jdKsc nexl= fj;e;s uyckhd i;= b,aÆï ;ekam;=

195'8 198'5 202'9 198'0

6' mgq uqo,a iemhqu M1

^1.1+5&438'7 450'0 465'4 444'0

7' uyckhd i;= jd◊c nexl= fj;e;s ld,Sk iy b;s˙ls¯fï ;ekam;=

1"753'9 2"143'1 2"284'0 2"399'8

8' mqΩ,a uqo,a iemhqu M

2 ^6+7&

2"192'6 2"593'2 2"749'4 2"843'8

9' úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a ;ekam;= ^wd&

299'1 335'9 340'3 326'0

10' taldnoaO mqΩ,a uqo,a iemhqu M

2b^8+9&2"491'7 2"929'1 3"089'7 3"169'8

uqo,a .=Klh M2b

ixirK m%fõ.h M

2b^we&

5'672'86

6'052'75

6'03 6'34

^w& ;djld,sl^wd& wlafjr< nexl= tallhkays fkajdisl ;ekam;= iy foaYSh nexl= tallj,

úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a ;ekam;=j,ska foaYSh j.lSï f,i y∫kd.;a fldgila we;=<;a fõ'

^we& jir ;=< ° uqof,ys ixirK m%fõ.h

remsh,a ì,shk

fldgia fjf<|fmd<

fldgia ñ, or®Ylh 2012 Tlaf;danr® 31

2013 Tlaf;danr® 31

iuia; fldgia ñ, or®Ylh^1985 100&

5"513'6 5"954'6

S&P, SL 20 ñ, or®Ylh 2"988'1 3"282'1

idudkH ffoksl ms˙jegqu^remsh,a ñ,shk&

14"763'6 17"624'6

fjf<|fmd< m%d.aOkSlrKh^remsh,a ì,shk&

2"112'11 2"476'3

2012 wjidkfha mej;s w.hka iu. iei£fï ° iuia; fldgia ñ, or®Ylh iy S&P SL 20 or®Ylh 2013 Tlaf;danr® 31 †k jk úg ms<sfj<ska or®Yl wxl 312 lska iy or®Yl wxl 196 lska jeä úh' idudkH ffoksl ms˙jegqu remsh,a ñ,shk 343'4 lska jeä úh'

23 2013 iema - Tla

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;djh hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka uy nexl=j úiska m%ldYhg m;alrk ,o ksfhda.

hkag wkqj jd‚c nexl= iy wfkl=;a ;ekam;= Ndr.kakd wdh;k úiska Tjqkaf.a iuia; ;ekam;= j.lSïj,ska ksYaÑ; fldgila jHjia:dms; ixÑ; jYfhka uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd f.k hEuhs' fuu l%shdj nexl= b;sydifha wE; w;S;fha isg mej; tkakls' kshñ; jHdjia:dms; ixÑ;" uqo,a jYfhka nexl= iqrlaIs;d.drj, fyda ;ekam;= jYfhka" uy nexl=fõ kñka jd‚c nexl= cx.u .sKqul fyda mj;ajdf.k hd yels h' jHhjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dfjys ft;sydisl moku jkafka uQ,H moaO;sh wia:djr wjia:djl § fyda nexl= kqnqkaj;a wjia:djl § nexl=j, øjYS,;djh ;yjqre lsÍug tu.ska msgqjy,la ,ndfokq we;ehs hk úYajdihhs' ;jo" jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;djh iuia; Kh iy uqo,a iemhqu md,kh lsÍug WmldÍ jk ksid uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%Odk fuj,ula f,i o fhdod .ekq‚' flfia jqjo" 1993 § Finnaman i|yka lrk mßÈ uQ,H lafIa;%fha j¾Okh;a iuÕ nexl= moaO;sh ;=< we;súh yels øjYS,;d ysÕhka uÕyrjd,Su i|yd wjidk Kh fokakd f,i lghq;= lsÍug uy nexl=j bÈßm;a ù isàu ksid jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;djfha jeo.;alu l%ufhka wvq ù we;' ;jo" uQ,H m%;sm;a;ss wruqKq iy Ndú;d lsÍï fjkiaùu fya;= fldg f.k wksjd¾h ixÑ; mj;ajd f.k hdfï j¾;udk wruqKq meyeÈ,sj m%ldY lsÍu wmyiq ù we;' WodyrKhla f,i miq .sh oYl lsysmh ;=< ÈhqKq fukau ke.S tk wd¾Ólhka uqo,a iuia;h md,kh lsÍfï uQ,H m%;sm;a;s rduqfjka l%ufhka neyer fjñka wfkl=;a uQ,H m%;sm;a;s Wml%uhka ^WoaOukh" fmd,SS wkqmd;h yd úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h b,a,lal <Õd lr .ekSu& fj; fhduqùu tu wd¾Ólhka flfrys jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;djfha jeo.;alu wvqùug fya;= ù we;'

j¾;udkfha fjf<|fmd< øjYS,;d l<ukdlrKh lsÍu i|yd újg fjf<| lghq;= iy ks;H myiqlu mq¿,a f,i fhdod .kakd w;r jHdjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dj uQ,H m%;sm;a;s w;sf¾l fuj,ula ^supplemental tool&

f,i Ndú;d lsÍfï keUqrejla olakg ,efí' wfkla uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ iuia; uqo,a iemhqu iy Kh ;;a;ajh u; we;s lrk n,mEu jvd;a Yla;su;a lsÍug ixÑ; wjYH;djh Wmfhda.S lr.; yels jk w;r tu.ska uy nexl=fõ mrud¾: bIag lr .ekSug msgqjy,la ,eî we;' ixÑ; wjYH;d WmlrKh ukdj ie,iqï lr .ekSfuka flá ld,Sk fmd,S wkqmd;slhkays isÿ úh yels wkjYH WÉPdjpkhka wju lr .; yels h' fu fia ixÑ; wjYH;djh øjYS,;d wjfrdaOhla f,i Wmfhda.S lr .ekSfuka Kh m%;sY;h md,kh lsÍug n,mEï l< yels h'

uqo,a iemhqu u; n,mEu

uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍug n,hla fkdue;s ksid uqo,a iemhqug Rcqj n,mEï lsÍug jd‚c nexl=j,g yelshdjla fkd ue;s jqj;a .kqfokqlrejkag Kh iemhSu fya;= fldg f.k uqo,a ueùu isÿ fõ' ^uqo,a ueùfï l%shdj,sh úia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍug fuu ,smsfhka woyia fkdlrhs&' t u.ska wd¾Ólhl iuia; uqo,a f;d.hg n,mEï lsÍug jd‚c nexl=j,g yelshdj we;' nexl= moaO;sfhka jeämqr Kh ,nd§u uqo,a ueùu j¾Okh lsÍug fya;= fõ' tfia jqj o" jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h wvq$jeä lsÍfuka jd‚c nexl=j, Kh §fï yelshdj md,kh lsÍug uy nexl=jg yels h' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h jeä l, úg jd‚c nexl= u.ska uy nexl=fõ ;eìh hq;= ixÑ; m%udKh o jeä fõ' th Kh §u i|yd nexl= i;= Kh wruqo,a m%udKh my< hdug fya;= fõ' fï ksid iuyrúg uqof,a l%h Yla;sh fmr mej;s uÜgug jvd by< hdug yels h' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h wvq l< úg óg m%;súreoaO l%shdj,shka isÿ fõ'

nexl= úiska uy nexl=fõ mj;ajdf.k hk uq¿ ixÑ;" jHjia:dms; ixÑ; iy w;sßla; ixÑ; jYfhka fldgia folls' nexl= i;= w;sßla; ixÑ; Kh §u i|yd Wmfhda.S lr .kakd ksid w;sßla; ixÑ; m%udKh my<

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;djfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d

l=udß ërisxy" ksfhdacH wOHlaIsld" foaYSh lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

24 2013 iema - Tla

hEu nexl=j, Kh §fï yelshdj wvq lrhs' jd‚c nexl= úiska Kh ,nd§u ksid kj Kh wruqo,a uq¿ ukska u fyda fldgila fyda kej; ;ekam;= jYfhka nexl= moaO;shg tlaùu;a kj Kh .ekSï o fmrfia nexl= moaO;shg msúiSu;a ksid fuu ls%%hdj,sh È.ska È.gu isÿfjñka uqo,a ueùu jeä fõ' fuh iuia; uqo,a f;d.h jeäùug fya;= fõ' nexl= l%%uh wdrïNfha § jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%sshd;aul lsÍfï WmlrKhla f,i y÷kd .ekSug n,mE fya;=j thhs' fuu l%shdj,sh WodyrKhla u.ska fufia meyeÈ,s l< yels h' nexl=jla i;=j we;s ;ekam;= m%udKfha jákdlu remsh,a ñ,shk 100 la iy ixÑ; wjYH;djh ishhg 10 la hehs Wml,amkh lruq' fï jk úg tu nexl=j úiska uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd f.k hk cx.u .sKqfï remsh,a ñ,shk 18 l ;ekam;= mej;=fKa hhs o is;uq' t úg fuu nexl=j uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd.; hq;= jHjia:dms; ixÑ; m%udKh remsh,a ñ,shk 10 la jk ksid nexl=j i;=j remsh,a ñ,shk 8 l w;sßla; ixÑ; mj;S' tu wjia:dfõ uy nexl=j úiska ixÑ; wkqmd;h ishhg 12 olajd by< oeïfï hhs is;uq' t úg nexl=fõ jHjia:dms; ixÑ; m%udKh ñ,shk 12 olajd ñ,shk 2 lska jeä jk w;r w;sf¾l ixÑ; m%udKh remsh,a ñ,shk 6 olajd my; niS'

wfkla w;g nexl=j i;= remsh,a ñ,shk 100 l ;ekam;=j,ska remsh,a ñ,shk 10 la jHjia:dms; ixÑ; f,i ;ekam;a l< úg b;sß jk remsh,a ñ,shk 90 Kh §u i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu nexl= Kh by< hdug fya;= fõ' fuu remsh,a ñ,shk 90 iïmQ¾Kfhka u Kh §u i|yd fhdod .;af;a kï Kh ;ekam;= jYfhka kej;;a tu nexl=fõ fyda fjk;a nexl=jl ;ekam;a lsÍu ksid jHjia:dms; ixÑ; m%udKh

remsh,a ñ,shk 9 lska by< hk w;r Kh iemhSu i|yd remsh,a ñ,shk 81 la nexl=j i;=j mj;S' fuu l%shdj,sh È.ska È.gu isÿùu ksid nexl= moaO;shg m<uqj tl;= jQ remsh,a ñ,shk 100 l ;ekam;= Bg jvd jeä .Kkla olajd j¾Okh fõ ^ Wmßuh re' ñ' 1000 re' ñ' 90 ¬ 81 ¬ 72'90 ¬ ''' wd§ jYfhka&' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h ishhg 20 la kï wdrïNl re' ñ' 100 m%idrKh úh yels Wmßuh re' ñ' 500 ^ remsh,a ñ,shk 80 ¬ 64 ¬ 51'20 ¬ ''' & ls' fï wkqj jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h wvq$jeä lsÍfuka uqo,a ueùu jeä$wvq jk w;r Bg iu.dój uqo,a iemhqu o jeä$wvq jk nj meyeÈ,sh'

ta wkqj"

• jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h by< oeóu wksjd¾h;ekam;= m%udKh ^fjk;a l%shdldrï ke;ehs Wml,amkh l< úg& jeäùug;a Kh wruqo,a m%udKh wvqùug;a fya;= fõ' m%;sM,h f,i uqo,a f;d.h m%idrKhùu wvqù Kh msßjeh by< hhs'

• ixÑ; wkqmd;h my< oeóu nexl=j, Kh wruqo,am%udKh by< hEug fya;= jk w;r t u.ska iuia; uqo,a f;d.h by< hhs'

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h fjkia lsÍu ksid we;s úh yels m%;súmdl

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h wvqlsÍu ,sys,a uQ,H m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍuls' th nexl=j, ,dNh j¾Okh lsÍug;a Kh meyer yeÍfï wjodku wvqlr nexl=j, iQrlaIs;Ndjh by< oeóu i|yd;a fhdod .; yels h' nexl= moaO;sh ;=,

j.=j 1'

2013 cq,s 01 jeks Èk isg ixÑ; wkqmd;h wvq lsÍu ksid nexl= moaO;shg tl;= jQ wu;r øjYS,;dj .Kkh lsÍu ^remsh,a ì,shkj,ska&

2013 cqks 15 Èk wjidkfha ;ekam;= j.lSïj, uq¿ tl;=j ^a& 2656'5

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; m%udKh

ixÑ; wkqmd;h 6] jk úg ^b a x 6%& 159'4

ixÑ; wkqmd;h 8] jk úg ^c a x 8]& 212'5

uqo,a fkdaÜgq iy ldis jYfhka nexl= iqrlaIs;d.drj, mej;s ixÑ; m%udKh d& 19'0

kshñ; ixÑ; m%udKh

ixÑ; wkqmd;h 6] jk úg ^e b - d& 140'4

ixÑ; wkqmd;h 8] jk úg ^f c - d& 193'5

w;sßla; øjYS,;dj ^g f - e& 53'1

uQ,h( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

25 2013 iema - Tla

øjYS,;d ysÕhla mj;sk wjia:djl wjYH øjYS,;dj iemhSug fyda w;sßla; øjYS,;dj wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSug jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h' tfia jqj o" n%iS,h" Ökh" bkaÈhdj" reishdj jeks rgj,a lsysmhla yerek úg tlai;a ckmoh we;=¨ fndfyda rgj,a uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï WmlrKhla jYfhka jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;djh ksr;=rej Ndú;d fkdlrhs ^Wikipedia&' tfia lsÍug fya;= lsysmhla n,md we;' uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wfkl=;a uQ,H WmlrKj,g idfmalaI j újg fjf<| lghq;=j,ska jvd;a úYsIag fiajdjla isÿùu tajd w;ßka b;d jeo.;a fõ'

óg wu;r j" iuyr jd‚c nexl= jHjia:dms; ixÑ; mokï lrf.k Kh §fï m%udK ;SrKh lrhs' ;j o ixÑ; wkqmd;h fjkia lsÍu úúO nexl= fiajdjka i|yd whlsÍï jHqyh fjkia lsÍug o fya;= úh yels h' fï wkqj jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dj ksr;=rej fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh lsÍu uQ,H fjf<|fmd< úlD;s lsÍug fyda ndOd we;s lsÍug fya;= úh yelsh' ixÑ; wjYH;djh b;d l=vd m%udKhlska fjkia lsÍu uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh u; úYd, n,mEula we;s l< yels nj o y÷kdf.k ;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h my; jeàu ksid mj;sk w;sßla; ixÑ; m%udKh by< hEu isÿjk w;r w;sßla; ixÑ; wjfYdaIKh lsÍu i|yd uy nexl=jg jeä msßjehla orñka iq/l=ïm;a m%;súlsŒu ^Repo Auctions& jeä lsÍug isÿfõ' 2013 cQ,s ui m<uqfjksod isg l%shd;aul jk mßÈ Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ uqo,a uKav,h úiska ixÑ; wkqmd;h ishhg 8 isg ishhg 6 olajd wvq lsÍu;a iuÕ remsh,a ì,shk 53 l wu;r øjYs,;djla nexl= moaO;shg tl;= úh' fmr Èkfha remsh,a ì,shk 9 l muK øjYS,;d fYaIhla mej;sh;a cQ,s m<uqjk Èk fjf<|fmd<g tl;=jQ w;sßla; øjYS,;dj wjfYdaIKh lsÍu i|yd remsh,a ì,shk 35 l tla Èk fjkafoaishla meje;aùug uy nexl=jg isÿ úh'

ixÑ; wjYH;dj i|yd jk msßjeh

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; i|yd fmd,shla f.ùu wksjd¾h fkdfõ' cd;Hka;r jYfhka úuid n,kúg ÈhqKq uQ,H fj<|fmd< we;s rgj,a jHjia:dms; ixÑ; i|yd f.ùula l,;a wfkl=;a fndfyda rgj, uy nexl= fï i|yd lsisÿ f.ùula isÿ fkdlrhs' tfiajqjo" jHjia:dms; ixÑ; kshñ; mßÈ mj;ajdf.k hdug hïlsis jd‚c nexl=jla$wdh;khla wiu;aùu ta i|yd kshñ; ov uqo, f.ùug hg;a fõ' ;ekam;= j.lSï fjkqfjka fujeks kS;suh wjYH;djhla fkdue;s kï jHjia:dms; ixÑ; o Khg §u we;=¿ fjk;a ljr fyda ,dN bmehSfï l%shdj,shka i|yd fhdod .; yels fõ' fï fya;=fjka jd‚c nexl=j,g oeÍug isÿjk mdvqj kshñ; ixÑ; jákdlu i|yd ,efnk fjf<|fmd<

fmd,sshg iudk fõ' fufia Kh §ug fkdyelsùu ksid wysñ jk fmd,S wdodhu nexl=fõ wdjiaÓl msßjehg iudk jk w;r jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h fjkia lsÍu nexl=fõ wdjiaÓl msßjeh wvq$jeä ùug fya;=fõ' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h by< oeóu;a iuÕ jd‚c nexl= úiska uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd .;hq;= ixÑ; m%udKh o by< hk ksid jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h by< hEu nexl=j, msßjeh by< hEug fya;= fõ' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; kS;suh wjYH;djhla jqjo" ta i|yd nexl= úiska msßjehla oeÍu wd¾Ólhg wys;lr f,i n,mE yels h' fï ksid wd¾Ólh i;= iSñ; iïm;a Wmßu f,i Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug fkd yels fõ' flfia jqjo" 1993 Finnaman i|yka lrk mßÈ ixÑ; wjYH;d wkqmd;h by< w.hla ùu uqo,a m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï lghq;= myiq lrjk w;r fjf<|fmd< øjYS,;d úp,kh wvqjùug fya;= úh yelsh'

ixÑ; wjYH;djh nexl= u; mkjk ,o noaola yd iudk fõ' flfia jqjo" jHjia:dms; ixÑ; fyda w;sßla; ixÑ; fyda ta folu i|yd fyda fjf<|fmd< fmd,S wkqmd;hg iudk jQ fmd,shla f.úh yels kï fuu msßjeh ksid wd¾Ólhg isÿjk mdvqj ;rula ÿrg fyda wvqlr .;yels jkq we;' Finnaman meyeÈ,s lr we;s mßÈ fuu ˜fmd,sh˜ fyda noao Rcqj u n,mdkafka nexl= moaO;shg iy .kqfokqlrejkag muKls' fuu ;;a;ajh ;ekam;=lrejka iy Kh .ekqïlrejkag úêu;a ;ekam;= l%uh uÕyer hdug ^by pass& lD;s%%u j ,nd fok Èß §ukdjla jeks h' tfia lsÍfuka Kh .,dhEu wdmiq yerùu isÿ úh yels ksid t u.ska iïm;a fnodyeÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj wvq l< yels h'

fuu noao ljqreka úiska orkafka o hkak ;SrKh lsÍu wmyiq lghq;a;ls' ;ekam;= i|yd wvq fmd,SS wkqmd;hla yd Kh §u i|yd jeä fmd,S wkqmd;hla fhdod .ekSu jeks l%u Ndú;d lrñka nexl= úiska fuu noafoka$ msßjefhka fldgila fyda Kh ,nd .kakka yg udre lsÍug W;aidy ork nj Ydia;%Sh .%ka:j, i|yka fõ' jHjia:dms; ixÑ;j, uq¿ msßjefhka fldgila ;ekam;alrejka úiska ork njg o u;hla mej;sh;a jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h fjkia lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i ;ekam;= M,odj fjkia jQ njg idlaIs fkdue;s nj m¾fhaIKd;aul j fidhdf.k we;s nj Hein iy Stewart fmkajd § we;' oekg jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;djh uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrKhla jYfhka Wmfhda.S lr fkd .kakd tlai;a rdcOdksh" kjiS,ka;h" iaùvkh" ´iafÜ%,shdj jeks rgj, tu m%;sm;a;s iuia; uqo,a f;d.h flfrys wys;lr f,i n,md we;s njla oek .kakg fkdue;' fuhg fya;=j tu rgj,a 1990 oYlfha § WoaOukh b,lal lr .;a uQ,H m%;sm;a;s Wmdh ud¾.hlg udreùu úh yels h' oekg tlai;a rdcOdksfha uy

26 2013 iema - Tla

nexl=j úiska ixÑ; wjYH;dj wksjd¾h lsÍu fjkqjg iafõÉPdfjka uy nexl=fõ ixÑ; mj;ajdf.k hk jd‚c nexl=j,g fmd,shla f.ùfï l%uhla wkq.ukh lrkq ,nhs'

jHijia:dms; ixÑ; mj;ajd .; hq;= ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< iuyr wdh;k úiska wdrlaIK fyda iufmalaIK wjYH;djhla f,i ^bÈßfha § fmd,S wkqmd;fha isÿ úh yels hehs wfmalaIs; WÉpdjpkhkag uqyqK §u ms‚i fyda ,dN bmhSu ms‚i& o w;sßla; ixÑ; mj;ajdf.k hdu isÿlrkq ,efí' fuu l%shdj,sh tu wdh;kj,g oeÍug isÿjk mdvqj$msßjeh ;jÿrg;a by< hdug fya;= jqj o fuu wu;r msßjeh orkafka øjYS,;d wjodkug uqyqK§u ms‚ihs'

ixÑ; wjYH;d l%u j¾. lsÍu

idudkHfhka ixÑ; wjYH;d l%u ;=kls' tajd kï

1' .Kkh lsÍfï ld, mßÉfþofhka miqj ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSfï ld, mßÉfþohla iys; l%uh ^LRR - lagged reserve requirement system&

2' .Kkh lsÍfï ld, mßÉfþoh w;r;=r ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSfï ld, mßÉfþoh werfUk l%uh ^Semi LRR&

3' .Kkh lsÍfï ld, mßÉfþoh iy ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSfï ld, mßÉfþoh tl úg isÿjk l%uh' ^CRR - contemporaneous reserve requirement system&

1 jeks LRR& l%uh hgf;a ixÑ; wjYH;djh l,a we;sj oek .ekSug ,eîu uy nexl= úiska øjYS,;d l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï úúO fjf<| lghq;= i|yd muKla fkdj jd‚c nexl=j, øYS,;d l<ukdlrK lghq;= i|yd o WmldÍ fõ' ixÑ; wjYH;dj .Kkh i|yd oekg ks¾foaIs; fyd|u l%shd ud¾.h fuhhs'

ixÑ; wjYH;djh imqrd.ekSu i|yd wjYH jk øjYS,;dj ixÑ; mj;ajdf.k hk ld,mßÉfþoh w;r;=r oek .ekSug ,eîu fojk l%uh hgf;a ,efnk jdishls' oekg cmka iy fldßhdkq uy nexl= Ndú;d lrkafka fu jeks l%uhls'

3 jeks ^CRR& l%ufha § jd‚c nexl= úiska tlu ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< ;u ;ukaf.a ;ekam;= j.lSïj,g wod< ixÑ; .Kkh lsÍu iy mj;ajd f.k hdu isÿ l< hq;= fõ' nexl=j, ;ekam;= j.lSï Èkm;d fjkia ùïj,g Ndckh jk ksid kshñ; ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< fldmuK ixÑ; m%udKhla mj;ajd .; hq;= o hkak ksYaÑ;j u .Kkh lsÍu wmyiqh' tneúka fuu l%uh m%dfhda.slj .eg¨ f.k fokakls' w;S;fha tlai;a ckmoh úiska fuu l%uh wkq.ukh l,;a miqj th w; yer we;'

rgj¾;udk ixÑ;

wkqmd;huQ,H m%;sm;a;s Wmdh ud¾.h

flá meyeÈ,s lsÍu

tlai;a rdcOdksh 0 WoaOuk b,laliafõÉPdfjka ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd fmd,shla f.ùu isÿfõ' 1981 § jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dj iïmq¾Kfhka u wfydais lrk ,§'

´iafÜ%,shdj 0 WoaOuk b,lal 1988 § wfydais lrk ,§'

lekvdj 0 WoaOuk b,lal 1992 § jHjia:dms; ixÑ; l%uh wfydais lrk ,§'

iaùvkh 0 WoaOuk b,lal

kjiS,ka;h 0 WoaOuk b,lal

tlai;a ckmoh 1 - 10]fmd,S wkqmd;

b,lalm%Odk jYfhka b,a¨ï ;ekam;= i|yd fõ' .kqfokqfõ jákdlu wkqj wkqmd;h fjkia fõ'

fldßhdj

0 - 7] ^;ekam;= j.lSu wkqj

fjkia jQ wkqmd; n,meje;afõ'&

WoaOuk b,lal

m%Odk WmlrKhla f,i Ndú;d lrhs' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; fyda w;sßla; ixÑ; i|yd f.ùula isÿ fkdlrhs' ,s;a udihla 1 - 15 Èk olajd;a 16 - wjidk Èk olajd;a ld,mßÉfþo folg fnod ixÑ; .Kkh lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,efí' ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSu udihlg fyda Bg jeä ld,hlg miqj isÿfõ'

j.=j 2

f;dard.;a rgj,a lsysmhla ixÑ; wjYH;d fhdod .kakd wdldrh

27 2013 iema - Tla

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dj wod< jk ;ekam;= j.lSï i|yd ixÑ; jákdlu .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka kshñ; .Kkh lsÍfï l%ufõohlg wkqjh' úúO rgj,a fï i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; lrhs' ixÑ; .Kkh lsÍu i|yd úúO ;ekam;=j,g wod< úúO wkqmd; o .Kkh lsÍug Ndckh lrk ld, mßÉfþohla o we;s w;r wod< ixÑ; kshñ; ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< wksjd¾h jYfhka mj;ajd .; hq;= fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;d l%shdj,sh

j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ uqo,a l<ukdlrKh uqo,a b,lal.; rduqjla u; mokïj we;' fuu rduqj ;=< mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqug n,mEï lsÍu u.ska wjika b,lalh jq ñ, ia:dhS;djh <Õd lr.; hq;= j we;' ixÑ; uqo,a iy mq¿,a uqo,a ix.=Klhla ^uqo,a .=Klh& u.ska iïnkaO ù we;s ksid uqo,a m%;sm;a;sfha fufyhqï b,lalh jk ixÑ; uqo,a Y%S ,xld uy nexl=jg jeo.;a fõ'

1949 wxl 58 ork uqo,a kS;s mkf;a ^ixfYdaê;& 93^1& jeks j.ka;sfha úê úOdk m%ldr j Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk nexl= fyda ;ekam;= Ndr.kakd wdh;k úiska uqo,a ueùfï l%shdj,sh md,kh lsÍu iy øjYS,;d wjodku md,kh lsÍu hk wruqKq we;sj uqo,a uKav,h úiska .kakd ;SrK l%sshd;aul lrñka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dj uqo,a m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï WmlrKhla f,i Wmfhda.S lr .kS' fï wkqj uqo,a kS;s mkf;a 94 jeks j.ka;sfha úêúOdk m%ldrj Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%sqhd;aul jk ish¨ u jd‚c nexl= iy uqo,a uKav,h úiska wkqu; lrkq ,nk ishÆ u uQ,H wdh;k úiska Tjqkaf.a remsh,a ;ekam;= j.lSï fjkqfjka uqo,a uKav,h úiska kshu lrkq ,nk wkqmd;hlg Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk cx.u .sKqul remsh,a ixÑ; jYfhka r|jd ;nd .ekSu wksjd¾h fõ' fï i|yd wjYH ish¨ u Wmfoia Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska wod< ish¨ u wdh;k fj; imhkq ,efí' oekg Y%S ,xldj wkq.ukh lrkq ,nkafka by;ska i|yka l< LRR l%uh jk w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ixÑ; wjYH;d l%shdj,sh m%Odk wx. lsysmhlska iukaú; fõ'

1' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dj wod< jk j.lSï j¾. ^Reservable Liabilities&

uqo,a kS;s mkf;a 93 jeks j.ka;sfha úêúOdk m%ldr" Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk jd‚c nexl= úiska Y%S ,xld remsh,a j,ska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk u;= lshfjk ;ekam;= j.lSï u; ixÑ; mj;ajd .; hq;= fõ' b,a¨ï ;ekam;=" úfYaI ;ekam;=" b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;=" ld,Sk ;ekam;=" jd‚c nexl=jla fkdjk fjk;a wdh;khla u.ska wka;¾ nexl= talaIK uqo,a fj<|fmdf<a isÿ lr we;s ia:dms; lsÍï" Khjr ,smsj,g tfrys wdka;sl" úY%du jegqma wruqo,a jeks úfYaI ;ekam;= fhdackd l%u ;sfí kï tajd o" <ud ;ekam;= fhdackd l%u yd tjeks iajNdjfha fjk;a fhdackd l%u o" tfiau Ndrhka jYfhka mj;ajd f.k hk j;alï fyda iajlSh .kqfokq lrejka Y%S ,xld uqo,ska mj;ajd f.k hk ;ekam;= j.lSï ^wka;¾ nexl= ;ekam;= we;=<;a fkdfõ'& hkdÈh fuu ;ekam;= j.lSï j¾. lsÍug we;=<;a fõ'

2' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h ^Reserve Ratio&

jd‚c nexl= úiska Tjqkaf.a ;ekam;= j.lSï u; mj;ajd .; hq;= ixÑ; wjYH;djh t jeks ;ekam;= j.lSïj,ska l=uk m%;sY;hla úh hq;= o hk j. jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h hkafkka woyia fõ' ixÑ; wjYH;djh wod< jk úúO ;ekam;= j.lSïj,g wod< jQ úúO ixÑ; wkqmd; mej;=k ld, mßÉfþo mej;s w;r øjYS,;dj idfmalaI jYfhka jeä b,a¨ï ;ekam;= i|yd wod< jQ ixÑ; wkqmd;h ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;= i|yd wod< ixÑ; wkqmd;hg jvd jeä m%;sY;hla o úh ^j.=j 3&' ixÑ; wkqmd;h fjkiaùu 2 fjks j.=fjka bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r" oekg ish¨u ;ekam;= j.lSï i|yd iudk wkqmd;hlg ixÑ; wjYH;dj .Kkh flf¾' ta wkqj" uqo,a kS;s mkf;a 94 j.ka;sfha úêúOdk m%ldr" oekg jd‚c nexl= úiska by; wxl 1ys i|yka ;ekam;= j.lSï u; uq¿ ;ekam;= j.lSïj,ska ishhg 6lg iudk m%udKhl ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSu wksjd¾h fõ'

fkamd,h 5]uqo,a iuia;

b,laludihlg fyda Bg jeä ld,hlg miqj isÿfõ'

bkaÈhdj 4]uqo,a iuia;

b,lal2013 ckjdß isg

hqfrda l,dmh 1] WoaOuk b,lal 1999 § mej;s 2] w.h 2012 ckjdß isg wvq lr we;'

nx.,sfoaYh 6]uqo,a iuia;

b,lal2010 foieïn¾ udifha § 5'5] isg jeä lr we;'

mlsia:dkh 5]uqo,a iuia;

b,lal2008 fkdjeïn¾ 1 isg

uQ,h( wka;¾cd,h

28 2013 iema - Tla

3' ixÑ; .Kkh lsÍfï ld,mßÉfþoh ^Computation Period&

2013 cQks udifha isg l%shd;aul jk l%ufõohg wkqj jd‚c nexl= úiska mj;ajd .;hq;= ixÑ; jákdlu .Kkh lsÍu iy mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd iEu ,s;a udihla u ld, mßÉfþo 2 lg fnod we; ^tkï" zwZ ld,mßÉfþoh iy zwdZ ld,mßÉfþoh&'

i' zwZ ld, mßÉfþoh 1 jk Èk isg 15 jk Èk olajd ^foÈku we;=<;aj&¦ iy

ii' zwdZ ld, mßÉfþoh 16 jk Èk isg udifha wjika Èkh olajd ^foÈku we;=<;aj&

4' ixÑ; mj;ajdf.k hd hq;= ld, mßÉfþoh ^Maintenance Period&

iEu ,s;a udihl u tla tla ld, mßÉfþohg wod< jHjia:dms; ixÑ; B<Õ udifha Bg wkqrEm ld, mßÉfþoh ;=< kshñ; mßÈ ffoksl j mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= fõ' t kï ´kEu udihl zwZ ld, mßÉfþohg wod<j jd‚c nexl= úiska mj;ajd .; hq;= ixÑ; wjYH;djh Bg fmr udifha zwZ ld, mßÉfþofha ffoksl ;ekam;= j.lSïj, idudkHh u; mokï jk w;r" ´kEu udihl zwdZ ld, mßÉfþohg wod<j mj;ajd .; hq;= tu ixÑ; wjYH;djh Bg fmr udifha zwdZ ld, mßÉfþofha ffoksl ;ekam;= j.lSïj, idudkHh u; mokï fõ'

5' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; .Kkh lsÍu ^Computation of Reserves&

ixÑ; .Kkh lsÍfï § remsh,a ;ekam;= j.lSï muKla i,ld n,kq ,nk w;r tla tla ld, mßÉfþohg wh;a ixÑ; wjYH;djh .Kkh lsÍu wod< ld, mßÉfþofha ;ekam;= j.lSï u; mokï fõ' ta wkqj by; wxl 1 ka oelafjk ;ekam;= j.lSï i|yd wxl 2 ka kshu lrk ,o wkqmd;hlg ixÑ; .Kkh lsÍu isÿ fõ' jd‚c nexl= úiska ´kE u Èkla ;=< Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd .; hq;= wju ;ekam;= ixÑ; wjYH;d m%udKh ms<sn|j uy nexl=fõ foaYSh fufyhqï lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;= wOHlaI úiska pl%f,aLhla u.ska l,ska l,g jd‚c nexl= fj; Wmfoia fokq ,efí' óg wu;r j" by; wxl 1 ka olajd we;s ;ekam;= j.lSïj,ska ishhg follg jeä jQ o" ishhg y;rla fkd blaujkakd jQo" m%udKhla Y%S ,xldfõ uqo,a fkdaÜgq yd ldis iajrEmfhka iajlSh ixÑ;j, fldgila jYfhka mj;ajd .ekSug wjir § we;' t jeks uqo,a fkdaÜgq iy ldis iajrEmfhka ;nd.; yels ixÑ; m%udKh Bg wod< .Kkh lsÍfï ld, mßÉfþofha fkdaÜgq yd ldisj, idudkHh úh hq;= h' óg wu;rj" 1990 oYlfha w.Nd.fha

§ y÷kajd § oekg;a l%shd;aul jk mßÈ tla tla Èkhla ;=< mj;ajd .; hq;= wju ixÑ; m%udKh Èklg kshñ; uq¿ ixÑ;j,ska ishhg 90 lg iudk úh hq;= h'

6' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; kS;sh lv lsÍï i|yd jQ ovh ^Penalty&

lsishï jd‚c nexl=jla úiska wksjd¾hfhka mj;ajd .;hq;= ixÑ;j, W!k;djhla we;s jqjfyd;a tu m%udKh u; Èklg f.úh hq;= uqo, kS;sh lv lsÍï i|yd jQ ovh f,i ye¢kafõ' oekg l%shd;aul kS;shg wkqj ishhg tflka oyfhka mx.=jl ^1'0]& m%udKhl fmd,shla ov f,i Y%S ,xld uy nexl=jg f.úh hq;= h' tlS fmd,sh uqo,a kS;s mkf;a 96 jeks j.ka;sh hgf;a ixÑ; mj;ajd .;hq;= ld, mßÉfþofhka miqj t<fUk rdcldÍ Èk mylg fkd jeä ld,hla we;=<; f.úh hq;= h'

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; l%uh fjkia lsÍu ;=<ska ,nd .;a m%;s,dN

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h uQ,H WmlrKhla f,i fjf<|fmd<g y÷kajd §fuka miqj wd¾Ólfha isÿjq úúO ixj¾Okhka ie,ls,a,g .ksñka jHjia:dms; ixÑ; l%uh jßka jr fjkialïj,g Ndckh úh' wd¾Ólhg kj odhl;ajhla ,nd foñka tl;= jQ uqo,a we;=<;a lsÍu i|yd ;ekam;= j.lSï ks¾jpkh ixfYdaOkhg ,la lr we;' ixÑ; wjYH;djh iïmQ¾K lsÍug kshñ; Èkfha fyda Bg wdikak Èkhkays wka;¾ nexl= talaIK fjf<|fmd< ;=< fmd,S wkqmd;h mSvkhg ,la jk nj y÷kd f.k ;sfí' fï i|yd hï msgqjy,la ,nd§u ms‚i" ia:djr uÜgul ixÑ; mj;ajdf.k hdfï fmr mej;s l%uh fjkqjg ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSug kshñ; ld,h ;=< ffokslj ixÑ;j, idudkH mj;ajd .ekSfï hdka;%Kh y÷kajd § we;'

fï jk úg Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j wkq.ukh lrk ,sys,a uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a lsÍula jYfhka tf;la mej;s ixÑ; mj;ajdf.k hdfï i;shl ld, mßÉfþoh 2013 cQks udifha isg i;s foll muK ld,hla olajd §¾> lrk ,§' ixÑ; mj;ajd .; hq;= ld, mßÉfþoh §¾> ùu;a ffoksl ixÑ;j,ska ishhg 10 lg iudk fldgila .kqfokq i|yd Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd§u;a ksid l,skag jvd È.= ld,hla ;=< ;u jHjia:dms; ixÑ; m%fhdackhg .ekSug nexl=j,g yelshdj ,eî we;' fï iuÕ nexl= iqrlaIs;d.drh ;=< ;nd .ekSug wjir ,nd§ we;s ixÑ;j, fjkila isÿ fkdùu úuid ne¨úg 2013 isÿ l< ixfYdaOkhka nexl= úiska oeßh hq;= msßjeh wvq lsÍug Wmldr jkq we;' ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSfï ld,h È.= ùu nexl=j, øjYS,;d l<ukdlrKhg myiqlï i,id we;' fuh lÈug ms<sìUqq lrñka 2013 cqks udifhka miqj wka;¾ nexl= talaIK uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a fmd,S wkqmd;

29 2013 iema - Tla

l%ufhka my< neiSula olakg ,enq‚' iuia;hla jYhka .;a l, fmd,Ss wkqmd; u; mSvkh wvqùu uy nexl=fõ uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍug myiqjla ù we;' fmd,S wkqmd; wvq uÜgul mej;Su wdfhdack by< hEug rel=,la jk w;r u wvq fmd,S wkqmd; frðuhlg .uka lsÍfï wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug o bjy,a jkq we;'

fuu ixfYdaOkj,g iu.dó j 2013 j¾Ifha § újg fj<| lghq;= tla Èk fjkafoais l%uhg o fjkialï y÷kajd § we;' ta wkqj fuf;la mej;s tla Èk fjkafoais l%uh fjkqjg tÈku ksrjq,a jk ^T ¬ 0& Èk 1 ;a 7 ;a w;r mrdihl mßK; úh yels fláld,Sk fjkafoais y÷kajd fok ,§' iyNd.s;aj wdh;k fuu l%uhg yqreùu;a iuÕ l%ufhka tla Èk fjkafoais wfydais lsÍug mshjr f.k we; ^wjYHu kï muKla tla Èk fjkafoais meje;aùug i,ld n,kq we;&'

ks.ukhka

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dj Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j we;=¿ fndfyda uy nexl= úiska uQ,H m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï

m%Odk fuj,ula f,i Wmfhda.S lr .kS' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;djh hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka ;ekam;= j.lSïj,ska kshu lrk ,o wkqmd;hlg ixÑ; mj;ajdf.k hEfï l%uhls' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h fjkia lsÍu jd‚c Kh m%udKh yd uqo,a f;d.h u; n,mEï we;s l< yels fõ' flfia jqjo" jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wjYH;dj fjkqfjka nexl=j,g msßjehla oeÍug isÿfõ' fuu fuj,u fndfyda uy nexl= úiska újg fjf<| lghq;= yd ks;H myiqlu fuka ksr;=rej Ndú;d fkdlrhs' újg fjf<| lghq;= j,ska jvd úYsIag fiajhla bgqùu fukau ixÑ; wjYH;djh fjkia lsÍu uqo,a fjf<|fmd< úlD;s we;s lsÍug bjy,aùu thg fya;= fõ' ixÑ; wjYH;djh jvd fyd| uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrKhla fkdjqko ixÑ; wjYH;djh Ndú; lrk l%ufõoh wkqj flá ld,Sk fmd,S wkqmd;h u; we;sjk mSvkhka iy wêl úp,khka wvq lr .; yelsh' ixÑ; wjYH;d l%u 3 la we;;a wod< ld, mßÉfPaofha ;ekam;= j.lSïj, ffoksl idudkH ^i;s wka; iy nexl= ksjdvq Èk we;=¿j& .Kkhlr kshñ; ixÑ; mudjq ld,mßÉfPaohl mj;ajd f.khdu ^LRR& oekg ms<s.kakd fyd|u l%uhhs'

j.=j 3

1950 miq ixÑ; wkqmd;hg isÿ l< ixfYdaOkhka

n, mj;ajk Èkh ;ekam;= j.lSï iajNdjhixfYdaê; ixÑ;

wkqmd;h ]

1950'08'28 b,a¨ï ;ekam;= 10

ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= 05

1951'01'05 b,a¨ï ;ekam;= 14

1953'09'11 b,a¨ï ;ekam;= 10

ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= 05

1960'08'26 b,a¨ï ;ekam;= 12

ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= 05

1981'06'19 b,a¨ï ;ekam;= 14

ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= 06

1983'12'02 b,a¨ï ;ekam;= 16

ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= 08

1983'12'16 m%fhdackhg fkd.;a wkqu; whardj, tl;=j 16

1985'08'09 b,a¨ï ;ekam;= 18

ld,Sk ;ekam;= ^Èk 90 la fkdblaujk& 12

ld,Sk ;ekam;= ^Èk 90 la blaujk& 10

b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= 10

úfYaI ;ekam;= 10

m%fhdackhg fkd.;a whardj, fYaIh 16

1985'09'13 ld,Sk ;ekam;= ^Èk 90 la fkdblaujk& 14

1987'06'05 m%fhdackhg fkd.;a whardj, tl;=j Y=kH

1987'08'08 b,a¨ï ;ekam;=" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;=" flgqïm;a 10

1987'02'26 - tu - 13

30 2013 iema - Tla

1988'09'16 - tu - 15

1991'01'11 - tu - 13

1992'01'24 - tu - 14

1992'09'04 b,a¨ï ;ekam;=" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 13

1993'01'29 b,a¨ï ;ekam;=" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^remsh,a& 13'5

b,a¨ï ;ekam;= ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 10

ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 6

1993'04'16 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 14

b,a¨ï ;ekam;= ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 10

ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 08

1993'05'21 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 15

b,a¨ï ;ekam;= ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 11

ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 09

1993'06'25 b,a¨ï ;ekam;=" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 12

1993'08'27 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re' iy úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a& 15

1994'02'18;ekam;= j.lSï ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,aj,ska Y%S ,xldfjka msg; wdfhdackh l<&;ekam;= j.lSï ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,aj,ska Y%S ,xldfjka msg; wdfhdackh fkd l<&

0515

1997'01'17 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 14

;ekam;= j.lSï ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,aj,ska YS% ,xldfjka msg; wdfhdackh l<& 0

1997'03'28 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 12

;ekam;= j.lSï ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,aj,ska YS% ,xldfjka msg; wdfhdackh l< 12

1999'08'20 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 11

;ekam;= j.lSï ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,aj,ska YS% ,xldfjka msg; wdfhdackh l< 11

2000'08'04 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 11

;ekam;= j.lSï ^úfoaY jHjydr uqo,aj,ska YS%% ,xldfjka msg; wdfhdackh l< 0

2001'10'19 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 10

2008'10'17 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 9'25

2008'11'28 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 7'75

2009'02'27 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 7'00

2011'04'29 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 8'00

2013'07'01 b,a¨ï" ld,Sk iy b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ^re'& 6'00

mßYS,kh l, .%ka: iy m;%sld

1' Bilbert R'A & Trebing M'E' ^1982&' The new System of contemporaneous reserve requirements' Federal Reserve Bank of St' Louis" USA'

2' FRB SF Weekly Letter ^1982&' Contemporaneous Reserve Accounting' Research Department" Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco' USA'

3' Finaman" J'N' 1993&' Reserve requirements¦ History" Current Practice" and Potential Reform' Federal Reserve Bulletin" June'

4' Hein S'E' & Stewart J'D' 2002&' Reserve Requirement¦ A Modern Prospective" Economic Review 4th Qtr' " Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta" USA'

5' Monetary Law Act ^2006& ^Chp'422&' Printed by CBSL'

6' Yueh-Yun C O’Brien ^2007&' Reserve Requirement System in OECD countries" Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System" Washington D C" USA'

7' www.wikipedia.com

uq,h( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

31 2013 iema - Tla

wka;rlrKfha we;s m%n,lu f,dalhg fmkajd§u

fjkqfjka 2006 § iduh ms<sn| fkdfn,a ;Hd.h

Èkd.;af;a fudfyduâ hQkqia' ish fkdfn,a ;Hd.

foaYkfha § hQkqia uy;a;hd lshkjd Khla .ekSu

;=<ska oßø;d pl%h lvdoukakg ÿmam;=kag yelshdj

,efnk ksid Khla .ekSu uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislula

lsh,d' fï foaYkfha § hQkQia uy;a;hd fufyu;a

lshkjd —oßø;dj lshkafk ish¨ ñksia whs;sjdislï

ke;s lr ouk rl=fila' ÿmam;alu ksid we;sfjk

wfmalaId Nx.;ajh" tÈßjdÈlu iy oafõY iy.; is;sú,s

ksid ´kEu iudchl iaÓridr iduhla mj;ajd.kak

neßfjkjd' ÿmam;a ñksiaiq ÿ.S nfjka f.dv.kak

kï wm Tjqkaj n,.kajk jd;djrKhla ks¾udKh

lrkak ´fk' ÿmam;=kag" úfYaIfhka ÿmam;a ldka;djkag

fyd| Ôú;hla .;lsÍfï yelshdj;a" whs;sh;a folu

;sfhkjd' ta f.d,a,kaf. yelshdj t<shg .kak ´fk

m%udKj;a iïm;a ,nd§fuka' uQ,H wka;¾lrKh u.ska˜'

ñksia whs;sjdislï m%ldYkfha 26 jeks m%ma;sh wOHdmkh'

wOHdmkh ,eîug mqoa.,fhl=g we;s whs;sh" 2011

j¾Ifha § lsïn¾,s n%jqka,S iy fid*shd iafjïf,daõiald

úiska m, l< uQ,H wka;¾lrKh" wOHdmkh iy uQ,sl

ñksia whs;sjdislï ^Financial Inclusion" Education and Basic Human Rights& kï ,smsh fmkajd fokjd uQ,H

wka;rlrKh u.ska we;slrjk iudc n,mEu wOHdmkh

úiska we;slrk iudcuh n,mEug fndfyda w;ska iudk

nj' l;=jßhka fofokd ish f,aLkfha § lshkafka

wOHdmkh mqoa.,fhl=f.a Ôú;fha Odß;djka mq¿,a fldg"

Tyqf.a $ wehf.a iudc ðú;h n,.kajd Ôú;fha jeiqKq

fodrgq újr lr .ekSug WmldÍ jk njhs' ta jf.au

fyd| wOHdmkhla jvd fyd| iudc Ôú;hlg" iaÓr

idr /lshdjlg m%úYaGùug" uqo,a b;sßlsÍug" wkd.;h

ie,iqï lsÍug" fyd| újdyhlg yd mjq,a Ôú;hlg

w;aje,la fjk njhs' wfkla w;g l;=jßhka fokakd

;¾l lrkafka uQ,H wka;rlrKh ;=<skao mqoa.,fhl=f.a

Ôú;fhys fujeks idOkSh fjkialï we;sl< yels

njhs' ta jf.au iïm%odhslj iudcfha wvq ie,ls,sj,g

,lafjk fldgiaj," úfYaIfhka ldka;djkaf.a iy

oeßhkaf.a" Ôjk ;;a;ajh by< kexùug iy Tjqkg jvd

fyd| iudc ;;a;ajhla ,nd .ekSug wOHdmkh jf.au

uQ,H wka;¾lrKh;a bjy,a jk nj wfma l;=jßhka

fmkakd fokjd' lsishï flfkl=g iudc" ixialD;sl yd

foaYmd,k l%shdldrlïj, w¾:dkaú;j l%shd;aulùug

Tyq $ weh ,nk wOHdmkh bjy,afjkjd jf.au Tyq $

weh N=la;s ú¢k uQ,H fiajd myiqluq;a jvd w¾:dkaú;

iudc" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k l%shdldrlïj,g bjy,a

fjk njhs l;=jßhkaf.a woyi' uQ,H wka;¾lrKfha

jeo.;alu w¨;a úÈhlska fmkajd fok fï ,smsh yß wmQre

,shú,a,la'

miq.sh ojil fld<U § meje;ajqKq jD;a;Sh nexl=lrejkaf.a

ix.ufha 25 fjks ixj;airhg wdrdê; lÓlfhl= úÈhg

iyNd.S jqKq bka§h uy nexl=fõ ysgmq wêm;sjrhl= jk

iqNrdfjda uy;a;hd wmQre úia;rhla lsõjd' óg wjqreÿ

y;<sylg ú;r l,ska bkaÈhdkq mjq,la ÿjla §. fooa§

i,lmq m%Odk lreKla jqfka ukud,hdf.a mjq,g mdkSh

c, uQ,dY%hla ;sfhkjo lsh,¨' fudlo ke;skï ÿjf.

Ôú;h ÿlhs' j;=r fydhkak l<f.ä Wiaif.k wE;

;sfnk fmdÿ <sxj,g" .x.d we, fod<j,g hkak fjk

ksid' Th yefÜ ye;a;Efj oYlj, yskaÈ Ñ;%máj, chd

Ny¥ß yß wdYd mdfrla yß ,;d uxf.Iald¾f.a isxÿjl=;a

lshdf.k ms;a;, lf,a T¿j Wv ;shdf.k j;=r f.ak

o¾Yk kï yßu wdYsla' ta;a ta yskaÈ Ñ;%máfk' we;af;ka

u kï mjqf, Tlafldu wh tlg Ôj;afjk bkaÈhdkq

mjqf, whg j;=r wÈk fldg w¨;a f,a,sg msiaiq mSl=ÿ

fjkjd we;s'

ta wjqreÿ y;<sylg l,ska' wjqreÿ úiailg l,ska bkaÈhdkq

mjq,la ÿjla §. fooa § fyõfj ukud, uy;a;hdf.a

md¾Yajhg jeisls<shla ;sfhkjo lsh,¨' wms ta wxYfhka

iajhxfmdaIs; jqKdg yqÕla bkaÈhdkqjkag fm!oa.,sl

jeisls<shla lshkafk ;du;a lsishï iqfLdamfNda.S fohla'

jeisls<shla ;sfnk mjq,la lshkafka lsishï iudc

;;a;ajhla ;sfhk" fm!oa.,sl msßisÿlu i<lk mjq,la

ksid tfyu mjq,lg ÿj fok tl f,dl= fohla fjkak

we;s'

j¾;udkfha § bkaÈhdkq mjq,la nEKd flfkla fydhoa §

n,kafka nEKdg $ nEKdf.a mjqf,a whg nexl= .sKqula

;sfhkjo lsh,¨' ta nEKdf.a .sKqfu i,a,s lShla

;sfhkjo n,kak fkdfjhs' nEKdg nexl= lghq;= mqreÿo

lsh,d n,kak' jvd;a ksjerÈj lsõfjd;a nEKd uQ,H

wka;¾lrKhg yiqjqkq flfklao lsh,d n,kak' fudlo

tfyu nEKd flfkla ;uhs fyd| wkd.;hlg ie,iqï

iy.; .ukla hdú lsh,d úYajdi lrkak mq¿jka'

iqNrdfjda uy;a;hdf. fï l;dj uQ,H wka;rlrKfha

we;s wd¾Ól iudchSh jeo.;alu ms<sìUq lrk legm;la'

Th lshk úÈhg uQ,H wka;¾lrKh lshkafk

wOHdmkh ;rï m%;sM,odhl" mdkSh c, uQ,dY%hla ;rï

Wmfhda.S;djhla we;s" ksialdxiqfõ YÍr lD;Hh lsÍu

;rï w;HjYH fohla' talu ;uhs uQ,H wka;¾lrKh

uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislula fjkafk'

''' 32 msgqfjka

Tyq $ weh ,nk wOHdmkh bjy,afjkjd jf.au Tyq $

weh N=la;s ú¢k uQ,H fiajd myiqluq;a jvd w¾:dkaú;

iudc" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k l%shdldrlïj,g bjy,a

Th lshk úÈhg uQ,H wka;¾lrKh lshkafk

wOHdmkh ;rï m%;sM,odhl" mdkSh c, uQ,dY%hla ;rï

Wmfhda.S;djhla we;s" ksialdxiqfõ YÍr lD;Hh lsÍu

;rï w;HjYH fohla' talu ;uhs uQ,H wka;¾lrKh

uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislula fjkafk'

32 2013 iema - Tla

uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

úYaj m%ldYkh m%ldYhg m;afjkafk 1948 meßia kqjr

meje;ajqKq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd iuq¿fõ §' m<uqjeks

iy fojeks f,dal hqoaOj, § isÿjqKq uyd ñksia ixydr"

fï hqoaOj, § ,laI ixLHd; ñksiqka uqyqK ÿka wmuK

ÿla mSvd iy ysÜ,¾ hgf;a hqfoõjka ú¢ wm%udK l%Erlï

hkd§ isÿùï ;uhs ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ixjdohlg

f,dalh fhduq lf<a' t jeks w;S; jerÈ kej; isÿ

fkdfjkak .;a;= W;aidyhla úÈhg ;uhs ;udf.a iy

wfkldf.a whs;sjdislï fyj;a fmdÿ udkj whs;sjdislï

,sÅ; yd ffk;sl m%ldYkhla úÈhg 1948 § t<s oelajqfka'

ñksia whs;sjdislï jYfhka ye¢kafjkafka lsishï

;eke;af;l=g fyda ;eke;a;shlg fyda Wm;ska Wreu

jk" wysñ l< fkd yels whs;sjdislï iuqodhla' úYaj

m%ldYkfha mQ¾úldj mgka.kafka —ñksia mjqf,a ish¨u

idudðlhkaf.a iudk iy wkkHika;l whs;sjdislï

ms<s.ekSu iy Tjqkag wdfõ‚l f.!rjh flfrys

tlÕ ùu f,dal ksoyfia" hqla;sfha iy idufha uQ,sl

moku fõ˜ lsh,hs' m%ma;Ska 30 lska iukaú; úYaj

m%ldYkfha m<uqjeks m%ma;sh tkafka fufyuhs' —ish¨

ñksiqka Wm;skau ksoyia fõ' Tjqyq ish¨ f.!rjhkag yd

whs;sjdislïj,g iudkj ysñlï lsh;s'˜

udkj whs;sjdislï 1948 § tfyu f,aLk.; fjoa §

udkj b;sydih fkd lvjd .,d .shd' bka wk;=re j §

we;sjqKq úúO l;sld" wdrjq,a" ixjdo" u;jdo" Woaf>daIK"

kvq ;Skaÿ wd§ fulS fkdlS ldrKd ksid m%ma;sj,

i|yka udkj whs;sjdislïj,g kj wre;a" yev;,"

udk" mq¿,a újrK yd w¨;a w¾:l;k tl;= jqKd' fï

i|yd iudc úoHdhska" wfkl=;a lafIa;%j, úoHd¾Òka

ú;rla fkfjhs" fndfydu idudkH ñksiaiq;a odhl jqKd'

WodyrKhla lsõfjd;a udkj ysñlï úYaj m%ldYkfha

16 fjks m%ma;sh lshkafk újdy ùfï whs;sh ms<sn|j'

1948 fï whs;sjdislï j.ka;s .kajk fldg újdy ùfï

whs;sh lsõfõ ia;%shla yd mqreIfhla tlsfkld iu.

újdy ùfï whs;shg' ta j.ka;sh tfyïu ;sfhoaÈ wo

fjkfldg yqÕla rgj,a yd f,dalh mqrd ksoyia u;OdÍka

fïl w¾:.kajkafk ljr fyda mqoa.,hka fofofkl=f.a

újdyùfï whs;sh úÈhg' f,dalhla .sh ÿrlaæ

wd¾Ól úoHd úIfha § iDcqj l;dlrk ud;Dldj,g wod<

lreKq udkj ysñlï m%ldYkfha we;=<;a fjkafka 23"

24 iy 25 jekss m%ma;sj,' 23 iy 24 m%ma;sj, i|yka

fjkafka /lshdjla lsÍug yd ta iïnkaO ysñlï N=la;s

ú£ug flfkl=g we;s whs;sh' 25 jekss m%ma;sh wjOdrKh

lrkafk mqoa.,fhl=g lsishï Ôjk uÜgula mj;ajd.ekSfï

whs;sh' tys m<uqjeks j.ka;sh tkafk fufyuhs' —iEu

mqoa.,fhl=g u wdydr" we֕" ksjdi" fi!LH fiajd yd

wfkl=;a w;HjYH fiajd we;=<;a ;udf.a iy ish mjqf,a

idudðlhkaf.a fi!LHh iy iqNidOkh ;yjqre jk

Ôjk uÜgula mj;ajd .ekSfï uQ,sl whs;sh ysñfõ˜'

b;ska" ñksia whs;sjdislïj, i|yka jqK;a ke;;a fïjd

wd¾Ól úoHd úIh m:h ;=< idlÉPdjg Ndckh fjk

lreKqfk' uE; jljdkqfj b|ka wd¾Ól úoHdfhda

uQ,H wka;¾lrKh ^Financial Inclusion& uq,sl ñksia

whs;sjdislula úÈhg y÷kajkjd' we;af;kau kï" uQ,sl

ñksia whs;sjdislï 1948 ,shfjoa§ Th uQ,H wka;¾lrKh

lshk jpkh wd¾Ól úoHd idys;Hhg tl;=fj,d ke;sj;a

we;s' fï fjkafka wms l,ska l;d lrmq úÈhg 25 jeks

m%ma;shg w¨;a w¾:l;k" kj udk tl;=ùula'

uQ,H wka;¾lrKh lshk ne?reï jpkh wd¾Ól úoHdfõ

§ ks¾jpkh fjkafk fufyuhs' —uQ,H wka;¾lrKh

hkq È<skaoka o we;=¨ iudcfha ish¨ fokdg" l,g

fõ,djg iy oeßh yels ñ,lg" .=Kd;aul uQ,H fiajdjka

,nd.ekSfï yelshdjhs'˜ ;j;a f;areï lf<d;a uQ,H

wka;¾lrKh lshkafk rgl uQ,H fiajdjkaf.ka m%;s,dN

,eîfï whs;sh ÿmam;a - fmdfydi;a fNaohla ke;sj ish¨

fokdg u ysñúh hq;=h lshk tlhs' fï uQ,H fiajdjka

lshkafka nexl= .sKqula újD; lrkak" b;sß lsÍï lrkak"

nexl= Khla ,nd.kak iy uqo,a iïfma%IKh lrkak" ^ta

lshkafk lsishï flfkl=g uqo,a hjkak fyda lsishï

flfkl=f.ka uqo,a f.kajd .kak& jeks uQ,sl uQ,H

fiajdjkaghs' uQ,H wka;rlrKhg úreoaO jpkh uQ,H

nyS¾lrKh ^Financial Exclusion&' uQ,H nyS¾lrKh

lshkafk uQ,H fiajd myiqlï N=la;s ú£fï wjia:dj

wysñùu'

uQ,H wka;¾lrKh fldfyduo uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislula

fjkafk@ wd¾Ól úoHdfhd lshkafka ^udkj ysñlï

m%ldYkfha 26 fjks m%ma;sh olajk úÈhg& fndfyduhla

ÿmam;a ñksiaiqkag lsishï Ôjk uÜgula mj;ajd.kak

kï uQ,H wka;¾lrKh w;HjYH fldkafoaishla lsh,hs'

hdka;ug iajhx /lshdjla lrf.k Ôúf;a .eg.y.kak

mjq,lg ;j wähla biairyg ;shkak wjYH uQ,H

WmfoaYk fiajdjla" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla ,nmq ;reKhl=g

/lshdjla mgka.kak wjYH wdïmkak ál .kak fmdä

nexl= Khla" Èkm;d wdodhï ,nk riaidjla lrk wïud

flfkl=g orejkaf. yÈiaishlg .kak Èkm;d mqxÑ

uqo,la b;=re lsÍfï myiqlula jf.a wkka;j;a wjia:dj,

§ yßyuka uQ,H fiajdjl /ljrKh ;shkjd kï ÿmam;a

ñksiaiqkaf. Ôú;j,g hQ g¾ka tlla .kak mq¿jka' u;lo

wfma rfÜ hqoaO ;snqKq ldf,' msgrg bkak kEisfhla

tjk uqo,a weKjqula udre lr.kak W;=fr ñksiaiqkag

f,dl= wjodkula wrf.k fld<Ug tkak jqKd' uQ,H

nyS¾lrKhg óg jvd fyd| ;j;a WodyrKhla ke;sj

we;s' uQ,H wka;¾lrKh ke;s fldg msysgg tkafk .fï

fmd,SS uqo,d,s' thdf. ueÈy;aùfuka isoaO fjkafka ÿmam;a

ñksiaiqkaf. Ôú; ;j jghlska wdmiaig hk tl'

wy, ;sfhkjo fudfyduâ hQkqia uy;a;hd .ek'

nx.a,dfoaYfha ÿmam;=ka fjkqfjka úfYaIfhka ÿmam;a

ldka;djka fjkqfjka nexl= fiajhla mgkaf.k ta

ñksiaiqkaf. Ôú; fjkia lrkakg l< odhl;ajh

fjkqfjka iy oßø;dj ke;slsÍfï wúhla úÈhg uQ,H

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31 msgqjg'''