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8/10/2019 Isitivanje Brana
1/20
SADRAJ:
1. UVOD...........................................................................................................................2-5
2. MEHANIKE I OPTIKE METODE ISPITIVANJA.............................................5-11
3. ELEKTRINE I ELEKTRO AKUSTINE METODE ISPITIVANJA...............11-14
4. ELEKTRINI INSTRUMENTI ZA MJERENJE DEFORMACIJA, POMAKA INAPREZANJA U STIJENI.........................................................................................14-15
5. EOFIZIKE METODE ISPITIVANJA................................................................15-1!
!. SPECIJALNE FIZIKE METODE ISPITIVANJA.....................................................1!
". METEOROLO#KA I DRUA MJERENJA................................................................1!
$. EODETSKE METODE ISPITIVANJA................................................................1!-1$
%. ZAKLJUAK................................................................................................................1$
1&. IZVORI I LITERATURA............................................................................................1%
1
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1. UVOD
Brana'( )*+(/+ 0)/+ 0*( *+ 0**/) 6 7'(/ 8)*+(/) + 9+9*:7 + 9( 0*;/+ *+8/+ ( 8/ ;*+/( )/(. T 9( 08+/'( */( (/(*)'( 6 8+ /++0+/'( 09*; 7 (=: 0*>'+. U 06+//97 0?7+ ;'?+7+ ;*+/( 96@( 8+>*/) *+.
Slika 1 Brana Daniel-Johnson, Quebec, Kanada,je raslanjena brana sa lukovima
V*9( ;*+/+ 0*(7+ /+>/ 90*9+6'+/'+ 6+ ( 9 Gravitacione brane 9 7+9/(, +/+9 0*((@/ ;(/9( ;*+/(, '( 9(
'(6+/' +/'9: 96+ 90*9+6'+' 96'> 9'7 (@/7. O+6( 7 6+8 /+8. O 0**+8*(/( +@/9 : ;*+/+ '( 9+;6/9, '+ 9(+/+68*+ + *) '(6+.
Slika 2 Gravacijska brana Klinje (1!"#$od%
2
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Lune brane/+8+' 9( ;*+/( >' '( 6>/ 0*(9'( *6/'9) ;6+, ;66+. O0(*(=(/'( 0*(/9( )6+/7 /+ ;(. S)*/9 9+;6/9/9*?'( 9 B8> 7(:+/>7 +*+(*9+7+ 7+(*'+6+ /9*?' /99 (7(6'+. O/( 9 (/7>/'( )*++?/:, ;*@( 9()*+(, +6 8+:'(+' ;6'( '(( B/*+/'+.
Slika & Brana 'ola, rancuska
Ralanjene brane 9( 9+9'( / 9 90 6 00*( /+ '(9( 96+/'+' 06>( 6 9. S+ 90+ 7*+ + 0*(/9 /+ 6 0(*(=(/'( '(/)06'+. I('+ '( 9 ( 96/'(/( /+ 00*( 6 /*+B*(
6 96/'(/ /+ 00*( 6 /*+B*(
3
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Slika ) Brana Khajoo, *ran
P 90+/'(7 ;*+/+ 0*+87'(+ 9( 90 9: 7'(*+/'+ 0+@+/'+ '+ 96@( + 9(* ?'(/ 0/+/ 7'(*(/'( (6>/+ '( 0*(9+6'+' 096'(?( >/(07+?, (B*7+?'(, /+0*(8+/'+
3. #re$u !ru"u>/ //+6/+ /*6+ B8> 7(:+/>: :(7'9: 9;/+7+(*'+6+ ': '( 8)*+(/+ /9*?'+, 6+ 9'(/( (7(6'7+, + :(7'9 - ;6
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2. (*%A3456* 4 O#456* (*#OD* 4S4#4VA3JA
M(:+/>( 0>( 7(( ;:++' 7'(*(/'+ 9+ *(/7 >+/'(7 *'(/907++, (B*7+?'+ 8)/+ /+ 0*90+>/7 +>+7+. I/9*7(/ 8+ + 7'(*(/'+ 9
9+6/7 9+*7+ 9+ 997.
6lino0etar /na!ibo0jer'( 0*'(/9/ /9*7(/ ' 96@ 8+ 0*(?8/ 7'(*(/'( /:0*7'(/+ /+);+ (*+6/' *+/, + 8+9/+ 9( /+ '+ 9'(6'' 6;(6 >'7 9(/+);7+ 0*+6'+ 07= 7*7(*'9) '+. P9+6'+ 9( /+ >*9 8+/( B9/(;+8(, 0'(/+>/ 6 ;6 6+/?+. M'(*(/'+ 9( 8( /+ 0*90+>/7 +>+7+ ;*+/(,/+ */ 09(;/7 /*6/7 )+6(*'+7+, + 00/'' 9( 7'(*(/'7+ +6/(+*7 */+/7 97.
Slika + rijenosni klinomear sa .rodu/nom ba0om i le/ajevima
De-or0etar 96@ 8+ 7'(*(/'( (B*7+?'+ *(6+/: 07++ 87( + '(/+7(+6/+ *+'/ )*+(/+ 6(@+'+, (*+6/' 6 :*8/+6/' *+/. T7 0*'(/9/7/9*7(/7 7) 9( 7'(* 6+6/( 0'(/+>/( 6 )*0/( (B*7+?'( 8@+;*+/) 0*+?+ /+ ;*+/.
Slika " rijenosni deormear
P9*(97 76+ (6+9>/9 ;(/+ 7) 9( 8*+>/+ *'(/9 0*
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Slika 7.iki koordimear
Slika ! Koordinani visak i koordimear
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R+'+6/ 07+ */ 87'(*(/ *7(*7 /+/ (=() ;*'+ 7'(*(/'+ 7@( 9(09+ 7+(7+>7 8*+87
d 8 9 B : ; = + +
)'( '(G- (70(*+*+
- ;/+ (A, , C- /9+/(
U 096'(/'7 )/+7+ 9( 90 (7(6'/(06:(, ' *(;+ *( 0**+>/7, *9 9( obrnuti 'oor&inatni vi,a'.
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Slito0etar. T*+/96+*/ 07+? /*6*+/( +>( 9'(/9' 7+9, 90 (7(6'/(06:( 0 */++7+ , , Z, /9 /+ 9+'+6 '(6 ;*+/( *+?'+/*6*+/( +>( , 7'(*( 9( 07= *7(*+, 6/7(*+ 9*(/( >(6>/(?'(. S9+ '( 08/+ 0 /+87 967(+* (7(6'/+ 06)+.
Slika 11 Sliomear
K6/7(+* +'( 0*7'(/( /+);+, /9/ *+?' +>( 9*/ 8;( 90*( 9+ */+/7 97 '(7(/' /86 6>/: ;*+/+.
#e0eljne 8ice i vr"ce. O+' 99+ 8+ 7'(*(/'( 9+9' 9( /+*9( @?( 6 *0?(8+()/( 87( +>( /+ / ;++/'( *(6+/: 07++ 9+ +>/
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Slika 12 >emeljna vr.ca ? @una brana Granarevoa% mjerno mjeso, b% mjerni ureAaj
De-or0iraju$a cijev 96@ 8+ /*6 *+//( 97?+/'+. T '( 09(;/ 8*+(/+9+6'+ >(6>/+ ?'( '7 9( ;6+@( (*+6/+ ;
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9.*L*6#R453* 4 *L*6#RO 7 A6US#453* (*#OD*4S4#4VA3JA
I/9*7(/ ' 9( 8+9/+' /+ 7 0*/?07+ *9( 9( 8+ 7'(*(/'+ /+ /(0*90+>/7+>+7+, 9+ +6'/97 0*'(/97 87'(*(/: *'(/9 (70(*+*(, (B*7+?'+,
07++, /+0*(8+/'+ 8)/+.
*le'trini ter0o0etri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(6(*+9>/: (/87(+*+, ' 9( 8+9/+' /+ 0*/?0 0*7'(/( B*((/?'(;**+'=( @?( 96'( 0(*(=(/'+ ' 06>+, ': '( '(/+ (B*7+;6/+ + *)+*+. T(/87(* 7) ; 8*+(/ /+ 0*/?0 0*7'(/( 79) 6 0(87(*'9)0*+ /+ ;+8 +*?/) *9+6+, + 7) ; 6'/ 9+ (6(*+9>/7 7+/7(*7.T+(* 7) ; (6(*/9.
Slika 1) lekroakusini en0omear 0a beon,8% krua elina .loa, B% verikalna vibriraju=a /ica ,% elekroma$ne
*le'trini 0ano0etri 96@( 8+ 7'(*(/'( 6++ (, 0*/) 6++ 8)/+ /+/(0*90+>/7 +>+7+ :*(:/>( )*+(/(.
Slika 1+ lekrini manomear
*le'trini &ilato0etar 96@ 8+ /*6 *++ 90'/?( +*+/'(, 8++*+/'(, 97?+/'(.E6(*>/ 6+7(+* 7@( ; /+ 0*/?0 0*7'(/( B*((/?'( 0*+.
12
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. *L*6#R4534 43S#RU(*3#4 ;A (J*R*3J* D*
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>. G*O
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?. S*=4JAL3* ( /+ 9)*/9 9+;6/9 :*(:/>( )*+(/(. Z+ 90+/'( (6+9>/:
9;/+ ;*9) 7+9+, *(7(( 90+/'+.I90+/'( (6+9>/: 9;/+ ;(/+ )*+(/) '(6 ;*+/( '( 9+* /*6+909;/9 + 9( (B*7*+. M6 (6+9>/9 96@ 8+ 0**+>/ /*6 /+0*(8+/'+09*(97 87'(*(/: (B*7+?'+ ;*+/.I90+/'+ ;(/+ /+ 8)*+(/7 ;*+/+7+ 0+8+6+ 9 + 9+ 9+*/ ))0(*+ /(6 )/+. O0++/'( 76+ (6+9>/9 ;'+/7 *(6++ 9+*(/'( ;*+/(.Dinamiki modul elastinosti ;*+/ 7@( 9( /*6*+ 7 *(7(/+ /+7>7
7069/7 7(+7+.S/>( 7(( 90+/'+, + 7096/( /+7>( 7((, +/+9 7)='0*7'(/ 70'(*8*+/( 7)*+B'( /(*0*(+?' *(86++ 90+/'+.
@. (*#*OROLO6A 4 DRUGA (J*R*3JA
T+ 7'(*(/'+ ;:++' *()9*+?' 9: 0+++ ' 9 /(0:/ 8+ /(*0*(+?'*(86++ 90+/'+ + /: (79'+ '(6 ;*+/( (7(6'7+. Z 0*+ (B*7+?' 0*>' 67+.
. G*OD*#S6* (*#OD* 4S4#4VA3JA
((97 7(+7+ 90+/'+ *(' 9( 0*9*/( 08?'( /*6/: +>++ /+;*+/, /+ (*(/ /8/ 8/ 0*()*+/) 0*B6+, /9/ ;6@' +6''6/ ;*+/(.((9( 7(( 90+/'+ 8( 9( 0*'( )*+(/9) 8+:++, )*+/'( */ *((/7
*(7(/97 /(*+67+ *((/: *+8/+ ( +76+?'.H*8/+6/+ 08?'+ /*6/: +>++ *('( 9( trigonometrijskim presjecanjemnaprijed ili metodom aliniranja. V9/9( *+86( *(' 9(preciznim geometrijskimnivelmanom ili trigonometrijskim nivelmanom /+ +>+7+ /(0*90+>/7 8+)(7(*'9 /(6*+/'(.
1!
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P*'(+ ;*+/( 7*+ ;:++ 0*'(+ 6+6/( 7**)/7(*'9( 7*(@(. F9/+;+8+ 7**)/7(*'9( 7*(@(, +6( 9( 0+@+' /*6/( +>( /+ ;*+/, 7*+ ;(8+/+ 8+ *'(/+?'9( +>( 7**)/7(*'(9( 7*(@(.
Slika 2< # iksna ba0a mikrori$onomerijske mre/e i ra0lika o.a/anja
1"
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C. ;A6LJU5A6
R/ 8+
90'(: (:/>) 8+:++. I90+/'( : :*(:/>: )*+(/+ (906++?' 7*+; 09(=(/+ 7+97+6/+ 08*/9 9 ;*+8+/: 90(?'+69+, '(* '( '(/0*'(*++/'( *(86++ 9*+@+/'+, 0*'(/) *'(+*7 9( 0*+87'(+ 96@;+90+/'+.
1$
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1. 4;VOR4:
:0:*.0(+.*)*+/+:0:*.0(+.*)V*9(;*+/+0*(7+9/
L4#*RA#URA:
1. HIDROTEHNIKE RAEVINE, /')+ 1? ro# dr# ear Soji=,di.l# in$# $raA#, S.li 1!!3# $od#
2. ISPITIVANJE KONSTRUKCIJA? 5adoje Cukoi=, Beo$rad 1!!#$od#
1%
http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/Vrste_brana_prema_visinihttp://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branahttp://hr.wikipedia.org/Vrste_brana_prema_visini8/10/2019 Isitivanje Brana
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