iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxemlwifo universitetis socialur da

1

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxemlwifo universitetis

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

S o r e n a k o r t a v a

sazogadoebis Zalauflebrivi Teoriebi

sociologiis doqtoris akademiuri

xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

naSromi Sesrulebulia iv.javaxiSvilis sax.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: sociologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati

asocirebuli profesori _ amiran berZeniSvili

Tbilisi 2010

2

sakiTxis dasma ........................................................................................................................................................................... gv. 3

I nawili: sazogadoeba, sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebi da Zalauflebrivi

mimarTebebi _ XX s. franguli socialuri azri .............................................................. gv. 8

1.1. sazogadoeba, rogorc simravleTa simravle (f. brodeli) ..............................gv. 8

1.2. disciplinaruli sazogadoeba (miSel fuko) ............................................................. gv. 27

1.3. hiper-realuri Zalaufleba da zogadad `socialuris~

funqcionalurobis dakargvis riski ............................................................................................ gv. 47

1.4. sazogadoeba, rogorc mravalganzomilebiani socialuri veli da

simboluri nominacia .................................................................................................................................... gv. 69

I nawilis Sejameba ..................................................................................................................................... gv. 83

II nawili: Tanamedrove sazogadoebis asaxva sistemur-funqcionalur

TeoriebSi da Ria sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi ............................... gv. 85

2.1. sazogadoeba, rogorc komunikaciaTa erToblioba (n. lumani) ..................gv. 85

2.2. sazogadoeba, rogorc moqmedebis sistemis qvesistema .....................................gv. 104

2.3. Ria sazogadoeba da mis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi (j. sorosi) ............gv. 115

II nawilis Sejameba ....................................................................................................................................... gv. 141

daskvna ........................................................................................................................................................................ gv. 143

sqolio.. .........................................................................................................................................................................gv.146

gamoyenebuli literaturis sia ...................................................................................................... gv. 148

3

sakiTxis dasma

sazogadoeba sociologiis cneba-qvakuTxedia. imTaviTve, rac

sociologia Camoyalibda damoukidebel disciplinad da gaTavisuflda

filosofiis zegavlenisagan, sazogadoebis cnebis gansazRvra da misi,

rogorc zesocialuri realobis analizi, iqca yvela sociologisaTvis

pirvel etapad misi mecnieruli Ziebisa. dRes ukve aRar kmayofildebian

sazogadoebis cnebis interpretaciisas adamianis martivi formulis

aRmoCeniT, ukve aRar SevxvdebiT iseT gaigivebebs, rogoric pirvel

sociologebs sCveodaT: `sazogadoeba esaa adamianTa erToblioba~,

`sazogadoeba esaa socialur jgufTa da masSi integrirebul individTa

Semomgarsveli realoba~ da a.S.

Tanamedrove sociologiaSi gamoiyofa ramdenime mimdinareoba,

romelnic TavianTi specifikisa da kvlevis saganTan mimarTebaSi

ganixilaven sazogadoebas. magaliTad, e.w. kritikuli sociologia

(socialur cvlilebaTa Teoriebi, kritikuli konfliqtologia, memarcxene

radikaluri sociologia), fenomenologiuri sociologia, sociologia

kritikuli realizmisa, struqturul-funqcionaluri da struqturul-

sistemuri sociologia, mimarTebaTa sociologiuri koncefciebi,

socialuri koncefciebi industrialuri da postindustrialuri

sazogadoebisa, meTodologiuri sociologiuri koncefciebi, feminizmisa da

genderuli kvlevebis sociologia... aseve SeiZleba sociologiur TeoriaTa

klasifikacia nacionalur sociologiur skolaTa CarCoebSi: franguli

sociologia, germanuli sociologia, amerikuli sociologia, britanuli

sociologia.

Cveni naSromis mizania, ganixilos ara zogadad sazogadoebis Teoriebi,

aramed Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Teoria, masSi Zalauflebis danawilebisa

da individis Tavisuflebis xarisxi. garkveva imisa, Tu ramdenad daculia

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi individis e.w. ZiriTadi uflebebi, ramdenad

eZleva saSualeba individs, moaxdinos sakuTari unarebis Sesabamisad

4

sakuTari pirovnebis realizeba, ramdenadaa sazogadoebis wevrebi

integrirebuli sazogadoebaSi, rameTu swored sazogadoebis wevrTa

integrirebis xarisxi gansazRvravs mocemuli sazogadoebis sijansaRes an

piriqiT, anomiurobas; azrovnebis romeli tipi dominirebs Cvens

Semomgarsvel realobaSi? xom araa konformizmis done imdenad maRali, rom

man individualizmis aRmofxvris safrTxis winaSe dagvayenos? rogoria

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi sistemaTSorisi mimarTebebi? romeli

sazogadoebrivi qvesistema dominirebs dRevandelobaSi da iZleva tons, anu

gansazRvravs `TamaSis wesebs~ (Tuki gavrcelebul gamoTqmas gamoviyenebT) _

politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli?

Cveni naSromi dayofilia or nawilad. pirvel nawilSi movaTavse

franguli socialuri azris warmomadgenlebi: fernan brodeli, miSel fuko

da Jan bodriari, aseve pier burdie. es gaerTianeba araa mxolod

nacionaluri skolisadmi mikuTvnebis niSniT nakarnaxevi. oTxive avtori

cdilobs Tavis ZiebaSi miakvlios da moxazos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

socialuri ierarqiebi da maTi `gazomviT~ aCvenos, Tu ramdenad

egalitarulia Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoeba. fuko da brodeli ikvleven

Sua saukuneebs, magram mxolod komparativistuli miznebiT. maT aqvT

Taviseburi, me vityodi, Zenonis stili, anu vice versa-s principiT

xelmZRvaneloben. isini ikvleven daxurul disciplinarul sazogadoebebs,

raTa maT fonze kargad gamoCndes rogoria, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogori

unda iyos maT sapirispirod Tanamedrove humanuri Ria sazogadoeba.

Jan bodriari da pier burdie yuradRebas amaxvileben Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis statusis gamoxatvis arsebul saSualebebze, rac

ZiriTadad simboluria, Tuki es xorcieldeba pirovnebaTa mxridan da ara

oficialuri nominaciis wyalobiT, romelsac axorcielebs sazogadoebrivi

instituciebi kargad aprobirebuli meTodebiT.

naSromis meore nawilSi Tavmoyrilia sistemuri funqcionalizmis ori

umniSvnelovanesi figura: niklas lumani da talkot parsonsi. niklas

lumanis sazogadoebrivi Teoria wina planze ayenebs sazogadoebaSi

arsebul Zalauflebriv urTierTobebs. Tumca lumanisaTvis Zalaufleba, es

araa iZulebis an Tundac marTvis saSualeba, igi komunikaciis saSualebaa,

5

romelic imarTeba simbolurad generalizirebuli kodiT da miznad isaxavs

pirovnebaTa seleqciurobis gansazRvris safuZvelze maTi qcevebis

sazogadoebis harmoniulobis uzrunvelsayofad garkveul CarCoebSi

moqcevas, rac aramc da aramc ar niSnavs pirovnebaTa interesebis

ugulvebelyofas. parsonsi politikur sistemas miznis miRwevis funqcias

miawers, mis struqturul komponentebad koleqtivebs miiCnevs da misi

ganviTarebis procesis aspeqtebSi gamoyofs diferencias. meore nawili

naSromisa sruldeba jorj sorosis saintereso TeoriiT, romelic,

marTalia, mecnierulobaze pretenziis mqone araa, magram uaRresad

mniSvnelovania naSromSi ganxilul TemaTa azrobrivad SesakavSireblad da

dasasruleblad im logikuri jaWvisa, romlis aq ganviTarebasac vcdilob.

naSromis mizania Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis winaSe mdgari

orgvari riskis ganxilva. pirveli, esaa riski Zalauflebebis gadaWarbebisa,

rasac mivyavarT `daxurul sazogadoebamde~ (Tuki gamoviyenebT cnobil

termins karl poperisa, romlis erTguli mimdevaricaa Tavad sorosi).

meore riski ki mdgomareobs Zalauflebis funqcionalurobis dakargvaSi,

saxelmwifos xelidan usxlteba marTvis sadaveebi, bazari gankargavs

yovelives, ayalibebs axal RirebulebiT orientaciebs da vinaidan igi

(bazari) imTaviTve orientirebulia dagrovebaze da mogebaze, xSirad

demokratiis principebsac ki Ralatobs da aman, daxurul Tu ara yovel

SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia migviyvanos qaosur, Tu sorosis sityvebiT

vityviT `dinamiuri uwonasworobis sazogadoebamde~, rac aseve

arasasurvelia.

Mmokled, mTels naSroms wiTel zolad gasdevs araanomiuri, jansaRi

sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis saWiro pirobebis mecnieruli analizi,

romelic mogvecema qvemoT naxsenebi avtorebis SromebSi: fernan brodeli,

miSel fuko, Jan bodriari, pier berdie, niklas lumani, talkot parsonsi,

jorj sorosi. SemdgomSi maTi Teoriebi SesaZloa safuZvlad daedos

empiriul kvlevasac, magaliTad, brodelisa da bodriariseuli nivTTa

sistemis meSveobiT mocemul sazogadoebaSi socialur ierarqiaTa mijnebis

Ziebis da gazomvis meTodi. sacxovris-interierTa Seswavlis safuZvelze

6

pirovnebaTa habitusis gansazRvra, saofise interierTa SeswavliT

instituciebSi gavrcelebuli kliSeebis da Tundac qcevis wesebis amocnoba.

mocemul naSromSi sazogadoebis Semadgeneli elementebi erTian

planSia ganxiluli, radganac, rogorc ambobda Jan fransua meloni (1734 w.)

_ `sazogadoebis nawilTa Soris arsebobs imdenad mWidro kavSiri, rom

SeuZlebelia erT-erT maTgans dartyma mieyenos ise, rom man rikoSetiT ar

SesZras danarCenni~.... sazogadoebis calkeul elementTa ganxilvisas

viTvaliswineb ra fernan brodeliseul rekomendacias, vcdilob,

SevinarCuno cnobierebaSi `globaluri xedva~, anu yvelaferi warmovidgino

erTian aspeqtSi. swored brodeliseuli meTodis erTgulebam gansazRvra

naSromis pirveli Tavis fernan brodeliseuli sazogadoebrivi Teoriisadmi

daTmoba. amasTan brodelis sazogadoebrivi Teoria aris, rogorc Sesavali,

SemdgomSi zogadidan konkretulze gadasvlisaTvis. davubrundeT kvlav

zemoTqmuls: rodesac kulturis sistema ver axerxebs `nimuSis

kvlavwarmoebas~, xolo societaluri sazogadoeba integracias, politikuri

sistemis sazRvrebi maxinjad farTovdeba da es iwvevs misi sami socialuri

qvesistemis funqciebiT gadatvirTvis samwuxaro aucileblobas. rodesac

ekonomika adaftaciur funqcias SeuTavsebs `nimuSis kvlavwarmoebis~

funqcias, aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis demoralizacia, eTikur

normaTa devalvacia, saxelmwifos Sesusteba, rac arcTu saxarbieloa im

fonze, roca ase boginebs terorizmi. dasavlur sazogadoebas da dasavlur

Rirebulebebs muqarad evlineba islamuri fundamentalizmi da sxva msgavsi

safrTxeebi... societaluri sazogadoeba rodesac ver uzrunvelyofs

individTa CarTvas, integracias da sazogadoebis wevrTa soliduri

raodenoba societalurad gaucxoebulia da apaTiuri, politikur sistemas

uWirs koleqtivebSi loialurobis uzrunvelyofa, riTac ferxdeba misi

ZiriTadi funqcia miznis miRwevisa. mokled, rodesac vlaparakobT

Tanamedrove tipis Ria `dasavlur~ sazogadoebaze, rogorc etalonze,

kargad unda gvesmodes, rom misi arsebobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis

saWiroa oTxive sazogadoebrivi qvesistemis stabiluroba (socialuri

sazogadoeba, fiduciaruli sazogadoeba, politikis da ekonomikis

7

qvesistemebi) da maTi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis

uzrunvelyofa.

zemoT CamoTvlili problemebi erTiandeba erT logikur jaWvSi, rasac

SeiZleba daerqvas aseTi saxeli _ Ria sazogadoeba da individis

Tavisufleba, rogorc moTxovna Tanamedroveobisa da amavdroulad misi

etaloni. yvela avtori, romelTac ganvixilav am naSromSi, TavianTi

Teoriuli Tu empiriuli kvlevebiT, igive mizans isaxavda _ epovaT

egalitaruli, Ria sazogadoebis funqcionirebis gasaRebi, Tundac misi

sapirispiro, disciplinaruli sazogadoebebis SeswavliT.

sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis prioriteti isaa, rom

sazogadoebaTa arsebuli tipebis swori Semecneba da analizi Semdgom

SeiZleba iqces socialuri inJineriisaTvis sasargeblo iaraRad

sazogadoebis dadebiTad gardaqmnisa da `rekonstruirebis~ saqmeSi, rac

ukamaTod misasalmebelia.

8

nawili pirveli

sazogadoeba, sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebi da Zalauflebrivi mimarTebebi

/ me-20 saukunis franguli socialuri azri/

1.1. sazogadoeba, rogorc simravleTa simravle ( fernan brodeli)

Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi udidesi istorikosi, originaluri

moazrovne fernan brodeli daibada safrangeTis aRmosavleTiT 1902 w.

patara sofelSi. swavlobda parizSi, daamTavra volteris liceumi, Semdeg

sorboni. 1923 wels miiRo istoriul mecnierebaTa agreJes wodeba, Semdgom

aswavlida alJirSi, parizSi, san-pauloSi. 1937 w. daniSnul iqna umaRlesi

gamokvlevebis praqtikul skolaSi. f. brodeli meore msoflio omis

dawyebisTanave aRmoCnda frontze. franguli armiis kraxisas igi tyved

Cavarda da 1940-1945 ww. imyofeboda samxedro tyveTa banakebSi,

Tavdapirvelad maincSi, xolo Semdeg _ liubekSi. imyofeboda ra banakSi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom ar hqonda xelT Sesaferisi masala, is flobda ra

fenomenalur mexsierebas, muSaobda bevrs, erTimeoris miyolebiT avsebda

saskolo rveulebs da agzavnida maT lusien fevrTan. swored amgvarad

moamzada kvleva `xmelTaSua zRva da xmelTaSuazRvispireTi filip II-is

epoqaSi~. man am Temaze disertacia daicva 1947 w. (nayofi ocwliani Sromisa),

Tavad es wigni gamoica 1949 w. 1946 wels f. brodeli xdeba erT-erTi

direqtorTagani mark blokis da lusien fevris mier Seqmnili Jurnalisa

ànalebi~ da am istoriografiuli mimdinareobis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli

lideri. brodeli 1949 wlidan gvevlineba `Tanamedrove civilizaciebis~

kaTedris gamged kolej de-fransSi. 1956 w. mas irCeven umaRlesi kvlevebis

praqtikuli skolis VI seqtoris prezidentad, sadac igi did Zalisxmevas

moaxmars disciplinaTSorisi kavSirebis problemis gadaWras, sxva

9

socialur mecnierebaTa istoriis dialogis sakiTxs da a.S. 1962 wels f.

brodeli xdeba adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa saxlis mTavari

administratori. igi iyo araerTi samecniero kvlevis organizatori; misma

mravalmxrivma moRvaweobam saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova. mas mieniWa

sapatio doqtoris wodeba briuselis, oqsfordis, kembrijis, madridis,

Jenevis, londonis, Cikagos, florenciis, san-paulos, paduisa da edinburgis

universitetebisagan.

fernan brodelis yvelaze fundamenturi naSromia `materialuri

civilizacia, ekonomika da kapitalizmi, XV-XVIII s.s.~, esaa trilogia,

umsxvilesi wvlili, Setanili sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi. `materialuri

civilizaciis~ kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens XV-dan XVIII-mde mTelis

msoflio istoria, aq saxezea mcdeloba erTian planSi iyos ganxiluli

sazogadoebis yvela seqtori.

am naSromSi fernan brodeli warmogvidgeba ara mxolod, rogorc

istorikosi, aramed aseve rogorc sociologi. misi gacxovelebuli

interesis sagania sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa urTierTganmsWvalvis da

urTierTgadakveTis sakiTxi. brodels miaCnia, rom istoria, am sityvis

namdvili gagebiT, unda iTavsebdes sociologiis funqciebsac, anu igi

sazogadoebas unda akvirdebodes ara marto droSi fiqsirebul faqtTa

qronologiuri aRricxviT, aramed sazogadoebaTa SemecnebiT da masSi

mimdinare movlenaTa kanonzomierebis aRmoCeniTa da axsniT.

mocemul naSromSi f. brodeli ganixilavs sazogadoebis cnebas, misi

rogorc `simravleTa simravlis~ raobas. ikvlevs sazogadoebis Semadgenel

ierarqiebs, sazodaoebaSi ierarqiaTa Soris Zalauflebis danawilebis

meqanizmsa da xasiaTs, socialur mobilobas, saxelmwifos, rogorc

politikuri sistemis umniSvnelovanes figuras. igi cdilobs amaTuim

sazogadoebaSi nivTTa sistemis kvleviT, ufro zustad, arqiteqturis,

interierebis, Cacmis stilis (modis) da a.S. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

socialuri uTanasworobis ilustrirebas. SesaZloa Jan bodriariseuli

manera, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis nivTTa sistemaSi aRmoCenisa, swored

brodelisgan iyos aRebuli, vinaidan brodeli misi (bodriaris)

Tanamemamule da ufrosi Taobis saocrad moduri moazrovne iyo.

10

radganac brodeli sazogadoebas dayofs ierarqiebad da ganixilavs mas

mTlianobaSi, rogorc `simravleTa simravles~, rogorc sociologi, igi

albaT ufro struqturalistia.

brodeli miiCnevs, rom sazogadoeba Cveni Semomgarsvelia, igi axdens

Cveni cxovrebis orientirebas Tavisi yovelganmyofi realobiT, romelsac

Cven SevigrZnobT ara naklebad, vidre haers, romliTac vsunTqavT.

axalgazrda marqsi werda: `swored sazogadoeba azrovnebs CemSi~. brodeli

svams SekiTxvas, istorikosi brmad xom ar miendoba xilvadobas (видимости),

rodesac Tavis winaSe retrospeqtiulad ganixilavs mxolod individebs,

romelTa pasuxismgeblobis awonva mas ZaluZs Tavisi SexedulebiT.

brodelis mosazrebiT, mkvlevaris amocanaa, ara àdamianis~ martivi

formulis aRmoCena, riTac araerTxel borotad usargebliaT, aramed

sxvadasxva sididis socialuri jgufebis amocnoba, romelnic uklebliv

yvelani urTierTkavSirSi imyofebian.

lusien fevri swuxda, rom filosofosebma gamoigones ra termini

`sociologia~, waritaces is erTaderTi saxelwodeba, romelic rogorc mas

es esaxeboda _ WeSmaritad miesadageboda istorias. eWvgareSea, aRiarebs

brodeli, rom sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa mTeli erTobliobisTvis emil

diurkheimis (1896w) Sromebis gamoCeniT sociologiam moaxdina

kopernikiseuli anda galileoseburi masStabis revolucia, Secvala

midgoma paradigmebisadmi, da es Sedegebi dResac SegrZnebadia. maSin anri

berri miesalmeboda mis gamoCenas da aRiqvamda amas `zogadi ideebisadmi~

dabrunebad pozitivizmis mravali mZime wlis Semdgom; `man (sociologiam)

kvlav Seiyvana filosofia istoriaSi~. Tumca brodeli Tvlis, rom

sociologiaSi Warbobs ra zedmetad miswrafeba zogadi ideebisadmi, igi

ganicdis naklebobas istoriis SegrZnebisa, rac sociologias minusad unda

CaeTvalos. istoria es is realobaa, romlidanac sazogadoebas rigianad

ver SevimecnebT. brodeli ambobs, maSin roca arsebobs istoriuli

ekonomika, ratom ara gvaqvs istoriuli sociologia? Tavisive dasmul

SekiTxvas Tavadve pasuxobs, aSkaraao aseTi ar-yofnis mizezebi: `pirvel

yovlisa, ekonomikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic raRacgvarad aris

11

mecniereba, sociologia kargad ver axerxebs Tavisi sagnis gansazRvrisas _

`ra aris sazogadoeba~ 1( Бродель Ф.1986: 460)

brodelis azriT, JorJ gureviCis gardacvalebasTan erTad (1965w) am

SekiTxvas ukve aRarc ki svamen, Tumca misi interpretaciebic imTaviTve

cudad esadageboda imas, rac, vTqvaT, istorikoss sruliad

daakmayofilebda. gureviCis `globaluri sazogadoeba~ warmogvidgeba

rogorc raRac saerTo garsi socialurisa, iseTive Txeli, rogorc minis

xufi, gamWvirvale da sifrifana. istorikosisaTvis, ambobs brodeli,

romelic mWidrodaa mijaWvuli konkretuls, globaluri sazogadoeba

SeiZleba iyos mxolod jami cocxali realobebisa, romlebic erTmaneTTan

arian an ar arian dakavSirebulni, ara erTi saTavsi, aramed ramdenime

saTavsi da ramdenime saxeoba `moTavsebadTa~.

swored am wesis midevnebiT gadawyvets brodeli, rom sazogadoebaze

umjobesia laparaki, rogorc `simravleTa simravleze~ /ensemble des ensembles/,

rogorc srul jamze yvela faqtisa, rasac ki istorikosebi Seexebian

TavianTi kvlevebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. es niSnavs, maTematikosebisagan

visesxoT iseTi moxerxebuli cneba simravlisa, romelsac Tavad isini

eridebian. termini `simravleTa simravle~ warmoadgens sasargeblo

Sexsenebas imisa, rom nebismieri socialuri realoba, dakvirvebadi

TavisTavad, imyofeba ufro maRali simravlis CarCoebSi. aris ra nakrebi

cvalebad sidideTa, is gulisxmobs cvladTa sxva nakrebsac, romelic ufro

masStaburni arian. brodeli ixsenebs luos mdivnis Jan-fransua melonis

naTqvams (1734w), _ `sazogadoebis nawilTa Soris arsebobs imdenad mWidro

kavSiri, rom SeuZlebelia erT-erT maTgans dartyma mieyenos ise, rom man

rikoSetiT ar SesZras danarCenni~...

cxadia, praqtikulad aseTi globaluroba unda danawevrdes

simravleebze, ris Sedegadac sazogadoeba damkvirveblisaTvis gaxdeba

ufro moxelTebadi. sxvagvarad rogorRa moverioT am uzarmazar masas? i.

Sumpeteri werda _ `mkvlevari Tavisi maklasificirebeli sazomiT

ekonomikur faqtebs xelovnuri gziT amorTavs sazogadoebis erTiani didi

niaRvridan~. romelime sxva mkvlevari, aseve Tavisi arCevanis Sesatyvisad

amorTavs politikur realobas, anda kulturas. j.m. trevelians, SeniSnavs

12

brodeli, Tavis udaod brwyinvale naSromSi ìnglisis socialuri

istoria~, am saxelwodebis qveS nagulisxmevi hqonda ìstoria xalxisa

gankerZoebiT politikisagan~, TiTqosda SesaZlebeli iyo imgvari dayofa,

romelic gamoyofda saxelmwifos, pirvel rigSi socialur realobas

Tavisi arsiT, misi Tanamdevi danarCeni realobebisagan. Tumca ar moiZieba

istorikosi, ekonomisti Tu sociologi, romlebsac ar ucdiaT amgvari

tipis dayofa, Tumca imTaviTve yvela es mcdeloba iyo xelovnuri. aviRoT

marqsiseuli bazisi _ zednaSeni Tundac... Cven, aRniSnavs brodeli,

vsaubrobT axsnis, sazogadoebis ama Tu im realiaTa wvdomis saSualebebze,

da aq, mTavaria, gvaZleven Tu ara isini problemis gagebis SesaZleblobas.

da gana ase ar iqceoda nebismieri sazogadoebrivi mecniereba,

moxazavda ra da gamoacalkavebda amiT Tavisi kvlevis sferos? igi

imTaviTve realobas dayofda nawilebad, xelmZRvanelobda ra am dros

sistematizaciis suliT da amasTan aucileblobiTac. romeli Cvengani araa

raimeze dabadebidanve specilizirebuli sakuTari unarebis anda

midrekilebebis zegavleniT? principSi, orive ganmazogadoebeli

mecnierebani _ istoria da sociologia _ daiyofian dargobriv

disciplinebad: Sromis sociologia, ekonomikis sociologia, politikis

sociologia, Semecnebis sociologia da a.S. politikis istoria, ekonomikis

istoria, socialuri istoria, xelovnebis istoria, ideaTa, mecnierebis

istoria, teqnikisa da a.S.

amrigad, im didi simravlis SigniT, romelsac ayalibebs sazogadoeba,

Cvens mier nawarmoebi dayofis safuZvelze yvelasTvis kargad cnobil

qvesimravleTa gamoyofa brodels ratomRac warmoudgeba banalurad. es

qvesimravleebia ekonomika, socialuri ierarqia, gnebavT socialuri

CarCoebi, politika, kultura. TiToeuli am qvesimravleTagani Tavis mxriv

daiyofa Semadgenel cvalebad nawilebad imave wesiT.

mocemuli sqemis gaTvaliswinebiT globaluri istoria (ufro zustad

Tu vityviT, `maglobalizirebeli~, anu survilis mqone gaxdes sayovelTao,

mudam mosurne amisa, magram ara SesaZleblobis mqone!) unda Seiswavlides,

sul mcire, oTx sistemas mainc, rogorc apriori, aseve maT Soris arsebul

damokidebulebebs, urTierTmimarTebebs, maT Soris arsebul

13

urTierTgacvlis process Tavisi mravalricxvovani korelaciebiT da

cvalebadi sidideebiT, rac axasiaTebs TiToeul jgufs, cvlads... brodels

kargad esmis, rom miuRweveli idealia yvelafris erTian planSi da erTian

moZraobaSi warmodgena. is rekomendaciis saxiT gvTavazobs meTods,

davyofT ra realobas mecnieruli kvlevis praqtikuli miznebiT,

cnobierebaSi mainc SevinarCunoT globaluri xedva _ es uciloblad Tavs

gamoaaSkaravebs interpretirebisas. aseTi meTodi aris saSualeba

erTianobis kvlavwarmoebisa da igi mudam xels Segviwyobs ar virwmunoT

sazogadoebis moCvenebiTi simartive, ar visargebloT gasavliani

formulirebiT: fenobrivi sazogadoeba, klasobrivi sazogadoeba, anda

momxmarebluri sazogadoeba, _ Cven SevZlebT Tavi avaridoT im zogad

Sefasebebs, romelsac es formulirebani gvaxveven Tavs da Sesabamisad aRar

virwmunoT moxerxebuli, magram arazusti homologiebi: vaWari udris

burJuazs, anda vaWrebi udrian kapitalistebs, ankidev, aristokratebi

udrian miwis mesakuTreebs. Cven ukve aRar vilaparakebT Tavadaznaurobaze

anda burJuaziaze ise, TiTqosda es sityvebi Seucdomlad gansazRvravdnen

kargad moxazul simravleebs, ise, TiTqosda iolad gansxvavebadi sazRvrebi

dayofdnen amaTuim kategoriebs, anda klasebs, maSin rodesac sinamdvileSi

es sazRvrebi, iseve rogorc wyali, aris `dinebadi~ (e.i. moZravi da

cvalebadi).

brodeli xazgasmiT ambobs, _ ufro metic, mniSvnelovania ara aprioris

warmosaxva, TiTqosda romeliRac seqtors ZaluZs erTxel da samudamod

upiratesobis mopoveba romeliRac sxvaze an yvela danarCenze erTad.

mTavaria, rom ar virwmunoT ukamaTo da mudmivi upiratesoba politikuri

istoriisa, saxelmwifos wmindaTawminda prioritetis. ganviTarebuli

movlenebis ZaliT saxelmwifos, aRniSnavs brodeli, SeeZlo ganesazRvra

yvelaferi anda ar gamoewvia, saerTod, aranairi Sedegebi. brodeli swuxs,

rom pol adani Tavis xelnawerSi `safrangeTis istoria~ amtkicebs,

TiTqosda mis wignSi xmelTaSuazRvispireTze aSkaraa filip II-is

politikuri rolis damTrgunavi upiratesoba. brodeli Tvlis, rom,

amrigad, pol adani sakuTar xedvas axvevs Tavs mkiTxvels. sinamdvileSi ki

14

sxvadasxva seqtorebi, jgufebi, sistemebi ar wyvetdnen urTierTSoris

TamaSs globaluri sazogadoebis SigniT moZravad darCenil ierarqiebSi.

evropa brodels warmoudgeba Tavisebur msoflio centrad da miaCnia,

rom aq yvela socialuri mobiloba Cans ukeT da gamokveTilad, vidre

romelime sxva regionSi. XI saukunidan dawyebuli da gansakuTrebiT XV

saukuneSi aq ekonomikuri seqtori dawinaurda, ramac gansazRvra misi

sazogadoebrivi piramidis mwvervalze yofna. ekonomikuri seqtori XV

saukunis evropaSi aiZulebda sxva danarCenT, gansazRvruliyvnen masTan

mimarTebaSi, an wesebs is Tavadve karnaxobda da swored es daedo

safuZvlad evropis kontinentis aseT adreul gaTanamedrovebas. magram

araswori iqneboda ekonomikuri startis aRniSnul aswleulamde misi

rolis ugulvebelyofa. brodeli ixsenebs 1622 w. erTi frangi

pamfletistis naTqvams: `nebismieri qalaqi, respublika Tu samefo arsebobs

upiratesad xorbliT, RviniT, xorciTa da tyiT~. Aseve, arasworia gverdis

avla sxva sazogadoebrivi seqtorebis mniSvnelovnebisadmi. nebismier

sazogadoebaSi, brodelis TqmiT, aris Zalebi, romelnic amuxruWeben

progress, drodadro iwveven regressac ki da maTi gaTvaliswinebac

mocemuli sazogadoebis Seswavlisas, arsebiTia. nebismieri sazogadoeba,

ambobs igi, ganimsWvaleboda ukuzemoqmedebis mqone nakadebiT, eseni iyvnen

jiuti winaRobebi, warsulis dromoWmuli gadmonaSTebi, isini xergavdnen

gzebs, isini warmoadgendnen TvisiT `xangrZliv~ struqturebs... es

istoriuli struqturebi iyvnen garkveulwilad gazomvadni, sazomad ki

gvevlineboda maTi arsebobis xangrZlivoba.

fransua furke, Tavis mcire polemikur da konstruqciul wignSi am

Sejaxebebs sxvagvari eniT daiyvans konfliqtamde `survilsa~ da

`SesaZleblobas~ Soris.

erTis mxriv, aris individi, romelic xelmZRvanelobs ara Tavisi

moTxovnilebebiT, aramed survilebiT. igi emgvaneba eleqtroobiT damuxtul

moZrav masas; meores mxriv, ganTavsebulia Zalauflebis represiuli

aparati, ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, Tu rogoria es Zalaufleba _ igi mxars

uWers wesrigs, wonasworobas da sazogadoebis èfeqturobas~.

15

Sua saukuneebidan XVIII saukunemde, aRniSnavs brodeli, swored am

mravalricxovan konfliqtSi myof ZalTa nakadSi ibadeba àxali ekonomika~,

romelic gaxda katalizatori kapitalizmisaTvis, romelic rogorc

procesi, TavisTavad iyo neli. brodels miaCnia, rom kvlevisaTvis

saintereso swored is SewinaaRmdegebebi da winaRobania, romelsac igi

awydeboda Tavis gzaze....

brodeli Tavis sazogadoebriv TeoriaSi Semoitans socialuri

ierarqiebis cnebas da ambobs: mxolobiT Tu mravlobiT ricxvSi

sityvaTSenaerTi `socialuri ierarqia~ aRniSnavs banalur, magram

imavdroulad umniSvnelovanes Semcvlelobas sityvisa `sazogadoeba~,

romelic aq, Cveni Txrobis moxerxebulobisaTvis, aris umaRles rangSi

ayvanili. brodeli amjobinebs saubars ierarqiebze da ara socialur

stratebze, kategoriebze, anda Tundac klasebze. Tumca gansazRvruli

zomis nebismieri sazogadoeba iqoniebs Tavis stratebs, Tavis kategoriebs,

Tundac Tavis kastebs da Tavis klasebs, _ am ukanasknelT

obieqtivizirebuli saxiT, anda òbieqtivizirebulobis~ gareSe, anu

cnobierebis mier SegrZnebadad. brodeli eTanxmeba JorJ gureviCs, roca es

ukanaskneli acxadebs, rom aucilebelia klasobrivi brZolis jerovani

gaazreba. industriamdel sazogadoebaSi, gureviCis azriT, sazogadoebis

gamsWvalav e.w. `winaaRmdegobaTa~ nakadebs ar uwevdnen angariSs da amiT

ziani miadga istoriul Semecnebas.

alen turenic yuradRebis miRma ar tovebda `klasobriv konfliqtebs~

da ambobda, rom `nebismieri sazogadoeba, romelSic warmoebs moxmarebidan

produqtis amoReba da dagroveba, Tavis TavSi faravs klasobriv

konfliqtebs, anu yvela sazogadoeba, gamonaklisis gareSe~.

magram davubrundeT cnebas, romelsac brodeli aniWebs upiratesobas, _

cnebas ìerarqia~. arc erTi sazogadoeba adamianTa dasaxlebis maRali

simWidroviT ar ganviTarebula horizontalurad, rogorc sazogadoeba

TanasworTa. yvela isini aSkarad ierarqizirebulni iyvnen. portugalieli

pirvelaRmomCenebis gakvirvebas ar qonda sazRvari, roca 1446w. atlantis

okeanis sanapiroze, saharis velze qabu-dureskatis koncxTan da mimdebare

adgilebSi, rodesac isini kontaqtSi Sevidnen mcirericxovan berberebis

16

tomebTan (Savi monebis da oqros qviSis yidvisas) da aRmoaCines, rom am

ukanasknelT ar yavdaT mefe. TumcaRa, ambobs brodeli, Tuki axlodan

davakvirdebodiT, isini awarmoebdnen klanebs, klanebs ki yavdaT TavianTi

meTaurebi. taivanis pirvelyofili xalxebi (formozebi) 1630w. holandielebs

aocebdnen aranakleb. maT ar yavdaT arc mefe, arc xelmwife. magram isini

mudmivad omobdnen, anu erTi sofeli _ meoresTan. da gana sofeli es

dajgufeba, korporacia araa? Tundac sazogadoeba utopistebisa, romelic

konstruirebulia warmosaxvaSi realuris sapirispirod, Cveulebriv

ierarqizirebulad rCeba. olimpos mTaze berZen RmerTTa sazogadoebac

gaxldaT ierarqiuli. aqedan askvnis brodeli, rom ar arsebobs

sazogadoeba karkasis, struqturis gareSe.

Cveni dRevandeli sazogadoeba, rogoric ar unda iyos misi politikuri

sistema, brodelis TqmiT, ara metad egalitarulia, vidre sazogadoebani

gardasul droTa. ubralod mkveTrad gamoxatulma privilegiam dakarga

raRac wili Tavisi miamituri simartivisa. warsulSi ki, fenobriv

sazogadoebaSi, sakuTari rangis garegnulad gamomxatveli niSnebis

erTguleba iyo Rirsebis sakiTxi, Taviseburi `keTilSobileba~. sasacilod

Canda da gakicxvis sagnad iqceoda mxolod is, vinc sajarod gamohfenda

Tavisi socialuri rangisaTvis Seusabamo atributebs.

brodeli RimiliT ixsenebs XVIII saukunis erT-erT proJekts, romelic

daiwera deklasirebisa da xarjTa umizno flangvis sawinaaRmdegod: `dae

safrangeTis mefem ubrZanos princebs, hercogebs, titulovan pirebs da maT

meuRleebs _ ataron cisferi arSia, iseTive rogorsac atareben maltiis da

wminda lazares ordenis wevrebi. danarCen didgvarovnebs _ wiTeli arSia.

Ddae, yvela oficeri, serJanti da jariskaci mudam atarebdes uniformas.

Ddae, livrea iyos savaldebulo momsaxureTaTvis, maT Soris

kamerdinerebisa da saxliskacebisaTvis. maT unda aekrZaloT Sliapis kideze

broSebis, oqrosa an vercxlis samSvenisebis mimagreba. es iqneba idealuri

gadawyvetileba, romelic gaakontrolebs xarjebs fufunebis sagnebze da

mdabio xalxTaTvis gaxdis SeuZlebels ama qveynis ZlierTa Soris garevas~

2 (Бродель Ф.1998: 465).

17

realurad ki, rac xels uSlida amgvar àRrevas~, iyo ara msgavsi

gulubryvilo proJeqti, aramed erTis mxriv _ simdidre, fufuneba,

Zalaufleba, avtoriteti, meores mxriv, siRatake, morCileba. brodels

magaliTad moyavs 1776w. erTi italiuri teqsti, romelSic weria:

`kacobriobis erTi nawili eqvemdebareba iseT uxeS mopyrobas, rom lamisaa

suli amoxdes, da es imitom raTa meore nawili gamoZRes imgvarad, rom

gaskdomis piras iyos~.

brodeli xazs usvams, rom ierarqiuli wyoba arasodes araa martivi.

nebismieri sazogadoeba esaa mravalferovneba, mravalsaxeoba. igi daiyofa

Tavisi Tavis sapirispirod, rac aris Tavad misi arsi.

brodels magaliTad moaqvs e.w. `feodaluri~ sazogadoeba,

romlisTvisac imTaviTve maxasiaTebeli pluralizmis aRiareba marqsist da

`momarqsisto~ istorikosebsa da ekonomistebsac ki mouwiaT. brodeli

acxadebs, rom mark blokisa da lusien fevris darad, termin

`feodalizmis~ mimarT is ganicdis garkveul alergias. es ariso

neologizmi (feodum-feod) warmoSobili vulgaruli laTinuridan. igi

pretendirebs Tavis CarCoebSi moicvas mTeli evropuli sazogadoeba XI-XV

saukuneebis masStabiT. es iseTive araswori saxeldebaa, rogoric XVI-dan

XX saukuneebamde mTeli epoqebis moniSvna terminiT `kapitalizmi~. magram

brodeli amjobinebs SeeSvas am kamaTs da gadadis dasabuTebaze. is Tanaxmaa

pirobiTad gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc gasavliani formula e.w. feodalizmi

evropis socialuri istoriis (Tundac) am didi etapis aRsaniSnavad. es

mosaxerxebeli iarliyia, acxadebs igi, magram Cven aseTive warmatebiT

SegveZlo gvelaparaka èvropa A~-ze, aRvniSnavdiT ra, Semdgom etaps

èvropa B~-Ti... da nebismier SemTxvevaSi A da B etapebs Soris unda

aRgveniSna is movlena, rasac orma cnobilma istorikosma uwoda `namdvili

aRorZineba~ (X-XIII sauk. Soris).

brodelis azriT, feodaluri sazogadoebis saukeTeso aRwerad dRemde

rCeba JorJ gureviCis mcire monaxazi, romelic daiwera mark blokis

SesaniSnavi wignis yuradRebiT wakiTxvis Semdeg. aq gureviCi Taviseburad

aviTarebs blokis azrebs. es `feodaluri~ sazogadoeba, formirebuli

saukuneebis niaRvrebiT, ngreviT, SenebiT, iyo forma sul mcire 5

18

sazogadoebis, 5 sxvadasxva ierarqiis Tanaarsebobisa. yvelaze Zveli,

saZirkvelSi myofi da Semdgom nangrevebSi moyolili, gaxldaT

`senioraluri sazogadoeba~ (1). misi saTaveebi saukuneTa burusSi ikargeba.

man Tavis ujredebSi daajgufa seniorebi da maTTvis axlobeli glexebi.

naklebad Zveli, magram Tavisi fesvebiT aseve Sors mimavali, _ Tavad romis

imperiamde da sulieri wyaroebiT ufro Rrma, gaxldaT `Teokratiuli

sazogadoeba~ (2), romelic romis eklesiam aaSena didi ZalisxmeviTa da

SeupovrobiT, rameTu mas ara mxolod `dapyroba~ esaWiroeboda, aramed

sakuTar adeptTa SenarCuneba, anu maTi xelaxla usasrulod daufleba.

adreuli evropis namati produqtis umniSvnelovanesi wili midioda am

uzarmazari da grandiozuli dawesebulebis Senaxvaze: taZrebi, eklesiebi,

monastrebi, saeklesio rentebi... ra iyo es? kapitaldabandeba Tu flangva?

mesame sistema: teritorialuri saxelmwifos irgvliv organizirda ufro

axalgazrda sazogadoeba, romelic sxvaTa wiaRSi aRmocenda da maTSive

eZiebda sayrdens. ukanasknel karolingTa dros saxelmwifom ganicada

kraxi, magram rogorc es xSirad xdeba, aRniSnavs brodeli, rRveva ar iyo

totaluri.... meoTxe subieqti: feodaluri wyoba am sityvis zusti

mniSvnelobiT! myari zednaSeni, mswrafvi socialuri struqturis

mwvervalisaken safexurebiT; SenarCunebuli saxelmwifos Sesustebis

wyalobiT, zednaSeni, gamaerTianebeli seniorebisa grZel ierarqiul jaWvSi,

romelic eswrafeboda am ierarqiaze dayrdnobiT yovelives SenarCunebas,

yvelafris marTvas. Tumca eklesia ar iqneba sistemis ujredebiT mTlianad

dapyrobili, saxelmwifoc erT mSvenier dRes gawyvets am qsels. xolo rac

Seexeba glexs, is nawilobriv axerxebs zemoT mimdinare aJiotaJisagan

gankerZoebiT arsebobas da bolos, mexuTe da ukanaskneli sistema, romelic

brodelis SexedulebiT aris yvelaze umTavresi _ qalaqebi. isini

aRmocendnen, an yovel SemTxvevaSi xelaxla gamoCndnen X-XI sauk. isini

gvevlinebian, rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebuli

sazogadoebani, gansakuTrebuli civilizaciebi, gansakuTrebuli ekonomikebi.

qalaqni iyvnen pirmSoni Soreuli warsulisa, maTSi nawilobriv cocxldeba

romi, Tumca isini awmyos ekuTvnodnen, rac swored rom uzrunvelyofda maT

ayvavebas. qalaqi, es iyo pirveli realuri Sedegi Sromis racionaluri

19

danawilebisa sofelsa da qalaqs Soris; Sedegi vaWrobis aRorZinebisa,

keTilsasurveli koniunqtiuris, Sedegi monetis kvlav brunvaSi CarTvisa.

monetis meoxebiT TiTqos eleqtro-Zabva aRmocenda, romelic bizantiidan

da islamis qveynebidan ukidegano sivrcis gavliT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis

meSveobiT gavrcelda mTels dasavleTSi. SemdgomSi mTeli zRva gaxdeba

qristianuli da iwyeba axali aRmasvla, gardaqmna mTeli Zveli evropisa...

amrigad, ajamebs brodeli, ramdenime sazogadoeba erTdroulad

Tanaarsebobda da, avad Tu kargad, eyrdnoboda erTmaneTs. saqme gvqonda ara

erT, aramed ramodenime sistemasTan, ara erT, aramed ramdenime ierarqiasTan,

fenebTan, warmoebis saSualebebTan, mraval kulturasTan, Tavad

cnobierebac ki ar iyo erT egzemplarad, erTian qvabSi ixarSeboda da

urTierTqmedebda sxvadasxva erebi, enebi, cxovrebis sxvadasxva wesi...

brodeli gvTavazobs yvelafris mravlobiT ricxvSi gadayvanas!

JorJ gureviCi, brodelis TqmiT, mxolod erT sakiTxSi aviTarebda

mcdar azrs: misi SexedulebiT, es 5 sazogadoeba, moniSnuli terminiT

`feodaluri~ iyo antinomiuri, erTmaneTisadmi ucxo. rom TiTqos erTis

sazRvrebidan gasvla, sicarieleSi Sebijebas udrida.

realurad, miiCnevs brodeli, es sazogadoebani iyvnen Tanadroulni,

gadaizrdebodnen urTierTSi, gulisxmobdnen gansazRvruli kavSirebis

saxeze yofnas! qalaq-saxelmwifoebi TavianT mosaxleobas aiyvandnen im

senioraluri miwebidan da soflebidan, romlebic maT gars akravda,

miierTebdnen ara mxolod glexebs, aramed seniorebsac, ufro zustad,

seniorTa jgufebs, romelnic qalaqSi migrirebis Semdgom aq klanur

qselebs ayalibebdnen. eklesiis SuagulSi (centrSi) myofi papoba

urTierTobda sienis bankirebTan, avalebda ra mas gadasaxadebis akrefas,

romelic mas qristianuli mrevlisgan amohqonda. inglisis samefo

xelisufleba eduard I-is saxiT mimarTavda kreditorebs lukSi, xolo

Semdgom florenciaSi. seniorebma Zalian swrafad daiwyes xorblisa da

sxva saqonlis gayidva, Tumca saWiro iyo, rom es yvelaferi maTgan vaWrebs

SeeZinaT. rac Seexeba qalaqebs, isini axali drois prototipebi iyvnen da

gvevlinebian Tanamedrove saxelmwifos da nacionaluri ekonomikis Sobis

wanamZRvrad.

20

brodeli aRniSnavs yovelive zemo Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

nebismieri sazogadoeba, anda subsazogadoeba, socialuri jgufi, dawyebuli

ojaxidan, iqoniebda sakuTar ierarqias: eklesia iseve, rogorc

teritorialuri saxelmwifo, savaWro qalaqi Tavisi patriciebiT iseve,

rogorc feodaluri sazogadoeba, romelic saerTodac iyo mxolod

ierarqiuli struqtura, rogorc senioraluri reJimi _ erTis mxriv

senioriT da meores mxriv glexiT. brodeli svams SekiTxvas, gana Sinaganad

urTierTdakavSirebuli globaluri sazogadoeba ar warmoadgens ierarqias,

romelmac SeZlo Tavi moexvia mTeli erTobliobisaTvis?...

brodeli amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rom Tuki sazogadoebis erTobliobas

SevxedavT zemodan, Tavdapirvelad TvalSi gvecema ara subkategoriebi,

aramed imTaviTve arsebuli uTanasworoba, romelic dayofs masas zemodan

qvemoT Zalauflebis da simdidris moculobis Sesatyvisad. nebismieri

dakvirveba aaSkaravebs am Sinagan uTanasworobas, romelic iyo mudmivi

kanoni TiToeuli sazogadoebisa. rogorc aRiareben sociologebi, esaa

struqturuli kanoni, romelmac ar icis gamonaklisi.

brodeli ambobs, rasac Cven imTaviTve vxedavT piramidis mwvervalze,

esaa privilegirebulTa mcire jgufi. Cveulebriv am pawawina jgufisaken

miedineba yvelaferi: maT ekuTvniT Zalaufleba, namati produqtis

umniSvnelovanesi wili; maT xelSia ufleba marTvisa, xelmZRvanelobisa,

Taosnobisa, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa; isini uzrunvelyofen

kapitaldabandebis da Sesabamisad warmoebis process. simdidre da

momsaxurebis sxvadasxva servisi, fulis nakadi maTken miedineba. maT qveS

ganlagebulia ekonomikis agentTa mravalsarTuliani simravle, sxvadasxva

rangis moxeleebi, marTulTa masa. xolo yvelaze qvemoT ki _ uzarmazari

jgro socialur narCenTa umuSevari samyaro.

cxadia, socialuri poziciebis kartebi rigdeboda ara

erTxeldasamudamod, magram xelaxali Camorigeba iyo iSviaTi da mudam

mwiri. adamianebi drodadro gamZafrebiT Seutevdnen socialuri ierarqiis

zemoTa safexurebs, magram arsebiT cvlilebebs èwireboda~ Cveulebriv

ramdenime Taoba. xSirad, axal poziciebze, isini verc axerxebdnen

mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. socialuri brZola, brodelis azriT (da es

21

albaT sruli WeSmaritebaa), arsebobda mudmivad da grZeldeba dRemde, iseve

rogorc arseboben cocxali sazogadoebani maTi privilegiebis SkaliT da

Zalauflebis saWeebiT.

brodels aocebs privilegirebulTa mcirericxvovneba, radganac araerTxel

saxeze iyo socialuri progresi. privilegirebulTa mcire jgufi xom namat

produqtze iyo damokidebuli, risi meSveobiTac maT gankargulebaSi

gaxldaT araprivilegirebulTa Sroma da Sesabamisad am namati produqtis

gazrdas TiTqos unda gamoewvia maTi ricxobrivi gafarToeba. magram es

TiTqmis arasodes momxdara, rac dResaa, is iyo warsulSic. saxalxo

frontis lozungis Tanaxmad 1936w. safrangeTi sul mTlianad `200 ojaxze~

iyo damokidebuli, romelnic gamokveTilad ar Candnen, magram iyvnen

yovlisSemZleni. es politikuri lozungi iolad iwvevda Rimils. magram

erTi saukuniT adre adolf tieri werda emociebSi Cavardnis gareSe: `...iseT

saxelmwifoSi, rogoric safrangeTia, cnobilia, rom 12 milion ojaxze....

arsebobs ori an sami aseuli ojaxi, romelic simdidris mflobelia~. da

kidev aswleuliT adre aseTive gulmodgine momxre arsebuli socialuri

wesrigisa (iseve, rogorc tieri) Jan-fransua meloni xsnida, rom `naciis

fufuneba SezRudulia aTasi adamianiT SedarebiT danarCen 20 milionTan,

romelnic aranakleb bednierni arian... roca keTili policia aiZulebs maT

mSvidad datkbnen TavianTi Sromis nayofiT~...

brodels ainteresebs, didad gansxvavdebian warsulisagan Cveni

amJamindeli demokratebi? yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeniSnavs igi, cnobilia wigni

C. r. milsisa `mmarTvel elitaze~ da `mdidarTa elitaze~, romelic xazs

usvams gasaocar siviwroves im jgufisa, romelzedac damokidebulia

nebismieri gadawyvetileba _ mniSvnelovania yvelasaTvis amJamindel

SeerTebul StatebSi, iq nacionaluri elita aseve Sedgeba ramodenime

gabatonebuli ojaxisagan, da es dinastiebi wlebTan erTad naklebad

icvlebian. klaudio tolemei, sieneli mwerali, gabriele Cezanosadmi

gzavnilSi 1531w. 21 ianvars werda: `nebismier respublikaSi, Tundac diadSi,

nebismier saxelmwifoSi, Tundac saxalxoSi, iSviaTad xdeba, rom mmarTvel

Tanamdebobaze iniSnebodes 50 moqalaqeze meti. arc aTenSi, arc romSi, arc

veneciasa da lukSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelni ar yofilan mravalricxovanni,

22

Tumca es miwebi imarTebodnen ise, rogorc respublikebi~, xom ar arsebobs

raRac veragi kanoni umciresobisa, rameTu araa gansxvaveba sazogadoebas,

epoqasa da msoflios regionebs Soris, kanoni, romelic WeSmaritad iwvevs

gaRizianebas, vinaidan, ambobs brodeli, Cven ver viazrebT logikurad mis

mizezebs, TumcaRa esaa realoba, romelic jiutad saxezea da usafuZvloa

kamaTi.

piramidis ZirSi ganTavsebul sazogadoebis masa arsebuli wesrigis

artaxebiT iyo `Sekavebuli~, da Tuki igi mkveTr moZraobebs iwyebda,

artaxebi viwrovdeboda, myardeboda, anda saxelmwifo gamoZebnida sxva

saSualebebs maTi aRkveTisa. saxelmwifo umalve mzad iyo gadaerCina

arsebuli socialuri wesrigis qvakuTxedi ùTanasworoba~. kulturac da

isinic, vinc mas warmoadgenda, umal saxeze iyo. isini qadagebdnen

morCilebas, Tvinierebas, keTilgonierebas da aucileblobas `keisrisaTvis

keisris misageblisa~. yvelasaTvis mosaxerxebeli iyo sazogadoebis masis

TavisTavadi mSvidi evolucionireba, im zomiT, rom xeli ar SeSloda

sayovelTao wonasworobas.

akrZaluli ar yofila erTi dabali safexuridan meore, odnav maRalze

gadanacvleba (igulisxmeba socialuri ierarqiis safexuri). glexi xSirad

xdeboda vaWari, vaWari _ mcire memamule... veneciaSi ùkanasknel adamianad

miiCnevdnen imas, visi saxelic ar figurirebda romelime saZmos siaSi

(Scuola), magram araferi ar uSlida adamians xels ukidures SemTxvevaSi

gawevrianebuliyo, Tundac xelosanTa centrSi (amqarSi) (Arte) da ase

gadaelaxa pirveli etapi.

socialuri etapis yvela es patara drama, brodelis TqmiT, aris

brZola imisaTvis, rom `viyo is, vinc me var~ (èl ser quien soy~), rogorc

ambobda personaJi erTi romanisa (1624w.) da es SeiZleba miviRoT niSnad

gansazRvruli klasobrivi cnobierebis arsebobisa. mis (klasobrivi

cnobierebis) saxeze yofnas adasturebs aseve ajanyebani arsebuli wesrigis

winaaRmdeg, maTi daTvla SeuZlebelia...

brodeli ambobs, ras vuwodebT Cven am ajanyebebs _ bunts, klasobriv

brZolas Tu incidents, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, zogierT maTgans

aRmoaCndeboda iseTi veluri Zala, rom maT mxolod erTi sityva

23

“revolucia” Tu moergeboda. mTeli evropis masStabiT 5 saukunis manZilze,

romelsac moicavs brodelis sqeltaniani trilogia `materialuri

civilizacia~, Tavi iCina e.w. SewinaaRmdegebis 10 aTasobiT faqtma,

romelTagan yvela jerac araa aRniSnuli da jerovnad Sefasebuli da

kvlavac arqivis Taroebze imtverebian...

brodelis sazogadoebriv TeoriaSi adgils povebs aseve saxelmwifos,

rogorc aseTis mimoxilva da misi ZiriTadi funqciebis analizi (yovel

SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvali mainc).

brodeli acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo esaa Serwyma yovelivesi _

umniSvnelovanesi figura. evropis farglebs miRma is aswleulebis manZilze

Tavs axvevda adamianebs Tavis autanel simZimes. evropaSi misi roli XV

saukunidan kvlav gaizarda. am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT saxelmwifos

damfuZnebeli iyo `sami jadoqari~, rogorc maT uwodebda frensis bekoni:

1. henrix XII lankastereli.

2. ludovik XI.

3. ferdinand kaTolike.

maTi Tanamedrove saxelmwifo Tanamedrove armiasTan, àRorZinebasTan~,

kaTolicizmTan da mecnierul racionalizmTan SedarebiT iyo siaxle! es

grandiozuli moZraoba, miaCnia brodels, sinamdvileSi am jadoqrobamde

didi xniT adre daiwyo. istorikosebis erTsulovani azriT, gana pirveli

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ar gaxldaT orive siciliis fridrix II-is samefo

(1194-1250) ?! ernest kurciusi erToboda kidevac, roca amtkicebda, rom am

saqmeSi didi wvlili hqonda karl dids.

saxelmwifo mudam erTi da imaved rCeboda, roca laparaki iyo mis

ZiriTad funqciebze. zogadad saxelmwifos brodeli ganmartavs, rogorc

funqciaTa jams, Zalauflebis gansxvavebul saxeobaTa nakrebs. brodeli

CamoTvlis saxelmwifos sam ZiriTad funqcias:

I. `pirveli amocana saxelmwifosi: aiZulos mas daemorCilon,

moaxdinos TavisTvis sasargeblod Zaladobis potencialis

monopolizacia mocemul sazogadoebaSi. gawmindos es

ukanaskneli masSi mosalodneli yvela agresiis afeTqebisagan da

24

Caanacvlos isini, rogorc maqs veberi ityoda `legitimuri

ZaladobiT~.

II. àmocana meore: akontrolos, axlodan anda Soridan, ekonomikuri

cxovreba, moaxdinos aSkarad anda farulad simdidris brunvis

organizeba; gansakuTrebiT ki daepatronos nacionaluri

Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wils, raTa uzrunvelyos Tavisi

sakuTari xarjebi, Tavisi fufuneba, Tavisi àdministracia~ anda

omi. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos I piri gayinavs

Tavis sasargeblod sazogadoebrivi qonebis sakmaod did wils:

gaixseneT didi magolis saganZuri, uzarmazari sasaxle-sawyobi

Cineli imperatorisa pekinSi, anda 34 milioni dukati oqrosa da

vercxlis monetebSi, romelnic 1730w. noemberSi iqna aRmoCenili

axladgardacvlili stambulis sulTanis gansasvenebelSi.

III. `da bolo amocana: monawileoba miiRos sulier cxovrebaSi,

romlis gareSec ver SenarCundeba vercerTi sazogadoeba. Tuki

SesaZlebelia, amoxapos damatebiTi Zalebi Zlevamosili

religiuri Rirebulebebidan, gaakeTos maT Soris arCevani anda

dauTmos mas. aseve zedamxedveloba awarmoos mudmivad kulturis

cocxal moZraobaze, romelic nawilobriv jibrSi udgas

tradicias da ar unda misces kulturul siaxleebs ufleba

STanergon Relva sazogadoebaSi~. 3 (Бродель Ф.1988: 521).

saxelmwifosTvis, brodelis azriT, wesrigi niSnavs kompromiss ZalTa

Soris, romelnic arian `Tanaxma~, da ZalTa Soris, romelnic arian

`winaaRmdeg~. Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi saubaria yvelaze xSirad imaze, rom

mxari daeWiros socialur ierarqias, jgufebs, romelnic ganlagebulni

arian `saTaveSi~... winaaRmdegni yovelTvis Warbobdnen ricxobrivad.

brodeli ambobs, saxelmwifo akeTebs Tavis saqmes, roca igi ayenebs

dartymas, roca is emuqreba daqvemdebarebis mizniT. mas gaaCnia ufleba

individTa ganadgurebisa sayovelTao sikeTis saxeliT. is profesionali

jalaTia, amavdroulad udanaSaulo. roca is ayenebs xilul dartymebs, es

xdeba kanonis farglebSi. da brbo, dasZens brodeli, avadmyofuri

25

cnobismoyvareobiT mudam jgrod iyo saxrCobelebTan eSafotebis irgvliv

da arasodes ar yofila sikvdilmisjilis mxares.

miuxedavad imisa, rom fernan brodeli istorikosia, miseuli ganxilva

sazogadoebis da sazogadoebis Semadgeneli struqturuli elementebisa, es

aris udaod sociologia. fernan brodelis gavlena farTo iyo mis

Tanamedrove da Semdgomi Taobebis frangul sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSic.

yvelaze arsebiTi brodelTan aris is, rom igi sazogadoebis cnebis

interpretirebisas ar kmayofildeba adamianis martivi formulis aRmoCeniT,

an kidev sazogadoebriv mTels ar warmoadgens piramideli modeliT agebul

erTeulad, romelSic arsebobis wess mudam politikuri sistema karnaxobs.

brodels miaCnia, rom sazogadoeba mudmivad evolucionirebs, Tumca

socialuri mobiloba gazomvisaTvis Znelad mosaxelTebelia da xazs

usvams, rom am evolucionirebaSi Tanabar rols TamaSoben politikasTan

erTad ekonomika, kultura, religia... anu sazogadoebis TiToeuli

qvesimravle. aseve sainteresoa brodelis stili ierarqiaTa sazRvrebis

nivTTa sistemaSi aRmoCenisa. igi Tavisi sqeltaniani trilogiis

`materialuri civilizacia~ I tomSi `yoveldRiurobis struqturebi~

ganixilavs (kerZod ki me-4 TavSi) sacxovriss, tansacmels da modas da

miaCnia, rom yvelaze metad aq avlens Tavs `privilegia~, rogorc aseTi.

magaliTad aviRoT saxli: Tu adamiani didi kapitalis mflobelia, igi

saSen masalad iyenebs qvas, magaliTad marmarilos, ufro naklebad

privilegirebuli _ agurs, xolo glexebi ki, saerTodac, xis saxlebSi

cxovroben.

brodeli mimoixilavs Sua saukunis evropis interierebs. man arqivebSi

Seiswavla am epoqaSi notariusTan registrirebul saxlTa proeqtebi da

aRmoaCina, rom glexebi faqtiurad erT oTaxs iyenebdnen sacxovrisad da

saZinebladac, maTi saSinao sivrce ar iyo dayofili arc samzareulod da

sasadilod, miTumetes arc misaReb oTaxebad. ufro metic, maT Tavlac ki

saxlSive hqondaT. aveji glexur saxlebSi aseTive simwiriT gamoirCeoda.

ZiriTadad xis skivri, ganjina, Tixis da xis WurWlebi, samosi mxolod erTi

wyvili da a.S. SeZlebul glexTa saxlebi, yuradRebas amaxvilebs brodeli,

kramitiT iyo gadaxuruli; RatakTa ki _ xis totebiT, romelnic TixiT

26

iyvnen amolesilni. brodeli mimoixilavs qalaqSi mravalsarTulian

saxlebs da ambobs, rom sxvenSi ZiriTadad Raribi studentebi cxovrobdnen,

sardafebSi boganoebi. ai SedarebiT SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi ki Sua

sarTulebs ikavebdnen. nivTTa sistemiT da interierebiT sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli uTanasworobis gamovlenas brodelis Semdgom frangul

socialur mecnierebaSi wavawydebiT miSel fukosTan, xolo Jan bodriarma

ki am Temas saerTodac calke naSromi miuZRvna, saxelwodebiT `nivTTa

sistema~.

mimaCnia, rom brodeli udaod niWieri da originaluri mkvlevaria da

mniSvnelovania misi sociologiis rangSi ganxilva. zogadad misi

sazogadoebis Teoria albaT e.w. struqturalisturi sociologiis

CarCoebSi Tavsdeba.

27

1.2. disciplinaruli sazogadoeba ( miSel fuko)

fernan brodelTan naTlad gamoikveTa, rom nebismieri, Tundac

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba aris garkveulwilad represiuli wnexis qveS da

es araa anomalia, aramed ufro `samwuxaro~ aucilebloba, rac

uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis qaosuri mdgomareobidan distancirebas, Tumca,

sasurveli iqneboda socialur-ierarqiul kibeze vertikaluri

mimarTulebiT aRmasvla yofiliyo ufro intensiuri da ekonomikuri

winsvla garanti sazogadoebis e.w. saSualo fenis warmomadgenelTa ricxvis

zrdisa da Zalauflebis ufro samarTliani distribuciisa.

brodelis Tanamemamule miSel fuko aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs

sazogadoebis SigniT moqmed represiul wnexze. igi am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT wers naSroms `zedamxedveloba da dasja~, romelSic askvnis,

rom sazogadoebani, romel epoqasac ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini, arian

disciplinirebulni. Ddisciplinirebulobis xarisxi roca zRvars aWarbebs,

vRebulobT anomiur, daxurul sazogadoebas, sadac individi sapatimroSi

gamomwyvdeul tusaRs emgvaneba, romelsac aRaraferi darCenia, Tuki isaia

berlinis sityvebiT vityviT _ garda “sakuTar citadelSi gaqcevisa”. es

kacobriobis winaSe mdgari mudmivi problemaa. Aam sakiTxis dasmiT da misi

ganxilviT miSel fukos disciplinaruli sazogadoebis koncefcia did

Rirebulebas SeiZens sociologiisaTvis, rogorc Teoriuli, aseve

praqtikuli kuTxiT (igulisxmeba fukos naSromis mniSvneloba

saxelmZRvanelod socialur inJineriaSi)

miSel fukos azriT Zalauflebis fenomenis Sesaswavlad arasakmarisia

misi politikuri sisitemis CarCoebSi ganxilva. Zalufleba sakuTari Tavis

investirebas axorcielebs adamianebSi, mTlianad sazogadoebaSi da maTi

meSveobiT obieqtivibirebuli gansxeuldeba da muSaobs realobaSi.

Zalauflebis samiznea ori obieqti: adamiani anatomiuri sxeuli da is

geografiuli sivrce, romelzec sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianuri saerTo

sacovrebeli ganTavsdeba. adamianis dasapyrobad is iyenebs ,,politikur

anatomias~, xolo geografiuli sivrcis sakuTari miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT

gadasamuSaveblad e.w mafunqcionalizirebel arqiteqturas.

28

miSel fuko Seiswavlida sazogadoebaTa gansxvavebul istoriul tipebs

da Semdgom komparativistuli analizis meSveobiT gviCvenebda Tu

sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis fonze rogor icvleboda Zalauflebis

xasiaTi da funqcionirebis meqanizmi. fuko Seiswavlis Sua saukuneebis

monarqistul sazogadoebas. es erTgvari Sesavalia misi interesis

ZiriTadi sagnis `disciplinruli sazogdoebis~ gansaxilvelad, romelic

istoriulid post-monarqiuli sazogadoebaa.

unda aRiniSnos, rom fukos ,,disciplinirebuli sazogadoebis~ Teoria

erTgvarad Tavisi arsebobiT umadlis ingliseli iuristis ieremia bentamis

XVIII saukuneSi gamocemul naSroms ,,panoptikumi’’, romelsac Tavis epoqaSi

aranairi yuradReba ar miupyria. es naSromi miSel fukosaTvis STagonebis

wyarod iqca.

fuko cdilobs agvixsnas, ram STaagona bentams panoptikumis modeliT

mowyobili sazogadoebis SemoTavazeba, fuko mogviTxrobs, rom XVIII

saukunis meore naxevarSi adamianebs Tansdevda SiSi bneli sivrcisa, rasac

aRZravda burusis, gaurkvevlobis farda, romelic SeuZlebels xdida

saganTa, adamianTa, WeSmaritebis xilvadobas, aucilebeli iyo am janRis

gafantva, janRisa, romelic Cqmalavda sicxades. sazogadoebaSi wertili

unda dasmoda yovelgvari bneli kunWulis arsebobas, aucilebeli iyo

yvela im Cabnelebuli palatis Camongreva, ris miRmac ifareboda

politikuri maqinaciebi, mefeTa xuSturebi, religiuri cruwmenebi, tiranTa

Tu mRvdelTa SeTqmulebebi, uxamsobani, gnebavT epidemiebi. revoluciam

moitana undobloba da siZulvili sapatimroebis, saavadmyofoebis, morgebis,

e.w. gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis da monastrebis mimarT. unda

aRiniSnos, rom es undobloba Tu siZulvili sulac ar iyo gadaWarbebuli,

radganac yovelive zemo CamoTvlili gaxldaT winare politikuri wyobis

sayrdeni da am memkvidreobis uwindeburi formebisagn ganTavisuflebis

gareSe ver damkvidrdeboda axali politikuri da zneobrivi wyoba. miSel

fuko yuradRebas amaxvilebs revoluciis epoqis gotikur saSinelebaTa

frangul romanebze, sadac iSleba mTeli galerea qimeruli xilvebisa

aCrdilebiT, saidumlo samalavebiT, bneli jurRmulebiT, sadac Tavs

afareben yaCaRebi da masze aranakleb saSiSi didgvarovnebi, eretikosi

29

berebi Tu moRalateebi. fukos magaliTad moyavs anna redklifis

nawarmoebebi_sadac uxvadaa mTebi, tyeebi, gamoqvabulebi, Camongreuli

cixesimagreebi, monastrebi da aq gamefebuli wyviadi da mdumareba

mkiTxvels unergavs saSinelebis grZnobas, es warmosaxuli sivrceebi

mtroben yovelgvar gamWvirvaleobas, SeuZlebels xdian saganTa xilvadobas

da swored amis aRkveTas cdilobs axali revoluciuri suli. am viTarebaSi

batondeba Sexeduleba, rom sazogadoebaSi samarTliani Zalauflebis

garanti SeiZleba iyos mxolod sayovelTao gamWvirvaleoba, koleqtiuri

mzeris mimarTva TiTeul sagansa Tu movlenaze, aseve koleqtiurad

adamianTa urTierT_kontroli, raTa samarTlianobis mzeras ar

gamohparvoda arcerTi SemTxveva Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis...

Zalauflebis mamoZravebel Zalad unda qceuliyo sazogadoebrivi azri,

romelic ukve aRar Seegueboda wyvdiadiT mosil arcerT alags.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gavleniT Camoayaliba ieremia bentmma formula_

,,Zalaufleba gamWvirvaleobis meSveobiT~, ,,damorCileba Suqze gamoyvanis

saSualebiT~ da am formulis praqtikaSi dasanergad SemogvTavaza

hanoptikumis modeli, romelTanac misadagebiT unda moewyoT Semdgom

sazogadoebrivi saerTosacxovrebeli.

miSel fuko Seadarebs rusosa da bentamis Sexedulebebs

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gamWvirvaleobis sakiTxebis irgvliv da askvnis,

rom isini garkveulwilad Seavseben erTmneTs. ubralod ruso erTgvarad

lirikosi iyo. is Tavisi aRtacebuli suliT muxtavda mraval

revolucioners da sjeroda, rom sruli sajarooba gaxldaT saukeTeso

iaraRi samefo Zalauflebis Tu amaTuim fenis ukanono privilegiaTa

aRsakveTad, kontroli TiToeulisa TiToeulze samarTlianobis garantia,

magram im pirobiT, rom ,,TiToeuli damkvirvebeli gaxdeboda amxanagi’’.

wignSi ,,emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb’’ emilis aRmzrdeli gaxlavT

zedamxedveli da swored amitomaa mniSvnelovni rusosaTvis am ukansknelis

amxanagad qceva. bentamis panoptikumSi ki wavawydebiT aseT gamoTqmas:

,,TiTeuli amxanagi xdeba damkvirvebeli (u.z. zedamxedveli)’’, bentami

Sepyrobilia gamWvirvaleobis ideiT, is misTvis disciplinis da mkacri

wesrigis iaraRia, bentami vardeba ukiduresobaSi, mis mier samarTlianobis

30

sadarajoze SemoTavazebul panoptikums sabolood ewireba yvelaze

Rirebuli adamianisaTvis _ misi individualuri Tavisufleba. rusom es

saSiSroeba ver dainaxa misi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, misi meocnebe da

poeturi sulis meoxeobiT, ai bentamma ki Secdoma gacilebiT uxeSad

dauSva. da amis mizezad fuko miiCnevs bentamis zedmetad gatacebas

sayovelTao sajaroobiT da gamWvirvaleobiT, individualizmis

ugulvebelyofiT. magram bentami xom Tavisi epoqis Svili iyo da daxuruli

sazogadoebis pirmSosaTvis iseve Zneli iyo individualizmis

prioritetebis danaxva, rogorc daltonizmiT daavadebulisaTvis

gansxvavebuli ferebis aRqma.

exla ki mivubrundeT panoptikums, bolosdabolos ras warmodgens igi?

rogoria arqiteqturuli saxe am kompoziciisa? raSi mdgomareobs misi

funqcia? me vecdebi detalurad gavimeoro fukos monaTxrobi: “panoptikumi

esaa wriuli formis Senoba. centrSi ganTavsebulia koSkura. koSkuraSi

Casmulia farTo fanjrebi, romlebic gadahyureben wris Sida mxares.

wriuli formis Senoba kamerebadaa dayofili, TiToeuli maTganis sigrZe

utoldeba Senobis moculobas kameraSi ori fanjaraa: erTi gadis SigniT,

koSkuris SesabamisiEfanjris mxares, meore ki gareT, da amrigad, mTeli

kamera xelisguliviT gamWvirvalea. sakmarisia centralur koSkuraSi erTi

zedamxedvelis ganTavseba, xolo TiToeul kameraSi erTi SeSlilis,

avadmyofis, msjavrdebulis, muSisa Tu moswavlis. ramdeni ujredi-

kamercaa,swored imdeni erTi msaxiobis patara Teatri mogvecema, amasTan

TiToeuli msaxiobi martosulia, absoliturd individualizirebuli da

mudmivad xilvadi. panoptikuri mowyoba aorganizebs sivrciT erTeulebs da

iZleva mudmivi dakvirvebis da amocnobis saSualebas. erTi sityviT, misi

principi gansxvavebulia bneli sapyrobilis principisagan, ufro zustad,

karkeris sami funqciidan _ daatyvevos, moaklos Suqi da dafaros _

SenarCunebulia mxolod pirveli, xolo danarCeni ori ukuigdeba, kaSkaSa

Suqi da zedamxedvelis mzera imorCilebs ukeT, vidre sibnele, romelic

saboloo jamSi icavs patimars, xilvadoba _ es xafangia!” 4 (Фуко М. 1999: 293)

TiToeuli individi imyofeba Tavis adgilze , saimedodaa Caketili kamerSi,

saidanac mas akvirdeba zedamxedveli, mezoblebTan kontaqtis damyarebaSi

31

kameris binadars xels uSlis Sida kedlebi. mas xedaven, magram is ver

xedavs. is warmodgens informciis obieqts, magram arasodes ar gvevlineba

komunikaciis subieqtad! misi kameris centraluri koSkuris pirdapir

ganlageba uzrunvelyofs mis srul xilvadobas; magram wris SigniT

gadatixvrebis wyalobiT calkeuli kamerebi imyofebian srul

dafarulobSi. da es dafaruloba gvevlineba wesrigis garantiad, Tuki

kameraSi iyofebian damnaSaveebi, araa SeTqmulebis saSiSroeba, koleqtiuri

gaqcevis mcvleloba, dagegmareba axali, momavali danaSaulisa, Tuki

avadmyofebi _ araa dasnebovnebis saSiSroeba, Tuki SeSlilni _ araa

urTierTze Zaladobis riski, Tuki moswavleebi _ gamoricxulia gadawera,

karnaxi, Woraoba, drois fuWi flangva, Tuki muSebi _ araa Cxubi, qurdoba,

kompaniebi da garToba, rac anelebs muSaobas, dawevs Sromis xarisxs an

rasac SeuZlia ubeduri SemTxvevebis gamowveva.

paniptikumis ZiriTadi amocana _ patimris mudmiv xilvadobaSi yola,

uzrunvelyofs Zalauflebis avtomatur funqcionirebas. arqiteqturuli

aparati panoptikumi manqanaa, romelic adamianisagan damoukideblad qmnis

Dda inarCunebs Zalauflebriv mimarTebebs.

fuko xazs gausvamda, rom adridanve Senebis xelovneba pasuxobda

upiratesad Zalauflebis moTxovnebs, emsaxureboda RvTaebriobas, Zalas.

istoriulad umniSvnelovanesi nagebobebi iyo sasaxle da eklesia,

romelTac emateboda cixesimagreebi, vinaidan isini metyvelebdnen ,,diadTa

ama qveynisa~ Zlevamosilebaze. arqiteqtura uZvelesi droidan Zalauflebis

moTxovnTa Sesabamisad viTardeboda, albaT arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom

uZlieresi msoflio saidumlo organizaciebi e.w. ,,Tavisufal qvismTlelTa~

TavianT saTaves solomon mefis taZris mSenoblobidan iReben. Tumca es

mainc sxva sakiTxia da fukoseul Zalauflebriv TeoriebTan araa kavSirSi.

fuko yuradRebs amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom XVIII saukunis bolos

arqiteqturas gauCnda axali amocanebi. mosaxleobis zrdam da

xalxTgansaxlebis problemam aucilebeli gaxada sivrcis e. w. sameurneo

_politikuri miznebiT mowyoba. sazogadoebrivi sivrcis funqcionalurad

mowyobaSi fuko did rols miakuTvnebs eqimebs da iumoriT imasac ki ambobs,

rom ar icis vis mianiWos sociologiisaTvis upiratesi mniSvneloba

32

monteskies, ogiust konts Tu medikosebs, romlebmac XVIII saukunis winaSe

mdgari xalxTgansaxlebis problemebi ise efeqturad gadaWres, rom

erTdroulad daakmayofiles sazogadoebrivi sivrcis mowyobisas

politikuri da sameurneo amocanebi. eqimebi sivrcis mowyobis sakiTxebSi

eqspertebi iyvnen. isini wina planze Semdeg ZiriTad problemebs

wamowevdnen: I - adgilmdebareobis problemas, romelic moicavda sakiTxebs

adgilobrivi klimatisa, niadgis bunebisa, haeris sinotivis Tu simSralisa.

II - problemas Tanacxovrebisa, aq moiazreboda sakiTxebi adamianTa Soris

simWidrovisa Tu siSorisa, wyliTmomaragebis problema, kanalizaciaTa

mowyoba, ganiaveba. aseve adamianTa gverdiT cxovelTa ganTavsebis sakiTxi,

Senobebis - maTi sadgomebisa Tu sasaklaoebisa. aseve adamianTa gamijnva

gardacvalebulTagan, anu sasaflaoTaTvis Sesabamisi adgilis gamoZebnis

saWiroebani da a. S. III - gadaadgilebis problemas, romlis qveSac

moiazreba adamianTa migraciebi da masTan dakavSirebuli daavadebaTa

gavrcelebis saSiSroeba.

Mmokled, medikosebi meomrebTan erTad gaxdnen pirveli

damnawileblebi sazogadoebri sivrcisa. Tumca meomrebi ZiriTadad cariel

tramalebs, mindvrebs da Acixesimagreebs ipyrobdnen, xolo yofiTi,

sacxovrisi sivrce da qalaqebi (maTi funqcionluri mowyobis

TvalsazrisiT) pirvelad medikosebma aiTvises.

fuko fiqrobda, rom Rirda sxavdsxva sivrceTa mTeli istoriis

dawera, vinaidan es iqneboda Zalauflebis sxvadasxva gamovlinebaTa

istoria imavdroulad. fukosaTvis sivrce ar daiyvaneba bunebaze,

mocemulobaze, pirvelad ganpirobebulebaze, fizikur geografiaze. sivrcis,

rogorc horizontis mniSvnelobis danaxva, romlis dapyrobiTac

Zalaufleba qmnis istorias, kargad SeZles analebis skolis adeptebma _

mark blokma da fernan brodelma. ,,sivrceTa TeoriebSi~ maT wvlils fuko

ZaxilisniSniT gausvams xazs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazogadoebrivi sivrcis dayofa

funqcionaluria da is imTaviTve Zalauflebis interesebs emsaxureba,

modiT aviRoT erTgvari simboluri magaliTi, noes kidobnis saxiT: noes

kidobani imgvarad daproeqtda, rom mas daetia Tavis TavSi mTeli samyaro.

33

noes kidobnis arqiteqtura imTaviTve misadagebuli iyo samyaros

Taviseburebebs wvrilmani detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT. fukos mier aRweril

situaciaSi saqmis viTareba sxvagvaradaa, am SemTxvevaSi Zalauflebas surs

samyaros arqiteqtori iyos Tavad. igi sazogdoebriv sivrces aproeqtebs

imgvarad, rom masSi ganTavsebulma sxeulebma miiRon misi interesebis

Sesabamisi yofiereba. es araa ioli saqme, ,,funqcionalurad~ mowyobili

sivrcis kvaldakval unda imuSaos ideologiam, rac saWiroa sivrceSi

ganTavsebul sxeulTa muStrirebisaTvis, magram disciplinarul

sazogadoebSi mimdinareobs ara anatomiuri sxeulis muStrireba, aramed

sulisa, raTa sulma awarmoos damjere, Tvinieri sistemisaTvis misaRebi

sxeuli.

noes kidobani simbolurad Ria sazogadoebis modelia, is

orientirebulia samyaros Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Mmisi Sesatyvisi

sacxovrisis kidobanis saxiT Senebaze, raTa warRvnis dasrulebamde _ anu

krizisuli situaciis dasasrulamde _ SeinarCunos samyaro Tavis

individualurobaSi. ,,Zalaufleba~ ki cdilobs Tavisi zegavlenis

berketebis gasafarToeblad da SesanarCuneblad Seqmnas sivrce, romelic

daproeqtdeba yalibis stilSi, misgan Seqmnili arqiteqturuli veli masSi

ganTavsebul arsebebs yoveldRiurad gardaqmnis Tavisi Sablonebis

Sesatyvisad.

noe didi arqiteqtoria Ria sazogadoebisa (cxadia es yvelaferi

iTqmis metaforulad, simboluri mniSvnelobiT), misi antipodia fukoseuli

abstragirebuli Semoqmedi disciplinaruli sazogadoebisa, romelsac igi

daarqmevs ,,madisciplinirebul Zalauflebas~. Zalaufleba FFfukosTan

TiTqos gansxeuldeba, rameTu mas miewereba niSnebi samyaroseuli sivrcis

daproeqtebis da sazogadoebrivi yofierebis warmoebisa. Tumca fuko imasac

gausvams xazs, rom yvela epoqaSi Zalaufleba sxvadasxvagvar ipostasSi

gvevlineba. disciplinebul sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebas miewereba

,,moqmedebis~ niSnebi, anu igi ufro subieqtia, vidre obieqti (rogorc es

unda iyos normalur viTarebaSi) an lumanis sityvebiT Tu vityviT

saSualeba, vTqvaT komunikaciis gansaxorcieleblad, radgan sityvam moitana

da lumani vaxseneT SevadaroT fukosa da lumaniseuli dmokidebuleba

34

sivrcis, rogorc horizontis mimarT, Tanac lumanis Zalauflebrivi Teoria

komunikaciuri Teoriebis konteqstSi xom Cveni disertaciis ZiriTadi

amosavali wertilia. lumanTan sivrce absoluturad moklebulia

funqcionalurobis niSnebs. funqcionaluroba misTvis mxolod

sazogadoebriv qvesistemebs gaaCnia, romlebic TavianTi Ria-daxurulobiT

axdenen komunikaciaTa translacias da, amrigad, STaberaven sicocxles

socialur samyaros.

lumans ar ainteresebs arc fizikuri sivrce da arc misi

arqiteqturuli mowyobis strategia. lumanisTvis fukosagan gansxvavebiT,

Zalufleba arasodes araa subieqti, abstragirebuli moqmedi, igi mxolod

obieqtia. cxadia, mniSvnelovani obieqti, romlis saSualebiTac iwarmoeba

komunikaciebi. komunakaciebi es is jaWvebia, romlebic uzrunvelyofen

sazogdoebrivi sistemis erTianobas da kompleqsurobas. Zalaufleba,

amrigad, lumanTan aris gamoyvanili erTgvari duRabis rolSi, romelic

uzrunvelyofs adamianuri samyaros mdgradobas, harmoniul funqcionirebas

da ara mis uzurpirebas.

albaT, aseTi mkveTri gansxvaveba Zalauflebis gagebaSi fukosa da

lumans Soris gamowveulia imiT, rom fukos kvlevis obieqtia

disciplinebuli sazogadoeba, romelic Tuki karl poperis terminologias

gamoviyenebT ukomentarod, ,,daxurulia~. xolo niklas lumanis interesis

sagani ki Tanmedrove tipis maRaldiferencirebadi ,,Ria sazogdoebaa~.

mivubrundeT isev fukoseul monaTxrobs disciplinaruli

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. arqiteqturis meSveobiT sivrcis funqcionalurad

mowyobis Semdgom etapad Zalaufleba ujredulad dayofil segmentebSi

ganaTavsebs individebs, sadac isini SezRuduli arian droiT

ganzomilebaSic. sivrcisa da drois dapyrobiT Zalaufleba axdens

individTa muStirebas, maT Tvinier, damjere sxeulebad gamoZerwvas.

rogorc adre vaxseneT, miSel fukos TvalsazrisiT XVIII saukuneSi

aRmoaCines, Tu ramdenad efeqturia sazogadoebrivi sivrcis panoptikumis

modeliT mowyoba. garda imisa, rom Zalaufleba ipyrobs fizikur sxeulebs,

is Tavis sacecebs maT cnobierebaSic CauSvebs da es meTodi ufro metis

momcemia, vidre uSualod iZuleba gamoxatuli fizikuri zemoqmedebis

35

saxiT. modiT, magaliTad aviRoT danaSaulisa da sasjelis urTierT-

mimarTeba. erTi SexedviT TiTqos es kriminalistikis sfero da mxolod

penitencialur sistemas exeba, magram fukos azriT danaSaulisa da

sasjelis mimarTebis fonze yvelaze ukeT vlindeba Tu ,,sulis dapyrobiT’’

rogor efeturad aRwevs Zalaufleba sxeulSi. daviwyoT Txroba

detalurad, raTa cxadad warmovaCinoT Cvens mier nagulisxmevi azri.

monarqiaSi sazogadoeba ar iyo sistemurad diferencirebuli da

danaSaulis garkveuli aqti sazogadoebSi gamoyofda sam Senawevrebas: 1 –

monarqi, rogorc kanonis gansxiereba, 2 – damnaSave, romelic danaSaulis

aqtiT upirispirdeba monarqs da Crdils ayenebs mis sidiades da 3 – xalxi,

rogorc pasiuri mayurebeli monarqsa da damnaSaves Soris gaTamaSebuli

scenisa. danaSaulis kvaldakval, romelmac daamcira suvereni, sasjeli

yvelas Tvalwin demonstraciulad AaRadgens mis Seuval Zlevamosilebas.

sajaro dasja aRsrulebs iuridiul-politikur funqcias, ganaCenis

aRsrulebisas sulac araa daculi zomierebis principi, piriqiT, umjobesia

saxeze iyos wonasworobis aryofna da gadaWarbebuloba (anu sasjeli araa

damnaSavisagan miyenebuli zianis pirdapirproporciuli). dasjis

liturgiaSi xazi gaesmeba Zalauflebis mier Tavisi Tavis damkvidrebis

maneras misTvis maxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi upiratesobebiT. da es

upiratesoba umadlis ara ubralod samarTals, aramed monarqis mistikur

Zalas, romelic gadmoinTxeva damnaSavis sxeulze da acamtverebs mas:

arRvevs ra kanons, kanonis damrRvebi xelyofs Tavad xelmwifis pirovnebas

da amitomac swored suverennma (anda ukidures SemTxvevaSi iman, visac

gadaeca suverenisagan Zalaufleba) unda daipyros msjavrdebulis sxeuli

da sajarod damRa daados mas, gatexos, daamciros, mokled sajarod

dasjis ceremonialis mizania masaTa SeZrwuneba, potenciur damnaSaveTa

dafrTxoba. miSel fuko Tavis naSromSi `zedamxedveloba da dasja – cixis

warmoSoba~ aRwers frangi jariskaci robert-fransua dmienis 1757 wlis 2

martis sajaro dasjis sastik SemTxvevas. mas gamoetana ganaCenad parizis

taZris centraluri karibWis win sajarod sasikvdilod dasja. Tumca

sikvdiliT dasja jer kidev araferi iyo. mis sxeuls saaTebis ganmavlobaSi

cxeli SanTebiTa da marwuxebiT gausaZlisad tanjavdnen, ris Sedegadac

36

Ronemixdili da faqtiurad nafleTebad qceuli sxeuli cxenebis meSveobiT

oTxad gaglijes (robert-fransua damianma ludovik XV-s daniT msubuqi

Wriloba miayena). sajarooba da amasTanave umowyaloba sasjelisa iyo

nawili daSinebis politikisa. dasjili damnaSavis sxeulis meSveobiT

yvelas unda SeegrZno xelmwifis zRvardaudebeli Zlevamosileba...

post_monarqiul wyobaSi sasjelisadmi damokidebuleba radikalurad

icvleba, Tu monarqiaSi sasjeli gadmoinTxeoda damnaSavis sxeulze mTeli

Tavisi sisastikiT, amjerad sasjelma unda daiqvemdebaros am ukanasknelis

suli, gnebavT mas davarqvaT cnobiereba, kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi. post_

minarqiul wyobaSi sazogadoebaSi ESenawevrebebi amgvarad diferencirdeba:

1. kanoni, romelic dgas sazogadoebis sadarajoze,

2. kriminali, romelic kanondarRvevis aqtiT daupirispirda sazogadoebas.

3. sazogadoeba, romelsac mieyena ziani.

post-monarqiul sazogadoebaSi mniSvneladia ara damnaSavis fizikuri

sxeulisaTvis zianis miyeneba, raTa man xorcieli tanjviT gamoisyidos

sazogadoebisaTvis misgan miyenebuli zarali, aramed danaSaulis simZimis

gacnobiereba. danaSaulis gacnobierebaa garantia imisa, rom kriminali

xelmeored ar Caidens msgavs qmedebas da swored misgan gacnobierebuli

monaniebiT aRsdgeba sazogadoebaSi darRveuli wonasworoba. XVIII

saukunidan miyolebuli am mizans emsaxureba sasjelaRsrulebis organoebSi

adgilobriv personalTan fsiqologebisa da sasuliero pirebis aqtiuri

TanamSromloba. damnaSaveTa sulierad gatexis samsaxurSi kanoni aqtiurad

rTavs eTikas, morals, zneobriobas, gnebavT religias... sasjeli pirvel

rigSi dartymas ayenebs suls da adamianTa cnobierebaSi fiqri sasjelisa

da fiqri danaSaulze avtomaturad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rac aris

garkveuli garantia imisa, rom potenciuri danaSaulic aris TavisTavad

blokirebuli.

fuko xazs usvams, rom arasworia sulis iluzoruli aRqma. suls,

fukos Tanaxmad, sworedac rom gaaCnia realoba, is mudmivad iqneba irgvliv,

zedapirze, sxeulis SigniT Zalauflebis funqcionirebis wyalobiT,

romelic zemoqmedebas dasjilebze _ saerTodac yvelaze, visac

akontroleben, aRzrdian, vis muStrirebsac ewevian anda vis gamosworebasac

37

cdiloben, is zemoqmedebs suliT davadebulebebze, bavSvebze saswavlo

dawesebulebebsa Tu ojaxSi, msjavrdebulebze koloniebSi, maTze, vinc

mijaWulia sawarmoo manqanebze cexebSi da eqvemdebareba kontrols mTeli

Tavisi darCenili cxovrebis manZilze. suli, mis istoriul realobaSi,

gansxvavebiT qristianul TeologiaSi warmodgenili sulisagan, ar ibadeba

codvili da ar moiTxovs sasjels, Tumca ibadeba Tavad dasjiTi

procedurebisagan, zedamxedvelobisa da iZulebisagan. suli aris Sedegi da

instrumenti politikuri anatomiisa, suli esaa sxeulis sapatimro!~

rac Seexeba ,,politikuri anatomias~, fuko mas ganixilavs, rogorc

teqnikas batonobisa, marTvisa, romelsac gaaCnia sxvadasxva sferoSi

mkveTrad gansazRvruli taqtikebi _ iqneba es sivrcis dayofa, drois

kalkulacia, sasjelis klasifikacia Tu individTa muStrireba. qvemoT

Sevecdebi ganvixilo zogierTi maTgani SedarebiT detalurad.

daviwyoT meTodebiT, romelTa meSveobiTac politikuri anatomia

individebs ganaTavsebs winaswar danawevrebul sivrceSi:

a) disciplina moiTxovs gamijvnas, adgilis specifikacias, romelic

iqneba gansxvavebuli yvela danarCenebisagan da Caketili Tavis TavSi.

b) gamijvna sivrces daamuSavebs gacilebiT moqnili da natifi gziT,

upirvelesa yovlisa martivi elementaruli lokalizaciis meSveobiT, an

kidev cocxali cxrilebis daxazviT da ujrebis Sesabamisad danawilebiT.

`TiToeul individs miekuTneba Tavisi adgili, TiToeul adgils _

sakuTrivi individi. saWiroa jgufebad ganawilebis Tavidan arideba,

dauSvebelia warmoSoba koleqtiuri Sejgufebebisa, unda gaixliCos

saCoTiro, masobrivi anda mouxelTebeli simravleebi. disciplinaruli

sivrce iyofa imden ujrad ramden danawilebas daqvemdebarebuli sxeuli da

elementicaa. anulirebulebuli unda iqnes aramkafio danawilebis Sedegbi _

individTa ukontrolod gaqroba, maTi difuziuri cirkulcia, maTi

usargeblo da saSiSi Tavmoyra. saWiroa saxeze yofnis an aryofnis faqtTa

mudmivi aRricxva. aucilebelia codna imisa Tu sad da rodisaa SesaZlo

povna, daZebna amaTuim individisa. unda damyardes sasargeblo kavSirebi,

gaixliCos yvela danrCeni da a.S usasruld~ 5 (Фуко М. 1999: 208). mocemuli

meTodika mimarTulia Semecnebaze, dauflebasa da gamoyenebaze. disciplina

38

axdens analitikuri sivrcis organizebas (daqvemdebarebisa da pragmatuli

gamoyenebis mizniT). g) funqcionaluri ganlagebis wesi disciplinaruli

institutebis meSveobiT TandaTanobiT axdens sivrcis kodirebas, romelsac,

Cveulebriv, arqiteqtura tovebs Tavisufals, misi mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis

mizniT. Dd) disciplinaSi elementebi urTierTCanacvlebadia, ramdenadac

TiToeuli maTgani gansazRvrulia sxvaTa rigSi mis mier dakavebuli

adgiliT, aseve SualediT, romliTac is gancalkevdeba sxvaTagan.

Sesabamisad, erTeuls warmodgens ara teritoria (erTeuli batonobisa), ara

adgili (erTeuli ganlagebisa), aramed rangi:KKklasifikaciSi dakavebuli

adgili, xazisa da svetis gadakveTis wertili, intervali intervalTa

rigebSi, romelTa danaxvac SesaZlebelia erTi meoris miyolebiT.

Ddisciplina rangTa xelovnebaa, ganlagebaTa gadasxvaferebis teqnikaa. is

lokalizaciis meSveobiT axdens sxeulis individualizirebas, rac ar

niSnavs gasazRrul adgilze maT mimagrebas, aramed _ urTierTobaTa qselSi

danawevrebas da cirkulirebas.

axla ki visaubroT semiotikur teqnikaze, romliTac politikur

anatomiaSi SeiaraRdeba dasjis Zalaufleba, igi Sedgeba eqvsi ZiriTadi

punqtisagan:

1. minimaluri raodenobis wesi: `calkeuli danaSauli Caidineba,

radganac igi uzrunvelyofs gansazRrul mogebas, gamorCenas. Tuki

danaSaulis ideidan aviRebT wagebis ideas mogebis ideis nacvlad_is

Seswyvets sasurvelad yofnas. dasjis miznis misaRwevad sakmarisia, rom

misgan miyenebuli ziani aRematebodes gamorCenas (mogebas), romlis miRwevac

SeeZlo damnaSaves danaSaulis CadeniT. cxadi xdeba, rom odnav ufro

sarfiania sasjelisaTvis Tavis arideba, vidre riskze wasvla, rac

ukavSirdeba danaSaulis Cadena~ 6 (Фуко М.1999: 137)

2. sakmarisi idealurobis wesi: Tuki danaSaulis motivad gvevlineba

mosalodneli sargebeli, dasjis efeqturoba mdgomareobs mosalodnel

zianSi. amitomac ,,tkivili~, romelic Seadgens gulisguls dasjisa ara

imdenad tkivilis SegrZnebaa, ramdenadac tkivilis idea, diskomfortis

usiamovnebisa _ ,,tkivili tkivils ideisagan~. dasjam unda gamoiyenos ara

39

sxeuli, aramed wamosaxva, maqsimaluri mniSvneloba unda mieniWos tkivilis

warmodgenas da ara mis sxeulobriv realobas.

3. uku-efeqtTa wesi: sasjelma unda moaxdinos udidesi zemoqmedeba

imaTze, visac danaSauli jerac ar Caudenia. Tuki cxadi gaxda, rom

danaSauls damnaSave xelmeored ar Caidens, amiT rwmundeba sxvac, rom igi

ukve daisaja. imaTTvis, vinc xedavs dasjils da sasjelis simZafres,

warmoidgens TavisTvis, warmosaxvaSi gancdili tanjva_wameba

koncentrirdeba erTaderT azrSi, yvela momenti tyveobisa erTiandeba erT

fiqrSi. Dda es fiqri aris ufro sazareli, vidre fiqri sikvdilze. esaa

ekonomiurad idealuri sasjeli: is minimaluria imisTvis, vinc mas ganicdis

(tyved qceuli araa unaris mqone, Caidinos danaSauli xelmeored) da

maqsimluria imisTvis, vinc warmoisaxavs mas cnobierebSi. sasjeli

sasurvelia iyos naklebad mkacri damnaSavis sxeulis mimarT da mZlavri

STabeWdilebis mqone potenciur damnaSaveTa cnobierebaze.

4. absoluturi sandoobis wesi: `kanonebi, romlebic axdenen

danaSaulis klasificirebas da adgenen sasjels, unda iyon absoluturad

cxadni, imisaTvis raTa sazogadoebis TiToeulma wevrma SeZlos

danaSaulebrivi da keTilSobiluri qcevis erTmaneTisagan gamijnva. kanonebi

unda iqnan gamoqveynebulni da misawvdomni TiToeulisaTvis; saWiroa ara

zepiri tradiciebi da Cveulebebi, aramed werilobiTi kanondebloba. myaria

Zegli, romelic Seaxsenebs sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze, saWiroa

yvelasaTvis gasacnobad Riaa teqstebi” 7 (Фуко М. 1999: 139).

Tuki adamianebs moeCvenebaT, rom danaSauli SesaZloa iqnes mitevebuli

da xolo sasjeli araa danaSaulis ucilobeli Sedegi, SesaZlebeli iqneba

maTgan ukanonobaze imedebis damyreba... kanonebi unda iyon umowyaloni, da

adamianebi, visac mohyavT isini aRsrulebaSi - Seuvalni! mTvari isaa, rom

arcerTi Cadenili danaSauli ar unda daifaros imaTi mzerisagan, vinc

aRasrulebs marTlmsajulebas. araferi ise ar asustebs kanonebs, rogorc

imedi dausjelobaze.

policiam da iusticiam unda imoqmedon erTad, rogorc erTi procesis

orma urTierTdamatebiTma elementma: policia axdens TiToeul individze

sazogadoebis zemoqmedebis garantirebas, iusticia ki axdens individebis

40

uflebebis garantirebas sazogadoebis mimarT, amrigad, yoveli danaSauli

gamotanili iqneba dRis Suqze da damnaSave usaTuod daisjeba. magram

aucilebelia aseve, rom sasamrTlo procesi ar iyos faruli, raTa

mizezebi, ris gamoc sjian braldebulebs anda gaamarTleben, iyos cnobili

yvelasTvis da yvelam gaigos safuZveli dasjisa: ,,dae, mosamarTlem Tavisi

azri yvelas gasagonad gamoTqvas, dae, sasamarTloSi waikiTxos kanonis

teqsti, romlis safuZvelzec ganaCeni gamoitaneba... dae, sasamarTlo

procedurebi, sasamarTlo kancelariis janRSi dafaruli, gaxdnen Riani

yvela moqalaqisTvis, romelnic dainteresdebian gansjilis bediT...’’ 8 (fuko

miSel 1999: 141)

5. zogadi WeSmaritebis wesi: rogorRa moxerxdeba adamianTa

cnobierebaSi uwyvetad SekavSireba danaSaulze da sasjelze fiqrisa, Tuki

realoba sasjelisa mudam ar emTxveva danaSaulis realobas! dadgena am

kavSirisa mTeli sicxadiT, Sesabamisad sayovelTaod aRirebuli

meTodebisa iqceva pirveladi mniSvnelobis amocanad. danaSaulis

verifikacia unda eqvemdebarebodes kriteriumebs, romlebic arian saerToni

nebismieri WeSmaritebisaTvis.

maTematikuri WeSmaritebis darad, danaSaulis WeSmariteba unda iqnes

aRiarebuli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is sruliad damtkicebulia!

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sanam Cadenili danaSauli, rogorc faqti

bolomde ar dasabuTebula, braldebuli unda miiCnion udanaSaulod da

mosamarTlem mtkicebulebaTa mosapoveblad unda gamoiyenos ara ritualuri

formebi, aramed Cveulebrivi instrumentebi, Cveulebrivi adamianuri goneba,

romelic axasiaTebT aseve filosofosebs da mecnierT. Teoriulad,

mosamarTles me ganvixilav, ambobda fuko, rogorc filosofoss, romelic

mzadaa aRmoaCinos saintereso WeSmariteba... misi sibrZne miscems mas

saSualebas moicvas mTeli garemoebani da urTierTmimarTebani, Seajeros

yvelaferi an daanawevros is, risi danawevrebaca da risi Sejerebac aris

saWiro, raTa mivides jansaR daskvnamde.

6. optimaluri specifikaciis wesi: `yvela kanondarRvevam unda miiRos

gansazRvreba; yvela maTgani unda iqnes klasificirebuli da saxeobebad

dajgufebuli. Sesabamisad aucilebelia kodeqsi, amasTan sakmaod zusti,

41

sadac mkafiod iqneba gansazRruli samarTaldarRvevis TiToeuli tipi.

kanonis mdumarebam ar unda danergos imedi dausjelobisa. saWiroa

amomwuravi cxadi kodeqsi, ganmsazRvreli danaSaulis da damdgeni

sasajelisa..~ 9 ( Фуко М. 199: 143)

fuko miiCnevda, rom disciplinarul sazogadoebaSi individTa

muStrirebis meTodebi saocrad mravalferovani iyo. magaliTad, ganaTlebis

sistemaSi gamocdebi TiTqos codnis Sefasebis kriteriumad msaxurobdnen,

magram iribi gziT isini aseve Zalauflebis xelSi indiviTda morCilebis

qveS yofnis saSualebad gvevlinebodnen. aseve iyo Sromac, mas xom

Cveulebrivad warmoebiTi funqcia gaaCnia, magram fuko gvirCevs

mxedvelobidan ar gamogvrCes Sromis simboluri da disciplinaruli

funqciebi. modiT, aviRoT magaliTi sabWoTa kavSiris realobidan, romelic

Tavisi mowyobis modeliT SesaniSnavad pasuxobda disciplinaruli

sazogadoebis yvela kriteriums. Cven kargad gvaxsovs sayovelTao

,,leninuri SabaTobebi’’ da kolmeurneobebSi sezonurad moswavleTa da

studentTa SromiT procesSi CarTvis tradicia. swored aq vlindeba

Zalauflebis samsaxurSi myofi Sromis simboluri da disciplinaruli

funqcia. aseve moviyvan erT magaliTs, romelic ukve sxeulTa muStrirebas

Seexeba fizikuri aRzrdis, fizkulturis meSveobiT. fizkultura TiTqos

nergavs jansaRi cxovrebis wess, magram jer kidev platonis idealur

saxelmwifoSi igi emsaxureboda individTa muStrirebas. me maxsendeba

sabWoTa skolebSi gavrcelebuli meTodi, romelic 80-iani wlebis Sua

periodamde SemorCa, yoveli saswavlo dRe iwyeboda skolis ukana ezoSi,

moedanze dilis gamamxnevebeli varjiSebiT, romerlSic iZulebiT mTeli

skola monawileobda. dilis cxris naxevarze sayviri moswavlebs

moednisken mouxmobda, sadac isini klasebis mixedviT vertiklur mwkrivebad

ganlagdebodnen, maT moZraobebs gansazRravda fizkulturis maswavlebeli

ruporis meSveobiT da dinamikebiani radiolas akomponirebiT. fizkulturis

maswavlebels mdumared, jariskacis pozaSi gverds umSvenebda skolis

organizatori, rogorc warmomadgeneli saskolo xelisuflebisa, es

sayovelTao savaldebulo varjiSebi iyo ara imdenad jansaRi cxovrebis

wesisadmi midevnebis mcdeloba, aramed saSualeba disciplinisaTvis

42

TiToeuli moswavlis sxeulSi SeRwevisa, maTi jariskacebis msgavsad

gawrTvnisa, uformo masidan, uvargisi xorcidan SesaZlo iyo saWiro

manqanis damzadeba. TandaTan swordeboda silueti, gaTvlili iZuleba

nel_nela SeaRwevda sxeulis TiToeul nawilSi, daipyrobda mas, xdida

damjeres, mudam mzas da es mdumared grZeldeboda Cveulebis avtomatizmSi.

Mokled, saWiro iyo moswavleebidan bavSvis gamoZeveba da misTvis

oqtombrelis, pioneris, komkavSirelis, momavali kompartiis jariskaciis

ieris miniWeba.

fuko xazs usvams, rom nebismieri disciplina orientirebulia

detalebze, rameTu disciplina _ es aris detalis politikuri anatomia.

fuko ixsenebs marSal de saksis sityvebs: ,,Tumc imaT, visac detalebSi

kirkiti uyvarT, SezRudul adamianebad miiCneven, me meCveneba, rom detali

mTavaria, is fundamets ayalibebs da SeuZlebelia Senobis aRmarTva anda

meTodis gamomuSaveba, Tuki ar icnob maT safuZvlebs. sakmarisi araa

giyvardes arqiteqtura, unda SegeZlos qvaTa garandva“. SeiZleba qvaTa

garandvis mTeli istoria daiweros_ istoria detalis utilitaruli

racionalizaciisa moralur planSi da politikur kontrolSi. es klasikur

eraze adre daiwyo, magram am ukanasknelma daaCqara igi, Secvala misi

masStabi, misca mas zusti instrumentebi da, albaT, raRacgvarad masze

zegavlena moaxdina bunebriv arsebaTa usasrulod mcire maxasiaTebelTa

aRweriTa da gamoTvliT.

disciplinirebuli adamianisaTvis, iseve rogorc WeSmariti

morwmunisaTvis, aranairi wvrilmani umniSvnelod ar aRiqmeba _ es

ganpirobebulia ara YTavad amgvari (disciplinirebuli) adamianis Sinagani

swrafviT, aramed Zalauflebis sacecebiT, romelmac ideologiis

meSveobiT SesZlo myarad mosWideboda mis cnobierebas. detalis

yuradRebiT Seswavla da imavdroulad wvrilmanis politikurad

gaTvaliswineba, msaxuroben adamianebze kontrolis saSualebad da

SesaZlebels xdian maT gamoyenebas. klasikuri saukunidan moyolebuli

dagrovda erTianoba teqnikaTa, mTeli korpusi meTodebisa da codnisa,

aRweraTa, receptTa da monacemTa. da am umniSvnelo detalebisagan iSva,

cxadze cxadia, adamiani Tanamedrove humanizmisa. fukosagan es sityvebi

43

garkveulwilad cinikurad da skeptikurad JRers, Tumca faqti faqtad rCeba

da mas versad gaveqceviT!

fuko yuradRebas uTmobs aseve drois moxelTebas disciplinis

interesebSi, es zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, magram axla ufro detalurad

ganvixiloT. rogorc ukve iTqva, disciplinaruli sazogadoeba ayalibebs

cocxal cxrilebs, Sualedebs, romlebic gamsWvalulni arian ,, ujreduli~

ZalauflebiT. sivrcis aTvisebas mosdevs kontroli moRvaweobaze. igi

xorcieldeba samuSao drois danawilebiT, droSi moqmedebis detalizaciiT,

sxeulisa da Jestis korelaciiT, sxeulsa da obieqts Soris kavSiris

damyarebiT, e.w. amomwuravi gamoyenebiT.

samuSao drois danawileba Zveli memkvidreobaa. misi mkacri modeli

nakarnaxevi iyo samonastro erTobebidan. man maleve hpova gavrceleba

kolejebSi, saavadmyofoebSi, saxelosnoebSi. arsebobs samuSao drois

danawilebis sami ZiriTadi meTodi: 1. iZuleba mkafiod gansazRruli

saqmianobisadmi. 2. ganmeorebadi ciklebis SemoReba. 3. ritmulobis

dadgena, misi mizania sasargeblo drois Seqmna, romelic iqneba gamoTvladi

da anazRaurebadi. dro mocemuli unda iqnes minarevebisa da wyvetebis

gareSe, anu laparkia maRalxarisxovan droze, rodesac sxeuli mowadinebiT

miecema Sromas. sizuste da mowadineba danawevrebasTan erTad aris

disciplinirebuli drois ZiriTadi sikeTe.

drois damuSavebas Tan sdevs droiTi imperativebisadmi sxeulis

daqvemdebareba. dro da masTan erTad Zalauflebis mier ganxorcielebuli

detaluri kontrolis yvela saxe aRwevs sxeulSi, aqedanaa korelacia

sxeulisa da Jestebisa, disciplinaruli kontroli amkvidrebs Jestisa da

sxeulis saerTo mdgomareobas Soris saukeTeso mimarTebas, rac xdeba

piroba moZraobis efeqturobisa da siswrafisa. sxeulsa da obieqts Soris

swori kavSiri iZleva drois amomwuravi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.

ikrZaleba drois tyuilubralod xarjva, droisa, romelsac gvaZlevs

RmerTi da gvinazRaureben adamianebi... mocemuli mizniT winaswar dgindeba

dRis reJimi. disciplina uzrunvelyofs pozitiur ekonomias, yovel

SemTxvevaSi, pozitiurs materialuri pragmatulobis TvalsazrisiT. raxan

vaxseneT ,,dRis reJimi~, isev sabWoTa realobidan davasaxeleb erT

44

magaliTs: sabWoTa skolaSi TiToeul moswavles moeTxoveboda ,,dRis

reJimis’’ ganrigiT daewera dRis ganmavlobaSi misi TiToeuli moqmedeba.

maswavleblebi mSoblebs sTxovdnen daxmarebas, raTa maT gaekontrolebinaT

TavianTi Svilebi _ iqoniebdnen Tu ara aseT ganrigs furcelze mkveTrad

Camoyalibebulad da amSvenebda Tu ara aseTi furceli _ ,,dRis reJimi’’

maTi Svilebis samecadino kuTxes samuSao magidasTan. saskolo wignebSi

maxsovs mocemulic ki iyo ilustraciebis darTviT nimuSi msagavsi ,,dRis

reJimisa~, igi ase iwyeboda:

8.00._adgoma

8.10._dilis gamamxnevebeli varjiSi.

8.30._wylis procedurebi.

8.40_gakveTilebis ganmeoreba.

da a.S. mTeli ganawesis sia sruldeboda amgvarad: 10.00._Zili... anu

moswavlis yoveli dRe, droSi gawerili, misTvis unda qceuliyo rutinad,

Tavad moswavle ki drois da moqmedebaTa rutinul mdinarebaSi manqana-

marionetad!

mivubrundeT isev fukoseuli Txrobis stils. danawevrebuli dro

ikribeba erTian mTelSi, raTa moxdes sargeblis warmoeba, risi meSveobiTac

flobis sagnad unda iqces wardginebadi xaniereba. Zalaufleba uSualodaa

dakavSirebuli drosTan. disciplinaruli meTodebi aRmoaCenen sworxazovan

dros, romlis momentebi ikribebian da warimarTebian mdgradi, sasrulo

wertilisaken. dro ,,evoluciaa~ da swored amitomaa misi marTva saWiro. es

cxadia, ar niSnavs, rom Zalauflebis mikro da makrofizika SesaZlebels

xdis istoriis SeTxzvas. Uubralod, SesaZlebeli xdeba droiT

ganzomilebaSi SeRweva, masSi kontrolis ,,wargzavna~ da praqtikisadmi

daqvemdebareba.

disciplinaruli Zalaufleba sazogadoebaSi anawevrebs da aTiTovebs

drosa da sivrces, raTa miaRwios sasurvel ZalTa ganlagebas. Ddetalurad

gamoTvlili ZalTa SeerTeba moiTxovs xelmZRvanelobis mkafio sistemebs.

individebis mTeli moRvaweoba unda warimarTebodes direqtivebiT, romelTa

efeqturobac gansazRvruli iqneba maTi sicxadiTa da ,,simokliT~. direqtiva

ar unda badebdes axsnis, formulirebis saWiroebas, man sakmarisia

45

gamoiwvios sapasuxo qceva. direqtivebi gadaicema e.w ,,signalizaciis~

meSveobiT. araa brZanebis gageba saWiro, sakmarisia signalis aRqma da

swori reagireba, winaswar dadgenili da naklebad xelovnuri kodis

midevnebiT unda moeqces sxeulebi signalTa mWidro samyroSi,

romelTaganac TiToeuls Seesabameba aucilebeli da erTaderTi reaqcia _

ai, disciplinaruli sazogadoebis amocana.

disciplinaruli sazogadoeba aris asocialuri mikroujreduli

samyaro: usasrulod danawevrebeli sivrce, usasrulod danawevrebuli dro

_ maTSi ganfenili individebiT. aq myofobs mikroujreduli Zalaufleba,

romelic Tavadve usasrulo danawevrebis wylobiaT aris ugzoukvlod

gauCinarebuli.

swored amitom, dasasrulisaTvis SeiZleba navaraudevi iyos misi

gaqroba, rac, albaT, mocemulia sazogadoebis mier sakuTari Tavis

amowurvis niSanSi da Tavisufleba warmarTuli individebisaTvis mwvane

Suqia sakuTari individualobis da yofierebis Tavadve sawarmoeblad.

sabolood dayofa disciplinarul sazogadoebaSi ukve aSkarad ar

eqvemdabareba gamoTvlas. ibadeba SekiTxva (Tumca es SekiTxva fukos ar

gasCenia, igi pirvelad Jan bodriars daebada): Zalaufleba, romlis

koordinatebis dadgena miaxloebiTac ki SeuZlebelia, Zalaufleba, romlis

gazomvis indikatori ar arsebobs _ imyofeba ki namdvilad realobaSi?

Tojina_marionets aqvs adamianis (msaxiobis) TiTebis sakmari Tasmebi

mis samarTavad. ,,sazogadoeba-marioneti~ imdenad detalizirebulia post-

monarqiul saxelmwifoSi, rom misi politikuri marTvisaTvis

daqvemedabarebis saSualebebs SeuZlebelia mxolod politikuri sistema

flobdes. mocemul sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Zalaufleba gascdeba

politikuri sistemis sazRvrebs da moicavs mTel danarCen socialur

sivrces. faqtobrivad es aris politikuri Zalauflebis daisi, sikvdili,

rac, rogorc bodriari ambobs Tavisi naSromSi _ ,,daviviwyoT fuko~, fukom

ver SeniSna.

rogorc platonma aRniSna, yoveli politikuri wyoba Tavis TavSi

atarebs sakuTari aRsasrulis mizezs. asevea disciplinaruli

Zalauflebebis SemTxvevaSic. monarqia daRupa Zalauflebis

46

erTpirovnulobam. aq ki Zalaufleba da sazogadoeba ukidegano

danawevrebis msxvrepli xdeba. Cvenma msjelobam gviCvena, rom sazogadoebis

wonasworoba aucileblobiT moiTxovs ara mxolod Zalauflebis

proporciul danawilebas, aramed sazogadoebrivi segmentebs Sorisac

funqciebis proporciulad da racionalurad dayofas. igi ar unda iyos

erTganzomilebiani. “socialuri veli~, Tu gamoviyenebT pier berdies

termins, gulisxmobs politikis, kulturis, ekonomikisa da religiis

damoukidebel sivrceTa saxiT arsebobas. politika da religia mkveTrad

gansxvavebuli sferoebia, magram am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia davesesxoT

saxarebiseul aforizms: iTqva, rom ,,axali Rvino axal WurWelSi anda

Caisxas~. postmonarqiaSi ganxorcielda Zalauflebis diferenciacia

sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebad. magram ver

Camoyalibda mravalganzomilebiani socialuri veli, ramac xeli Seuwyo

politikisaTvis mecnierebis, religiis, kulturisa da danarCeni

sazogadoebrivi seqtorebis daqvemdebarebas. Sedegad miviReT cixis

modeliT struqturirebuli sazogadoeba, romelSic Tavisufali

pirovnebisaTvis ar darCa adgili. swored “axalma Rvinom~

(diferencirebulma Zalauflebam) `Zvel WurWelSi~ (aradiferencirebuli

anu erTganzomilebian socialur velSi) ganapiroba disciplinaruli

sazogadoebis daisi, riTac dasrulda post-monarqiuli epoqa. swored

aqedan, am momentidan gadainacvla Zalauflebam realuridan hiperrealuris

sferoSi, Tumca es sakiTxi miSel fukos yuradRebis centrSi arasodes

moqceula. hiperrealuri Zalauflebis aRmoceneba realuri Zalauflebis

adgilze Jan bodriarma ,,aRmoaCina~ da am Temas miuZRvna Tavisi araerTi

gaxmaurebuli naSromi, magaliTad ,,daviviwyoT fuko~, ,,cduneba~ da sxvani...

47

1.3. hiper-realuri sazogadoeba da zogadad `socialuris”

funqcionalurobis dakargvis riski

miSel fukos naSromSi `zedamxedveloba da dasja~ gamokveTilia

nebismieri sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari riski, romelic gamomdinareobs

Zalauflebis gadaWarbebidan, Aanu igulisxmeba politikuri sistemis

CarCoebis gafarToeba mTlianad sazogadoebis CarCoebamde, rodesac

individi moklebulia Tavisufali arCevanisa da damoukideblad moqmedebis

SesaZleblobebs da rodesac sazogadoebis TiToeul segmentSi aRwevs

Zalauflebis represiuli reJimi. Jan bodriaris Teoriebi Zalauflebis

Sesaxeb aris logikuri gagrZeleba fukos mier dayenebuli problemisa.

oRond bodriari ixreba sxva rakursiT. igi acnobierebs, rom politikuri

sistemis sazRvrebs miRma ganfenili Zalaufleba aRwevs ra piks, kargavs

Tavis QqmediTianobas da kvdeba. Mmisi gauCinarebis Sedegad darCenil

lakunebs ki avsebs e.w. hiper-realuri Zalaufleba. Bbodriari Tavis

naSromebSi ayenebs wina planze zogadad socialuris gaqrobis

saSiSroebasTan dakavSirebul riskebs. Seiswavlis amaTuim mocemul

sazogadoebaTa specifikis ukeT warmosaCenad maTSi arsebul nivTTa

sistemas da fernan brodelis darad cdilobs nivTTa sistemaSi moiZios

sazogadoebaSi arsebul ierarqiaTa sazRvrebi.

Jan bodriaris stili odnav eseisturia da es mis sociologiur

Teoriebs Tavisebur xiblsac ki hmatebs...

bodriari franguli postmodernistuli sociologiis erT-erTi

TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia (1925_2006). is iyo pariz-nanteris

universitetis sociologiis profesori, aseve redaqtori Jurnalebisa

ùtopie~ da `Traverses~. misi yvelaze gaxmaurebuli naSromebia `nivTTa

sistema~, `cduneba~, `daviviwyoT fuko~, `mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~,

`SesaZloa 2000 weli ar dadges~, `borotebis gamWvirvaleoba~.

bodriarisaTvis maxasiaTebelia Txrobis originaluri stili, misi

naSromebis gacnobisas mkiTxveli aRmoaCens, rom igi aramxolod

originalurad moazrovne sociologi, aramed SesaniSnavi literatoricaa.

Jan bodriaris msoflmxedvelobaze didi gavlena moaxdina miSel fukos

48

Teoriebma, gansazRvra Taviseburad misi interesis sfero sociologiur

kvlevaSi, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, bodriari mudmivad akritikebda fukos,

kerZod ki mis Zalauflebriv Teorias. amaze qvemoT dawvrilebiT

vilaparakebT.

miSel fukosaTvis maxasiaTebeli iyo mZafri interesi materialuri

samyaros mimarT, romelic Cven Semogvgarsavs arqiteqturis saxiT. fuko

Tvlida, rom arqiteqtura iaraRia Zalauflebis xelSi da igi

funqcionalurad moawyobs sazogadoebriv vels, adamianur saerTo

sacxovrebels, raTa masSi individTa garkveuli wesiT ganTavsebiT

SemdgomSi gansazRvrul iqnes maTive yofierebanic.

Jan bodriaric miSel fukos darad gacxovelebul interess iCens Cveni

Semomgarsveli materialuri samyaros mimarT, magram igi ufrore

orientirebulia sacxovrisi sivrcis nivTebiT aTvisebis sakiTxze. nivTebi

ara ubralod sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebebs akmayofileben, aramed maT

SeuZliaT utyvad metyveleba adamianTa cxovrebis stilze, maT fenobriv

mikuTvnebulobaze, Tundac inteleqtze, miTumetes ekonomikuri kapitalis

odenobaze da sazogadoebis sfecifikaze.

oTaxis dekoraciebi, fanjrebi, ganaTeba, saRebavic ki kedlebze, sarke,

sasadilo magida, saaTi, manqana _ yvela es metyvelebs maTi mflobelis

yofierebaze; aseve warmoebaSi Tanamedrove epoqaSi gavrcelebuli seriul

nivTTa warmoeba, ekonomikaSi gavrcelebuli Sesyidvis axali wesi

kreditebis formiT, reklama, romelsac iyenebs marketingi saqonelze

moxmarebis gasazrdelad _ es yvelaferi TavianT TavSi faraven ufro mets,

vidre martivad warmoeba, ekonomika, marketinguli ideologia. maTSi amaTuim

formiT amaTuim mocemuli sazogadoebis habitusi vlindeba, maTSi SeiZleba

daiZebnos empiriuli indikatori adamianTa sxvadasxva socialur fenaTa

Soris sazRvrebis dasadgenad.

saerTod frangi Teoretikosebi (sazogadoebis kvleviT dakavebulni)

cxadia, avlenen mzard interess materialuri samyaros mimarT, rac

mocemulia arqiteqturisa da sayofacxovrebo nivTTa Tu xelovnebis

SedevrTa saxiT. aviRoT analTa skolis saxelovani warmomadgeneli fernar

brodeli, romelsac Tavis droze miSel fukoc did pativs miagebda.

49

sayovelTaod cnobilia misi sqeltaniani trilogia `materialuri

civilizacia~, sadac igi sazogadoebis ierarqizirebulobis xarisxis

gasazomad Seiswavlis bodriaris darad nivTTa sistemas evropuli

sazogadoebis sxvadasxva epoqaSi. es trilogia minda aRvniSno, rom

postsabWour sivrceSic gamoica rusuli TargmaniT 1986-1992 wlebSi...

amosavali punqti Jan bodriaris koncefciebSi mainc misi Zalauflebis

Teoriaa, sadac igi amkvidrebs termins _ hiper-realuri Zalauflebisas,

romelic warmoadgens simulakrs ukve ararsebuli realuri Zalauflebisa.

bodrierisaTvis aqtualuria Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis,

zogadad sazrisis, socialuris kvdomis problema. igi SeSfoTebulia e.w.

masaTa aRzevebiT, romelic civilizacias dasasruls uqadis da romelmac

SesaZloa daasaflavos sociologia, rameTu mas Seswevs Zala moakvdinos

sociologiis kvlevis obieqti da sagani, sazogadoeba da socialuri sfero.

am problemas bodriari uZRvnis naSroms `mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~,

romelic aseve gamoica da gavrcelda post-sabWour sivrceSi.

axla ki yvela aq CamoTvlili sakiTxi ganvixiloT Tanmimdevrulad da

SeZlebisdagvarad ufro dawvrilebiT, anu droa CaverToT Jan

bodriariseul diskursSi:

1977 wels bodriari wers esses saxelwodebiT `daviviwyoT fuko~,

romelic warmoadgens gamoxmaurebas miSel fukos cnobil naSromze

`zedamxedveloba da sasjeli~. bodriari cdilobs gadaafasos kategoriebi

_ Zalaufleba, seqsualoba, warmoeba.

bodrieri Txrobas iwyebs apolonieris citirebiT: `roca me vsaubrob

droze, is ukve aRar arsebobs~ 10 (Бодрийар Ж.�2000: 39) da Tamamad acxadebs _

fukos mTeli enawylianoba ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic

mikroujredulia, usasrulod mciredaa dasaxsruli da danawevrebuli

SesaZlebelia mxolod imitom, rom es Zalaufleba mkvdaria, gardasaxulia

Tavis simulakSi da myofobs mxolod hiperrealuris sivrceSi. fukosTvis

miuRebelia fiqri politikis dasasrulze, is mxolod politikuris

metamorfozebs dauSvebs, magaliTad despoturi sazogadoebis gardasaxvas

disciplinarulSi, xolo Semdgom mikroujredulSi im procesebis

50

Tanmimdevrulad, romlebic mimdinareoben fizikur da biologiur

mecnierebebSi.

bodriari xazs usvams, rom yvelaferi socialurSi, rac ki wrfivia,

ganwirulia sikvdilisaTvis. fukoseuli Zalaufleba araa wrfivi, is

spiraluria, Tumca misi xveulebi imdenad usasruloa, rom yovel

SemTxvevaSi simulakrad gardasaxvas Tavs ver aRwevs.

termini `simulakri~ warmosdgeba laTinuri sityvidan simulacrum da

iTargmneba rogorc msgavseba, moCvenebiToba. esaa erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba

franguli postmodernistuli filosofiisa. igi aRmocenda gansxvavebisa da

msgavsebis, originalisa da kopiis (aslis) ganxilvisas. simulakri esaa

cnobierebis fantomi, moCvenebiToba, is, rac kvlav awarmoebs obieqtis

saxebas, misi substancionaluri maxasiaTeblebis miRma~ 11 ( Бодрийар Ж. 2000: 41)

fukoseul mikroujredul Zalauflebas bodriaris azriT aRar Seswevs

unari realobis da sakuTari Tavis kvlavwarmoebisa. magram ratomRac fuko

ar aRiarebs Zalauflebis kriziss Tu peripetias, misTvis dasaSvebia

mxolod modulacia, kapilaruloba, Zalauflebis `mikrofizikuri~

segmenturoba. fukosTan Zalaufleba Sordeba ra despotur

centralizirebulobas, gardaisaxeba `ZalTa mravalgvar mimarTebebSi~ da

saboloo jamSi gamoixateba winaaRmdegobaTa saxiT. Zalauflebisa da

SewinaaRmdegebis atomebi imdenad mcired arian gaxleCilni, rom am

mikroskopuli masStabis wyalobiT erTmaneTSi aiRrevian. erTaderTi xsna

Zalauflebis funqcionarulobis SesanarCuneblad, bodriaris azriT, aris

misgan Tavis Tavze `gamowvevis~ miReba, romelsac nebismier socialur

fenomens, romelic ki mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis realobis

warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, warugzavnis `cduneba~.

`cduneba~ bodriarisaTvis esaa Seqcevadi procesi, romelic Tavis

diskursSi CarTviT amaTuim socialur fenomens, vTqvaT Zalauflebas, xdis

ciklurs. esaa brunva wriulad, oRond sicarielis RerZis irgvliv!

cdunebis cikli Zalauflebis Semdeg fazebs gaivlis: Zalauflebis

aRzeveba, Zalauflebis vardna da misi simulakris meSveobiT kvlavwarmoeba.

Bbodriari iyenebs citatas: `roca ieso mkvdreTiT aRsdga, is iyo zombi~ 12

51

(Бодриийар Ж. 2000: 76). simulakris meSveobiT kvlavnawarmoebi Zalaufleba

swored rom raRac am zombis msgavsia (bodriariseuli TvalTaxedviT).

bodriari yuradRebas amaxvilebs Zalauflebis fukoseul

gansazRvrebaze. Ffuko ambobs: Zalaufleba isaa, rac funqcionirebs, igi

araa dadgenileba, arc struqtura, arc Zlevamosileba. igia saxeli,

romelic amaTuim mocemul sazogadoebaSi gamoiyeneba rTuli strategiuli

situaciis mimarT. is araa centraluri, erTxazovani, upiratesi, igia

gamanawilebeli, veqtoruli, moqmedebs relesa da transmisiis MmeSveobiT.

Zalaufleba SeuzRudavi, ZalTa imanenturi velia da CvenTvis jerac

ucnobia, ras SeeCexeba igi, anda ras efuZneba, ramdenadac Zalaufleba

eqspansiuria, wminda damagnitebadia. Tumca es `magnituri~ Zalaufleba rom

yofiliyo usasrulo infiltracia socialuri velisa – ambobs fuko

(perifrazirebas ki axdens bodriari, amitomac ar vsvam brWyalebs da ar

vuTiTeb gverds sqolios dasarTavad...) _ igi aranair SewinaaRmdegebas ar

waawydeboda. Zalaufleb calmxriv daqvemdebarebaze rom aigebodes, igi

didi xnis winaT iqneboda damxobili, CamoiSleboda antagonistur ZalTa

zewolis Sedegad. cxadia aseTi faqtebi arc axsovs istorias, Tu ara

zogierTi gamonaklisebi TiTze CamosaTvlel `Semdgar~ revoluciaTa saxiT.

bodriari upirispirdeba fukoseul (misi azriT) am funqcionalur

Sexedulebas Zalauflebis Taobaze, romelic gadmoicema relesa da

transmisiis terminebSi da gvTavazobs, Zalaufleba warmovidginoT rogorc

gacvlas daqvemdebarebadi cvladi, cxadia ara ekonomikuri gagebiT.

bodriarisaTvis Zalaufleba xorcieldeba rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT,

cdunebis Seqcevad ciklSi. Tuki Zalaufleba cdunebis ciklSi ar

gaicvleba igi Sewyvets socialur fenimenad yofnas. magram bodriari ar

akonkretebs, rogor xorcieldeba gamowveva-cdunebis ciklis wrebrunvaSi

CarTviT `Zalauflebis gacvla~. igi ar ganmartavs ras moiazrebs terminSi

`Zalauflebis gacvla~.

xolo rac Seexeba `cdunebas”, ai, rogor axasiaTebs mas bodriari:

cduneba Zalauflebaze Zlieria, igi Seqcevadi da sikvdils

daqvemdebarebadi procesia. cduneba ar miekuTvneba arc realobas, arc

ZalTa wesrigs, igi araa arc mimarTeba. igi Semofarglavs ara mxolod

52

Zalauflebas, aramed warmoebis mTel realur processac. saerTod,

bodriarisaTvis realoba araa saintereso da Tvlis, rom is arc arasodes

ainteresebda vinmes! `realoba upiratesad imedgacruebis adgilia, adgili

sikvdilis sapirispiro simulakris dagrovebisa. realobasa da WeSmaritebas

drodadro mimzidvelad warmoaCens maT ukan damaluli warmosaxvadi

katastrofa... dRes ufrore, vidre odesme realoba esaa mxolod maragi

mkvdari materiisa, mkvdari sxeulebisa, mkvdari enisa da sadReisod mxolod

realobis maradis Sefaseba iZleva jer kidev realobis SegrZnebas~ 13

(Бодрийар Ж. 2000: 73)

bodriari Tvlis, rom usargebloa Zalauflebisadmi gamodevneba, anda

masze usasrulod saubari, vinaidan igi iqca miCvenebiTis sakraluri

horizontis nawilad. Zalaufleba àq~ mxolod imisTvisaa, rom dafaros

sakuTari ararseboba. politikis apogeis kvaldakval iwyeba Zalauflebis

daisi, ciklis Semdgomi faza _ Zalauflebis sakuTar simulakrad

gardasaxva.

Zalauflebas SeiZleba daveufloT ara metadre, vidre saidumloebas.

xolo Zalauflebis saidumlo mdgomareobs saidumloebis saidumloebaSi,

anu mis ararsebobaSi! realobis `vardnis~ fazaSi operaciulia mxolod

saidumlos da Zalauflebis mizanscena. es ki imaze mianiSnebs, rom

Zalauflebis substancia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, Tavisi uwyveti

eqspansiis Semdgom, moulodnelad feTqdeba Signidan; sfero Zalauflebisa

ikumSeba da pirveladi sididis varskvlavidan gardaisaxeba wiTel jujad,

Semdgom ki Sav xvrelad, romelic STanTqavs realuris mTel substancias,

mTels garemomcvel energiebs, umalve gardaisaxeba wminda niSnad,

socialuris niSnad, romlis simZimec Cven gvrTgunavs.

sinamdvileSi bodriarisTvis ar arsebobs arc instancia, arc

struqtura, arc substancia da arc ZalTa ramenairi mimarTebani.

Zalaufleba, esaa gamowveva. bodriari mogviTxrobs: primitul

sazogadoebaTa Zalauflebis idolidan, romelic metyvelebda, radgan

araferi hqonda saTqmeli, aqtualur Zalauflebamde, romelic àrsebobs~,

raTa miCqmalos Zalauflebis ararseboba, ganvlil iqna ormagi gamowvevis

sruli cikli. Zalaufleba gamowvevas mTels sazogadoebas warugzavnis,

53

imaT visac gaaCnia es Zalaufleba. bodriarisTvis aseTia Zalauflebis da

misi katastrofis faruli istoria.

ZalTa mimarTebis terminebSi Zalaufleba mudam gamoiyureboda ufro

momgebinad, Tundac yoveli morigi revoluciisas is gadasuliyo xelidan

xelSi. amitomac cdilobda Zalauflebis yoveli tipi ZalTa mimarTebis

saxiT Tavis warmoCenas: mCagvreli _ Cagruli, eqspluatatori _

eqspluatirebuli da a.S.

Zalaufleba Tavs icavda yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT: Tavisi

demokratizirebulobiT, liberalizaciiT, vulgarizaciiTa da, bolo dros

ukve, decentralizaciiTa da deteritorizaciiT, magram amaod... dRes

mivediT iqamde, rom ukve aRaravis surs Zalaufleba, misi Tavis Tavze aReba.

es xdeba ara istoriuli uunarobis anda xasiaTis sisustis zegavleniT,

ubralod, Zalauflebis saidumlo gacxadda, Sedegi ki aseTia: aravinaa

mowadinebuli aiRos Tavis Tavze wargzavnili gamowveva. ratomRac

adamianebi, ambobs bodriari, ar afaseben gamowvevis fantastikur

simZlavres, vinaidan igi uimedod eCvenebaT. arada ìmedi~ xom sakmaod

saeWvo Rirebulebaa (iseve rogorc Tavad istoria). igia Rirebuleba,

romelic degradirdeba droSi, romelic ixliCeba mizansa da saSualebebs

Soris da yvela istoriuli fsoni Canacvlebadia, isini SeiZleba iqcnen

garigebis sagnad, isini dialeqtikurni arian. `gamowveva~ esaa raRac

dialogis sapirispiro, igi qmnis ara dialeqtikur, aramed ucilobel

sivrces, igi araa mizani, arc saSualeba. is upirispirebs Tavis sakuTar

sivrces politikuris sivrces. man ar icis saSualo da arc xangrZlivi

vada, misi erTaderTi vadaa elviseburoba pasuxisa da sikvdilisa.

yvelaferi, rac sworxazovania, maT Soris istoriac, iqoniebs dasasruls,

ramdenadac igi usasrulod Seqcevadia. swored es Seqcevadoba aniWebs mas

warmoudgenel siZlieres.

bodriarma kargad icis, rom `Zalaufleba Tavad Tavis Tavs arasodes

ar warmoidgenda “Zalauflebad” da diad politikosTa saidumlo

mdgomareobda martivi WeSmaritebis flobaSi, romelic maT auwyebda rom

aranairi Zalaufleba, rogorc Zala, ar arsebobda. maT icodnen, rom

Zalaufleba esaa simulaciis perspeqtiuli sivrce. politikosTa msgavsad

54

bankirebmac uwyian, rom fuli araferia, igi ar arsebobs. igive SeiZleba

iTqvas Teologebze, maT RmerTis sikvdili ar gamoparviaT~ 14 (Бодрийар Ж. 2000:

85) da es aniWebT _ ambobs bodriari _ swored maT saocar upiratesobas

morwmuneTa mTels masebze. rodesac Zalaufleba cdilobs ipovos

WeSmariteba, substancia, reprezentacia (xalxTa nebaSi da a. S. ) _ igi

kargavs Tavis Zlevemosilebas da maSin `sxvani~ `garedan~ mas warugzavnian

sapasuxod gamowvevas, Tanac ukve ara sicocxleze, aramed sikvdilze. da igi

(Zalaufleba) mokvdeba TavisTavze Seyvarebulobisagan, crurwmenisagan,

romelic iSva mis substanciad yalbi warmosaxvidan. bodriari ambobs _

odesRac beladebs klavdnen, Tuki aRmoCndeboda, rom maT es saidumlo

daiviwyes.

`daviviwyoT fuko~ Cemis azriT es is saxelmZRvaneloa, romelic

uciloblad unda waikoTxos sociologma, fukos `zedamxedvelobisa da

dasjis” gacnobis Semdgom, fukos ukeT gasagebad. `daviviwyoT fukoze”

aranakleb sainteresoa sazogadoebrivi Teoriebis Seswalisas bodriaris

morigi naSromi `nivTTa sistema~.

Jan bodriaris naSromi `nivTTa sistema~ aRmovaCenT Tanxvedras misive

Tanamemamulis fernan brodelis stilTan. bodriari `nivTTa sistemaSi”

aqcents akeTebs saganTa materialuri samyaros struqturaze, rac esaxeba

sazogadoebis ierarqizirebulobis ufro aSkarad gamovlenis saSualebad.

igi miiCnevs, rom individTa miTxovnilebani yalibdebian `sazogadoebis~ an,

ufro zustad, politikuri diskursis meSveobiT. demokratiuli

sazogadoebis ierarqizirebuloba naklebad TvalSisacemi gaxda teqnikuri

progresis zegavleniT. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi privilegiebze

metyvelebda sakuTreba, anu ama Tu im nivTTa floba sakuTrebis saxiT.

nivTebis ricxvi, romelTa flobac gulisxmobda mflobelis

ùpiratesobebs~ iyo mcire, maTi unikalurobidan gamomdinare. magaliTad,

karl peter faberJes oqros unikaluri kvercxebi, an misi xelnakeTi

saaTebi... Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi warmoebam SeZlo unikalur nivTTa

simciris netiralizacia originalTa modelebis seriebis SeqmniT, risi

wyalobiTac sazogadoebis naklebad privilegirebul fenebSi ideur fonze

dakmayofilda ukmarisobis grZnoba, rasac badebda originalTa

55

miuwvdomloba (rac Tavis mxriv SesaZloa gadazrdiliyo protestSi

privilegiaTa arqonis gamo). cxadia originali misgan kopirebuli aslebis,

seriuli `klonebis~ simravliT ar hkargavs Tavis Rirebulebas. seriuli

modelebi xom gacilebiT uxarisxoni da dabali gemovnebiT Sesrulebulebi

arian (ai magaliTad, TbilisSi `vagzlis moednis bazrobaze~ WurWlis da

suvenirTa seqciaSi mravlad waawydebiT faberJes kvercxebis ugmvano

aslebs...), magram es araa mTavari, isini Cinebulad asruleben TavianT

funqcias, romelic mdgomareobs sazogadoebaSi konsesusis

uzrunvelyofaSi.

yoveli fena, ambobs bodriari, gansxvavdeba mis flobaSi myofi

siZveleebiT. adamianuri sazogadoebisaTvis saerTod niSandoblivia swrafva

siZveleebisadmi, rac ganpirobebulia adamianis aracnobieri surviliT _

gadalaxos drois zRvari, anu daamarcxos sikvdili. drois qartexilze

gamarjvebul nivTSi adamiani axdens sakuTari `mes~ personalizacias...

privilegirebulTa fena flobs siZveleTa gansakuTrebulad ZviradRirebul

modelebs, antikvarebs, rac naklebadaa xelmisawvdomi e.w. saSualo klasis

warmomadgenelTaTvis, xolo es ukanasknelni win uswreben uqonelTa fenebs,

rogorc Rirebul nivTTa flobaSi aseve am nivTebisadmi moTxovnilebis

survilSi, vinaidan moTxovnilebebi adamianebs xSirad mxolod sakuTari

SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare uyalibdebaT (am SemTxvevaSi SesaZleblobis

saxiT mxedvelobaSi maqvs ekonomikuri da kulturuli kapitali).

nebismieri gansxvaveba Tavidanve sistemaSia integrirebuli. sistemis

ideologiuri manqana iZleva socialuri statusis amaRlebis cru

SegrZnebas. seriuli modelebis misawvdomoba qmnis Tanasworobis iluzias,

magram kritikuli ganxilvisas adamianTa msgavsi Tanasworoba aRmoCndeba

mxolod iluzoruli. `statusi~ fiqsirebulia calsaxad da TamaSis wesebic

gasagebi da saerToa yvelasTvis. mobiloba, romliTac TiTqosda moculia

mTeli sazogadoeba, viTardeba mrude teqnikuri progresiT. yvelaferi

miedineba, Cvens Tvalwin icvlis saxes, magram araferi icvleba. teqnikuri

progresiT gatacebuli sazogadoeba TiTqosda axdens grandiozul

gadatrialebebs, magram yvelaferi es daiyvaneba sakuTari RerZis irgvliv

56

brunvaze. warmoebis zrda ar gadaizrdeba aranair struqturul

cvlilebaSi.

bodriarTan, SeZenil nivTebze safasuris gadaxdis forma, aseve aris

fenobrivi mikuTvnebulobis gamosavleni saSualeba. rCeba faqtad da

TiTqmis dauwerel kanonad, rom Zvirfas nivTze, originalze safasuris

gadaxda xorcieldeba umalve, xolo nivTi SeZenili kreditad, naklebad

SesaZlebelia iyos faseuli. kreditad SeZenis aqti iwvevs aseve garkveul

fsiqologiur diskomforts. `gamousyidveli~ nivTi gvisxltdeba droSi, is

TiTqosda arasodes yofila Cveni. kreditad SeZenili nivTebi adamianebs

Seaxseneben sazogadoebis winaSe sakuTar movaleobebs. krediti, ambobs

bodriari, ubralo ekonomikuri elementi ki araa, esaa sazogadoebis

fundamentaluri sazomi, axali eTika...

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi nivTs jer `yiduloben~, Semdeg ki

gamoisyidian. sakredito sistemis meSveobiT vubrundebiT ZirZvel

feodalur urTierTobebs, roca Sromis umetesi wili Tavidanve ekuTvnoda

mepatrones, e.i. vubrundebiT daqvemdebarebuli Sromis sistemas.

vinaidan adamianSi moxmarebis instiqti dauokebelia, agrZelebs

bodriari, sazogadoeba integrirdeba momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis mudmivi

urTierTmimarTebulobiT. saxezea TvalSisacemi iluzorizmi: ekonimikuri

seqtori individTa kreditirebas axdens formaluri Tavisuflebis fasad,

xolo es ukanaskneli ekonomikis sargeblobaSi aucxoebs Tavis momavals,

axdens ra saganTa kreditirebas. anu yoveli axali SenaZeni, esaa

daqvemdebarebulobaSi yofnis axali mizezi.

bodriari Tvlis, rom sistemis mxridan propagandirebis erT-erTi

efeqturi saSualebaa reklama. reklama, esaa instancia, saidanac adamiani

Rebulobs informacias `mis sakuTar~ survilebze. adamiani, Tavis mxriv,

ganicdis moTxovnilebas zegavlenis msgavs meqanizmSi, da es moTxovnileba

win uswrebs racionalur gamarTlebas. adamiani sistemis mxridan

direqtivebs, romlebic vlindebian reklamis saSualebiT, miiRebs rogorc

Cvili dedis zrunvas. Reklama, erTi SexedviT, ukavSirdeba nivTTa

moxmarebas, sinamdvileSi ki is sazogadoebrivi struqturis arsebuli

modelis SesanarCuneblad momarTuli ideologiuri manqanaa.

57

aviRoT, magaliTad, savarZlis reklama. ìgi acxadebs, rom saukeTesoa

savarZeli, romelic Seesatyviseba da gaTvlilia momxmareblis sxeulis

formebze. sistema reklamis meSveobiT nergavs azrs, rom sazogadoebaSi

yvelaferi esadageba individis formebs, saWiroa mxolod am ukanasknelTa

mxridan sapasuxo nabijis gadadgma arCevanis saxiT, raTa xorci Seesxas

saukeTesos...” 15 (Бодрийар Ж. 2001: 182)

interieris dizainSi, mogviTxrobs bodriari, aqcenti keTdeba Tbili

ferebis siWarbeze, TvalSisacemi myudro atmosferos Seqmnaze, raTa

realoba gamoCndes harmoniulobiT gajerebuli. aviRoT Tundac ganaTebis

axali sistema oTaxebSi, Tanamedrove dizaini cdilobs daamontaJos neo-

naTurebi, romlebic Suqs asxiveben, magram rogorc wyaro am Suqisa ar

Canan. binebSi sxvadasxva sivrceebi ukve aRaraa kedlebiT gadatixruli,

iqmneba Riaobisa da erTianobis STabeWdileba. garegan ierze zrunva

mniSvnelovania, radgan Seulamazebeli realoba badebs gangaSis grZnobas

da angrevs `sazogadoebasTan~ individis Sesabamisobis iluzias.

saganTa axali diskursi sicialur poziciebs uwindelze metad

uqvemdebarebs adamianebs. reklamis meoxebiT adamiani umzers `sakuTar Tavs~

da iTvisebs `sakuTar saxebas~, romelic cxadia mas miewoda sistemis

mxridan. reklamas gaaCnia umniSvnelovanesi maregulirebeli funqcia: is

sistemis saWiroebebTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvans individTa moTxovnilebebs.

reklamis gzavnili daaxloebiT aseTia: SexedeT, mTeli sazogadoeba

dakavebulia mxolod imiT, rom Tqven da Tqvens survilebs esadageba.

Sesabamisad TqvenTvis keTilgonivruli iqneba am sazogadoebaSi

harmoniulad integrireba. STagoneba xorcieldeba SeumCnevlad, ambobs

bodriari. misi mizania ara ubralod raime konkretulis Sesyidvisaken

mowodeba, igi mouwodebs konsesusisa da konformizmisaken.

unda aRvniSno, rom bodriaris es naSromi `nivTTa sistema~ SedarebiT

adrindelia da aq jerac araa gamokveTili is riski, romelic dgas

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis winaSe, riski socialurobis dasasrulisa, riski

nebismieri sazrisis amoZirkvisa. aq araferia naTqvami masaTa aRzevebis

Sesaxeb, romelTa araTu gakontroleba ar SeiZleba, aramed romelnic Tavad

iqadian gaakontrolon mTeli sazogadoebrivi realoba masSi

58

asocialurobis danergviT. naSromSi `mdumare Uumravlesobis CrdilSi~

reklamis mniSvneloba da roli sazogadoebis `marTvis~ sakiTxSi

bodriarTan absoluturad nulze daiyvaneba. aseve azrs kargavs fenobrivi

gansxvavebani, politikuri sistemis mxridan aSkara Tu faruli mcdelobebi

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ierarqiaTa sazRvrebis SenarCunebisa, radganac

nebismieri ierarqia lRveba masaTa velSi, romelic WaobiviT isrutavs

mTels sazogadoebriv da socialur realobas. amitom Jan bodriaris

naSromebi erTianobaSi unda ganvixiloT, Tanmimdevrulad da ara

àmorTviT~, anu ra maqvs mxedvelobaSi: aucilebelia bodriaris yvela

naSromis SesaZleblobsdagvarad gacnoba, rom warmodgena gvqondes Tu

rogor èvulucionirebs~ misi azrebi missave TeoriebSi.

naSromi `mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~ eZRvneba masis fenomenis

ganxilvas. aq gamokveTili problemebi metad aqtiuria Tanamedrove

sazogadoebisaTvis, ara mxolod mecnieruli, aramed praqtikuli

TvalsazrisiTac. problemis gamokveTa iZleva imeds misi gadaWris efeqturi

saSualebebis moZiebisa. aqedan gamomdinare, Jan bodriaris es naSromi

yvelaze `momgebianad~ mimaCnia mis mier Seqmnil sxva danarCen naSromTa

sakmaod vrcel rigSi.

bodriari iwyebs masis, rogorc aseTis ganmartebiT: masa esaa utyvi

obieqti, Tumca xval igi ityvis Tavis saTqmels da Sewyvets `mdumare

umravlesobad~ yofnas. mas arc warsuli aqvs, arc momavali (es punqti

logikurad gaumarTavia), magram dResdReobiT is mainc istoriis mTavari

moqmedi gmiria. masas ar gaaCnia dafaruli Zalebi, romelnic

gamoTavisufldebodnen, arc miswrafebani, romelnic unda realizirdnen.

misi Zala aqtualuria. is mTlianad aqvea, munmyofobs da esaa misi

mdumarebis Zala, Zala STanTqmisa da neitralizaciisa, romelic amieridan

aRemateba yvela Zalas, rac ki adre masze zemoqmedebda. masa Savi xvrelia,

sadac iZireba socialuri. amrigad igia sruliad sawinaaRmdego imisa, rac

moiazreba, rogorc `sociologiuri~. sociologia aris unaris mqone

aRweros eqspansia mxolod socialurisa da misi peripetiisa. is arsebobs

mxolod socialuris pozitiuri da ukamaTo daSvebiT. gandevna, implozia

59

socialurisa mas xelidan dausxtldeba. varaudi socialuris sikvdilis

Taobaze, esaa aseve varaudi sociologiis sikvdilisa.

bodriari Tvlis, rom miswrafeba dazustdes `masis~ Semcveloba

uazrobaa. esaa mcdeloba mieniWos sazrisi imas, rasac igi ar gaaCnia.

amboben `mSromelTa masa~, TumcaRa masa arasodes ar warmoadgens arc

mSromelTa masas da arc raime sxva socialur obieqts. Zvel dros `glexTa

masebi~ sworedac rom ar warmoadgendnen masebs: masebs Seadgendnen mxolod

isini, vinc Tavisufalni arian TavianTi movaleobebisagan, arian

`gacxrilulni~ da uweriaT yofna mxolod mravalsaxovan Sedegad im

modelebis funqcionirebisa, romlebmac ver moaxerxes maTi integrireba da

romelnic bolosdabolos maT warmoadgenen mxolod statistikur narCenTa

saxiT. masa ar flobs arc atributs, arc predikats, arc maxasiaTebels,

arc referencias. swored amaSi mdgomareobs misi gansazRvruloba, anda

radikaluri ganusaszRvreloba, mas ar gaaCnia sociologiuri `realoba~.

mas aranairi saerTo ar aqvs raimenair realur dasaxlebasTan, raime

korporaciasTan, raimegvar gansakuTrebul socialur erTianobasTan.

nebismieri mcdeloba misi kvalifikaciisa, esaa mxolod Zalisxmeva gadaeces

is sociologias da amoirTos am ganusazRvrelobisagan. usasrulo jami

msgavsi individebisa 1+1+1+1 _> esaa masis sociologiuri gansazRvreba.

bodriari ambobs, rom masa funqcionirebs rogorc Savi xvreli,

romelic uaryofs, gardatexavs da amrudebs energiis yvela wyaros iseve,

rogorc sinaTlis gamosxivebas, romelic mas uaxlovdeba. rogorc

iploziuri sfero daCqarebadi sivrciTi gamrudebisa, sadac yvela

ganzomileba Caizniqeba siRrmeSi da gadaixlarTeba araraobaSi, da Tavis

Tavis nacvlad tovebs mxolod iseT alagas, sadac mxolod STanTqma Tu

ganxorcieldeba.

`racionaluri komunikacia da masebi SeuTavsebadi arian. masebs

sTavazoben sazriss, isini ki mowyurebulni arian sanaxaobas!

daerwmunebinaT isini Setyobinebis Semcvelobisadmi seriozul midgomaSi an

Tundac Setyobinebis kodisadmi reagirebaze aranairi ZalisxmeviT ar iqna

SesaZlebeli. masebs gadascemen gzavnils, isini ki mxolod niSnebiT

interesdebian. Masebi, esaa isini, vinc daubrmavebia simboloTa TamaSs da

60

emorCileba stereotipebs, esaa isini, vinc aRiqvamen yvelafers, rasac

gnebavT, oRondac es iyos sanaxaobrivi” 16 (Бодрийар Ж. 2000: 6).

saqme imaSi ki araa, TiTqosda masebi vinmes mier dezorientirebulni

iyon, problema maTi Sinagani moTxovnilebaa, eqspresiuli da pozitiuri

kontrstategia kulturis, codnis, Zalauflebis da socialuris

ganadgurebis da STanTqmis saqmeSi. es `samuSao~ uxsovari droidan modiso,

aRniSnavs bodriari, magram dRes mTeli simZlavriT sruldeba.

miiCneva, rom vinaidan arian dezorientrebulni, qcevis sakuTari xazi

maT ar SeiZleba gaaCndeT. marTalia isic, rom drodadro masebi TiTqosda

Caeflobian maTTvis mSobiliur revoluciur stiqiaSi, risi wyalobiTac

`goniereba maTi sakuTrivi nebisa~ maT mier ase Tu ise gacnobierdeba.

magram danarCen SemTxvevaSi, rogorc varaudoben, RmerTs madloba unda

SevwiroT, rom man dagvifaros masaTa mdumarebisa da inertulobisagan.

arada swored am gulgrilobis gaanalizebaa sinamdvileSi aucilebeli.

nacvlad imisa, rom ganvixiloT igi rogorc Sedegi raRacgvari TeTri

magiis zemoqmedebisa, romelic mudmivad CamoaSorebs da SeaZulebs masebs

maTTvis bunebriv revoluciurobas, saWiroa misi damoukidebel cvladad

miReba Tavis pozitiur ZalaSi. bodriari svams kiTxvas - da ratom miiRweva

masaTa maTi sakuTrivi revoluciurobisgan ganrideba? iqneb Rirdes

dafiqreba im ucnaur viTarebaze, rom mravalricxovani revoluciebis

Semdeg, miuxedavad gazeTebis, profkavSirebis, partiebis, inteligenciis da

yvela Zalis aqtivobisa, romelnic arian mowodebulni aRzardon

mosaxleoba da moaxdinon maTi mobilizacia, jerac mxolod 1000 adamiania

mzad moqmedebisaTvis, maSin roca 20 milioni rCeba pasiurad da aramxolod

pasiurad, aramed Riad, sruliad daufaravad, msubuqi guliT, yovelgvari

orWofobis gareSe mzadaa daayenos safexburTo matCi ufro maRla, vidre

romelime calkeuli SemTxveva adamianuri anda politikuri dramisa.

sainteresoa, rom es da sxva msgavsi faqtebi arasodes ar aRelvebdaT

analitikosebs – es faqtebi, piriqiT, maTgan aRiqmebodnen rogorc

mtkicebulebani fesvmokidebuli Sexedulebisa, viTomda Zalaufleba

yovlisSemZlea masaTa manipulirebis saqmeSi, xolo masebi misi zemoqmedebis

qveS arian da Tavis mxriv imyofebian raRacgvari gaucnobierebuli komis

61

mdgomareobaSi. arc erTi da arc meore WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba, erTic

da meorec moCvenbiTobaa mxolod: Zalauflebas arc arafris manipulireba

ar exelmwifeba, masebi aravis aucdenia gezidan da arc aravis Seuyvania

dabneulobaSi. Zalaufleba, agrZelebs Txrobas bodriari, ratomRac

Cqarobs masaTa aseTi mZlavri damuSaveba nawilobriv fexburTs

gadaabralos, xolo danarCeni wili danaSaulisa am saqmeSi aiRos Tavis

Tavze! Zalauflebas kategoriulad ar surs damSvidobeba Tavisi Zalebis

realurobis rwmenasTan, radganac sxva SemTxvevaSi unda Seurigdes azrs,

rom mas aranairi totaluri zegavlenis moxdena ar ZaluZs mosaxleobaze

da amis misaCqmalad danaSaulsac ki daiCemebs: masaTa gulgriloba, es

maTive arsebis gamoxatulebaa, maTi erTaderTi praqtika gulgrilobaa...

naSromSi `mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~ Jan bodriari ganixilavs

politikis daiss da warmoadgens am process istoriul rakursSi.

`franguli revoluciidan moyolebuli `politika~ da `socialuri~

warmogvidgebian rogorc raRac ganuyofelni, rogorc Tanavarskvlavedi

“tyupebi~, romelnic ase Tu ise imyofebian ekonomikis mizidulobis velSi.

maTi es mWidro kavSiri saxezea Cvens droSic, TumcaRa sruliad

gansxvavebulad gamoixateba, kerZod, maTi daisis erTdroulobiT. Tavidan,

aRorZinebis epoqaSi, roca is aRmocendeboda, roca moulodnelad

gamoTavisuflda religiuri da eklesiuri sferoebisagan, raTa

ganecxadebina Tavis Sesaxeb makiavelis xmiT _ politika iyo mxolod

niSanTa wminda TamaSi, wminda strategia, romelic Tavis Tavs ar

daitvirTavda aranairi socialuri, anda istoriuli `WeSmaritebiT~, aramed

piriqiT, maTi saxeze aryofniT TamaSobda, politikuri veli Tavisi

warmoSobis saTaveebTan iyo igive wesrigis movlena, rogoric sivrce

renesansuli meqanikuri Teatrisa. forma TamaSis formas warmoadgenda da

ara sistemas warmodgenebisa, semiurgiisa, strategiebisa da ideologiebisa.

is gulisxmobda virtuozulobas da aranairad ara WeSmaritebas” 17�(Бодрийар

Ж. 2000: 9).

magram, XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli da gansakuTrebiT revoluciidan,

revoluciis mimarTuleba arsebiTad icvleba. is Tavis Tavze iRebs,

bodriaris TqmiT, funqcias socialuris gamoxatvisa, socialuri iqceva

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Semcvelobad. politikuri ukve esaa warmodgena, TamaSze gabatondeba

reprezentaciis meqanizmebi. politikuri scena amieridan wargzavnis

fundamentalur mniSvnelobebs xalxze, Zaladobis nebaze da a.S. amjerad

masSi vlindebian ara wminda niSnebi, aramed sazrisni: politikur qmedebas

moeTxoveba, rom igi rac SeiZleba ukeT asaxavdes im realobas, romelic mis

ukan dgas, raTa iyos igi gamWvirvale, zneobrivi da Seesabamebodes swori

reprezentaciis socialur ideals. da miuxedavad amisa, Tanafardoba

politikuris sakuTriv sferosa da im Zalebs Soris, romelnic masSi

aisaxebian: socialuri, istoriuli, ekonomikuri _ kidev didxans

SenarCundeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi iyo viTareba, mogviTxrobs bodriari,

burJuaziuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis oqros saukunis ganmavlobaSi da

akonkretebs Semdgom, anu `konstituciurobis epoqaSi” (XVIII saukunis

inglisi; amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi; burJuaziuli revoluciis

safrangeTi; evropa 1848 wlis).

dasasruli politikisa, misi sakuTrivi energiisa, bodriaris

SexedulebiT dgeba marqsizmis aRmocenebasa da gavrcelebasTan erTad.

iwyeba era socialurisa da ekonomikis sruli hegemoniisa da politikurs

rCeba erTaderTi varianti, iyos mxolod sarke _ anarekli socialurisa _

kanonmdeblobis, institucionaluri da aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis

sferoebSi. ramdenadac aRzevdeba socialuris batonoba, imdenadve hkargavs

azrs politikuri Tavis damoukideblobaSi.

Tuki liberaluri azrisaTvis maxasiaTebelia am or sferos Soris

dieleqtikur wonasworobaze Taviseburi nostalgia, socialusturi,

revoluciuri azri iCemebs, rom dadgeba dro, roca politikuri gaqreba,

sruliad Seerwymeba gamWvirvale socialurs.

socialuri daeufla politikurs, magram axla, roca gaxda sayovelTao

da yovlismomcveli, daiyvana ra politikuri nulovan doneze misi

arsebobisa, iqca ra absolutur amosaval safuZvlad, aris ra

yovelganmyofi, anu aRwevs ra yvela xvrelSi fizikuri da mentaluri

sivrcisa, _ narCundeba ki is rogorc aseTi? ara _ pasuxobs bodriari

Tavisive dasmul SekiTxvas, misi es axali forma mowmobs mis dasasrulze:

misi energia sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, misi specifika qreba,

63

misi logikuri da istoriuli gansazRvruloba ukve aRar arsebobs. fexs

ikidebs raRac, raSic uCinardeba aramxolod politikuri _ misi bedi eweva

Tavad socialursac. socialurs ukve aRara aqvs saxeli. win wamoiwevs

anonimuroba, masa, masebi!

didxans egonaT, rom masaTa apaTias unda misalmeboda Zalaufleba.

Zalauflebas Camouyalibda Sexeduleba, rom, rac ufro pasiuria masebi, miT

ufro efeqturi xdeba maTi marTva. aqedan amosvliT funqcionirebda is

adre, roca Zalaufrebrivi meqanizmebi iyvnen centralizebulni da

biurokratirebuli, Tumca dRes am strategiis Sedegebi Semoubrundeba

Zalauflebas Tavis sawinaaRmdegod; masaTa gulgriloba, romelsac is

aqtiurad uWerda mxars, xels uwyobs mis kraxs. aqedan gamomdinareobs

radikaluri transformacia misi strategiuli dadgenilebiT;

pasiurobisTvis xelis Semwyobis nacvlad, axla maT ubiZgeben marTvaSi

monawileobisaken, mdumarebis mowonebis nacvlad, mouwodeben gamoxaton

sakuTari Tavi, magram amis droc ukve wavida, masa ,,kritikuli” gaxda. I

masebisagan mudmivad moiTxoven, rom xma miawvdinon zemdgom instanciebs,

maT Tavs moaxveven saarCevno kompaniebis, xelmZRvanelobaze kontrols,

azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvas da a. S. _ socialurobas. aCrdili unda

alaparakdes da man unda daasaxelos Tavisi saxeli. mokled, maxes ugeben.

bodriarisagan Tqmulma am frazam ,,moiTxoven aCrdilisagan alaparakebas,

man unda daasaxelos Tavisi saxeli~, momagona miTi sfinqsze, igi yovel

mis winaSe warmsdgars usvamda SekiTxvas, romlis amocnobis an aramocnobis

SemTxvevaSi nadgurdeboda erTerTi monawile kiTxva-pasuxisa.

Zalaufleba da masebi axla swored am miTSi gaTamaSebuli diskursis

msgavs relobaSi arian gaxlarTuli. sfinqsis roli ki, cxadia, masebs

ganekuTneba, TumcaRa miTisagan gansxvavebiT sfinqsis gamocanis amocnobis

unari Zalauflebas ar Seswevs. masa ,,alterad~ iqca, Zalaufleba ,,egod~.

masaTa mdumareba, umowyaloba mdumare umravlesobis _ ai erTaderTi

realuri problema Tanamedroveobisa. sfinqsi ar ganmartavs Tavis Tavs,

misi ,,ganmarteba~ da amrigad misi ganeitraleba Zalauflebas ver ZaluZs.

gavrcelebulia azri, rom masebis informirebiT SesaZlebelia maTi

struqturireba, rom informaciis da gzavnilTa meSveobiT

64

gamoTavisufldeba maTSi moqceuli sicialuri energia. sinamdvileSi ki

yvelaferi sapirispirod mimdinareobs. nacvlad imisa, rom moaxdinos masis

transformacia energiad, informacia axorcielebs masis Semdgom warmoebas.

masa masas warmoadgens mxolod imitom, rom misi socialuri energia ukve

CaiSrita, acxadebs bodriari. esaa sicivis zona, romelsac Seswevs unari

STanTqas da gaaneitralos nebismieri realuri aqtivoba. is Camohgavs

praqtikulad usargeblo mowyobilobas, romelic moixmars mets, vidre

awarmoebs.

rac Seexeba ,,sazriss~, sazrisTan viTareba imdagvaradvea, rogoric

saqonlis SemTxvevaSi. didi xnis manZilze kapitali zrunavda mxolod

warmoebaze _ moxmarebasTan Seferxebebi ar aRmocenebula. dRes ki

dRiswesrigSi dgas zrunva moxmarebaze, anu saWiroa ara marto saqonlis

warmoeba, aramed momxmareblisac, Tavad saqonelze moTxovna unda iqnes

warmoebuli. da es meore rigis warmoeba Seufaseblad Zviri Rirs pirvelze.

zustad aseve, Zalaufleba didi xnis manZilze kmayofildeboda mxolod

imiT, rom, awarmoebda ,,sazriss~ _ politikuris, ideologiuris,

kulturulis, seqsualuris. moTxovna ki viTardeboda Tavad. sazrisis

ukmarobis gamo revolucionerebs uwevdaT sakuTari Tavis msxverplad

gaReba misi warmoebisaTvis xelSesawyobad. axla saqme sxvagvaradaa: sazrisi

yvelganaa, mas awrmoeben ufrodaufro da ukve SemoTavazebaTa ukmaroba ki

ar gvawuxebs, aramed masze moTxovna. sazrisze moTxovnis warmoeba, ai,

bodriarisaTvis maTavari problema sistemisa. am moTxovnis gareSe

Zalaufleba sxva araferia, ukeTu simulakri, mxolod da mxolod efeqti

sivrciTi perspeqtivisa. TumcaRa, mocemul SemTxvevaSic `meore rigis

warmoeba~ (warmoeba sazrisze moTxovnilebisa) gacilebiT Zviria, vidre

warmoeba `pirveli~ (anu Tavad sazrisis warmoeba). bolos da bolos,

sazrisze moTxovnis warmoeba gaxdeba ganuxorcielebeli, sistemis energia

amas ukve aRar eyofa. moTxovna saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, Tundac didi

Tanxis gadaxdiT, xelovnurad mainc mudam iqneba miRwevadi: sistemas aqvs

Sesabamisi gamocdileba. magram moTxovna sazrisze, Tu ki is erTxel ukve

gaqra, aRdgenas ar eqvemdebareba. politikuri sistemisaTvis es katastrofaa.

65

masa isrutavs mTel socialur energias da es ukanaskneli wyvets

socialur enargiad yofnas. masa xapavs da TavisSi aqrobs yvela niSans da

sazriss, da isini ukve aRar gvevlinebian niSnebad da sazrisad, is

STanTqavs maTdami wargzavnil yvela mowodebas da maTgan araferi rCeba.

yvela mis winaSe dasmul SekiTxvas is erTnairad pasuxobs. is arasdros

araferSi ar monawileobs. masaze sxvadasxvagvarad cdiloben zemoqmedebis

moxdenas, maT Soris testuri gamocdilebiTac, magram is warmoadgens

TvisiT masas, da amitom sruli gulgrilobiT gaatarebs Tavis TavSi

zemoqmedebasac, informaciasac da normalur moTxovnebsac. is Tavs axvevs

socialurs absolutur gamWvirvaleobas, arsebobis Sanss utovebs mxolod

socialuris Zalauflebis efeqtebs, im Tanavarskvlavedebs, romelnic

brunaven ukve ararsebuli RerZis irgvliv.

masaTa mdumareba Camohgavs cxovelTa utyvobas, ufro metic, is am

ukanasknelisagan arafriT gansxvavdeba. uSedegoa masebis intensiuri

dakiTxva, is ar ityvis arc imas, Tu sadaa misTvis WeSmariteba (memarcxeneTa

Tu memarjveneTa mxares) da arc imas, razea is orientirebuli

(gamanTavisuflebel revoluciaze Tu daTrgunvaze). masa mSvenivrad

arsebobs WeSmaritebis da motivis gareSe. eseni misTvis sruliad carieli

sityvebia. mas saerTod ar esaWiroeba arc cnobieri da arc aracnobieri.

,,masa paradoqsaluria. is ar warmoadgens arc subieqts, arc obieqts.

roca mis subieqtad qcevas cdiloben, aRmoaCenen, rom is araa matarebeli

avtonomiuri cnobierebisa. roca, piriqiT, mis qcevas cdiloben obieqtad,

anu ganixilaven rogorc damuSavebas da daqvemdebarebul materialad da

miznad isaxaven obieqturi kanonebis gaanalizebas, romelTac igi TiTqosda

eqvemdebareba, aSkara xdeba, rom arc damuSavebas da gagebas elementebis

mimarTebaTa, struqturaTa da gaeTianebaTa terminebSi is ar eqvemdebareba~

18 (Бодрийар Ж. 2000: 17).

bodriari mogviTxrobs, rom nebismieri zemoqmedeba masaze, xdeba ra igi

misi magnetizmis velSi, iwyebs wreSi trials: is gaivlis stadiebs

STanTqvisa. riTi dasruldeba amgvari zemoqmedeba absoluturi sizustiT

amis Tqma SeuZlebelia, magram yvelaze ufro savaraudoa, rom uwyveti

66

wriuli moZraobani waarTmeven mas mTel Zalebs da is Caqreba, srulebiT

gadaxazavs imaT zomebs, vinc isini SeimuSava.

Tuki kritikuli azrovneba afasebs da irCevs, adgens gansxavavebebs da

seleqciis meSveobiT zrunavs sazrisze, masebi iqcevian absoluturad

sxvagvarad. isini awarmoeben ara gansxvavebas, aramed ganurCevlobas,

Setyobinebas, romelic moiTxovs kritikul Sefasebas. masebi amjobineben

hipnozSi CamZirav mediums!

erTaderTi fenomeni, romelic axlosaa masebTan, rogorc socialuris

SemryevTan da misi sikvdilis mizezTan, bodriaris azriT, esaa terorizmi.

erTis mxriv masa da terorizmi Seurigebeli mtrebia, da Zalauflebac didi

Zalisxmevis gareSe Seajaxebs maT erTmaneTs. magram meore mxriv, arsebobs

raRac, raSic isini gasaocrad Tanxmdebian: uaryofen socialurs da uars

amboben sazrisze!

Bbodriari Tavisi naSromis ,,mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi”

dasasruls ganixilavs socialuris Taobaze arsebul ramodenime hipoTezas.

I. ,,socialuri arsebiTad arc arasodes arsebobda~ anu ,,socialuri

mimarTeba~ arasodes yofila. araferi arasdros socialurad ar

funqcionirebda. ucilobeli gamowvevis, Seuqcevadi cdunebisa da

ucilobeli sikvdilis pirobebSi mudam adgili hqonda socialuris da

socialuri mimarTebebis simulacias. am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs aranairi

safuZveli visaubroT ,,realurze~, farulze, idealur socialurobaze.

gamarTlebulia mxolod simulakris hipostazireba. Tuki socialuri aris

simulacia, maSin erTaderTi savaraudo mkveTri cvlileba situaciisa, es

iqneba desimulacia, romlis pirobebSic socialuri Tavadve wyvets

referenciis velad yofnas, gamodis TamaSidan da bolos mouRebs umalve

Zalauflebas, socialuris efeqts, socialuris sarkes... desimulacia Tavad

SeiZens gamowvevis xasiaTs. da meqanizmebis saxiT kapitali da Zalaufleba

maSinve gaqrebian, rogorc ki CamoiSleba socialuri velis simulacia. da

dRes mimdinareobs situaciis es mkveTri cvlileba, aRniSnavs guldawyvetiT

bodriari.

socialuri azrovnebis ganfena, gamofitva da gadaSeneba, CaSreta

socialuris simulakrisa _ am yvelafris mowmeni Cven varT. socialuri

67

qreba ukvalod, TiTqos is arc arsebobda. da es xdeba ara evoluciis

procesSi, anda revoluciisa, aramed katastrofis rezultatad. es ukve

aRaraa socialuris ,,krizisi~, esaa Tavad wyobis CamoSla, marginalebi

(aRsaniSnavia, rom Jan bodriari maT miaTvlis SeSlilebTan, narkomanebTan

da meZavebTan erTad, qalebsac), romlebic viTomda angreven socialurs, aq

arafer SuaSi ar arian - maTi aqtiuroba piriqiT, msaxurobs dasustebuli

socialurobisaTvis energiis wyarod. magram resocializacia SeuZlebelia.

dasasruls socialuri, romelic arsebobs realurobis da racionalurobis

principebTan SesabamisobaSi iseve ganqardeba, rogorc moCveneba gariJraJze

mamlis pirveli yivilisTanave!

II. ,,socialuri mainc arsebobs da ufro metic, is mudmivad aRzevdeba~

anu igi gansWvalavs yvelafers. arsebobs mxolod socialuroba. socialuri

sulac ar qreba, aramed piriqiT, zeimobs da acxadebs Tavisi Tavis Sesaxeb

yvelgan... (es cota ar iyos miamituri warmodgenaa socialurze)

III. ,,socialuri cxadia arsebobda, magram is ukve aRaraa!!!” anu is

arsebobda rogorc SemakavSirebeli veli, rogorc safuZveli realobisa...

dRes ki is STainTqmeba ,,mesame rigis simulakrebis” mier da kvdeba.

bodriaris SeSfoTebis sagani _ aRzevebuli masebi, marTlac rom

dasasruliT uqadis socialurs, mTlianad sazogadoebas da saerTodac

civilizacias.

ra iwvevs adamianTa masebad gardasaxvas? cxadia, pirvel rigSi

individualurobis gaqroba calkeuli adamianis doneze. naSromebSi ,,nivTa

sistema~ da ,,mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~ gaSlilma msjelobebma

uneblieT momagona qarTul realobaSi Cems mier aRmoCenili erTi

ucnauroba, rac albaT niSania calkeul adamianTa doneze

individualurobis gaqrobisa da sxva araferi (anu masaTa maStabis zrdis

saSiSroebis signali!) qarTul bazrobebSi keramikisa da WurWlis seqciaSi

gagaocebT Cais Wiqebis simravle, saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yvela

SesaZlo sakuTari saxeliT: ,,maka~, ,,nika~, ,,levani~, ,,maia~ da a.S. mTeli

asortimenti! saxelebi saRebaviT msxviladaa amoyvanili Wiqis zedapirze.

uyureb daxlze ,,QWiqa_adamianebs” da ucnauri grZnoba geufleba. msgavsi

Wiqebis siuxve masze sakmarisi moTxovnis niSanicaa da swored esaa

68

SemaSfoTebeli, arian adamianebi, romlebic sazogadoebis sakmaod did

sivrces hfaraven, romelTac sakuTari pirovnebis dasadastureblad da

Sesaxseneblad Cais Wiqaze msxvilad amotvifruli TavianTi saxeli

esaWiroebaT. esaa gaucxoebuli masa, romelTa saxelebi maT pirovnebas ki

ar emTxveva, aramed maTi raobis maxinj simulakrad qceula, swored

amitomaa saWiro am mrude simulakris saRebaviT ase msxvilad gamokveTa

Wiqaze, rom amiT kargad daifaros am saxelis miRma ararsebuli

individualuroba, ararsebuli pirovnuloba. am mrude simulakris miRma

mxolod xorciT mosiarule grova imaleba, romelsac saxeli ki ara da,

albaT, Tu rusulad vityviT - `кличка” ufro sWirdeba, rogorc ZaRls anda

katas ,,kaStanka” ,,belka~ ,,murada~ da a.S. radgan gauCinarebuli

adamianurobis aRsaniSnavad esec sruliad sakmarisia. momitevos mkiTxvelma

aseTi simkacre Cemeuli analizisa da nu damwamebs kacTmoZuleobas, me

mxolod adamianSi adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis gaqrobis faqti

maSfoTebs. mavani ukve aRaraa socialuri arseba, is mxolod martivi

biologiuri organizmia, romlisTvisac saorientaciod yoveldRiurobaSi

martivi biologiuri instiqtebiT operireba sruliad sakmarisia!

P.S. saxeli QWiqaze, romelic samzareulos diskurSi gvamyofebs marad (es

Wiqebi bazrobaTa daxlebze Tavis droze Zmeb breigelebs rom enaxaT kidev

erT morig tragi-komikur tilos Seqmnidnen da is maT cnobil suraTs

,,zarmacTa qveyana” albaT tols ar daudebda!), igi TiTqos upirispirdeba

saxels pasportSi, piradobis mowmobaSi, romelic sazogadoebrivi,

socialuri instituciebis diskusSi gvamyofebs. ai, swored aq vlindeba is

satkivari, rac aSfoTebs sociologebs, bodriars da nebismier ,,kritikuli

cnobierebis~ matarebel individs, esaa swored sikvdili socialurisa rac

SesaniSnavad aRwera Jan bodriarma Tavis unikalur naSromSi ,,mdumare

umravlesobis CrdilSi~!

69

1.4. sazogadoeba, rogorc mravalganzomilebiani socialuri veli,

pirovnebis habitusi da simboluri nominacia

naSromis pirveli nawili daviwye fernan brodelis TeoriiT, romelSic

sazogadoeba ganixileboda `simravleTa simravled~, sadac mocemul

elementTa Soris ZalTa balansi mudmivad icvleba da swored es

cvalebadoba gansazRvravda da gansazRvravs sazogadoebaTa, epoqaTa

istorias.

SemdgomSi fukos koncefciaTa gaSlis meSveobiT warmovaCine, Tu ra

safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas politikuri qvesistemis sazRvrebis upirobo

gafarToeba, anu Zalauflebis e.w. gadaWarbeba.

fukos mier dayenebuli problemis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo

bodriariseuli interpretacia Tavad fukos Teoriebisa da mis mier axali

problemis dasma, romelic aqtualuria dResdReobiT, agrerigad –

socialuris kvdomis riski, masaTa aRzeveba da individualizmis krizisi.

bodriari naSromSi `nivTTa sistema~, romelic ukve ganvixileT,

cdilobs materialur nivTTa samyaroSi, romelic Semogvgarsavs yofiT

cxovrebaSi, aRmoaCinos individTa da Tavad amaTuim mocemuli sazogadoebis

habitusi. individis habitusi, es sociologisaTvis metad saintereso

sakiTxia, igi iqmneba e.w. oficialuri da somboluri nominaciebis

kombinaciiT. cneba `habituss~ TiTqmis avtomaturad akavSireben frangi

sociologis, pier burdies saxelTan. Mmisi naSromi `politikis

sociologia~ eZRvneba swored individis habitusis Temas. Ggarda amisa,

mocemul naSromSi burdie gvTavazovs sazogadoebis struqturis

originalur suraTs. igi sazogadoebas ganixilavs, rogorc

mravalganzomilebian socialur vels, sadac qmediTni arian da

urTierTkavSirSi myofoben sxvadasxva saxis kapitalTa paketebi.

vinaidan burdie konstruqciuli funqcionalizmis warmomadgenelad

iTvleba, daviwyoT swored burdies konstruqciuli funqcionalizmiT.

konstruqtivizmis qveS burdies esmis sociogenezis aRiareba, romelSic

monawileoben, erTis mxriv, aRqmis modelebi, azrovneba, qceva, _ habitusis

Semadgenelni, xolo meores mxriv, socialuri struqturebi, kerZod velebi

70

da jgufebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, rac miRebulia iwodebodnen socialur

klasebad.

burdies Tanaxmad, yovel socialur mecnierebaSi _ anTropologiaSi,

sociologiaSi, istoriaSi _ arsebobs ori generaluri, garegnulad

Seurigebeli mimarTuleba: obieqtivizmi da subieqtivizmi, anda fizikalizmi

da fsiqologizmi (gansxvavebul interpretaciebSi). pirveli gvTavazobs,

ganvixiloT socialuri faqtebi nivTebis saxiT emil diurkheimis cnobili

moTxovnis Sesabamisad, da, amrigad, ar iTvaliswinebs, rom isini

warmoadgenen Semecnebis obieqtebs, Tundac mcdari, araswori Semecnebisa.

meore axdens socialuri realobis reducirebas subieqtur warmodgenebze

mis Sesaxeb da sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa rols daiyvans socialur

subieqtTa `Sexedulebebis Sefasebaze~.

burdies koncefciebSi saxezea mcdeloba obieqtivizmisa da

subieqtivizms Soris dialeqturi kavSiris damtkicebisa, WeSmaritad,

adasturebs igi, Tuki obieqturi struqturebi Seadgenen safuZvels

subieqturi warmodgenebisa, aregulireben subieqtTa urTierTqmedebas, maSin

subieqturi warmodgenebi TamaSoben gansazRvrul rols mudmiv

individualur da koleqtiur SejaxebebSi, romelic mimarTulia mocemul

struqturaTa transformaciasa anda mxardaWeraze. am msjelobaSi

(ganxilvaSi) subieqturi komponenti, sapirispirod misi garegani siaxlovisa

interaqcionizmTan, anda eTnomeTodologiur analizTan, iqoniebs

Sinaarsobriv Taviseburebas: warmodgenani ganixilebian rogorc aseTni da

ukavSirdebian Sesabamisi subieqtebis mdgomareobas da struqturas.

burdies azriT, sabolood struqturisa da warmodgenis xelovnuri

urTierTdapirispirebis amoZirkva SesaZloa substacionalizmze, rogorc

azrovnebis stilze uaris TqmiT. struqturalizmis mniSvnelovani

damsaxureba gaxda socialuri samyaros mimarT Tanamedrove fizikisa da

maTematikisaTvis maxasiaTebeli racionaluri principis misadageba,

romelic aidentificirebs realobas urTierTkavSirTan da ara

substanciebTan. socialuri realoba, romelzec saubrobda diurkheimi,

warmoadgens TvisiT uxilav kavSirTa qsels, romelnic lagdebian

socialur obieqtTa Soris: esaa gansxvavebuli velebi, _ erTmaneTisadmi

71

gareganni, gansazRvrulni urTierTisadmi damokidebulebis xasiaTiT. isini

arian axlos myofni an daSorebulni; qveda an zeda, an Sualedurni.

sociologia mis obieqtivistur interpretaciaSi, ambobs avtori, _ esaa

socialuri topologia, analizi relatiur viTarebaTa da mis SemaerTebel

obieqtur kavSirTa.

raRac gagebiT, socialuri sivrce SeiZleba SevadaroT geografiul

sivrces, romelic dayofilia regionebad, magram fizikur sivrceSic saxezea

Semdegi kanonzomiereba: rac ufro axlosaa ganlagebuli erTmaneTisadmi

subieqtebi, jgufebi an institutebi, miT ufro meti saerTo gaaCniaT maT da,

piriqiT, Teoriulad sivrciTi daSorebani emTxvevian socialur

distanciebs, magram sinamdvileSi, miuxedavad sayovelTao tendeciisa

ganfenilobisa da daaxloebisaken, socialuri da sivrciTi niSnebiT

erTdroulad socialurad daSorebuli subieqtebi aseve SeiZleba

urTierTqmedebdnen fizikur sivrceSi, Tumca maTi kontaqtebi xanmoklea da

aramdgradi. dakvirvebas da registracias daqvemdebarebadi `SemCnevadi~

urTierTqmedebani faraven maTSi realizebul struqturebs. es swored erT-

erTi im SemTxvevaTagania, rodesac xiluli, uSualod mocemuli faravs mis

madeterminebul uxilavs!

burdie svams kiTxvas, rogoria arsi im obieqtur kavSirTa, romelnic

gacilebiT Rrma da Zlierni arian, vidre maTi aSkara gamovlinebani? es

obieqturi kavSirebi warmoadgenen TvisiT resursTa ganawilebis sferoSi

poziciaTa mimarTebas, romelnic SeiZenen konkretul brZolaSi aqtualur,

efeqtur xasiaTs. rogorc empiriulma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, socialuri

Zalauflebis umTavresi tipebi uzrunvelyofil iqnebian kapitalis sami

saxeobiT: ekonomikuriT, sxvadasxva formebSi, kulturuliT da simboluriT,

romelTa formiTac yvela aRiarebuli legitimuri kapitalis saxeobani

SeiZleba warmogvidgnen. socialur sivrceSi subieqtebi ganlagdebian maT

gankargulebaSi myof sxvadasxva gvaris kapitalTa sumirebuli moculobiT

da maTi kapitalis struqturis Sesabamisad, anu sxvadasxva saxis kapitalTa

wiliT (ekonomikuris da kulturulis) mis mTlian moculobaSi.

Tuki subieqtivizms dahyavs socialuri struqtura individTa

urTierTqmedebaze, obieqtivizmi ki, piriqiT, cdilobs struqturidan

72

moaxdinos socialuri moqmedebis da urTierTqmedebis deducireba. burdies

azriT, marqsis ZiriTadi Teoretikuli Secdoma mdgomareobs imaSi, rom man

hipoTeturi klasebi aRiqva rogorc realurni, amovida ra obieqturad

arsebuli erTgvarovani pirobebidan, rac ganpirobebuli iyo socialur

sivrceSi poziciaTa identurobiT da gaaerTiana adamianebi gansazRvrul

jgufebSi _ klasebSi.

socialuri sivrcis cneba iZleva saSualebas gavcdeT nominalizmisa da

realizmis CarCoebs pilitikur sistemaSi klasebis ganxilvisas, romelic

aformebs socialur klasebs, rogorc mdgrad jgufebs dadgenili

iuridiuli statusiT da mudmivi warmomadgenlobiTi organoTi. marqsis

mixedviT, klasebi iqneba politikuri sistemis mier, da procesi midis ufro

warmatebiT, Tuki igi gamagrebulia safuZvliani TeoriiT, romelsac ZaluZs

moaxdinos ìdeologiuri zemoqmedeba~, e.i. Tavs moaxvios azrovnebis

gansazRvruli tipi.

amrigad, daiJinebs burdie, rogoraa SesaZlebeli wminda fizikalizmis

Tavidan arideba ise, rom amasTan SevinarCunoT obieqtivisturi midgoma:

jgufebi _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi socialuri klasebi _ unda Seiqmnan. isini

ar warmoadgenen mocemulobas, romelic maxasiaTebelia socialuri

realobisaTvis, magram ar SeiZleba daviwyeba, rom obieqturi socialuri

realoba _ miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aris aRqmis sagani. Sesabamisad

socialuri mecnierebis saganSi unda CairTos rogorc Tavad realoba, aseve

aRqmac, warmodgenebi misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, rac aRmocendeba

subieqtebSi realur socialur sivrceSi maTi mdgomareobis zegavleniT.

yvela stiqiuri msoflxedva, mecnieruli Teoria, samyaros spontanuri xedva

Seadgenen socialuri realobis nawils da sZaluZT SeiZinon sruli

realuri SemecnebiTi (wvdomiTi) Zala.

jorj sorosi swored rom am sakiTxs ayenebda wina planze Tavis

naSromSi `Ria sazogadoeba areformirebs globalur kapitalizms~. misTvis

uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo obieqturi realobis mis cocxal moazrovne

monawileTagan aRqma, anu individebSi, jgufebsa Tu sazogadoebaSi

warmodgenebis saxiT arsebuli obieqturi realobis suraTi! rameTu igi

73

aris Zalis mqone saxe ucvalos an sulac kvlavawarmoos masze refleqsiiT

Tavad es obieqturi realoba!

obieqturi ganxeTqileba, burdies azriT, cnebamdel warmodgenebTan –

esaa gardauvali ucilobeli etapi mecnieruli procesisa, romelic win

uswrebs Semdgom, ufro rTul ganxeTqilebas gamowveuls subieqtivizmis

elementebisadmi udro maRal doneze dabrunebiT, romelnic obieqtivizmma

gamoricxa socialuri realobis konstuirebidan.

amjerad sociologiam unda CarTos Tavis TavSi socialuri samyaros

aRqma (warmodgena) _ e.i. msoflxedvaTa konstruirebis sociologia _ rac

Tavis mxriv biZgs aZlevs realobis konstruirebas ( es procesi zedmiwevniT

asaxa sorosma Tavis zemodxsenebul naSromSi).

aRqmis invariantuli formebis Ziebisas, anda socialuri realobis

konstruirebisas gairkveva Semdegi: 1) konstruireba xdeba arasocialur

vakuumSi, eqvemdebareba struqturul moTxovnebs, 2) mastruqturirebeli

struqturebi, kognituri struqturebi TavianTi socialuri warmoSobis

ZaliT aseve arian socialurad struqtururebulni, 3) socialuri realobis

konstruirebaSi monawileoben ara mxolod calkeuli individebi, aramed

subieqtTa jgufebic. subieqtTa warmodgenebi varirdeba socialuri

mdgomareobis zegavleniT (da maTi Sesabamisi interesebis).

avtors miaCnia, rom klasificiuri modelebi obieqturad mijaWvulni

arian socialur pirobebze, Sesabamisad individualuri gemovnebisa da

miswrafebisa, subieqtebi axorcieleben klasifikacias sxvadasxva atributTa

gadarCevis gziT: Cacmis stilis, sakvebis, sasmelebis, sportis saxeobebis,

megobrebis, romelTac isini sasurvelad Tvlian, an, ufro zustad, TavianTi

mdgomareobis Sesatyvisad. Sesabamisad, askvnis burdie, subieqtebi eZieben

Sesabamisobas socialuri sivrcis sxvadasxva velebis mdgomareobasTan.

garda amisa, saxeze yofna klasificiuri Sexedulebebisa amtkicebs, rom

socializirebuli subieqtebi unaris mqone arian, Caswvdnen kavSirs

cxovrebis stilsa da socialur sivrceSi mdgomareobas Soris.

sazogadoeba mTlianobaSi warmoadgens maRal doneze struqturirebul

realobas, sadac subieqtebi, romelnic floben maTTvis niSandobliv

maxasiaTeblebs, sistematurad dakavSirebulni arian erTmaneTTan. realur

74

cxovrebaSi es maTTvis niSandoblivi maxasiaTeblebi moxelTebadni arian

met-naklebad sazrisiani subieqtebis mier ganmasxvavebel Strixebad _

dadebiTad an uaryofiTad, romlebic aRiniSnebian gaucnobiereblad da

winaswarganusazRvrelad. sxva sityvebiT, socialuri samyaro, romlebSic

xdeba diferenciacia saxasiaTo niSnebisa, warmoadgens TvisiT

diferenciaciis kanoniT organizebul simbolur sistemas, cxovrebis

sxvadasxva stilTa da statusTa gadakveTis vels.

simboluri brZola, burdies azriT, SeiZleba xdebodes 2 formiT:

obieqtur doneze xorcieldebian moqmedebani individualuri an

reprezentatiuli aqtebis doneze, romlebic gatardebian realobaSi

gansazRvrul realiaTa gamovlenisa da aqceptirebisaTvis. magaliTad,

masobrivi manifestaciebi tardebian erTianobis gasamyareblad,

ricxvobriobis, Zalis, jgufis Sekrulobis demonstraciisaTvis. individebi

iyeneben TviTprezentaciisaTvis sxvadasxva saSualebebs, rac SesaniSnavad

gaanaliza i. gofmanma, romelnic exmarebian maT Sealamazon TavianTi saxe

da gansakuTrebiT (rac gamorCa gofmans) warmodgena maT mdgomareobaze

socialur sivrceSi. sibieqtur doneze warmoebs warmodgenaTa da

sazogadoebis Sefasebis transformacia, kognitur da SefasebiT

struqturaTa swored aRqmis kategoriebi arian klasifikaciis sistemebi.

sityvebi da cnebebi, romelnic akonstruireben socialur realobas da

asaxaven mas, warmoadgenen ZiriTad fsons politikuri brZolisa, romelic

warmoebs imisTvis, raTa Tavs moxveul iqnes legitimuri principebi xedvisa

da samyaros dayofisa, e.i. brZola ideologiuri zemoqmedebis legitimuri

gamoyenebisaTvis.

simboluri brZola da yoveldRiuri individualuri da politikur-

koleqtiuri, iqoniebs specifikur logikas, rac uzrunvelyofs misTvis

realur damokidebulebas im struqturebisagan, romelSic is moqceulia.

ramdenadac simboluri kapitali sxva araferia, Tu ara aRiarebuli

ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli kapitali, Sesatyvisi warmodgenisagan

Tavsmoxveuli kategoriebisa. simboluri Zalaufleba iswrafvis

kvlavawarmoos da gaamyaros daqvemdebarebis mimarTebani, rac Seadgens

socialuri sivrcis struqturas, konkretulad, socialuri wesrigis

75

legitimizacia xorcieldeba ara imdenad simboluri motyuebis anda

propagandis mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebis meSveobiT, ramdenadac

subieqtebis mier Sesabamisobis aRiarebiT aRqmisa da Sefasebis

struqturebsa da obieqtur struqturebs Soris da samyaros wyobis rogorc

TavisTavad nagulisxmeviT, SegrZnebiT.

burdie wers, rom klasifikaciisaTvis brZola udevs safuZvlad

klasobriv brZolas. Zalaufleba, romelic Tavs axvevs garkveul

warmodgenebs, romelic gamoavlens da gansazRvravs implicitur socialur

Senawevrebebs, upiratesad uars ambobs pilitikur Zalauflebaze: is unaris

mqonea Seqmnas jgufebi, moaxdinos manipulacia sazogadoebis obieqtur

struqturaze. aRniSvnis, saxeldebis gziT Zalaufleba aorganizebs

institucionalur, konstituciur jgufebSi adamianTa ubralo simravleebs,

uSualod urTierTgadamkveT adamianebs.

ranairad warmoiSoba jgufis warmomadgeneli, Semosili ZalauflebiT

warsdges publikis winaSe da imoqmedos misi saxeliT, romelic gamoiyenebs

lozungebs, mowodebebs an brZanebebs, rogor warmogvidgeba is, rogorc

gansaxiereba jgufisa, svams kiTxvas burdie. uZvelesi Zalauflebis darad,

romelic adgenda da mxars uWerda socialur gansxvavebebs da am gziT

akonstruirebda socialur jgufebs, profkavSiris Tu pilitikuri

liderebi, Tanamdebobis pirni an saxelmwifo eqspertebi ganasaxiereben

mraval fiqtiur socialur warmonaqmnebs, romelTac isini STaberaven

sicocxles da romelTaganac Rebuloben Zalauflebas. warmomadgeneli

Caanacvlebs jgufs da es ukanaskneli misi meSveobiT gamoxatavs Tavis

interesebs. warmomadgeneli jgufisa _ esaa personificirebuli jgufi.

klasi (xalxi, eri an sxva socialuri erToba) arsebobs, Tuki saxezea

adamianebi, mzad myofni ganasaxieron igi. gamovidnen oficialurad misi

saxeliT, romelnic aRiqmebian rogorc am klasis wevrni.

aqamde Cven mxolod zogadad ganvixileT pier burdies sazogadoebrivi

Teoria misi konstruqtivistuli funqcionalizmis WrilSi. burdies xedva

sazogadoebis, rogorc mravalganzomilebiani socialuri sivrcis Sesaxeb,

romelic dayofilia socialuri kapitalis mqone sxvadasxva velebad,

mocemulia mis gaxmaurebul naSromSi `politikias sociologia~. swored aq

76

aviTarebs burdie azrs, rom sociologia upirveles yovlisa, esaa

socialuri topologia, amjerad Sevecdebi, ufro konkretulad,

burdieseuli eniT gadmovce is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romelic am naSromSi

warmoadgens Cemi interesis ZiriTad sagans, rac mocemuli qveTavis

dasawyisSi imTaviTve avRniSne.

burdiesaTvis, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `socialuri samyaro gamoisaxeba

mravalganzomilebiani sivrcis formiT, romelic agebulia diferenciaciisa

da ganawilebis principiT. agentebi da agentTa jgufebi ganisazRvrebian am

sivrceSi maTi SefardebiTi poziciebis mixedviT. TiToeuli maTgani

ganTavsebulia poziciaSi da gansazRvrul klasSi erTmaneTisadmi axlos

myofi poziciebisa (e.i. mocemuli sivrcis gansazRvrul sferoSi) da

realurad SeuZlebelia ikavebdes sivrceSi or urTierTsapirispiro

pozicias, Tundac amis warmodgena azrobrivad iyos SesaZlebeli. es sivrce

SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc ZalTa veli, zustad ki erTianoba ZalTa

obieqturi mimarTebisa, romelnic Tavs moexvevian am velSi yvela Semavals

da romelnic ar daiyvanebian individualur agentTa ganzraxvebze an maT

uSualo urTierTqmedebaze~ 19 ( Бурдьё П.1993: 55).

kapitalis calkeuli saxeobebi, rogorc kozirebi TamaSSi, warmoadgenen

Zalauflebas, romelic gansazRvraven Sanss mogebisa mocemul velSi

(namdvilad, yovel vels anda sub-vels Seesabameba gansakuTrebuli saxeoba

kapitalisa, romelsac gaaCnia gasavali mocemul velSi, rogorc

Zalauflebas an fsons TamaSSi). magaliTad, moculoba kulturtuli

kapitalisa (zustad igive Seexeba Sesabamisi cvlilebiT ekonomikur

kapitals) gansazRvravs erTian Sanss mogebis miRwevisa yvela TamaSSi,

sadac amoqmedebulia kulturuli kapitali da sadac is monawileobs

poziciis gansazRvrebad socialur sivrceSi (im zomiT, ra zomiTac es

pozicia damokidebulia kulturul velSi warmatebaze). romelime mocemuli

agentis pozicia socialur sivrceSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros misave

poziciiT sxvadasxva velebSi. esaa, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri kapitali mis

mraval saxeobaSi, kulturuli kapitali da socialuri kapitali, aseve

simboluri kapitali, Cveulebriv wodebuli prestiJad, reputaciad, saxelad

(imijad) da a.S. SeiZleba avagoT gamartivebuli modeli socialuri velisa

77

mis ansamblSi, Tu warmovidgenT TiToeuli agentisaTvis mis pozicias yvela

SesaZlo sivrceSi TamaSisa (amasTan unda gvesmodes, rom Tuki yoveli veli

iqoniebs sakuTar logikas da sakuTar ierarqias, maSin ierarqia,

Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva saxeobebs Soris da statistikuri kavSiri

arsebul kapitaldabandebaTa Soris mowyobilia ise, rom ekonomikuri veli

miiswrafis Tavs moaxvios sakuTari struqtura sxva velebs).

socialuri veli, burdes Tanaxmad, SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc iseTi

mravalganzomilebiani sivrce poziciaTa, romelSic nebismieri arsebuli

pozicia SeiZleba iyos gansazRvruli, koordinatTa mravalganzomilebiani

sistemidan amosvliT. agentebi maTSi ganawildebian pirvel ganzomilebaSi _

kapitalis zogadi moculobiT, romelsac isini floben, xolo meoreSi _

TavianTi kapitalebis SefardebiT, e.i. sxvadasxva tipis kapitalTa

SefardebiTi woniT sakuTrebis zogad erTianobaSi.

codna, agentebis mier dakavebuli poziciisa mocemul sivrceSi, Seicavs

Tavis TavSi informacias maTTvis Sinaganad maxasiaTebel Tvisebebze.

sivrcis codnis bazaze, ambobs burdie, SeiZleba gamovyoT klasebi, am

sityvis logikuri gagebiT, e.i. rogorc erToblioba agentTa, romelnic

ikaveben msgavs poziciebs, arian ra ganTavsebulni msgavs pirobebSi da

eqvemdebarebian msgavs ganpirobebulobas, iqonieben yvela Sanss msgavsi

dispoziciebis dainteresebis flobisa, da Sesabamisad, msgavsi praqtikebis

gamosaSvebad da msgavsi poziciebis dasakaveblad. es klasi qaRaldze

iqoniebs Teoretikul arsebobas, iseTives, rogorc nebismieri Teoria...

`TumcaRa realurad es klasi araa, es araa namdvili klasi jgufis gagebiT,

amasTan mobilizebuli jgufisa, romelic mzadaa sabrZolvelad, mTeli

simkacriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxolod SesaZlo klasia, vinaidan isaa

erTianoba agentTa, romelnic obieqturad gamoavlenen nakleb

winaaRmdegobas maTi `mobilizaciis~ aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, vidre

romelime sxva erToblioba agentTa~ 20 ( Бурдьё П. 1993: 59).

saWiroa davadasturoT arseboba obieqturi sivrcisa, romelic

adeterminebs Sesabamisobas da Seusabamisobas, zomebs siaxlovisa da

distanciisa. burdie xazs usvams araerTxel, rom kvlav unda vaRiaroT _

klasebi, romelnic SeiZleba gamovyoT socialur sivrceSi, ar arseboben

78

rogorc realuri jgufebi. rac arsebobs, esaa sivrce urTierTobebisa,

romelic iseve realuria, rogorc geografiuli sivrce, romelSic

gadaadgileba gadaixdeba SromiT, ZalisxmeviT da gansakuTrebiT droiT

(iaro qvemodan zeviT _ niSnavs maRla waiwio, ibobRo da Tan mogyvebodes

kvali am ZalisxmevaTa). distanciebi aq aseve droiT izomeba (magaliTad,

aRmavalisa anda gadasxvaferebis droiT _ konversiiT).

albaToba agentTa gaerTianebisa mTelad, realuria an nominaluri miT

ufro, rac ufro axlos arian isini socialur sivrceSi. magram arc met-

naklebad daSorebulTa daaxlovebaa SesaZlebeli yovelTvis.

rogorc aristotelesTan yofiereba, ambobs burdie, socialuri samyaro

SeiZleba iyos saxeldebuli da agebuli sxvadasxva gzebiT. is SeiZleba

iyos praqtikulad SegrZnebadi saxeldebuli da agebuli xedvaTa da

dayofaTa sxvadasxvagvari principebiT (magaliTad eTnikuri dayofiT);

amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom gaerTienebebi, romelnic bazirdebian

sivrciT struqturaze, rac kapitalis ganawilebazea dafuZnebuli, iqonieben

met SesaZleblobas, gaxdnen stabilurni da mdgradni, xolo dajgufebaTa

sxva formebi mudam iqnebian saSiSroebis qveS daSlisa da opoziciisa, rac

dakavSirebulia socialur sivrceSi distanciasTan. roca Cven vsaubrobT

socialur sivrceze, mxedvelobaSi viqoniebTYupirveles yovlisa imas, rom

ar SeiZleba nebismieris nebismierTan gaerTianeba, ise rom ar

gaviTvaliswinoT siRrmiseuli gansxvavebani, gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikuri da

kulturuli gansxvavebani. TumcaRa, yvelaferi es arasodes sruliad ar

gamoricxavs imas, rom SeiZleba agentTa organizeba dayofis sxva niSnebiT:

eTnikuriT, nacionaluriT da a.S. romelic aRvniSnoT brWyalebiT. mudam

dakavSirebulni arian ufro siRrmiseul principebTan imdenad, ramdenadac

eTnikuri gaerTienebebi Tavad imyofebian ierarqizirebul, yovel

SemTxvevaSi ufro zogad socialur sivrceSi (magaliTad, amerikaSi

mdgomareoba damokidebulia imigraciis staJze da es saerToa yvelasaTvis,

Savkanianebis gamoklebiT).

amrigad, ai, pirveli ganxeTqileba marqsistul tradiciasTan: marqsizmi

an bevri sja-baasis gareSe aigivebda konstruirebul klass realur

klasTan, anda upirispirebda `klass TavisTvis~, `klass TavisTavad~. `klasi

79

TavisTvis~, romelic iyo dafuZnebuli subieqtur faqtorebze da `klasi

TavisTavad~, romelic ganisazRvreboda obieqtur pirobebTa ansambleis

safuZvelze.

burdies azriT, met-naklebad Tamamma obieqtivisturma Teoriam unda

moaxdinos im warmodgenaTa integrireba, romelic agentebs gaaCniaT

socialur samyarosTan mimarTebaSi. aRqma socialuri samyarosi aris

produqti ormagi socialuri konstruirebisa. òbieqturi~ kuTxiT is

struqturirebulia socialurad... ,iseve rogorc frinvels, romelsac aqvs

bumbuli, gaaCnia meti Sansi frTebis flobisa, vidre cxovels, bewviT

Semosils. aseve didi kulturuli kapitalis mflobelT aqvT meti Sansi

gaxdnen xSiri stumrebi muzeumebisa, vidre am kapitalis ar mqoneT~ 21 ( Бурдьё

П. 1993: 63). xolo `subieqturi~ kuTxiT, socialuri samyaros aRqma

konstruirebulia imis ZaliT, rom aRqmis da ASefasebis sqemebi

miesadagebian ganxilvad moments, da yvelaferi rac ki warmodgenilia,

kerZod enaSi, aris produqti winamdebare simboluri brZolisa da

gamoxatavs metad Tu naklebad saxeSecvlili formiT simbolistur ZalTa

mdgomareobas. miTumetes, obieqtebi SesaZloa iyon aRqmuli da gamoxatulni

sxvadasxva gziT.

socialuri samyaros percefciis kategoriebi warmoadgenen ZiriTad

socialuri sivrcis obieqtur struqturaTa inkorporaciis produqts. isini

ganawyoben agentebs, miiRon socialuri samyaro iseTad, rogoric is aris,

miiRon is, rogorc raRac bunebrivi, vidre amxedrdnen mis winaaRmdeg da

daupirispiron mas gansxvavebuli, antagonisturi SesaZleblobebi. poziciis

grZnoba, rogorc grZnoba imisa ra SeiZleba da ris ùflebas ver mivcemT

sakuTar Tavs~, moicavs TavisSi mdumare miRebas sakuTari poziciisa,

sazRvrebis grZnobas (ès CvenTvis araa~) an rac daiyvaneba imaveze,

distanciis grZnobas, romelsac SeniSnaven da icaven, pativs scemen an

aiZuleben sxvebs rom pativi scen. Secnoba socialuri samyarosi, ufro

zustad kategoriisa, SesaZlebels xdis socialur samyaros.

burdie yuradRebas amaxvilebs simboluri kapitalisaTvis maxasiaTebel

Tvisebaze: simboluri kapitali miiswrafvis simboluri kapitalisaken.

socialuri samyaros legitimuri xedvis TavsmoxvevisaTvis brZolaSi,

80

uciloblad CaTreulia mecniereba. agentebi floben Zalauflebas maTi

simboluri kapitalis proporciuls, anu vgulisxmobT im aRiarebas,

romelic maT gaaCniaT jgufSi. simbolur brZolaSi jansaRi azris

sawarmoeblad. udro zustad, legitimuri nominaciis monopoliisaTvis,

rogorc socialuri samyaros legitimuri xedvis oficialuri kurTxevisa _

agentebi iyeneben simbolur kapitals, romelic maT winamdebare brZolaSi

SeiZines da kerZod nebismier Zalauflebas, romelsac ki isini floben

dadgenil taqsonomiaSi, rac warmodgenilia cnobierebaSi an sinamdvileSi,

rogorc saxeldeba.

yvela simboluri strategia, romelTa meSveobiTac agentebi izraxaven

daaweson socialuri samyaros dayofis TavianTi xedva da am samyaroSi

TavianTi poziciebi, SeiZleba ganalagon or ukidures polusTa Soris:

Seuracxyofa, idios logos (`kerZo azri” - berZn.), rodesac ubralo kerZo piri

miiswrafvis danergos Tavisi Sexeduleba, riskavs ra miiRos analogiuri

pasuxi da oficialuri nominacia _ aqti simboluri STagonebisa, romelsac

amisTvis GgaaCnia mTeli Zala koleqtiurisa, Zala konsesusisa, jansaRi

azrisa, ramdenadac is ganxorcielebulia saxelmwifosagan ndobiT

aRWurvili piris mier, romelic flobs monopolias legitimur simbolur

Zaladobaze.

oficialuri nominacia an wodeba, magaliTad diplomis rangi, iqoniebs

Rirebulebas nebismier bazarze, ramdenadac oficialuri gansazRvreba

oficialuri identurobisa amorTavs TavianT mflobelebs simboluri

brZolidan yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg da aniWebs Tavis agentebs

nebadarTul, yvelasagan aRiarebul universalur perspeqtivas. saxelmwifo,

romelic awarmoebs klasifikacias, aris Taviseburi ze-sasamarTlo.

burdie aRniSnavs, rom agentebi xSirad mimarTaven praqtikul Tu

simbolur strategias, raTa moaxdinon simboluri mogebis maqsimalizacia

nominaciisagan. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT uari Tqvan garkveuli

TanamdebobisaTvis garantirebul fulad anazRaurebaze, raTa daikavon

pozicia, naklebad anazRaurebadi, magram ufro prestiJuli saxelwodebiT.

an airCion pozicia, romelic ufro ganfenilia, raTa Tavi aaridon amiT

simboluri devalvaciis efeqts; amgvarad, gansazRvraven ra TavianT

81

profesiul identurobas, maT SeuZliaT dairqvan saxeli, romelic moicavs

ufro farTo klass, raTa masSi CarTon aseve agentebi, romelTac ukaviaT

ufro maRali poziciebi, magaliTad, maswavlebeli warmogvidgeba rogorc

pedagogi. ufro zogadi saxiT agentebs mudam gaaCniaT arCevani ramodenime

dasaxelebas Soris da SeuZliaT iTamaSon gaurkvevlobiT da

ganusazRvrelobiT, rac ukavSirdeba mraval perspeqtivas, raTa Tavi

aaridon ganaCens oficialuri taqsonomiisa.

institucionaluri da kanonieri (da ara ubralod legitimuri)

simboluri kapitali, sul ufro da ufro ganuyofelia samecniero

codnisagan, ramdenadac ganaTlebis sistema miiswrafvis rac SeiZleba metad

warmoadginos samomavlo da sando garantiebi TiToeuli profesionaluri

wodebisaTvis.

simboluri kapitali flobs aseve TviTRirebulebasac. wodebis gamo

dajildoeba iqoniebs tendencias avtonomizirebisa Sromis gamo

dajildoebasTan mimarTebaSi. anu, erTi da igive Sromam SiZleba miiRos

sxvadasxvagvari dajildoeba, imisda mixedviT, Tu vin Seasrula igi

(Statianma TanamSromelma, saStato TanaSemwem, funqcionerma da a.S.).

wodeba, TavisTavad (rogorc ena) _ esaa ufro myari institucia, vidre

Sromis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebi. dajildoeba wodebis gamo SesaZloa

SenarCundes, miuxedavad cvlilebebisa SromaSi da misi SefardebiTi

Rirebulebisa. araSefardebiTi Rirebuleba ASromisa gansazRvravs

Rirebulebas wodebisa, institucionalizirebuli Rirebuleba wodebisa

msaxurobs instrumentad, romelic iZleva saSualebas daicvas da

SenarCundes Rirebuleba Sromisa.

burdie xazs usvams, rom socialuri samyaro mniSvnelovanwilad aris

is, riTac TiToeul momentSi dakavebulni arian agentebi; magram dangreva

da gardaqmna qmnilisa SesaZlebelia mxolod imis realuri codnis

safuZvelze, Tu ras warmoadgens TvisiT socialuri samyaro da ra

gavlenas axdenen agentebi masze, maT mier dakavebuli poziciebidan

gamomdinare.

burdie mkacrad akritikebs marqsistul xedvas da ambobs: marqsistuli

Teoriis ukmarisoba da gansakuTrebiT misi uunaroba gaiTvaliswinos

82

ansambli obieqturad registrirebad gansxvavebaTa, aris Sedegi socialuri

samyaros erTaderT ekonomikur velze dayvanisa. es Teoria mijaWvulia

erTganzomilebian socialur samyaros, romelic organizebulia martivad

or bloks Soris arsebuli urTierTwinaaRmdegobis irgvliv. realurad,

socialuri sivrce mravalganzomilebiania, Riaa ansambli avtonomiur

velebTan mimarTebaSi. TiToeuli velis SigniT isini, vinc ikaveben

dominirebad pozicias da isini vinc ikaveben daqvemdebarebul pozicias,

CarTulni arian sxvadasxva tipis brZolebSi (magram ar arsebobs aranairi

aucilebloba, maTgan antagonisturi jgufebis Camoyalibebisa).

pier burdies sazogadoebrivi Teoriis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom igi TvalsaCinos xdis sazogadoebis Semadgenel struqturul

elementTa urTierTgamsWvalulobas da individTa adgilisaTvis socialur-

ierarqiul kibeze sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentebSi mopovebuli

warmatebis erTianobas, kulturuli kapitali gansazRvravs ekonomikuri da

SesaZlo politikuri kapitalis xvedriT wils, drodadro ekonomikuri

veli dominirebs sazogadoebaSi masSi ganviTarebuli sxvadasxva istoriuli

procesebis Sedegad, drodadro politikuri, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ki

Tavs iCens kulturuli velis dominirebis tendencia. sazogadoeba, naTlad

gviCvenebs burdie, miuxedavad imisa rom dayofilia sxvadasxva socialur

velebad, aris erTiani, cocxali organizmis darad da funqcionirebs mis

elementebs Soris mimdinare mudmivi urTierTqmedebis wyalobiT.

individebic eqzistireben sxvadasxva socialur velebSi erTdrouli

CarTulobis meSveobiT da amgvarad moipoveben Tu qmnian TavianT habituss!!!

83

I nawilis Sejameba

naSromis pirvel nawilSi davajame me-20 saukunis franguli socialuri

azris warmomadgenlebis: fernan brodelis, miSel fukos, Jan bodriaris da

pier burdies sazogadoebrivi Teoriebi. me sakiTxis dasmaSivec xazi

gavusvi, rom es dajgufeba araa erTi nacionaluri skolisadmi mikuTvnebiT

martivad ganpirobebuli. cxadia, erTi nacionaluri skolisadmi mikuTvneba

gansazRvravs am skolis sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul

ideur memkvidreobiTobas, interess erTidaimave sakiTxisadmi da azrovnebis

stilis msgavsebasac, magram CemTvis mTavari iyo, rom TiToeuli aq

dasaxelebuli avtori sazogadoebas ganixilavda, rogorc `simravleTa

simravles~, romelnic erTmaneTisadmi racionaluri wesiT funqcionalurad

arian dakavSirebulni, rac maT qselSi ganbneul individebs uadvilebT

yofiT Tu sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi orientirebas, skuTari socialuri

rolis aRqmas da masTan SesabamisobaSi mizanmimarTulad moqmedebas.

Bbrodeli, iseve rogorc fuko da bodriari, aseve burdie, xazs usvamen, rom

sazogadoebis sijansaRisa da masSi individTa SeuboWavi arsebobisaTvis

aucilebelia sazogadoebriv qvesistemaTa Soris Tanabari balansis

uzrunvelyofa. Ffukom naSromSi `zedamxedveloba da dasja” aseTi

simZafriT arcTu SemTxveviT aRwera e.w. disciplinaruli sazogadoeba,

romelic faqtiurad panoptikumis modeliTaa mowyobili da individebs

tusaRebad aqcevs da gamoaZevebs maTgan damoukideblad moqmed da

saerTodac moazrovne individebsac. Eesaa Sedegi politikuri sistemis

àRzevebisa~ da Zalauflebis gadaWarbebisa.Bbodriari `nivTTa sistemaSi~

gviCvenebs, rom Tanamedrove ekonomika aliansSi Sedis politikasTan da es

aliansi kvlav individebis damoukideblobas da maT ZiriTad uflebas –

Tanasworobas uqmnis safrTxes.

burdie SedarebiT stabilur sazogadoebas aRgviwers da mis mier

aRwerili sazogadoebis suraTi garkveul simSvidesac ki hgvris mkiTxvels,

radgan masTan kulturuli qvesistemaa piramidis mwvervalze da kulturul

velSi dagrovili kapitalis wili gansazRvravs swored pirovnebis, rogorc

84

moTamaSis rols socialur-ierarqiul kibeze. burdies naSromis `politikis

sociologiis~ ganxilvis Semdgom vxvdebiT, rom Tuki romelime mocemul

sazogadoebaSi individis habituss gansazRvravs mis xelT myofi

kulturuli kapitalis wili, es konkretuli sazogadoeba upirveles

yovlisa aris Ria, `modernuli~ da misasalmebeli, rogorc etaloni.

ekonomikuri kapitali SesaZloa gaxdes saSualeba politikuri fsonebis

mopovebisa, iseve rogorc politikuri kapitali garanti ekonomikuri

winsvlisa. es ori sistema xSirad arasaxarbielo aliansSi erTiandebian.

kulturuli kapitali ki grovdeba, rogorc aseTi, individis piradi

unarebisa da mizandasaxuli Tanmimdevruli inteleqtualuri Sromis

xarjze.

P.S. Tumca am ganacxadiT, cxadze ucxadesia, eWvs ver SevitanT

konkretulad aRebuli politikosebisa Tu e.w. òligarqebis~ saTanado

politikuri Tu òligarquli~ unarebis ararsebobaSi. Cven aq mxolod

xazs gavusvamT safrTxeebs, romlebic SeiZleba gamoikveTos politikisa da

ekonomikis seqtoris arajansaRi aliansis SemTxvevaSi.

85

nawili meore

sazogadoebis asaxva Tanamedrove funqcionalur TeoriebSi da Ria

sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi

2.1. sazogadeoba, rogorc komunikaciaTa erToblioba (niklas lumani)

radgan naSromis meore nawilis ori umTavresi rgoli agebulia

Tanamedrove (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cemi TaobisaTvis Tanamedrove)

funqcionalizmis iseT umniSvnelovanes Teoretikosebze dayrdnobiT,

rogorebicaa niklas lumani da talkot parsonsi, saWirod CavTvale

Sesavlis saxiT `ganmemarta funqcionalizmis ori ZiriTadi cneba: `funqcia~

da `socialuri sitema~.

moviyvan entoni gidensis sityvebs: `SeviswavloT funqcia raimegvari

socialuri moRvaweobisa an institutisa – niSnavs gavaanalizoT maTi

wvlili sazogadoebis sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofaSi, rogorc

mTlianisa. am azris gamoaSkaravebis saukeTeso saSualebad msaxurobs

analogia adamianis sxeulTan. msgavsi analogiiT xelmZRvanelobdnen konti,

diurkheimi da mravali gviandeli avtor-funqcionalistebi. SeviswavliT ra

romelime sxeulis organos, magaliTad guls, Cven upirveles yovlisa unda

gavigoT, rogoraa is dakavSirebuli sxeulis danarCen nawilebTan.

gadaqaCavs ra sisxls mTeli sxeulisa, guli asrulebs umniSvnelovanes

rols adamianis sicocxlis mxardaWeraSi. msgavsi saxiT, mocemuli

socialuri obieqtis funqciis analizi niSnavs imis demonstrirebas, Tu

rogor rols TamaSobs igi mocemuli realobis arsebobaSi. magaliTad,

religia, diurkheimis azriT, uzrunvelyofs adamianTa erTgulebas ZiriTadi

socialuri Rirebulebebisadmi da swored amiT xels Seuwyobs socialuri

kavSirebis mxardaWeras” 22 (Гиденс Э. 1999: 644).

funqcionalizmi kvlav dabrunda sociologiaSi talkot parsonisa da

robert mertonis naSromebis wyalobiT, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom

funqcionaluri analizi mowodebulia, iTamaSos wamyvani roli

sociologiuri Teoriis da sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ganviTarebaSi.

rac Seexeba mertons, misi Teoria Cems naSromSi araa ganxiluli. niklas

86

lumani parsonisi Teoriebis ideuri zegavlenis qveS moeqca imTaviTve da es

zegavlena aisaxa miseul sazogadoebriv TeoriaSi, romelmac

originalurobiT Tavad parsonsiseul koncefciebsac gadaaWarba.

mokled, raki visaubreT `funqciaze~, aseve movxazoT interpretaciis

saxiT `sistemis~ raoba. sistema xasiaTdeba Semadgenel nawilTa

urTierTdakavSirebulobiT. urTierTdakavSirebul variantTa

mowesrigebuli xasiaTis safuZvelze sistema iqoniebs TviTSenarCunebis

tendencias, Tuki erTi elementi ar Tavsdeba am wesrigSi, xdeba an misi

amorTva, anda sistemis sxva nawilebi miesadagebian mas. socialuri da

pirovnuli sistemebi, es empiriuli sistemebia, isini gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisagan, magram amavdroulad urTierTs ganmsWvalaven, anu

SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT pirovnebis sistema socialur sistemaSi

CaurTvelad da socialuri sistema, romelic ar warmoadgens nawils

pirovnebis sistemisa.

parsonsi da lumani, sazogadoebas oriveni ganixilaven

TviTferencirebadi autopoieturi sistemis saxiT, magram lumanis

SemTxvevaSi pirovnebis sistema TiTqosda socialur sistemebSi ganibneva da

usaxurdeba. parsonsis sistemuri Teoria vamjobine ganmexila lumanis

koncefciebis Semdgom, radganac, Cemi azriT, ase ufro mkveTrad gamoCndeba

maTi midgomebis gansxvavebuli rakursebi, erTi sagnis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi

sistemis) sxvadasxvagvari xedvani, radganac gansxvaveba mudam ufro metis

momcemia SemecnebisaTvis, vidre analogia. rogorc fuko werda, Tavis

naSromSi `sityvebi da sagnebi, arqeologia humanitaruli mecnierebisa~ –

analogiebiT azrovnebs don-kixoti, kritikuli azrisTvis (anu jansaRi

azrisTvis) ki mudam gansxvavebaa yuradsaRebi.

maS ase, daviwyoT niklas lumaniseuli ganxilva sazogadoebisa,

romelsac igi komunikaciaTa erTobliobad warmoidgens, rameTu swored

sazogadoebrivi Teoriebia Cveni naSromis ZiriTadi interesis sagani maT

mravalferovnebaSi, rac Tumca erTiani logikuri jaWvis irgvliv

koncentrirdeba.

niklas lumans ekuTvnis universalurobaze pretenziis mqone

diferencirebul socialur sistemaTa Teoria. lumani gaxlavT germaneli

87

sociologi (1927w.), sociologiaSi sistemuri da funqcionaluri midgomis

erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. 1968 wlidan profesoris rangSi is

moRvaweobda bilefeldis universitetSi zogadi sociologiisa da aseve

samarTlis sociologiis dargSi. lumani vestfalis mecnierebaTa akademiis

wevradac gvevlineba. misi amosavali poziciebi formulirebulia

xuTtomeul naSromSi `sociologiuri ganmanaTlebloba `Soziologische Auf

klerung~, romelic 70-iani wlebis miwuruls da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

gamoica. mas ekuTvnis araerTi saxelmZRvanelo, romlebic me-XX saukunis

miwurulSi germanuli sociologiis qvakuTxedad iqca, magaliTad 1984 wels

gamocemuli `socialuri sistemebi~, gaxmaurebuli naSromi `Zalaufleba~ da

a.S. Cvens postsabWour sivrceSic iTargmna da gamoqveynda misi ramdenime

statia, magaliTad: `sazogadoebis cneba~, `politikosTa siwrfele da

politikis amoraluroba~, `sazogadoeba, interaqcia, socialuri

solidaroba~, `sazogadoebis Teoria~, `sistemuri Teoriis paradigmis

Secvla~, `ra aris komunikacia~.

lumanis msoflmxedvelobaze, rogorc ukve xazi gavusviT

gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina t. parsonsisa da r. mertonis

koncefciebma. lumani intensiurad aviTarebda funqcionalizmis

radikalizaciis proeqts, romlis CarCoebSic Seqmna sazogadoebis

sistemuri Teoriis sakuTari varianti. misi yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva

mimarTeba `sistema _ gare samyaro~. Sesabamisad lumans sociologiis sagnad

miaCnia socialuri sistemebi, romelTac igi miawers TviTwarmoebisa da

TviTreferenciis Tvisebebs.

lumani, sazogadoebis cnebis gansazRvrisas gvirCevs adamianis martivi

formulirebiT apelirebas avaridoT Tavi, misTvis miuRebelia sazogadoebis

warmodgena admianTa martiv erTobad. Adamianebi, misi mosazrebiT, ar

warmoadgenen sazogadoebis nawils, aramed miekuTvnebian mis gare samyaros.

`sazogadoeba Sedgeba komunikaciaTagan. esaa movlenebi, romelnic

erTmaneTs cvlian droSi. sazogadoeba struqturirdeba komunikaciaTa

diferenciaciiT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi diferencirdebian ara

adamianTa jgufebi, aramed komunikaciaTa tipebi, romlebSic monawileoben

adamianebi, TamaSoben ra rols amomrCevlisa, moswavlisa, myidvelisa da a.S.

88

adamiani, rogorc mTlianoba aris sistemis gare samyaros realia, is

damkvirvebelia, mSenebeli Teoriisa. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom nebismieri,

Tundac universaluri Teoria sazogadoebisa ekuTvnis sazogadoebasve _

aris Sedegi da Tematizirdeba komunikaciis procesSi _ da am azriT

mimarTulia Tavis Tavze, warmoadgens TviTSemcvel da TviTreferencialur

piesas piesaSi~ 23 (Луман Н. 2001: 225). aqedan gveZleva mudmivi paradoqsebi

`sinamdvilis gaorebisa~, lumani maT aRwers iseT formebSi, rogoricaa

`kodireba~, `meore rigis wesrigis damkvidreba~ da misTanebi...

zogadad sazogadoebrivi Teoria gaigeba erTis mxriv, rogorc Teoria

socialuri diferenciisa jgufebad da funqcionalur qvesistemebad, xolo

meores mxriv, rogorc Teoria sociokulturuli evoluciisa. orive

amosavali punqti erTiandeba TezisSi, romlis Tanaxmadac

sociokulturuli evolucia aZlierebs diferenciacias. Tumca am

mimarTebaSi ganxilvis miRma rCeba komunikaciisa da motivaciis sakiTxebi,

kerZod ki is, Tu ra gvaiZulebs miviRoT da ganvaviTaroT esa Tu is

komunikaciebi. nawilobriv maT ganixilaven, rogorc wminda fsiqologiur,

mTlianad individze damokidebul faqtebs, romelnic SesaZloa ar iyon

gaTvaliswinebuli makrosociologiur kvlevebSi. nawilobriv ki isini

daiyvanebian iseT specifikur cnebebze, rogorebicaa konsesuri, masobrivi

komunikaciebi da maTi msgavsni. problemis ganxilvis orive mcdelobas

mivyavarT dabali donis koncefciaTa Camoyalibebamde da swored am xinjis

aRmosafxvrelad cdilobs lumani simbolurad generalizirebul

koncefciaTa zogadi Teoriis formulirebas, romelic dakavSirebuli

iqneba sazogadoebrivi diferenciaciis koncefciasTan da aseve

sociokulturuli evoluciis meqanizmebTan da fazebTan.

lumani miiCnevs, rom socialuri sistemebi warmoiqmnebian mxolod

komunikaciaTa wyalobiT. sistemis ZiriTadi funqciaa Tavisi diferenciaciis

regulireba garesamyarosTan mimarTebis konteqstSi. saerTod unda

aRiniSnos, rom lumanis TeoriebSi mniSvnelovani roli ganekuTvneba gare

samyaros cnebas, aseve cnebas Ria-daxuruli socialuri sistemisa. lumani

gangvimartavs, rom sistemis garesamyaros ar gaaCnia aranairi sazRvari da

is mas, am sazRvars _ arc saWiroebs. igi warmoadgens sistemaSi `sxvisadmi~

89

(Fremdreferenz) gamoyenebuli mimarTebis korelats da sistemisaTvis

fenomenologiurad warmodgenilia rogorc horizonti. garegani samyaro

araa informatiuli. informaciebi, anu sistemisaTvis relevanturi

mdgomareobebi da movlenebi, arsobrivad Sidasistemuri miRwevebia, isini

moipovebian e.w. `gansxvavebis teqnikis~ saSualebiT. garesamyaro esaa

absoluturad yvelaferi, rac maRalkompleqsurobis am statutSi

absoluturad miuRwevelia da xasiaTdeba gaumWvirvalobiT. sistemas ki

gaaCnia unari, `dainaxos~, anu airCios Tavisi da datovos yuradRebis miRma

SesaZleblis rangSi `sxva~. amgvarad, sistema xedavs mxolod sakuTar Tavs,

SemoisazRvreba Tavis xedvaSi sakuTari horizontiT. is, rasac xedavs

sistema aris swored misi komunikaciebi, romelnic apriorSive

gansxvavebulni arian samyarosgan....

xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom lumaniseuli Txrobis stili sakmaod

rTulia. mis mier gamoyenebuli terminologia TiTqosda `Tarjimansac~ ki

saWiroebs, lumani Tavis TeoriebSi uamrav axal termins afesvebs, romelic

maxasiaTebelia calsaxad mxolod misi Txrobis stilisTvis. bevrjer

aRniSnula, rom lumanis kritikosebi ufro naTlad gadmoscemen lumanis

koncefciebs, vidre Tavad avtori. mokled lumanis kritikosebs Taviseburad

misi Targmna uwevT, cxadia, vgulisxmob ara erTi enidan sxva ucxo enaze

gadaTargmnas, aramed lumaniseuli specifiuri terminologiis gaSifvras...

axla ki mivubrundeT komunikaciis sakiTxs lumanTan. igi cdilobs

TiTqmis tradiciad qceuli mimarTeba komunikaciisa subieqtze, rogorc

avtorze, ukuagdos da gamoacxados komunikacia TavisTavSi Caketil,

TviTkmar autopoietur meqanizmad. lumani acxadebs, mxolod komunikacias

ZaluZs ganxorcieleba komunikaciisa da mxolod mis daxurul qselSi

iwarmoeba is, rasac Cven gavigebT, rogorc `moqmedebas~. komunikacia esaa

socialuri operacia, romelic amoqmeddeba socialuri situaciis

warmoqmnisTanave. igi xorcieldeba sami gansxvavebuli seleqciis meSveobiT,

esenia: informaciis seleqcia (1), am mocemuli informaciis Setyobinebis

seleqcia (2) da seleqciuri gageba an argageba Setyobinebisa (3).

komunikaciis sistema Tavis sazRvrebSive awarmoebs elementebs, romelTa

meSveobiTac uzrunvelyofilia Semdgomi komunikaciebi.

90

sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sistemebSi komunikaciebi imarTebian am

sistemaTaTvis specifiuri simbolurad generalizerebuli mediuri kodebiT.

magaliTad, ekonomikis qvesistemaSi komunikacia imarTeba e.w. monetaruli

kodirebiT, mecnierebis qvesistemaSi kodis funqcias asrulebs WeSmariteba,

xolo politikuri sistemisaTvis Zalauflebaa komunikaciuri kodi.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mzardi diferenciaciis fonze aucilebeli

xdeba komunikaciaTa mediuri kodebisaTvis substitebis moZieba, romlebic

konstruirdebian binaruli sqematizmebis meSveobiT, Tumca am sakiTxze

qvemoT visaubroT, amjerad ki sazogadoebrivi qvesistemebi ganvixiloT:

ekonomikuri sistemis qveS igulisxmeba fulTan da gadasaxadebTan

dakavSirebuli operaciebis sistema, operaciebisa, romelnic Tanamedrove

samyaroSi karga xania diferencirdnen politikisa da religiisagan. fuli,

esaa ekonomikis azrobrivi sqematizmi, anu orientiri arCevanis

gansaxorcieleblad specifiur Sidasistemur horizontSi. Tanamedroveobam

moitana ekonomikis avtonimuroba, daxuruloba.

yvelas kargad gvaxsovs, rom Suasaukuneobrivi gadasaxadebi atarebdnen

universalur xasiaTs, SesaZlebeli iyo Tanamdebobebis yidva (Riaoba

politikuri sistemisadmi), miRwevadi iyo `xsna~, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e.w.

indulgenciebi (Riaoba religiis sistemis mimarT) da a.S.

Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri sistema kodirebuli gaxldaT kerZo

sakuTrebiT. sazogadoebrivi evoluciis Sedegad moxda gadasvla monetarul

kodirebaze, ramac gansazRvra gare samyarosadmi mTeli damokidebulebis

Secvla. adre ekonomikur sistemaSi yoveli operacia (gadaxda, yidva)

ganisazRvreboda kodi-alternativiT `mesakuTre -- sakuTrebis armqone~.

ègo~ yidulobs, Tuki is araa mesakuTre, anda piriqiT yidis, Tuki gaaCnia

sakuTreba. saerTod lumani interaqciis monawileebs pirobiTad moixseniebs

àlterad~ da ègod~... monetaruli kodireba ekonomikuri sistemis

operaciebs aorientirebs kodiT `fuli~. amjerad ègo~ sakuTrebisaTvis

ixdis mxolod momavalSi fulis mopovebis mizniT da ara sakuTrebisTvis

TavisTavad.

orientirebuloba fulze operaciis mocemul saxeobas gamoacalkevebs

yvela sxva danarCenisagan, rogorc konkretulad ekonomikurs, rac

91

gansazRvravs swored ekonomikis sistemis daxurulobas. adre miwis floba

sakuTrebis saxiT iyo politikuri Zalauflebis safuZveli, saqmis viTareba

Seicvala politikisa da samarTlis diferenciaciis kvaldakval...

ekonomikuri sistemis operacia, gadaxda ganisazRvreba fasiT, fasiT,

romelic ar SeiZleba iyos samarTliani an arasamarTliani da Sesabamisad

ver daregulirdeba politikuri gadawyvetilebebiT. sxvagvarad sistema

iqneboda araTu daxuruli, aramed damokidebuli samarTalsa da

politikaze. ekonomikuri sistema daxurulia, vinaidan misi operaciebi

orientirdebian Sidasistemurad, kerZod ki, orientirdebian fasze. Tumca

sistema Tavis mxriv Riacaa, rameTu fasebSi gamoixateba moTxovnilebebi,

lokalizebadni sistemis gareT, mis `garesamyaroSi~. Amitomacaa, rom lumani

sazogadoebis qvesistemebs uwodebs Ria-daxurul sistemebs. ekonomikuri

qvesistemis darad danarCen sazogadoebriv sistemebsac aqvT Riaobis

wertilebi maTTvis garesamyaros mimarT......

mecnierebis qvesistema flobs specifiur azrobriv sqematizms, kods

`WeSmariti-araWeSmaritisa~, romelic specializirebulia axali mecnieruli

codnis SeZenaze. misi funqciaa, CamoaSoros siaxles, romelic

Tavdapirvelad hipoTezis saxiT yalibdeba, mcdarobis eWvi, raTa igi Semdeg

Teoriis saxiT damkvidrdes. mecniereba TviTdamkvirvebeli sistemaa, magram

sakuTar kompleqsurobaze orientirebuli. es sistema iqceva

hiperkompleqsurad, rac gadatvirTavs mecnierebis qvesistemas, anu ras

vgulisxmobT: mecnierebas waeyeneba moTxovna, daakvirdes sazogadoebas

mTlianobaSi, magaliTad, rogorc erT-erTi mecnierebis, sociologiis

sagans da amavdroulad Tavis Tavsac, rogorc am sazogadoebis qvesistemas.

gamomdinare aqedan, mecnierebis TviTaRwera aris aRwera aRweris aRwerisa

da ase usasrulod.

politikuri sistema, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, imarTeba Zalauflebis

kodiT. Zalaufleba, rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba lumanis Teoriis

qvakuTxedia. Zalauflebis fenomenis ganxilvas man miuZRvna cnobili

naSromi amave saxelwodebiT `Zalaufleba~, romelmac imTaviTve didi

popularoba moipova.

92

Zalauflebas Tavdapirvelad lumani gansazRvravda, rogorc

`partnioris seleqciis sivrcis SezRudvas~, magram Cvens droSi

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas seleqtiurobis zrdam gviCvena, rom xSirad

Zalaufali daqvemdebarebulis xelSi iqceva saSualebad am ukanasknelis

kerZo miznebis aRsasruleblad, ramdenadac paradoqsalurad ar unda

JRerdes es. anu risi Tqma gvsurs: nebismieri Zalaufleba waawydeba mis

sapirispiro àraformalur Zalauflebas~ daqvemdebarebulTa mxridan. e.i.

Zalaufleba regulirdeba kodiT (binaruli sqematizmiT) formalur-

araformalurisa.

nebismieri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReba rogorc

formaluri, aseve araformaluri Zalauflebisgan nakarnaxevi argumentebi.

Zalaufleba SesaZloa aseve binarulad iyos sqematizirebuli cnebebiT

samarTliani-arasamarTliani, progresuli-konservatiuli...

Zalauflebis generalizaciis umaRlesi punqtia saxelmwifo.

saxelmwifo, lumanTan, esaa politikuri sistemis TviTaRwera, semantikuri

artefaqti, romlis funqciacaa politikuri sistemis damoukideblobis

uzrunvelyofa Tavad Zalauflebisagan.

lumani mudmivad xazs usvams, rom Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba raime

konkretul moqmedebaze orientirebuli iZulebisagan. iZulebis wnexis qveS

myofs arCevanis SesaZlebloba nulze aqvs dayvanili. Zalaufleba ki

farTovdeba daqvemdebarebulTa Tavisuflebis zrdis xarjze.

Zalauflebis funqcia mdgomareobs ormagi kontigenciis polusebs

Soris xidebis gadebaSi. iZulebis funqciis aTvisebiT Zalaufleba kargavs

sakuTar saxes. iZuleba xom esaa uaris Tqma simboluri generalizaciis

upiratesobebze, rac gulisxmobs partnioris seleqciaTa gamoTvlasa da,

amgvarad, garkveulwilad maT kontrols. iZulebis ukiduresi

gamoxatulebaa fizikuri zemoqmedeba, am dros adgili aqvs àlteris~

qmedebiT ègos~ qmedebaTa, ufro zustad, gadawyvetilebaTa uxeS

Canacvlebas.

Zalauflebis lumaniseuli gagebis sailustraciod moviyvan magaliTs

popularuli rusuli zRapris siuJetidan `briyvi ivani~. zRapris mTavari

moqmedi gmiri briyvi ivani aRmoCndeba gzajvaredinze aRmarTuli warweriani

93

qvis winaSe, warwera rogorc kargad gvaxsovs yvelas, bavSvobidan Seicavs

msgavs Sinaarss. `waxval marjvniv _ ipovi siyvaruls!~, `waxval marcxniv _

simdidres~, `pirdapir ki cecxlismfrqvevel gveleSaps gadaeyrebi!~ qvam

icis, rom briyvi ivani es potenciuri gmiria, romelic unda wavides

pirdapiri gziT _ anu SeeWidos cecxlismfrqvevel gveleSaps, magram

saWiroa misi gadawyvetileba ganxorcieldes seleqciurobis CarCoebSi,

mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiRebs is TavisTavze rols gmirisa, ai, risTvis

SeeTavazeba mas iseTi mimzidveli alternativebi, rogoricaa siyvaruli da

simdidre. warweriani qva, Tumca sTavazobs briyv ivans mimzidveli

alternativaTa saxesxvaobebs, mas gamoTvlili hyavs ivani, rogorc

`potenciuri gmiri~ da, gamomdinare aqedan, mas imTaviTve navaraudevi aqvs

ivanis mier ganxorcielebuli seleqcia. am simbolur SedarebaSi `qva~ esaa

Zalauflebis matarebeli bediswera, lumanis eniT àlteri~, ivani ki

Zalauflebas daqvemdebarebuli ègo~. aq yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom

miuxedavad àlteris~ mier ganxorcielebuli gamoTvlebisa, ègos~

Tavisufleba aranairad ar izRudeba!!!

ai, swored amaSia Zalauflebis, rogorc komunikaciuri saSualebis

prioriteti Tanamedrove Ria sazogadoebaSi: mas SeuZlia marTos

daqvemdebarebulTa seleqciebi maTi Tavisuflebis absoluturi

SeuzRudaobis pirobebSi!!!

saerTod erTi ram imTaviTve cxadia, iZulebas mimarTaven mxolod

Zalauflebis deficitis pirobebSi maSin, roca ar gaaCnia sakmarisi

resursebi daqvemdebarebulTa Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis kvaldakval

gonivrulad marTon maTi seleqciebi.

iZulebisagan gansxvavebiT Zalauflebis mizania, ara ègos~ nebis

gatexva, aramed misi neitralizireba......

Zalaufleba, ambobs lumani, romelic warmoadgens TvisiT mudmiv

SesaZleblobas da unarisa Tu SesaZleblobis saxiT miewereba Zalauflebis

mqones, ar SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes uwyvetad an yvela adamianis mimarT da

Zalauflebrivi velis yvela sferoSi. molodini, rom Zalaufleba unda

iyos gamoyenebuli yvelgan, sadac ki es SesaZlebelia, araTu amZimebs

zedmetad Zalauflebis mqones, aramed _ iseve rogorc Zalauflebis kodis

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miwera _ xels uSlis mniSvnelovani Zalauflebrivi akumulaciebis

gamovlinebas. Zalaufali Zalauflebas seleqciurad unda miudges. mas

yovel jerze esaWiroeba dafiqreba imaze, Tu konkretulad ra zomiTaa

aucilebeli ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi misi Careva. Zalaufalma unda

gamoimuSavos TviT disciplina, man unda gaiTvaliswinos Zalauflebis

riski. Zalauflebis Teoriis uaxlesi ekonomikuri interpretacia

Zalauflebis riskis asarideblad. e.w. danazogis Tavisebur kalkulaciasac

ki gvTavazobs, romlis Tanaxmadac Zalauflebis gamoyenebis sixSire da

dozebi unda esadagebodes winaaRmdegobaTa sixSires da maT xarisxs...

erTxel kidev mivubrundeT lumanTan Zalauflebis Teoriis CarCoebSi

iZulebis sakiTxs, romelic SeiZleba gamovlindes fizikuri zemoqmedebis,

Zaladobis saxiT: lumanisaTvis warmoadgens aqsiomas, rom fizikuri

Zaladoba esaa Zalauflebis antipodi, Tumca komunikaciis arcerT mxares

ar ZaluZs Zaladobis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis ignorireba; Zaladoba

SesaZleblobis saxiT `ZlierisTvis~ Tavisi miznebis midevnebisas,

uzrunvelyofs did saimedoobas. is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes TiTqmis

universalurad, ramdenadac saSualebis saxiT igi araa mijaWvuli arc

gansazRvrul miznebze, arc gansazRvrul situaciebze an komunikaciis

monawileTa motivaciebze; ramdenadac saubaria SedarebiT martiv

moqmedebaze, iolia misi organizeba da e.i. centralizebac... gavixsenoT

meore msoflio omi, safrangeTis pozicia, roca man gamoacxada

kapitulacia, am gadawyvetilebis misaRebad sakmarisi aRmoCnda Zaladoba

SesaZleblobis saxiT hitleruli germaniis xelSi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom `ZlierTaTvis~ Zaladoba naklebad sasiamovnoa,

vidre `sustTaTvis~. Zaladobis gamoyeneba aris konfliqtis kulminaciuri

wertili, romelic uciloblad unda gairkves, Tu konfliqtis romeli

mxare moipovebs gamarjvebas. Zaladobis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs iseTi

binaruli sqematizmis winwamoweva, rogoricaa samarTlebrivi-

arasamarTlebrivi. aqedan gamomdinareobs moTxovna, SevufardoT Zaladoba

da samarTali erTmaneTs, es ki naTels hfens im faqts, rom Zala da

samarTali araa Tavsebadi cnebebi! roca saubroben `Zlieris samarTalze~,

esaa Zalauflebis Teoriis ukiduresi gaufasureba, gamartiveba.

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Zaladoba da misi aridebis alternativa, ai, ras ukavSirebs lumani

erTmaneTs. Zaladoba, ambobs lumani, SeiZleba xorcieldebodes iribi gziT,

anu STambeWdavi Zalis demonstrirebiT, romlis provocirebac sigiJis

tolfasi iqneboda. aq Zaladoba warmodgenilia potenciurad, momavali

SesaZlo faqtis saxiT, romlis realobaSi gansxeuleba jer kidev SeiZleba

aRikveTos awmyoSi. roca Zaladoba iqadis ganxorcieldes, amiT `meore

mxares~ aiZulebs airCios aridebis alternativa; am meqanizmis muSaobis

sailustraciod moviyvan magaliTs:

1757 wlis 2 marts, safrangeTSi jariskacs, rober-fransua damiens

gamoetana ganaCeni parizis taZris centraluri karibWis win sajarod

sikvdiliT dasjisa. es iyo ara ubralod sikvdiliT dasja, aramed

gausaZlisi wamebiT adamianis Ronisamoxdamde miyvana da Semdgom cxenebis

gamoyenebiT am tanjvisgan dasisxlianebuli sxeulis oTxad gagleja,

rober-fransua damianma ludovik XV-s miayena daniT Wriloba. riTi iyo

gamowveuli sasjelaRsrulebiTi aseTi sastiki da Teatralizirebuli

sajaro xasiaTi? ludovik XV danaSaulis calkeuli SemTxvevis aRkveTis

am aqts ganazogadebs da dasjas simbolur xasiaTs aniWebs, is misi epoqis

sazogadoebas warugzavnis mesijs, Tu ramdenad didi da sastikia monarqis

xelSi koncentrirebuli Zalauflebis iaraRi Zaladobis saxiT da

Sesabamisad, ramdenad gonivrulia, aqedan gamomdinare _ lumanis sityvebiT

Tu vityviT _ àridebis alternativaTa midevneba~.

hitlerul germaniasac auSvicis msgavsi sakoncentracio banakebi

swored àridebis alternativaTa~ midevnebisaTvis esaWiroeboda. cxadia, aq

moyvanili magaliTebi ukiduresobaTa SemTxvevebia da msgavsi Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi arca aqvT adgili, Cven isini ubralod martiv

ilustraciebad gamoviyeneT, raTa Zalis demonstrirebis simboluri

datvirTvis mizezebi gamoegveaSkaravebina, davinaxeT Zalis demonstrirebiT,

Tu rogor SeuZlia Zalaufals `meore mxarisagan~ misTvis sasurvel

poziciebze spontanurad daTanxmebis miReba...

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi msgavsi sigiJis aRsakveTad didi xania

muSaobs Zalauflebis kodis binaruli sqematizmi: `samarTlebrivi-

arasamarTlebrivis~ saxiT, aseve morali da eTika, rogorc saSualeba

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samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mxridan Zalauflebis gadametebis kontrolisa

gvTavazoben Semdeg binarul sqematizms: `humanur-arahumanurisa~.

lumani yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom Zalaufleba interaqciuli

procesebis doneze unda iqnes droSi ganfenili Zalauflebrivi

gadawyvetilebebisaTvis etapobrivi xasiaTis miniWebiT. socialuri sistema,

ambobs lumani, romelic flobs msgavs SesaZleblobas, SeiZens

kompleqsurobis mosawesrigeblad droiT resurss. is rac SeuZlebelia

xorcieldebodes erTdroulad, SesaZlebeli xdeba mowesrigebul droiT

TanmimdevrulobaSi. amis wyalobiT farTovdeba speqtri integrirebadi,

erTmaneTisadmi mimarTebadi moqmedebebis sistemisa.

Tavdapirvelad msgavsi droiTi struqturebi ganTavsebulia Tavad

Zalauflebis mqonis moqmedebaTa sferoSi. mas SeuZlia TavisTvis Seadginos

pirveldawyebiTi da imavdroulad arazusti sqemebi sasurvel moqmedebaTa

gaSlisa. cxadia, Zalaufali kargad acnobierebs, rom mas Seswevs unari,

Zalaufleba gamoiyenos ise, rogorc es mas moesurveba. `Zalaufals~

Tavdapirvelad SeuZlia mosinjos, erTgvarad Seamowmos sakmarisia Tu ara

ukve mxolod imis codna meorisaTvis, rom Zalaufleba mis xelSia

koncentrirebuli. Tuki adgili eqneba misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas,

Zalauflebis matarebels SeuZlia maSinaTve gadavides ufro cxadad

gamoxatul implicitur da Tundac eqsplicitur komunikaciebze mis

ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebiT, anu muqaraze. ukanasknel droTa

ganmavlobaSi TandaTan Zlierdebian... da bolos, Tuki muqarebi ar Wris,

Zalauflebis mqonem unda gadawyvitos gamoiyenebs Tu ara igi sanqciebs, anu

aamuSavebs Tu ara aridebis alternativaTa realizaciis meqanizmebs. msgavsi

jaWvis erTianoba, erTis mxriv, Tavad sistemisganaa gawerili, romelSic

xdeba es yvelaferi, meores mxriv ki, amas iTxovs Tavad Zalauflebis kodi,

anu yovelive diqtirebulia Zalauflebrivi potencialis SenarCunebisa da

gaZlierebis aucileblobiT. amitomac aRwerili Tanmimdevruloba

nabijebisa da misgan gamomdinare Zalauflebrivi gamovlinebis gaZliereba

sulac ar warmoadgens SemTxveviTobas. lumani xazs usvams, rom sistema da

kodi fuqcionireben iseTi Tanmimdevrulobis CarCoebSi, rogoricaa

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Tanmdevi identurobebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Semdgomi nabijebis

SesaZleblobas an SeuZleblobas.

lumans Zalauflebis yvela SesaZleblobaTa gaZlierebis wyarod

evlineba simboloTa generalizacia, romelic aseve devs kodisa da

procesis diferenciaciis safuZvelSi. generalizaciis qveS lumani

gulisxmobs azrobriv orientaciaTa ganzogadebas, rac SesaZlebels xdis

identuri sazrisis fiqsacias sxvadasxva partniorebis mier sxvadasxva

situaciebSi da es xdeba msgavsi daskvnebis moxelTebis mizniT. am gziT

miiRweva SefardebiTi Tavisufleba situaciisagan. daiZleva gaurkvevloba

da SesaZlebeli xdeba komplementarul molodinTa formireba.

simbolizacia, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens Zalauflebis formirebis

ucvlel rekvizits. Eenam, da ara mxolod Teoretikulma enam mecnierebisa,

ukve moamzada simbolizaciis miznebisaTvis iseTi `dispoziciuri cnebebi~,

rogoricaa Zala, unari, potencia. mocemuli formulirebani axdenen im

viTarebis SeniRbvas, rom Zalaufleba warmoadgens TvisiT komunikaciur

procesTa modelizacias.

simboluri generalizaciis safuZvelze sxvadasxva mediuri

saSualebebisaTvis viTardeba sxvadasxvagvari, maTi Sesatyvisi kodebi. ara

yoveli rigi generalizebul simboloTa, ara yoveli teqsti da ara yoveli

struqtura warmoadgens kods viwro azriT. kodis qveS, ambobs lumani, Cven

gavigebT iseT struqturas, romelsac yoveli nawarmoebi elementisaTvis

Tavisi sferos relevanturobis sazRvrebSi SeuZlia moiZios da

moawesrigos sxva damatebiTi elementi. kodis funqcionirebis es meqanizmi

SeiZleba SevadaroT teqstTa TargmanisaTvis arsebuli specialuri kodebis

muSaobas, romlebic warmoadgenen garkveuli informaciebis matareblebs. es

specialuri informaciis matarebeli kodebi emsaxurebian informaciis

Senaxvas, gadacemas an manqanur gadamuSavebas.

sociokulturuli evoluciis sferoSi umniSvnelovanesi kodi

yalibdeba enis meSveobiT, kerZod ki imis wyalobiT, rom enas ukavSirdeba

unari uaryofisa, nebismieri gamonaTqvami Tavis gankargulebaSi flobs mis

Sesatyvis zust uaryofas. lumanisaTvis ena esaa saSualeba komunikaciur

kodSi binaruli sqematizmis gansaxorcieleblad. enaSi Cafesvebulia

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SesaZlebloba moiZios TiToeuli cnebis antonimi, TiToeuli qcevis

antipodi. enaa garanti moqmedebaTa seleqtiurobisa swored sinamdvilis

gaorebis am unariT, romelsac is antonimTa warmoebis meSveobiT aRwevs,

iqneba es cnebobriv Tu situaciur doneze.

kodis Tvisebebis mqone struqturebi TamaSoben umniSvnelovanes rols

kompleqsuri sistemebis agebaSi. kodis efeqturoba ganpirobebulia misi

seleqtiuri xasiaTiT, kerZod ki mas ZaluZs moaxdinos kombinacia

universalurisa da specifiuris.

elementaruli an interaqciuli azriT Zalaufleba mudam warmoadgens

kods. is moqmedebis yoveli translirebadi seleqciisaTvis punqtualurad

adgens aridebis Sesabamis alternativebs, anu axdens angariSSi misaRebi

SesaZleblobebis dublirebas. es kodebisaTvis tipiuri gaoreba

SesaZlebels xdis Zalauflis survilisa da daqvemdebarebulis

armosurnebis urTierTSerwymas.

lumani yuradRebas amaxvilebs zegavlenis generalizaciazec da miaCnia,

rom es xdeba samganzomilebian plastSi. droSi generalizirebul

zegavlenas lumani moniSnavs, rogorc avtoritets; sagnobrivad

generalizirebul zegavlenas, rogorc reputacias; xolo socialurad

generalizirebuli zegavlena ki lumanisaTvis esaa lideroba.

modiT SevCerdeT socialurad generalizebuli zegavlenis formaze,

liderobaze: liderobis fenomenis ganxilvisas lumani eyrdnoba e.w.

jgufur Teoriebs. lideroba aRmocendeba adamianis fsiqikaSi Cafesvebuli

imitaciis unaridan. adamianSi mudam saxezea survili misdios viRacas, Tuki

mas gaaCnia ramdenime sarwmuno informacia, rom igives akeTebs danarCenebic.

adamianTa raRac nawili emorCileba zegavlenas, radganac ase iqcevian

sxvebi, xolo es ukanasknelni ki baZaven pirvelT. modiT, droebiT SeveSvaT

politikas da aviRoT magaliTi romelime rok-musikosis saxiT, romelic

Tavis dros gvevlineboda popularul liderad asobiT da aTasobiT

axalgazrdisaTvis. 80-90-iani wlebis sivrceSi jguf `kinos~ solisti

viqtor coi axalgazrdebSi gacilebiT popularuli iyo, vidre yvela cekas

mdivani erTad aRebuli da es swored cois ara-sabWouri azrovnebis Sedegi

iyo, rac ase aSkarad vlindeboda mis TiToeul simReraSi, Tumca es sxva

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sakiTxia... kargad maxsovs, rom cois simRerebi akasetebSi gvqonda yvela

amxanags, radganac swored ase iqceodnen Cveni ufrosklaselebi an ufro _

ded-mamiSvilebi. isini TiTqosda Cvens qcevebs tons aZlevdnen. saerTod

gardatexis asakSi mozardTaTvis niSandoblivia ufrosklaselTa an ufros

ded-mamiSvilTa da maT megobarTa mibaZva. Cven didi gulmodginebiT

daveZebdiT kioskebSi plakatebs jgufi `kinos~ ilustraciebiT da, Tu vinme

aseT plakats gisaCuqrebda, es iyo dauviwyari siurprizi. ufrosklaselebi

cois stilSi sportuli tyavis qurTukebiT da metalis brasletebiT

cdilobdnen sakuTari imijis damkvidrebas. Cven yvelani vRiRinebdiT

nawyvetebs simRerebidan `sigaretis kolofi~ da `sisxlis jgufi~ da

Taviseburad amrigad ganvicdidiT Tanaobas erTmaneTisadmi. lideri jgufSi

Sobs ara mxolod Tanaobas liderisadmi, aramed jgufis SigniTac jgufis

wevrTa Soris da swored am jgufuri klimatis SenarCunebaa aucilebeli

nebismieri tipis liderisaTvis liderobis poziciebis SesanarCuneblad,

iqneba es rok-musikosi Tu politikosi. jgufSi, romelic liderisadmia

midrekili (Tavisi mzaobiT misi midevnebisa), cxadia, ikargeba calkeuli

individis SesaZlebloba zegavlenis moxdenisa, tonis micemisa, radganac

erTaderTi tonis mimcemi Tavad lideria, sxvebi ki mxolod mis

moqmedebebis kopirebas axdenen. sakuTari kerZo zegavlenis dasabruneblad

liderSi rwmenadakargul jgufis wevrs, savaraudod, uCndeba survili

lideris winaaRmdeg jgufis wevrebis amxedrebisa. msgavsi SewinaaRmdegebis

asarideblad liderma mudam unda izrunos jgufuri klimatis

SenarCunebaze, Tundac es iyos iluzoruli. potenciur mojanyes unda

daupirispirdes saSiSroeba jgufis wevrebisagan misi izolirebisa.

lumani Tavis naSromSi `Zalaufleba~ Zalauflebis risks orjer

ganixilavs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi riski gulisxmobs Zalauflebis

gadaWarbebas, anu Zalaufalis mxridan misi borotad sargeblobas, meore

SemTxvevaSi ki Zalauflebis riskis qveS moiazreba Zalauflebis

araefeqturoba Tanamedrove mzard-diferencirebul sazogadoebaSi.

esaa axal tipis riski `Zalauflebis ukmarisobis~ saxeliT, kerZod ki

funqcionalurobis dakargvis saSiSroeba. rogorc ki Zalaufleba aRmoaCens

Tavis araefeqturobas, misi CamoSlis procesi ufro Zlierdeba. am

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problemis amosaval punqtad gvevlineba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis

kvaldakval gadawyvetilebebSi swrafad mzardi moTxovnileba. Cvens epoqaSi

`gadawyvetilebaTa tvirTi~ gveqceva problemad da, cxadia, is ar SeiZleba

daekisros mxolod erT instancias, romelic, vTqvaT, uzrunvelyofda

marTvas erTiani centridan. amitomac waawydeba Zalauflebis jaWvuri

translacia Seferxebebs.

lumani mogviTxrobs, gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi organizacia

politikuri organos saxiT SesaZloa warmogvidges orgvarad:

1.rogorc Zalaufleba, romelic axdens Zalauflebrivi jaWvis

blokirebas, romelsac ar SeuZlia araferze zemoqmedeba da arc raimeze

pasuxi, magram aris unaris mqone win aRudges (SeewinaaRmdegos).

2.rogorc Zalaufleba, romelic sapasuxismgeblo poziciebze

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas aridebs Tavs.

aseT SemTxvevebSi Zalauflebisagan ufro mosalodnelia negatiuri

gadawyvetilebebis miReba da translireba, vidre swori da poziciuri

gadawyvetilebebisa.

Zalauflebis risks zrdis Semdegi faqtorebi: drois deficiti

(reagirebaTa gansaxorcieleblad saWiro dro) da sistemis

gadatvirTuloba. lumani aRniSnavs _ ara materiis sixiste da adamianTa

sqelSublianoba, aramed saaTi da kalendari xdian procesTa

sinqronizacias SeuZlebels. es gamoiwvia evoluciis Sedegad Tanamedrove

epoqaSi diferenciaciis mzardma xarisxma. politikurad konstruirebuli

Zalaufleba TandaTan wyvets funqcionirebas, rogorc erTiani teqnikuri

substituti avtoritetis, reputaciis da liderobisa. zegavlenis amgvar

generalizaciaze dayrdnoba ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi ukve veRar

dagvexmareba Zalauflebis centraluri funqciebis ganxilvisas. mis

nacvlad viTardeba Tavad Zalauflebis teqnikuri substitutebi, romlebic

magaliTad iReben formas liderTa TviTmistifikaciisa anda masebisadmi

warmatebis grZnobis Canergvisa.

lumani Zalauflebis araefeqturobis riskis kvaldakval win wamowevs

e.w. `krizisuli teqnikis~ sakiTxs, krizisuli teqnika sulac ar warmoadgens

TvisiT sazogadoebrivi sistemis krizisTa ukugdebis an Serbilebis

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saSualebas. mis qveS moiazreba Zalauflebrivi riskis droiTi

diferenciacia da es xorcieldeba Zalauflebriv dagegmvarebaSi krizisTa

CarTviT. amis formalizebul nimuSad msaxuroben kanonebi sagangebo

viTarebaze. mocemuli nimuSi unarismqonea, iqnes kvlavnawarmoebi

politikur procesSi naklebi SeferxebebiT da naklebi formatiT. amasTan,

organizacia icnobs aseve `krizisul marTvasac~. es ukanaskneli nimuSi

SeiZleba politikaSi warmogvidges gafarToebuli masStabebiT

Zalauflebis mxolod politikuri resursebis aqtivizaciis azriT, msgavs

antitipirebul da kalkulirebul krizisebSi umaRlesi Zalauflebis riski

gadaixedeba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi garkveuli SezRudvebiT:

drois zewoliT, miRweuli efeqtebis saCqaroobiT, aqtualur, ukiduresad

politizirebul problemebze damokidebulebiT, anu dagegmvarebis naklebi

potencialiT. magram imaSi, rac Seexeba SesaZlo Tematikebs, mocemuli

meqanizmi moqmedebs umaRlesi doniT seleqtiurad.

rogorc ukve mivxvdiT, sistema aRmoCndeba uunaro, erTdroulad

gadaamuSaos SesaZleblis kompleqsuroba da amitomac asaxavs mas droiT

RerZze, rogorc sxvadasxva mdgomareobaTa Tanmimdevrobas: normaluri

situaciebi SezRuduli ZalauflebiT da droSi Soreuli SesaZleblobebi

ararealurni awmyoSi; krizisuli situaciebi, romlebic SeiZleba

aqtualizirebuli iyon Tematurad da situaciurad specifiuri Zalaufleba,

romelic Seesabameba struqturuli SeTanadebis droSi SezRudul

gansakuTrebul pirobebs. lumani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom droiTi

diferenciaciis warmoeba flobs aSkara upiratesobas `krizisuli teqnikis~

saxiT.

lumanis yuradRebis centrSi aseve eqceva biurokratiul

organizaciebSi xelmZRvanelsa da xelqveiTebs Soris arsebuli ZalTa

mimarTebebi. organizacia fuZndeba wevrobis safuZvelze. organizaciis Sida

sistemur mimarTebebs aregulirebs miwerilobebi wevrTa rolebis Taobaze.

wevrebis identifikacia organizaciaSi xorcieldeba maTi `poziciciebiT~ da

swored es `poziciebi~ aragulireben maTi qcevebis SesaZlo formebs.

xSirad organizaciaSi Zalaufleba Sobs mis sawinaaRmdego Zalauflebas,

anu organizaciis xelmZRvanelis formalur Zalauflebas upirispirdeba

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xelqveiTTa araformaluri Zalaufleba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom

xelqveiTTa araformaluri Zalaufleba mudam situaciuria.

xelqveiTTa xelSi koncentrirebuli Zalauflebis zrda am ukanasknelT

aniWebs siTamames, gamoiyenon igi erTmaneTis mimarT, rasac SeuZlia

konfliqtis provocireba. konfliqtur viTarebaSi ki xelmZRvaneli miiRebs

axal funqcias, romelic mdgomareobs xelqveiTTa Zalauflebrivi

Setakebebis transformirebaSi. xelmZRvanels ekisreba ra konfliqtis

ganmuxtvis da xelqveiTTa Soris ZalTa dabalansebis misia, _ ukanve

ubrundeba situaciurad misgan wardginebuli Zalaufleba.

lumanisTvis SeumCneveli ar rCeba is faqti, rom komunikaciuri kodebi

vrceldebian maTi `deda-sistemis~ sazRvrebs gareTac, anu risi Tqma gvsurs,

Zalaufleba gaxlavT kodi niSandoblivi politikuri sistemisaTvis, magram

es imas ar niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba an WeSmariteba SeiZleba iyos mxolod

politikuri an `mecnieruli~.

lumani saubrobs e.w. sazogadoebriv Zalauflebaze, romelic SesaZloa

gamovlindes ojaxSi, romelsac SeiZleba flobdes sasuliero piri,

aRmzrdeli an mesakuTre. am ukanasknelTac SeuZliaT soliduri zomiT

zegavlenis moxdena, negatiuri sanqciebis gamoyeneba, sxvaTa

seleqciurobaze zegavlenis moxdena da sazogadoebrivi azrisTvis tonis

micemac ki. am Ziebebma Cven SeiZleba migviyvanos politikuri Zalauflebis

sazRvrebis gamorkvevis saWiroebamde, Tuki gagviCndeba interesi

politikuri da e.w. sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis specifikis da moculobis

Sedarebisa. cxadia politikur Zalauflebas Seswevs unari e.w.

sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis uzurpirebisa, Tumca es iSviaTobaa

Tanamedrove Ria sazogadoebaSi.

lumanis komunikaciuri Teoriebi da Zalauflebis meqanizmis miseuli

gageba metad mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove, funqcionalurad

maRaldiferencirebuli sazogadoebis gasagebad. swored amaSi mdgomareobs

misi Teoriebis upiratesoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom lumanis Txrobis manera,

weris stili _ erTgvarad rTulia da moiTxovs yuradRebis mkveTr

koncentracias, misi naSromebi uaRresad maRali Rirebulebis mqone arian,

rogorc Teoriuli, aseve empiriuli sociologiisTvisac, vinaidan iZlevian

103

saSualebas davakvirdeT da gavzomoT CvenTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi

realoba da mis CarCoebSi mimdinare sistemuri transformaciebi. lumanis

mier Seqmnili Teoriuli modeli Tanamedrove socialuri realobisa, aris

erTgvari indikatori politikuri sistemis demokratiulobis xarisxis

dadgenisa da amiT saSualeba ama Tu im sazogadoebis anomiurobis aRmoCenis

SemTxvevaSi am problemis efeqturad gadaWrisa, anu minda xazi gavusva, rom

lumanis komunikaciur Teoriebs e.w. `socialur inJineriadac~ SeuZliaT

msaxureba, rac aSkarad zrdis lumanis, rogorc sociologis avtoritets.

104

1.2. sazogadoeba, rogorc moqmedebis sistemis qvesistema

amerikeli siciologi talot parsonsi (1902 kolorado-springsi – 1979

miunxeni) sociologiaSi struqturuli funqcionalizmis erTerTi

umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenelia. igi swavlobda londonis ekonomikur

skolaSi, xolo Semdgom, 1927 wlidan aswavlida harvardis universitetSi.

1949 wels iyo arCeuli amerikis sociologTa asociaciis prezidentad.

parsonsi e.w. moqmedebis Teoriis Semqmeneli da sociologiaSi sistemur-

funqcionaluri skolis damaarsebeli. cdilobda, aego saerTo analogiuri

logikur-deduqciuri Teoretikuli sistema, romelic moicavda adamianur

realobas mTel mis mravalferovnebaSi. misi koncefciis mTavari elementebi

iyo: socialuri moqmedebis Teoria; invariantuli nakrebi funqcionaluri

problemebisa: adaptacia, miznis miRweva, integracia, struqturis

kvlavwarmoeba. 60-iani wlebis naSromebSi parsonsi dainteresda

sazogadoebaTa evoluciis problemiT, Tavisi evoluciuri doqtrinis

safuZvelSi Cado ra idea diferenciaciisa, rac mdgomareobda socialur

organizaciaTa da funqcionalur diferenciaciaTa garTulebis tendenciaSi,

rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi stabilurobis zrdas.

Cemi disertaciis farglebSi, me ganvixilav parsonsis gaxmaurebul

naSroms `Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa sistema~, sadac igi sazogadoebas

warmogvidgens funqcionalurad urTierTkavSirSi myof qvesistemaTa

erTianobad. parsonsisaTvis, lumanisagan gansxvavebiT, aqtualuria fizikur-

geografiuli garemos mniSvneloba sazogadoebisaTvis. is mocemuli

naSromis dasawyisSive ganixilavs fizikuri garemos rols

sazogadoebisaTvis, rogorc Tundac materialuri resursebis uSret

wyaros; aseve garemos, rogorc teritiriis funqcias amaTuim sazogadoebaTa

ganTavsebisaTvis. . .AAaRsaniSnavia, rom niklas lumanTan fizikur garemos

sazogadoebasTan momarTebaSi, aranairi adgili ar ganekuTvneba. Ggaremos

cneba lumanis sazogadoebriv TeoriaSi saxes icvlis, abstragirdeba. Cven

zemo TavSi (Tavi 2.1. ) xaziT gavusviT imas, rom lumanTan sazogadoebisTvis

105

garemo, mxolod da mxolod isev sazogadoebaa! igia `piesa piesaSi~,

romelsac garedan SeiZleba daakvirdes Teoretikosi.

axla zogadidan gadavideT konkretulze da vnaxoT, Tu rogor

ailustrirebs sazogadoebas parsonsi moqmedebis sistemis qvesistemad.

socialur qvesistemebs, ambobs parsonsi, Cven ganvixilavT ufro zogadi

moqmedebis sistemis Semadgenel nawilebad. moqmedebis sistemis Semadgeneli

nawilebi gaxlavT aseve kulturuli qvesistema, pirovnuli qvesistema da

qceviTi organizmebi. yvela isini abstraqciebs warmoadgenen da

analitikurad arian gamoyofilni socialuri urTierTqmedebebis realuri

nakadidan. parsonsiseul midgomaSi axlaxan CamoTvlili sami qvesistema

socialuri qvesistemasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens misi garemos

Semadgenel komponentebs.

moqmedebis nebismier sistemas miewereba misTvis niSandoblivi funqcia,

magaliTad: _ nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba, integracia, mizanTmiRweva da

adaftacia.

moqmedebis nebismieri sistemis pirvelad intergraciul problemas,

parsonsis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens misi elementebis koordinacia, pirvel

yovlisa, individebisa, Tumca gansazRvruli miznebiT moqmedebis subieqtad

SesaZloa koleqtivebic ganvixiloT. intergraciuli funqcia upiratesad

socialur qvesistemas axasiaTebs.

kulturuli qvesistemis funqcia mdgomareobs nimuSis SenarCunebasa da

kvlavwarmoebaSi, aseve mis SemoqmedebiT gardaqmnaSi.

individis pirovnebas ZiriTadad ganekuTvneba miznis miRwevis funqciis

aRsruleba. pirovnuli qvesistema moqmedebis procesTa umTavresi

aRmasrulebelia, e.i. is Tavis TavSi ganasaxierebs kulturul principebsa

da miwerilobebs. moqmedebis mTavar mizans warmoadgens pirovnebis

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba. pirovnebis dakmayofileba, rogorc

Taviseburi dajildoeba, safuZvlad edeba motivacias.

qceviTi organizmi interpretirdeba, rogorc adaftaciuri sistema,

rogorc adamianis ZiriTad SesaZleblobaTa koncentracia, romelsac

eyrdnobian danarCeni sistemebi.

106

parsonsi Tavis klasifikaciisaTvis adgens sqemas, raTa mkiTxvelisaTvis

misi vizualuri aRqmiT gageba ufro ioli gaxdes. igi am sqemas arqmevs

`moqmedebas~ 24 ( Парсонс Т. 1998: 16)

qvesistemebi upiratesi funqciebi

socialuri integracia

kulturuli nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba

pirovnuli mizanTmiRweva

qceviTi organizmi adaptacia

sqemis Camuqebuli nawili warmoadgens socialuri qvesistemis garemos.

socialuri sistemisaTvis parsonsTan garemos warmoadgens aseve

fizikuri sferoc, saidanac sazogadoeba xapavs misi arsebobisaTvis saWiro

resursebs.

radgan parsonsi xazs usvams socialuri sistemis garemoSi CarTulobas,

cxadia, imasac SeniSnavs, rom socialuri sistemani xasiaTdebian `RiaobiT~

da iqonieben mudmiv urTierTqmedebas garemos e.w. SesasvlelebSi da

gamosasvlelebSi. Qvesistemebi, Tavis mxriv, nawevrdebian Semadgenel

elementebad da isinic mudmivad CarTulni arian urTierTgacvlis procesSi.

socialuri sistemis analizisas, unda gamoviyenoT (parsonsis Tanaxmad)

oTxi damoukidebuli cvladi, esenia: Rirebulebebi, normebi, koleqtivebi da

rolebi. `Rirebulebani~ sxva araferia, Tu ara warmodgenebi socialuri

sistemis sasurvel tipze, isini aregulireben moqmedebis struqturaTa mier

gansazRvrul valdebulebaTa Tavis Tavze aRebas. `normebis~ ZiriTadi

funqcia sazogadoebis integraciaa, isini konkretulni da

specializirebulni arian da miesadagebian gansazRvruli tipis socialur

situaciebs. isini Seicaven RirebulebiTi sistemis elementebs, aseve

orientaciis konkretul saSualebebs funqcionalur da situaciur

pirobebSi moqmedebisaTvis, romelnic specifiurni arian gansazRvruli

koleqtivebisa da rolebisaTvis. `koleqtivebi~ im struqturul

komponentebs ganekuTvnebian, romelTaTvis pirvel planze dgas miznis

107

miRwevis funqcia. masebs pansonsi imTaviTve gamoricxavs koleqtivTa

rigebidan da CamoTvlis or kriteriums, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes

jgufi koleqtivad wodebis SemTxvevaSi: I _ wevrobis gansazRvruli

statusis qona, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda koleqtivis wevrTa

da arawevrTa gansxvaveba. II _ koleqtivis SigniT adgili unda hqondes

statusisa da funqciis mixedviT mis wevrTa diferenciacias. amrigad,

TiToeuli Tavis Tavze miiRebs im movaleobebs, romelTa aRsrulebasac

sxva wevrTagan ar moelian. N`roli~ pirvel yovlisa asrulebs adaftaciur

funqcias, roli esaa saSualeba individTa klasebis gansasazRvravad. roli

moicavs socialuri sistemis da individis pirovnebis urTierTgadakveTis

zonaSi arsebul elementebs. Tumca, romeliRac calke aRebuli roli,

arasodes ar warmoadgens konkretuli individis ganmasxvavebel

Taviseburebas. mama, gansakuTrebuli mamaa mxolod Tavisi SvilisaTvis,

Tavisi sazogadoebis roluri struqturis TvalsazrisiT is mxolod

mravalTagan erTerTi mamaa. igi amavdroulad monawileobs sxva mravali

tipis urTierTqmedebaSi, magaliTad, aRasrulebs Tavis rols profesiul

struqturaSi.

rac Seexeba parsonisiseul sazogadoebis gansazRvrebas, igi axlosaa

sazogadoebis lumaniseul gansazRvrebasTan. parsonsis TqmiT, sazogadoeba

es iseTi tipis socialuri sistemaa, romelic flobs TviTkmarobis umaRles

xarisxs, Tumca lumanisagan gansxvavebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSne,

parsonsisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis fizikuri

garemos roli. fizikuri samyaro warmoadgens materialuri resursebis

uSualo wyaros, romelnic gamoiyenebian sazogadoebis mier Tavisi

sawarmoo, teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri miznebiT. amrigad, fizikuri

garemo sazogadoebisaTvis iqoniebs adaftaciur mniSvnelobas...

parsonsis azriT, sazogadoeba TviTkmaria mxolod maSin, rodesac misi

wevrebis moRvaweoba gvevlineba imavdroulad sazogadoebis societalur

funqcionirebaSi Setanil wvlilad. pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis

urTierTmimarTebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia maTi absoluturi integracia,

Tuki romeliRac sazogadoebis wevrTa soliduri umetesoba ganicdis

ukidures `gaucxoebas~, am sazogadoebaze, rogorc TviTkmarze, saubari

108

azrs moklebulia, es, diurkheimis sityvebiT Tu vityviT _ ànomiuri~

sazogadoebaa.

parsonsi analitikurad sazogadoebis sistemas 4 qvesistemad yofs da

gvTavazobs kvlavac sqemas am diferenciaciis vizualurad gasaazreblad.

`sazogadoeba~ 25 ( Парсонс Т. 1998: 24)

qvesistemebi

struqturuli

komponentebi

ganviTarebis

procesis

aspeqtebi

ZiriTadi funqcia

socialuri

sazogadoebanormebi CarTva integracia

nimuSis

kvlavwarmoeba

anu

fiduciaruli

sazogadoeba

RirebulebebiRirebulebaTa

generalizacia

nimuSis

kvlavwarmoeba

politika koleqtivebi diferencia mizanTmiRweva

ekonomika rolebi

adaftaciuri

potencialis

amaRleba

adaftacia

YL

nimuSis SenarCunebisa da kvlavwarmoebis qvesistema uSualod

ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis kulturul sistemas da misi meSveobiT ùmaRles

realobas~. mizanTmiRwevis, anu politikuri qvesistema dakavSirebulia

pirovnebaTa sistemasTan, xolo ekonomikuri qvesistema qceviT organizmTan

da misi meSveobiT _ materialur samyarosTan. Tavisi naSromis `Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaTa sistema~ dasawyisSive parsonsi gvaZlevs e.w. umaRlesi

realobis gansazRvrebas _ `gvaqvs realobis ori sistema, romelnic

moqmedebis sistemasTan damokidebulebaSi gvevlinebian mis garemod.

pirveli, amaTgan fizikuri garemoa... meore sistema damokidebulia rogorc

fizikuri garemosagan, aseve Tavad moqmedebis sistemebisagan da Cven mas

109

filosofiuri tradiciebis midevnebiT davarqmevT ùmaRles realobas~. es

Seexeba imas, rasac m. veberi uwodebda adamianuri qmedebis `sazrisis

problemas~ da igi moqmedebis sistemas ukavSirdeba kulturul sistemaSi

azrobrivi orientaciis struqturebis meSveobiT, romelic Tavis TavSi

moicavs ASemecnebiT `pasuxebs~. 26 ( Парсонс Т. 1998: 17)

sazogadoebis birTvs, parsonsis azriT, warmoadgens misi

maintegrirebeli sistema da igi iwodeba societalurad.

parsonsis centraluri cneba _ societaluri erToba, ramdenadme

uCveulod JRers, albaT imis gamo (amas parsonsi Tavadve varaudobs), rom

mis mier moculi problemebi Cveulebriv ganixileboda politikuri an

religiuri terminebiT da ara socialur planSi, am sistemis ZiriTadi

funqcia mdgomareobs sazogadoebis wevrTaTvis im movaleobaTa

gansazRvraSi, romelnic gamomdinareoben socialuri koleqtivisadmi

loialobidan. parsonsi xazs usvams roluri pluralizmis mniSvnelovnobas.

roluri pluralizmi esaa fundamenturi maxasiaTebeli yoveli

sazogadoebrivi erTobisa _ erTi da igive adamianebis mTel rig

koleqtivebSi monawileoba. roluri pluralizmis gafarToeba

mniSvnelovdan xels uwyobs diferenciaciis process, rac Tavis mxriv

Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels... gamomdinare

aqedan, societaluri erTobis umTavresi problemaa sazogadoebis wevrebSi

loialobis uzrunvelyofa, rogorc Tavisi Tavis mimarT, aseve sxadasxva

koleqtivebTan mimarTebaSi.

roluri pluralizmis arsebobis pirobebSi aRmocendeba

stratifikaciul sistemaSi individTa statusis gansakuTrebulad rTuli

problema. istoriulad, ambobs parsonsi, stratifikaciul meqanizmebs

sCveodaT individTa ganxilva maTi didi koleqtiuri sistemebisadmi

mikuTvnebiT, romelSic wevroba gansazRvravda maT statuss. msgavs rols

TamaSobda gvarovnuli koleqtivebi, eTnikuri jgufebi, fenebi, socialuri

klasebi. TumcaRa, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba moiTxovs individualuri

statusebis gamoTavisuflebas msgavsi tipis koleqtiuri borkilebidan...

stratifikaciul sitemaSi, parsonsis Tanaxmad, koleqtivisa Tu

individis mdgomareoba izomeba misi prestiJiT, anu zegavlenis moxdenis

110

unariT. ukanaskneli SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc societaluri

urTierTgacvlis erT-erTi ganzogadoebuli simboluri saSualeba, fulisa

da Zalauflebis gverdiT. zegavlena esaa unari sxva socialuri agentebis

mxridan sasurveli Sedegis miRwevisa, is rom maT cdunebis saxiT ar

warvudginoT raimegvari Rirebuli da arc davemuqroT maT raimegvari

damRupveli qmedebebiT. es quid pro quo zegavlena unda moqmedebdes

darwmunebis ZaliT, TiTqosda gadawyvetileba, romelsac mas (zegavlenis

obieqts) unergavs zegavlenis subieqti, aris moqmedeba koleqtiuri sistemis

interesebSi myofi, romelTa mimarTebaSic zegavlenis subieqtic da

obieqtic _ orive solidarulni arian. is upirveles yovlisa apelirebs

koleqtiur interesebze, magram Cveulebriv amodis iqedan, rom orive mxare,

uzrunvelyofen ra koleqtiur interess da urTierTsolidarobas,

ikmayofileben aseve kerZo interesebsac.

zegavlenis gamoyenebis tipiuri SemTxvevaa, dayolieba kontraqtze,

romelic daefuZneba `patiosan sityvas~ anda romelime politikuri

kandidatisaTvis arCevnebSi xmis micemaze. zegavlena gaicvalos, ambobs

parsonsi, situaciis Sesatyvis raimegvar sikeTeze anda zegavlenis sxva

formebze, im gagebiT, ra gagebiTac fuladi resursebi SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnan, iseve rogorc saqonlis SesaZenad, aseve dasagroveblad

an sxva valutaze gasacvlelad. zegavlena SesaZloa gaicvalos gacvlis

sxva ganzogadebul saSualebebze, rogoricaa fuli anda Zalaufleba.

zegavlena da RirebulebiTi mikuTvnebuloba moqmedeben nebayoflobis

principiT, darwmunebis da sindisisa da Rirsebisadmi apelirebiT. TumcaRa

vercerTi msxvili da rTuli socialuri sistema ver SenarCundeba, Tuki

misi normatiuli safuZvlebis umetesobis mimarT Tanxmoba ar iqoniebs

aucileblobis xasiaTs, e.i. daumorCileblobas Tuki ar daupirispirdeba

negatiuri sanqcia. aseTi sanqciebi, erTis mxriv, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebs

`Seaxseneben~ Tvinierebas, xolo, meores mxriv, msaxuroben sasjelad maTi

damrRvevebisaTvis. negatiuri sanqciebis socialurad organizebuli

marTvadi gamoyeneba iwodeba iZulebis funqciad. rac ufro metadaa

sazogadoeba diferencirebuli, miT ufro savaraudoa, rom iZuleba

ganxorcieldeba specialuri organoebis mier, iseTebisa, rogoricaa

111

policia da gasamxedroebuli samsaxurebi. marTvadi iZuleba moiTxovs

realuri viTarebis _ faqtis, subieqtisa da normis darRvevis garemoebebis

dasadgenad gansazRvruli saSualebebis arsebobas. am mimarTulebiT, moqmed

specialur organoTa Soris, mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT sasamarTlo da

iuridiul gildiebs. rTuli normatiuli wesrigi, TumcaRa, saWiroebs ara

mxolod iZulebas, aramed avtoritetul interpretaciebsac. Zalian xSirad

sasamarTlo sistemebi iZulebulni arian SeiTavson gansakuTrebul

SemTxvevebSi gansazRvruli movaleobani, sasjeli da amasTan interpretacia

normaTa mniSvnelovnobisa, rac im momentSi warmoadgens sakmaod

angariSgasawev problemas. naklebad ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi, xazs

usvams parsonsi, es ukanaskneli funqcia rCeba religiuri instanciebis

kompetenciaSi, xolo Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebebSi is sul ufro da

ufro gadadis elitur sasamarTlo dawesebulebaTa kompetenciaSi.

yvela am problemas mivyavarT societalur erTobasa da politikur

qvesistems Soris arsebul urTierTobamde.

politika moicavs ara marto mmarTvelobis ZiriTad funqcias, aramed

nebismieri koleqtivis Sesatyvis aspeqtebsac. Cven, ambobs parsonsi,

raimegvar movlenas ganvixilavT politikurad im zomiT, ra zomiTac is

dakavSirebulia romeliRac koleqtivis mier misi miznis misaRwevad

resursTa mobilizaciasa da organizebulobasTan. moRvaweobis politikuri

aspeqtebi saxezea saqmian kompaniebSi, universitetebSi, eklesiebSi.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ganviTarebaSi, aRniSnavs parsonsi, Tumca

saxelmwifo sul ufro diferencirdeba socialuri erTobisagan, rogorc

sazogadoebis specializirebuli organo, romelic Seadgens misi

politikuri sistemis birTvs.

diferencirdeba ra, saxelmwifo iqoniebs tendencias

koncentrirdebodes or ZiriTad funqcionalur kompleqtze. pirveli

moicavs societaluri erTobis mTlianobis mxardaWeris pasuxismgeblobas

globalur safrTxeTa winaSe. aqve unda ganvaTavsoT iZulebis funqcia,

aseve sakanonmdeblo moRvaweoba... meore kompleqsi moicavs saxelmwifos

aRmasrulebeli moRvaweobis yvela saxeobas, romelic dakavSirebulia

koleqtiur qmedebebTan nebismier situaciaSi, amasTan, roca isini

112

miuTiTeben `sazogadoebriv~ interesebSi myof RonisZiebaTa aucileblobaze!

am pasuxismgeblobis sazRvrebi moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa

teritorialuri miznebis dacva, an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mxardaWera da

nebismieri problemisa, romelic `xelyofs sazogadoebriv interesebs~...

Zalauflebas, politikuri sistemis am (da ara marto politikuris)

umniSvnelovanes komponents parsonsi gansazRvravs, rogorc socialuri

urTierTgacvlis saSualebas. `Zalauflebas Cven gansazRvravT, rogorc

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da Tavsmoxvevis unars, romelnic aucilebelni

arian arsebuli koleqtivebisa da maTi wevrebisaTvis, ramdenadac maTi

statusebi iTvaliswineben am gadawyvetilebebiT navaraudev movaleobebs.

Zalaufleba unda ganvasxvavoT zegavlenisagan... moqalaqe, romelic

arCevnebze aZlevs xmas, axorcielebs Zalauflebas, ramdenadac erTianoba

msgavs xmaTa mavaldebulebeli saxiT gansazRvravs arCevnebis Sedegs.

Zalauflebis mcire doza _ mainc Zalauflebaa, iseve rogorc 1 dolari

mcire Tanxaa, magram mainc fulia” 27 ( Парсонс Т. 1998: 31).

parsonTan uaRresad sainteresoa mis mier sazogadoebaTa tipebis

klasifikacia. igi gamoyofs 4 tipis sazogadoebas:

pirvelia, miRwevis universalisturi tipis sazogadoeba (igive

industriuli sazogadoeba). igi xasiaTdeba maRali SefasebiT

pluralisturi da individualisturi miznebisa da maTi miRwevisa

instrumentaluri qmedebebis saSualebiT, universalisturi normebi

aregulireben miRwevaTa Sefasebas da mimarTebas miRwevasa da dajildoebas

Soris. es iwvevs institucionalizacias profesionaluri rolebisa,

qonebrivi urTierTobebisa da gacvliTi procesebisa. umniSvnelovanesi

safuZveli dajildoebis sistemisa gaxlavTY`warmateba~_ rogorc aRiareba

miRwevebisa. stratifikaciuli sistemis CarCoebSi prestiJTan

damokidebulebaSi arsebuli SefardebiTi pativiscema ganapirobebs Ria

sistemas socialuri diferenciaciisa, romelic dafuZnebulia SansTa

Tanafardobaze da warmoebis saSualebaTa da rolebis matarebelTa

mobilurobaze.

meorea, universalisturi miwerilobebis tipis sazogadoeba.

sazogadoebis am tipSi batonobs tendencia avtoritaruli regulirebisadmi

113

da ierarqiuli kontrolisadmi, ramdenadac miwerilobebi pirdapir

miajaWvavs socialur statuss koleqtivis struqturasTan, es tipi

orientirebulia mTlianad koleqtivisturad. statusi ganisazRvreba ara

miRwevis wyalobiT, aramed profesionalur-struqturulisagan

gansxvavebuli upiratesad difuziuri meqanizmebiT. koleqtivizmis

safuZvelze dominirebs aseve mkacri dualizmi imaTi dayofisa vinc aris

`CvenTan~ da `Cvens winaaRmdeg~. es esadageba aseve konservatiul

RirebulebiT orientaciebs, romelic Tumca SesaZloa isev gaxdes mizezi

axali antagonisturi, ukiduresad radikaluri orientaciebis aRmocenebisa.

parsonsis azriT, nacionalur-socialisturi germania da sabWoTa kavSiri

gvevlinebian am tipis ilustraciad.

mesamea, partikularistuli miRwevebis tipis sazogadoeba. am tipis

gansaxierebad parsonss miaCnia Zveli CineTis imperia. partikularizmi

efuZneba ojaxuri kavSirebis mniSvnelobas, aseve kavSirebs Tanasoflelebs

Soris, romelTa SigniTac Tumca arsebobs ara pasiuri, aramed aqtiuri

damokidebuleba gare samyarosTan. es vlindeba gamokveTil subordinaciaSi

individebisa, damoukideblad maTi ojaxuri Tu Temuri kavSirebisa,

romelic vrceldeba mTels sazogadoebaze imperatoris CaTvliT. miRwevis

komponenti gansazRvra iman, rom sazogadoeba ar darCa wminda agrarul-

feodalurad, aramed masSi ganviTarda rogorc vaWroba, aseve biurokratia

miRwevis elementebiT, amasTan mkacri subordinaciis gamo miRwevis principi

moqmedebda sakmaod ganfenilad (zedapirulad) da ar orientirdeboda

unarebsa da warmatebaze.

meoTxea, partikularistuli miwerilobebis tipis sazogadoeba.

partikularizmi aqac mianiWebs did mniSvnelobas sisxlismier da

erTobiseul kavSirebs, rogorc amosaval sidideebs RirebulebiTi

orientaciebisa, Tumca misi socialuri struqtura da organizacia aRiqmeba

rogorc mocemuloba. miRwevaze orientaciis ararseboba aiZulebs Sroma

CaiTvalos ucilobel borotebad; adamiani egueba arsebul pirobebs:

narCundeba erTxel Camoyalibebuli nimuSebi reagirebisa, aseTi

sazogadoebis struqtura sustadaa diferencirebuli da misTvis

maxasiaTebelia Tavisi qcevis wesebSi tradicionalizmi, maSinac ki, roca

114

sazogadoeba gvarovnuli Tu sofluri tipisa iqceva msxvil

saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebad, koleqtiuroba saxelmwifosi adgils uTmobs

ufro wvril erTeulebs, adgili aqvs segmentacias. Tuki kontroli centris

mxridan unda gaZlierdes, maSin amgvar saxelmwifoebSi aRmocendeba

diqtatura. laTinuri amerika warmoedgina parsonss amgvari sazogadoebis

tipiur nimuSad.

Tu parsonsiseul sazogadoebaTa klasifikacias mivusadagebT poperi-

sorosiseul modelebs, gamova, rom ùniversalisturi miRwevis tipis

sazogadoeba~ es sxva araferia, Tu ara `Ria, wonasworobis sazogadoeba~.

universalisturi miwerilobebis sazogadoeba~ `daxuruli, anu statiuri

uwonasworobis sazogadoeba~; rac Seexeba `partikularistuli miRwevebis

sazogadoebas~, sorosiseuli modeliT igi moeqceva `tradiciuli

sazogadoebis statusis qveS, xolo `partikularistuli miwerilobebis

tipis sazogadoeba~ igivea, rac sorosTan e.w. òrganuli sazogadoeba~.

palkot parsonsi sazogadoebas Seimecnebs misi elementebad dayofis

gziT da Semdgom uRrmavdeba am elementTa funqcionirebisa da

urTierTqmedebis meqanizmebs. Seiswavlis sazogadoebis segmentebSi

individTa CarTulobas, maTi rogorc pirovnebis rols. parsonsisaTvis

sazogadoeba TviTkmari sistemaa, CarTuli fizikur garemoSi. igi daiyofa

erTmaneTisadmi da mTelisadmi funqcionalur qvesistemebad, romelTac

gaaCniaT Tavis mxriv struqturuli komponentebi, ganviTarebis procesis

aspeqtebSi _ ZiriTadi amocanebi.

parsonsisaTvis sazogadoeba mravalkomponentiani rTuli sxeulia,

mixako wereTlis sityvebiT Tu vityviT `super-organizmi~, romlis mowyobis

wesi uaRresad racionaluria da igi (sazogadoeba) am racionalurobas

rikoSetiT gadascems mis segmentebSi gabneul individebsac, romelnic

sazogadoebaSi integrirdebian maTTvis struqturuli ierarqiul speqtrSi

mikuTvnebuli rolebiTa da statusebiT.

115

2.3. Ria sazogadoeba da mis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi (j.sorosi)

Cven ukve ganvixileT sazogadoebis Teoria rogorc aseTi. vilaparakeT

disciplinaruli sazogadoebis mankierebaze, rac gamowveulia masSi

arsebuli Zalauflebis gadaWarbebiT; aseve Tanamedrove epoqaSi masaTa mier

sazogadoebis, rogorc socialuri realobis `STanTqmis~ saSiSroebaze,

razec gatacebiT saubrobs Jan bodriari naSromSi `mdumare umravlesobis

CrdilSi~.

Aamjerad, sazogadoebaTa diferenciacia movaxdinoT sxva rakursiT da

winwamovwioT kvlav Tanamedrove Ria sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari

safrTxeebi ukve sorosiseuli TvalTaxedviT.

jorj sorosma ganicada karl poperis ,,Ria sazogadoebis koncefciis”

didi zegavlena, ramac faqtiurad gansazRvra misi moRvaweobis mTeli

xasiaTi. sorosma miznad daisaxa poperiseuli ,,Ria xazogadoeba” wminda

Teoriidan praqtikaSi daemkvidrebina da eqcia sasurvel realobad,

risTvisac wlebis ganmavlobaSi muxlCauxreli muSaobada da mTel rig

qveyanebSi qmnida ,,Ria sazogadoebis“ sakmaod qmediT da gavlenian qselebs,

cdilobda ebrZola ,,Ria sazogadoebis mtrebis~ winaaRmdeg, anu amoeZirkva

dogmaturi azrovneba, avtoritarizmi, arajansaRi konkurencia, pirovnebaTa

uflebebis nivelirebis SemTxvevebi da a.S.... igi wlebis manZilze didZal

kapitals xarjavda sxvadasxva qveynebSi demokratiis mxardasaWerad da

mrude politikis amoZirkvas cdilobda kulturis da ekononikis

sistemebidan SeteviT...

jorj sorosi cnobilia ara mxolod rogorc praqtikosi; man

ramodenime sakmaod saintereso naSromi Seqmna, rac Taviseburad poperis da

bergsonis ,,Ria sasogadoebebis~ TeoriTa gagrZelebas warmodgens.

magaliTad wignebi: ,,sabWoTa sistema Ria sazogadoebisaken~, ,,Ria

sazogadoeba areformirebs globalur kapitalizms~. Tavdapirvelad

sorosTan, isev rogorc poperTan, saxeze iyo ori martivi dixotomia

realobis gasazomad: Ria sazogdoeba – daxuruli sazogadoeba. Ria

116

sazogadoebisaTvis umTavres saSiSroebad aRiqmeboda gabatonebuli

ideologia, rac, rogorc wesi, koleqtivs wiravda msxverplad individTa

ZiriTad Tavisuflebebs. magram Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare

cvlilebebma gviCvena, rom komunizmma da socializmma ukve didi xania

moaxdines sakuTari Tavis diskreditacia, ,,safrTxeebic~ Ria

sazogadoebisaTvis Sesabamisad garkveulwilad transformirda da ukve ara

gabatonebuli Rirebulebebi, aramed RirebulebaTa sistemis ararseboba da

bazris mier sazogadoebis erTgvari uzurpacia iqca sazogadoebis

RiaobisTvis safrTxed. es sakmaod aqtualuri problemaa da mis

gacnobierebas sorosi didi yurdRebiT ekideba, swored am problemis

gamokveTa da misi gadaWris gzebis Ziebaa misi naSromis ,,Ria sazogadoeba

areformirebs globalur kapitalizms” ZiriTadi amocana, romelsac

Sevecdebi da dawvrilebiT ganvixilav am TavSi... sazogadoebrivi

cvlilebebis fonze aseve gamoikveTa mesame Senawevreba Ria da daxurul

sazogadoebaTa gverdiT, esaa qaosis, anu revoluciuri sazogadoeba,

romlisTvisac maxasiaTebelia dinamiuri uwonasworoba. Tu rogor esmis

soross ,,dinamiuri uwonasworoba” da ,,qaosis sazogadoeba” saerTod, amasac

gamovarkvevT qvemoT Txrobis procesSi...

saerTod termini ,,Ria sazogadoeba~ pirvelad gamoiyena 1932 wels

anri bergsonma wignSi ,,religiis da moralis ori wyaro~ am Teoriis

Tanaxmad, eTikis erT wyaros warmoadgenen gvarovnuli tradiciebi, maSin,

roca meores gaaCnia universaluri xasiaTi. pirveli kvebavs daxurul

sazogadoebas, meore Rias. Semdgom es warmodgenebi ganviTarebul iqna karl

poperis mier wignSi ,,Ria sazogadoeba da mismi mtrebi~, sadac igi

amtkicebda, rom Ria sazogadoebas SeiZleba emuqrebodnen universaluri

ideologiebi, romlebic pretendireben umaRlesi instanciis WeSmaritebis

flobaze. poperma moiyvana Ria sazogadoebis koncefciis qveS

epistemologiuri dafuZneba, romlis azric mdgomareobs Cveni msoflaRqmis

imanentur arasrulyofilebaSi. ideologiebi, romelic pretendireben

umaRlesi WeSmaritebis flobaze, warmoadgenen saSiSroebas Ria

sazogadoebisaTvis, radganac maTi warmodgenebi samyaros Sesaxeb

Tavsmoxveulni SeiZleba iyon mxolod ZaliT (iZulebiT)...

117

bergsonis idea sasargebloa eTnikuri konfliqtebis bunebis

gasagebad, iseTebisa, magaliTad, rogoric iyo iugoslaviaSi, poperis ideebi

im sakiTxTa gasagebad, romelnic momdinareoben totalitaristuli

reJimebidan, romlebic arsebobdnen nacistur germaniSi an sabWoTa kavSirSi.

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi Ria sazogadoebis koncefciis azri

iyo cxadi daxurul sazogadoebebTan kontrastiT, romelnic dafuZnebulni

iyvnen totalitarul idelogiebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa faSizmi da

komunizmi. Mmagram es kontrasti, sazogadoebis or tips Soris, SenarCunda

sabWoTa imperiis kraxamde, 1989 wlamde.

magram mas mere situacia Seicvala. komunizmis kraxma ver mogviyvana

avtomaturad Ria sazogadoebis aRmocenamde. martivi dixotomia: ,,Ria

sazogadoeba - daxuruli sazogadoeba~ ukve aRaraa gamoyenebadi. dRes

saSiSroeba Ria sazogadoebisaTvis momdinareobs iqedan, saidanac amas ar

moelodnen: piradi interesebis dakmayofilebis mouTokavi swrafvidan. adre

Tu gvegona, rom ZiriTadi winaRoba Ria sazogadoebis Senebis gzaze _ esaa

umaRlesi avtoritetis arseboba, radac Tavs acxadebda represiuli reJimi

an ideologia, romelic pretendirebda absoluturi WeSmaritebis flobaze

da cdilobda Tavisi Tavis damkvidrebas Zalismieri saSualebebiT. amasTan

ideologia, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, SeiZleba Tavisi bunebiT iyos

religiuric da elituric. magram drom gviCvena, rom Zalauflebrivi

avtoritetis da socialuri erTianobis ararseboba Tanabradve saSiSia

sazogadoebis sijansaRisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSiris CamoSlam aCvena, rom susti

saxelmwifo aranakleb saSiSroebas warmoadgens TvisiT TavisuflebisaTvis.

rogori viTareba gvaqvs dRes? unda SevniSnoT, rom kapitalizmi da

demokratia sulac ar miabijeben fexdafex. magram maT Soris arsebobs

gansazRruli kavSiri: cxovrebis donis amaRleba da saSualo klasis

formireba warmoadgenen TvisiT faqtorebs, romelnic, raRac zomiT,

astimulireben demokratiisa da Tavisuflebisadmi miswrafebas, aseve

politikur stabilurobas! magrm es kavSiri sulac araa avtonomiuri. arc

Tu iSviaTad saqmosnuri wreebi, rogorc nacionaluri aseve

saerTaSorisoni, uweven moralur da materialur mxrdaWeras represiul

reJimebs, romelnic TavianTi mokumSuli xelidan nebayoflobiT arasodes

118

ar uSveben Zalauflebas! es SeiniSneba mraval qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT iq,

sadac fsoni daideba bunebriv resursebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa navTobi an

almasebi. SesaZloa, yvelaze didi saSiSroeba Tavisuflebisa da

demokratiisaTvis dRevandel samyaroSi momdinareobdes saxelmwifos da

biznesis mrude kavSiridan.

inarCunebs ra yvela garegnul atributs demokratiuli procesisa,

saxelmwifos Zalaufleba moqmedebs calkeul pirTa interesebSi.

demokratiuli sazogadoebani naklebad interesdebian sxva qveynebSi

arsebuli Sidapolitikuri situaciebiT: maT, rogorc wesi, sxva

prioritetebi aqvT. TumcaRa xalxi, romelic cxovrobs represiul reJimis

pirobebSi, saWiroebs daxmarebas garedan da arcTu iSviaTad aseTi

daxmareba aRmoCndeba mxsneli adamianebisaTvis. roca saxelmwifoebi

xelyofen ufro susti, vTqvaT mezobeli saxelmwifoebis suverenitets da

cdiloben iq represiuli reJimebis damyarebas, garedan Careva da

saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa aqtiuri reagireba sasicocxlo

mniSvnelobisaa!!!

kapitalizmma warmatebulad imuSava materialuri dovlaTis Seqmnis

saqmeSi, magram ar unda gavmartivdeT, TavisTavad es dovlaTi ar

uzrunvelyofs Cvens Tavisuflebas, demokratias, kanonis zeims. mogeba, esaa

nebismieri biznesmenis motivacia. biznesi ar isaxavs Tavis miznad

zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa dacvas. biznesmenTa umetesoba wesieri

moqalaqeebia, magram es ar cvlis im faqts, rom biznesis mizania piradi

gamdidreba da ara sazogadoebrivi sikeTe.

globalizacia gTavazobs individualuri Tavisuflebis iseT xarisxs,

romelsac saxelmwifo, xSirad Tavisi Zalauflebis borotad mosargeble

ver SemogTavazebs! magram medals meore mxarec aqvs: unarianoba

saxelmwifosi, aRasrulos gansazRruli funqciebi, funqciebi, romelTa

aRsrulebasac misgan moelian _ moqalaqeebis dacva. amaze SeiZleba aRarc

gvedarda Tavisufal bazars rom marTlac SeeZlos adamianTa yvela

moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. magram saqme imaSia, rom am mxriv bazari

uunaroa. gansxvavebiT Cveni koleqtiuri moTxovnilebisa, iseTebisa,

rogoricaa mSvidoba da usafTrxoeba, kanoni Dda wesrigi, adamianTa

119

uflebebi, garemos dacva da socialuri samarTlianoba, sabazro

Rirebulebebi ganasaxiereben ara saerTo interesebs, aramed mxolod imas,

rasac erTi individi Tanaxmaa uxdides meores Tavisufali gacvlis

procesSi! aqedan daskvna: mxolod sazogadoebrivi da politikuri

institutebi arian unaris mqone, daicvan sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi, dae

Tundac es institutebi muSaobdnen naklebad efeqturad, vidre sabazroni!

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SeuZliaT funqcionireba ufro

efeqturad, magram mxolod im pirobiT, rom maT mxars dauWers samoqalaqo

sazagadoeba. mniSvnelovania es da sworia, rom saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia

principebi, magram demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi reagireben moqlaqeTa

moTxovnebze, da Tuki moqalaqeebs gaaCniaT principebi, isini unaris mqoneni

arian, aiZulon TavianTi mTavrobebi misdion maT (anu am principebs). ai

ratomaa saWiro, rom demokratiulma saxelmwifoebma Camoayalibon aliansi.

xolo samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Tavisuflad SeuZlia TavianTi mTvrobebis

mxridan am principebisaTvis erTgulebis Senaxvis garantireba. msgavs

alianss SeiZleba hqondes ori mizani:

I - saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso institutebis gamyreba,

II - calkeul saxelmwifoebSi demokratiis gamyareba. cxadia isini

urTierTkavSirSi imyofebian. saerTaSoriso institutebi demokratiis

gavrcelebiT unda iyvnen dakavSirebulni. arcerT saxelmwifos ar SeiZleba

miendos safuZvelmdebeli principebis dacva. yovelTvis roca aRmocendeba

konfliqti maTsa da pirad interesebs Soris, ukanasknelni aRmoCndebian

uciloblad Zlierni.

vaformirebT ra Ria sazogadoebas, Cven mkveTrad vamcirebT albaTobas

krizisTa aRmocenebisa, romelnic moiTxoven gadaWras garegani CareviT da

Tuki SeuZlebelia Zalis gamoyenebiT Carevis Tavidan acileba, amis

gamarTleba ufro iolia, Tuki mas winuswrebda konstruqciuli moRvaweoba

qveynis SigniT. Tuki gadavalT kerZodan zogadisaken, Cven momxre unda

viyoT ganviTarebuli demokratiuli moqmedebebisa, romelnic mimarTulni

iqnebian msoflois naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi demokratiis

dafuZnebaze. aseTi moRvaweoba unda atarebdes formas mecnierul-teqnikuri

120

Tanadgomisa da ekonomikuri stimulirebisa. ekonomikis da politikis

gamijnva SeuZlebelia.

zemoxsenebuli politikuri aliansis wevrebi unda gaxdnen amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi, evro-kavSiri da umravlesoba demokratiuli qveynebisa

kapitalisturi sistemis periferiebidan. maT gareSe is iqceva batonobisa

da eqspluataciis iaraRad.

yvela is sakiTxi, romelsac SevexeT zemoT, xvdeba jorj sorosis

yuradRebis centrSi da swored maT ganxilvas da maTTan dakavSirebuli

problematikis gadaWras uZRvnis igi Tavis naSroma ,,Riaa sazogadoeba

areformirebs globalur kapitalizms~.

sorosi wignis SesavalSi xazs gausvams piradad misTvis am naSromis

mniSvnelobas: ,,pirad planSi es wigni mTeli Cemi cxovrebis wignia. me is

studentobis wlebSi daviwye da dRemde ar damisrulebia. da arc vapireb

SeveSva. mravali idea, wignSi saxeze myofi, Cems mier ukve gadmoica, magram

yovel jerze meCveneba, rom maTi formulireba ukeT SeiZleba... me ganvicdi

kvlav aucileblobas, isev da isev moviyvano igive argumentebi, romelnic

momyavda winamdebare wignebSi, vinaidan me meCveneba, rom ver SevZeli

sruliad cxdad gamomexata maTSi Cemi ideebi’’ 28 ( Сорос Дж. 2001: 28)... ,,xSirad

me vtovebdi teqsts ucvlelad mxolod imitom, rom ar SemeZlo misi

gaumjobeseba, Tumca me adrindebulad Ria var kritikisaTvis da mzad var

Sevitano Sesworebebi. cxadia, me siamovnebiT vimuSavebdi SemdgomSic

xelnawerebze. magram bolosdabolos me isev movxvdi caitnotSi da me

kvlav momiwia siCqare, raTa droulad Camebarebina igi tipografiaSi.

rogorc ukve iTqva, CemTvis es wigni mTeli Cemi cxovrebis naSromia da me

gavagrZeleb masze muSaobas sanam Cemi guli Zgers!~ 29 ( Сорос Дж. 2001: 33)

pirvel planze sorosi ayenebs azrovnebasa da realobas Soris

arsebul mimarTebas da swored am sakiTxis ganxilviT iwyebs is Txrobas.

rogorc mogvexseneba, Ria sazogadoebis koncefcia dafuZnebulia im

viTarebis aRirebaze, rom Cveni samyaroseuli warmodgenebi TavianTi bunebiT

arasrulyofilni arian. Tuki vinme iCemebs, rom flobs bolo instanciis

WeSmaritebas da cdilobs mis cxovrebaSi gatarebas, misgan mosalodnelia,

rom sxva azris mqone adamianebze Seecados Zalis gamoyenebas am Tavisi

121

,,WeSmaritebis~ dasamkvidrebad, swored msgavsi iZulebis Sedegia daxuruli

sazogadoeba, sadac daTrgunulia azrovnebis, SexedulebaTa gamoxtvis

Tavisufleba. aseve piruku, Tuki varT mzad vaRiaroT, rom SesaZloa

vcdebodeT, gagvaCnia Sansi realobis ukeT Semecnebisa, Tumca absolutur

codnas mainc versodes movipovebT. sorosi swored am poziciis safuZvelze

gvTavazobs Ria sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic iqneba Ria usasrulo

srulyofisadmi, anu Cven unda vaRiaroT Cveni azrovnebis midrekileba

Secdomebisadmi. Ria sazogadoeba, ambobs sorosi, arasodes ar iqneba

sruyofili, magram is iqoniebs udides prioritets, masSi uzrunvelyofilia

Tavisufleba sityvisa da azrovnebisa, iZleva farTo SesaZleblobebs

eqsperimentisa da SemoqmedebisaTvis.

sorosi xazs usvams, rom kavSiri azrovnebasa da realobas Soris

refleqsiuria. es niSnavs, rom azrovneba ama Tu im saxiT zemoqmedebs imaze,

razec Cven vfiqrobT. Ees, cxadia, ar exeba realobis yvela mxares. bunebis

movlenani ar arian damokidebulni Cvens Sexedulebebze maTTan mimarTebaSi.

refleqsuroba vlindeba mxolod sazogadoebriv sferoSi. refleqsurobas

Semoaqvs gaurkvevlobis elementi rogorc movlenaTa gagebSi maTi

monawileebis mxridan, aseve Tavad am movlenaSi. refleqsiuroba esaa wyaro

gaurkvevlobisa Cvens azrovnebaSi da realur samyaroSi... sorosi aRniSnavs,

rom primitul sazogadoebebSi adamianebs ar SeswevdaT unari gaevloT

zRvari samyarosa da TavianT azrovnebas Soris, romelsac cdilobda

moecva es samyaro. ase aRmocendnen rwmenani, romelnic aRiqmebodnen

rogorc samyaros nawilni. magaliTad, adamianebi miawerdnen ama Tu im

materialur obieqtebs sulierebas da swamdaT sulTa arsebobis. roca

gansxvaveba realobasa da azrovnebas Soris gacnobierebulia, Cven

uarvyofT samyaros aseT xedvas rogorc mcdars. warmoiSoba SesaZlebloba

WeSmariti gamonaTqvamebis mcdarTagan gnsxvavebisa, da amiT exsneba gza

Cveni Semecnebis gafrToebas. animizmma da pirvelyofilma religiebma didi

xania dakarges mimzidveloba, filosofiam da mecnierebam raxania moipova

Tavisi ufleba...

sorosi aanalizebs situciebs, romlebSic CarTuli arian rogorc

monawileni moazrovne subieqtebi. situaciebi, romelTac gaaCniaT moazrovne

122

subieqtebi ar arian gamokvlevis pasiuri obieqtebi, isini Tavad

formirdebian am monawileTa mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis zegavleniT.

cxadia, arseboben movlenebi, romelnic warimarTebian mavanTa

azrovnebisagan damoukideblad. iseTi situaciebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

planetaTa moZraoba, rac Seadgens sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa kvlevis

sagans. aq azrovnebas miekuTvneba martivi, calsaxa roli _ igi emsaxureba

realobis gagebas, samecniero gamonaTqvamebi an Seesabamebian fizikuri

samyaros fqtebs, an ara. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, faqtebi gankerZoebuli da

damoukidebelni arian am gamonaTqvamebisagan. swored amitomac SeZles

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebma aseTi STambeWdavi Sedegebis miRweva.

sxva saqmea movlenebi sazogdoebriv sferoSi. sorosi Tvlis da es

isedac martivi WeSmaritebaa _ aq saxezea ufro rTuli kavSiri azrovnebasa

da realobas Soris. azrovneba gvibiZgebs garkveuli moqmedebebisaken, xolo

Cveni moqmedebani gansazRvraven momxdaris xasiTs. Tuki situaciaSi

CarTulia ramodenime monawile (moqmedi), naklebad savaraudoa, rom isini

erTgvarovnad azrovnebdnen, saboloo Sedegi iqoniebs faqtis xasiaTs,

Tumca misi damokidebul kriteriumad miReba mainc ar SeiZleba, misi

meSveobiT ar ganvsazRvravT mocemul monawileTa Sexedulebebis mcdarobas

Tu WeSmaritebas, radgan maTze gavlena iqonia maTma moqmedebis strategiam

da maTma azrTa wyobam.

erTis mxriv, moazrovne subieqtebi cdiloben gaigon situacia,

romelSic isini CarTulni arian. sorosi amas daarqmevs pasiur, anu

kognitur funqcias! meores mxriv, isini monawileoben situaciaSi, romlis

gagebasac eswrafvian. es aqtiuri monawileobis funqciaa! refleqsiurobas

sorosi aRwers ori reversiuli funqciiT: I _ kognituri funqcia II _

monawileobis funqcia. orive funqciaSi monawileobs dro.

monawileTa Sexedulebani ar SeiZleba mxolod situaciiT

ganisazRrebodnen, ramdenadac situacia monawileTa azrzea damokidebuli;

situacia, Tavis mxriv, ar SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodes mxolod monawileTa

gadawyvetilebebiT, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli moqmedeben arasrulyofili

codnidan amosvliT. saxezea SeTandebis ukmaroba monawileTa azrebsa da

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saqmis namdvil viTarebas Soris, erTis mxriv da monawileTa gamzraxvebsa

da realur Sedegebs Soris, meores mxriv.

refleqsiulobis meqanizmi moqmedebs sakmaod viwro CarCoSi.

arseboben zogadi sferoebi, romlebzedac monawileTa azrovneba ar

zemoqmedebs; adamianis azrovnebis obieqti SeiZleba iyvnen ara mxolod

situaciebi, romlebSic es adamiani monawileobs. is SeiZleba ocnebobdes,

miecemodes fantazias, iZirebodes filosofiur gaazrebebSi an samecniero

kvlevebSi. garda amisa, refleqsuroba esaa erTaderTi wyaro

gaurkvevlobisa, rogorc Tavad realobaSi, aseve monawileTa azrovnebaSi.

im viwro sazRvrebSi, romlebSic refleqsuroba myofobs, is warmoadgens

gaurkvevlobis damatebiT wyaros. Tumca sfero am sazRvrebs Soris, ambobs

sorosi, iqoniebs CvenTvis Zalian did mniSvnelobas. anu movlenaTa

moazrovne monawileTaTvis, ramdenadac, sworad masSi miedineba Cveni

cxovreba.

Realoba, sorosis azriT, araa raRac mocemuli. is formirdeba

monawileTa azrovnebis procesSi. rac ufro rTulad vazrovnebT Cven, miT

ufro rTuli xdeba realoba, amasTan azrovnebas ar ZaluZs dadges

Tanabarfexze realobasTan, vinaidan mravalferovneba am uknasknelisa

SesaSurad aRemateba imas, rac Cven SegviZlia movicvaT Cveni gagebiT.

realobas Seswevs unari gaaocos moazrovne individi, xolo azrovnebas

ZaluZs realobis qmnadoba.

sorosi Tvlis, rogorc wesi, Secdomebi adre Tu gvian

gamoswordebian, magrm rodesac procesi atarebs TviTgamaZlierebel

xasiaTs, SexedulebaTa mcdaroba cxadi xdeba mxolod gvian stadiaze, roca

Tavad realoba aswrebs Secvlas.

SeiZleba mogveCvenos, amaxvilebs yuradRebas sorosi, rom termini

,,Secdomebisadmi daqvemdebarebuloba~ atarebs Tavis TavSi mxolod

negatiur muxts, Tumca es ase araa. dadebiTi roli, romelsac TamaSobs

Cveni midrekileba Secdomebisadmi, xSir SemTxvevaSi aWarbebs uaryofiTs.

arasrulyofili SesaZloa gaxdes srulyofili. Cveni gagebis Tavdapirveli

arasrulyofiloba aris sawindari imisa, rom Cven mudam gveqneba

SesaZlebloba viswavloT, gavafarTovoT Semecnebis sazRvrebi. saWiroa

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vaRiaroT Cveni SecdomaTadmi midrekileba da SevqmaT meqanizmi maTi

gamosworebisa. maSin gza kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis iqneba xsnili. swored

im mizeziT, rom srulyofileba miuRwevelia, srulyofis SesaZlebloba

gaxlavT usazRvro!

sorosi ambobs, rom es marTebulia ara marto Cveni Sexedulebis,

aramed sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSic. srulyofileba xelidan gvisxlteba.

rogori gegmac ar unda SevimuSaoT, is aucileblad iqoniebs naklovanebebs.

amitomac Cven unda davkmayofildeT saukeTesoTi SesaZlebelTagan -

sazogadoebis organizaciis iseTi formiT, romlis drosac (TumcaRa ver

mivaRwevT srulyofilebas!) mudam Ria viqnebiT gaumjobesebisaTvis. ase

mivaRwevT Cven Ria sazogadoebis koncefciamde - sazogadoebis, romelic

Riaa srulyofilebisadmi. am RiaobaSi mdgomareobs swored misi

upiratesoba daxuruli sazogadoebis winaSe, romelic rogoradac ar unda

icvlebodes gare samyaro, mainc jiutad faravs Tavis naklovanebebs.

aRireba im faqtisa, rom Cven midrekilni varT Secdomebisadmi, esaa

sawindari progresisa!

srulyofileba da ukvdaveba miuwvdomelia, xolo stabilurobas

Cven mxolod sikvdilSi SeviZenT! magram cxovreba, ambobs sorosi, Cvens

winaSe warmoadgens SesaZleblobas, srulvyoT Cveni gageba, imitom, rom

Cveni gageba arasrulyofilia. Ria sazogadoeba aseve iZleva saSualebas

samyaros srulyofisa, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, radganac is aRiarebs

Tavis arasrulyofilebas. srulyofil samyaroSi xom Cven miswrafebis

sagani gagviqreboda!

gavacnobierebT ra yvela Cveni cnobierebis naklovanebas, SegviZlia

vimoqmedoT orgvarad, an Tavi CavmaloT qviSaSi, anda gavaumjobesoT is,

rac gaumjobesebas eqvemdebareba. daxuruli sazogadoeba cdilobs Seqmnas

iluzia stabilurobisa da srulyofilebisa; Ria sazogadoeba Rebulobs

adamianuri Tvisebebis pirobebs iseTad, rogorc is aris, yvela dagegmareba

arasrulyofilia, magram erTni umjobesni arian vidre sxvani, da mTeli

sxvaoba imaSia, Tu romel sagans avirCevT. aRiareba Cveni Secdomebisadmi

midrekilebisa gvaZlevs mniSvnelovan upiratesobas. Ria sazogadoeba

daxurulze prioritetulia.

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sorosi xazs usvams, rom gabatonebul ideaTa da sazogadoebriv

institutTa naklovanebani cxadi xdeba mxolod droTa ganvalobaSi da

refleqsurobis koncefciebi amticeben, rom adamianuri dagegmarebani

mcdarni arian mxolod potenciurad. saWiroa mzeze mudmivad laqebis Zieba,

mxolod maTi aRmoCenis safuZvelze mogvecema TamaSSi upiratesoba!

,,mxolod axlaxan aRmovaCine, rom msgavsi TviTkritikuloba, es

Tvisebaa, romelic yvelas ar axasiaTebs. is rom sxvebs aocebs Cemi

azrovnebis manera, makvirvebs me Tavad. rodesac Secdomas aRmovaCen Cems

azrTa wyobaSi an Cems sainvesticio dagegmarebaSi, me ganvicdi sixaruls da

ara wyenas. es me meCveneba bunebrivad da azrianad da vTvli, rom sxvebic

ase unda ganicdidnen. umetesad adamianebi mzad arian yvelaferze, oRondac

ar aRiaron da dafaron maTi Secdomebi da uiRbloba WeSmaritad maTi

pirovnebis nawilad iqceva” 30 ( Сорос Дж. 2001: 72)

azrovnebisa da realobis SeTanxmebis problema sorosis Ria

sazogadoebis koncefciis Taviseburi Sesavalia. Semdgom etapad is

ganixilavs Tavad Ria da daxuruli sazogadoebebs da maTTvis maxasiaTebel

azrovnebis formebs. is gamoyofs azrovnebis sam tips: tradiciuls,

romelic ar uSvebs Tavad cvlilebaTa SesaZleblobas da miiRebs saganTa

arsebul viTarebas erTaderT SesaZleblad (organuli sazogadoeba);

kritikuls, romelic ikvlevs yvela gzas cvlilebaTaken mimavals (Ria

sazogadoeba); da dogmaturs, romelic ver iTmens gaurkvevlobas,

ganusazRvrelobas (daxuruli sazogadoeba). azrovnebis TiToeul tips

sorosi miusadagebs sazogadoebrivi organizaciis gansazRvrul tips

(tradiciuls - organuls, kritikuls - Rias, dogmturs – daxuruls).

soross mniSvnelovnad esaxeba gaavlos mkveTri sazRvari organul da

daxurul sazogadoebebs Soris, raTa xazi gaesvas ramdenad didia sxvaoba

azrovnebis tardiciul stilsa, romelic ar uSvebs SesaZleblobaTa

alternativebs da dogmaturs Soris, romelic cdilobs amoZirkvos

yvelanairi alternativa. organuli sazogadoebani, rogorc samoTxis

nayofni, miekuTvnebian legendarul warsuls, SeuZlebelia dakarguli

ubiwoeba kvlav movipovoT. praqtikulad Cven gvrCeba SesaZlebloba

avirCioT mxolod Ria da daxurul sazogadoebebs Soris.

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Ria sazogadoebas ar yofnis simtkice da gansazRvruloba,

romelsac uzrunvelyofs daxuruli sazogdoeba. daxuruls ki Tavisufleba,

romliTac sargeblobs pirovneba Ria sazogadoebaSi. Sedegad,

sazogadoebrivi organizaciis es ori principi urTierTgamomrcxavia. Ria

sazogadoeba aRiarebs Cvens midrekilebas Secomebisadmi, daxuruli ki

uaryofs mas.

soross mouwia eRiarebina, rom daxuruli sazogadoebis kraxis

Semdgom sulac araa aucilebeli misi Ria sazogadoebiT Secvla. piriqiT,

kolafsma SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zalauflebas rRveva da sazogadoebis

dezorientacia. susti saxelmwifo ki warmoadgens arankleb saSiSroebs Ria

sazogadoebisaTvis, vidre avtoritaruli.

sorosma sxva aRmoCenac gaakeTa. adamianebs, romelnic cxovroben Ria

sazogadoebaSi, sinamdvilSi ar swamT misi rogorc universaluri ideis. maT

SeuZliaT daicvan demokratiuli institutebi TavianT qveyanaSi, magram

Sors arian imisgan, rom ramenairi mniSvnelovani msxverpli gaiRon sxva

qveyanaSi demokratiis dasamyareblad. es mware simarTlea.

Ria sazogadoeba wonasworobasTan axlo mdgomareobaSia da garda

statiurad gauwonasworebeli daxuruli sazogadoebisa, sorosis Tanaxmad,

mas hyavs sxva alternativac _ dinamiurad gauwonasworebeli mdgomareoba

qaosisa da dezorientaciisa.

sorosi adrec uwevda angariSs imas, rom Ria sazogadoeba sakmaod

daucvelia, magram fiqrobda, Tu aseTi sazogadoeba daingreva, is

aucileblad gaxdeboda daxuruli. es gamomdinareobda dixotomiidan,

romlis Tanaxmadac arsebobda mxolod ori SesaZlo sazogadoeba Ria an

daxuruli. is rac ar myofobs erTSi, uzrunveliyofa meoris CarCoebSi.

sorosi ver xvdeboda, rom dinamiur gauwonasworebeli mdgomareoba

SeiZleba arsebobdes ganusazRvrelad didxans, anu ufro zustad, rom

sazogadoebas ZaluZs balansireba qaosis zRvarze misi gadalaxvis gareSe.

piradad sorosisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom sicocxle sistemaTa evoluciuri

Teoriis Tanaxmad aRmocendeba qaosis sazRvarze.

istoriis svla ganuWvretelia, magram Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT

gansazRvroT raRac orientaciebi sivrceSi, sadac is moZraobs. swored es

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gaakeTa sorosma, roca karl poperis zegavlenis qveS sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi

ganaTavsa ori cneba Ria da daxuruli sazogadoebisa. amjerad sorosi

xemZRvanelobs ra axali gamocdilebiT, igi iZulebulia xelaxla gamijnos

da CarTos ganxilvaSi sazogadoebis kidev erTi SesaZlo mdgomareoba _

dinamiuri gauwonasworebloba! igi xdis klasifikacias samnawilians.

soross moaqvs wyalTan, yinulTan da orTqlTan analogia SedarebisaTvis.

Ria sazogadoeba, esaa mdgomareoba axlos myofi wonasworebasTan;

daxuruli sazogadaoeba statiurad gauwonasworebel mdgomareobaSia da

mesamea qaosuri anda revoluciuri, dinamiurad gauwonasworebeli

mdgomareoba. ikavebs ra centralur da amitomac yvelaze faqiz

mdgomareobas, Ria sazogadoeba eqvemdebareba saSiSroebas ori mxridan: mas

emuqreba statiuri da dinamiuri gauwonasworeblobac! es sqema arsebiTad

gansxvavdeba martivi dixotomiisagan ,,Ria sazogadoeba _ daxuruli

sazogadoeba~, riTac daiwyo sorosma. Mmiseuli analogia wyalTan,

yinulTan da orTqlTan sruliad marTebulia. Ria sazogadoebas SeiZleba

vuwodoT `Txevadi~, daxuruls _ ,,myari~, revoluciur-qaoturs _

,,airisebri~.

sorosi Semdgom sakiTxad ganixilavs RirebulebaTa problemas da

svams kiTxvas: ra Rirebulebebia aucilebeli sazogadoebisTvis, raTa man

SeinarCunos wonasworobisTan axlos myofi mdgomareoba, anu rom darCes

Riad?

Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoeba, rogorc es jorj soross

warmoesaxeba, imyofeba gaurkvevlobaSi, is verafriT garkveula

RirebulebebSi da ver igebs, rogor SeuTavsos erTmaneTs sabazro da

sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebani. Aamrigad, subieqturi da obieqturi

Rirebulebni gadaejaWveba erTmaneTs.

Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoeba, rogorc es soross esaxeba,

ganicdis gamaerTianebeli Rirebulebebis deficits. adamianebi nebismier

dros uCiodnen erozias msgavsi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebisa, Tumca dRes

Cven gvaqvs viTareba, romelic sxva epoqaTagan absoluturad gansxvavebulia.

kerZod dRes vrceldeba sabazro Rirebulebani, romelic pirad interesebs

sazogadoebrivze maRla ayeneben.

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zneobriobis dRevandeli ,,vardnis’’ pirobebSi sabazro Rirebulebebma

SeaRwies im sferoSi, sadac adre maTi adgili ar iyo. am sferoTa ricxvs

ganekuTvneba piradi urTierTobebi, politika da iseTi sferoebi, rogorcaa

iurispudencia, medicina. garda amisa, mimdinareobs neli winsvla, SesamCnevi,

magram amasTan Rrma transformacia Tavad sabazo meqanizmisa.

xansgrZlivi saqmiani urTierTobebi adgils uTmoben erTjerad

garigebebs. maRaziebis nacvlad, romelTa mflobelebi kargad icnobdnen

yvela Tavis myidvels, damkvidrda supermarketebi, xolo sruliad axlxan

amas daemata internet-Sopingi. nacionaluri ekonomika ukan ixevs

saerTaSoriso ekonomikis zewolis Sedegad. Tumca saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebam, Tuki aseTze saerTod SeiZleba saubari, Seqmna dResdReobiT

ukiduresad mcire wili gamaerTianebel RirebulebaTa.

sazogadoebaSi, romelic dafuZnebulia garigebebze, sazogadoebrivi

Rirebulebani da moraluri SezRudvebi sul ufro naklebad myarni xdebian.

sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebani warmoadgenen sazoms sxva adamianebze Cveni

zrunvisa. maTi meSveobiT mivakuTvnebT adamianebs garkveul erTobebs:

ojaxs, gvars, ers, kacobriobas, romelTa koleqtiur interesebsac isini

piradze maRla ayeneben.

magram globaluri ekonomika sulac ar warmoadgens erTianobas. masSi

CarTulni arian sxvadasxva tradiciaTa mqone adamianebi, romliTaTvis

partniorebi umetes SemTxvevaSi arian ucxo erTobaTa warmomdgenelni.

mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi ioli araa, SeinarCuno unari sxvebze

fiqrisa da zrunvisa; araa ioli, moiTxovo yvelasagan, rom maT gamoiCinon

msgavsi zrunva _ es SeuZlebelia! sabazro fundametalizmi, rogorc

dominirebadi msoflxedva, arTulebs situacias. misi postulati, rom

saerTo interesebi saukeTesod uzrunveliyofa mxolod maSin, roca

TiToeuli zrunavs sakuTar kerZoze, moralurad amarTlebs fsons mxolod

kerZo interesze! Cvens daundobel samyaroSi isini, vinc iziareben am

msoflxedvas iqonieben upiratesobas, ramdenadac maT ver Seaferxeben

molaruli winaRobani, warmatebebi dafuZnebulni msgavs upiratesobebze

SeiZleba iqoniebdnen kumulaciur xasiaTs.

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adamianebSi, miiCnevs sorosi, imTaviTve Cadebulia moTxovnileba

sazogadogadoebrivi Rirebulebebisadmi, rogorc gonier arsebebs maT

kargad esmiT, ramdenad warmavalia maTi yofiereba, ramdenad mcire droa

maTvis gankuTvnili. isini saWiroeben Rirebulebebs, romelnic ,,me~-s

sazRvrebs gareT gadian, maSinac ki, roca adamiani moqmedebs mxolod kerZo

interesiT, mas urCevnia ifiqros, rom xelmZRanelobs raRacgvari

arapiraduli principebiT. rogorc SeniSna anri bergsonma, morals SeiZleba

hqondes 2 wyaro - gvarovnuli tradiciebi da universaluri adamianuri

sawyisi. swored es ukanasknelia aucilebeli Ria sazogadoebisaTvis.

sabazro fundametalizmis kritikas jorj sorosi Tavis naSromSi

,,Ria sazogadoeba areformirebs globalur kapitalizms~, romlis

CarCoebSic ganvixilavT Cven sorosiseul Ria sazogadoebis koncefcias,

did dgils uTmobs! sabazro fundametalizmis warmomadgenlebs sjeraT,

rom sazogado keTildReobis misaRwevi saukeTeso saSualebaa SeuzRudavi

swrafva piradi keTildReobisadmi. sorosi xazgasmiT acxadebs, rom es

mcdari rwmenaa, magram miuxedavad amisa, mas bevri mimdevari hyavs. swored

esaa Seferxeba globaluri Ria sazogadoebisaken mimaval gzaze. sorosi

fiqrobs, rom Cven Zalian axlos varT am mizanTan. Uubralod, saWiroa

sabazro fundamentalizmis mankierebaTa gacnobiereba. cxadia, rom sabazro

fundamentalizmi, gansxvavebiT komunizmisa da religiuri

fundamentalizmisa ar warmoadgens diametrulad sapirispiros Ria

sazogadoebis ideisa. is warmoadgens mis deformacias, fridrix haieki,

romlis ideebic gaamrudes sabazro fundamentalistebma, iyo Ria

sazogadoebis guliTadi momxre. isic da karl poperic isurvebdnen

pinovnebis Tavisuflebis dacvas im saSiSroebisagan, romelic mimdinareobda

iseTi koleqtivisturi rwmenebidan, rogoric iyo komunizmi da nacional-

socializmi; maT ganasxvavebdaT am miznis miRwevis saSualebaTa xedva.

poperi momxre iyo ,,Tanmimdevruli socialuri inJineriisa~. haieki,

romelsac eSinoda saxelmwifo kontrolis ukuSedegebis, ufro met imedebs

sabazro meqanizmebze amyarebda. misi swavlebis swored es nawili iqna

ukiduresobamde miyvanili misi mimdevrebis mier ,,Cikagos skolidan~. maT

miswrafeba piradi gamorCenisadmi aiyvanes universaluri principis donemde,

130

riTac gansazRvres yofierebis yvela mxare _ ara mxolod individualuri

arCevani bazarze, aramed socialuri arCevanic politikaSi!

sorosi SeniSnavs, rom sabazro fundamentalizmsa da komunizms Soris

arsebobs usiamovno msgavseba. Tavisi warmoSobiT orive damokidebelia

sazogadoebriv mecnierebebze. erT SemTxvevaSi sabazro-ekonomikur Teoriaze

da marqsizmze _ meore SemTxvevaSi.

sorosi Tvlis, rom sabazro fundametalizmi warmoadgens ufro did

saSiSroebas Ria sazogadoebisaTvis, vidre komunizmi. komunizmi da

socializmic diskretitirebulia, xolo sabazro fudamentalizmi ki

zenitzea!

sorosi cdilobs ori amocanis gadaWras: moaxdinos sabazro

fundamentalizmis Secdomebis demonstrireba da Camoayalibos Ria

sazogadoebis principebi. pirveli amocana mas SedarebiT martivad esaxeba.

is Tvlis, rom man ukve aCvena, rom safinanso bazrebi sulac ar

miiswrafaian aucileblobiT wonasworobisaken. amjerad mas surs

miuTiTos, rom sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebani ar hpouloben asaxvas bazarze.

bazrebi asaxaven aqtivebis arsebul ganawilebas. isini sulac ar arian

Seqmnili imisaTvis, rom gadaanawilon es aqtivebi socialuri

samarTlianobis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom

socialuri smarTlianoba imyofeba sabazro ekonomikis koncefciis

sazRvrebs gareT! ekonomikuri Teoria dums imis Taobaze, arian Tu ara

movaleni e.w. ,,gamarjvebulni” aunazRauron zarali ,,wagebulT~, ramdenadac

es sakiTxi ukavSirdeba sazogadoebriv Rirebulebebs, xolo ekonomikuri

Teoria ki cdilobs iyos Tavisufali RirebulebiTi azrovnebisagan.

sabazro fundamentalistebi darwmuneblni arian, rom bazrisaTvis sruli

Tavisuflebis miniWeba saukeTeso politikaa.

aseTi rwmena safuZvliani iqneboda bazars rom SeeZlos saerTo

ekonomikuri wonasworobisa da socialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa.

magram mis mier arc erTi, arc meore piroba ar an ver sruldeba.

aucilebeli xdeba politikuri Careva ekonomikaSi, raTa mxari daeWiros

stabilurobas da Serbildes uTanasworoba, magram ubedureba, sorosis

azriT, imaSia, rom politikuri gadawyvetilebani xSirad ufro

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arasrulyofilni aRmoCndebian, vidre bazari. es gamocdileba mZlavr

arguments aniWebs bazars. yvelaze mZlavrsac ki sabazro fundamnetlistTa

arsenlSi myofTagans, magram maT mainc amiT ase borotad ar unda

isargeblon! sorosi xazs usvams, rom SeasZloa politika iyos ara

efeqturi da korumpirebulic ki, magram mis gareSe mainc veras gavxvdebiT.

fundamentalistebis argumentacia SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos srulyofili

msofliosTvis, magram suboptimalurisaTvis igi gamousadegaria.

sabazro fundamentalizmis kritikis Semdgom jorj sorosi cdilobs,

Camoayalibos, gamokveTos Ria szogadoebis principebi. sorosi mogviTxrobs:

azrovnebisa da misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis aucilebloba, iseve rogorc

arCevanis Tavisufleba – SeiZleba uSualod gamoyvanil iqnes Cveni

Secdomebisadmi midrekilebidan, ramdenadac saboloo WeSmariteba CvenTvis

miuRwevelia. Cven adamianebs saSualeba unda mivceT ifiqron da arCevani

akeTon damoukideblad. Cveni gagebis arasrulyofilebidan sulac ar

gamomdinareobs is faqti, rom saboloo WeSmariteba ar arsebobs. xSirad

racionaluri codnis naklovanebani amoivseba rwmenis elementebiT. sorosi

xazs usvams, rom Ria sazogadoebas araferi aqvs religiis sawinaaRmdego.

TumcaRa, religiis mcdeloba _ sakuTari miwerilobebi Tavs moaxvios imaT,

vinc mas ar miekuTneba, aris darRveva Ria sazogadoebis principebisa.

azris Tavisufleba SesaZlebels xdis kritikul azrovnebas, xolo

arCevanis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs sabazro meqanizmebis funqcionirebas.

erTi da meorec pirovnebaTaSorisi procesebia da, sorosis Tanxmad, Cven

mxolod movigebT maTTvis saTando pirobebis unzrunvelyofiT.

gaerTianebaTa Tavisufleba aseve ganekuTneba msgavsi pirobebis ricxvs. igi

gvZlevs saSualebas, movaxdinoT Cveni Tavis sazogadoebriv arsebebad

realizeba.

Cven warmovadgenT moazrovne arsebebs, vacnobierebT skuTar Tavs da

gvaqvs unari damoukidebeli arCevanisa. swored amaze vafuZnebT pirovnebis

uflebebs. adaminis uflebebis idea aseve SeiZleba daefuZnos adamianis

sulis Sesaxeb qristianul warmodgenebs.

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sorosi mxars uWers misi erT-erTi fondis Tavmjdomaris mier Ria

sazogadebis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis CamonaTvals. es batoni

gaxlavT vinme arie neieri. CamonaTvali aseTia:

`1) regularuli, Tavisufali, samarTliani arCevnebi. 2) Tavisufali,

pluralistuli saSualebani masobrivi informaciisa. 3) kanonis uzenaesoba,

mxardaWerili damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebiT. 4) umciresobaTa

uflebebis konstituciuri dacva. 5) sabazro ekonomika, romlis drosac

pativi miegeba sakuTrebis uflebas, uzrunveliyofa Tanabari

SesaZleblobebi da arseboben garantiebi uqonelTaTvis. 6) konfliqtis

mSvidobiani gadaWris gzebisadmi erTguleba. 7) arseboba kanonebisa,

romelnic iZlevian uflebas moiTokos korufcia.”) 31 ( Сорос Дж. 2001: 190)

sorosisaTvis aqtualuria sazogdoebriv RirebulebaTa problema. is

Tavis naSromSi specialur Tavsac ki uTmobs sabazro da sazogadoebrivi

Rirebulebis sakiTxis ganxilvas. sorosi mogviTxrobs, rom sabazro da

sazogdoebriv RirebulebaTa Soris arsebul mimarTebaSi garkveva arc Tu

ise iolia. problema mdgomareobs ara imdenad maT Soris gansxvavebis

dadgenaSi, aramed arCevanSi, Tu kerZod romliT unda vixemZRvaneloT Cven.

sabazro fundamentalistebi cdiloben, uaryon sazogadoebrivi

RirebulebaTa gansakuTrebuli buneba da amtkiceben, rom yvela Rirebuleba

saboloo jamSi poulobs asaxvas sabazro qcevaSi. magaliTad, Tuki vinmes

surs gamoidos Tavi sxva adamianebze zrunviT, an daicvas garemo (buneba),

mas am moTxovnilebis realizeba ubralod fulis daxarjviT SeuZlia!

sorosi Tvlis, rom sabazro Rirebulebani asaxaven bazris

individualuri monawileebis interesebs. maSin, roca sazogadoebrivi

Rirebulebani asaxaven sazogadoebis interesebs, rogorc es warmoudgeniaT

(esaxebaT) mis wevrebs. sabazro Rirebulebani SeiZleba gaizomos fuladi

erTeulebiT, xolo sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis SemTxvevaSi es rTulia.

isini problematurni arian dakvirvebis da miTumetes gazomvis

TvalsazrisiT. mogebis gazomva iolia, sakmarisia Tvali Seavlo balansis

bolo maCvenebels. magram rogorRa gavzomoT arCeuli qcevis modelis

socialuri Sedegebi? es qcevebi iqonieben rogorc mosalodnel, aseve

moulodnel Sedegebs da isini ganfenilni arin ,,balansis~ yvela mwkrivSi,

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maTi dayvana balansis erTaderT niSnulamde SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac

sxvadsxva adamianebis mier isini sxvadsxvagvarad interpretirdebian. swored

es arTulebs Sedegebis Sejamebas. sazogado interesebi, esaa gacilebiT

ufro metad ganfenili cneba, vidre piradi gamorCena (sargebeli) da igi

iwvevs sxvadsxvagvar gayalbebebs (anu misi axsnis mcdelobas!).

politikosebi mudmivad dakavebulni arian gayalbebiT, da es maT mudam

mietevebaT swored Tavad sazogado interesTa cnebis bundovnebis wyalobiT.

sorosi ambobs, rom igi filantropis rolSi mudam cdilobs

emsaxuros sazogado sikeTes, magram amasTanave cxadad acnobierebs, rom

mis moqmedebebs SesaZloa, mohyves gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi. is xazs

usvams, rom gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas mudam cdilobs Sedegebis

Sefasebas, Tumca uSvebs bevr Secdomas, magram mas is upiratesoba mainc

aqvs, rom is Tavis Tavis patronia da amitom SeuZlia misive Secdomebis

gamosworeba sasjelis gareSe. politikosebisTvis ki es fufuneba

miuwvdomelia! maTi mxridan Secdomebis aRiarebas Tansdevs dasja ukve

Semdgom arCevnebze. amis gamo politikosebi cdiloben TavianT qcevebis

gamarTlebas da nebismier garantias eWidebian! amasobaSi sazogado

interesebze zrunvis kvalic ki aRarsad rCeba. saboloo jamSi rigiTi

moqalaqeebi midian im daskvnamde, rom yvela politikosi gaiZveraa.

Cven vadgenT Cveni liderebisTvis ararealur standartebs. Semdgom ki

aRmovaCenT, rom isini maT ver akmayofileben. nebismieri gonieri adamiani

aRiarebs imas, rom sruyofileba miuRwevelia. miuxedavad amisa, sabazro

fundametalizmis ideologia sruyofilebas acxadebs normad. igi amtkicebs,

rom bazari sruyofilia, radgan mas gaaCnia tendencia wonasworobis

damyarebisa da flobs amavdroulad unars TviTkoreqciisa, amitomac

gvirCevs politikur gadwyvetilebebSi maqsimalurad daveyrdnoT bazars da

efeqturoba politikisa gavzomoT bazris efeqturobasTan SefardebiT.

sorosi acxadebs, rom es daskvna mcdaria yovelnairi gagebiT! Tumca igi

sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi ukve gabatonda.

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesi politikasa Tu sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi ar SeiZleba iyos iseTive efequri, rogorc esaa

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebsa Tu bazarze. mecnierebas gaaCnia

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damoukidebeli, obieqturi kriteriumi, romelTanac mas SeuZlia

udrtvinvelad muSaoba, kerZod, esaa faqtebi! es kriteriumi aZlevs mas

saSualebas ,,mSvidad~ gaikvlios gza WeSmaritebisaken. bazars gaaCnia

obieqturi kriteriumi mogebis saxiT. politikur da sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi ki erTaderTi arsebuli kriteriumi subieqturia, anu igi

damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi. Zalian Znelia imis

gansazRvra, Tu raze fiqroben adamianebi, aq bevri ram bundovnad rCeba.

sorosi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebrivma mecnierebebma miaRwies nakleb

warmatebas, vidre sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebma, radganac sazogadoebriv-

samecniero diskusiebSi wina planzea dayenebuli sakiTxi motivaciisa.

soross mohyavs mgaliTi: marqsistebi uaryofdnen nebismier kritikas maTi

dogmatebis mismarTiT, brals debdnen TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebs klasobrivi

interesebiT xelmZRvanelobaSi; fsiqoanalitikosebi, rogorc wesi,

saubroben adamianze, romelic uars mbobs daeqvemdebaros analizs, rom igi

,,midrekili araa~ gaacnobieros misTvis arasaxarbielo realoba. amiT

soross unda xazi gausvas, rom roca saubaria motivebze, kritikuli

azrovneba naklebad saxarbielo viTarebaSi aRmoCndeba, vidre maSin, roca

saubaria faqtebze.

sorosi akritikebs warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasac. ara mis

safuZvelmdebare principebs, ara im dogmatebs, romelsac eTayvanebodnen

amerikuli konstituciis mamebi, jefersoni da misi msgavsni, aramed im

realur viTarebas, romelic gvaqvs dRes! demokratiis safuZvelSi devs

varaudi, rom kandidatebi gulrwfelni da gulaxdilni arian

amomrCevlebTan. cxadia, es varaudi ararealuria. kandidatebma ukve didi

xania aRmoaCines, rom maTi arCevis Sansebi amaRldeba, Tuki isini

amomrCevels etyvian imas, risi mosmenac am ukanasknelT surT. es momenti

araa fataluri, ramdenadac sistema amas iTvliswinebs: Tuki kandidatebi ar

asruleben maT mier micemul dapirebebs, maT xelmeored aRar airCeven.

Sedegad narCundeba wonaswrobasTan axlos myofi mdgomareoba.

amomrCevlebi, cxadia, arcTu yovelTvis Rebuloben im Sedegebs, rasac

moelodnen da sWirdebodaT, magram maT aqvT SesaZlebloba, gamoasworon

TavianTi Secdomebi Semdgomi arCevnebis msvlelobisas.

135

kandidatebi SeimuSaveben meTodebs, romlebic iZlevian saSualebas

daifaros maT dapirebebsa da Semdgom moqmedebebs Soris Sesabamisoba.

isini awarmoeben sazogadoebrivi azris gamokvlevas, Sexvedrebs

fokusjgufebTan, rac maT exmarebaT Seiswavlon Tu kerZod risi mosmena

surs eleqtorats, raTa Semdgom miesadagon am viTarebas. TumcaRa es

,,Sesabamisoba’’ kandidatTa gancxadebebsa da amomrCevelTa survilebs Soris,

sulac ar iZleva imis garantias, rom amomrCevelTa molodinebi

gamarTldeba. sorosi wuxs, rom politikosebi nacvlad imisa, rom

waruZRvnen sazogadoebas, misdeven e.w. ,,sazogdoebriv azrs~, ris Sedegadac

qveyana rCeba im xemZRvanelobis gareSe, romelic misTvis sasicocxlod

aucilebeli iyo. saboloo jamSi ki amomrCevlebi mainc imedgacruebulni

rCebian da hkargven rwmenas Tavad demokratiuli procesis mimarT. ise ki,

SeniSnavs sorosi, arc amomrCevlebi arian movlenaTa am jaWvSi ucodvelni.

rogorc wesi ivaraudeba, rom amomrCevlebi mxars uWeren im

warmomadgenlebs, romelTac gulTan axlos miaqvT sazogadoebis umTavresi

interesebi, arada xSirad Tavad amomrCeveli sakuTar viwro pirad interess

sazogadoebrivze maRla ayenebs. kandidatebi, Tavis mxriv, apelireben kerZo

interesebiT, magram vinaidan da radganac maT TiToeulis interesis

dakmayofileba fizikurad ar ZaluZT, isini garigebaze midian gavlenian

jgufebTan. sistema gadagvarebulia Tuki amomrCevels ar aRelvebs is

viTareba, rom kandidati tyuis, oRondac es ukanaskneli mis kerZo interess

iTvaliswinebdes. sazomad iqceva ara patiosneba da inteleqti, aramed, rac

SeiZleba, meti xmis dagroveba. fuli sistemis aseT gadagvarebs ufro

TvalsaCinos xdis.

sorosi Tavis naSromSi isev da isev ubrundeba bazris kritikas da

surs, Searyios Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi misdami gabatonebuli

gadaWarbebuli rwmena. is xmamaRla acxadebs, rom miuxedavad misi

politikisa da politilosTa mimarT undoblobisa, aucilebelia vaRiaroT

koleqtiur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis aucilebloba da politikis

umniSvnelovanesi roli Ria sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis

uzrunvelyofaSi. sorosi svams aseT kiTxvas: ra SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs

Ria sazogadoeba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis koleqtiuri procesis

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srulsayofad, gasaumjobeseblad? da pasuxis saxiT gTavazobs erTgvar

recepts: TiToeulma adamianma, sorosis Tanaxmad, unda gamijnos Tavisi,

rogorc bazris monawilis roli politikuri procesis monawilis

rolisagan. rogorc bazris monawile _ adamiani unda misdevdes pirad

interesebs, xolo rogorc monawile politikuri procesisa _ is unda

xemZRvanelobdes sazogadoebrivi interesebiT!

bazris sorosiseuli kritika sam punqtiania: I - bazris struqtura

ar iZleva samrTliani ganawilebis saSualebas. dovlaTis arsebul

ganawilebas is aRiqvams rogorc savaldebulos. II - bazari ar asaxavs

sazogadoebriv interesebs, ver getyviT rom is amoraluria, magram faqtia,

rom bazari imyofeba moralis sazRvrebs miRma. III - finansuri bazrebi

TavianTi bunebiT arastabilurni arian.

jorj sorosi, naSromSi ,,Ria sazogadoeba areformirebs globalur

kapitlizms~, ubrundeba sabWoTa sistemis rRvevis sakiTxs, rasac man adre

miuZRvna SesaniSnavi naSromi, saxelwodebiT ,,sabWoTa sistema Ria

sazogadoebisaken’’. radganac sabWoTa kavSiri iyo ideluri modeli

daxuruli szogdoebisa, saWirod mimaCnia, yuradReba SevaCero sorosiseul

analizze sabWoTa kavSiris rogorc sistemis rRvevisa.

sorosi Txrobas iwyebs sabWoTa kavSiris e.w. aRzevebis etapidan,

raTa naTeli gaxdes Semdgomi ,,vardnis~ fazis niuansebi. Tavdapirveli

subieqturi warmodgenebi (komunisturi ideologia) da Tavdapirveli

tendencia (represiebi) mimarTuli iyo imaze, rom sazogadoeba gamxdariyo

daxuruli. adgili hqonda kumulaciur urTierTqmedebas gayinul

komunistur dogmebsa da statiur socialur pirobebs Soris. Tavis zenits

sistemam stalinis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi miaRwia. is iyo

yovlismomcvleli da TavisTavSi aerTianebda Tavad formas mmarTvelobisa,

ekonomikur sistemas, imperiul saxelmwifoebriv wyobas da ideologias.

sistema iyo mTliani, izolirebuli gare samyarosagan da saocrad xisti.

realuri viTareba radikalurad gansxvavdeboda im informaciisgan, rasac

moqalaqeebs awvdida oficialuri propaganda. gazviadebis gareSe, maT Soris

iyo ufrskuli, rac warmoudgenelia Ria sazogadoebaSi. sorosi aseT

137

sistemas (anu sabWoTa kavSiris msgavss) statiurad gauwonasworebuls

uwodebs.

stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg dadga mcire xniT e.w. ,,WeSmaritebis

momenti~, rodesac nikita xruSovma gamoaaSkarava staliniseburi marTvis

zogierTi saidumlo. Tumca partiuli ierarqia male kvlav ganmtkicda Zvel

poziciebze. daiwyo daisis periodi. dogma ukve efuZneboda mxolod

administraciul iZulebas, vinaidan misdami rwmena daikarga.

totaluri Zalaufleba, sanam igi marvTis saTaveebTan idga, advilad

axerxebda sakuTari nebisamebr komunisturi partiis xazis Secvlas. xolo,

roca qveynis marTva daiwyes biurokrtebma, aseTi moqniloba gaxda

SeuZlebeli. amavdroulad Sesustda terori, romelic aiZulebda

adamianebs mieRoT komunisturi dogmebi. ase daiwyo vardnis procesi,

organizaciebi dakavebuli iyvnen brZoliT sakuTari statusis

asamaRleblad. ramdenadac WeSmarit Zalauflebas aravin flobda,

aRmocenda ucnauri barteruli sistema, romelSic yvela iZulebuli

gaxda CarTuliyo. nel_nela is, rac iwodeboda centralur mmarTvelobad,

Caanacvla urTierTgarigebis yovlismomcvlelma sistemam organizaciebsa

da sawarmoebs Soris. paralelurad ganviTarda araoficialuri,

Crdilovani ekonomika, romelic erwymoda ,,oficialurs~ da faravda am

ukanasknelSi aRmocenebul Cavardnebs. Crdilovani ekonomikis gareSe

gegmiur ekonomikas ukve saerTod ar ZaluZs funqcionireba. es xangrZlivi

vardnis periodi Semdgom monaTles ,,damuxruWebis fazad” . sul ufro

cxadi xdeboda sistemis araadekvaturoba, gaizarda daZabuloba, ramac

aucileblobiT moiTxova reforma.

reformebma daaCqares rRvevis procesi, ramdenadac isini Tavis TavSi

alternatiulobis matarebelni iyvnen, xolo sistemas ki arseboba

mxolod ualternativobis pirobebSi SeeZlo! komunisturi sistemis

reformirebis mcdeloba imTaviTve dafuZnebuli iyo cru warmodgenaze, rom

es reforma SesaZlebelia. sinamdvileSi is ar emorCileboda reformas,

vinaidan misTvis miuRebeli iyo ekonomikuri principebis Tanaxmad

kapitalis danawileba. imTaviTve komunizmi iyo kapitalizmis sapirispiro

formacia, romelic muSas aucxoebda warmoebis saSualebebisagan. mTeli

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sakuTreba sabWoTa kavSirSi gaxldaT saxelmwifos xelSi, romelic TvisiT

ansaxierebda koleqtiur interesebs. xolo am ukanasknelT ki gansazRvravda

komunisturi partia (anu koleqtiur interesebs). amitomac swored partia

wyvetda kapitalis ganawilebis sakiTxs. anu ganawileba xdeboda

araekonomikuri mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, aramed kvazireligiuri xasiaTis

politikuri dogmis Sesabamisad! saukeTeso Sedareba, romelic sorosma

SemogvTavaza, esaa egviptur piramidaTa mSenebloba: investiciebze

mimarTuli resursebis wili izrdeboda, maSin roca

investiciebis ekonomikuri efeqti rCeboda mainc minimalurad. aSkara iyo

msgavseba proeqtTa monumentalurobis mxrivac. giganturi

hidroeleqtrosadgurebi, metalurgiuli qarxnebi, marmaliros metros

darbazebi moskovSi da stalinuri caTambjenebi _ es iyo igive piramidebi

aRmarTuli Tanamedrove faraonis mier. hidroeleqtrosadgurebi

marTlac awarmoebdnen eleqtroenergias, metalurgiuli qarxnebi

iZleodnen rkinas, magram es rkina, eleqtroenergia xmardeboda kvlav

axal gigantur metalurgiul qarxanaTamSeneblobas da ekonomikuri efeqti

aranairad ar iyo imaze meti, vidre piramidebis SemTxvevaSi.

komunisturi sistema ar aniWebda aranair mniSvnelobas kapitals, ufro

zustad Tu vityviT, is ar aRiarebda sakuTrebis mcnebas. Sedegad sabWoTa

sistemis CarCoebSi ekonomikuri moRvaweoba mxolod fsevdo xasiaTs

atarebda. misTvis realuri funqciis dasabruneblad saWiro iyo

partiisaTvis kapitalis mcvelisa da ganmnawileblis funqciis CamorTmeva,

amas ki adgili ar hqonia. amitomac iyo yovelnairi mcdeloba

reformirebisa ganwiruli imTaviTve uiRblobisTvis.

TandaTan aSkara Seiqmna, rom politikuri reformebis gareSe

arsebuli mdgomareoba ver gamoswordeboda... `gardaqmnisa da sajaroobis~

egidiT sabWoTa kavSirSi rRvevis procesi Sevida saboloo fazaSi. daeca

cxovrebis done, sazogadoebam dakarga rwmena reJimisadmi, risi

kulminaciac gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris daSla.

soross es yvelaferi agonebs suraTs, romelic xSirad gveZleva

safinanso bazrebze. sxvaoba imaSia, rom aRmavloba-vardnis procesi bazarze

mimdinareobs elviseburad, maSin roca sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSi pirvel

139

etapze adgili hqonda ,,damuxruWebas~, riTac stalinuri reJimi mivida

statiuri gauwonasworebulobis mdgomareobamde da mxolod meore etapze

daiwyo vardnis procesi, ramac gamoiwvia katastrofa sistemisa da misi

dinamiuri gauwonasworebloba.

sorosis am naSromSi, romelsac ganvixilavT, aseve yuradRebas

iqcevs erTi punqti. sorosi miCnevs da, albaT, es marTebulicaa, rom Yyvela

sazogadoebisagan ver moviTxovT demokratiulobis xarisxis erT doneze

uzrunvelyofas, ramdendac TiToeuli sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo imyofeba

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze. sorosi SeniSnavs, rom ekonomikurad

naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mmarTvelebi xSirad Civian, rom isini

iZulebulni arian misdion ,,ufro dabal standartebs~ da amrigad

cdiloben sakuTari politikis gamarTlebas. rac Seexeba, cxovrebis

pirobebs, am sakiTxSi, cxadia, isini marTalni arian, magram roca saqme exeba

Tavisuflebas _ azrovnebisa da sakuTari mes gamoxatvisa _ aramc da aramc!

ufro metic, sust qveynebSi damoukideblad moazrovne adamianTa uflebebs

gansakuTrebiT faqizad unda moepyran, vidre es Zlier demokratiebSi xdeba,

ramdenadac pirvelTaTvis aseTi adamianebi mniSvnelovanni arian maTi

simciris gamo!!!

sorosi imasac xazs usvams, rom socialuri samarTlianoba,

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavaigivoT TanasworobasTan, ramdenadac es

Cven ukan komunizmSi dagvabrunebda! sorosi upiratesobas aniWebs jon

roulsis socialuri samarTlianobis koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmadac,

dovlaTis zrda unda gulisxmobdes uqonelTaTvis garkveuli sargeblis

uzrunvelyofas. am sargeblis xarisxi TiToeulma sazogadoebam unda

gansazRvros damoukideblad da periodulad Secvalos drois moTxovnaTa

gaTvaliswinebiT. yvela monawilisaTvis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis

uzrunvelyofa _ ai, ra unda iqonion miznad saerTaSoriso organizaciebma!

sorosi, dasasruls, yuradRebas amaxvilebs poperis naSromis

saTaurze _ ,,Ria sazogadoeba da misi mtrebi~ da acxadebs, rom Ria

sazogadoeba saWiroebs mtrebs, radganac swored es ,,mtrebi~ iqcevian

stimulad Ria sazogadoebisaTvis brZolisa, swored ,,mtrebis~ arseboba

aqcevs Ria sazogadoebas miznad da idealad! sxvadasxva istoriul epoqebSi

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Ria sazogadoebas sxvadasxva ,,mtrebi~ upirispirdebian. Tu meoce saukunis

manZilze es iyo komunizmi da socializmi, amjerad SeiZleba es iyos

sabazro fundamentalizmi, momavalSi kidev raime sxva da a. S. sorosis

azriT, sabednierod, yovelTvis arsebobs raRac, ris winaaRmdegac unda

vibrZoloT: siRaribe, avadmyofobani, bunebrivi garemos dazianebiT

gamowveuli safrTxeebi. mteri sulac araa aucilebeli iyos metoqe-

saxemwifo. sanam Cven ar ganvsazRvravT saerTo mters, romlis wiinaRmdegac

unda gaverTiandeT, mudam mogviwevs dayofil, danawevrebul msoflioSi

cxovreba, sadac nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi TavianT energias erTmaneTan

brZolaSi flangaven. Cven SevZeliT Segveqmna demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi,

romelnic aRiareben kanonis uzenaesobas da romelnic pativs scemen

erTmaneTs... sorosi Tvlis, rom amjerad Cven unda mivaRwioT igives, oRond

globaruli masStabiT, anu SevqmnaT ,,globaruli Ria sazogadoeba”.

ar minda yuradRebis gareSe darCes erTi sakiTxic, jorj sorosi

sakmaod da zedmetad kritikulia sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis mimarT.

sorosi, rogorc avtori, ugulvebelyofs gems, romliTac mgzavrobs, anu

miseuli kritika sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa aris aralogikuri,

winaaRmdegobaSi myofi sakuTar TavTan, vinaidan miseuli koncefcia Ria

sazogadoebisa xom swored sazogadoebrivi mecnirebis nawilia da misi

moRvaweoba Ria sazogadoebis fondTa qseliT mTel msoflioSi socialuri

inJineriis saukeTeso magaliTi, rasac isev da isev sazogadoebriv

mecnirebebs unda umadlodes.

miuxedavad Tavad sorosis undobluri damokidebulebisa

sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa mimarT, mis mier SemoTavazebuli Ria

sazogadoebis koncefcia mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs sazogadoebriv

TeoriebSi da ar SemiZlia ar vaRiaro, rom igi karl poperis Rirseuli

ideuri memkvidrea.

141

II nawilis Sejameba

naSromis meore nawilSi Tavmoyrilia niklas lumanis da talkot

parsonsis Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi sistemis Sesaxeb. xolo

dasasruls Cven ganvixilavT jorj sorosis mier dasmul problemas,

romelic aqtualuria Tanamedrove sazogedoebaSi _ maintegrirebel

RirebulebaTa deficitis fonze bazris gabatonebisagan gamowveuli riski

pirovnebaTa individualuri interesebis SeboWvisa. lumani-parsonsi esaa

wminda Teoria, xolo sorosi ki sazogadoebriv Teoriebze dayrdnobiT

Seiswavlis ara zogadad sazogadoebis sistemebs, aramed konkretuli

sazogadoebebis Ria-daxurulobis sakiTxs. igi empirikosia, empiria ki

Teoriis garaSe ar arsebobs. Tumca sorosi araa lumani –parsonsis ideuri

Tanamoazre. mis msoflxedvaze gavlena karl poperma da anri bergsonma

moaxdines. maS ratom moiyares am nawilSi Tavi am avtorebma erTad?

lumanisa da parsonsis SemTxvevaSi zogadad Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

sistemaa ilustrirebuli, sorosTan ki _ praqtikuli sakiTxebi, romlebic

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi mniSvnelovania. lumani-parsonsidan sorosze

gadasvliT me mindoda xazi gamesva, rom Cemi naSromis mizania,

sazogadoebrivi Teoriebi sociologiaSi Cveni garemomcvleli yofierebis

Seswavlas msaxurobdnen, maTSi mocemul konkretul momentSi individis da

mTlianad erTobis winaSe mdgar problemebs gamohkveTavdnen da maTi

gadaWris racionaluri gzebis ZiebaSi gvexmarebodnen. magaliTad, roca

komunikaciis procesSi, romelic samkomponentiania, rogorc es lumans

warmoudgenia _ 1.informaciis seleqcia, 2. am mocemuli informaciis

Setyobinebis seleqcia, 3. seleqciuri gageba an argageba Setyobinebisa _

rodesac amovardnilia me-2 an me-3 komponenti, es SuqniSaniviT `wiTlad~

gviCvenebs, rom sazogadoebis romeliRac konkretuli Semadgeneli (iqneba es

ekonomika, politika Tu kultura) normalurad ar funqcionirebs da

saTanadod ver xorcieldeba maT SigniT brunvadi kodis simbolouri

generalizacia. parsonsTan Cven mocemuli gvaqvs realobis sijansaRis

gasazomad cxadze-ucxadesi sqema: Tuki romelime qvesistemis sazRvrebi

farTovdeba sxva qvesistemis SekumSvis xarjze, orive qvesistema

142

(SekumSulic da gafarToebulic) kargavs funqcionalurobas da maxinj

realobas awarmoebs, rac isev da isev saboloo jamSi individis kiserze

gadadis da misi pirovnuli resursebis realizacias da moqmedebis

Tavisuflebas uSlis xels.

soross aRelvebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi fiduciaruli sistemis

qmediTobis vardna, anu ar xdeba nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba saTanado doneze.

ara gvaqvs bazris batonobis pirobebSi aranairi maintegrirebeli

Rirebulebebi, rac zrdis individTa da jgufTa Soris ndobis xarisxs,

saboloo jamSi sazogadoeba rCeba gaTiTokacebuli sakuTar niJaraSi

Caketili mxolod piradi ekonomikuri mogebiT aJitirebuli adamianebis

amara, rac safrTxes uqmnis sistemis TviTreferencirebulobas,

autopoieturobas. lumans ramdenadac ar unda ugulebelyo individis roli

sistemis winaSe, igi mainc uaRresad mniSvneladia, swored amitomac uwoda

sazogadoebis sistemas parsonsma `moqmedebis sistemis qvesistema~, xolo

Cven kargad mogvexseneba, rom moqmedeba individisagan avtonomiurad ar

xorcieldeba.

143

daskvna

me sakiTxis dasmisTanave aRvniSne, rom am naSromis mizani iyo ara

mxolod zogadad sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebul TeoriaTa ganxilva, aramed

sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis danawilebis meqanizmebze dakvirveba da

individis Tavisuflebis xarisxis gazomva. vinaidan me am naSromis CarCoebSi

ar Camitarebia empiriuli kvleva, daveyrdeni iseTi avtoritetuli

mkvlevarebis naSromebs, rogorebic arian: fernan brodeli, miSel fuko, Jan

bodriari, pier burdie, niklas lumani, talkot parsonsi da jorj sorosi.

maT TeoriebSi zedmiwevniT asaxulia sazogadoebaTa yoveli SesaZlo tipis

funqcionirebis meqanizmi da maTi Sidasistemuri mowyobis wesi; am

sazogadoebaTaTvis maxasiaTebeli azrovnebis tipebi; individTaTvis

sistemisagan miniWebuli Tavisuflebis xarisxi; socialur mobilobaTa

tempi da xasiaTi.

es avtorebi SemTxveviT ar damikavSirebia erTmaneTTan. maT mier

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb formulirebuli koncefciebi eyrdnobian mdidar

empiriul materialebs, es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba fernan brodels, miSel

fukos, Jan bodriarsa da jorj soross. brodeli da fuko iyeneben

komparativistul meTods, Sua saukuneebTan Sedarebis meSveobiT isini

aCveneben, Tu ramdenad Ria da egalitarulni arian dRevandeli Tanamedrove

sazogadoebani. modernuli sazogadoebis ierarqizirebulobis gasazomad Jan

bodriari ikvlebs Cvens realobaSi arsebul nivTTaA sistemas. es meTodi

pirvelad brodelma gamoiyena, rodesac Sua saukuneebis evropa Seiswavla

rogorc `materialuri civilizacia~. fukoc interesdeboda diciplinis

mier arqiteqturis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebis sakiTxiT. man

STambeWdavad gviCvena, Tu rogor moixelTebs Zalaufleba Cveni

Semomgarsveli materialuri samyaros proeqtirebiT Cvens yofierebas

(naSromSi `zedamxedveloba da dasja~).Ppier burdiesTan sainteresoa

subieqtivizmsa da obieqtivizms Soris xidis gadebis mcdeloba. sorosic

burdies darad miiCnevs, rom individTa mier sakuTar pirovnebaze refleqsia

aris maTi realobis koreqtirebis saSualeba da Tu refleqsia jansaRia,

pirovnebas aqvs Sansi progresirdes. sorosi am kanons ganazogadebs

144

sazogadoebazec. burdie urTierTkavSirSi ganixilavs simbolur da

oficialur nominacias, rac udaod swori midgomaa. simboluri nominacia

xorcieldeba Tavad individisa da ierarqiul poziciebze masTan axlos

myof adamianTa mxridan. oficialuri ki ama Tu im institucionalur

organizaciebSi wevrobis ZaliT, kulturul, ekonomikur da politikur

velebSi dagrovili kapitalis jamuri paketiT. burdie kargad warmoaCens,

ramdenad efeqturia WeSmaritad Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi soliduri

kulturuli kapitalis floba da rogor zrdis igi individisaTvis ufro

farTod da produqtiulad TviTrealizaciis Sanss. sorosi, rogorc Jan

bodriari, yuradRebas amaxvilebs im safrTxeebze, romelnic dasasruliT

Tu ara evoluciuri ukusvliT emuqrebian sazogadoebas. E maintegrirebel

RirebulebaTa deficiti senia, rac aferxebs fiduciaruli qvesistemis

funqcionirebas da safrTxes uqmnis nimuSis kvlavwarmoebas sazogadoebaSi.

fiduciaruli da societaluri qvesistemebi mWidrod arian

urTierTdakavSirebulni da romelime maTganSi mimdinare rRvevebi

rikoSetiT aisaxeba meoreze. rodesac societalur qvesistemas ekisreba

individTa CarTvisa da integraciis funqciis garda sxva miwerilobebic,

gasagebia, rom misi sistemuri gadatvirTulobisgan gamowveuli funqciuri

devalvacia gamoiwvevs sazogadoebis wevrTa masobriv gaucxoebas, ris

Sedegadac miviRebT anomiur sazogadoebas.. fuko Zalauflebis

gadaWarbebisgan gamowveul riskebs ganixilavda. Lლumanic Seexeboda

ZalauflebasTan kavSirSi myof problemebs, magram, misi azriT, Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis dezorientirebas iwvevs Zalauflebis deficiti. lumani

gvTavazobs simboluri generalizaciis meSveobiT am deficitis ramenairad

dafarvas. Tumca, bodriars miaCnia, rom meore da mesame rigis substitutebi

(anu produqtebi simboluri generalizaciisa), rasac igi Tavis enaze mesame

rigis simulakrebs uwodebda _ esaa faza socialuris kvdomisa da hiper-

realuriT Zalauflebis gaqrobiT gaCenili lakunebis amovsebisa.

mokled, TiToeuli avtori cal-calke da erTad aRebuli qmnian

sazogadoebis iseT suraTs, romelTanac SedarebiT idealuradaa

SesaZlebeli Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis Seswavla, maTSi arsebuli

aqilevsis quslis Zebna da am sazogadoebaTa sijansaRis aRsadgenad Tu

145

dasacavad wminda Teoriis da aseve produqtiuli empiriuli kvlevebis

gamoyeneba.

naSromis mizani iyo, Teoriasa da empirias Soris arsebuli kavSiris

produqtiulobis CvenebiT, xazgasma imisa, Tu ra potencials flobs

sociologia, rogorc mecniereba, sazogadoebisaTvis. me, rogorc mowodebiT

sociologs, mimaCnia, rom sociologiis roli TanamedroveobaSi

geometriuli progresiiT izrdeba Cveni sazogaoebis winaSe mdgari

problemebis da safrTxeebis zrdasTan erTad. mimaCnia, rom sociologias

ufro farTo rezonansi unda mieces da moxdes misi popularizacia. e.w.

dasavlurma samyarom xom sociologebis fasdaudebeli SromiT,

sociologiur Teoriebze da imavdroulad empiriul kvlevebze

orientirebiT bevri moigo.

aq Cems mier ganxilul sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebul sociologiur

TeoriebSi naTlad ikveTeba, Tu ra didi roli aqvs sazogadoebis

sijansaRisaTvis individis Tavisuflebis xarisxis zrdas, kritikuli

azrovnebis damkvidrebisaTvis gaweul Zalisxmevas, mudmiv kontrols imisa,

rom romelime sazogadoebrivma qvesistemam sakuTari sazRvrebis

gafarToebis xarjze ar SekumSos sxva romelime qvesistemis CarCoebi da

amiT ar gamoiwvios mTlianad sistemaSi disonansi.

sazogadoeba mudmivad evolucionirebs, zogjer mimdinareobs uku-

procesebic, anu regresi. sociologiis mizani ki swored sazogadoebriv

mobilobaze dakvirveba da misi zusti suarTis asaxvaa. Aai, am sakiTxTa

xazgasma da warmoCena iyo Cemi mizani da am mizans emsaxureboda swored

brodelis, fukos, bodriaris, burdies, lumanis, parsonsisa da sorosis

koncefciebis ganxilva erTianobaSi.

146

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