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PLANNING ANDCONTROL TECHNIQUES

MODULE

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TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSING THEENVIRONMENT

Environment scanning – the screening oflarge a ounts of infor ation to anticipate andinterpret changes in the en!iron ent.

" Competitor intelligence – an en!iron entalscanning acti!ity #y $hich organi%ationsgather infor ation a#out co petitors.


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FORECASTING

Forecasts – predictions of outco es." Quantitative forecasting – forecasting that

applies a set of athe atical rules to aseries of past data to predict outco es.

" Qualitative forecasting – forecasting thatuses the &udg ent and opinions of

'no$ledgea#le indi!iduals to predictoutco es.


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EXHIBIT PC-1FORECASTING TECHNIQUES


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BENCHMARKING

Benchmarking – the search for the #estpractices a ong co petitors or non(co petitors that lead to their superior

perfor ance.


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EXHIBIT PC-2STEPS IN BENCHMARKING

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)EC*+ - E/ 3LL C3) +E/ CE/

!esources – the assets of the organi%ationincluding financial, physical, hu an,intangi#le, and structural5cultural.

" Bu"get – a nu erical plan for allocatingresources to specific acti!ities.

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EXHIBIT PC-3 TYPES OF BUDGETS


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EXHIBIT PC-4HOW TO IMPROVE BUDGETING

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SCHEDULING

/cheduling – detailing $hat acti!ities ha!e to#e done, the order in $hich they are to #eco pleted, $ho is to do each, and $hen they

are to #e co pleted." %antt chart – a scheduling chart de!eloped #y

*enry antt that sho$s actual and plannedoutput o!er a period of ti e.

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EXHIBIT PC-5A GANTT CHART


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SCHEDULING CONT!"

'oa" chart – a odified antt chart thatschedules capacity #y entire depart entsor specific resources.


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EXHIBIT PC-#A LOAD CHART


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SCHEDULING CONT!"

" (E!) net*ork – a flo$chart diagra sho$ing these uence of acti!ities needed to co plete apro&ect and the ti e or cost associated $ith each.

" Events – end points that represent the co pletionof a&or acti!ities in a PE ) net$or'." +ctivities – the ti e or resources needed to

progress fro one e!ent to another in a PE )

net$or'.


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SCHEDULING CONT!"

" ,lack time – the a ount of ti e an indi!idualacti!ity can #e delayed $ithout delaying the$hole pro&ect.

" Critical path – the longest se uence ofacti!ities in a PE ) net$or'.


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EXHIBIT PC-$STEPS IN DEVELOPING A PERT NETWORK


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EXHIBIT PC-$ STEPS IN DEVELOPING A PERT NETWORK CONT!"

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E7* 8 ) PC(9 E:E+)/ 3+; 3C) : ) E/ +

C +/) C) + 3+ CE 8 L; +


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BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS

Breakeven anal sis – a techni ue foridentifying the point at $hich total re!enue is

&ust sufficient to co!er total costs.

" 8rea'e!en point can #e co puted graphicallyor #y using the follo$ing for ula<

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EXHIBIT PC-1&BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS


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LINEAR PROGRAMMING

'inear programming – a athe aticaltechni ue that sol!es resource allocationpro#le s.


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EXHIBIT PC-11PRODUCTION DATA FOR CINNAMON- SCENTED

PRODUCTS


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EXHIBIT PC-12GRAPHICAL SOLUTION TO LINEAR PROGRAMMING

PROBLEM


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PRO'ECT PLANNING

" (ro.ect – a one(ti e(only set of acti!ities thathas a definite #eginning and ending point inti e.

" (ro.ect management – the tas' of getting apro&ect=s acti!ities done on ti e, $ithin#udget, and according to specifications.

" ,cenario – a consistent !ie$ of $hat thefuture is li'ely to #e.


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EXHIBIT PC-13PRO'ECT PLANNING PROCESS


Documents

ITM C18 Supp 2015