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Ismet Inonu had intended to remain Kemalist principles.

Remain: Srdrmektitle: nvan

Inonu after he took title of "unchangeble national leader" he became national leader of Turkey.

smet nn as National leader(milli ef):

Atatrk the eternal party chairman, while nn was made permanent party chairman. The termmilli ef(national leader), which from time to time had been used for Atatrk in the 1930s, now becomeinns official title.

For a few months nn kept Bayar as prime minister, but on 25 january 1939 the latter handed in hisresignation. The main reason the basic difference of opinion between the president and the primeminister over economic policies.

Celal Bayar was succeeded by Dr.refik saydam who served as prime minister until his death in july1942. He in turn was succeeded by the foreign minister, kr Saraolu, who remained in power until1945.

Fascist regim and Kemalist regime similarty and difference:

Similarities: 1. The extreme nationalism2. Social and culturel scene3. Attendant development of a legitimizing historical mythology and racist rhetoric.4. National unity and solidarity

Differences: 1. The lack of militarist rhetoric2. Expansionist propaganda.3. Policies in the turkish case the cautous.4. Defensive and realistic policies of turkeys leaders.5. Turkish regime didnt want to mobilize all people for achieving their goal.

6. Fascism was population in italy. New regime in turkey imposed their policies fromalove on an indifferent population.

Friction between in the leadership

Between 1925 and 1937, friction were rising up between president Mustafa Kemal and prime ministerIsmet Pasa. Mustafa Kemal desisted from assembly and he was away form the active politica life. (halfretired). He didnt give up the politic totally also steped in the assembly issues. For instance; MustafaKemal enforced to resignation of deputy of cabinet and this was one of the reason why frictionhappened between Mustafa Kemal and Ismet Pasa

In 1937, Mustafa Kemal wanted the resignation of Ismet and Ismet accepted. Celal Bayar replaced wihtIsmet Inonu

desist: ekilmekHalf retired: Yar emeklestep in: karmak, mdahele etme

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resignation: istifadeputy: milletvekilifriction: srtme

Kemalist Message

Basic prinsibles of Kemalist message were published in 1931 in party doctirine of CH party

Party doctirine: Parti ilkeleriMessage: BildiriPublished: Yaynlanmakrepublicanism: cumhuriyetiliksecularism: laikilikrevolutionism : inklaplkdeduct: karmakPublic sphere: Kamu alan

Those are; republicanism, secularizm, statism, nationalism, revolutionism, populism

Secularism wasnt just defined as separation of state issues and religion it also meant deducted thereligion from public sphereand set the state control over religous institutions.

creating historical legends, setting a new national identity...nationalism was used as fundemental reasonfor these.

republicanism was the basic prinsible since 1931, in this time, any move which purpose bringing backthe sultanate system was being perceieved as illegal movement.

being perceieved: alglanmakpurpose: amalamaksolidarity: dayanmameant to be: anlam olmak idiprefer: stn tutmakPermanent: srekliVariation: deiimupperhand: stnlk

Popilisim was meant to be; the national solidarity and also all citizens interests were prefered than anyother interest

Revolationalism was meant to be; the permanent variation and supported kemalist reform program

Statism; as a new defination, as economical position the state was the upperhand

Those six prinsibles was entered to constitution in 1937. Kemalism states ideology was entered asindoctrination to schools, military, media. Even, kemalism sometimes was definited as Turkish religion.

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Lusanne Treaty

The peace treaty of Lausanne

Turkish side had wanted to take the place of treaty to Turkey but Britian, France, Greece and italy wereaganist that. Because, if the place of treaty had in Turkey, Mustafa Kemal would be lead to the Turkish

Side. As a result, Lausanne was chosen as place of treaty. Britian, France, Greece and Italy invited twodelegate, from Ankara and stanbul. So, Last Sadrazam send the telegram to Ankara and he wanted;Ankara and stanbul join together the delegate. Ankara didnt tolarate that idea, and soon, and that bringabout abolishing the sultanate.

Ankara send Ismet Pasha to Lausanne as head of the delegate.

There were tree main topic at discussion; Problem of military and territory, problem of minotry andproblem of economy.

Two side hadnt deal on any case for two month and these topics would be discussed later. Delgates hadturn back to their home. A strong nationalist movement started in Ankara after that. Lots of people wereaganist smet for concessions. Ankara did edit on treaty text one hundred paper more. So, in march,negotiatons had started again.

war debt: sava tazminatvazgemek: abandonKapitlasyon: capitulationsdn: concessionsreward: KarlkIntrusion: hlalNegotiatons: GrmeMisak- milli: National PactLeage of nations: Milletler cemiyetiAegan: EgeStrait: BoazaCouncil: KonsilGarrison: GarnizonAbandon: Vaz gemekDifferentiate: Fark gzetmekNationality: Milliyetminotry: aznlk

Brt, Fra, Greek, Italy wanted some judical and econmical concessions as a reward for abolishing thecapitulations. Turkish goverment refused all intrusion about Turkish sovereignty in Turkey.

n july, 24, treaty was signed

Mosul remained part of Iraq while wait the Leage of nations's decaded...Iskenderun remained at Syria of FranceAegan islands were given to Greek and Italy except Imroz and BozcaadaArmenian and Kurdistan didn't get through at treatyStrait's terrotiries were given to a counsil which Turk was leadining and that terrotory would disarm

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except of one garrisonCapitulations was abolished but Turkey accapted all concessions which given the foreignsForeigns worked to set a system over Turkish's judiciary but they werent succesed. So, Everybody inTurkey binded to Turkish Judiciary. Just one concession was given to foreigners about foreign viewerin Turkish courtFrom all war debt demands was abandoned

Turkey wouldn't differentiate about any religions, nationalisty within own all citizens and protect themNo states would check the control of minorty in Turkey

And then, invasions had turned back their home

One Party System

Since 1925 the regime was one party system and there was despotism in Turkey. With "takrir-i skn",opposing was overed. Takirir-i skn prevailed until 1929. Cumhuriyet Halk Party set one party regimein Turkey and in 1931 officially one party regime was accepted by Cumhuriyet Halk Party.

regime: ynetim biimitotalitarian: totaliterOpposing: muhalafetprevail: yrrlkte olmakofficially: Resmenkabul edilmek: be acceptedBanish: Srgn etmek (fiil)react: tepki vermekPromoted: ArtrmakParliament: Parlementoperfunctorily: formalite icablegitimizing: merulatrmaDeputy: MilletvekiliSuffrage: Oy hakk

In 1930, except the exprement of oppising party, until WW II, no any legal oppising party come true.As for oppising groups of underground, they had no effect. A big revolt happened in Dersim. Thisrevolt suppressed so hardly lots of Kurdish people were banished. According to 1924 constutiton,TBMM had the all formal sovereignty in Turkey. In 1924, Leader of Cumhuriyet Halk Party reacted tothe invantion of opposing party and they promoted the dicipline of Cumhuriyet Halk Party.

In March 1925, all results of the election were knowing before the election in parliament becauseeverything was in hand of Cumhuriyet Halk Party. In one party regime, the voting was such asperfunctorily. The function of assembly group was just confirm the decisions of cabinet andlegitimizing them.

Despite of CH party has all small organizations in Turkey the main power was shared between deputy,primeminister, president and the cabinet. The state and party were closely related each other. Electionswere done every four years but they were just perfunctorily. Even if someone was effective in the partyit was not important because suffrage of people didnt matter.

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Reforms and Executions

After Mustafa Kemal had the control of political world he started a big period of reform program. Thegoverment was true to radical change which based on secularism and reforms. During the reformmovement some nationalist actions were aganist small nations which were armanians and kurdish

nation were supressed cruetly. From this perspective we can see that the Turkish goverment used thedemocratic idea as symbolic reason to survive and keep nations remain

radical: kktencruetly: acmaszcaSecularization: laikletirmeModernize: Modernletirmereplaced with: yerini almakreconstitute: yeniden yaplandrmadegree: rtbepolygamy: ok eililik

Kemalist reforms aimed to secularization and modernize the nation.

Tekkes and zaviyes were shutted down.Fes was forbidden and it replaced with hat thus reforms took big reaction from the citizens. Turkishpeople was seeing the hat hristianic symbol and didnt want it. Thats why, The Independence Courtsstarted to use own power. According with "takrir-i skun" 7500 person were arrested and 600 personwas executed.

In 1926, calender of europe, civil law of Sweden and criminal law of Italia were taking from. System ofBank were reconstituted also all kinds of degrees were abolished except of degree of military.

Family law was secularized, polygamy and religious marriage were forbidden

Seyh Said

Kurdish Nationalism was a new movement in East of Turkey. Kurdish people divided as tribe. In 1908,one community was established which called "Kurd teavun and terakki community"

Community: CemiyetSocial: ToplumsalDeportation: SrgnIndenpendence: BamszlkRevolt: AyaklanmaSupress: BastrmakAutonomuous: zerklikPromise: SzCommittee: KomiteStand out. Dikkat ekmek

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Awareness: BilinBlockade: KuatmakDeclare: lan etmekMarital law: Sk ynetimIntroduce law: Kanun karmakTraitor: Vatan Haini

Public policy: Kamu dzenibe valid: Geerli olmakMeanwhile: Bu sradaIndependence court: stiklal Mahkemesiarrested: yakalandExecution: idamignore: yok saylmaksuggesiton: nermekmerely: YalnzcaGendarme: Jandarmarebels: isyanclar

In 1912, one group which called "hevi(hope)" was established by some student group.

Kurdish people were gaining power since deportation of armenian people in East of Turkey. In 1918,Kurdistan teali community was established. This group was including kurmanci, zaza, alevi and sunnigroups. While the independence war,the most big revolt of Kurds was Dersim revolt but it wassupressed easily. With Sevr treaty, despite given the autonomuous, Kurds people supported theindependence war with Turkish. But at treaty of lausanne, no state talked about Kurds and there was apromise which was given by Ataturk about autonomuous for Kurds but that promise was forgotten. In1924, group of Azadi was established by a committee. In this committe, one person stand out, his namewas Seyh Said. Seyh Said depended on Naksibendi which is a religion group in Turkey. Islam wasintergration fact between Turkish and Kurds. With abolish of sultanate, this fact destroyed. In this time,Turkish sovereignty was working for a national awareness so education of language to Kurdish wasforbidden and Kurd landlord was send to west of Turkey. In februray 1925, first clash happenedbetween gendarme and Kurdish rebels. Leaders of Kurdish groups wanted a free Kurdistan but Kurdishpeople wanted to sultanate again. And there were other seperation between Kurd's group such as Alevi-Sunni.

So, rebels had blockaded Diyarbakr but they didnt take Diyarbakr. They gained merely Elazig but justfor short time. After that, Ankara declared a marital law in east of Turkey and introduced law, "hiyanetivataniye" and with that, who use religion for politics aim, he is traitor from now.

Meanwhile, Ismet pasha returned back to ankara and he became prime minister. He introduce lawwhich called "takrir-i skn". Thus goverment could be forbid media and other organization, if theyhad started mess the public policy. This law be valid the during next two year. This law be valid in allcountry.

And then, two independence courts were build. One court in east and other court for other places inTurkey.

So Kurdish rebels started to step back to mountain. In 27 April, Seyh Said arrested. That meant, end ofrevolt. And then, rebels were executed in independence courts, more 20.000 kurdish was send as

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deportation. Thus, Kurdish ID ignored. Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet party was closed becauseindependence court suggested that. The reason of closing was that Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet party;supported to revolt.

Turkey in 1923

After ten years of war, population was declined and country was destroyed. Number of death was risingup in Anatolia. Some incidents in east of Turkey inspired to deportation and destruction of Armenianpeople.

inspire: sebep olmakdeportation: srgnat the rate of: oranndainfrastructure: altyap tesislerifamine: ktlkmigration: Glkfolk: halkrailway: demiryoluShortage: Eksiklik

Escaping army of Greece gived the big destuction the west of Turkey. 2.5 million anatolian muslim aswell as 600 thousand armenian and 300 thousand greek died. Anatolian population declined 20 percent.Especially, people who was living in east of Turkey declined at the rate of 50 percent. War destroyedthe infrastructures and big famine happened and it inspired the illnes.

Lot of migration happened. Like Armenian who migrated to ABD, France and also armenian. Just twobig folk were left in Anatolia; Kurdish and Turkish.

Most of Cristians communities left anatolia.

As economically, the most big destruction happened in Istanbul by the way west of Turkey. Lots ofhouse, railway and bridges were destroyed. Izmir were burned. After migration armenians there was ahuge shortage of experts in industry world.

Ottamans has debt to Germany who was defeated in war thats why debt didnt give to Germany becauseOttomons and Germany was ally

All the money what Ottomons empire has that during the war were paid in the following years.

WW II and Turkey

End of 1930, the most anxiety of Turkish leaders was the possibility of Italian attack. In 1939 Italiainvased to Albania that's why Turkey, France and England was closed to each other.

anxiety: endieinvasion: igal

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negotiations: grmeThreat: Tehlikeclause: maddeMan power: insan gcunprepared: hazrlanmamPress bask

Enemy: dmanLand: nmeknoncommittal: tarafszlkConquest: fetihwage warcharter member: Kurucu yeJust to be: Sadece olmakunstable: tutarsz

In 1939, mutual support treaty was signed between, TR, fra, eng. Turkey took 16 milion sterlin goldand 25 milion sterlin credit and also Turkey was able to protect himself from any war with Soviets.Treaty included clause which was Turkey had to cooperate with england and france in any war in whitesea. When France was defated, clause in mutual support treaty between Tr, Fra and England whichabout avoid to war for Turkey, Turkey was using this own all politic power to avoid from war.

England tried to enter Turkey to the war because Turkey had big man power but Turkey didnt want thatand England accepted that will.

War was coming through Turkey's boarders. After Germany invasion on Soviets, in the same timeTurkey had signed friendship treaty with Germany.

Afteryears, Turkey with showing its unpreparedly to England as reason.

After invasion on Soviet of Germany, Germans press was getting rise up. Germans was seeing Turkeymore than man power. Now, Turkey meant; military power and base for ally of Germany.

Germany didnt want that any plane of the enemy land to Turkey. If this happens than Germany wasable to go on war aganist Turkey.

The dominant powers of the war were England, France and Soviets and they were threat if Turkey keepon with its noncommittal behovier then after the WW 2 the red army and Lenin would attack Turkey.That's why Turkey entered to England, France and Soviets but Turkey's will was that a big conquests inBalkan but Stalin didnt want that because he didnt want US and England soldiers in Balkan.

Turkey waged war to Germany just to be charter member of UN but Turkey and Germany have neverentered to clash. t was just symbolic decision.

Evet though other countries were thinking that Turkey had an unstable role but politicans of Turkeyassumed Turkey could effectively keep itself away from the war.

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