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8/6/2019 ismail kaskc
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E L E K T R K M H E N D S L
r e t i m , l e t i m v e D a t m
P r o f . D r . s m a i l K a k
1 E y l l 2 0 1 0
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2
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B l m 1
K s a D e v r e A k m H e s a p l a r
1 . 1 G i r i
B u b l m d e o k k s a o l a r a k k s a d e v r e a k m t e o r i k o l a r a k a n l a t l a c a k t r .
A y r n t l a r i i n k a y n a k t a v e r i l e n k i t a b a b a k n z .
l e t m e v e k o r u m a c i k a z l a r n n s e i m i v e b o y u t l a n d r l m a s i i n k s a d e v r e
h e s a p l a r n n y a p l m a s I E C 6 0 9 0 9 a g r e z o r u n l u d u r . E l e k t r i k t e s i s l e r i n d e
o r t a y a k a n k s a d e v r e a k m l a r i s t e n m e y e n o l a y l a r d r .
l e t m e c i h a z l a r n , c a n v e m a l n e m l i d e r e c e d e e t k i l e r v e b o z a r . E l e k t r i k
t e s i s l e r i , k s a d e v r e s r a s n d a t e r m i k v e d i n a m i k z o r l a n m a l a r a k a r d a y a n -
a b i l e c e k b i i m d e t a s a r l a n m a s n d a f a z l b a s l a n k s a d e v r e a k m o l d u k a
n e m l i d i r .
K s a d e v r e n o k t a s n d a d e v r e n i n e d e e r g e r i l i m k a y n a y n t e m i u y g u -
l a n r . B u y n t e m , a k t e l i l e t m e k o n u m u n d a n v e g e l e c e k t e k i y k a k s n -
d a n b a m s z o l d u u n d a n , h e s a b k o l a y l a t r r . E l e k t r i k i l e t m e c i h a z l a r n n
b y k l h e s a p l a r d a k u l l a n l r v e t m e b e k e b e s l e m e l e r i , j e n e r a t r l e r v e
m o t o r l a r i r e a k t a n s l a r n d a n s o n r a k s a d e v r e e d i l m i k a b u l e d i l i r . B u n e -
d e n l e e d e e r g e r i l i m k a y n a e b e k e d e k i t e k g e r i l i m d i r .
O l a s e n b y k k s a d e v r e a k m i l e t m e e k i p m a n n n s e i m i i i n v e e n
k k k s a d e v r e a k m k o r u m a n l e m l e r i A m a i l e k o r u m a v e t e r m i k m a n y e t i k
k e s i c i l e r d e e b e k e k o r u m a s n n a y a r i i n b a z a l n r . k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e
a k m n d a n b a k a t m d i e r k s a d e v r e a k m l a r s i m e t r i k b i l e e n l e r y a r d m
i l e h e s a p l a n r .
K s a d e v r e a k m l a r n n o r t a y a k m a s o k y n l d r :
1 . Y a l t k a n l n b o z u l m a s
3
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1 . 1 . G I R I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
2 . l e t m e c i h a z l a r n n k s a d e v r e d e n d o l a y m e k a n i k o l a r a k z o r l a n m a l a r
3 . T e k n i k p e r s o n e l i n v e i n s a n l a r n y a n l u y g u l a m a l a r
4 . H a t a l t e s i s k u r m a
5 . T e s i s l e r i n v e h a v a h a t l a r n n , i s o l a t o r l a r n k i r l e n m e s i
o l a r a k s a y a b i l i r i z .
K s a d e v r e a k m l a r n n h e s a p l a n m a s i i n u n o k t a l a r k a b u l e d i l i r :
1 . G e i d i r e n l e r i s f r d r .
2 . l e t m e a k m l a r d i k k a t e a l n m a z .
3 . A G e l e k t r i k t e s i s l e r i n d e k s a d e v r e j e n e r a t r d e n u z a k t a d r .
4
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 2 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M E I T L E R I
1 . 2 K s a d e v r e a k m e i t l e r i
E l e k t r i k t e s i s l e r i n d e o r t a y a k a n k s a d e v r e a k m l a r e k i l ? ? d e g s t e r -
i l m i t i r . K s a d e v r e i k i v e y a d a h a o k i l e t k e n b l m a r a s n d a e l e k t r i k s e l
p o t a n s i y e l f a r k n e i t l e m e k v e y a s f r a y a k l a t r m a k i i n z o r l a y a n b u i l e t k e n
b l m l e r a r a s n d a k i m a k s a t l v e y a m a k s a t l o l m a y a n i l e t k e n b i r y o l d u r . k i
t a n m n e m l i d i r .
F a z - F a z k s a d e v r e s i : T o p r a k b a l a n t l v e y a b a l a n t s z i k i v e y a d a h a f a z l a
f a z a r a s n d a k i m a k s a t l v e y a m a k s a t l o l m a y a n i l e t k e n y o l .
F a z - T o p r a k k s a d e v r e s i : N t r d o r u d a n v e y a e m p e d a n s z e r i n d e n t o p r a k l
s i s t e m d e , f a z i l e y e r e l t o p r a k a r a s n d a k i m a k s a t l v e y a m a k s a t l o l m a y a n
i l e t k e n y o l .
L2
L3
L1
Toprak
C
L2
L3
L1
Toprak
1 2
34 5
6E
IE
CE CE
e k i l 1 . 1 : K s a d e v r e a k m l a r
1 ) 3 k u t u p l u 2 ) 2 k u t u p l u 3 ) i f t k u t u p l u t o p r a k h a t a s 4 ) 1 k u t u p l u t o p r a k
h a t a s 4 ) 5 ) t o p r a k - t o p r a k h a t a s , 6 ) y a l t k a n s i s t e m d e t e k k u t u p l u t o p r a k
h a t a s ( N o t : f a z y e r i n e a n a d i l e t k e n t a n m k u l l a n l m a l d r )
5
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1 . 3 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
1 . 3 K s a d e v r e a k m l a r n n i n c e l e n m e s i
K s a d e v r e a k m n n b i l e e n l e r i n i h e s a p l a m a k i i n k s a d e v r e n i n b a l a n g c n -
d a k i g e r i l i m i n a n d e e r i n e t e k a b l e d e n , k s a d e v r e n i n b a l a m a s n d a n s o n a
e r m e s i n e k a d a r k s a d e v r e y e r i n d e k i a k m l a r z a m a n n b i r f o n k s i y o n u o l a r a k
e k i l ? ? d e g s t e r i d i i g i b i b i r R - L d e v r e s i i l e a k l a y a l m .
t=0
w
0
k
u
Y
u
tw
Y tw
ki
i
LR
~
t=0
u
e k i l 1 . 2 : K s a d e v r e e d e e r e m a s , a k m v e g e r i l i m e r i l e r i
u = u sin(t + ) ( 1 . 1 )
R ik + L dikdt
= u sin(t + ) ( 1 . 2 )
6
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 3 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I
DC =LR
( 1 . 3 )
iDC = IDCA et
DC( 1 . 4 )
UY =U
3( 1 . 5 )
Ik =
2 UYZk
sin(t + ) =
2 Ik sin(t + ) ( 1 . 6 )
ik = i
k + iDC ( 1 . 7 )
ik = 0
v e
t = 0
i s e :
IDC =
2 Ik sin ( 1 . 8 )
iDC =
2 Ik et
DC sin ( 1 . 9 )
ik = i
k + iDC =
2 Ik sin(t + ) et
DC sin ( 1 . 1 0 )
E e r
= 0
7
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1 . 3 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
v e
t = 0i s e
iDC = 0
k =
k =
o l d u u n d a
t = 5 DC
k =
8
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 4 . S I M E T R I L I B I L E E N L E R
1 . 4 S i m e t r i l i B i l e e n l e r
f a z l s i s t e m l e r d e d e n g e l i v e d e n g e s i z k s a d e v r e l e r i n s e b e p o l d u u a k m n
d e e r i n i n h e s a p l a n m a s , s i m e t r i k b i l e e n l e r m e t o t u k u l l a n l a r a k b a s i t l e t i r i l i r .
B u h u s u s , t r a n s p o z e e d i l m i h a t l a r g i b i e l e k t r i k l i t e h i z a t n d e n g e l i b i r y a p y a
s a h i p o l m a s n g e r e k t i r i r . K s a d e v r e h e s a p l a m a l a r n n s o n u l a r , t r a n s p o z e
e d i l m e m i h a t l a r d a b i l e k a b u l e d i l e b i l i r d o r u l u k t a o l m a l d r . B u y n t e m
k u l l a n l a r a k h e r b i r h a t i l e t k e n i n d e k i a k m , s i m e t r i k b i l e e n l i s i s t e m e a i t
a k m l a r t o p l a n a r a k b u l u n u r . B u b i l e e n l e r :
- P o z i t i f b i l e e n a k m I ( 1 ) ,
- N e g a t i f b i l e e n a k m I ( 2 ) ,
- S f r b i l e e n a k m I ( 0 ) ,
s i m e t r i k b i l e e n s i s t e m l e r i n i n h e r b i r i n i n k e n d i e m p e d a n s v a r d r . e k i l ? ?
i l e S s i m e t r i k k o m p o n e n t l e r m e t o t u n u i n c e l e y e l i m .
U1 + U2 + U3 = 0 ( 1 . 1 1 )
Ik3L1 + I
k3L2 + I
k3L3 = 0 ( 1 . 1 2 )
Ik3 =E
ZQ + ZT + ZL1=
E
ZT oplam( 1 . 1 3 )
ip =
2 Ik3 ( 1 . 1 4 )
ip =
2 Ik3 =
2 Ik3 [1 + et
DC sink] ( 1 . 1 5 )
a = 1 ej120 = 0, 5 + 0, 5 3, a2 = 1 ej240 = 0, 5 0, 5 3
1 + a + a2 = 0
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1 . 4 . S I M E T R I L I B I L E E N L E R B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
Yk
T
~
Q
Ksadevreyeri
L
Ik3E
Z~ ~ Yk3U
ZL1 ZL2
Y /2B
ZT
Y /2B
QZ
n
~
ZL1ZTQZ
E
ZToplam
~ ~ ~
~ ~
~ ~ ~
~
~
b)
c)
a)
e k i l 1 . 3 : 3 k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m n n h e s a p l a n m a s a ) 3 k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e
e m a s , b ) t e k k u t u p l u e d e e r e m a , c ) k s a d e v r e a k m n n b a s i t l e t i r i l m i
e d e e r e m a s
1 0
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 4 . S I M E T R I L I B I L E E N L E R
a bc
a
c
ba
b
0c
21
e k i l 1 . 4 : k o m p o n e n t l e r i n ( a ( 1 ) , b ( 2 ) , c ( 0 ) ) t o p l a m o l a r a k g s t e r i l m e s i
I (2)S
I (0)SI S
I(0)R
I (1)S
I (0)T
I R
I (1)R
I(2)T
I T
I (1)T
I (2)R
Positifb sistemileen
Negatif sistembileen
Sfr ileensistemb
e k i l 1 . 5 : B i r a s i m e t r i k k u t u p l u s i s t e m i n ( a R , b S u n d c T ) s i m e t r i k
s i s t e m d e ( a ( 1 ) R , S , T , b ( 2 ) R , S , T , c ( 0 ) R , S , T , ) g s t e r i l m e s i , a b i r i m g s t e r g e s i
1 1
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1 . 4 . S I M E T R I L I B I L E E N L E R B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
kutupluasimetriktrifazesistemin
in(120)gsterilmesi
un
Simetrikkomponentlereevrimi
simetriksistem
Hersistemiinedeer emannizilmesivebirletirilmesi
Geritransformasyonyaplmas
e k i l 1 . 6 : B i r a s i m e t r i k k u t u p l u s i s t e m i n , s i m e t r i k s i s t e m d e k u l -
l a n m n n g s t e r i l m e s i
1 2
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 5 . T E K K U T U P L U K I S A D E V R E A K I M I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I
1 . 5 T e k k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m n n i n c e l e n -
m e s i
E l e k t r i k e b e k e l e r i n d e t e k k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m l a r t m h a t a l a r n %80n i n i o l u t u r u r . H e s a p l a n m a s a a d a k i s e b e b l e r d e n d o l a y m e c b u r i d i r .
E n u z u n i l e t k e n d e a m a a r t l a r n s a l a m a k D o l a y l d o k u n m a y a k a r k o r u m a ( I E C 6 0 3 6 4 k s m 4 1 0 ) v e K a b l o v e i l e t k e n l e r i n t e r m i k d a y a n k l n n i s b a t ( I E C 6 0 3 6 4 k s m 4 3 0 )
e k i l ? ? i n b i r k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m n n e d e e r e m a s n z e l i m
( e k i l ? ? ) v e s i m e t r i k k o m p o n e t l e r y a r d m i l e b i r k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m n
h e s a p l a y a l m .
TransformatrHatveyailetken
Tekkutupluksadevreyeri
ebeke
UT
US
U =0R
UR
UT
UT
USUS
UR
e k i l 1 . 7 : K s a d e v r e y e r i i l e b e s l e m e n o k t a s n d a k i g e r i l i m g s t e r g e l e r i
1 3
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1 . 5 . T E K K U T U P L U K I S A D E V R E A K I M I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
k1enazI~
(0)RU
~
~ E (1)RU
~
(1)RZ
(2)RZ
(0)RZ
(2)RU
e k i l 1 . 8 : B i r k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m n n e d e e r e m a s
1 4
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 5 . T E K K U T U P L U K I S A D E V R E A K I M I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I
S i m e t r i k k o m p o n e n t l e r e g r e a k m v e g e r i l i m d e n k l e m l e r i n i y a z a l m :
IS = IT = 0, I
k1 = IR , UR = 0.
U0 =1
3(UR + US + UT) =
1
3(US + UT) ( 1 . 1 6 )
U1 =1
3(UR + aUS + a
2UT) =1
3(aUS + a
2UT) ( 1 . 1 7 )
U2 =1
3(UR + a
2US + aUT) =1
3(a2US + aUT) ( 1 . 1 8 )
U0 + U1 + U2 = 0 ( 1 . 1 9 )
I0 =1
3(IR + IS + IT) =
1
3IR ( 1 . 2 0 )
I1 =1
3(IR + aIS + a
2IT) =1
3IR ( 1 . 2 1 )
I2 =1
3(IR + a
2IS + aIT) =1
3IR ( 1 . 2 2 )
I0 = I1 = I2 =1
3IR ( 1 . 2 3 )
3 I0 = IR + IS + IT ( 1 . 2 4 )
I1R = I2R = I0 ( 1 . 2 5 )
IR = I1R + I2R + I0R = 3 I1R ( 1 . 2 6 )
I1R =E
Z1 + Z2 + Z0( 1 . 2 7 )
IR =3 E
Z1 + Z2 + Z0( 1 . 2 8 )
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1 . 5 . T E K K U T U P L U K I S A D E V R E A K I M I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
E
=3
Un3 ( 1 . 2 9 )
Z1 = Z2 a r t l a r n a g r e :
Ik1 en az =
3 cen az Un|2Z1 + Z0|
( 1 . 3 0 )
K s a d e v r e d e k i e v r i m e m p e d a n s i l e :
Ik1 en az =cen az Un
3 Zs( 1 . 3 1 )
Zs = 2 Z1 + Z03
( 1 . 3 2 )
I E C 6 0 9 0 9 a g r e :
R = (2R1Q + 2R1T + 2R1L + R0T + R0L)2
X = (2X1Q + 2X1T + 2X1L + X0T + X0L)2
Ik1 en az =
3 cen az UnR2 + X2
( 1 . 3 3 )
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 6 . K U T U P L U K I S A D E V R E A K I M I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I
1 . 6 k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m n n i n c e l e n m e s i
k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m s i m e t r i k b i r a k m d r v e h e s a p l a n m a s i i n g e r e k l i
o l a n a r t l a r u n l a r d r :
H a t l a r n ( h a v a h a t l a r n n v e y a k a b l o l a r n ) r e z i s t a n s 20C s c a k l k t a u y g u l a n r .
G e r i l i m f a k t r I E C 6 0 9 0 9 a g r e a l n r .
UR = US = UT = 0, ( 1 . 3 4 )
IR + IS + IT = 0, ( 1 . 3 5 )
D a r a u s f o l g t :
U0U1
U2
= 1
3 1 1 11 a a2
1 a2 a
URUS
UT
, ( 1 . 3 6 )
U0 = U1 = U2 = 0, ( 1 . 3 7 )
I0I1I2
= 13 1 1 11 a a2
1 a2 a
IRIS
IT
, ( 1 . 3 8 ) k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m :
Ik3 =c Un3 Z1
, ( 1 . 3 9 )
Z1 i i n :
Z1 = (R1Q + R1T + R1L)2 + (X1Q + X1T + X1L)2, ( 1 . 4 0 )
V e y a t e k t e k c i h a z l a r m e m p e d a n a s l a r i l e : :
Z1 = Z1Q + Z1T + Z1L. ( 1 . 4 1 )
1 7
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1 . 6 . K U T U P L U K I S A D E V R E A K I M I N I N I N C E L E N M E S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
Q T
YG AG
Ksadevre
yeri
Havahatt,kabloveyailetken
SI
~
2U
2I
02
2Z
~
0U
0I
00
0Z
~
1U
1I
01
~
1Z
1E
Toprak
S
R
TI
RI
3
2
1
L
L
L
T
e k i l 1 . 9 : k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m v e e d e e r e m a s
1 8
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
1 . 7 K s a d e v r e a k m l a r n n p r a t i k t e h e s a p l a n -
m a s
e k i l ? ? v e r i l m i o l s u n . T e k v e k u t u p l k s a d e v r e a k m l a r n n b a r a l a r d a v e
s o n d e v r e l e r d e h e s a p l a n m a s i s t e n i y o r . T r a n s f o r m a t r d e n s o n y k l e r e k a d a r
b a s i t y n t e m l e r l e v e I E C 6 0 9 0 9 a g r e a k m l a r h e s a p l a y a l m .
Q
USV
G
3~
T1
M
3~M
3~
T2
e k i l 1 . 1 0 : E l e k t r i k e b e k e s i v e k s a d e v r e n o k t a l a r
1 9
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
1 . 7 . 1 e b e k e d e r l e r i
e k i l g r e f a z k s a d e v r e Q d e r b a l a n t n o k t a s n d a y a l n z c a b a l a n g
s i m e t r i k k s a d e v r e a k m IkQ b i l i n d i i e b e k e d e n b e s l e n i r s e , b u d u r u m d a Q d e r b a l a n t n o k t a s n d a e b e k e n i n e d e e r e m p e d a n s ZQ ( p o z i t i f b i l e e n k s a d e v r e e m p e d a n s ) , a a d a k i g i b i b e l i r l e n i r .
Y G v e O G e l e l e k t r i k e b e k e l e r i n d e i e m p e d a n s :
ZQ = RQ + j XQ
ZQ =c UnQ
3 IkQZQ =
c U2nQSkQ
( 1 . 4 2 )
E e r k s a d e v r e b i r T r a n s f o r m a t r n z e r i n d e b e s l e n i r s e .
ZQt =c UnQ
3 IkQ 1
t2r
ZQt =c U2nQ
SkQ 1
t2r( 1 . 4 3 )
IkQ =c UnQt
3 ZQt( 1 . 4 4 )
> 35 kV d a n y k s e k g e r i l i m d e Z = 0 + jXQ a l n a b i l i r .
XQ = 0, 995 ZQRQ = 0, 1 XQ,
SkQ =
3 UnQ IkQ ( 1 . 4 5 )
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
1 . 7 . 2 T r a n s f o r m a t r l e r
Y k t e k a d e m e d e i t i r i c i l i o l a n v e y a o l m a y a n i k i s a r g l t r a n s f o r m a t r n p o z -
i t i f b i l e e n k s a d e v r e e m p e d a n s l a r a a d a k i g i b i b e y a n t r a n s f o r m a t r v e r i -
l e r i n d e n h e s a p l a n a b i l i r .
TR TX
1U
2U
YG
AG
1I
kk IR ?
kk IjX ?
'
2U
1U
e k i l 1 . 1 1 : T r a n s f o r m a t r l e r v e e d e e r e m a s
ZT = ukr
100%U2rTSrT
( 1 . 4 6 )
RT =uRr
100%
U2rTSrT
=PkrT
3 I2rT( 1 . 4 7 )
XT =
Z2T R2T ( 1 . 4 8 )
T r a n s f o r m a t r n a l t g r u b u D y n 5 a l n r s a :
Z2T = Z1T( 1 . 4 9 )
R0T = RT ( 1 . 5 0 )
X0T = 0, 95 XT ( 1 . 5 1 )
T r a n s f o r m a t r n a l t g r u b u D z n 0 v e Y z n 1 1 a l n r s a :
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
R0T = 0, 4 RT ( 1 . 5 2 ) X0T = 0, 1 XT ( 1 . 5 3 )
T r a n s f o r m a t r n n o m i n a l a k m i l e s e k o n d e r k l e m e s l e r i n d e s r e k l i k s a
d e v r e a k m h e s a p l a n a b i l i r .
Ik = IrT %100ukr
( 1 . 5 4 )
T r a n s f o r m a t r l e r d e e m p e d a n s d z e l t m e s i :
ZT = KT ZT ( 1 . 5 5 )
KT = 0, 95 cmax1 + 0, 6 kT ( 1 . 5 6 )
kT =XT
U
2
rT/SrT
( 1 . 5 7 )
S i m g e l e r i n a n l a m :
UrT Y G v e y a A G t a r a f n d a k i t r a n s f o r m a t r n b e y a n g e r i l i m i , IrT Y G v e y a A G t a r a f n d a k i t r a n s f o r m a t r n b e y a n a k m , SrT T r a n s f o r m a t r n b e y a n g r n e n g c , PrT B e y a n a k m d a s a r g l a r d a t r a n s f o r m a t r n t o p l a m k a y b , ukr B e y a n a k m d a y z d e k s a d e v r e g e r i l i m i , uRr K s a d e v r e g e r i l i m i n i n y z d e b e y a n r e z i s t i f b i l e e n i , R0T T r a n s f o r m a t r n s f r d i r e n c i ,
RTT r a n s f o r m a t r n e t k i n d i r e n c i ,
X0T T r a n s f o r m a t r n e n d k t i f s f r d i r e n c i , XT T r a n s f o r m a t r n e n d k t i f d i r e n c i .
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
1 . 7 . 3 K a b l o v e i l e t k e n l e r
K a b l o v e i l e t k e n l e r i n o h m i k v e e n d k t i f d i r e n l e r i i s e :
e k i l 1 . 1 2 : K a b l o v e i l e t k e n l e r i n e d e e r e m a s
ZL = RL + j XL ( 1 . 5 8 )
RL = R
L l ( 1 . 5 9 ) XL = X
L l ( 1 . 6 0 )
R0L =R0LRL
RL ( 1 . 6 1 ) X0L =
R0LRL
XL ( 1 . 6 2 )
S i m g e l e r i n a n l a m :
RL l e t k e n r e s i s t a n s , S l e t k e n k e s i t i , XL l e t k e n r e a k t a n s .
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
1 . 7 . 4 T N s i s t e m d e t e k k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e
A G e l e k t r i k e b e k e l e r i n d e T N s i s t e m i u y g u l a n r s a s f r v e p o s i t i f b i l e e n l e r
d i k k a t e a l n r v e y a o k b a s i t f o r m l l e r k u l l a n l r .
L L
3
X
PEN PENR X
T TR X
PE PE
~
X
Q T
YG AG
Ksadevre
yeri
Havahatt,kabloveyailetken
R
R
nc.U
Q QR X
e k i l 1 . 1 3 : T N s i s t e m v e e d e e r e m a s
S f r v e p o s i t i f b i l e e n l e r m e t o t u i l e : Rk = (2RQ + 2RT + 2RL + R0T + R0L)
Xk = (2XQ + 2XT + 2XL + X0T + X0L)
V e y a r e s i s t a n z v e r e a k t a n s d i r e n l e r i n t o p l a m i l e :
Rk = (RQ + RT + RL + RP E + RP EN)
Xk = (XQ + XT + XL + XP E + XP EN)
Zk =
R2k +
X2k ( 1 . 6 3 )
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
D a h a s o n r a t e k k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m Zk i l e h e a s p l a n r .
Ik1 =cenaz Un
3 Zk( 1 . 6 4 )
B a s i t f o r m l l e r y a r d m i l e :
1 ) n e m p e d a n s s f r a l n r .
2 ) T r a n s f o r m a t r n e m p e d a n s d o r u d a n h e s a p l a n r .
ZT =ukr
100%
U2rTSrT
( 1 . 6 5 )
3 ) K a b l o v e i l e t k e n l e r i n e m p e d a n s d o r u d a n h e s a p l a n r .
ZL = l rL, ( 1 . 6 6 ) ZL = l xL. ( 1 . 6 7 )
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
1 . 7 . 5 r n e k 1 : F a b r i k a b e s l e m e s
C n o k t a s n d a k i b i r f a b r i k a i k i t r a n s f o r m a t r i l e h a v a h a t t v e y e r a l t k a b o s u
v a s t a s i y l e b e s l e n m e k i s t e n i y o r ( e k i l ? ? ) .
1 . H a t a y e r l e r i n d e k i i m p e d a n s l a r h e s a p l a y n z .
2 . k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m n ( Ik3 ) h e s a p l a y n z .
e k i l 1 . 1 4 : F a b r i k a b e s l e m e s i
1 . m p e d a n s l a r n h e s a b :
ZQt =
c
U2nQ
SkQ =
1, 1
(0, 4kV)2
500MV A = 0, 352mXQt = 0, 995 ZQt = 0, 995 0, 352m = 0, 35mRQt = 0, 1 XQt = 0, 1 0, 35m = 0, 035mZT =
ukr100 %
U2rTSrT
=6%
100% (400V)
2
4MV A= 2, 4m
RT =uRr
100% U
2rT
SrT=
1, 05%
100% (400V)
2
4MV A= 0, 42m
XT =
Z2T R2TXT = 2, 42 0, 42
2m = 2, 363m
H a v a h a t t
RF = r l = 0, 299/km 0, 350km = 104, 7m
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
XF = x l = 0, 075/km 0, 350km = 26, 3m
ZF = R2 + X2 = 104, 72 + 26, 32m = 107, 95m
K a b l o
Rk = r l
n= 0, 101/km 0, 750km
4= 18, 94m
Xk = x l
n= 0, 080/km 0, 750km
4= 15m
Zk =
R2 + X2 =
18, 942 + 152m
Zk = 24, 16mZkA = ZQt + ZT = 2, 75m
A n o k t a s n d a k s a d e v r e
Ik3 =c Un3 ZkA
=1, 0 400V3 2, 75m = 83, 98kA
B n o k t a s n d a 3 - k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e
ZkB = ZkA + ZF = 2, 75m + 107, 95m = 110, 7m
Ik3 =1, 0 400V3 110, 7m = 2, 09kA
C n o k t a s n d a 3 - k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e
ZkC = ZkB + ZK = 110, 7m + 24, 16m = 134, 86m
Ik3 =1, 0 400V
3 134, 86m = 1, 71kA
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
1 . 7 . 6 r n e k 2 : I m p e d a n z d z e l t m e s i i l e k s a d e v r e
e k i l ? ? v e r i l m i t i r .
1 . H a t a y e r l e r i n d e k i i m p e d a n s l a r h e s a p l a y n z .
2 . H a t a y e r l e r i n d e k i i m p e d a n s d z e l t m e l e r i n i h e s a p l a y n z .
3 . K s m i k s a d e v r e l e r i h e s a p l a y n z .
4 . Ik3 , ip3 v e Ia h e s a p l a y n z .
e k i l 1 . 1 5 : m p e d a n z d z e l t m e s i
A a d a k i v e r i l e r b i l i n m e k t e d i r :
T r a n s f o r m a t r :
SrT = 1000kV A, a l t g r u b u : D y n 5 , ukrT = 6%, uRrT = 1, 05%.J e n a r t r :
SrG = 600kV A, UrG = 0, 4kV , c o s rG = 0, 8, x
d = 12%, x
(0)G = 8%.K a b l o K 1 :
r = 0, 105/km , x = 0, 072/km .K a b l o K 2 :
r = 0, 066/km , x = 0, 079/km , R0LRL
= 4, X0LXL
= 3, 66.F i d e r i n i m p e d a n s
ZQ =1, 1 U2n
SkQ
=1, 1 (20kV)2
500MVA= 0, 88
ZQ =
R2Q + X2Q
XQ =ZQ
1, 005=
0, 88
1, 005= 0, 8756
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
RQ = 0, 1 0, 8756 = 0, 08756ZQ = (0, 08756 + j0, 8756)
K a b l o n u n i m p e d a n s
ZK1 = l (r + jx) = 8, 5km(0, 105 + j0, 072)/km = (08925 +j0, 612)ZG1 = ZQ + ZK = (0, 98 + j1, 4876)
Z = ZG1
UrTUS UrTOS
2= (0, 98 + j1, 4876)
0, 4kV
20kV
2
= (0, 000392 + j0, 000595)
uxrT =
u2KrT u2RrT = (62 1, 052)% = 5, 9 %RT =
uRrT100%
U2rTUS SrT
=1, 05%
100%
(0, 4kV)2
1000kVA= 0, 00168
XT =uXrT100%
U2rTUS SrT
=5, 9%
100%
(0, 4kV)2
1000 kVA= 0, 00944
ZT = (0, 00168 + j0, 00944)
ZG = Z+ ZT = (0, 002072 + j0, 01)
ZG = 0, 01
XGen = X
d =xd U2rG
100% SrG=
12%
100%
(0, 4kV)2
600kVA
= 0, 032
RGen = 0, 15 Xd = 0, 15 0, 032 = 0, 0048
D z e l t m e f a k t r l e r i
KG =Un
UrG cmax
1 + Xd sin rG=
0, 4kV
0, 4kV
1
1 + 0, 12 0, 6 = 0, 93ZGK = KG ZG = 0, 93 (0, 048 + j0, 032) = (0, 0445 + j0, 0298)ZGK =
0, 04452 + 0, 02982 = 0, 0536
B a l a n g k s a d e v r e a k m n n h e s a p l a n m a s :
F i d e r i n k s m i a k m :
Ik3 =c Un3 ZG
=1, 0 0, 4kV
3 0, 01 = 23, 09kA
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
J e n e r a t r n k s m i a k m :
I3 = c Un
3 ZGen= 1, 0 0, 4kV
3 0, 0536 = 4, 31kA
K a s m i k m l a r n t o p l a m : Ik3 = I
k3Netz + I
k3Gen = 27, 4kA
T e p e n o k t a s n n h e s a p l a n m a s
F i d e r i n k s m i a k m :
ip3Netz =
2 Ik3R
X=
0, 002072
0, 01= 0, 2 = 1, 58
ip3Netz = 1, 58
2 23, 09kA = 51, 59kAJ e n e r a t r n k s m i a k m :
ip3Gen =
2 Ik3GenR
X= 0, 15 = 1, 03
ip3Gen = 1, 03
2
4, 31kA = 10, 36kA
T o p l a m k s m i a k m l a r : ip3 = ip3Netz + ip3Gen = 61, 95kA
A m a a k m n h e s a p l a n m a s
F i d e r i n k s m i a k m :
IaNetz = I
k3Netz = 23, 09kA ( j e n e r a t r d e n u z a k )
J e n e r a t r n k s m i a k m :
IaGen =
Ik3Gen = 0, 755
4, 31kA = 3, 25kA
IrG = SrG
3 UrG= 600kV A
3 0, 4kV = 866AIk3Gen
IrG=
4, 31kA
0, 866kA= 4, 98
3 0
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
T o p l a m : Ia = Ia3Netz + Ia3Gen = 26, 34kA
T o p l a m i m p e d a n s F 1
Zp =ZG ZGK
ZG + ZGK=
(0, 00207 + j0, 01) (0, 0445 + j0, 0298)(0, 00207 + j0, 01) + (0, 0445 + j0, 0298)
=0, 000206 + j0, 000507
0, 0466 + j0, 0398
= 0, 00282 + j0, 00847
ZG =
0, 002822 + 0, 008472 = 0, 00893
K a b l o K 2 n i n i m p e d a n s
Zk2 = l(r + jx) = 0, 085km (0, 066 + j0, 079)/km
= (0, 00561 + j0, 006715)
Zk = Zp + Zk2= (0, 00282 + j0, 00847) + (0, 00561 + j0, 006715)
= (0, 00843 + j0, 0152)
Zk = (0, 00843 + 0, 0152)2 = 0, 0174
B a l a n g k s a d e v r e a k m :
Ik3 =c Un3 Zk
=0, 4kV
3 0, 0174 = 13, 3kA
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
1 . 7 . 7 r n e k 3 : T r a n s f o r m a t r n j e n e r a t r v e d e r t a r a f n -
d a n b e s l e n m e s i
e k i l ? ? v e r i l m i t i r .
1 . I m p e d a n s l a r h e s a p l a y n z .
2 . Ik3 , I
k2E, I
k2 v e I
k1 h e s a p l a y n z .
3 . H a n g i k s a d e v r e e n f a z l a d r ?
e k i l 1 . 1 6 : T r a n s f o r m a t r n j e n e r a t r v e d e r t a r a f n d a n b e s l e n m e s i
J e n e r a t r :
Xd = x
d (1, 05 Un)2
SrG= 0, 12 (1, 05 110kV)
2
500MV A= 12, 8
e b e k e :
ZQt =1, 1 U2n
SkQ=
1, 1 (110kV)2125MV A
= 26, 62
T a n s f o r m a t r :
ZT =uR
100% U
2n
SrT= 0, 15 (110kV)
2
125MV A= 14, 52
P a r a l e l i m p e d a n s
Zp =ZGt ZQt
ZGt + ZQt=
(12, 8 26, 62)(12, 8 + 26, 62)
= 8, 64
3 k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e
Ik3 =c Un3 ZG
=1, 1 110kV
3 23, 16 = 3kA
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
1 k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e
Ik1 =3 c Un
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
P o z i t i f b i l e e n : Z1 = 23, 16N e g a t i f b i l e e n : Z2 = Z1S f r b i l e e n : R0 = 0, X0 = 0, 75 X1 = 0, 75 14, 52 = 10, 89
Ik1 =
3 1, 1 110kV
|2 23, 16 + 10, 89|= 3, 66kA
T o p r a k t e m a s l i k i k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e :
Ik2E =
3 c UnZ0 + Z1 + Z0 Z1Z2
=
3 1, 1 110kV10, 89 + 23, 16 + 10, 89 23,1623,16
= 4, 66kA
T o p r a k t e m a s o l m a y a n i k i k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e :
Ik2 =c Un
Z1 + Z2
=c Un2 Z1
=
3
2 Ik3 = 3, 67kA
T o p r a k t e m a s l i k i k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e e n y k s e k .
1 . 7 . 8 r n e k 4 : M o t o r l a r n p a r a l e l t e s i s i v e k s a d e v r e
a k m n a e t k i s i
D r t m o t o r e k i l ? ? e g r e 2 0 / 6 k V z e r i n d e n b a l a n m t r .
T r a n s f o r m a t r :
SrT = 25MV A, ukrT = 13%, 20/6, 3 k V .M o t o r 1 v e 2 :
2 x Prm = 2, 3 MW, UrG = 6kV , c o s rG = 0, 86,p = 2 , Ia/Irm = 5, = 0, 97.M o t o r 3 v e 4 :
2 x Prm = 0, 36MW, UrG = 6kV , c o s rG = 0, 87 ,
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
p = 1 , Ia/Irm = 5, 5, = 0, 98 .
S o r u l a r :
1 . R e a k t a n z l a r h e s a p l a y n z .
2 . M o t o r k l e m e s l e r i n d e k i a k m l a r h e s a p l a y n z .
3 . M o t o r l a r d a k i a m a a k m l a r n h e s a p l a y n z .
e k i l 1 . 1 7 : M o t o r l a r n p a r a l e l t e s i s i v e k s a d e v r e a k m n a e t k i s i
e b e k e
ZQt =c U2nQ
SkQ 1
u2=
1, 1 (20kV)21000MV A
(6, 3kV)2
(20kV)2= 0, 044
T r a n s f o r m a t r
ZT =ukrT
100% U
2rTUS
SrT=
13%
100% (6, 3kV)
2
25MV A= 0, 206
m p e d a n s
Zk = ZQt + ZT = 0, 25
M o t o r s u z b a l a n g a k m
Ik3 =c Un3 Zk
=1, 1 6kV
3 0, 25= 15, 24kA
M o t o r i m p e d a n s l a r
Zm1 =1
2 cos
Ian/Irm U
2rm
Prm=
1
2 0, 86 0, 97
5 (6kV)
2
2, 3MV A= 1, 305
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
Zm2 =1
2 cosIan/Irm
U2rm
Prm=
1
2 0, 87 0, 98
5, 5 (6kV)2
0, 36MV A
= 7, 75
K s m i a k m l a r
Ikm1 =c Un3 Zm1
=1, 1 6kV3 1, 305 = 2, 92kA
Ikm2 =c Un3 Zm2
=1, 1 6kV
3 7, 75 = 0, 492kA
M o t o r u n k s a d e v r e a k m n a k a t k s
I
k = I
k ( m o t o r s u z ) + I
km1 + I
km2
= 15, 24kA + 2, 92kA + 0, 492kA = 18, 65kA
K s a d e v r e g c
Sk =
3 Un Ik =
3 6kV 18, 65kA = 193, 8MV A
- f a k t r l e r i n i n h e s a b t = 0 , 1 s
Irm1 =
Srm1
3 Urm1 = 0, 221kAIrm2 =
Srm23 Urm2
= 0, 035kA
Ikm1Irm1
=2, 92kA
0, 221kA= 11, 2 = 0, 64
Ikm2Irm2
=0, 492kA
0, 035kA= 12, 1 = 0, 634
q - f a k t r
motor
Pol=
2, 3MV A
2= 1, 15 q = 0, 587
motor
Pol=
0, 36MV A
1= 0, 36 q = 0, 447
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
M o t o r u n a m a a k m
Iam1 = q Ikm1 = 0, 64 0, 587 2, 92kA = 1, 0997kAIam2 = q Ikm2 = 0, 634 0, 447 0, 492kA = 0, 139A
Ia = 16, 4kA
1 . 7 . 9 r n e k 5 : A G e l e k t r i k t e s i s l e r i n d e k s a d e v r e m e k a n i k
z o r l a m a l a r
E l e k t r i k t e s i s l e r i n p l a n l a m a s v e b o y u t l a n d r m a s n d a t e r m i k v e m e k a n i k k s a
d e v r e d a y a n k l k n e m l i b i r r o l o y n a r . B i r r n e k i l e k o n u y u a k l a y a l m .
i z e l g e ? ? v e ? ? d e k s a d e v r e a k m l a r n n b i r d k m a n v e r i l m i t i r .
T a b l o 1 . 1 : D a t m t a b l o s u n d a Ik1min i i n t o p l a m s o n u l a r
l e t m e c i h a z R m RPE m X m XPE v e m
( 1 2 0 m m
2) ( 7 0 m m
2)
n d e r - - - -
T r a n s f o r m a t r 3 , 5 1 3
K a b l o 1 5 , 6 8 2 6 , 8 8 6 , 8 6 , 8
i m p e d a n s = 5 3 , 1 8 m
K s a d e v r e a k m Ik1min = 4 , 1 2 k A
T a b l o 1 . 2 : S o n l i n y e d e Ik1min i i n t o p l a m s o n u l a r
l e t m e c i h a z R m RPE m X m XPE m
( 1 2 0 m m
2) ( 7 0 m m
2)
n d e r - - - -
T r a n s f o r m a t r 3 , 5 1 3
K a b l o 1 5 , 6 8 2 6 , 8 8 6 , 8 6 , 8
l e t k e n 2 2 1 , 4 2 2 1 , 4 2 2
T o p l a m d i r e n l e r 2 3 9 , 7 8 2 4 8 , 2 8 2 3 , 8 8 , 8
T o p l a m i m p e d a n s 4 8 8 , 8 6 m = 3 0 , 6 m
i m p e d a n s = 4 8 9 , 8 m
K s a d e v r e a k m Ik1min = 4 4 8 A
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
T a b l o 1 . 3 : D a t m t a b l o s u n d a Ik3 i i n t o p l a m s o n u l a r
l e t m e c i h a z R m X m
n d e r -
T r a n s f o r m a t r 3 , 5 1 3
K a b l o 1 2 , 6 5 6 , 8
T o p l a m 1 6 , 1 5 m 1 9 , 8 m
T o p l a m i m p e d a n s 2 5 , 5 5 m
K s a d e v r e a k m I
k3 = 9 , 1 4 k A
T a b l o 1 . 4 : S o n l i n y e d e Ik3 i i n t o p l a m s o n u l a r
l e t m e c i h a z R m X m
n d e r -
T r a n s f o r m a t r 3 , 5 1 3
K a b e l 1 2 , 6 5 6 , 8
l e t k e n 1 7 8 , 6 2
T o p l a m 1 9 4 , 7 5 2 1 , 2 8
K s a d e v r e a k m 2 0 4 , 2 5 m
I
k3 = 1 , 0 6 8 k A
T e p e n o k t a s n n h e s a p l a n m a s :
= 1, 02 + 0, 98 e3RX
= 1, 02 + 0, 98 e3 15,3521,8 = 1, 138ip =
2 Ik3 = 1, 138
2 9, 14kA = 14, 7kA
T e r m i k a k m n h e s a p l a n m a s :
Ithm = I
k
m + n
J e n e r a t r d e n u z a k t a k i k s a d e v r e i i n n = 1 g e e r l i d i r .
m = 12 f tk ln( 1)e
4fTkln(1) 1]
m =1
2 50Hz 0, 9s ln(1, 138 1)[e450Hz 1sln(1,1381) 1] = 0, 005
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
Ithm = 9, 14kA
0, 005 + 1 = 9, 16kA
D a t m p a n o s u n d a k i t e r m i k k s a d e v r e a k m :
Ithz = 12, 5kA
s
0, 9s= 17, 17kA
A n a d a t m p a n o s u n d a k i t e r m i k k s a d e v r e y k l e m e a k m :
Ithz = 20kA
s
0, 9s= 21, 8kA
tth = 1s v e tk = 0, 9s o l d u u n d a A n a v e t a l i d a t m p a n o s u n d a k s a d e v r e z o r l a m a a k m ( i z e l g e ? ? ) :
T a b l o 1 . 5 : Z o r l a m a a k m n n d e e r l e n d i r i l m e s i
4 0 0 - V K s a d e v r e - G e r e k l i -
h e s a b k s a d e v r e
I
k3 ip Ithm Isc Ima Ith Ithz
A n a p a n o 1 7 , 1 5 k A 3 3 , 9 5 k A 2 0 k A 4 0 k A 2 1 , 0 8 k A
T a l i p a n o 8 , 5 8 k A 1 3 , 8 k A 1 2 , 5 k A 2 0 k A 8 , 6 k A 1 7 , 1 7 k A
L i n y e 1 k A 6 k A 6 k A
1 . 7 . 1 0 r n e k 6 : Y G v e O G a l t s i s t e m l e r i n i n k s a d e v r e
a k m n a k a r d a y a n k l
e k i l ? ? d e 1 1 0 k V b i r e b e k e d e e r l e r i v e r i l m i t i r . e k i l ? ? s i s t e m i n e d e e r
e m a s n g s t e r m e k t e d i r .
n c e 1 1 0 k V t a r a f n d a s i s t e m i n i m p e d a n s l a r n h e s a p l a y a l m .
ZQ =c (UrQ)
2
S
kQ
=1, 1(110kV)2
5000MV A= 2, 662
XQ = ZQ = 2, 662
B u i m p e d a n s d n t r n e o r a n t2max i l e 2 0 k V t a r a f n a i n d i r g e n i r .
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
e k i l 1 . 1 8 : Y G v e O G a l t s i s t e m l e r i
e k i l 1 . 1 9 : S i s t e m i n e e d e e r e m a s
ZQt = 2, 662 1t2max
= 72, 1m
XQt = 72, 1m
I E C 6 0 9 0 9 a g r e j e n e r a t r d e n u z a k k s a d e v r e y i h e s a p l a y a l m :
XT U S 2 XQt = 1, 265 2 71, 74m,
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
a r t y e r i n e g e l m i t i r .
T r a n s f o r m a t r n i m p e d a n s l a r n h e s a p l a y a l m :
1 1 0 k V 1 6 % 1 3 k a d e m e l i ( 2 7 t a n z i m l i ) , 2 1 k V , 3 1 , 5 / 1 1 0 k V . E n f a z l a t a n z i m i i n ( 1 . k a d e m e i i n ) :
O r t a t a n z i m ( 1 4 . k a d e m e i i n ) :
Zk = 46, 7, IT OS = 165, 3/209, 9A, UT OS = 110kVE n f a z l a t a n z i m ( 2 7 . k a d e m e i i n ) :
Zk = 30, 7, IT OS = 196, 8/249, 9A, UT OS = 92, 4kV
UT OS = UnTOS(1 pT)
pT = 0, 16 > 0, 05
E n y k s e k t a n z i m d e k s a d e v r e a k m o r t a y a k a r :
tmax =UT OSUT U S
=127, 6kV
21kV= 6, 08
RT =PkrT
3 IrTOS= 136kW
3 (209, 9A)2 = 1, 03
ZT = XT = 46, 7 1t2max
= 1, 265
RT = 1, 03 1t2max
= 27, 84m
K a b l o i m p e d a n s l a r n h e s a p l a y a l m :
K a b l o d e e r l e r i [? ]: N 2 X S ( F ) 2 Y 1 x 3 0 0 R m / 2 5 , 1 2 / 2 0 k V : R = 0, 0601/km 30m km
1000m= 1, 8m v e L = 0, 347mH/km
X = 2 50Hz 0, 347mH/km = 109m/km 30m km1000m = 3, 27m
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
e k i l 1 . 2 0 : F 1 n o k t a s n d a p o z i t i f s i s t e m e d e e r e m a s
H a v a h a t t : A l / S t 5 3 7 / 5 3 m m 2 .
e k i l ? ? e g r e k s a d e v r e a k m l a r n h e s a p l a y a l m .
ZQ 2 , 6 6 2 XQ 2 , 6 6 2 RQ 0
Ik =c (UrQ)
3 Zk=
1, 1 110kV3 2, 662
= 26, 24kA
Ik = Ik = Ia = 26, 24kA
RkXk
=RQXQ
=0
2, 662= 0
= 1, 02 + 0, 98 e0 = 2
ip = 2
2 26, 24kA = 74, 23kA
B a s b a r d a 3 - k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m :
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
e k i l 1 . 2 1 : F 2 n o k t a s n d a p o z i t i f s i s t e m e d e e r e m a s
F i d e r T r a n s f o r m a t o r K a b l o
ZQ 2 , 6 6 2 ZT 1 2 6 5 m XK/3 1 , 0 9 m XQ 2 , 6 6 2 XT 1 2 6 5 m RK/3 0 , 6 0 1 m RQ 0 RT 2 7 , 8 7 m
D a l 1 :
RkXk
=27, 87m
1265m= 0, 02203
Rk = 0, 02203 Xk < 0, 3Xk1D a l 2 :
RkXk
=27, 87m + 0, 601m + 0, 601m
1265m + 1, 09m + 1, 09m= 0, 02294
Rk = 0, 02294 Xk < 0, 3Xk
Xk = XQt +XT1(XT2 +
Xk13
+ Xk23
)
XT1 + (XT2 +Xk13
+ Xk23
)
Xk = 72, 1m +1265m (1265m + 1, 09m + 1, 09m)
1265m + (1265m + 1, 09m + 1, 09m)
= 705, 1m
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
Ik = c UnTUS3 Zk
= 1, 1 20kV3 705, 1m = 18, 014kA
Ik = Ik = Ia = 18, 014kA
Sk =
3 20kA 18, 014kA = 624MV AT a l i k s a d e v r e a k m l a r n n h e s a p l a n m a s :
Ikdal2
I
kdal1
=XT
XT + Xk/3 + Xk/3
=XT
XT + 2/3 Xk=
1
1 + 2/3 XK
XT
Ikdal2 = I
kdal1 1
1 + 2/3 XKXT
Ik = I
kdal1 + I
kdal2 + + Ikdaln
Ikdal1 = I
k [1
1 + 11+ 2
3XKXT
]
I
kdal1 = 18, 014kA [1
1 + 11+ 231,09m1265m
= 9, 0095kA
2 . d a l i i n :
Ikdal2 = I
k Ikdal1 = 18, 014kA 9, 015kA = 8, 999kAT e p e n o k t a s n d a k s a d e v r e a k m n n h e s a p l a n m a s :
1 = 1, 02 + 0, 98 e3RX = 1, 02 + 0, 98 e30,02203 = 1, 937ipdal1 = 1, 937
2 Ikdal1 = 1, 937
2 9, 015kA = 24, 7kA
2 = 1, 02 + 0, 98 e3R
X
= 1, 02 + 0, 98 e30,02294
= 1, 935ipdal2 = 1, 935
2 Ikdal1 = 1, 937
2 8, 999kA = 24, 6kA
ip = ipdal1 + ipdal2 = 49, 32kA
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
2 0 k V b a s b a r d a 3 - k u t u p l u k s a d e v r e a k m n n h e s a p l a n m a s :
e k i l 1 . 2 2 : F 3 n o k t a s n d a p o z i t i f s i s t e m e d e e r e m a s
Xk = XQt +(XT1 +
Xk13 ) (XT2 +
Xk23 )
XT1 +Xk13 + XT2 +
Xk23
Xk = 72, 1m +(1265m + 1, 09m) (1265m + 1, 09m)
(1265m + 1, 09m) + (1265m + 1, 09m)
= 705, 1m
Ik =c UnTUS
3 Zk=
1, 1 20kV3 705, 1m = 18, 014kA
Ik = Ik = Ia = 18, 014kA
Sk =
3 20kA 18, 014kA = 624MV A
RkXk
=14, 24m
705, 1m= 0, 02019
= 1, 02 + 0, 98 e30,02019 = 1, 94
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
ip = 1, 94
2 18, 04kA = 49, 5kA
IkIk
= 1 n = 1
m =1
2 f Tk ln( 1) [e4 f Tk ln(1) 1]
Tk = 1 s :
m =1
2 50Hz 1s ln(1, 94 1)[e450Hz Tkln(1,941)
1] = 0, 162
T e r m i k k s a s r e l i a k m :
Ith = I
k
m + 1 = 18kA
0, 162 + 1 = 19, 4kA
Tk = 1 s :
Ith = I
k
m + 1 = 27kA
0, 195 + 1 = 29, 5kA
C i h a z l a r n b o y u t l a n d r l m a s :
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
1 . 7 . 1 1 r n e k 7 : 2 2 0 k V b i r e b e k e d e k s a d e v r e h e s a p l a r
e k i l ? ? v e r i l m i t i r .
K s a d e v r e a k m l a r n h e s a p l a y n z .
e k i l 1 . 2 3 : 2 2 0 k V e b e k e
F i d e r :
ZQ =c U2nQ
SkQ=
1, 1 (220kV)28000MV A
= 6, 65
J e n e r a t r :
ZG =xd U2rG
100% SrG =17 (21kV)2
250MV A= 0, 30
D z e l t m e f a k t r :
KG,KW =c
1 + xd sinrG=
1, 1
1 + 0, 17 0, 63 = 0, 994
ZG,KW = KG,KW ZG = 0, 994 0, 30 = 0, 298
B l o k t r a n s f o r m a t r :
ZT OS =ukr
100%
U2rTOSSrT
ZT OS =15%
100%
(240kV)2
250MV A= 34, 56
ZT US =ukr
100%
U2rTUS SrT
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B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I 1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I
ZT U S =15%
100%
(21kV)2
250MV A
= 0, 26
ZT,KW = c ZT US = 1, 1 0, 26 = 0, 286Q n o k t a s n d a k s a d e v r e d e e r l e r i :
Ik = I
kQ + I
kKW
IkQ =c UnQ
3 ZQ=
1, 1 220kV3 6, 65 = 21kA
ZKW = KKW (u2r ZG + ZT OS)
KKW = (
ufur )
2
c
1 + (xd xT) sinrGKKW = (
220kV
21kV)2(
21kV
240kV)2 1, 1
1 + (0, 17 0, 15) 0, 63 = 0, 913
ZKW = 0, 913 [(240kV21kV
)2 0, 30 + 34, 56] = 67, 32
IkKW ==1, 1 220kV
3 67, 32 = 2, 07kA
Ik == 21kA + 2, 07kA = 23, 07kA
A n o k t a s n d a k s a d e v r e d e e r l e r i :
Ik = I
kG + I
kT
IkG =c UrG
3 ZG,KW=
1, 1 21kV3 0, 298 = 44, 75kA
IkT =c UrG
3 (ZT,KW + 1u2f
ZQ)
IkT =1, 1 21kV
3
(0, 286 + ( 21kV
220kV)2
6, 65)
= 38, 48kA
Ik = 44, 75kA + 38, 48kA = 83, 23kA
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1 . 7 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M L A R I N I N P R A T I K T E H E S A P L A N M A S I B L M 1 . K I S A D E V R E A K I M H E S A P L A R I
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E k A
S o m e A p p e n d i x
n o t h i n g s p e c i a l t o s a y h e r e . . .
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E K A . S O M E A P P E N D I X
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e k i l L i s t e s i
1 . 1 T o p r a k l a m a v e k o r u m a t e r i m l e r i n i n e m a t i k g s t e r i m i . . . . . 5
1 . 2 Y a r k r e h e s a b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 . 3 H a t a a k m v e p o t a n s i y e l d a l m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1 . 4 D o k u n m a v e a d m g e r i l i m l e r i ( E T T Y ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0
1 . 5 T o p r a k l a y c e i t l e r i v e p o t a n s i e l d a l m . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
1 . 6 S n r l a k m s r e l e r i i i n i z i n v e r i l e n e n y k s e k d o k u n m a g e r -
i l i m l e r i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
1 . 7 T o p r a k l a m a t e s i s l e r i n i n y a p l m a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
1 . 8 Y a l t l m e b e k e l e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
1 . 9 K o m p a n z e e d i l m i e b e k e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
1 . 1 0 Y l d z n o k t a s d o r u d a n t o p r a k l a n m e b e k e l e r . . . . . . . . 2 2
1 . 1 1 1 5 H z ' d e n 1 0 0 H z ' e k a d a r a . a e t k i l e r i n i n a k m - z a m a n b l g e l e r i 2 5
1 . 1 2 T N - S s i s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7
1 . 1 3 T N - C - S s i s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8
1 . 1 4 T N s i s t e m i n e d e e r e m a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8
1 . 1 5 T T s i s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2
1 . 1 6 T T s i s t e m i n e d e e r e m a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3
1 . 1 7 I T s i s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7
1 . 1 8 I T s i s t e m d e t o p r a k k a p a z i t e s i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7
1 . 1 9 I T s i s t e m i n s i m e t r i k b i l e e n l e r e m a s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8
1 . 2 0 A m a s r e l e r i n i n e k i l i l e g s t e r i l m e s i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2
1 . 2 1 T o p r a k l a m a y a r n e k l e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4
1 . 2 2 E k p o t a n s i y e l d e n g e l e m e e m a s a ) i k i c i h a z a r a s n d a k i k e s i t
b ) c i h a z v e m e t a l a k s a m l a r a r a s n d a k i k e s i t . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5
1 . 2 3 B i r a l t s a h a s n d a t o p r a k l a m a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6
1 . 2 4 S a n a y i d e t o p r a k l a m a v e b i n a l a r n v e y l d r m a k a r k o r u n m a s 4 7
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1 . 1 Y a l t l m e b e k e l e r i n a v a n t a j l a r v e d e j a v a n l a t j l a r . . . . . . . 1 9
1 . 2 K o m p a n z e e d i l m i e b e k e l e r i n a v a n t a j l a r v e d e j a v a n t a j l a r . . 2 1
1 . 3 Y l d z n o k t a s d o r u d a n t o p r a k l a n m e b e k e l e r i n a v a n t a j l a r
v e d e j a v a n t a j l a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2
1 . 4 i z e l g e : B l g e l e r e i l i k i n a i k l a m a l a r . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6
1 . 5 i z e l g e : A G s i s t e m l e r i i i n e n b y k a m a s r e l e r i ( A C ) 3 0
1 . 6 i z e l g e : K o r u m a i l e t l k e n i k e s i t l e r i . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
1 . 7 i z e l g e : T o p r a k l a m a i l e t k e n l e r i k e s i t l e r i . . . . . . . . . 3 1
1 . 8 i z e l g e : K o r u m a i l e t l k e n i k e s i t l e r i . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
1 . 9 i z e l g e : T T s i s t e m d e k o r u m a i l e t k e n i k e s i t i . . . . . . . 3 4
1 . 1 0 i z e l g e : l e t k e n l e r i n a y r l m a s i l e k e s i t h e s a b . . . . . 3 4
1 . 1 1 i z e l g e : K o r u m a p o t a n s i y e l d e n g e l e m e i l e t k e n i k e s i t i . 3 5