guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa · 3 guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis yovelwliur, mravaldar-gobriv samecniero SromaTa krebulSi warmodgenili

guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo

universitetis samecniero SromaTa

krebuli

#7

gamodis 2011 wlidan

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi 2017

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SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS OF GURAM TAVARTKILADZE TEACHING UNIVERSITY

VOLUME #7

Published since 2011

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”

Tbilisi 2017

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guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis yovelwliur, mravaldar-gobriv samecniero SromaTa krebulSi warmodgenili naSromebi eZRvneba samar-Tlis, ekonomikis, socialur da humanitarul mecnierebaTa aqtualuri sakiT-xebis kvlevas.

gamocemis mizania, xeli Seuwyos qarTveli da ucxoeli avtorebis, gansa-kuTrebiT, axalgazrda specialistebis, mecnieruli Ziebis gaRrmavebas, origi-naluri koncefciebis warmoCenas, akademiuri kontaqtebis gafarToebas da er-Toblivi samecniero - kvleviTi proeqtebis Seqmnas, saqarTveloSi saerTaSori-so organizaciebis mier gaxorcielebuli saqmianobis Sedegad SemoTavazebuli daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis gaSuqebas.

The papers presented in annual, multi-branch journal _Scientific Proceedings of Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University_ cover the acute problems of economic, social, humanitarian and law sciences.

The purpose of the journal is to foster the scientific research carried out by Georgian and foreign authors, especially those conducted by young specialists; reveal and encourage original conceptions; broaden academic contacts and create joint scientific and research projects; highlight the conclusions and recommendations offered by international organizations, as a consequence of their work carried out in Georgia.

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guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebu-lis saredaqcio sabWo

giorgi maTiaSvili (Tavmჯdomare), gela aladaSvili, Cerek bustra (nider-

landebis samefo), inga diakoniZe, valeri vaSakiZe (mTavari redaqtori), dik vei-

nandsi (niderlandebis samefo), marina vekua, amiran TavarTqilaZe (pasuxismgebe-

li mdivani), sergei iakubovski (ukraina), givi lobJaniZe, amid nizhadi (aSS), ra-

inhard paulingi (germania), Taliko Jvania, Jil rue (safrangeTi), maia ukleba, Sengeli ficxelauri, lia Sengelia (teqnikuri redaqtori), roman Sengelia, la-

li CageliSvili, barbara hainesi (aSS). guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebuli

referirdeba teqinformis qarTul referatul JurnalSi (qrJ). qrJ eleqtronuli formiT gamodis qarTul da inglisur enebze da ganTavse-

bulia internetSi teqinformis institutis saitze www.tech.caucasus.net Scientific Proceeding of Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University Giorgi Matiashvili (Heard of the Editorial Boards), Gela Aladashvili, Tjerk Busstra

(Netherlands), Lali Chagelishvili, Inga Diakonidze, Barbara Hines (USA), Nezhad Hameed (USA), Sergei Yakubovskyi (Ukrain), Givi Lobjanidze, Reinhard Pauling (Germany), Shengeli Pitskelauri, Gilles Rouet (France), Lia Shengelia (Technical Editor), Roman Shengelia, Amiran Tavartkiladze (Secretary Editor), Maia Ukleba, Valeri Vashakidze (Chief Editor), Dik Veinands (Netherlands), Marina Vekua, Taliko Zhvania, Dik Weijnands (Netherlands).

Collection of scientific works of Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University is reviewed in Georgian reviewed journal of Techinform (GRJ).

Electronic version of GRJ is issued in Georgian and English Languages and is set on the following site: www.tech.caucasus.net

ISSN 2587-4543 © guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universiteti, 2017

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2017

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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S i n a a r s i

C O N T E N T S

s a m a r T l i s m e c n i e r e b e b i S C I E N C E S O F L A W

g. lobJaniZe - samarTlis meTodebis Sesavali ..................................................................................... 7 G. Lobzhanidze - Law Methods’ Introduction S. ficxelauri - saubrebis Cawerisa da kontrolis ganxorcielebis taqtika........................... 10 Sh. Pitskelauri - Conversation Insert and Control Implementation Technics r. Sengelia, e. Sengelia - fulis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi............................................................................................................................................................ 13 R. Shengelia, E.Shengelia -Economic and Legal Aspects of the Origin-Development of Money

e k o n o m i k i s m e c n i e r e b e b i S C I E N C E O F E C O N O M I C S

b. aladaSvili - ekonomikuri sanqciebi, rogorc geopolitikuri iaraRi .................................. 20 B. Aladashvili - Economic Sanctions as Geopolitical Weapon g. aladaSvili - mewarmeobis stimulirebis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi......................................... 25 G. Aladashvili - Contemporary Challenges of Entrepreneurial Stimulation i. boWoriSvili - interneti da eleqtronuli komunikaciebi biznesSi ....................................... 30 I. Bochorishvili - The Internet and electronic communications in Business d. vekua - saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paradigma ........................................................ 34 D. Vekua - Paradigm of Georgian Economic Development q. zaqareiSvili - xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis bundovani teqstis ganmarteba ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 K. Zakareishvili - Definition of Vague text of Standard Terms of the Agreement s. TavarTqilaZe - cifruli ekonomika - momavlis ekonomika .......................................................... 45 S. Tavartkiladze - Cyber Economics – Economics of the Future d. kbilaZe - sursaTis warmoebisa da moxmarebis istoriul-statistikuri aspeqtebi saqarTveloSi................................................................................................................................................... 53 D. Kbiladze - Historic and Statistic Aspects of Food Production and Consumption in Georgia n. kvaracxelia, g. yufaraZe - hidroTermuli spaindustriis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi ....................................................................................................... 58 Kvaratskhelia, G.Kuparadze - Some Historic Issues of Hydrothermal Spa Industry in the World and in Georgia l. lazviaSvili - kompaniis marTvis Tanamedrove faseulobebi............................................... 67 L. Lazviashvili - Modern Values of the Company z. laoSvili - geoinformaciuli sistemebis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa................................... 71 Z. Laoshvili - Technical Support of Geoinformation Systems m. miqelaZe - Data mining teqnologiebi sacalo gayidvebis analizisTvis .................................... 78 M. Mikeladze - Data Mining Technologies for Retail Sales Analysis T. Jvania, a. kobiaSvili - sawarmoo procesebis marTvis eqspertuli sistemis modeli......... 84 T. Zhvania, A. Kobiashvili - AN EXPERT SYSTEM MODEL PRODUCTION PROCESSES CONTROL

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al. Jukiauskasi - litvis gaerTianeba evrozonaSi da misi gavlena evropis centralur bankze .................................................................................................................................................................. 89 Al. Jukauskas - Lithuania's entry into the euro zone and its impact on the European Central Bank p. sankesi - globalizacia............................................................................................................................ 95 P. Sankess - Globalisation g. saxokia - efeqtianobis auditi - auditis Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli tipi .......................... 98 G. Sakhokia - Performance Audit - Qualitatively Different Type of Audit l. tabataZe - mcire da saSualo biznesis administrireba evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi ........ 104 L. Tabatadze - Small and medium business administration in EU countries

s o c i l u r i d a h u m a n i t a r u l i m e c n i e r e b e b i

H U M A N I T Y A N D S O C I A L S C I E N C E S

n. axalaSvili - miRwevis motivacia da pirovnebis tipologia ....................................................... 107 N. Akhalashvili - Motivation of Achievement and Typology of Personality n. boWoriSvili, n. lomsaZe - saganmanaTleblo inovaciuri teqnologiebi swavlebis procesSi ............................................................................................................................................................ 114 N. Bochorishvili, N. Lomsadze - Educational Technology Innovations supporting teaching process i. gersamia - moZravi TamaSi, rogorc bavSvis SfoTvis donis Semcirebis saSualeba sabavSvo baRisadmi adaptaciis procesSi................................................................................................ 118 I. Gersamia - Active game as a way of reducing anxiety during the adaptation of a child to kindergarten al. dauSvili - sabWoTa xelisufleba da samonastro cxovreba (1921-1922 ww.)........................... 123 Al. Daushvili - Soviet Authority and Monastic Life (1921-1922) g. kutalaZe - saჯavaxo qveyana................................................................................................................... 130 G. Kutaladze - Country Sajavakho l. kutubiZe, m. zubaSvili - saredaqcio damoukidebloba da lideris faqtori ................... 138 L. Kutubidze, M. Zubashvili - The Impact of the Leader on the Editorial Independence T. merabiSvili - politikuri diskursis parametrebis nairsaxeoba ............................................ 143 T. Merabishvili - Variety of Political Discourse Parameters T. tuxaSvili - Tirkmlis donorTa fsiqologiuri faqtorebis mimoxilva ............................... 146 T. Tukhashvili - Review of kidney donors' psychological factors T. fanculaia - biznesis eTikuri problemebi. moraluri pasuxismgebloba. zneobrivi azrovnebis wesi........................................................................................................................... 149 T. Pantsulaia - Ethical Problems of Business. Moral Responsibility. The Rule of Moral Thinking n. yufaraZe - bioeTika da qristianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ................................................ 154 N. Kuparadze - Bioethics and Main Directions of Christianity l. Sengelia - agresiuli qceva mozardebsa da axalgazrdebSi ....................................................... 159 L. Shengelia - Aggressive Behavior in Young People and in Adult (General overview) d. CikvilaZe - „sulis aristokrati“ ucxoelis TvalsawieriT ....................................................... 163 D. Chikviladze - "Aristocrat of the Spirit" by the alien's perspective l. ჯangebaSvili - fridrix nicSes filosofiuri xedvis grigol robaqiZiseuli gaazreba ................................................................................................................................................................ 167 L. Jangebashvili - Grigol Robakidze’s View of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Philosophical Vision

#7, 2017 guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebuli

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samarTlis mecnierebebi g. lobJaniZe

samarTlis meTodebis Sesavali

nebismier saswavlo disciplinas Tu dargs aqvs kvlevis obieqti anu interesTa sfero, saga-

ni, risTvisac jer kidev ideaSi yalibdeba sakiTxTa is rigi, romelTa logikuri dawyoba qmnis mis struqturas.

meTodologia anu meTodebi, umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebaa ara marto iurisprudenciaSi, aramed zogadad mecnierebisaTvis, sabunebismetyveloa igi Tu sazogadoebrivi.

rogorc bunebaSi, aseve sazogadoebaSi, miT umetes samarTalSi, mimdinare procesebis Sefa-sebis dros dasabamidanve dadga meTodebis dakonkretebisa da praqtikaSi gamoyenebis problema, anu „ miznis“ miRwevaTa saSualebis moZieba. samarTals qmnis normaTa, kanonTa erToblioba, xo-lo kanoni warmoadgens sityvebSi gamoTqmul savaldebulo wesebs. germaneli samarTalmcodnis r. cipiliusis azriT, „kanonis sityvebSi gamoxatvis forma aqcevs pozitiur samarTals semanti-kuri problemebisa da meTodebis sagnad, romlebic iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvrebis mniSvne-lovan nawils qmnian“1 sxva sakiTxebTan erTad.

mecnierTa nawilis azriT, meTodis problemis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi jer kidev daumuSavebelia da meTodis cneba gagebulia viwrod. specialur literaturaSi ar xdeba meTodebis siRrmiseuli aspeqtebis ganxilva da maT moiazreben rogorc Semecnebis saSualebas.2 meTodologiaSi mravali meTodia cnobili, romlebsac dRemde iyeneben mkvlevrebi, magram yvela miCneulia filosofiuri Semecnebis meTodebad. sinamdvileSi ki nebismieri sferosaTvis Semecnebis saSualeba, rogorc meTodi, Sesaswavli sagnis gagebis xerxia. azrovnebaSi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli meTodebis Segnebuli gamoyeneba aris axali codnis miRebis uarsebiTesi piroba. mecnieruli Semecnebis gan-viTarebis procesSi iseTi zogadi midgomebi gamomuSavda, rogoricaa induqcia, deduqcia, anali-zi da sinTezi, analogia, Sedareba, eqsperimenti, dakvirveba da sxva. Semecnebis yvela meTodis sa-fuZveli sinamdvilis obieqturi kanonebia. amitom meTodi ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli Teo-riasa da praqtikasTan, ramac ganapiroba zogadmecnieruli, konkretul-mecnieruli kvlevis spe-cialuri meTodebi da a.S.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, samarTlis meTodologiis Seswavlis dros gamoyenebuli iqneba filosofiuri kvlevis is meTodebi, romlebic ufro miesadageba samarTlis sferos. am SemTxve-vaSi gverds ver avuvliT zogadmecnieruli kvlevis dialeqtikur meTods, radganac misTvis da-maxasiaTebelia samyaros Semecnebisa da mimdinare procesebis Seswavla, kavSirebis Zebna sayo-velTao cvalebadobis aRmaval ganviTarebaSi, winaaRmdegoba da erTianoba maTTvis Tanamdev principebs Soris. mag: iseTi filosofiuri kategoriebi, rogoricaa `Sinaarsi da forma,” `SesaZ-lebloba da sinamdvile,” ,,SemTxveviToba da aucilebloba,” ,,arsi da movlena,” `mizezi da Sede-gi,” ìstoriuli da logikuri”, `zogadi da calkeuli,” `Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba” da a.S. iZleva saSualebas Tavidan aviciloT samarTlebrivi movlenebis calmxrivi warmodgenebi. mize-zi da Sedegi meqanikurad, drosa da sivrceSi ki ar kavSirdebian, aramed logikurad.3 Tavis dro-ze sokratesa da platonis dialeqtikuri meTodis amocanas warmoadgenda WeSmariti codnis mo-poveba.

wyaroebidan Cans, rom sokrates filosofiis meTodi dialeqtikuri („dialegesTai“) iyo. da-va, kamaTi, azrTa winaaRmdegoba da maTi daZleva sokrates WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis saukeTeso sa-Sualebad miaCnia. swored am meTodiT — kamaTis xelovnebiT ebrZoda igi mis Tanamedrove sofis-

1 r. cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, miunxeni, 2006, gv. 1. 2 mxedvelobaSia adamianis fenomenis, misi yofierebisa da arsis bolomde auxsneloba, radganac Semecnebis meTodebs TviT adamiani iyenebs. 3 arC. jorjaZe, Txz., wigni I, 1911, gv. 74.

guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebuli #7, 2017

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tebsac da adrindel filosofiur moZRvrebaTa warmomadgenlebsac.1 demokrite Tavis moRvaweo-baSi xSirad mimarTavda SedarebiT meTods.

cnobilia, rom aristotele iyenebda meTods, romelsac unda uzrunveleyo arsisa da azris pirveli mizezebis dadgena, romelic Semecnebis meTods warmoadgenda. f. bekoni meTods udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda. cnobilia misi gamonaTqvami – ,,meTodi mkvlevars gzas unaTebs, farniT gzaze mimavali koWlic ki gaaswrebs imas, vinc ugzo-ukvalod garbis sibneleSi.” mas surda iseTi meTodi SemuSavebuliyo, romelic SeZlebda bunebis movlenaTa mizezebis Semecnebas. dekarti eZebda iseT naTel da garkveul sawyis debulebas, romelic uzrunvelyofda samyaros Sesaxeb WeSmariti codnis SemuSavebasac da am codnis sistemis Seqmnasac. metafizikuri meTodi erT-er-Ti uZvelesi meTodia da mas konkretuloba axasiaTebs, romelic sagnebsa da movlenebs ganixi-lavs erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad, am meTods sabWouri filosofia ugulvebelyofda, dRes ki mas sakmaod farTo gamoyeneba aqvs mecnierebaSi. Tumca filosofiis mkvlevarTa azriT, meta-fizika pirvelad Searyia kantma, man Semoitana debulebebi sapirispiro ZalTa mniSvnelobaze fi-zikur da kosmogoniur procesebSi. dekartis Semdeg pirvelma daamkvidra bunebis ganviTarebis idea SemecnebaSi. kanti naSromSi „antinomiebis Sesaxeb, dialeqtikur ideebs“ aviTarebs. hegelis dialeqtikuri meTodis amocanas Seadgenda absoluturi ideis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis Se-mecneba.

sabolood, samarTalSi Camoyalibebulia adamianis miznis miRwevis gzebisa da saSualebebis mixedviT sazrisis realizaciis zogadi da konkretuli meTodebi, rac imas niSnavs, ,,Tu mizani zogadi, saerTo adamianuria, misi realizaciis meTodic zogadi iqneba, xolo Tu adamianTa mizne-bi konkretulia, maTi realizaciis meTodebic konkretuli xasiaTis iqneba”.2 dResac logikuri msjelobis Tvalsawieridan logikur meTods ar daukargavs mniSvneloba, misi principia, erTi cnebidan meore cnebis gonebaWvretiTi gamoyvana, rac msjelobis formas Rebulobs.

aqedan gamomdinare, iurisprudenciaSi damkvidrebul SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis me-Tods Tavisi adgili ukavia samarTlis filosofiis kvlevis SemTxvevaSic.

SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodi sxvadasxva movlenis kvlevisa da axsnis wesia, romelic am mov-lenebis formis mixedviT msgavsebis da genetikuri naTesaobis dadgenas emsaxureba. misi damaxa-siaTebeli Taviseburebaa uZvelesi elementebis aRdgena da Sedareba, romlebic saerToa materi-aluri kulturisa da codnis gansxvavebuli sferoebisaTvis, aRniSnuli meTodis damuSavebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes v. humboldtma da kontma.

samarTlis wyaroTa Seswavla, Sefaseba da analizi dakavSirebulia Sesabamis meTodebTan, radganac formis cneba jer kidev aristotelesTan gulisxmobs im Zalas, romlisganac warmodge-boda esa Tu is movlena. romaeli iuristebi ZiriTadad berZnuli samarTlis filosofias ey-rdnobodnen da aviTarebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs misi zogadSemecnebiTi mniSvneloba, romelic samarTlis ideas qmnis. wyaros (formis) meSveobiT samarTlis idea iZens Tvisebebsa da niSnebs.

samarTlis meTodologiis formad (wyarod) SeiZleba ganvixiloT zogadad samarTali, rome-lic gaazrebis safuZvelze Cndeba. ukeTesi samarTlis Seqmnis idea, rogorc wesi, dinamiur re-JimSi imyofeba da romlis gacnobierebaSi gvexmareba meTodologia.

meTodologiasTan erTad didi mniSvneloba aqvs wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebsac, radganac ar arsebobs Semecnebis procesi wyaros gareSe. arsebobs wyaros ganmartebis (cnebis) viwro da farTo gageba. zogadmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, „wyaro“ aris is Zala da energia, „riTac sazrdo-obs esa Tu is movlena“. samarTlis „benebriv wyaros“ warmoadgens xalxis neba, romelsac efuZne-ba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis arseboba da rogorc TviT xalxi, aseve samarTalic gadis Camoya-libebis process.3 iuridiul literaturaSi vxvdebiT wyarosa da formis saerTo sinonimebiT moxseniebas, zogni ki weren, „kanoni aris samarTlis wyaro“ da a.S.

es eqskursi imisaTvis gavakeTeT, rom mivuTiToT, Tu naSromze muSaobis procesSi ra wyaro-ebs daveyrdeniT. aRsaniSnavia evropel avtorTagan, ieringis, smitis, cipeliusis, kelzenis, So-

1 qsenofonti, mogonebebi sokrateze, sokrates apologia, Tb., 1973, gv. 12. 2 filosofiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1977, gv. 284. 3 G. F. Puchta, Cursus der institutionen, Bd. 1, 10 Aufl (1893), ss gff, 34.


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penhaueris, kantis, hegelis, savignisa da sxvaTa naSromebi. rusi mecnierebis, petraJickis, kova-levskis, aleqseevis, nersesiancis, tixonravovis, kistiakovskis, aleqsandrovis, rozentalis, qe-rimovisa da sxvaTa monografiebi Tu statiebi. qarTveli mecnierebis, al. vaCeiSvilis, b. luti-Zis, a. kostavas, g. xubuas, b. savanelis, n. maisuraZis, g. naWyebias, S. fafiaSvilis, r. gogSeliZis, a. faliaSvilisa da sxvaTa wignebi, Cvenive naSromebi da a.S.

Semecnebis formad (wyarod) iuristebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebasac miiCneven. samarTlis meTodologiis ,,dasawyissa da dasasruls” gansazRvravs filosofia. filosofi-

is zogadi problema mudmivad iCens Tavs samarTlis meTodologiaSi, radganac s. smitis azriT, samarTlis filosofia ikvlevs samarTals ara iuridiuli mecnierebis sazRvrebSi, aramed emor-Cileba (misdevs) filosofiis meTodur miTiTebebs,1 rac ganapirobebs meTodologiis specifiu-robas.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura

1. filosofiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1977. 2. qsenofonti, mogonebebi sokrateze, sokrates apologia, Tb., 1973. 3. cipeliusi r., iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, miunxeni, 2006. 4. jorjaZe arC., Txz., wigni I, 1911. 5. Puchta G. F., Cursus der institutionen, Bd. 1, 10 Aufl (1893). 6. Smit, St. Eineuhrung idei Philosophie des Reehis, Munchen, 1991.

g. lobJaniZe samarTlis meTodebis Sesavali

reziume

meTodologia anu meTodebi umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebaa ara marto iurisprudenciaSi, aramed zogadad mecnierebisaTvis, sabunebismetyveloa igi Tu sazogadoebrivi.

samarTlis meTodologiis Seswavlis dros gamoiyeneba filosofiuri kvlevis is meTodebi, romlebic ufro miesadageba samarTlis sferos.

samarTlis wyaroTa Seswavla, Sefaseba da analizi dakavSirebulia Sesabamis meTodebTan, wyaros (formis) meSveobiT samarTlis idea iZens Tvisebebsa da niSnebs.

G. Lobzhanidze

Law Methods’ Introduction Summary

Methodology or methods are important direction not only in jurisprudence but for general science, both for natural

and social. During study of the law methodology those philosophical methods are used that are more convenient for the law

field. The law sources’ study, estimation and analysis are connected with the corresponding methods and through the

source (form) the law idea receives the features and signs.

1 Smit, St. Eineuhrung idei Philosophie des Reehis, Munchen, 1991, s. 19-20


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S. ficxelauri

saubrebis Cawerisa da kontrolis ganxorcielebis taqtika

sxvadasxva saxis danaSauli, gansakuTrebiT iseTi mZime, rogoricaa gamoZalva, adamianis ga-

taceba, mZevlad ayvana da sxva gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas saWiroebs. sisxlis sa-marTlis saproceso kodeqsis 181-e muxlis mixedviT, gamoZalva miCneulia „sxvisi nivTis an qo-nebrivi uflebis gadacemis an qonebrivi sargeblobis moTxovna, rasac Tan erTvis dazaralebu-lis an misi axlo naTesavis mimarT Zaladobis gamoyenebis an maTi nivTis ganadgurebis an daziane-bis anda maTTvis saxelis gamtexi cnobis gaxmaureba an sxva iseTi cnobis gavrcelebis muqara, romelmac SeiZleba arsebiTad daazianos maTi uflebebi“.1

adamianis gataceba da mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba SesaZlebelia moxdes teroristuli mizniTac an religiuri motiviT, rac am ukanasknel periodSi Zalze gaxSirda, riTac aiZuleben sxvadasxva uwyebebs da dawesebulebebs Seasrulon an ar Seasrulon esa Tu is qmedeba.

am saxis danaSaulis ariali farToa. igi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebis an maTi ojaxis wevrebis mimarT, aseve ucxoeTis oficialuri warmomadgenlis an saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi dacvisadmi daqvemdebarebuli piris mimarT2 da a.S.

aRniSnuli danaSaulobani metwilad Cadenilia organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebis mi-er, romlis wevrebic xSirad warmarTaven satelefono da sxva saxis molaparakebebs Tanamonawi-leebTan, Tavis msxverplTan, maT naTesavebTan, axlo adamianebTan da sxv. es saubrebi SeiZleba Seicavdes da xSir SemTxvevaSi Seicavs damatebiT informacias, romelsac aqvs sisxlis samarTlis saqmisaTvis mtkicebulebiTi, saorientacio da sxva saxis mniSvneloba.

am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi Setanilia norma (saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 1431 muxli), romelic saSualo simZimis, mZime da gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis Cadenisas gamomZiebels, Tu mas aqvs sakmarisi safuZve-li ivaraudos, rom piris, romlis mimarTac unda Catardes faruli sagamoZiebo moqmedeba da sxva pirTa satelefono saubrebi SeiZleba Seicavdes saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan informacias, uflebas aZlevs awarmoos maTi Cawera da kontroli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.

da Tu gamovlenilia Zaladobis Cadenis muqaris, gamoZalvis an sxva danaSaulebrivi moqmede-bis faqti dazaralebulTan, mowmesTan an maT axlo naTesavebTan da pirebTan mimarTebaSi, maTi werilobiTi gancxadebiT saproceso normebis dacviT aRniSnuli saubrebis kontroli da Cawera SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis gareSec da aseTi gancxadebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi – sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.3

satelefono da sxva saxis saubrebis kontroli da Cawera xorcieldeba sxvadasxva teqnikur mowyobilobaTa daxmarebiT, imis mixedviT, eleqtrokavSiris saSualebis romel saxeobas gamoi-yenebs farul sagamoZiebo moqmedebas daqvemdebarebuli da sxva piri.

satelefono da sxva saxis saubrebis kontroli da Cawera xorcieldeba sxvadasxva tipis sa-telefono sadgurebze, moZravi da usadeno kavSiris sistemaTa Semkreb centrSi da agreTve saer-To sargeblobis personaluri radiogamoZaxebis sistemebSi da eleqtrokavSiris sxva qselebSi. am saubrebis kontrolsa da Canawers erToblivad awarmoeben samarTaldamcavi organoebis spe-cialuri qvedanayofebi kavSiris operatorebi operatiul-samZebro RonisZiebebis sistemis dax-marebiT. saqme rTuldeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu farul sagamoZiebo moqmedebas daqvemdebarebuli, braldebuli da sxva piri iyeneben eleqtrokavSiris saSualebebs, romelic efuZneba moqmedebis usadeno princips da romelsac ar gaaCnia komutaciis an retranslaciis centri. aseT SemTxveva-Si samarTaldamcavi organoebis qvedanayofebi gamoiyeneben specialur aparaturas, romelic ax-dens kavSiris am arxebidan informaciis pelengacias, mosmenas (gadaRebas) da fiqsirebas. aRniS-nuli moqmedebebi xorcieldeba samarTaldamcavi organoebis Sesabamisi danayofebis mier, ro-

1 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tb., 2014 gv. 91. 2 iqve, gv. 179. 3 S. fafiaSvili, kriminalistika (gansakuTrebuli nawili), saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2013, gv. 276.


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melsac aqvs saWiro teqnikuri saSualebebi da aparatura. es moqmedebebi SeiZleba gagrZeldes ramdenime Tvemde da maTi Sewyveta SeiZleba mxolod gamomZieblis dadgenilebis safuZvelze.

aRniSnuli sagamoZiebo moqmedeba warmoadgens gamomZieblisa da operatiul-samZebro muSa-kebis moqmedebis kompleqss fonogramis kontrolis, Caweris, daTvalierebisa da mosmenis sakiT-xSi.1

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-3 muxlis 23-e punqtis Tanaxmad, mtkicebulebad da dokumentad iTvleba nebismieri wyaro, romelSic informacia aRbeWdilia sityvier-niSnobrivi formiT anda foto, kino-video-bgerisa Tu sxva Canaweris saxiT an sxva teq-nikuri saSualebis gamoyenebiT.

rogorc nebismieri sagamoZiebo moqmedeba, saubris kontroli da Cawera moiTxovs garkveul momzadebas, ris safuZvelzec xdeba:

- sagamoZiebo situaciis analizi da Sefaseba, romelic moiTxovs mocemuli sagamoZiebo moqmedebis Catarebas;

- abonentebis telefonebis nomrebisa an maT mier gamoyenebuli kavSiris sxva arxebis da-zustebas, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes gamoZiebisaTvis saintereso pirebis sa-ubrebis an maT mier informaciis gadacemis dafiqsireba;

- iseTi sakiTxebis gadawyveta, rogoricaa kontrolisa da Caweris dro, xangrZlivoba da xerxi.

- sasamarTlos nebarTvis miReba da misi dadgenilebasTan erTad gadacema im organosTvis, romelic axorcielebs saubrebis kontrolsa da Caweras.

satelefono da sxva saxis saubrebis kontroli da Cawera xorcieldeba gamomZieblis dadge-nilebis safuZvelze, romelic Semdgom Sesasruleblad egzavneba Sesabamis organos.

saubrebis kontrolis da Caweris warmoebis nebismier momentSi gamomZiebels SeuZlia gamo-iTxovos am organodan fonograma, daaTvalieros da mousminos mas. fonograma unda gadaeces ga-momZiebels daluquli saxiT TandarTuli weriliT, romelSic aRiniSneba saubrebis Caweris daw-yebisa da dasrulebis TariRi da dro da agreTve am procesis dros gamoyenebuli teqnikuri sa-Sualebebis mokle daxasiaTeba.

fonogramis daTvalierebisas yuradReba unda mieqces kasetis markas, mis Taviseburebas, moxda Cawera mTel lentaze Tu mxolod mis nawilze, aris Tu ara kaseta daculi Secvlisagan, xom ar aRiniSneba mis zedapirze dazianeba an gaxsnis kvali.

fonogramis mosmena xdeba gamomZieblis mier damswre pirebis monawileobiT, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi specialistis an im pirebis TandaswrebiT, romelTa daxmarebiT dazustdeba, Tu visi satelefono an sxva saxis saubrebia Cawerili.

fonogramis daTvalierebisa da mosmenis Semdeg dgeba am sagamoZiebo moqmedebis oqmi. masSi fiqsirdeba kasetis zemoT aRniSnuli monacemebi, dafiqsirdeba magnitofonis modeli, romlis meSveobiTac moxda mosmena da gadmoicema fonogramis is nawili, romelic, gamomZieblis azriT, exeba mocemul sisxlis samarTlis saqmes.

mosmenis Semdeg kaseta Tavsdeba futlarSi, romelic iwebeba „skoCis“ lentiT da xelmowe-rilia gamomZieblisa da damswre pirebis mier.

TviT fonograma erTveba sisxlis samarTlis saqmis masalebs gamomZieblis dadgenilebis sa-fuZvelze, rogorc nivTmtkiceba da inaxeba daluquli saxiT, riTac gamoricxulia sxvis mier mi-si mosmena an ucxo pirebisaTvis fonogramis tiraJireba; daculia misi Senaxvis pirobebi, raTa SesaZlo iyos misi gamoyeneba ganmeorebiTi mosmenisaTvis, agreTve sasamarTlos sxdomazec.

aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi fonograma SesaZloa gaxdes Sesabamisi saeqperto kvlevis obieq-tic.

satelefono saubrebis mosmena SeiZleba Catarebul iqnas sasamarTlos gadawyvetis safuZ-velze, rogorc operatiul-samZebro RonisZieba operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis procesSi. am Canawerebis Sedegebi, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gadaeces gamomZiebels sagamoZiebo moqmedebis Casatareblad da gamoyenebuli iqnas mtkicebad sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi.

1 r. gogSeliZe, a. faliaSvili, kriminalistika, Tb., 2009, gv. 80.


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operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis msvlelobisas igive monacemebisa da pirobebis arsebobisas SeiZleba Catarebul iqnas iseTi operatiul-samZebro RonisZieba, rogoricaa informaciis moxsna kavSiris teqnikuri arxebidan. am RonisZiebis arsi mdgomareobs informaciis miRebaSi specialu-ri teqnikuri saSualebebis meSveobiT kontrolis gziT eleqtromagnitur da sxva velebze, rome-lic warmoiSoba sxvadasxva monacemTa gadacemis Sedegad eleqtrokavSiris qselis meSveobiT kompiuteruli, satelekomunikacio qselebisTvis da monacemTa sxva bazebisaTvis, romlebic axorcieleben informaciis Segrovebas, damuSavebas, Senaxvas, moZiebas da gavrcelebas. am Ronis-Ziebebis monacemebic agreTve gadaecema gamomZiebels da gamoiyeneba rogorc mtkicebuleba.

amrigad, saubrebis Cawerisa da kontrolis ganxorcielebis taqtika mniSvnelovani procesia kriminalistikaSi da teqnikur evoluciasTan erTad moiTxovs Teoriul-samarTlebriv damuSave-basac.


1. gogSeliZe r., faliaSvili a., kriminalistika, Tb., 2009. 2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tb., 2014. 3. fafiaSvili S., kriminalistika (gansakuTrebuli nawili), saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2013.

S. ficxelauri

saubrebis Cawerisa da kontrolis ganxorcielebis taqtika reziume

mocemuli naSromi exeba operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis msvlelobisas ganxorcielebul

sagamoZiebo moqmedebebs, konkretulad ki – saubrebis Cawerisa da kontrolis ganxorcielebis taqtikas.

danaSaulis areali farToa da SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saxelmwifo-politikuri Tanamde-bobis pirebis an maTi ojaxis wevrebis mimarT, aseve ucxoeTis oficialuri warmomadgenlis an sa-erTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi dacvisadmi daqvemdebarebuli piris mimarT da a.S.

Sh. Pitskelauri Conversation Insert and Control Implementation Technics

Summary Presented work deals with the operative investigative activities, in particular — conversation insert and control

implementation technics caused by different breaches of law. The variety of crime is wide and can be executed against public-political figures and their family members, also

against foreign official representatives or the person being under international- law defense, etc.


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r. Sengelia, e. Sengelia

fulis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis ekonomikuri

da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi

1. fuls uZvelesi istoria aqvs. misi warmoSoba dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

adreul safexurebTan. interesi misi raobis Sesaxeb dResac ar ganelebula. mas msoflio civili-zaciis umniSvnelovanes safuZvladac miiCneven da udides borotebadac. yvela SemTxvevaSi fuls, misi warmoSobidan dRemde, adamianisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.

fulis warmoSobis Sesaxeb uamrav SexedulebaTa fonze, yvelaze realur da logikur war-modgenas qmnis ori Teoria: pirveli aristoteles droidan momdinareobs da periodulad aqtiu-ri momxreebic uCndeba. maTi azriT, fuli SeTanxmebis produqtia, subieqturi faqtoris safuZ-velzea warmoSobili. adamianebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmeba Semdeg qcevis savaldebulo wesebSi aisaxa da ganmtkicda. meore Teoriis mixedviT fuli warmoiSva evoluciis procesis Sedegad, ro-melmac adamianisagan damoukideblad, obieqturi kanonzomierebis safuZvelze gamoiwvia saganTa saerTo masisgan zogierTi maTganis gamoyofa da misTvis gacvlis funqciis mikuTvneba. aseTi Te-oria SedarebiT axalia da dakavSirebulia a.smiTis, d.rikardos, k.marqsisa da momdevno periodis sxva gamoCenil moazrovneebTan. marTalia, aRniSnuli Teoriebis wyalgamyofad subieqturisa da obieqturis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli kategoriebi gamodian, magram saboloo jamSi, maT So-ris arsebuli saerTo niSnebi fulis warmoSobis realuri safuZvlis kompleqsurad gaanalize-bis saSualebas warmoadgens.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gzaze mniSvnelovan safexurs warmoadgenda Sromis didi sazoga-doebrivi danawileba. mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebi da fenebi sxvadasxva saqonels amzadeb-dnen. warmoebis procesma dRis wesrigSi daayena warmoebuli saqonlis sxvaze gadacvlis auci-lebloba. gadacvlis process Tan axlda Rirebulebis martivi formebis Camoyalibeba. es is peri-odia, roca gacvlas naturaluri xasiaTi gaaCnia. am dros, fulis gamoyenebis gareSe, erTi saqon-lis gansazRvruli raodenoba icvleboda meore saqonlis Sesabamis odenobaze, aseT dros gac-vla SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebda. momdevno periodSi igi regularul xasiaTs Rebulobs. 1

Sesabamisad Rirebulebis martivi forma (erTi saxis saqonlis meoreSi gacvla) gadaizarda SedarebiT rTul anu srul formaSi (erTi saxis saqonlis gacvla ramdenime saxis saqonelze). Semdgom etapze Rirebulebis sruli forma erTgvar Semaferxebel garemoebad gadaiqca regula-ruli gacvlisaTvis. jer erTi, izrdeboda im saqonlis ricxvi, romelSic SeiZleboda gamoxatu-liyo ama Tu im saqonlis Rirebuleba. meorec, Tu erTi saqonlis mflobeli meores ucvlida sa-qonels, am ukanasknels sWirdeboda ara pirvelis, aramed mesamis saqoneli. amitom pirvelsa da meore saqonelmwarmoebels Soris gacvla SesaZlebeli iqneboda maSin, Tu bazarze aRmoCndeboda iseTi saqoneli, romelic yvela sxva saqonelze gaicvleboda da aseTi saqonlis meSveobiT meore saqonelmwarmoebeli nebismier sxva saqonels SeiZenda. gacvlis sayovelTao ekvivalentis Tvise-bebis mqone saqonelze moTxovnileba TandaTan izrdeboda. aseTi saqoneli Rirebulebis sayo-velTao formis anu fulis damkvidrebis safuZveli gaxda. sayovelTao ekvivalentis funqciis Sesruleba SeeZlo romelime Sinaur cxovels an sasoflo-sameurneo produqts da a.S. Tumca ase-Ti saqonlis simravle da maTi naturaluri xasiaTi garkveul siZneleebs qmnida farTo masStabe-biT gamosayenebeli sayovelTao ekvivalentis mqone saqonlis Sesaqmnelad. saqonelwarmoebisa da gacvlis gafarToeba TandaTan safuZvlad daedo naturaluri ekvivalentis Secvlas myari da farTomasStabiani sayovelTao ekvivalentiT. aseTi rolis Sesruleba daekisra vercxlsa da oq-ros. dasawyisSi fulis funqcias warmatebiT asrulebla vercxli. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi ver-cxlTan erTad Rirebulebebis sayovelTao ekvivalentad oqroc gamodioda. XIX saukunis dasaw-yisidan oqros upiratesoba aSkarad ikveTeba da amave saukunis dasasrulidan vercxli srulad Secvala oqrom. amgvarad, saqonlis Rirebulebis gamoxatva oqros RirebulebiT, oqros gansa-kuTrebuli saxis sayovelTao ekvivalentobas adasturebda. man daikava monopoliuri mdgomare-oba da fulad saqonlad gadaiqca. Rirebulebis fuladi formis upiratesoba oqros SinaarsSi koncentrirebulad aisaxa. oqro, sxva saqonlisagan gansxvavebiT, xasiaTdeba bevri specifikuri 1 fulis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. r. asaTiani, fuli da fuladi sistemebi. Tb., 1996. S.qistauri, qarTuli fuli, Tb., 2007.


14

TaviseburebiT. kerZod, advilad SeiZleba misi danawevreba-dayofa nebismier sidideebad ise, rom igi ar kargavs Tavis Tvisebebs; mis mcire moculobaSi koncentrirebulia didi Rirebuleba; igi ar fuWdeba da advilia misi Senaxva; advilia misi xarisxis Semowmeba sinjis dadgeniT; misi odenoba bunebaSi sakmaod SezRudulia da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris. swored am Tvisebe-bis gamo gadaiqca igi sayovelTao saxmari Rirebulebis ekvivalentad da daupirispirda mxolod specifikuri saxmari Rirebulebis matarebel yvela saqonels. amitomac gaxda oqro simdidrisa da Zalauflebis simbolo. amis gamo moxda misi gafetiSeba.

vercxli da oqro fulis rolSi jer zodebis saxiT gamodioda. saqonlis zodebze gacvlis TiToeuli aqtis dros saWiro iyo liTonis danawevreba, wonisa da xarisxis dadgena da sxv. ami-tom logikurad warmoiSva imis aucilebloba, rom zodebi Secvliliyo monetebiT1, romelSic wi-naswar aisaxeboda wonisa da xarisxis maCveneblebi. fulma monetis forma miiRo, SeiZina erovnu-li saxe da misi damzadeba saxelmwifo monopoliad iqca. pirveli moneta moiWra Zv. welTaRric-xvis VII saukuneSi lidiaSi da gavrcelda Savi da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis saxelmwifoebSi. uZve-lesi qarTuli vercxlis moneta ki Zv. w. VI saukuniT TariRdeba. fulis istoriaSi monetaruli periodi axali welTaRricxvis bolo saukuneebamde grZeldeboda. arsebobis xangrZlivma peri-odma damajereblad daadastura qaRaldis fulis SemoRebis aucilebloba.. liTonis fuls Wri-da saxelmwifoebica da qalaqebic, mefeebica da Tavadebic. monetebis wona da xarisxi TandaTan klebulobda. fuls amzadebdnen nikelisa da spilenZisaganac, monetebis mniSvnelovani odenobis tareba garkveul siZneleebs qmnida. 2

es problema qaRaldis fulma warmatebiT gadaWra. igi saxelmwifos mier gamoSvebuli fasia-ni qaRaldia, romelic liTonis fulis adgils iWers da gadaxdis kanonier saSualebad iTvleba. qaRaldis fuli Rirebulebis niSania, romelic srulfasovan fuls cvlis mimoqcevaSi. amitom mas ar moeTxoveba, rom sakuTari Rirebuleba hqondes da srulfasovani iyos. igi oqros cvlis qaRaldis simboloebiT, oqros warmomadgenelia. qaRaldis fulis gamoSvebis tradicias safuZ-veli Caeyara VII saukunis CineTSi. iq mimoqcevaSi iyo spilenZis monetebi. maTi Senaxva, gadaTvla da gadatana sakmaod rTuli iyo. amitom imperator li jis gankargulebiT gamoSvebul iqna ma-Ralxarisxovan qaRaldze dabeWdili fulis niSani, romelsac „pao-Zi“ ewoda. erTi niSani aTi aTas spilenZis monetas udrida. nebismier dros Tavisuflad SeiZleboda misi gadaxurdaveba spi-lenZis monetebze. amiT gamartivda fulis mimoqceva, ramac qaRaldis fulis popularoba ganapi-roba. mogvianebiT Cinelebs mibaZes sparselebma da iaponelebma, Semdeg ki sxva qveynebSic gav-rcelda qaRaldis fuli. amJamad TiTqmis arc erT qveyanaSi ar xmaroben liTonis fuls. qaRal-dis fulis SemoRebiT iwyeba fulis istoriis axali etapi — emisiuri (dekretuli) fulis perio-di.

vercxlisa da oqros zodebis saxiT arsebuli fuli, upirveles yovlisa, Rirebulebis sazo-mis funqcias asrulebda. es zodebi TviTon warmoadgenda gansazRvrul Rirebulebas, amitom ma-Ti sxva nebismier saqonelTan TanafardobiT am ukanasknelTa Rirebulebis gansazRvrac advili SesaZlebeli iyo. ufro metic, liTonis fuliT saqonlis Rirebuleba izomeboda manamdec, vidre esa Tu is saqoneli fulze gaicvleboda. saqonlis Rirebulebis fuliT gamoxatvisaTvis ar iyo aucilebeli naRdi fulis realurad arseboba. roca saqonlis mflobeli Tavis saqonels gansaz-Rvrul fass adebda, igi qonebiT gamoxatavda saqonlis Rirebulebas. vercxliT an oqroTi es Se-saZlebeli iyo swored imis gamo, rom realurad arsebobda liTonis fulis Rirebulebis Tana-fardobis gansazRvris SesaZlebloba ama Tu im saqonlis RirebulebasTan. Rirebulebis sazomis saxiT jer vercxli, Semdeg ki oqro, rogorc fuladi saqoneli, gansazRvravda yvela sxva saqon-lis fass. es procesi yovelTvis ganpirobebuli iyo saqonlis Rirebulebisa da liTonis fulis Rirebulebis cvalebadobiT, rac TavisTavad iwvevda fasebis cvlilebebs. magaliTad, Tu ucvle-li iyo oqros Rirebuleba, maSin saqonlis Rirebulebis gazrda saqonlis fasis zrdas iwvevda da

1 moneto – saxli, romelSic fuls amzadebdnen Zvel romSi. aqedanaa saxelwodeba ,,moneta’’. aseTi saxli adre qalRmerT iunona monetas taZris saxiT arsebobda lidiis saxelmwifoSi xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze, dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze. 2 cnobilia aseTi istoriuli kuriozi: ®́!saukunis italieli mxatvari korejo sakuTarma honorarma imsxverpla. man bolo naxatSi aRebuli Tanxa – 25 kg. spilenZis monetebi tomriT ramodenime kilometri atara da saxlSi misvlis win daiRupa kidec.


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piriqiT — misi Semcireba iwvevda fasis Semcirebasac. saqonlis Rirebulebis ucvlelobis piro-bebSi misi fasi izrdeboda oqros Rirebulebis SemcirebiT da saqonlis fasi ecemoda oqros Ri-rebulebis gazrdiT. oqros Rirebulebis cvlileba xSirad damokidebuli iyo spilenZis sabado-ebis aRmoCenasa da misi warmoebis ganviTarebis doneze.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi, roca saqoneli fulma Secvala, oqros fasis cvlileba ar iwvevs sxva saqonlis fasebis cvlilebas. rogorc cnobilia, oqros sayovelTao ekvivalentad funqcio-nirebis epoqaSi (monometalizmis periodi — bimetalizmisagan gansxvavebiT, roca vercxli da oq-ro erTdroulad asrulebda imave funqcias) saqonlis Rirebuleba gamoixateboda oqros gansaz-Rvruli woniTi raodenobiT, romelic miRebuli iyo fulad erTeulad, rac iZleva sxvadasxva sa-qonlis Sedarebisa da gazomvis SesaZleblobas. fuladi erTeuli Tavisi Sida danayofebiT war-moadgens fasebis masStabs. oqros fulis periodSi fasebis masStabi asaxavda kanoniT fiqsire-bul oqros woniT raodenobas mocemuli qveynis fulad erTeulSi. am rolSi fuli marto Rire-bulebis sazomi ki ar aris, aramed saangariSo erTeulicaa. es saxecvlileba fulma ganicada mo-nometalizmis qaRaldiT SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT.

fasebis masStabs umetesad saxelmwifo adgenda. igi kanonmdeblobiT periodulad gansaz-Rvravda fuladi erTeulis oqros Semcvelobas. oqros demonetizaciis Semdeg, fulad erTeul-Si oqros Semcvelobis TandaTanobiT Semcirebam da qaRaldis fulis damkvidrebam gamoiwvia oq-ros fulis statusis Secvla. man, ise rogorc vercxlma erTi saukunis win, Sewyvita liTonis fu-lis formiT arseboba. oqro, rogorc fuli, ukve aRar funqcionirebs. oqros standarti Seicva-la qaRaldis fulis standartiT. Tanamedrove pirobebSi nebismieri qveynis fulad erTeuls araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs oqrosTan, rogorc fulTan. axla qaRaldis fuli warmoadgens oqros niSans. igi SemoRebulia saxelmwifos mier da mikuTvnebuli aqvs gansazRvruli kursi. imis gamo, rom sakuTari Rirebuleba ara aqvs, qaRaldis fuls ar SeuZlia Seasrulos Rirebulebis sazomis funqcia. igi saangariSo erTeulis rolSi gamodis da SeuZlia gamoxatos nebismieri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasi. qaRaldis fuliT fasdeba warmoebis moculoba da qveynis ekonomikuri mdgo-mareobis sxva maCveneblebi. qaRaldis fulsa da saqonlis an momsaxurebis fasebs Soris arsebobs kanonzomieri damokidebuleba: Tu qaRaldis fulis msyidvelobiTi unari ecema, fasebi izrdeba da Tu misi msyidvelobiTi unari izrdeba, maSin fasebi ecema.

qaRaldis fulis garanti misi gamomSvebi saxelmwifoa. mas konkretuli funqciebi xelisuf-lebis mier aqvs miniWebuli. amitom qaRaldis fuls dekretul fulsac uwodeben. misi avtorite-ti konkretuli qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis donezea damokidebuli. fulis zomas, fersa da mxatvrul saxes ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba, mTavaria igi garkveuli ndobiT sargeblobdes. fuladi niSnebis gamoSveba da brunvaSi mimoqceva saxelmwifos prerogativaa. fulis emisias cen-traluri bankebi axorcieleben.

emisia mimoqcevaSi fulis brunvis obieqturi ganonzomierebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. misi meSveobiT xdeba fulis stabiluri funqcionireba. igi aqtiur rols asrulebs fulis in-flaciuri da deflaciuri procesebis regulirebaSi.

inflacia fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris dacemaa, rac saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis sa-erTo donis uwyvet zrdas iwvevs. igi, saboloo jamSi cxovrebis Rirebulebis gaZvirebaa. infla-cia wminda ekonomikur faqtorebTan erTad, SeiZleba zedmetma emisiamac gamoiwvios. am dros brunvaSi arsebuli Warbi fulis nawili saqonliT ar aris uzrunvelyofili. maRali donis in-flacias hiperinflacia ewodeba. inflaciis sawinaaRmdego procesia deflacia, rac niSnavs War-bi fulis mimoqcevidan amoRebas da disproporciis aRmofxvras fulis odenobasa da saqonlis masas Soris. mas Tan axlavs fasebis dacemis tendencia.

fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris stabilizaciis mniSvnelovan gzas revalvacia warmoadgens. igi gulisxmobs erovnul fulad erTeulis kursis oficialur gazrdas sxva qveynebis valuteb-Tan SedarebiT, adre igi oqros Semcvelobis zrdas gulisxmobda. revalvaciis meSveobiT xdeba fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris amaRleba inflaciis wina periodis donemde da zogjer ufro meta-dac. aucileblobis SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifom SeiZleba devalvaciac daafiqsiros. igi fulis faqtobrivi gaufasurebis dadasturebaa. devalvacia fuladi reformis ganxorcielebis erT-er-Ti gzaa, romlis mizania sagadaxdo grZelvadiani deficitis gamosworeba fulis kursis Semcire-biT.


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2. fuls anu erovnul valutas didi adgili ukavia saxelmwifoebrivi atributikis SinaarsSi. mas mniSvnelovani funqciuri datvirTva aqvs. saxelmwifoSi sakuTari fulis arseboba ganapiro-bebs misi damoukideblobis, ekonomikuri da politikuri avtoritetis xarisxs, saSinao da saga-reo funqciebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. erovnuli fuli da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba urTierTganpirobebuli fenomenebia. fulis istoriaSi naTlad aisaxeba ama Tu im xalxis cxovre-baSi arsebuli warmatebisa da gaWirvebis, aRzevebisa da dacemis periodebi, politikur-socia-luri mdgomareobis peripetiebi.

fulis didi mniSvneloba kargad esmodaT qarTvelTa winaprebs da damoukideblobis mopove-bis yoveli etapis dros erovnuli fulis moWrasa da mimoqcevaSi gaSvebas iwyebdnen. qarTuli fulis ocdaxuTsaukunovan istoriaSi yvelaze xangrZlivi numizmatikuri periodia Zv. welTaR-ricxvis meeqvse saukunidan axali welTaRricxvis mecxramete saukunis bolomde, mas mohyva xan-mokle bonistikuri periodi (1918-1921 w.). meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebidan ki iwyeba emisiuri (qa-Raldis fulis mimoqceva) da eleqtronuli (kompiuteruli fuladi operaciebi) fulis damkvid-reba-ganviTarebis axali etapi.

Zvel saqarTveloSi fuls Wridnen oqros, vercxlis, brinjaos da spilenZis monetebis saxiT. ufro metad gavrcelebuli iyo vercxlis fuli1. es is periodia, roca ukve arsebobs kolxeTisa da iberiis saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi Tavisi politikuri, samarTlebrivi da finansuri in-stitutebiT, roca qarTvelur tomebs maRalganviTarebuli da mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri, savaW-ro, kulturuli kavSirebi hqondaT ara marto amierkavkasiaSi, aramed Savi da xmelTaSuazRvispi-reTSi mcxovreb xalxebTan. qarTuli fuli warmatebulad vrceldeboda am arealSi. uZveles qarTul monetebze gamosaxuli cxovelebi da adamianebi, mzis, miwisa da zRvis suraTebi naTlad metyveleben qarTuli modgmis mebrZoli sulisa da Sromisadmi erTgulebis siZliereze. marTa-lia qarTuli monetebi zogjer imeorebs mezobeli qveynebis monetebis parametrebs, magram maTi Sinaarsobrivi Taviseburebebi aSkarad adastureben am monetebis kolxur-iberiul warmoSobas. mogvianebiT qarTul monetebze Cndeba pirvel qarTvel mefeTa saxelebisa da titulebis aRmniS-vneli warwerebi, jvrebi, locvebi da sxva teqstebi. qarTul monetebTan erTad brunvaSi erTveba aleqsandre makedonelis monetebis originalebi da maTi adgilobrivi kolxur-iberiuli minaba-Zebi. qarTul samefoebSi vrceldeba agreTve romauli dinarebi da parTiuli drahmebi. ucxouri fulis saqarTveloSi gavrceleba arasasurveli politikur-ekonomikuri viTarebis gamomxatve-li iyo. Zveli msoflios ori udidesi imperiis — romisa da parTiis (faqtobrivad dasavluri da aRmosavluri civilizaciebis) dapirispirebis centrSi moxvedra, Semdeg ki axali welTaRricxvi-dan bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris konfrontaciaSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli CarTuloba uar-yofiT zegavlenas axdenda qarTuli fulis mimoqcevaze, ekonomikur da politikur urTierTo-baTa ganviTarebaze.

qarTuli fulis ganviTarebaSi axali etapi iwyeba gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos Seq-mnis Semdeg. misi pirveli mefe bagrat mesame Wris erTiani qarTuli samefos monetas. es procesi Semdegac gagrZelda. monetebze gakeTebuli warwerebi naTlad gamoxataven qarTvel mefeTa sta-tuss da avtoritets, qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur procesebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia da-viT aRmaSeneblis monetaze gakeTebuli warwera – „mefeTa mefe daviT, Ze giorgisa, mesiis maxvi-li“. daviTis epoqaSi moxda qarTuli fuladi sistemis ganaxleba da ganmtkiceba. am dros Seicva-la araqarTuli monetebi qarTuliT, mimoqcevaSi damkvidrda qarTuli valuta, ganisazRvra misi liToni (spilenZi), wona, sinji da warwerebi. mTeli qveynis teritoriaze brunavs qarTuli fuli da safinanso-sakredito urTierTobis ganviTarebis kvalobaze safuZveli eyreba qveynis ekono-mikis gamTlianebas.

daviTis kurss warmatebiT agrZeleben Svili demetre, SvilisSvili giorgi mesame da misi Rirseuli memkvidre Tamari. maTi Rvawli erovnuli fuladi sistemis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi kar-

1 liTonis fulisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori etapi: erTi, roca saxelmwifos mier ar iyo dadgenili fulis forma, sinji da wona. amitom saWiroebisas liTons Wridnen da Semdeg wonidnen (woniTi fuli). amis dasturia Zvelidan SemorCenili saxelwodebebi: ,,funti(girvanqa)sterlingi’’ da ,,rubli’’ (rublionnie dengi). meore, roca liTonis moWra xdeboda gansazRvruli formis-monetis saxiT, romelsac Tavisi sinji (liTonis saxeoba, xarisxi) da wona unda honoda (saangariSo fuli).


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gad aRbeWdes da Cvenamde moitanes qarTulma monetebma.1 maTi meSveobiT imdroindeli saxelmwi-fo mmarTvelobis sistemis Sesaxebac iqmneba garkveuli warmodgena, mefeTa titulebic srulyo-filad aisaxeboda monetebze. magaliTad, Tamaris epoqis monetaze warwerilia: „dedofali de-dofalTa, Sveneba qveynisa da sarwmunoebisa, Tamari, asuli giorgisa, mesiis Tayvanismcemeli“.

qarTuli saxelmwifos Zlierebisa da ayvavebis xanis qarTuli monetebis brunvaunarianobis gazrdisa da sazRvargareTis qveynebSi popularobis mopovebis mizniT, qarTulTan erTad warwe-rebi arabul enazec keTdeboda. arabuli im periodSi sakmaod gavrcelebul enas warmoadgenda da mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels qarTuli valutis e.w.konvertirebadobas.

qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriaSi warmatebul da naTel periodebs xSirad enacvleboda um-Zimesi da dramatuli wlebi, roca mtrebi mZlavrobdnen, qveyana ingreoda da garkveuli droiT romelime dampyroblis batonobis qveS eqceoda. maSin aramarto damoukidebloba uqmdeboda, aramed qarTuli fulis moWrac wydeboda. qarTulis nacvlad dampyrobeli qveynis fuladi sis-tema ikidebda fexs. mimoqcevaSi ucxour monetebTan erTad qarTuli warmomavlobis, magram war-weragadakeTebul (dampyrobeli mmarTvelis damRis, saxelisa da titulis aRniSvniT) fulsac uSvebdnen. aseT warwerebs, romlebic ZiriTadad arabul enaze keTdeboda, xSirad qveynisa da xe-lisuflebis Rirsebis Semlaxveli Sinaarsi hqonda. magaliTad, daviT narinis droindel qarTu-lenovan (aversi) monetas ukana gverdze (reversi) arabulad aweria: „msoflios mflobelis yae-nis mona daviT mefe“. ase eqceodnen saqarTvelos aramarto arabebi da monRolebi, iraneli Sahebi da TurqeTis sulTnebi, aramed ruseTis mefeebi da sabWoTa genmdivnebic. miuxedavad amisa, qar-Tuli fuli mainc axerxebda gadarCenas da istoriis naTel SualedebSi SeZenili energiiT Tavi-sufali momavlisaken swrafvas.

amgvarad, radgan qarTuli fuli saukuneTa manZilze mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mezobeli qveynebis fulad sistemebTan da saqarTvelos yoveli dampyrobeli yovelTvis sakuTar finansur kabalaSi aqcevda mas (iZulebiT ucvlida erovnul fuls garegnul saxes, saxelwodebas da sxv.), xSirad icvleboda qarTuli fulis wona, sinji da zogjer misi saxelwodebac ki. amitom qarTuli fulis istoriaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba fulis aRmniSvneli qarTuli saxelwodebebi (aseTi gamonak-lisia, magaliTad giorgi brwyinvalis mier moWrili monetebi saxelwodebiT „giorgauli“). ara-qarTuli warmoSobis saxelwodebebia: fluri, dangi, Sauri, dinari, abazi, uzalTuni da sxv. ara-qarTulia terminic „maneTi“. igi momdinareobs rusul enaSi damkvidrebuli „monetisagan“, rome-lic ruseTis imperiaSi ixmareboda vercxlis fulis – „rublis“ aRsaniSnavad. es aisaxa nikoloz I-is fulis reformis Semdgom moWril monetebze, romlebzec warwerili iyo „Монета рубль“ e.i. vercxlis erTi rublis Rirebulebis mqone moneta. saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis dam-kvidrebis Semdeg gavrcelda termini „maneTi“. amis gamo sabWoTa fulis sakavSiro erTeulis — rublis oficialuri eqvivalenturi qarTuli saxelwodeba gaxda „maneTi“. aseve rusulis gavle-niTaa damkvidrebuli xurda fulis termini „kapiki“ (fulze gamoxatuli Subiani (kapio) mebrZo-li).

Zvel saqarTveloSi moWril monetebs im liTonis feris Sesabamisi zogadi saxelwodeba qon-daT, romlisganac isini mzaddeboda. amis mixedviT oqros monetas – „wiTeli“, vercxlisas – „TeTri“, spilenZisas ki „Savi“ ewodeboda. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom 1804-1834 wlebSi, Tbi-lisSi, rostom mefis sasaxlis teritoriaze mdebare zarafxanaSi moWril vercxlis monetebze amotvifrulia sityvebi „qarTuli TeTri“, rac niSnavs qarTuli vercxlis monetas. vercxlis aR-mniSvneli terminis – „TeTris“ damkvidreba fulis saxelwodebad ganapiroba ruseTis impera-torma aleqsandre pirvelma, romelmac brZana, rom ruseTTan qarTl-kaxeTis SeerTebis Semdeg TbilisSi moWril monetebze moxseniebuli ar unda yofiliyo qarTuli fulis romelime saxel-wodeba. qarTuli monetebi unda yofiliyo ruseTis imperiis fuladi sistemis Sesabamisi. qarTu-li fulis gamoSveba saxelwodebis gareSe da masze vercxlis aRmniSvneli zogadi terminis „TeT-ris“ amotvifrva rusifikatoruli politikis erT-erTi punqtis ganxorcielebas warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli welTaRricxvis VI-III saukuneebis kolxeTis moW-ril monetebs — tetradrahmebs, naxevardrahmebs da drahmebs — mxolod pirobiTad uwodeben „kolxur TeTrs“, radgan es monetebi vercxlisa iyo da kolxeTis teritoriaze iWreboda. Tana-medrove msoflioSi monetebs ukve arcerT qveyanaSi ar Wrian. 1 dawvrilebiT ix. SoTa qistauri, qarTuli fuli, Tb., 2007, gv 14-18.


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ruseTis batonobisagan damoukideblobis pirvelad mopovebis periodisaTvis (1918-1921) sa-qarTvelos teritoriaze brunvaSi iyo ramdenime saxis fuli — mefisdroindeli „sakredito bi-leTebi“, droebiTi mTavrobis fuli „kerenkebi“ da amierkavkasiis komisariatis „bonebi“. saqar-Tvelos respublika azerbaijanisa da somxeTis xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT cdilobda xeli Seewyo „bonebis“ emisiisaTvis da TandaTan SeezRuda ruseTis „sakredito bileTebis“ mimoqceva. amasTan, ucxouri valutis yidva-gayidva saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa prerogativa gaxda da misi kursis dadgena adgilobriv bonebTan TanafardobaSi wydeboda. miuxedavad dadebiTi faqtore-bisa, rac dakavSirebuli iyo amierkavkasiis finansur unificirebasTan, Seqmnili mdgomareoba aS-karad zRudavda suverenuli respublikebis damoukideblobas fulad-sakredito sferoSi. amis gamo qarTuli fulis, Tundac bonis saxiT, Seqmnis aucilebloba TandaTan realuri xdeboda. 1919 wlis 11 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo dekreti qarTuli bonebis gamocemis Sesa-xeb. saqarTvelos mTavrobas neba mieca dasawyisisaTvis gamoeca samasi milioni maneTis bonebi. bonebs xels awerdnen noe Jordania da konstantine kandelaki (finansTa ministri). bonebi gamo-dioda Tavdapirvelad 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 da 500 maneTiani kupiurebiT, mogvianebiT ki mimoqcevaSi Sevida 1000 da 5000 maneTianebic. qarTuli bonebi uzrunvelyofili iyo saqarTvelos mTeli qo-nebiT1.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis bolo periodSi qarTuli fulis para-lelurad mimoqcevaSi iyo ramdenime ucxouri valuta, romelTa Soris qarTuli boni yvelaze mtkice fulis erTeulad iTvleboda.2

amrigad, pirvel qarTul erovnul valutas — bonebs raime qarTuli saxelwodebis nacvlad rusuli Sinaarsis „maneTi“ ewoda. saqarTvelos mesveurebi Tavidanve Seecadnen „gamoesworebi-naT“ es xarvezi. 1920 wels gamzadebul iqna 25 marCilis Rirebulebis banknotis proeqti, rome-lic 1921 wlidan unda gamosuliyo mimoqcevaSi, „marCili“ ewodeboda vercxlis monetas, rome-lic iWreboda XVII saukunis saqarTveloSi. igi udrida sam abazs anu Tormet Saurs. es saxelwo-deba dakavSirebulia veneciaSi nikolo marCelos gamgeblobis dros (1447-1474) moWril vercxlis fulTan. erTi marCelo udrida naxevar liras. marCelo anu qarTulad damkvidrebuli marCili Tavis droze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis regionebis saxelmwifoebSi. samwuxarod saqarTvelos mTavrobis Canafiqri — aRedginaT Zvel saqarTveloSi xmarebuli fu-lis saxelwodeba — „marCili“ — ver ganxorcielda. 1921 wlis Tebervlis aneqsiis Semdeg xmarebi-dan amoRebul iqna qarTuli fuli da misi adgili sabWoeTis „Cervonecebs“ da „rublebs“ daeTmo. am droidan moyolebuli damoukideblobis meorejer mopovebamde saqarTvelos Tavisi fuli aRar hqonia.

1993 wels erovnulma bankma saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetis dadgenilebis safuZvelze mi-moqcevaSi gamouSva qarTuli fulis surogati-kuponebi, romelic sabWouri maneTis paralelu-rad aRiarebul iqna kanonier sagadaxdo da mimoqcevis saSualebad. kuponi sabolood samaneTo zonidan saqarTvelos gamosvlisa da 1995 wlidan qarTuli stabiluri fulis – laris SemoRebis winapiroba gaxda.


1. asaTiani r., fuli da fuladi sistemebi, Tb. 1996. 2. Sengelia r., Sengelia e., sabanko samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tb. 2014. 3. Sengelia r., safinanso samarTali, Tb. 2009. 4. qistauri S., qarTuli fuli, Tb. 2007. 5. qvaCaxia ir., qutiZe r., ekonomikuri Teoria, Tb. 2000. 6. javaxiSvili n., saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis bonebi, Tb. 1998.

1 dawvrilebiT ix. niko javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis bonebi, Tb., 1998. 2 dawvrilebiT ix. roman Sengelia, saqarTvelos safinanso samarTlis sakiTxebi, nakveT MM, Tb., 1993, gv 147-156.


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r. Sengelia, e. Sengelia

fulis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi reziume

fulis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul safexurebTan. mas

msoflios civilizaciis umniSvnelovanes safuZvlad miiCneven da udides borotebadac. misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Teoria arsebobs. pirveli moneta, romelic Zv. welTaRricxviT VII!saukuneSi moiWra, safuZvlad daedo manamde gavrcelebuli saqonelwarmoebisa da gacvlis sayo-velTaod miRebuli naturaluri ekvivalentis gamoyenebis gauqmebas. aseTi funqciis Sesruleba daekisra vercxlsa da oqros. `monetaruli~ periodi Seicvala qaRaldis fulis standartiT.

qarTuli fulis SinaarsSi srulyofilad aisaxa yvela is Tavisebureba, rac erTi mxriv, zo-gadad fulis da meore mxriv, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis calkeuli etapisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

R. Shengelia, E.Shengelia

Economic and Legal Aspects of the Origin-Development of Money

Summary

The origin of money is related to the early stages of the community development. It is considered as the most important basis for the civilization of the world and the greatest evil. There are different theories about its origin. The first coin, which was mint in the 7th century BC, it was the basis for the abolition of the use of commonly obtained natural equivalents of spread commodity production and exchanges. Such function was imposed on silver and gold. The monetary period was changed by the paper money standard.

In the content of the Georgian money were perfectly reflected all those peculiarities, which, from one side, were generally money, and from the second side was characteristic for a separate stage of the development of the Georgian statehood.


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ekonomikis mecnierebebi

b. aladaSvili

ekonomikuri sanqciebi, rogorc geopolitikuri iaraRi

sanqciebis istoria iwyeba saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis Camoyalibebidan da isini

odiTganve sxva qveyanaze zemoqmedebiT sakuTari politikuri da saboloo angariSiT, ekonomi-kuri interesebis miRwevas emsaxurebodnen. Tumca aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamed-rove saerTaSoriso samarTali krZalavs calmxrivad samxedro da ekonomikuri Zalis gamoyene-bas sxva qveynis ekonomikuri, politikuri da samxedro damorCilebis mizniT.

ekonomikuri sanqcia — iZulebis, zemoqmedebis zoma kanonis darRvevisaTvis. is aris saer-TaSoriso samarTaliT gaTvaliswinebuli zemoqmedebis zoma, romelsac mimarTaven saerTaSo-riso valdebulebebis an normebis damrRvevi saxelmwifos mimarT;

embargo — aris saqonlis importis an eqsportis akrZalva, romelime saxelmwifoSi. gaero iTvaliswinebs embargos, rogorc koleqtiuri represiuli RonisZiebis gamoyenebas im qveynebis mimarT, romelTa qmedebac saSiSroebas uqmnis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebas.

blokada — ekonomikur, politikur da samxedro RonisZiebaTa sistemaa, romelic gamoiye-neba mSvidobian an omis periodSi da miznad isaxavs calkeuli qveynis ekonomikur da politikur izolacias saerTaSoriso organizaciebisagan an wayenebuli moTxovnebis Sesrulebamde.

"ekonomikuri omi" — misi warmoeba SesaZlebelia, rogorc mSvidobian aseve omis periodSi. is aerTianebs zemoaRniSnul samive meTods: sanqcias, embargosa da blokadas.

sanqciebis SemoReba da amoqmedeba SesaZlebelia: a) saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWo, evrokavSiri da sxva) mier cal-

keuli qveynebis (qveynis) an ekonomikuri subieqtebis (transnacionaluri korporaciebi, firme-bi da a. S.) mimarT;

b) erTi qveynis mier calkeuli qveynis an ekonomikuri subieqtebis mimarT; g) ramdenime qveynis mier calkeuli qveynis an ekonomikuri subieqtebis mimarT; d) qveynis SigniT (mag. erovnuli bankis sanqciebi komerciuli bankebis mimarT). Zalismieri ekonomikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis mizezi da sababi SeiZleba iyos: — atomuri da qimiuri iaraRis gavrcelebis akrZalvis darRveva; — adamianis uflebebis darRveva; — saerTaSoriso terorizmisaTvis xelSewyoba; — narkotikebiTa da iaraRiT ukanono vaWrobis akrZalvis darRveva; — samxedro agresia suverenuli qveynis winaaRmdeg; — gasaRebis an sanedleulo bazrebis winaswarganzraxuli blokireba; — Tavisufali konkurenciis principebis darRveva; — qveynis mmarTveli reJimis arademokratiuloba da a. S. saerTaSoriso sanqciebis samarTlebriv-politikuri aspeqtebi da amoqmedebis meqanizmi

pirvelad erTa ligis wesdebaSi aisaxa, romlis me-16 muxlSi Camoyalibebuli iyo moTxovna erTa ligis wevri qveynebisadmi, kerZod isini valdebuli iyvnen dauyovnebliv gaewyvitaT yovelgva-ri savaWro da finansuri urTierTobebi omis damwyeb qveyana— agresorTan da ar daerRviaT er-Ta ligis mier misTvis dawesebuli ekonomikuri da finansuri sanqciebi.

am moTxovnebis safuZvelze 1935-1936 wlebSi safinanso-ekonomikuri sanqciebi gamoyenebu-li iyo italiis mimarT, romelmac moaxdina abisiniis aneqsia. Semdgom periodSi ukve gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWo gansazRvravda da amJamadac gansazRvravs agresiis faqts da iZleva rekomen-daciebs saWiro sapasuxo zomebis misaRebad. kerZod, agresoris winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri an sxva Zalis gamoyenebisaTvis, maT Soris: ekonomikuri da diplomatiuri urTierTobebis SeCereba, sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero da urTierdakavSirebis sxva saSualebebis sruli an nawilobrivi


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Sewyveta, blokada da a.S. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi ki gaero mimarTavs samxedro moqmedebas agresoris winaaRmdeg. (gaero-s wesdebis meSvide statiis 41, 42 da 43 muxlebi).

gaero-s sanqciebis gamoyenebis prerogativa mraval SemTxvevaSi aqvs. kerZod, saerTaSori-so xelSekrulebebis darRvevis dros. magaliTad gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi sakmaod da-Zabulad mimdinareobda qimiuri iaraRis akrZalvis konvenciis ratificireba. im qveynebis mi-marT, romlebic ar moaxdendnen ratificirebas, konvencia iTvaliswinebda ekonomikuri sanqci-ebis gamoyenebas (qimiuri teqnologiebis, mowyobilobebis da produqciis saerTaSoriso bazar-ze operirebis SezRudva; safinanso daxmarebebis da kreditebis Sewyveta da sxva).

garda amisa sanqciebi aris oficialuri (Ria) da faruli (romelime qveynis faruli ekono-mikuri da politikuri interesebis misaRwevad). amave dros sanqciebi SesaZlebelia gamoyene-bul iyos, rogorc sapasuxo adekvaturi RonisZieba qveynis erovnuli interesebis dasacavad.

ekonomikuri sanqciebi ZiriTadad savaWro-safinanso operaciebs exeba da garkveulwilad represiuli(sadamsjelo) Sinaarsis matarebelia. maTi gamkacreba da gafarToeba gadaizrdeba ekonomikur blokadaSi, romlis xangrZlivoba didi, xolo Sedegebi gacilebiT mZimea. magali-Tad, gaeros sanqciebi erayis mimarT, romelic 1991-2003 wlebSi iyo SemoRebuli, da faqtobri-vad ekonomikuri blokadis formas atarebda.

am sanqciebis farglebSi moqmedebda e. w. humanitaruli programa `navTobi— sursaTis nac-vlad", sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom erayi msoflio bazarze gayidida navTobs SezRudul raodenobas (2 mln bareli dReSi). miRebuli Tanxa iricxeboda specialur sabanko angariSze, sa-idanac xdeboda eraySi sursaTis, medikamentebis da samedicino aparaturis importis anazRau-reba. aRniSnul operaciebs gaero akontrolebda.

ekonomikuri blokadis dros represirebuli qveynis savaWro-safinanso da satransporto operaciebi blokirebulia moTxovnebis Sesrulebamde (mag. 1916 w. antantis qveynebma saberZne-TisaTvis blokadis gamocxadebiT miaRwies germaniisgan mis CamoSorebas).

ekonomikuri sanqciebis istoriaSi gamorCeulia `civi omis" periodSi Seqmnili da dRemde momqmedi — saeqsporto kontrolis sakoordinacio komiteti (kokomi), romelic 1949 wels Seiq-mna (Stab-bina mdebareobs parizSi). is aerTianebs natos yvela wevr qveyanas (islandiis garda), iaponias da avstralias. am komitetis mizani iyo gaekontrolebina eqsporti yofil sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialistur qveynebSi, raTa am qveynebs sazRvargareT ar SeeZinaT strategiuli da ormagi gamoyenebis nedleuli, uaxlesi teqnologiebi, samxedro produqcia da a.S., risTvi-sac kokomi adgens saidumlo "Sav" siebs, sadac 150 sasaqonlo jgufis 300 aTasamde dasaxelebaa. garveuli periodis Semdeg xdeba am siebis ganaxleba. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganxorcielda 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodidan, e.w. "perestroikis" dawyebidan. cvlilebebi Seexo, rogorc da-saxelebas, aseve eqsportze licenziebis gacemis wess. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg axali damoukidebe-li qveynebis mimarT kokomis sanqciebi Serbilda (ruseTi, belorusi da sxv.) an saerTod gauqmda (litva, latvia, estoneTi, saqarTvelo da sxv.).

ganvlil periodSi miRebuli sanqciebidan garkveuli Sedegi hqondaT: samxreT afrikis respublikaSi aparteidis, erayis (quveiTis mimarT samxedro agresiis gamo) da yofili iugos-laviis mmarTveli reJimebis winaaRmdeg miRebul sanqciebs. 1982 wlis argentina— didi britane-Tis samxedro konfliqtis dros evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis organizaciam ekonomiku-ri sanqciebi dauwesa argentinas.

evrokavSiris gadawyvetilebiT 2001 wlis ivnisidan safinanso-ekonomikuri sanqciebi iqne-ba SemoRebuli im qveynebis mimarT, romlebic Tavis teritoriaze xels ar SeuSlian kriminalu-ri "fulis gaTeTrebas". ekonomikuri sanqciebis buneba orlesul maxvils waagavs — pozitiur-Tan erTad, negatiuri Sedegebic sakmaodaa. am dros yovelmxriv zaraldeba ara marto "dasjili" qveyana, aramed is qveynebic, romlebic blokadisa da sanqciis gamo valdebuli arian Sewyviton an SezRudon ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebi. magaliTad kokomis moqmedebiT, dasavleT evropis eqspertebis gaangariSebis Tanaxmad, 1981-1986 wlebSi safrangeTis firmebma 23 mlrd. franguli frankis, xolo aSS-is firmebma 9,3 mlrd dolaris saeqsporto kontraqtebi dakarges. 1995 wels ki ekonomikuri sanqciebis mizeziT aSS-is firmebma 15 mlrd dolaris zara-li ganicades. amitom zogierTi qveyana, sakuTari samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri inte-resebidan gamomdinare, arRvevs (xSirad farulad) sanqciis moTxovnebs. dadgenilia, rom rac


22

ufro mkacria saerTaSoriso sanqciebi, miT ufro metia misi darRvevis da kontrabandis cdune-ba. am dros ki, garda sanqciebis araefeqtianobisa da komprometirebisa, warmoiqmneba "krimina-luri fulis" problemac. am garemoebaTa gamo, ekonomikuri zemoqmedebis es formebi xSirad mi-zans ver aRweven.

XX-e saukunis 70— 80-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg aSS-is sanqciebs mxari ar dau-Wires evropisa da amerikis mTelma rigma qveynebma, xolo 1990-ian wlebSi gaero-s sanqciebs era-yis mimarT, Riad Tu farulad arRvevdnen sxvadasxva qveynebi (ruseTi, belorusia, ukraina da a.S. ).

1980-ian wlebidan dawyebul iranis mimarT aSS-is ekonomikur sanaqciebsac (iranidan navTo-bis importis da ormagi gamoyenebis produqciis eqsportis Sewyveta) ar hqonda erTsulovani mxardaWera, gansakuTrebiT CineTis, iaponiisa da ruseTis mxridan, radgan es qveynebi upirvele-sad erovnuli interesebiT xelmZRvaneloben. iaponias ar surs dakargos navTobis importis mniSvnelovani wyaro, xolo ruseTi iraniT dainteresebulia, upirvelesad, rogorc iaraRisa da samxedro teqnologiebis gasaRebis bazriT.

sanqciis moqmedebis gaxangrZliveba xSirad dainteresebuli qveynebis arajansaRi intere-sebiTacaa gamowveuli. magaliTad, "opekis" arawevri navTobmompovebeli qveynebi (ruseTi) ira-nis da libiis mimarT sanqciebis vadis gagrZelebiT da aqedan gamomdinare, navTobis msoflio fasebis zrdiT mniSvnelovan mogebas naxuloben.

"ekonomikuri omebis" gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom roca gadawyvetileba miRebulia da sruldeba koleqtiurad, sanqcias da blokadas realuri Sedegi moaqvs.

ukrainis movlenebi da saerTaSoriso sanqciebi ruseTis mimarT 2014 wlis Tebervlis bo-los ruseTis mier yirimis aneqsiis Semdeg. evrokavSirma da aSS mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri da politikuri sanqciebi dauwesa ruseTs, rac ramdenime etapad ganxorcielda.

pirvel etapze evrokavSirma, aSS-ma, kanadam, norvegiam, avstraliam da iaponiam TavianT te-ritoriaze Sesvla aukrZales ruseTisa da yirimis xelisuflebis im warmomadgenleebs, romle-bic pirdapir kavSirSi iyvnen yirimis aneqsiasTan.

miuxedavad sanqciebisa, imave wlis aprilSi ruseTis provocirebiT ukrainis donbasisa da luganskis olqebSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo. amis Semdeg evrokavSirma da aSS-ma ruseTis mimarT sanqciebis meore etapi daiwyes. kerZod 17 did rusul kompanias aekrZala biznes saqmianoba ev-rokavSirisa da aSS-s teritoriaze. aseve, gafarTovda personaluri sanqciebi ruseTis xeli-suflebis maRali rangis moxeleTa mimarT.

2014 wlis 17 ivliss prorusi teroristebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze (doneckis olqSi) malaiziis aviaxazebis kuTvnili samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavis Camogdebis Semdeg ruseTis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri sanqciebis mesame etapi daiwyo. kerZod, aSS or udides rusul energo-kompaniasa (“rosnefti” da “novateki”) da or banks (“gazprombanki” da “vneSekonombanki”) aukrZa-la biznessaqmianoba Tavis teritoriaze. xolo evrokavSirma sanqciebi dauwesa ruseTis 23 sa-xelmwifo moxelesa da 21 kompanias. sanqciebs SeuerTda kidev ramdenime qveyana (Sveicaria, ka-nada, norvegia, avstralia da iaponia), ris Semdegac ruseTis mimarT sanqciebma ukve globaluri saxe miiRo.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo Sveicariis xelisuflebis gadawyvetileba, romelmac 2014 wlis agvistoSi qveynis teritoriaze moqmedeba SeuzRuda rusul bankebs (“sberbanki”, “vneStorgbanki”, “gazprombanki”, “vneSekonombanki”, “rosselxozbanki”).

globaluri saerTaSoriso sanqciebis miuxedavad ruseTma gaagrZela separatistebis mxar-daWera ukrainaSi. ris sapasuxodac 2014 wlis 12 seqtembers evrokavSirma da aSS-ma ufro gaam-kacres sanqciebi. kerZod, evrokavSiris axali sanqciebi Seexo 20-ze met rusul kompanias (“ros-nefti”, “gazprom nefti”, “transnefti”, “kalaSnikovi” da sxva.). am kompaniebs aekrZalaT dasav-leTis bazrebidan kapitalis mozidva da SeezRudaT teqnologiebze wvdoma. amasTan, evropul kompaniebs aekrZalaT ruseTSi navTobis sabadoebis dazvervasa da damuSavebaSi monawileobis miReba. zemoaRniSnul kompaniebs wvdoma aRar eqnebaT grZelvadian (3 Tveze meti) kreditebze da uaxles teqnologiebze.

sanqciebis Sedegebi


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`moskovis birJis” monacemebiT 2014 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT ruseTis safondo bazris

mTavari maCvenebeli RTS-i (Russia Trading System) indeqsi TiTqmis 20% daeca. imave periodSi ruse-Tis calkeulma kompaniebmac, romelTac sanqciebi SeexoT, mniSvnelovani zarali ganicades “sberbankis” aqciis fasi Semcirda 25 %-iT, “gazpromis” — 10.5 %-iT, vTb-is — 22 %-iT, “novatekis” — 13 %-iT, “rosneftis” — 20 %-iT. 1

ruseTis safondo bazarze arsebul kriziss daerTo ruseTis erovnuli valutis, `rub-lis~, gacvliTi kursis mkveTri dacema. 2013 wlis 24 dekembers 1 aSS dolari 32.6 rubli, xolo 1 evro — 44.7 rubli Rirda. 2017 wlis maisis bolosTvis ki ruseTis erovnuli valutis kursi aSS dolarTan 56,8; xolo evrosTan mimarTebaSi — 63,4 rublia.

jamSi, gasuli wlis dekembris bolodan 2014 wlis 12 seqtembramde, rubli aSS dolaris mi-marT 16%-iT gaufasurda, xolo evros mimarT — 9.6 %-iT. globalurma ekonomikurma da politi-kurma sanqciebma mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda ruseTis sagareo vaWrobis maCvenebelsa da ucxouri investiciebis moculobaze. navTobsa da bunebriv gazze msoflio fasebis mkveTrma Semcirebam negatiurad imoqmeda ruseTis saeqsporto Semosavlebze. paralelurad ruseTidan kapital ga-dinebam sagrZnoblad gadaaWarba ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebas, ris Sedegadac mniSvne-lovnad Semcirda ruseTis savaluto rezervebis moculoba. ganvlil periodSi sanqciebis gav-lena igrZnoboda ruseTis sxva makroekonomikur maCveneblebzec. ruseTis ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebeli 1,5 – 1,9 % ar aRemateboda. umuSevrobis done ki TiTqmis 1 % punqtiT gaizarda da 7% miaRwia. inflaciis maCvenebeli Tu 2014-2016 wlebSi 7-9% ar aRemateboda, 2017 wels, eqsper-tuli SefasebiT, 10% gadaaWarbebs.

ramden xans gaZlebs “dasavleTi”? globaluri saerTaSoriso sanqciebis Sedegad Rrma ekonomikur krizisSi myofi ruseTis

xelisufleba ar cvlis imperiul geopolitikur politikas mezoblebis mimarT. misTvis imperi-uli miznebi sakuTari mosaxleobis keTildReobaze maRla dgas!

ra saboloo Sedegebi eqneba saerTaSoriso ekonomikur sanqciebs ruseTis mimarT? am kiT-xvaze pasuxis gasacemad ruseTis istoriidan paralelebis moxmoba da ruseTis mosaxleobis mentaluri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba dagvWirdeba. amasTan erTad aseve mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom ruseTis mimarT sanqciebis gagrZelebasTan dakavSirebiT evrokav-SirSi erTsulovneba ar arsebobs.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliwinebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT: ruseTis mimarT saerTaSo-riso ekonomikuri da politikuri sanqciebis efeqtianoba damokidebuli iqneba evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da aSS-is axali administraciis konsensusze.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura 1. b. aladaSvili; “ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba: Teoria, meTodologia, praqtika”. Tbilisi,

2011. 2. hersti h., tompsoni g., “globalizacia, kritikuli analizi”, Tbilisi 2005. 3. https://www.moex.com/

1 https://www.moex.com/


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b. aladaSvili

ekonomikuri sanqciebi, rogorc geopolitikuri iaraRi reziume

naSromi eZRvneba globaluri msoflios ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs: saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sanqciebis gamoyenebis istoriul da Ta-namedrove aspeqtebs.

naSromSi gaanalizebulia: 1.Zalismieri ekonomikuri meTodebis (ekonomikuri sanqcia; embargo; ekonomikuri blokada;

"ekonomikuri omi") gamoyenebis samarTlebriv-politikuri aspeqtebi. 2.ekonomikuri sanqciebis SemoRebisa da amoqmedebis konkretuli istoria da mizezebi. 3. ruseTis mimarT saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da politikuri sanqciebis dawesebis etapebi

da Sedegebi; avtoris azriT saerTSoriso sanqciebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom roca gadawyvetileba

miRebulia da sruldeba koleqtiurad, sanqcias da blokadas realuri Sedegi moaqvs. naSromSi daskvnis saxiT aRniSnulia, rom ruseTis mimarT saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da

politikuri sanqciebis efeqtianoba damokidebuli iqneba evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis, saer-TaSoriso organizaciebisa da aSS-is axali administraciis konsensusze.

B. Aladashvili

Economic Sanctions as Geopolitical Weapon Summary

The thesis is dedicated to one of the most important things of the global economic and political life: using historic

and modern aspects of the International Economic Sanctions. The following items are analyzed in the thesis: 1. Using Legal-Political aspects of the powerful economic methods (Economic Sanctions, Embargo, Economic

Blockade, “Economic War”) 2. The detailed history and reasons of taking Economic Sanctions. 3. Giving International Economic and Political sanction stages and results towards Russia. According to the author the International Sanction experience shows, that when the decision is made and

implemented collectively, the real result comes from the sanction and blockade. In conclusion the author admits that the economic and political sanctions effectivity towards Russia will depend

on the members of the European Union, International Organization and US new administration agreement.


25

g. aladaSvili

mewarmeobis stimulirebis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi

mewarmeobis stimulireba dReisaTvis globaluri gamowvevaa. 2008 wlis safinanso ekonomi-

kuri krizisis Semdgom priodSi rogorc ganviTarebuli, ise ganviTarebadi qveynebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis axali biZgis micemis aucileblobis winaSe dadgnen. Tu mdidari qveynebi Tavian-Ti ekonomikuri produqtiulobis gazrdas cxovrebis arsebuli standartebis SesanarCuneblad cdiloben, dabal Semosavlian qveynebSi sxvadasxva problemebi mZafrdeba da maT Sorisaa daax-loebiT 2 mlrd zrdasrulis damateba 2050 wlisTvis, romlebic saWiroa uzrunvelyofilni iqnen samuSao adgilebiT. aseT viTarebaSi bunerivia, Cndeba kiTxva, ra gamosavali arsebobs. mkvlevare-bi miuTiTeben, rom swrafadmzard firmebs unda Seuwyon xeli dafinansebebiT, romlebic warmoq-mnian samuSao adgilebs. im fonze, roca naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi siRaribe da masiuri umuSevroba ukve dominantia, mxolod inovaciebisa da mewarmeobis kombinacias ZaluZs uzrunvel-yos samuSao adgilebis swrafi zrda [Global Entrepreneurship Index, 2016: 24]. aseTi gziT SesaZlebelia iseTi axali produqtebis danergva, romelic xels Seuwyobs adgilobriv biznes, mniSvnelovnad gazrdis dasaqmebis maCvenebels da SesaZlebels gaxdis ekonomikur ganviTarebas.

globaluri mewarmeobisa da ganviTarebis institutis 2016 wlis "globaluri mewarmeobis in-deqsSi" saqarTvelo msoflios 132 qveyanas Soris 81-e adgilzea 28.7 indeqsiT [Global Entrepreneurship Index, 2016: 158]. reitingi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi startapebis, mewarmeobisa da axalbeda biznesis indeqss adgens. kvlevis Sedgenisas avtorebi ramdenime indikators eyrdnobian, maT So-ris, mewarmeobis mimarT damokidebulebas, socialur da ekonomikur infrastruqturas, starta-pebs, axali teqnologiebis flobas, inovaciur produqtsa da venCurul kapitals. igive reitingis mixedviT saqarTvelos msoflio saSualo da evropis saSualo doneebTan SedarebiT mkveTri Ca-morCena aqvs riskiani kapitalis, riskis aRebis, startapebis, inovaciuri produqtebis, inovaciu-ri procesebis punqtebSi, maSin, roca adamianuri kapitaliT saSualo evropul dones uTanabrde-ba.

Cveni azriT, sakmarisi dro ar aris gasuli mTavrobis mier mewarmeobis stimulirebisTvis gatarebuli politikis efeqtebis srulyofilad Sesafaseblad. magaliTad, rigi kvlevebi adas-turebs, rom xSirad axladSeqmnili firmebis sicocxlisunarianoba ar aris xangrZlivi an sam-Tavrobo dafinansebis monawileobiT araefeqtiani sawarmoebis SenarCuneba xdeba da a.S. Tumca instituciuri garemos gaumjobesebis TvalsazriT gadadgmulia Sedegiani nabijebi, rasac adasturebs evropis mcire biznesis aqtis mimarTulebebis mixedviT Catrebuli SedarebiTi kvlevis mignebebi (diagrama 1).

diagrama 1. saqarTvelos qulebi evropis mcire biznesis aqtis mimarTulebebis

mixedviT

wyaro: aRmosavleT partniorobis qveynebi, 2016, 3.


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mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebis (mss) politikis instituciuri CarCos mowesrigebis mimarTulebiT dadebiTi Zvrebis miuxedavad qveyana rigi gamowvevebis winaSea. maT Sorisaa Seq-mnili institutebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRleba (saqarTvelos mewarmeobis ganviTare-bis saagentosa da inovaciebis da teqnologiebis saagentos SeqmnasTan erTad saWiroa maTi Se-saZleblobis ganviTarebis RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba, raTa am saagentoebis zeavlena maqsi-mumamde gaizardos); finansebze xelmisawvdomoba, ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebas yvela doneze ufro SeTanxmebuli politikuri Zalisxmeva sWirdeba, kerZod, umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis ufro aqtiuri CarTvis meSveobiT; inovaciebis axali strategiis SemuSaveba da miReba SesaZleblobas gaaCens, gaizardos mss-s konkurentuloba kvleva-ganviTarebisTvis da inovaciuri mewarmeobisTvis finansuri da arafinansuri stimulebis uzrunvelyofis gziT [aR-mosavleT partniorobis qveynebi, 2016: 4-5].

qveynebi aRniSnul gamowvevaTa sapasuxod individualur gzas irCeven, Tumca aprobirebul praqtikasac iziareben. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom garkveuli saxis mewarmeobisTvis Se-sabamisi saxeobis mxardaWeraa efeqtiani.

mewarmeobis ganviTarebasa da ekonomikuri keTildReobis amaRlebas Soris dadebiTi ur-TierTkavSiris istoriuli praqtika mTavrobebs mewarmeobis stimulirebis politikis gatare-bisken ubiZgebs. Tumca dRemde samewarmeo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Carevis masStabebi da mi-zanSewoniloba samecniero debatebs iwvevs.

mravali naSromi mieZRvna mewarmeobis stimulirebis arsis garkvevas da politikis Sedege-bis analizs. poloneli avtorebi iziareben mosazrebas, rom mewarmeobis mxardaWera gamoixate-ba institutebis (saxelmwifo, adgilobrivi xelisufleba, kompaniebi) mier piradi da socialu-ri uzrunvelyofis iseTi pirobebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi, romelic mewarmeobis individua-lur ganviTarebas Tavisufal da SeuzRudav saSualebas miscems [Skica etc., 2013: 3]. garda amisa, mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom mewarmeobis dinamikuri zrdis stimulirebaSi adgilobriv xelisuf-lebebs akisria mniSvnelovani roli, radgan isini axorcieleben sajaro proeqtebs. am Tvalsaz-risiT sayuradReboa biznes saqmianobis dawyebisa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris sakvanZo faqtorebi, romlebic eqvsi jgufiad dayves mecnierebma (klausovskim da adamskim) [Skica etc., 2013: 8]:

1) stabiluri da gamWvirvale iuridiuli da fiskaluri sistema (rac kerZo seqtorisTvis finansur stimulebs qmnis); 2) miwaTsargebloba, romelic miznad isaxavs gayidvebisa da qirav-nobis sferoSi samarTlebrivi dabrkolebis Semcirebas, agreTve sazogadoebrivi-kerZo partni-orobis realizacias komunaluri sakuTrebis safuZvelze; 3) miwis ganviTarebis gegmebi, ro-mlebic zustad gansazRvraven sivrciTi marTvis wesebs, gamoxatavs socialur-ekonomikuri gan-viTarebis koncefcias; 4) adgilobrivi xelisuflebis ofisebisa da momsaxureebis organizaci-uli kultura, investorebisadmi keTilganwyobili damokidebulebaa efeqtiani da kompetentu-ri samsaxuri, gacemuli informaciis kompleqsuroba da saimedooba; 5) biznes iniciativebis aq-tiuri mxardaWera, maT Soris – mewarmeobis ganviTarebis klimatis Seqmna; 6) monawileoba prog-ramebSi, romlebic mxars uWeren adgilobrivi xelisuflebis profesionalizmsa da iseTi saqmi-anobebis inicireba, romlebic iTvaliswineben gare (maT Soris, ucxoeTis) dafinansebas.

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis farglebSi Catarebuli kvle-vis Sedegebi varaudobs, rom mTavrobebma, romlebic miznad isaxaven sawarmoTa zrdis potenci-alis ganviTarebas an ganxorcielebas, unda ganixilon politikuri midgoma, romelic moicavs Semdeg elementebs:

fokusireba biznesis garemos gaumjobesebaze, kerZod ki moxsnan zrdasTan dakavSirebu-li dabrkolebebi da mimarTon regulireba zrdisken (magaliTad, administraciuli valdebu-lebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia ufro didi zomis firmze);

xeli Seuwyon samewarmeo damokidebulebas, raTa stimuli mieces meti zrdis ambicias axal da arsebul biznesSi;

mxari dauWiron treningebs axalgazrda da mcire sawarmoebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki xeli Se-uwyon marTvis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas, raTa gaumklavdnen adamianuri, teqnikuri da finan-suri resursebis zewolas, romelic iqmneba firmebis zrdiT da SeiZinon gacvlis kultura, ro-melic nebismieri asakis da zomis biznesis zrdis procesSi menejmentis ZiriTadi elementia;


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saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasesxo da aqcioneruli dafinansebis xelmisawvdomobis ga-umjobeseba axali da mcire firmebisTvis, kerZod, investiciebis dafinanseba kvlevisa da ganvi-Tarebis sferoSi da aramaterialuri aqtivebis SeZena. analogiurad, inteleqtualuri da ara-materialuri sakuTrebis Sefaseba da maTi gamoyeneba sesxebis TanamonawileobisTvis unda iyos waxalisebuli;

axali da mcire firmebis inovaciisa da internacionalizaciis, maTi potenciuri rolis, rogorc sawarmos zrdis faqtoris amaRlebis xelSewyoba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi ga-erTianebulia sxva faqtorebTan, rogoricaa zrdis ambicia.

rodesac es elementebi ewinaaRmdegeba realur politikas (OECD-is wevr qveynebSi), gan-sxvavebuli aqcentebi keTdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom biznesgaremos gasaumjobeseblad Sesaba-misi aspeqtis politika tardeba, bevr qveyanaSi zrdis iniciativebi efuZneba finansebis xelmi-sawvdomobis gazrdas da kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisa da inovaciebis xelSewyobas. politikis iniciativebi am mimarTulebiT, unda Seesabamebodes treningebis mxardaWeras da unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas axal da mcire firmebSi, amasTan, zrdis ambiciis waxalisebas [OECD, 2010: 73]

globaluri mewarmeobis monitori (GEM) samewarmeo aqtivobas ukavSirebs samewarmeo gare-mos gaumjobesebas, romelic mravalmxrivi da kompleqsuria. igi moicavs socialur, politikur da kulturul konteqsts (investiciebi ganaTlebaSi, socialuri normebi da qcevebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba pirad Tavisuflebas, qveynis demokratiis done, mewarmeobis aRqmas); zogad piro-bebs (erovnuli ekonomikis gaxsniloba, mTavrobis roli, finansuri da Sromis bazrebis efeqti-anoba, kanonis uzenaesoba, investiciebis done kvlevebsa da ganviTarebaSi, infrastruqturis xarisxi, menejmentis kompetenciebi); samewarmeo saqmianobebis pirobebi (axali samewarmeo sa-warmoebis dawyebisTvis finansuri resursebis xelmisawvdomoba, axali samewarmeo biznesis wa-xalisebis programebi, profesiuli momsaxurebebis xelmisawvdomoba); samewarmeo SesaZleblo-bebi (sabazro SesaZleblobebis arseboba), samewarmeo unarebi da a.S.

kompleqsuri samewarmeo garemos gaumjobesebasa da erTdroulad ramdenime amocanis ga-daWraSi centralur rols asruleben samewarmeo centrebi. erT-erTi bolodroindeli magali-Tia xorvatiaSi Seqmnili osiekis samewarmeo centri, romelic biznes inkubator BIOS Ltd- Si Se-iqmna. igi aqtiurad muSaobs programebisa da proeqtebis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi, ro-melic miznad isaxavs mewarmeobis – saganmanaTleblo programebis da sakonsultacio momsaxu-rebis xelSewyobas, mewarmeTa informirebas da samewarmeo kulturis ganmtkicebas. akademiur sazogadoebasTan, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobsa da sxva damxmare institutebTan TanamSrom-lobiT igi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da warmatebuli biznesis mxardaWeris institutia xorva-tiis respublikaSi. xorvati mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom qveynis an regionis ekonomikuri ganvi-Tareba mWidrod ukavSirdeba maRal samewarmeo aqtivobas, romelSic samewarmeo saqmianobis done damokidebulia im garemoebaze, romelsac qmnian samewarmeo sawarmoebi. 1997 wlidan òsie-kis~ samewarmeo centri aqtiurad muSaobs aRmosavleT xorvatiaSi samewarmeo sawarmoebis war-moqmnisa da ganviTarebisTvis saWiro winapirobebis Sesaqmnelad, igi uzrunvelyofs informa-ciis miwodebas, codnis gadacemas, unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebasa da xels uwyobs mewarmeebis qse-lis ganviTarebas. centri aRiarebs kompaniebis sxvadasxva ganviTarebis etapebze maTi produq-ciasa da momsaxurebaze morgebis da mewarmeebis problemebis da saWiroebebis identificirebis individualur midgomas. centri uzrunvelyofs mewarmeebs Soris informaciisa da codnis gac-vlis platformas, aseve aqtiurad iyenebs am midgomas mis saqmianobaSi, biznesis, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, regionaluri ofisebis, mTavrobis politikisa da programebis SemqmnelTa qse-lebiT xorvatiaSi mewarmeobis xelSewyobis mizniT [Anamarija D., Mirela A., Sunčica, O. P., 2012: 42].

amgvari centrebis SeqmnaSi saxelmwifos rolis gageba arerTgvarovania. mecnierebma ger-maniis samewarmeo ekosistemis praqtikis kvlevis safuZvelze gamoavlines, rom saxelmwifos di-di roli akisria mewarmeobis stimulirebaSi. saxelmwifos mxridan am procesSi universitete-bis roli udidesia. germanias ukve aqvs dinamikuri samewarmeo ekosistemas da aqvs mkafio poli-tikuri dRis wesrigi, raTa xeli Seuwyos mewarmeobas qveyanaSi. germaniis mTavroba miznad isa-xavs kvleviTi institutebsa da universitetebSi Seqmnas damatebeiTi xelSewyobis saSualebebi da sxvadasxva programebi daiwyos inovaciuri procesebis sxvadasxva etapebis mxardasaWerad. germaniis saxelmwifo umaRlesi ganaTlebis kanoni universitetebs ufro met avtonomias ani-


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Webs. es struqturuli cvlileba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas damfinanseblebsa da universite-tebs Soris molaparakebebis rekonstruqciisTvis, samewarmeo saqmianobis srulyofisa da sax-srebis moZiebisa da gamoyofisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom universitetebis Tavisuflebis miuxeda-vad, maTi strategiebis dadgena kvlav rCeba saxelmwifo donis sakiTxebad. universitetebTan mTavrobis TanamSromlobis warmatebuli cdaa programebi High-Tech Gründerfonds da the EXIST. es ukanaskneli programa mxars uWers adreuli etapebis teqnologiis ganviTarebas da bazarze ga-dasvlas. magram xSirad, kapitalis saWiroebis moTxovna adreul etapzea mizanSewonili, raTa Semowmdes teqnologiis sargebeli da misi potenciuri bazari. sistemis warmatebuli funqcio-nirebis miuxedavad mTavari sakiTxi germaniis mewarmeebisTvis kulturuli barieria: germania-Si mcxovrebi xalxis sami meoTxedi ar gamoTqvams survils biznesis dasawyebad. miiCneven, rom germania sWirdeba politika, romelic gavlenas moaxdens socialur Rirebulebebze mewarmeo-bis mimarT damokidebulebaSi. es exeba samewarmeo kulturis sferos da axali firmis formire-bis klimats, radgan mewarmeebis an biznesis mflobelebis arsebuli reputacia sazogadoebaSi gavlenas axdens samewarmeo saqmianobaze… mTavroba aRiarebs mewarmeobis mniSvnelobas da moq-medebs bevr doneze mdgradi ekosistemis Sesaqmnelad [Fuerlinger G., Fandl U., Funke T., 2015: 20].

amgvarad, samewarmeo aqtivobis xelSewyoba da stimulireba ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis erT-erTi gzaa. saxelmwifos SeuZlia firmebis pirdapiri dafinansebis arCevanisgan gansxvave-biT upiratesoba mianiWos grZelvadian orientirebs, rac zogadad biznesgaremos mravali kom-ponentis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis instituciur xelSewyobas gulissmobs. amasTan, msoflios sxvadaxva qveynis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom saswavlo dawesebulebebisa da biznesinku-batorebis mxardaWera mewarmeobis wasaxaliseblad ufro Sedegiania.


1. aRmosavleT partniorobis qveynebi, 2016. qveynis daxasiaTeba mcire biznesis aqtis mi-

xedviT: saqarTvelo. mss politikis indeqsi. evropis mcire biznesis aqtis ganxorcielebis Se-faseba.

2. Anamarija D., Mirela A., Sunčica, O. P. (2012), The Role of Entrepreneurship support Instiuttions In Development of the Economy of Eastern Croatia — case of centre for Entrepreneurship Osijek, University in Osijek, Faculty of Economics in Osijek.

3. Global Entrepreneurship Index (2016), Entrepreneurship and Development Institute, Washington, D.C., USA Zoltán J. Ács, László Szerb, Erkko Autio, The Global

4. Skica T., Bem A., Daszyńska-Żygadło K. (2013) The Role of Local Government in the pricess of Entrepreneurship Development, Financial Internet Quarterly “e-Finanse”, 2013, vol. 9 nr/4

5. Kłosowski, S., Adamski, J. (1999). Czynniki wpływające na lokalny rozwój gospodarczy. In D. Wagner (Ed.), Strategie rozwoju gospodarczego miast i gmin (p.10). Warszawa: Municypium.

6. OECD (2010), High-Growth Enterprises: What Governments Can Do to Make a Difference, OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship, OECD Publishing.

7. Fuerlinger G., Fandl U., Funke T. (2015) The role of the state in the entrepreneurship ecosystem: insights from Germany, Triple Helix


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g. aladaSvili

mewarmeobis stimulirebis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi reziume

naSromi eZRvneba mewarmeobis stimulirebis Tanamedrove gamowvevebs. aRniSnulia, rom gan-

sakuTrebiT ganviTarebadi qveynebi mosaxleobis swrafi zrdis gamo uaxloes momavalSi dadge-bian samuSao adgilebis mwvave deficitis winaSe. gamosavali inovaciebisa da mewarmeobis kombi-nirebul zrdaSia. am procesis stimulirebisTvis saxelmwifoebi sxvadasxva gzas mimarTaven. swori samTavrobo politikis gatarebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. misi aspeqtebia: fokusireba biznesis garemos da samewarmeo damokidebulebis gaumjobesebaze, swavlebis sistema _ axalgaz-rda da mcire sawarmoebSi da Sesabamisi marTvis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis mizniT, dafinanse-bis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba. samewarmeo centrebis ganviTareba stimulirebis politi-kis mniSvnelovani gzaa. naSromSi motanilia germaniis da xorvatiis magaliTebi.

G. Aladashvili Contemporary Challenges of Entrepreneurial Stimulation

Summary

This work deals with the contemporary challenges of entrepreneurial stimulation. It is emphasized, due to fast pace of population growth, developing countries will face up to crucial problem of unemployment in near future. The way out is a combined increase of innovations and entrepreneurship. States take various measures for stimulating this process. The right government policy has a crucial importance. The following are its aspects: focusing on improving the business environment entrepreneurship dependence improvement, the system of teaching in new and small enterprises and evolving relevant administrative skills, improvement of financing availability. Evolving entrepreneurial centers is a key to stimulating policy. Samples of Germany and Croatia are indicated in this work.


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I. BOCHORISHVILI

THE INTERNET AND ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS IN BUSINESS The Internet has created an entire business function commonly referred to as e-business or e-commerce. E-

business represents the use of Internet and business technology in a company’s operations. Most companies in the business environment have implemented some form of Internet or business technology into their business operations. While some companies faced the major changeover when developing an e-business function, other companies may have been on the edge of this technology before the widespread use of the Internet.

During its existence internet went through a difficult path from the scientific research projects to the all-embracing universal global decentralized network and till the commercial infrastructure. Commerce is becoming a kind of driving force of the internet.

The creation of the Internet network and the rapid development of the informational technological systems and perfection of their interactions led us to a new direction of the e-business formation.

A significant feature of e-business is the ability to communicate and transfer information via the Internet. Many companies use e-mail servers that allow managers and employees to send internal messages or information through e-mail communication mediums [Pavlov P., Steward D., 2000: N 1]. Companies also have developed business websites that allow consumers to review information about the company and its products before making purchases. These websites also provide consumers with a means for communicating with the company.

The success of commercial activity in an environment like Internet can be determined only by the fact exactly how and in what degree business takes into account customers interests. Moreover, it is necessary to know who they are, and what kind of needs, desires, behavior patterns and other features they have.

With the development of informational and communication technology world is becoming much smaller, so that connection between two subjects in different parts of the world is established within a few seconds [Todua n., urotaZe e.,.. 2009]. Digitalization shall undoubtedly be confirmed as one of all-present generic trends, which to a large extent brought forth appearance of the rest of them.

The Internet also has allowed companies to find ways for lowering operational costs and saving capital on production of goods or services. Companies often implement business software to track various business operations and review the efficiency and effectiveness of each department. These business software packages help managers review information in a real-time format and make better or more-informed decisions regarding the efficiency of operations. Companies also can enhance their supply chain by communicating information to the distributors, warehouses and retailers that handle the company’s products.

Nowadays new product are created on the informational market, which are necessary features of the economical development and significant factor of social life. The informational marketing is the foundation and basis of the e-society and led countries and governments to the integration in the global world network. With the help of informational marketing are implemented new ways of informational products offering to variety of audience (customers), considering their needs and demands. Prior to the global informational system establishment the main source of the information retrieval was personal relationships. Today information retrieval on the international scale are highly accessible through the global informational marketing, where, despite the capacity any kind of information could be gained.

One of the main function of the World Wide Web is e-Commerce, which provides sorts of marketing activities, sale and purchase of goods and services, setting relationship between the customers, the market growth, reduction of the necessary spending for the mediators. E Commerce contributes the development and growth of Internet marketing.

There are 4 main functions of the Internet marketing. These include: communication, information, entertainment and e Commerce [Wedopedia-On line….]. Marketing specialists consider communication as a part of the management of relations with customers. Its effective, pragmatic ways and channels represent Internet. Here communication is interactive , the initiators of which are t buyers as well as sellers. Modern organizations are actively using the Internet for communication policy.

The essential circles of the internet marketing are also the following subjects: institutions, individuals, informational intermediaries, the Internet providers, government agencies, different forms of organizations and unions, which are working on the market [Todua n., abulaZe r., 2011].

Internet-space displays the models of business potential, the new types of products in circulation, production realization processes, marketing, trade, transactions, data exchange, the usage of the communication technologies


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and creation of a culture of communication, the development of local and international scientific communications, and shaping of the internet communication technologies [http://rs.ge].

Any business or organization that carries out activities through the Internet are called the internet market operating organizations. Such as : transport organizations, logistics and other organizations.

There are several methods of business communication, including: • Web-based communication – for better and improved communication, anytime anywhere... • Video conferencing which allow people in different locations to hold interactive meetings; • Reports – important in documenting the activities of any department; • Presentations – very popular method of communication in all types of organizations, usually involving

audiovisual material, like copies of reports, or material prepared in Microsoft PowerPoint or Adobe Flash; • Telephone meetings, which allow for long distance speech; • Forum boards, which allow people to instantly post information at a centralized location; and • Face-to-face meetings, which are personal and should be succeeded by a written follow up [http:// gss.ge]. Good business communication is key for efficient business decision making and the running of everyday

processes. Choosing the right means and mode of communication plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the message being communicated and such a choice depends on various factors such as; If the organization is small, probably more communication will be oral, than in larger organizations where it may be in writing. The policy for communication also would play a major role in influencing one's choice of mode of communication. The main point to be considered here would be to evaluate whether the cost involved in sending the message would be commensurate with the results expected. Whether the message is confidential in nature, urgent or important etc. and whether a matter would require hand delivery or be set by registered post etc. also influences the choice of mode and means of communication. Whether the message to be sent is also another vital factor which could influence the choice of means and modes of communication. For example, if a letter is to be sent to a partner in a joint venture in Japan and it is urgent, you would not think of sending someone to personally deliver it. The resources available to both the sender and receiver would also influence your choice. You can only send a fax if the other person/organization has a fax machine. Therefore we can see that the choice of a particular mode and means of communication will depend on a case to case basis and is influenced by various factors.

Means and Mode of Communication are: 1.Face-to-Face Meeting; 2.In-Person Oral Presentation; 3.Online Meeting ; 4.Videoconferencing 5.Teleconferencing 6.Phone Call 7.Voice Message 8.Video 9.Blog 10.Report 11.Brochure 12.Newsletter 13.Flier 14.Email 15. Memo [Хэнсон У., 2002].

Many companies in the traditional business environment were unable to directly sell goods or services to consumers and other businesses. These companies, such as manufacturing and intermediate goods producers, often needed a middleman to help sell goods in the business environment. The Internet allows these companies to set up websites or other electronic order systems to sell products and generate a pipeline for future business sales.

Business activities on the Internet are much more effective than traditional activities. Company doing business on the Internet represent the part of electronic transfer of business activity in the network, i.e., The company uses traditional methods of business through the E-business by adding to them virtual opportunities. E-shops are the key directions of E-business, which are largely determining the dynamics of its development and growth [Успенский И., 2003]. The latest innovative approaches are looming out through the information technologies and economy that contribute E-business development. E-business represents its socio-economic development’s powerful incentive in the developed countries around the world. It should be noted that the e-business market is rapidly changing. Georgia's first on-line prototypes store appeared in 2001. However then it was only an attempt of e-business developing and the majority of them was limited to the applications of sales and purchases. Nowadays gradually we are starting to use actively information resources in almost all areas of e- business.

Effective communication helps get the job done on time and within budget. Managers and team leaders who can communicate, and relay objectives, reasoning and specific tasks in a concise and coherent manner, using the right tools fit for purpose, contribute significantly more to the success of a business than those who fail to communicate efficiently during day-to-day business activities.

Thanks to smart phones, laptops and tablets, present day communication is expected to be instantaneous. Businesses use intranets, apps, emails and video calls to communicate with employees across departments and locations. With so many communication options available these days, it can be hard for businesses to know what tools to use and how to use them most effectively.


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This is not a new trend but this year it will be as important as ever. With many business organizations continuing to take advantage of mobile and cloud solutions, the rise in number of associated devices means it is more likely to have breakpoints. High profile cyber-attacks have emphasized how exposed any system network can be. The technological advancements that continue to provide the business community with relevant and helpful tools also means that new opportunities will continue to rise for hackers. Why? Because each new technology will have weak points before they are identified fixed, and secured. The fast-changing threats to many communication applications need dedicated efforts to ensure integrity and security.

Despite the proven savings and operating web-based communication solutions, implementing and maintaining the security of the network will contribute to an increase in overall IT spending this year. And with the positive signs of economic growth, many businesses are looking to keep up. More personnel will be hired and spending on cloud and web solutions will allow businesses access to the latest technologies, software updates and patches, ensuring the business is technologically competitive.

Business communication trends will always be changing. It’s up to businesses to keep up with technology. Having the right tools and technology will facilitate making your business competitive in your field and improving overall business communications.

The Internet is not an end-all, be-all solution for business. Many businesses, small and large, often face significant upkeep charges for maintaining current technology in their business operations. Failing to maintain current technology in business may allow a competitor to use new Internet-based technology for creating a competitive advantage in the economic marketplace. Companies also must be careful to invest in technology that will be supported and commonly used in the business environment.

References

1. n. Todua, r. abulaZe, “intermet marketingi”. 2011. 2. n. Todua, e. urotaZe, r.abulaZe “globaluri krizisis gavlena internet bazris

ganviTarebaze.” sauniversitetTaSoriso samecnier-praqtikuli konferencia “ msoflio

finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo” gamomcemloba universali, Tbilisi. 2009. 3. Paul A. Pavlou, David W. Stewart. Measuring the Effects and Effectiveness of Interactive

Advertising//Journal of Interactive Advertising, 2000. №1. 4. Webopedia-On line Computer Dictionary for Computer and Internet Terms and

Definitions (www.webopedia.com) 5. http://rs.ge 6. http://gss.ge 7. Хэнсон У. Internet-маркетинг: учебное пособие для студ. вузов. Пер. с англ. Под ред. Ю.А.

Цыпкина. – М.: Юнити, 2002. 8. Успенский И.В. Интернет-маркетинг. Изд-во СПГУЭиф. Санкт-Петербург. 2003.


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I. Bochorishvili

The Internet and electronic communications in Business Summary

Information technology has transformed the way companies conduct business. Technology allows businesses to automate manual operations and process information much faster. Personal computers, server storage and point-of-sale or cash register systems, another major technological advancement is the Internet, which has created new communication forms and other business methods that companies use when processing financial and business information.

The article overviews internet shops’ new web platform, which ensures far better performance of online buying and selling transactions. Online payment system is simplified between enterprises, sellers and customs service. Moreover, it gives opportunity to increase speed of trade operations, by providing simplification and unification of trade and tax statement. Online trading will facilitate economic growth in Georgia. Definitely, it could be said, that online shopping in the near future will develop much faster throughout the world. Internet shopping is a good way for companies conduct trading operations easily and swiftly.

i. boWoriSvili

interneti da eleqtronuli komunikaciebi biznesSi

rezume sainformacio teqnologiebma Secvala kompaniebis mier biznesis marTvis meTodebi. is

saSualebas iZleva gacilebiT swrafad moxdes informaciis gadamuSaveba. esenia: personalu-ri kompiuterebi, serveris Senaxvisa da punqt-realizaciis an salaro aparatebis sistema, sxva mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri winsvla. zemoT CamoTvlilma axalma sakomunikacio saSu-alebebma SesaZlebloba misces kompaniebs gaeadvilebinaT da daeCqarebinaT finansuri da biznes informaciis damuSaveba.

naSromi ganixilavs internetmaRaziis axal vebplatformas, romelic gacilebiT ukeT uzrunvelyofs onlain yidva— gayidvis operaciebs; gamartivebulia sawarmoebis, realiza-torebisa da saSemosavlo samsaxurebis erTmaneTTan onlain angariSgeba. igi saSualebas iZ-leva gaizardos savaWro operaciebis siCqare, uzrunvelyofs vaWrobisa da sagadasaxado an-gariSgebis gamartivebas, unificirebas. onlainvaWroba xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi ekono-mikuri aqtivobis zrdas. erTmniSvnelovnad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom internetmaRaziebi uaxlo-es periodSi kidev ufro swrafad ganviTardeba mTel msoflioSi.


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d. vekua

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paradigma

dRes saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paradigmas mniSvnelovanwilad ayalibebs Ta-

visufali bazris filosofia, rac pirvel rigSi mewarmeebis xelSewyobas, saxelmwifo regula-ciebis Semcirebas da liberaluri sagadasaxado sistemis Camoyalibebas gulisxmobs. am gziT sa-qarTveloSi igegmeba sainvesticio garemos gaumjobeseba, ekonomikaSi damatebiTi kapitalis mozidva, samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, dasaqmebis problemis mogvareba da sxva socialuri sakiTxe-bis regulireba.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paradigma aseve gulisxmobs sabiujeto xarjebis efeqtianobas, dabalansebul biujetebs, mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyobas, monopoliebis SezRudvas da ekonomikur subieqtebisTvis Tanabari konkurentunariani garemos Seqmnas.

liberaluri faseulobebi Tavisufali bazris fundamenti da misi koncefciis organuli qsovilia. am faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavisufali bazari xdeba pragmatuli da realis-turi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos administraciuli mmarTveloba yovelTvis iZala-debs ekonomikuri subieqtebis Tavisuflebaze, saxelmwifo moxeleebi ki aqtiurad Caerevian resursebis ganawilebis procesSi.

bevri postkomunisturi qveynis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic, ekonomikuri sistemis tran-sformaciis garkveul etapze moxda faseulobaTa sistemis aRreva da gadafaseba, rac uTuod msoflmxedvelobiTi dualizmis Sedegia da gardaqmnebis gzaze warmoadgens seriozul Sema-ferxebel faqtors, radgan globaluri reformirebis ganxorcieleba Sinagani rwmenis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

amave dros, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis bazisi, misi materialuri da finansuri fundamenti, ris gamoc sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri wyobis transformaciis procesebma aqtiurad moiTxova ekonomikuri politikis Tvisobrivad axlebu-ri gaazreba. vfiqrobT, rom am mimarTulebiT gasuli daaxlovebiT ori aTeuli weli arasaTana-dod aris Seswavlili. makroekonomikuri analizis dros meti yuradReba eqceva gare riskebsa da gamowvevebs, naklebi Sida problemebs, rac emsgavseba iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac vafasebT sxvis cxovrebas da aRmovaCenT, rom naklebad varT Caxeduli sakuTarSi.

ucxouri qveynebidan gamzadebuli modelebis gadmotana da maTi morgebis mcdeloba xSi-rad warumateblad mTavrdeba, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi sworad ar fasdeba Cveni qveynis bunebri-vi, adamianuri, inteleqtualuri, materialuri resursebi da potenciali.

ekonomikuri Tavisufleba pirvel rigSi momavlis filosofiaa, magram yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom ekonomikas, rogorc sazogadoebriv mecnierebas aqvs sakuTari istoriuli mex-siereba, risi codnac momavlis swori ganWvretisTvis umniSvnelovanesia. es codna momavalis prognozirebisa da riskebis neitralizaciisTvis unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. warsulze zemoqme-deba da misi gadawera SeuZlebelia. Tumca warsulis gamocdileba udaod dagvexmareba imaSi, rom sworad davgegmoT momavali, erTi cnobili gamonaTqvamisa ar iyos, is rac ar gvklavs gvaZ-lierebs.

reformebis procesSi Tavisuflebis seriozuli xelis SemSleli faqtoria araefeqturi saxelmwifo aparati, xSirad saxelmwifo Cinovnikebi bizness erTis mxriv aqtiurobisken mouwo-deben, amave dros ki sakuTari araprofesionalizmis an sxva piradi interesebis gamo, xels uS-lian bizness ekonomikuri aqtiurobis ganxorcielebaSi.

demokratiuli saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesi mtkivne-ulad mimdinareobs, radgan sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis polarizaciis fonze, gamravlda qoneb-rivi mdgomareobis da Semosavlebis mixedviT sazogadoebis diferenciacia da qveyanaSi noyieri niadagi Seiqmna socialuri uTanxmoebisa da ukmayofilebisaTvis. ekonomikuri reformebis efeqti, rogorc wesi, mxolod garkveuli periodis Semdeg xdeba TvalsaCino da xelSesaxebi, rac moqalaqeebisaTvis Zneli aRsaqmelia. aseve, mosaxleobis garkveul nawils kvlav mohyveba nostalgia warsulisadmi, rac mTlianobaSi aZlierebs apaTiur ganwyobilebebs sazogadoebaSi.


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cnobili germaneli ekonomisti da saxelmwifo moRvawe ludvig erxardi Tavis naSromSi, ,keTildReoba yvelasaTvis” ambobs: ,,marCenali saxelmwifo Tanamedrove iluziaa.”1 igi aRniS-navs:“ rodesac adamiani saguldagulodaa daculi cxovrebiseuli moulodnelobebisgan, buneb-rivia misgan ver moviTxovT sasicocxlo Zalis da garkveuli iniciativebis gamoCenas“2.

sazogadoebriv-politikuri da ekonomikuri wyobis transformaciis procesebma aqtiurad moiTxova socialuri politikis Tvisobrivad axleburi gaazreba.

Tavisufali bazari dafuZnebulia Rrma individualizmze da nawilobriv qmnis adamianebis ganmartoebisa da gaucxovebis winapirobebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba didi kolumbie-li mwerlis gabriel garsia markesis cnobili gamonaTqvami „me ar var mdidari, me var Raribi ka-ci, romelsac aqvs fuli-es ori cneba ki Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan“3. magram amave dros individualizmi energiis wyaroc aris, rac gulisxmobs mosaxleobaSi axali sicocxlis STaber-vas, radgan martooba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebSi momavlis perspeqtivis imedi Caisa-xeba. adamianebs sakuTari kreatiuli SesaZleblobebis gamovlena xandazmul asakSic sWirde-baT, rac aris Sromisunariani adamianis bunebrivi moTxovnileba.

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis filosofia, rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paradigma, sa-Taves iRebs evropaSi volteris, didros, rusos da sxva didi ganmanaTleblebis epoqaSi. am ide-ebis institucionalizacia da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi damkvidreba dRemde mimdinareobs da is evropuli ekonomikis marTvis kulturis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.

dRes evrokavSiri, rogorc CineTi an indoeTi, didi megapolisi gaxda, sadac cxovrobs mravali mcire Tu mravalricxovani eri, romlebsac aqvT sakuTari istoriuli fesvebi, ena da sarwmunoeba. Cvenc vadgavarT evrokavSirSi integraciis am rTul da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gzas, sadac erTis mxriv unda movaxdinoT Tavisufali bazris sivrceSi adaptacia, meores mxriv ki globalizaciis pirobebSi SevinarCunoT erovnuli identoba.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis Tanamedrove paradigmis analizis dros xSirad vawydebiT mosaz-rebebs, rom Cveni ekonomikuri problemebi gare investiciebis naklebobas da maRal politikur riskebs ukavSirdeba, ver xerxdeba axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, ris gamoc mosaxleobis eko-nomikurad aqtiuri nawili tovebs qveyanas. es procesi ra Tqma unda ganpirobebulia zemoT Ca-moTvlili mizezebiT, magram mxolod nawilobriv, radgan mxolod fulis deficiti ki ara, ara-med motivirebuli da ganaTlebuli adamianebis simcire qmnis sazogadoebaSi uimedobis gan-cdas. maRali motivaciis da profesionalizmis naTeli magaliTia omis Semdgomi germania, ro-desac orad gaglejili, moralurad, ekonomikurad da fizikurad ganadgurebuli qveyana swo-red aseTma gonierma da Tavis qveynis momavalSi darwmunebulma adamianebma daayenes axali gan-viTarebis gzaze. germania ukve 50-iani wlebis bolos evropis ekonomikis umniSvnelovanesi in-vestori gaxda, xolo dRes is evrokavSiris da msoflio globaluri ekonomikis erT-erTi wam-yvani saxelmwifoa, rac aris SesaniSnavi magaliTi imisa, Tu rogori gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos mosaxleobis moralurma da sulierma konsolidaciam ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.

Tavisufleba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo regulaciebis minimizaciaa. es pirvel rigSi saka-nonmdeblo sivrcis mowesrigebas gulisxmobs. kanonebma unda waaxalison da ara SezRudon eko-nomikuri aqtiuroba. evropasTan asocirebis xelSekruleba moiTxovs evropul kanonmdeblo-basTan Cveni sakanonmdeblo sivrcis sinqronizacias da ekonomikis sferoSi biznesis Tavisuf-lebis mizniT kanonebis raodenobis Semcirebas. didi frangi ganmanaTlebeli volteri ambobs, ,,rom saxelmwifoSi kanonebis mravalricxovneba igivea, rogorc eqimebis didi raodenoba, rac qveyanaSi mosaxleobis avadmyofobis da uZlurobis niSania’’4.

Tavisufali bazris filosofia, efuZneba ramdenime umniSvnelovanes princips, romlis dacva upirobod aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom ar dairRves ekonomikuri reformebis Tanmimdev-robis logika. es principebi SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: politikuri populizmisgan TavSekave-ba da ekonomikuri reformebis Tanmimdevruloba; ekonomikur urTierTobebis procesSi wesri-gianoba; marTvis procesSi gadawyvetilebebis kvalificiurad momzadeba da maTi drouli im-

1erxardi l. keTildReoba yvelasaTvis. Tbilisi, 2011 gv. 286 2erxardi l. keTildReoba yvelasaTvis. Tbilisi, 2011 gv. 287 3https://ka.wikiquote.org/wiki/gabriel markesi 4https://ka.wikiquote.org/wiki/volteri


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plementacia; materialuri, adamianuri da finansuri resursebis xarjvis optimizacia; refor-mebis ganxorcielebis procesSi zomiereba da keTilgoniereba.

politikuri populizmisgan TavSekaveba pirvel rigSi Tavisufal bazarze politikuri riskebisgan gavlenebis minimizacias gulisxmobs. es exeba, rogorc sagareo riskebs, magaliTad iseTs, rogoricaa politikuri koniuqturidan gamomdinare ama Tu im qveynebTan sarfian par-tniorobaze uaris Tqma, aseve Sida politikur risk-faqtorebs, kerZod: arCevnebSi gamarjvebis mizniT amomrCevlebis gulis mogebis gamo, ama Tu im aucilebeli gadawyvetilebebis gadadebas an maTze uaris Tqmas. aseT dros ferxdeba reformebi da saxelmwifo kargavs unars swrafad ga-umklavdes Tavisufali bazris gamowvevebs, kerZod: gazrdili biurokratiuli aparatis mouq-nelobas, politikuri jgufebis arajansaR dainteresebas privatizaciis procesiT, resursebis ganawilebaSi diskriminacias da lobizms, dabegvraSi etatizms, biujetSi araefeqturi xarjebis programirebas, sxvadasxva regionebis Warb subsidirebas, e. w. „fokus’’ jgufebis biujetidan gaumarTlebel dafinansebas da sxva.

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Tanmimdevruloba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania politikuri populizmis Tavidan asacileblad, populizmi aCens arajansaR molodinebs dasaqmebis, sapensio uzrunvelyofis, ganaTlebis, medicinis da ekonomikis sxva sferoebSi.

Semdegi mniSvnelovani principi ekonomikur urTierTobebSi aris wesrigianobis damyareba. wesrigi pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs Tavisufali bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakanonmdeblo normatiuli bazis Seqmnas, rac uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi SejibrebiTobis, samarTlianobis da ekonomikuri mizanSewonilobis garemos Camoyalibebas.

sakanonmdeblo normatiuli bazis cvlileba unda Seexos sagadasaxado da sabaJo kanon-mdeblobas, sabiujeto kodeqss, antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobas, mcire da saSualo biznesis saqmianobis, importisa da eqsportis regulirebas, investiciebs, subsidiebsa da subvenciebs, fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobis sferos da sxva.

wesrigianobam unda gamoricxos sawarmoo SpionaJi, komerciuli informaciebis gaJonva, sa-xelmwifo moxeleebis mxridan biznesze zewola, SantaJi, gamoZalva da korufcia.

gadawyvetilebebis momzadebis da maTi implementaciis unari aris is umniSvnelovanesi principi, romelmac unda Seqmnas warmatebis winapiroba.

nebismieri gadawyvetileba, romelic ekonomikur saqmianobas ukavSirdeba unda efuZnebo-des gasuli wlebis Secdomebisa Tu warmatebebis Rrma analizs, riskebis aqtualur gaTvlas, perspeqtivis ganWvretas, ekonomikis ganviTarebis programebis kvalificiur momzadebas da a.S.

am uzarmazari samuSaos gawevis Semdeg dgeba moqmedebis dro da iwyeba gadawyvetilebebis implementacia, sadac menejerTa gunds da mTavrobas ar unda hqondes gaorebuli ganwyobileba, maTi Sinagani rwmena unda iyos myari, radgan Tu Sen ar gjera warmatebis, Znelad dasajerebelia iqneba is im adamianebisaTvis vinc am procesis Tanamonawilea.

materialuri, finansuri da adamianuri resursebis optimizaciis principi gulisxmobs am resursebis dazogvas, radgan resursi SezRudulia, xolo swored konkurencia msoflioSi am resursebis mopovebasa da gankargvisTvis brZolas ukavSirdeba.

ekonomikur ganviTarebas mudmivad sWirdeba investiciebi, romlebic sasurvelia ZiriTa-dad warimarTos adamianuri kapitalis da axali teqnologiebis dasanergad, radgan es aris gza bazris efeqturobisken. rogorc didi frangi moazrovne Jan-Jak ruso ambobs „aTasi gza midis dabneulobisken da mxolod erTi WeSmaritebisken“1.

zomierebis da keTilgonierebis principi pirvel rigSi ekonomikis marTvaSi realizms ukavSirdeba. es principi unda davicvaT korporaciebSi aqtivebis marTvis, finansuri bazrebze damkvidrebis, finansebis menejmentis ganxorcielebis procesSi, sabanko, sadazRvevo da sain-vesticio fondebis efeqturad marTvis, centralur da adgilobriv biujetebSi finansuri re-sursebis gadanawilebis dros. zomiereba da keTilgoniereba aseve gulisxmobs gadawyvetilebe-bis implementaciis dros ampartavnobis, misionizmis da Seucdomlobis kompleqsebi daZlevas.

Tavisufali bazari ver egueba politikur da ideologiur wiaRsvlebs da is ekonomikuri kanonzomierebebiTa da realuri ganzomilebebiT viTardeba. amitom Zalzed mniSvnelovania is, rom reformebis procesSi Cven axal ukiduresobas, fsevdo liberalizmis gzas ar davadgeT. 1https://ka.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jan-Jak ruso


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Cveni qveynis istoriulma warsulma dagvanaxa, rom damoukideblobas sWirdeba simtkice, amas ki myari neba sWirdeba. gardaqmnebis am rTul gzaze unda gvaxsovdes Zveli induri gamonaTqvami: ,,gezis siswore Tu ar gveeWveba, maSin manZilic araferia“.1 saukeTeso gamosavali swori gziT siarulia. saqarTvelom mkafiod unda gamokveTos sakuTari nebeloba da Tavi daaRwios garedan rig SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegobriv rekomendaciebs da aqedan gamomdinare ar unda gadaixaros arc zedmeti konservativizmisken, arc fsevdo liberalizmisken, sxva SemTxvevaSi zustad mog-vesadageba berZeni filosofosis demosTenes cnobili fraza ,,briyvi sazogadoeba jobia iyos morCilebaSi vidre TviTon marTavdes qveyanas“.2

dRes, rodesac amdeni ram icvleba msoflio ekonomikaSi, politikaSi, sazogadoebis cxov-rebasa Tu cnobierebaSi, demokratiul qveynebSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da mTavrobebi cdi-loben gaiazron da gadaafason is axali gamowvevebi rac TiTqosda mudmiv, WeSmarit faseulo-baTa sistemas gauCnda.

ra aris da ra iyo es msoflmxedveloba meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikaSi, ramac ase Rrmad gaidga fesvebi, aSS-Si, evropaSi da mTel civilizebul samyaroSi? es aris liberaluri demokratia – zogadad da konkretulad ki Tavisufali bazris filosofia ekonomikaSi. mas Sem-deg, rac am mimarTulebiT bolo 25 welia saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs permanentuli reformebi, ismis kiTxva: xom ar movwydiT bunebriv ganviTarebas da sasurveli xom ar warmovidgineT rea-lobad? liberalizmi marTlac adamianTa Tanacxovrebis da saqmianobis saukeTeso formaa Tu iluzia, romelsac ostaturad iyeneben ekonomikurad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi bazrebis globa-lizaciis da am bazrebis monopoliebis Seqmnis mizniT. cxadia es kiTxva maqvs ara marto me, ara-med aqvs Cvens bevr moqalaqesac. „msoflio moqalaqis“ ideiT aRtkinebulebi, xom ar movwydiT Cvens fesvebs, imas, rasac saqarTveloSi tradiciul faseulobebad migvaCnia? xom ar mivagdeT sadRac bneli biblioTekebis sacavebSi Cveni qarTveli da bevri ucxoeli moazrovnis Segonebe-bi erovnul faseulobebis mofrTxilebisa da misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb?

samyaroSi adamianis individualizmsa da ganumeoreblobas filosofiis avtori, germaneli filosofosi, martin haidegeric ki, romelic XX-Si liberalizmis „axali talRis’’ fuZemdebe-lia ambobs, rom „yvelaferi arsebiTi da didi warmoiqmneba iqidan, rom adamians hqonda samSob-lo da igi iyo fesvgadgmuli tradiciaSi“3.

sakuTari ekonomikuri sivrcisa da tradiciebis dacvis mizniT britaneTis evrokavSiridan gasvlam, aSS neo-konservatiuli da proteqcionistuli Sexedulebebis momZlavrebam, evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi am mimarTulebiT dawyebulma moZraobebma dagvanaxa, rom Tavisufal samya-roSi yvelaferi wesrigSi ver aris. es TavdacviTi instinqtebia, romelic am qveynebidan wamosu-li zemoqmedebis talRebis saxiT Seuqcevadad vrceldeba mTels msoflioSi. albaT momavalSi liberalizmis da proteqcionizmis swori Sexameba iseTive bedis ganmsazRvreli aRmoCndeba ka-cobriobisaTvis, rogorc yvela didi istoriuli xdomiloba.

erTi ram cxadia, Cvens ekonomikaze dasavleTidan wamosuli zemoqmedebis es talRebi auci-leblad moiTxovs CvenTan Camoyalibebuli stereotipebis transformacias, rasac umal moyveba qarTuli ekonomikis paradigmis seriozuli koreqtireba.

proteqcionizmi aramc da aramc ar modis winaaRmdegobaSi Tavisufali bazris filosofi-asTan, rogorc es liberalizmis apologetebs warmoudgeniaT, piriqiT es gulisxmobs Sida baz-ris diversifikacias da konkurenciis amaRlebas, monopoliebis SezRudvas, adgilobrivi da tradiciuli mewarmeebis xelSewyobas, mcire da saSualo biznesis stimulirebas, ganawilebaSi socialuri samarTlianobis damyarebas da zogadad yvelafers, rac sabazro meqanizmebis da in-strumentebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba emsaxurebodes saqarTvelos interesebs. maSin liberaliz-mic iqneba sazogadoebisTvis ufro gasagebi, sxva SemTxvevaSi Cveni darguli venaxidan moweuli mosavali arc Cveni glexis keTildReobas moxmardeba da arc qarTul saxelmwifos. swori pro-teqcionistuli politikis erT-erT magaliTad migvaCnia britaneTSi margaret tetCeris mmar-Tveloba, rodesac Tanmimdevruli proteqcionistuli politikis Sedegad tradiciul dargebs xelSewyobiT britaneTma Tavi daaRwia qveyanaSi gamefebul qaossa da ganukiTxaobas.

1Мусский И. А. Сто великих мыслилителей. Москва.„ВЕЧЕ’’-2000г. ст.10 2Мусский И. А. Сто великих мыслилителей. Москва.„ВЕЧЕ’’-2000г .ст.13 3irakli baTiaSvili.,, martin haidegeri :sxva gza’’gv.26


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roca liberalizmis pozitivebze vsaubrobT, ar unda dagvaviwydes is recidivebi, romelic mas axlavs. magaliTad: bazris monawile msxvili kompaniebi liberalizmis pirobebSi, sakuTari kapitalis siZlieris gamo zRudaven jansaR konkurencias da advilad erevian Cvens mewarmeebs, rogorc Sida ise gare bazrebze. am problemis daZleva saxelmwifo regulaciebis gareSe SeuZ-lebelia. ekonomikis diversificireba, antimonopoliuri saqmianoba, bunebrivi resursebiT sargebloba, miwis sakuTrebis sakiTxebi, dasaqmebis stimulireba, samuSao Zalis migraciis problemebi is Temebia, sadac saxelmwifos proteqcionisturi Careva gardauvalia.

amasTan, liberalurma ekonomikam mogvca dolarizebuli ekonomika, srulad daucveli fi-nansuri bazari, sadac samwuxarod bevri ram ara Cvenze, aramed msoflioSi dolaris gamyarebasa Tu inflaciaze aris damokidebuli.

Tumca aq samarTali moiTxovs iTqvas, rom dolari gavlenas axdens ara marto Cveni masSta-bis qveynis, aramed megapolisebisa Tu superqveynebis ekonomikaze. es yvelas Tavsatkivari gax-da, radgan finansuri stabilizaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia ekonomikur ganviTarebaze fiqric ki.

ekonomika sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa sistemaa da amitom is cocxali organizmia, da adamianis msgavsad, isic individualuri da universaluria. misi standartizacia da unifikacia zogad universaluri CarCos meSveobiT savsebiT dauSveblad mimaCnia, radgan Tanamedrove sam-yaroSi yvelam unda gaacnobieros sakuTari realoba da TiToeuli qveynis ganumeorebloba. Se-saZloa es Cemi subieqturi mosazrebaa, magram mimaCnia, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebis paradigma kargavs kreatiul impulsebs da mTlianad saerTaSoriso eqspertebis da orga-nizaciebis rekomendaciebze damokidebuli xdeba. liberalizmi ekonomikaSi kreatiuli midgo-mebis gareSe mitovebul cixe-simagres emsgavseba, sadac araferi ar xdeba garda ubedurebisa. upriani iqneba ekonomikis kreatiulobasTan dakavSirebiT gavixsenoT didi Cineli filosofiis konfucis sityvebi: roca gardaqmnebis qariSxali amovardeba, CineTis didi kedeli ki ara, xide-bi da qaris wisqvilebi unda vaSenoTo. vfiqrob, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriam, es mosaz-reba ara erTxel daadastura da cudi ar iqneba, Tu Cvenc am sakiTxebze davfiqrdeT.


1. balceroviCi l. Tavisufleba da ganviTareba. Tavisufali bazris filosofia.Tbili-

si,2004; 2. gabelaia a.finansebi.Tbilisi,2011; 3. erxardi l. keTildReoba yvelasaTvis. Tbilisi, 2011; 4. vekua d. mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis makroekonomikuri regulireba postsabWour

qveynebSi. Tbilisi, 2003; 5. iakobiZe d. globaluri dinamizmis qarTuli sinamdvile. Tbilisi, 2011; 6. kakulia r., baxtaZe r. jibuti a. sajaro finansebi. Tbilisi, 2010; 7. d. vekua i. vekua saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis socialuri dazRvevis makroekonimikuri re-

gulirebis gzebi da mimarTulebebi. Tbilisi 2013 w. 8. vekua. d. fiskaluri politikis srulyofis da sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis gze-

bi saqarTveloSi g. TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebuliN1, Tbilisi 2011 w.

9. irakli baTiaSvili. martin haidegeri : sxva gza Tbilisi 2016 w. 10. Мусский И. А. Сто великих мыслилителей. Москва.„ВЕЧЕ’’-2000 г. 11. https://ka.wikiquote.org/wik


39

d. vekua

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paradigma reziume

statiaSi ganixileba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paradigma, romelic mniSvne-

lovanwilad efuZneba Tavisufali bazris filosofias. statiaSi gansazRvrulia Tavisufali bazris funqcionirebis ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi

principi, romlis dacva upirobod aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom ar dairRves ekonomikuri re-formebis Tanmimdevrobis logika da transformaciis procesi.

gaanalizebulia ekonomikuri paradigmis pozitiuri da negatiuri Sedegebi. is axali gamow-vevebi, rac proteqcionizmis momZlavrebas da Sida bazarze TavdacviTi instinqtebis gaZlie-rebas ukavSirdeba.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Cvens ekonomikaze dasavleTidan wamosuli proteqcionizmis talRa aucileblad moiTxovs arsebuli liberaluri stereotipebis transformacias, rasac umal moyveba qarTuli ekonomikuri strategiis seriozuli koreqtireba. Camoyalibebulia ekonomikis marTvis gaumjobesebis ramdenime konkretuli winadadeba.

D. Vekua

Paradigm of Georgian Economic Development

Summary

The article reviews the paradigm of economic development of Georgia that is The article ascertains several most predominantly based on the philosophy of free market. Important principles of

the functioning of free market that should be unconditionally applied in order not to break the logic of sequence of economic reforms and the process of transformation.

Positive and negative results of the economic paradigm have been analyzed as well as the new challenges that are associated with rise of protectionism and strengthening of instincts to defend the internal markets.

A consideration is expressed that the wave of protectionism coming from the West necessitates certain transformation of existing liberal stereotypes. This would be instantly followed by a significant correction of the Georgian economic strategy. The author offers several specific suggestions on how to manage the country’s economy more effectively.


40

q. zaqareiSvili

xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis

bundovani teqstis ganmarteba

xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mTavari mizani xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis dadgenaa. xelSemkvre-

li mxareebi marTalia Tavad gansazRvraven xelSekrulebis yvela pirobasa da niuanss, Tumca Se-saZloa adgili hqondes erTi mxaris mier mizanmimarTulad, meoris mimarT upiratesobis gamoye-nebis mcdelobas. swored amis prevencias emsaxureba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi gabneu-li normebis erToblioba, rac uzrunvelyofs xelSekrulebis imgvarad ganmartebas, rom met-nak-lebad daculi iyos mxareTa Soris uflebrivi balansi da amavdroulad, miRweul iqnas is mizani, romlisTvisac daido xelSekruleba. Tumca, praqtikaSi sakmaod rTulia ganisazRvros orive mxa-ris WeSmariti neba.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi konkretulad ar gansazRvravs ganmartebis Tu romeli me-Todebi da wesebi unda gavrceldes xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebze. analogiis principi-dan gamomdinare, mas Semdeg rac aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis Semadgeneli nawili gaxdeba, maTi gan-martebis mimarT igive wesebi gamoiyeneba, rac garigebaTa ganmartebis dros.1 am konteqstSi gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes xelSekrulebis individualurad gansazRvruli da standartuli pirobebis urTierTmimarTebas. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi calsaxad ad-gens, rom „uSualod mxareTa mier SeTanxmebul pirobebs upiratesoba eniWeba standartul piro-bebTan,“2 rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom individualurad SeTanxmebuli piroba mxareTa saerTo nebas gamoxatavs, xolo standartuli debuleba erT-erTis mieraa xelSekrulebaSi Setanili.

evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebis 5:104-e muxli, aseve gansazRvravs rom „im pirobebs, romlebzec mxareebi individualurad SeTanxmdnen, eniWebaT upiratesoba im pirobeb-Tan SedarebiT, romlebzec aseTi SeTanxmeba ar miRweula.’’3 analogiuri midgoma aqvs sakiTxisad-mi evropuli kerZo samarTlis principebs, ganmartebebsa da CarCo modelebsac (e.w. DCFR). ker-Zod, 8:104 -e muxli4 aRiarebs individualurad SeTanxmebuli pirobebis upiratesobas da gansaz-Rvravs, rom Tuki xelSekruleba dadebulia standartuli pirobebiT, magram maT Soris gvxvdeba erTi SeTanxmebuli pirobac ki, ivaraudeba rom swored es ukanaskneli gamoxatavs mxareTa nebas.5

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ganmartebisas umTavresia mxareTa saerTo nebis dadgena. standar-tuli pirobebis miuxedavad, mxareTa saerTo ganzraxva mainc SeiZleba arsebobdes, im viTarebaSi, roca mxare, romelsac ar miuRia monawileoba xelSekrulebis teqstis SedgenaSi, sakmaris cod-nas flobda da eTanxmeboda am debulebas.6 sakmaris codnaSi SesaZlebelia specialuri codna mo-iazrebodes, romelic momxmarebelTa farTo wres ki ar aqvs, aramed konkretul urTierTobaTa specifikaSi kargad garkveul pirs7. amitom xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis ganmartebi-sas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZleba iqonios mxaris statusma – Cveulebrivi fizikuri piri (sa-

1 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 337-340 muxlebi 2 saqarTvelos samoqlaqo kodeqsis 342— e muxlis mesame nawili; xelmisawvdomia: https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/31702 3The principles of European Contract Law (prepared by the Commision on European Contract Law 1999 text in English) — Article 5:104 „Preference to Negotiated Terms” — “Terms which have been individually negotiated take preference over those which are not”. 4Principles, Defitions and Model Rules of European Private Law – Draft Common Frame of Reference DCFR — Article 8:104: Preference for negotiated terms: “Terms which have been individually negotiated take preference over those which have not”. 5 igive midgomaa xelSekrulebis Secvlili pirobebisadmi, radgan pirobis Secvla mxareebis molaparakebebis gareSe gamoricxulia, rac TavisTavad erTian nebaze miuTiTebs. amasTanave, ar aqvs mniSvneloba piroba Secvlilia werilobiTi formiT Tu zepirad. 6 baCiaSili v., xelSekrulebis ganmarteba evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebis mixedviT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi misi implementaciis mizanSewoniloba, samarTlis Jurnali N 1, 2013. citirebulia: „von Bar C. Zimmermann R. Grundregeln des EuropaischenVetragsrechts, Teile I und II (Studienaufgabe), Munchen, 2002, 342 7iqve, gv.9


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Sualo donis) momxmarebelia Tu mewarme, romelic erkveva im konkretuli urTierTobis Tavise-burebebSi, romelSic Sevida SemTavazebelTan.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis standartuli pirobebis momwesrigebeli muxlebi1 pirda-pir ar gvTavazobs, ganmartebis wess. erTaderTi gamonaklisia kodeqsis 345-e muxli, romliTac dadgenilia xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobis bundovani teqstis ganmartebis specialuri wesi, romelic gansazRvravs, rom: „Tu xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis teqsti bundova-nia, maSin igi ganimarteba meore mxaris sasargeblod.“2 aRniSnuli debuleba srulad iziarebs germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis midgomas, romelic adgens, rom „xelSekrulebis standartuli pi-robebis ganmartebisas bundovaneba ganimarteba SemTavazeblis sawinaaRmdegod.“3

aRniSnuli civilistikaSi cnobilia „contra preferentem rule” -is saxelwodebiT da gulisxmobs sawinaaRmdego ganmartebis princips, romlis Sesabamisad, erT— erTi mxaris mier SeTavazebuli pirobebis bundovanebis SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba eniWeba SemTavazeblis sawinaaRmdego ganmar-tebas.4 “misi gamoyeneba xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca naTelia Tu vis mier aris Camoyalibe-buli SeTavazebuli piroba.”5

sagulisxmoa, rom praqtikaSi xelSekrulebaTa ganmartebisas, xsenebuli principi gamoiyene-ba, rogorc sakiTxis gadawyvetis ukiduresi saSualeba (the last resort to resolve ambiguous contract),6mag-ram magaliTad, sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis debulebebis Sinaarsis dadgena – pirvel rigSi swo-red rom sawinaaRmdego ganmartebis principis saSualebiT xdeba,7 rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebi ZiriTadad standartuli pirobebiT ideba da dazRveuli moklebu-lia SesaZleblobas, gaecnos an bolomde gaiazros debulebebi. amitom kanonmdeblisa da Sesaba-misad, sasamarTlos midgoma erTgvarad, momxmareblis dacvis garantiacaa.8

aRniSnuli principi ganmtkicebulia TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso aqtSi, romelic gvTava-zobs xelSekrulebis ganmartebis institutis momwesrigebel regulaciebs. kerZod, evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebis 5:103-e muxli adgens, rom „Tu arsebobs eWvi xelSekru-lebis im pirobis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT, romelic mxareebs individualurad ar SeuTaxmebiaT, maSin upiratesoba unda mieniWos pirobis wamomyeneblis nebis sapirispiro ganmartebas.“9 Sesaba-misad, ikveTeba calsaxa midgoma — sapirispiro ganmartebis meTodi gamoiyeneba mxolod standar-tuli pirobebis mimarT da mTavari mizania ara mxareTa saerTo nebis dadgena, aramed xelSekru-

1saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 342-348 -e muxlebi 2 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 345-e muxli 3 germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 305-e paragrafis meore nawili. 4 janaSia l.- ”saxelSekrulebo samarTali“ saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisTvis, gv. 155, Tb. 2014 w. gamomcemloba „meridiani“ 5Cserne Peter “Policy considerations in contract interpretation: the contra proferentem rule from a comparative law and economic perspective” — Hungarian Association for Law and Economics, University of Hull, Working Papers, No 5, 2007, p. 9. www.works.bepress.com/peter– cserne/28/ 6 Johnson Scott, “Court Split Over Contra Proferentem Doctrine Widens” -“Law360” , New York, January 06, 2014 www.law360.com 7 Johnson Scott, “Court Split Over Contra Proferentem Doctrine Widens” -“Law360” , New York, January 06, 2014 www.law360.com 8Howard B. Epstein and Theodore A. Keyes, “ ContraProferentum: Sophisticated Entities Negotiating” — New York Law Journal, N 42, August 30, 2006. www.nylj.com 9 evrokavSiris wevri qveynebisaTvis erTiani karZo samarTlebrivi xasiaTis kanonis modeli – „evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebi“ – (Targmani) – Tbilisi, 2014 w. gamomc. daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, gv. 44. aseve, The principles of European Contract Law (prepared by the Commision on European Contract Law 1999 text in English) — Article 5:103 “Contra Proferentem Rule” — “Where there is doubt about the meaning of a contract term not individually negotiated, an interpretation of the term against the party who supplied it, is to be preferred.”


42

lebis “susti“ mxaris dacva.’’1 swored amitom, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobis bundovani debulebis ganmartebisas upiratesoba obieqtur (gonivruli) ganmartebas eniWeba da ar aris sak-marisi mxolod „ganzraxuli“ nebis Sinaarsis dadgena.

evropuli kerZo samarTlis principebis, ganmartebebisa da CarCo modelebis (e.w. DCFR) de-bulebebi2 aseve adgens, rom bundovani pirobis SemTavazebelia ganmartebis riskis matarebeli da Tu bundovani piroba Sedgenilia Sesabamisi Zalauflebis mqone (dominirebuli) mxaris zegav-leniT, piroba ganimarteba misi ganmartebis sawinaaRmdegod.3 Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli afarToebs „contra proferentem”-is moqmedebis sferos da sawinaaRmdego ganmartebis princips gvTavazobs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu piroba individulauradaa SeTanxmebuli. Tumca, winapirobad ayenebs xelSem-kvreli mxaris „Zalauflebas“ — dominirebul mdgomareobas, rodesac meore „iZulebulia“ da-dos xelSekruleba. niSandoblivia, rom msgavsi midgoma vrceldeba rogorc im xelSekrulebebze, sadac mxareebad gamodian biznesi da momxmarebeli, aseve fizikur pirebs Soris dadebul xelSek-rulebebzec.4

aRsaniSnavia, rom 8:103 -e muxlis regulaciebi vrceldeba mxolod im SemTxvevebze, roca xelSekrulebis romelime piroba bundovania da iZleva gansxvavebuli interpretaciis saSuale-bas an saerTod arTulebs (gamoricxavs) Sinarsis dadgenis SesaZleblobas. amitom, aRniSnuli normis moqmedebis sfero SezRudulia da ar vrceldeba xelSekrulebis pirobebis ganmartebis yvela SemTxvevaze.

TiTqmis identuria e.w. „unidroas“ principebis midgomac,5 romelic gansazRvravs, rom mxare pasuxismgebelia xelSekrulebis im konkretuli debulebis Sinaarsze, romlis SemTavazebladac gvevlineba. Sesabamisad, igi atarebs SeTavazebuli debulebis ganmartebis sicxadisa da bundova-nebis risks. Tumca, yoveli Canaweris ganmarteba konkretuli SemTxvevis Rrma da sistemuri ana-lizis safuZvelze unda moxdes da Tu dadginda, rom SeTavazebuli piroba, yovelgvari ganxil-vis gareSe— standartuli pirobis saxiT, iqna Setanili xelSekrulebaSi da Sinaarsis dadgena er-TmniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, misi ganmarteba moxdeba SemTavazeblis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, rac erTgvarad „keTilsindisieri“ pirobis mimRebis dacvis meqanizmicaa.

sainteresoa 93/13/EEC evrodireqtivis Canaweric aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT. zogadad, di-reqtivis miznidan gamomdinare — daicvas momxmarebelTa uflebebi, arc aris gasakviri, rom me— 5 muxlis meore winadadeba, pirdapir da erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs, rom „Tu ki saeWvoa piro-bis Sinaarsi, misi ganmarteba unda moxdes momxmareblis sasargeblod“. Tumca, Tu ra unda CaiTva-los momxmareblis sasargeblod ganmartebad, konkretuli faqtis Sefasebisas unda dadgindes.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare faqtia, rom xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis swo-rad ganmartebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs – erTi mxriv, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis dasadge-nad da meore mxriv, im miznis misaRwevad, rac ganzraxuli hqondaT mxareebs SeTanxmebis dadebam-de. erTaderTi specialuri regulacia, romelic gansazRvravs standartuli pirobis bundovani teqstis ganmartebis wess, momxmareblis dacvis garantiaa konkretuli samarTalurTierTobis dros da ar iZleva ganzogadebis saSualebas.

1 baCiaSili v., xelSekrulebis ganmarteba evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebis mixedviT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi misi implementaciis mizanSewoniloba, samarTlis Jurnali N 1, 2013. gv. 15. 2Principles, Defitions and Model Rules of European Private Law – Draft Common Frame of Reference DCFR — Article 8:103: Interpretation against supplier of term or dominant party: “(1) Where there is doubt about the meaning of a term not individually negotiated , an interpretation of the term against the party who supplied it is to be preferred. “ 3 Principles, Defitions and Model Rules of European Private Law – Draft Common Frame of Reference DCFR — Article 8:103: Interpretation against supplier of term or dominant party: “(2) Where there is doubt the meaning of any other term, ad that term has been established under the dominant influence of one party, an interpretation of the term against that party is to be preferred.” 4Principles, Defitions and Model Rules of European Private Law – Draft Common Frame of Reference DCFR — Article 8:103: Interpretation against supplier of term or dominant party, Comments, p. 591 5Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (International Institute for the Unification of Private law , 2010) — Article 4.6. (Contra Proferentem Rule) : “If contract terms supplied by one party are unclear, an interpretation against that party is preferred.”


43

valdebulebiT samarTalSi damkvidrebuli principebis mixedviT, ganmartebis zogadi wesebi vrceldeba yvela tipis xelSekrulebaze, Tu Tavad kanonmdeblobiT gansxvavebuli wesi ar aris dadgenili. Tumca, Tu ramdenad mizanSewonilia xelSekrulebis ganmartebis zogadi principebis gavrceleba standartuli pirobebis mimarT, calsaxad ar aris gansazRvruli. zogadad, xelSek-rulebis ganmartebis miznidan gamomdinare — dadgenil iqnas SeTanxmebis realuri Sinaarsi — Se-saZloa, mizanSewonilad iqnas miCneuli zogadi midgomebis gavrceleba konkretulad standar-tul pirobebze, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.

amitom, ganmartebisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, rom maqsimalurad daculi iyos saka-nonmdeblo regulaciebi, xelSekrulebis ganmartebis zogadi wesebi da mTavar amocanas warmo-adgendes mxareTa mier gamoxatuli nebis dadgenis safuZvelze im miznis miRweva, rac maT amoZra-vebdaT, rodesac samarTalurTierTobaSi Sevidnen erTmaneTTan. xolo, zemoT xsenebuli sawina-aRmdego ganmartebis principi gamoyenebul unda iqnas, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasturdeba, rom SemTavazebelma mizanmimarTulad Seitana bundovani teqsti xelSekrulebis standartul pi-robebSi da mimRebi moklebuli iyo SesaZleblobas, realurad gaego gamoxatuli nebis arsi da Se-sabamisad Seecvala igi.


1. kropheleri ian, „germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi“ saswavlo komentari, me-13 gadamuSavebu-

li gamocema, Tbilisi , 2014 w. gamomc: saias iuridiuli ganaTlebis xelSewyobis fondi da GIZ; 2. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebisaTvis erTiani karZo samarTlebrivi xasiaTis kanonis modeli

– „evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principebi“ – (Targmani) – Tbilisi, 2014 w. gamomc. da-viT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti.

3. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, valdebulebiTi nawili, zoga-di nawili, Tbilisi, 2001 w. gamomc. „samarTali“.

4. baCiaSili v., xelSekrulebis ganmarteba evropuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlis principe-bis mixedviT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi misi implementaciis mizanSewoniloba, samarTlis Jurnali N 1, 2013.

5. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqi, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/31702 6. The principles of European Contract Law (prepared by the Commision on European Contract Law 1999 text in

English). http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/eu.contract.principles.parts.1.to.3.2002/ 7. Principles, Defitions and Model Rules of European Private Law – Draft Common Frame of Reference DCFR. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/contract/files/european-private-law— en.pdf 8. Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (International Institute for the Unification of Private

law , 2010). http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/contracts/principles2010/integralversionprinciples2010-e.pdf 9. Cserne Peter “Policy considerations in contract interpretation: the contra proferentem rule from a comparative

law and economic perspective” — Hungarian Association for Law and Economics, University of Hull, Working Papers, No 5, 2007. www.works.bepress.com/peter– cserne/28/

10. Johnson Scott, “Court Split Over Contra Proferentem Doctrine Widens” -“Law360” , New York, January 06, 2014 www.law360.com

11. Howard B. Epstein and Theodore A. Keyes, “ ContraProferentum: Sophisticated Entities Negotiating” — New York Law Journal, N 42, August 30, 2006. www.nylj.com


44

q. zaqareiSvili

xelSekrulebis standatuli pirobebis bundovani teqstis ganmarteba reziume

xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis ganmartebis dros sakmaod rTulia mxareTa realu-

ri nebis dadgena da uflebrivi balansis dacva. saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdebloba ar icnobs specialur maregulirebel wesebs standartuli pirobebis Sinaarsis dasadgenad. Tumca, e.w. „susti mxaris“ dacvis meqanizmad gvTavazobs „sawinaaRmdego ganmartebis“ wess, romelic bundo-vani Canaweris mimarT gamoiyeneba.

sakiTxis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs isic, rom saerTaSoriso unificirebuli wesebi calsa-xad adgens sawinaaRmdego ganmartebis wess, Tu dasturdeba, rom SemTavazebelma mizanmimarTu-lad Seitana bundovani teqsti xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebSi da mimRebi moklebuli iyo SesaZleblobas, realurad gaego gamoxatuli nebis arsi.

amitom, zogadad, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis da miT ufro, bundovani Canaweris ganmarteba, specialuri danawesis miuxedavad, saWiroebs sakmaod frTxil da kompleqsur midgo-mas, raTa ar moxdes erTi mxaris uflebebis araTanazomieri SezRudva, meoris xarjze.

K. Zakareishvili

Definition of Vague text of Standard Terms of the Agreement

Summary During the definition of the standard terms of the agreement it is rather difficult to determine the real will of the

parties and maintaining the legal balance. Current legislation of Georgia does not recognize special regulatory rules to determine the contents of the standard terms. Although, the rule of the “contra preferentem” is offered as a defence mechanism for so-called “weaker party” which is used for vague records.

The importance of the issue is also evidenced by the fact that international unified rules clearly define the rule of the “contra preferentem”, if it is confirmed that the Offeror intentionally introduced the vague text in standard terms of the agreement and the Recipient was deprived of the opportunity to really understand the meaning of the expressed will.

Therefore, in general, clarification of the standard terms of the agreement and moreover, of vague records, despite the special writ, requires a thorough and integrated approach, in order to avoid disproportionate restriction of the rights of one party, at the expense of another.


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s. TavarTqilaZe

cifruli ekonomika — momavlis ekonomika

msofliSi mimdinare ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisis fonze, eleqtronuli komerciis,

organizaciuli procesebis kompiuterizebuli marTvisa da cifruli infrastruqturis zrdis tempi msoflioSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavar stimulatorad iqca. socialuri media, mobiluri vebservisebi, kompiuteruli qlaud- sistemebi da sxva Tanamedrove teqnolo-giebi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs biznesis marTvis im formebs, romlebic dRevandel msoflioSi inergeba. 2016 wlidan msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevars anu 3 miliard adami-ans aqvs wvdoma internetTan. xolo cnobilma transnacionaluri kompania SpaceX -ma 2017 wlis 3 maiss, aSS senats ambiciuri gegma gaacno: SpaceX-i 2019 wlidan internetis miwodebas satelite-bis meSveobiT mTeli msofliosaTvis apirebs.1 es TavisTavad gulisxmobs cifruli codnis gav-rcelebis gamartivebul procesebs, saerTaSoriso bazrebze SeRwevis simartives da a.S.

rTulia ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad mihyveba saqarTvelo Tanamedrove ekonomikur tendenci-ebs, Tumca upirobod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cifruli ekonomika qveynebis ekonomikuri sirTule-ebidan gamoyvanis uaxlesi da Zalze efeqturi saSualebaa.

rogor daiwyo? 1966 wels, nobelis premiis laureatma ekonomikis dargSi Carlz kaom aRmoaCina sinaTlis did manZilze gadacemis saSualeba, iyenebda ra zewminda minas opti-kurboWkovan masalad.2

pirveli zewminda boWko awarmoes ukve oTxi wlis Semdeg, 1970 wels. dRes, optikurboWko-vania: interneti, telefoni, sakabelo televizia da sxva.

paralelurad, amerikelebma uilard biolma da jorj smitma, gamoigones analoguri mik-rosqema zeSuqmgrZnobiare fotodiodebidan. muxtiT kavSiriani xelsawyo revoluciurad iqca da gaxda Seucvleli kvlevaTa sagani yvela dargsa da sferoSi. bevri eleqtronuli mowyobilo-bis, romelTa Sorisaa personaluri kompiuterebi, leptopebi, fotoaparatebi, TamaSis pulte-bi, cifruli Camwerebi, pleerebi da sxv., funqcionireba supermagnitorezistulobis efeqtis Sedegia.3

1988 wels, am aRmoCenidan aTi wlis Semdeg daiwyo am efeqtis komerciuli gamoyeneba, daiw-yo iseTi popularuli mobiluri mowyobilobebis era, rogoricaa nouTpedebi, mp3 pleerebi da iPod-ebi, romlebmac SeiZleba warmodgena Segviqmnas am aRmoCenis komerciul Rirebulebaze.

dRes, cifruli ekonomika aRiarebulia, rogorc momavlis ekonomika. 2016 wels msoflioSi cifruli ekonomikis maCvenebeli 1 trilioni dolaria.

„ cifrul ekonomikaSi ukve dasaqmebulia 300 milioni adamiani. 2020 wlamde es ricxvi 50%-iT gaizrdeba; evropis masStabiT, 2020 wels, cifrul ekonomikaSi imuSavebs damatebiT 25 mili-oni adamiani; Intel-is monacemebze dayrdnobiT, msoflioSi 19 milioni programistia, maTi ric-xvi 2019 wels 25 milionamde gaizrdeba; 2020 wels 50 miliardi ukabelo mowyobiloba daukavSir-deba erTmaneTs, es ki 15-jer gazrdis gadacemuli informaciis moculobas; mcire biznesis zrdis tempi saSualod 3-jer maRalia, Tu organizacia cifruli teqnologiebiT xelmZRvane-lobs. mZlavri konkurencia martivad gandevnis bazridan sust erTeulebs.“4

da bolos, 2020 wels axali samuSaos dawyebis msurveli kandidatebis 90% dadgeba savalde-bulo moTxovnis winaSe, rom maT unda icodnen Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyeneba;

pirveli masStaburi Sexeba saqarTvelos cifruli teqnologiis ucilobeli daner-gvis Taobaze satelekomunikacio seqtorSi moxda. Jenevis 2006 wlis xelSekrulebis (GE-06) farglebSi cifrul miwiszeda satelevizio mauwyeblobaze gadasvla saerTaSoriso sateleko-munikacio gaerTianebis (ITU) wevri qveynebis, maT Soris — saqarTvelos, saerTaSoriso valde-bulebas warmoadgenda. pirobis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli qveynisTvis mauw-

1 https://on.ge/. 2 nobelis premiis laureatebi – SlideSharehttps://pt.slideshare.net/ferfero/ss-2656903. 3 http://prainghand.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post— 2534.html. 4 cifruli ekonomika: krizisidan gamosvlis inovaciuri gza nino enuqiZe, mixeil batiaSvili forbes.ge/.../cifruli-ekonomika%3A-krizisidan-gamosvlis-inovaciur...


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yeblobisTvis gamoyofili sixSireebi daucveli aRmoCndeboda — Zveli sixSireebi mezobeli qveynebis cifruli signaliT gadaifareboda da qveyana mauwyeblobis gareSe darCeboda.

mocemuli xelSekruleba aregulirebda cifrul miwiszeda saeTero mauwyeblobasa da ana-loguri radio sixSiruli resursis gamoyenebis normebs, vadebs da koordinaciasTan dakavSi-rebul sakiTxebs. Tumca CvenTan cifrul mauwyeblobaze sazogadoebrivi diskusia oTxi wlis dagvianebiT, mxolod 2010 wlis miwuruls daiwyo. xolo saerTaSoriso valdebulebidan Svidi wlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrom 2013 wels, cif-rul mauwyeblobaze gadasvlis strategia SeimuSava. 2014 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam forsma-Jorul situaciaSi cifrul mauwyeblobaze gadasvlis samoqmedo gegma daamtkica. naCqarevad ganxorcielda cifrul mauwyeblobasTan dakavSirebuli Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebe-bic. sabolood, 9 wlis Semdeg, 2015 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelo cifrul mauwyeblobaze gadavi-da.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli teqnologiuri Tu adamianuri barieri mniSvnelovanwilad aferxebs cifruli ekonomikis principebis danergvis SesaZleblobebs. saerTaSoriso ga-mocdilebiT Tu vimsjelebT, cifruli ekonomika qveynis mSp-is zrdis yvelaze swraf da efeqtian gzas warmoadgens.

2014 wels, saerTaSoriso organizacia „deloitis“ mier, evrokomisiis dakveTiT Catarebu-li kvlevis Sedegad, identificirebulia rigi aqtivobisa, rac gadaawyobs qveynis ekonomikas cifrul platformaze da am gziT uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur winsvlas. rekomendaciebs Sori-saa:

• specifikuri industriebisTvis Sesabamisi cifruli platformebis SeTavazeba da gaZ-liereba;

• cifruli mewarmeobis Sesaxeb cnobadobis amaRleba; • swavlebis komponentis gaZliereba; • studentebisa da kursdamTavrebulebis waxaliseba cifruli biznesis dasawyebad da

sxva.1 yvela sfero, imisda miuxedavad, ramdenad tradiciulia is — soflis meurneoba, avia-

cia, energia, Tu safinanso industria — sxvadasxva sensorebis, internet-kavSiris da prog-ramuli uzrunvelyofis wyalobiT mTlianad icvleba. am garemoSi warmateba ufro metad ukeTesi cifruli produqtebis Seqmnaze, ekosistemebis donis strategiebis mSeneblobaze iqneba damokidebuli, rac TiTqmis yvelafers aerTianebs axali Rirebulebis ganacxadis-Tvis.

cifruli soflis modeli, romelic amindisa da garemos zemoqmedebis monacemebze day-rdnobiT gansazRvravs BASF-is herbicidebis da sxva preparatebis Setanis zust drosa da rao-denobas, raTa maTi efeqtianoba maqsimaluri, xolo gamoyenebuli preparatebis odenoba minima-luri iyos. udaoa, rom bunebrivi klimaturi pirobebi, niadagis temperatura, qaris siCqare da a.S. sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebaze moqmedebs. cifruli teqnologiebi saSualebas iZleva daexmaros glexobas TavianTi resursebis ufro efeqtianad da Tamamad gamoyenebaSi. ma-galiTisaTvis ramdenime wamyvan qveyanaSi danergilia soflis meurneobis onlain- platforma, romelic mwarmoeblebs saSualebas aZlevs: Seagrovon, daaxarisxon, Tvalyuri adevnon da gaaa-nalizon meurneobis sruli monacemebis farTo speqtri, miiRon saukeTeso agronomiuli Tu marketinguli gadawyvetilebebi.

dRes, ufro sworad ukve guSin, warmatebuli konkurentunariani sasoflo sameurneo trendebi awarmoeben superkonkurenciul produqts iq, sadac arc Tu ise saukeTeso niada-gia, arc hava da klimaturi pirobebia saxarbielo da arc bunebiT moniWebuli sxva upirate-soba. msoflio bazarze moTxovnadia mkacri haviT gamorCeuli holandiuri yvavilebi, wylis resursebiT Raribi israelis kurkovani xili, mwiri miwis iaponuri bostneuli da sxva produqtebi, romelTa moyvana-moSeneba mTlianad cifruli teqnologiebis meSveobiT da TavianTi resursebis ufro efeqtianad da Tamamad gamoyenebis koncefciaSi xorcielde-ba.

1 www.deloitte.com/about.


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saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis strategia Svid ZiriTad mimarTulebas mo-icavs. esenia: fermerTa da agrarul seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa konkurentunarianobis amaRleba; damatebiTi Rirebulebebis Semqmneli sruli ciklis warmoebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; insti-tuciuri ganviTareba da treiningebi; regionuli da sasoflo-sameurneo infrastruqturis ganviTareba; sasursaTo usafrTxoeba; sursaTis uvnebloba; garemo da bio-mravalferovneba.1

yvela am mimarTulebis „ganviTareba“, winsvla SeuZlebelia cifruli teqnologiebis danergvisa da moxmarebis gareSe. daakvirdiT, gana SesaZlebelia agralur seqtorSi dasaq-mebulTa konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, an sasursaTo usafrTxoeba da sursaTis uvneb-loba cifruli teqnologiebis gareSe. mimaCnia, rom saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis gan-viTarebis strategiaSi aucileblad unda warmoCindes „cifruli soflis“ modeluri gan-viTareba. sayuradReboa, rom „soflisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis evropis samezob-lo programis ENPARD-is 2013-2019 wlebis biujeti saqarTveloSi 102 milioni evroa.“2 am prog-ramis efeqturi gamoyenebaa saWiro.

ekosistemis donis cvlilebis aucileblobis gageba da gavrceleba XXI saukunis mTavari gamowveva iqneba. ian tinbergens nobelis premia ekonomikaSi mieniWa 1969 wels ekonomikuri pro-cesebis analizis maTematikuri meTodebis damuSavebisaTvis. man wamoayena „optimaluri wyobi-lebis“ Teoria, romelSiac optimaluri wyobilebis sazogadoebriv ganviTarebis models – progresis, cvlilebebis aucileblobis gaazrebis da Sesatyvisi qmedebebis ganxorciele-baSi xedavs.

tradiciuli cvlilebis miRma fokusis gafarToebis, siaxlis Ziebis aucileblobis ilus-trirebas msoflio brendis „kodakis“ magaliTze ukeT verc erTi sxva ver axdens. dasavleTSi es SemTxveva – „Sors xedvis“ uunarobis klasikur magaliTad aris warmodgenili.

1975 wels pirveli cifruli kameris gamogonebis Semdeg, warmatebis zenitSi myofma kompa-niam ganviTareba cifrul samyaroSi foto qaRaldis da sabeWdi melnis sferoSi daiwyo. 1000-ma patentnma, salicenzio Semosavlebis saxiT, mas miliardobiT dolari moutana, Tumca, mainc da-marcxda. „kodaki“ jiutad ebRauWeboda maRali rentabelobis, fotografiis da beWvdis xaris-xis biznesis iluzias, sonis da HP-is progresis mimarTulebas yuradRebasac ar aqcevda da Se-degad warumatebeli cifruli transformaciis mcdelobis dros Camoingra. igi ver gascda foto qaRaldis da sabeWdi melnis „axloxedvis“ progress. ubralod drom moitana da mom-xmareblebis lomis wili fotoebs sakuTar mobilurebSi da kompiuterebSi aTvalierebda da iSviaTadRa beWdavda.

klasikuri magaliTia, roca ekosistemur globalur garemoSi giwevT konkurencia, Tqvens inovaciur Zalisxmevas da konkurent-inovatorebis progress Tanabari yuradReba unda daeT-mos.

nobelis premiis lauriati jon forbs neSi – „TamaSis Teoriis“ avtoria, romelmac Tama-SebSi optimaluri strategiis Seswavlis maTematikuri meTodi SesTavaza samyaros. am TamaSis qveS igulisxmeba procesi, romelSic monawileobs ori an meti mxare, romlebic ibrZvian saku-Tari interesebis realizaciisTvis. TiToeuls aqvs Tavisi mizani da iyenebs garkveul strate-gias, romelic, sxva moTamaSeTa qmedebebidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, misTvis momgebiani an wam-gebiani iyos.

„aiReT mosavali da dazogeT: Tu Tqveni moqmedebebis pozitiuri Sedegi jer ar Cans, Tqve-ni resursebi iqamde SeinaxeT, sanam erTs mainc ar dainaxavT. uares SemTxvevaSi ukan dasaxevi gza mainc moitoveT.“3 kodakma mTeli resursebi fotoqaRaldis cifrul beWvdvaSi Cado da sabolood Tavdacvisa da xelaxali startisTvis kapitali aRar eyo.

is, rac dReisaTvis warmatebulma qarTulma kompaniebma kodakisgan SeiZleba iswav-lon, aris is, rom sariskoa, rogorc cvlilebebisTvis naklebi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, ag-reTve maTi araswori nawilis mocva.

1 saqarTvelos soflis ganviTarebis 2017 -2020 wlebis strategia da 2017 wlis samoqmedo gegma. 2 soflisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis evropis samezoblo programa (ENPARD) saqarTveloSi. 3 jon forbs neSi masala vikipediidan — Tavisufali enciklopedia


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ekosistemuri cvlilebebis es gza — pirdapiri konkurenciis nacvlad calkeuli mimarTu-lebis ganviTarebiT gamowveuli marcxi — sul ufro da ufro xSiri gaxdeba. swored amaze miu-TiTebs jon forbs neSi Tavis wignSi – „TamaSis Teoria“. „cifruli revolucia mTlianad Sec-vlis konkurentul poziciebs da strategiebs.“1 konrad lorenci – kolumbiis univesitetis profesori, nobelis premiis lauriati, 1974 wels gamosul wignSi "civilizebuli kacobriobis rva momakvdinebeli codva", sxva problemaTa Soris exeba sakiTxs, rogor SeiZleba kacobriobis gaumjobeseba. im rva „momakvdinebeli codvidan“ – sakuTar naWuWSi(azrebSi) Caketvas, sxvisi az-ris miuReblobas, TviTkmayofilebas, miRweuli Tu boZebuli titulaturiT tkbobas, uZraobas da umoqmedobas, mudmivi momavali ganviTarebis uaryofas _ civilizebuli kacobriobis cod-vad Tvlis. kvlav gavixsenoT kodakis magaliTi – is kompaniebi, romlebic kodakisgan saTana-do gakveTils miiReben, romlebic sxvisi azris miuReblobis, TviTkmayofilebis, miRweu-liT tkbobis nacvlad TavianT strategias siaxleTa Ziebis dinamikis gamadidebeli SuSiT daakvirdebian, gacilebiT adekvaturad upasuxeben axal gamowvevebs.

kargad gaviazroT yovelive. dRes cifruli – siaxleebze damyarebuli ganviTareba ise-Tive martivi da sasicocxlo moTxovnaa, rogorc mravali saukunis win borblis, SemdgomSi orTqlis manqanis da sxva gamogoneba da ganviTareba. gaviazroT im masStabSi, dargSi Tu sferoSi sadac varT.

qveyanaSi cifruli ganaTlebis etapobrivi ganviTarebis gareSe Cven ver miviRebT kon-kurentunarian da moTxovnad „produqts“-specialists. gveyoleba aseul aTasobiT „maria-Juli diplomirebuli“ adamiani samuSao adgilis gareSe. es tendeciebi axlac kargad Cans.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros erT-erTi prioriteti swored umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebis eleqtronul-sakomunikacio teqno-logiebiT aRWurva, Sesabamisi infrastruqturis mowyoba, universitetebs Soris qselebis Seq-mna da saganmanaTleblo procesSi informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis aqtiuri gamoye-nebis xelSewyobaa.

uaRresad misasalmebelia saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis vebgverdi www.nplg.gov.ge erT-erTi yvelaze didi monacemTa bazaa saqarTveloSi, romelic moicavs ro-gorc erovnuli biblioTekis fondebis eleqtronul katalogebs, ise sxvadasxva tipis cifrul biblioTekebsa da koleqciebs (fotoebs, periodikas). bazebi imdenad mravalferovani da Tema-turad yovlismomcvelia, rom unikaluri SesaZleblobaa rogorc pedagogebisTvis, mkvlevre-bisTvis, mecnierebisTvis, studentebisTvis, ise nebismieri dainteresebuli pirisTvis.

am mimarTebiT, Zalze sasurveli iqneboda saqarTvelos rogorc saxelmwifo ise kerZo umaRlesi saswavleblebis biblioTekebis eleqtronuli bazebis fondebis garTianeba, ro-melic xels Seuwyobda sxvadasxva tipis da Sinaarsis mravalferovani eleqtronuli saxel-mZRvaneloebis, saswavlo kursebis, savarjiSoebis, meToduri da saswavlo eleqtronuli resursebis studentebisTvis xelmisawvdomobas, profesor-maswavlebelTa Soris informa-ciisa da masalebis gacvlas, saukeTeso praqtikis gaziarebas, qveynis SigniT da mis far-glebs gareT universitetebs Soris kavSirebis damyarebas.

es is sakiTxia, romelic SesaZlebelia operatiulad da martivad gadawydes, roca uni-versitetebi, uwyebrivi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis formaluri barieris miuxedavad, Tanxmdebian am sakuTrebis erTobliv gamoyenebaze. aseTi praqtika – erTiani sauniversite-TaSoriso el-biblioTekebi arsebobs ganaTlebis doniT yvelaze gamorCeul qveynebSi, ro-goricaa norvegia, germania, iaponia da sxva. kargad gaviazroT yovelive, sadRac romelime universitetSi ufro axali da ukeTesi saxelmZRvaneloa, saleqcio kursi Tu sxva masala, ratom CaviketoT da ar mivceT sxva universitetis students misi gamoyenebis saSualeba, gana TiiToeuli profesoris/avtoris Rirseba da pativi ar aris is, rom rac SeiZleba far-Tod gavrceldes misi naSromi?

"gaxdi saqarTvelos cifruli elCi" – ase JRers kampaniis #ShareGeorgia mowodeba, rome-lic biznesisa da teqnologiebis universitetisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis erTob-livi socialuri proeqtia. is saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis, istoriis, geografiu-

1 masala vikipediidan — Tavisufali enciklopedia TamaSis Teoria


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li mravalferovnebis da sxva RirsSesaniSnaobebis Sesaxeb informaciis cifrul mediaSi viru-sulad heSTegiT #ShareGeorgia gavrcelebas gulisxmobs.

aRniSnuli proeqti kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor unda gamoviyenoT SesaZleblobe-bi xelovnebaSi, romelsac Tanamedrove teqnologiebi gvaZlevs. socialuri qselis saSua-lebiT, maqsimalurad bevr adamians miwvdeba informacia saqarTvelosa da misi kulturu-li memkvidreobis Sesaxeb.

dRes msoflio am gziT midis, evrokavSirTan integraciis procesi aseT midgomebs mo-iTxovs, informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, gacvla, Riaoba asocirebis xelSekrulebiT saqar-Tvelos mier aRebuli valdebulebaa. am valdebulebas Sesruleba sWirdeba da cifruli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT martivadaa SesaZlebli.

ganaTleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze – instrumentebi SeiZleba mogeCvenoT Zalian mar-tivi, magram Google Drive-is da Microsoft Office-is SesaZleblobebis srulyofilad codna, erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari da sasargeblo cifruli unaris SeZenaa, romelic Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi Se-iZleba gqondeT. Google Drive-s ukve Tan erTvis dokumentebi, cxrilebi, sxvadasxva mza formebi, erTi da imave dokumentze ramodenime momxmareblis muSaobis saSualebas iZleva. amitom kvali-fikacis amaRlebis, sxvadasxva momzadebis Tu gadamzadebis, treiningebis saswavlo gegmeb-Si, romelsac umaRlesi saswavleblebi axorcieleben, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili am tipis saitebis muSaobis principebs unda daeTmos.

„ biznesisa da teqnologiebis universitetma“ Caatara masStaburi gamokvleva, romlis mi-xedviTac, gamokiTxulTa 91 proceti Tanaxmaa, rom gaiaros gadamzadeba, Tu dasaqmebis perspeq-tivas dainaxavs.

aRniSnuli tendenciis dasamkvidreblad amoqmedebulia ramdenime globaluri proeqti: “ evrokavSiris inciativa — Digital Agenda For Europe, Europe 2020 Initiative“; “ekonomikuri forumis in-ciativa — Grand Coalition for Digital Jobs-i da sxva. evrokavSiris mxridan igegmeba milioniani inves-ticiebis ganxorcieleba personalis gadamzadebisa da axali teqnologiebis aTvisebisaTvis.

amitom, saxelmwifo programa „ganaTleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze“ swored cifru-li instrumentebis gamoyenebis Seswavlis da gadamzadebis trendebiTa da programebiT un-da daitvirTos. aseT saswavlo kursebsa da programebs ki umeteswilad universitetebi axorcieleben, anu maTi saqmianobis arealSi cifrulma ganaTlebam upiratesi adgili unda daimkvidros.

profesiuli ganaTleba – msoflio banki saqarTveloSi erT-erT gamowvevad samuSao Za-lis unar-Cvevebis Sromis bazarTan Seusabamobas asaxelebs. ekonomika globalurad icvleba da is metad cifruli xdeba, swored amitom qveyanam iseTi kadrebis gadamzadeba unda uzrunvel-yos, visi unarebic Tanamedrove ekonomikis gamowvevebs da moTxovnebs upasuxebs. sul ufro da ufro izrdeba kompiuterul-eleqtronuli cifruli danadgarebis da aparaturis xvedriTi wi-li warmoebaSi, momsaxureobaSi da yofiT cxovrebaSi. Sesabamisad mkveTrad matulobs moTxovna misi moxmarebis, montaJis sagarantio momsaxureobis, diagnostikis da remontis specialisteb-ze. es is seqtoria, romelzedac seriozuli moTxovnaa dRes da xval kidev ufro gaizrdeba. swori Sefaseba gaakeTa ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministrma al. jejelavam m.w. 3 ivniss EDU.ARIS.GE-sTan micemul interviuSi „ unda vimuSavoT, raTa es xalxi mixvdes, rom dausaq-meblobisken mimavali gzis investireba kargi ar aris. magaliTad saerTaSoriso urTierTo-bebze weliwadSi 3 aTas adamians vawarmoebT, samuSao adgili ki maqsimum samasia. anu garan-tirebulad viciT, rom 2700 maTgani profesiiT ver imuSavebs“. sanacvlod garantirebulad viciT, rom Tanamedrove aparaturis (maT Soris saojaxo teqnikis) mwarmoebel msoflio brendebs seriozuli problemebi aqvT regionSi da saqarTveloSi gayiduli teqnikis saga-rantio-servisuli momsaxureobis seqtorSi. ubralod specialistebi ar arian da ucxoe-lebis mowveva an diagnostikisa da SekeTebisaTvis aparaturis mwarmoebel qveyanaSi gagzav-na uwevT.

vfiqrob, saqarTvelos profesiuli ganaTlebis reformis strategia (2013— 2020 wlebi) romelic profesiuli ganaTlebis politikis ganmsazRvreli dokumentia, garkveul cvli-lebebs da cifruli teqnikuri profesiuli ganaTlebis komponentis gaZlierebas saWiro-ebs.


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kvlevisa da mecnierebis xelSewyoba. uaRresad sasargebloa da saWiro evrokavSiris kvlevisa da inovaciis programa „horizonti 2020“, romlis asocirebuli wevria saqarTvelo, programa daaxloebiT 80 miliardi evros biujetiT. aRniSnuli Tanxa 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi (2014-2020) sxva-dasxva sferoebisTvis gankuTvnili grantebis saxiT xmardeba da moxmardeba samecniero, kvle-viT aRmoCenebs, gamogonebebsa da inovaciebs.

uzarmazari SesaZleblobebi eqmneba umaRles saswavleblebs, gansakuTrebiT maT, visac Tavis struqturaSi samecniero-kvleviTi komponenti aqvs. es aris saCuqari, waxaliseba Cvennairi ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis, uzarmazari dafinansebiT da xelSewyobiT, romel-zedac universitetebis mecnier-mkvlevarebi „socializmis“ epoqaSic ki ver iocnebebdnen. oRondac am saCuqars gamoyeneba Wirdeba, umaRles saswavlebelTa meti aqtivoba da CarTu-loba.

lars piter hanseni amerikeli ekonomisti da ekonometristi. „momentebis ganzogadebuli meTodis“ erT-erTi Semqmneli. mas 2013 wels mieniWa nobelis premia ekonomikaSi. igi konkretul viTarebaSi keTilsasurveli momentis/situaciis efeqturi gamoyenebis meTodebis upirateso-baze saubrobs. „horizonti 2020“ keTilsasurveli Svidwliani programaa, raSic CarTuloba da romlis efeqturad gamoyeneba swored momentis/drois SegrZnebis unaris maCvenebelia. samwuxarod unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos internet-cifrul garemos ganviTarebas sak-maod daagvianda swored „momentis/drois SegrZnebis unaris“ arqonis gamo.

cifruli SesaZleblobebis srulad realizaciis mizniT, msoflio bankis rekomendaciaa saqarTveloSi saqmianobebisa da aqtivobebis gaRrmaveba da daCqareba: cifruli CamorCenis daZ-leva internetis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobis, Riaobis da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofiT; amitom, ra Tqma unda, misasalmebelia mTavrobis iniciativa ,,interneti yvelasaTvis“, igi iZleva SesaZleblobas regionebsa da soflebSi gaCndes wvdoma internetsa da Tanamedrove teqnologi-ebTan. magram yovelives kidev 2 weli daWirdeba (fond „qarTus“dafinanseba 150 mln dolari) qveynis internetizaciisa da kompiuterizaciis procesis dasasruleblad. amasTan, paraleru-lad bevri saqmis keTeba SeiZleba, SesamuSavebelia saqarTvelos cifruli politika da strate-gia, SesabamisobaSia mosayvani cifruli garemos normatiul samarTlebrivi sivrce da sxva. es is valdebulebaa, romelic saqarTvelom evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebiT aiRo.

21-e saukuneSi yvelaferi erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli. es aris didi jaWvi, rome-lic gvaZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom Tu erTi maTgani- „cifruli ganaTleba“ ganviTar-da, danarCenebsac eZlevaT ganviTarebis saSualeba.

cvlilebebis buneba mudmivad cvalebadia. adre cvlileba calkeul produqtebs da servisis teqnologiebs exeboda. dRes da „xval“ ki es yvelaferi ekosistemebis doneze mox-deba. dRes unda davinaxoT is, rac „xval“ moxdeba da dRes gasaazrebeli da gasakeTebeli dRes gavakeToT.

„ qveynis ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas, mis mikro da makro doneze mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom “gacifruleba“ ar gulisxmobs mxolod da mxolod maRalteqnologiuri sawar-moebis gaCenas. mTavaria, cifruli teqnologiebis danergva yvela SesaZlo seqtorSi moxdes.“1

istoriis xazovani, progresuli ganviTarebis koncefciis farglebSi erT-erT sayuradRe-

bo safexurs warmoadgens teqnologiuri formaciuli Teoria. dRes dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi cifrul ganviTarebasTan erTad mimdinareobs kidev erTi globaluri transformacia – ekologiuri revolucia. cnobili mecnieri Suntio ito aRniSnavs, rom „Tu saqalaqo revolu-ciam Seqmna namdvili civilizacia, cifrulisa da ekologiuri ekonomikis Tanaarsebobam unda warmoSvas axali tipis civilizacia.“2

barierebi, romlebic am mimarTulebiT arsebobs, aerTianebs cifruli samewarmeo kulturis ararsebobasa da rig samarTlebriv regulacias, romelTa mogvareba mxolod sa-xelmwifos, sazogadoebis da umaRles saswavlebelTa aqtiuri CarTulobiTaa SesaZlebeli.

1 cifruli ekonomika: krizisidan gamosvlis inovaciuri gza nino enuqiZe, mixeil batiaSviliforbes.ge/.../cifruli-ekonomika%3A-krizisidan-gamosvlis-inovaciur... 2 Suntaro ito (Shuntaro Ito) naSromebi “civilizaciaTa dabadeba”, gv. 46. Institute of Cultural 2016 weli...www.culturedialogue.com/resources/library/schools/socialur-kulturuli.shtml.


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dro midis, dasaCqarebelia „cifruli ganaTlebis strategiis“, saswavlo programebis Se-muSaveba, inplementacia, arsebul saswavlo kursebSi cifruli komponentis gaZliereba, studentobasa da axalgazrdebSi cifruli samewarmeo kulturis ganviTareba da sxva.

am werilsac ufro axlis Ziebis, cifruli ganaTlebisa da codnis sabazo sistemebis ganviTarebis aucileblobis, cifruli biznes garemos stimulirebisa da mxardaWeris, cif-ruli samewarmeo kulturis gaZlierebisa da popularizaciis mizani gaaCnia.


1. saqarTvelos soflis ganviTarebis 2017 -2020 wlebis strategia da 2017 wlis samoqmedo

gegma. 2. soflisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis evropis samezoblo programa (ENPARD) sa-

qarTveloSi. 3. cifruli ekonomika: krizisidan gamosvlis inovaciuri gza nino enuqiZe, mixeil batiaS-

vili forbes.ge/.../cifruli-ekonomika%3A-krizisidan-gamosvlis-inovaciur. 4. cifruli ekonomika: krizisidan gamosvlis inovaciuri gza nino enuqiZe, mixeil batiaS-

viliforbes.ge/.../cifruli-ekonomika%3A-krizisidan-gamosvlis-inovaciur... 5. Suntaro ito (Shuntaro Ito) naSromebi “civilizaciaTa dabadeba”, Institute of Cultural 2016 we-

li. www.culturedialogue.com/resources/library/schools/socialur-kulturuli.shtml. 6. www.deloitte.com/about. 7. www.wikipedia.ge. 8. https://on.ge/ 9. SlideSharehttps://pt.slideshare.net/ferfero/ss-2656903. 10. http://prainghand.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post— 2534.html.


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s. TavarTqilaZe

cifruli ekonomika – momavlis ekonomika reziume

dRes, cifruli ekonomika aRiarebulia, rogorc momavlis ekonomika. yvela sfero,

imisda miuxedavad, ramdenad tradiciulia is — soflis meurneoba, aviacia, energia, Tu sa-finanso industria — sxvadasxva sensorebis, internet- kavSiris da programuli uzrunvel-yofis wyalobiT mTlianad icvleba. am garemoSi warmateba ufro metad ukeTesi cifruli produqtebis Seqmnaze, ekosistemebis donis strategiebis mSeneblobaze iqneba damokide-buli.

saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis arsebuli teqnologiuri Tu adamianuri barieri mniSvne-lovanwilad aferxebs cifruli ekonomikis principebis danergvis SesaZleblobebs. amas-Tan, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebiT Tu vimsjelebT, cifruli ekonomika qveynis mTliani Si-da produqtis zrdis yvelaze swraf da efeqtian gzas warmoadgens.

qveynis ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvrisas, mis mikro da makro doneze mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom “gacifruleba“ ar gulisxmobs mxolod da mxolod maRalteqnologiuri sawar-moebis gaCenas. mTavaria, cifruli teqnologiebis danergva yvela SesaZlo seqtorSi moxdes. dRes msoflio am gziT midis, evrokavSirTan integraciis procesi aseT midgomebs moiT-xovs.

yvelaferi erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli. es aris didi jaWvi, romelic gvaZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom Tu erTi maTgani- „cifruli ganaTleba“ ganviTarda, danarCeneb-sac eZlevaT ganviTarebis saSualeba. qveyanaSi cifruli ganaTlebis etapobrivi ganviTare-bis gareSe Cven ver miviRebT konkurentunarian da moTxovnad „produqts“- specialists.

kargad gaviazroT yovelive, dRes – cifrul siaxleebze damyarebuli ganviTareba ise-Tive sasicocxlo moTxovnaa, rogorc mravali saukunis win borblis, SemdgomSi orTqlis manqanis gamogoneba da ganviTareba. gaviazroT es im masStabSi, dargSi Tu sferoSi sadac varT.

S. Tavartkiladze

Cyber Economics — Economics of the Future Summary

Nowadays cyber economics is recognized as economics of the future. All walks of life, irrespective of how

traditional it is, — agriculture, aviation, energy or financial industry — thanks to various sensors, Internet communication or software, is in complete makeover. In this environment, success will be mostly dependent on better cyber products, development of better level economic systems.

In today’s Georgia the existing technological or human barriers is the most serious hurdle in development and implementation of the principles of cyber economics. At the same time, deriving from the international experience, cyber economics is the fastest and the most effective instrument in rising Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

While determining economic policy of the nation on its micro and macro levels, it is important to think about that ‘cyberization’ does not imply emergence of highly technological enterprises only. The most important is implementation of cyber technologies in all possible sectors. Today this is the way of the development of humankind while the process of integration with the European Union follows in the footsteps of this approach.

Everything is linked with each other. This is a big chain enabling us to say that if one of it — ‘cyber education’ finds development, the rest of its components will have a chance to develop. Without furthering of the cyber education step-by-step we will not be able to achieve competitive and the most needed ‘product’ — a specialist.

We should be fully aware of the above said today — development based on the cyber innovations is as vital demand as many centuries ago was demand for a wheel, later on, invention and development of a steam engine. We should understand it within the scope and sphere where we are.


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d. kbilaZe, S. metreveli

sursaTis warmoebisa da moxmarebis istoriul-statistikuri

aspeqtebi saqarTveloSi

„eris bedi damokidebulia imaze,

Tu rogor ikvebeba“1 a. briia-savareni

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis problema istoriulad metad mwvave

iyo. uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli saqarTvelos istoriuli arCevani evropasTan siaxlove da masTan Tanacxovreba iyo. Tumca es ver xerxdeboda Cveni qveynis winaSe warmoebuli dampyrob-luri omebis da qarTuli miwa-wylis sistematuri Seviwroebis gamo.

qarTveli xalxis evropuli arCevani da evropisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi damZimebulia im rTuli memkvidreobis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic Tan axlda ganvlil gzas.

istoriulad am ganvlil gzaze sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvela safexurze adamianebs esa-WiroebodaT upirvelesyovlisa: Wama-sma, Cacma-daxurva, biologiuri arseboba-ganviTreba da sulieri cxovreba. mocemuli komponentebi qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis umetes perio-debSi gamoxatulebas poulobden siRaribeSi anu, saarsebo materialuri wyaroebis nakleboba-Si. amasTan saqarTvelos istoriaSi iyo socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, kulturisa da ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT warmatebuli periodebi, roca cxovrebis done sakmaod maRali iyo. es upirvelesyovlisa qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos me-11 – me-13 saukuneebia, romelic re-nesansis xanad aris moxseniebuli.2 „SoTa rusTavelis gadmocemiT me-12 saukunis saqarTveloSi simdidre imdenad didi iyo, adamianis Tvals rom ar unaxavs; oqro imdeni, rom veravin daTvli-da. Zvirfasi Tvlebi eyara rogorc riye mdinaris an zRvis piras, ganuzomeli, uTvleli. gansa-kuTrebiT sayuradReboa margalitebis unaxavi sidide – saburTali burTis odena“3.

imdroindeli saqarTvelo ikvebeboda sakuTari marcvleuliT. imarTeboda farTomasSta-biani sma-Wama, Rreoba, nadimebi, romlebSic masebic monawileobdnen.

SoTa rusTaveli axasiaTebs siRatakesac. igi aRniSnavs imdroindel xelisufalTa goniere-bas siRatakis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. kerZod, saxelmwifos Semosavlebis 10 % xmardeboda Rarib-Ratakebs.isini dasaqmebulni iyvnen saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi da a.S.

me – 16- me – 17 saukunis gamoCenili qarTveli mwerali da mecnieri sulxan-saba orbeliani alegoriuli formiT mianiSnebda, rom àrqoneba ar varga da avad-qoneba uaresia"4.

igive periodis saqarTvelos siRaribisa da simdidris problematikas axasiaTaebs vaxuSti bagrationi (batoniSvili) „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“.

didma ilia WavWavaZem me-19 saukunis miwuruls sazogadoebisa da mTavrobis yuradReba mi-apyro mama-papis adgilebidan mosaxlieobis ayraze da sxvagan gadasaxlebaze mamulebis saSov-rad, rac gamowveuli iyo adgil-mamulis sicotaviT da kvebis ukmarisobiT. ilia WavWavaZis naS-romSi „statistikis Sesaxeb“ gadmocemulia saqarTvelos erT-erTi SesaniSnavi kuTxis – raWis mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amsaxveli masala da kerZod is duxWiri cxovreba rac imdroin-del mosaxleobas miwis simciris gamo aiZulebda tyis nawili gamoeyenebinaT axoebad da ufro metic, zogierTi maTgani ojaxis gamosakvebad gadasaxlebuliyo Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kerZod alagirSi, vercxlis mwarmoebel qarxanaSi samuSaod. „pirveli SemTxveva gadasaxlebisa moxda 1879 wels. am weliwads ayrila da gadasula alagirSi (alagiri erTi patara adgilia Tergis ol-

1Наталья Свирейко. Продовольственная безопастность: методы исследования, пути достижения. Белорусский журнал международного права и международных отношений. 2004 — N 4. 2vasil CantlaZe, SoTa rusTavelis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „mecniereba“. 1992w. gv. 10. 3vasil CantlaZe, SoTa rusTavelis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „mecniereba“. 1992w. gv. 61. 4bikenti gabiZaSvili, siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „universali“, 2006 w. gv. 9.


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qSi, ardonis wylis axlo. aq aris vercxlis madani da qarxana, romelic Tu ara vcdebiT, dResac moqmedebaSia -i.W.) marto erTi kaci onidan. mere 1880 wlidan es ayra da gadasaxleba gaxSirda. ase, rom 1882 wlis damlevamda 120 komli gadasula(Материалы для изучения экономического быта Государственных крестян Закавказского края, Т. 11 стр. 93)“1.

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis ukeTesi pirobebi arsebobda sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlo-baSi saqarTvelos yofnis periodSi. aseTi situacia aRiniSneboda socializmis bolo etapze. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos iZulebiT gasabWoebis sawyis etapsa da meore msoflio omis perio-debs mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa ukiduresad mZime iyo. am mxriv Seqmnil situacias ar-Tulebda mousavliani wlebic. `calkeul mousavlian wlebSi saqarTvelos Tavisi ZaliT uWirda mosaxleobis xorbliT gamokveba. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1948 wels gvalvis gamo marcvlis (ZiriTadad xorblis) sakmarisi maragi respublikas ar qonda. rogorc, saqarTvelos maSindeli xelmZRvane-li, k.Carkviani wers, man TxovniT i.stalins mimarTa gamoeyoT 30 aTasi tona xorbali. nuTu ase bevri? ukiTxavs stalins da miucia Tanxmoba werili gamoegzavnaT. ra Tqma unda, Txovna dakmayo-filda. magram, rogorc k.Carkviani igonebs, i.stalinma kategoriulad moiTxova saqarTvelos sa-Wiro raodenobis xorbali TviTon ewarmoebina da mouTxovia xorbali daeTesaT 1 mln.heqtarze. maSin, roca im dros respublikaSi sul 1200 aTasi ha damuSavebuli miwa iyo. aqedan 300 aTasze meti mravalwlian nargavebs ekava. 40 aTasi ha – teqnikur kulturebs, xorbals -265,5 aTasi ha. aseTi da-valebis SesrulebisTvis saWiro iyo 735 aTasi ha axali farTobis gamonaxva.

amocanis politikuri mniSvnelobisa da Sesrulebis siZneleebis gaTvaliswinebiT k. Carkvi-ans ganucxadebia: àmxanago stalin, amdeni asaTvisabeli miwis gamonaxva saqarTveloSi SeuZle-belia. aseTi davalebis Sesruleba gagviWirdeba“2.

sainteresoa stalinis pasuxi: „davaleba erTi wlisaTvis xom ar geZlevaT, aviRoT Svidwliani periodi. dasavleT raione-

bis mTian adgilebSi simindis magivrad xorbali daTeseT. es eroziasac Seanelebs. zestafonis raionSi kargi vakeebi gaqvT, iqac xorbali daTeseT. gadadiT miwaTmoqmedebis qimizaciaze. mine-ralur sasuqebs mogcemT. amiT saTesi farTobis Semcirebas Tavidan aicilebT. sakuTari pureu-li rom geqnebaT mecxoveleobasac ganaviTarebT. marTla, RonisZiebebSi, romelsac moamza-debT, mecxoveleobis zrdis davalebebic unda Sevides.“3

ssrk ministrTa sabWom dasmul sakiTxTan dakavSrebiT 1950 wlis 5 oqtombers miiRo Sesaba-misi dadgenileba „ saqarTvelos ssr respublikaSi xorblis warmoebis gadidebis, pirutyvisa da frinvelis suladobis Semdgomi zrdisa da sazogadoebrivi mecxoveleobis produqtiulo-bis amaRlebis zomebis Sesaxeb“.4

mosaxleobis sursaTis uzrunvelyofis krizisul situaciaSi daxmarebis mizniT 1945 wels daarsda gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizacia (FAO). gaerom 1974 wels miiRo rezolucia „msoflioSi sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saerTaSoriso valdebule-bebi“. amasTan msoflio sasursaTo usafrTxoebis qveS igulisxmeboda sasursaTo saqonlis baz-rebze yvela qveynisaTvis sabaziso produqtebze wvdomis stabilurobis SenarCuneba. mocemuli organizacia saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobs da Sesabamis proeqtebs axorcielebs 1995 wlidan. miuxedavad amisa, amJamad msoflioSi mcxovrebi 7,5 miliardi adamianidan SimSilobs 744 milio-ni.5

araerTgvarovani situacia gamoikveTa mosaxleobis sursaTis uzrunvelyofasa da cxovre-bis donis mxriv gasul saukuneSi. amis erT-erTi gamomwvevi mizezi iyo 1976 wlidan moyolebuli 1990 wlis CaTvliT mTlianad sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT warmoebisa da moxmarebis maCveneble-bis mniSvnelovani daqveiTeba, rac naTlad Cans warmodgenili cxrilidan.

cxrili N 1

1i. WavWavaZe „statistikis Sesaxeb“. gazeTi „iveria“. N 12. 1888 w. 18 ianvari. 2k. Carkviani. gancdili da naazrevi. Tbilisi. 2004. gv.616 3n. WiTanava. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba: transformacia, problemebi, perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba „iverioni“.2015 w. gv. 67-68. 4n. WiTanava. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba: transformacia, problemebi, perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba „iverioni“. 2015 w. gv. 68. 5www.thenextweb.com


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ekonomikur maCvenebelTa saSualowliuri matebis tempebi ssr kavSirSi (%)1

maCveneblebi 1976-1980 1981-1985 1986-1990 mTliani erovnuli produqti 44.8 33.7 22.4 warmoebuli erovnuli Semosavali 44.3 33.2 11.3 moxmarebasa da dagrovebaze gamo-yenebuli erovnuli Semosavali

33.8 22.9 11.7

ZiriTadi sawarmoo fondebi 77.4 66.4 44.8 mrewvelobis produqcia 44.4 33.6 22.5 soflis meurneobis produqcia 11.7 11.0 11.9

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis sawyis etapze kidev ufro gam-

wvavda mosaxleobis siRaribis matebisa da sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis problemebi, rac ekonomi-kis transformaciaSi daSvebuli obieqturi da subieqturi SecdomebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. ekonomikis TiToeuli dargis gansakuTrebiT soflis meurneobis sistemur krizisSi Sesvlis gamo, kvebis produqtebis warmoeba da moxmareba mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT mniSvne-lovnad Semcirda, rac asaxulia qvemomotanil cxrilSi.

cxrili N 2 mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli produqciis moculoba (kg)2

maCvenebeli 1990 1995 2000 2003 2008 2013 20153

marcvleuli 122 109 91 169 108 108 115 xorbali 47 16 19 51 18 18 36 simindi 49 81 64 106 75 81 62 kartofili 54 74 66 96 44 66 56 bostneuli 88 93 94 98 38 46 44 Cais foToli 92 7 10 6 1 0.74 0.57 yurZeni 127 78 47 46 40 50 72 xorci 31 24 24 20 13 11 17 rZe (litri) 121 100 138 168 146 135 182 kvercxi (cali) 141 57 80 97 100 110 162

motanili monacemebis analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 1990 welTan SedarebiT

2015 wels aTi dasaxelebis sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebaSi, garda kartofilis, si-mindis, kvercxisa da rZisa yvela danarCeni poziciis mixedviT 25 wlis manZilze aRiniSneba mniS-vnelovani daqveiTeba. kerZod, yovelwliuri klebis tempi saSualod Seadgenda: Cais foTolSi 19.1%; bostneulSi 2.8%; xorcSi 2.5%; yurZenSi 2.3%; xorbalSi 1.1% da marcvleulSi 0.2%.

aRsaniSnavia, rom janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizaciis rekomendaciebiT ZiriTadi sasursaTo produqtebis moxmarebis rekomendirebuli norma Seadgens 2450 k/kalorias dReSi. saqarTveloSi janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros 2003 wlis 8 maisis N 111 brZa-nebiT, sursaTis moxmarebis kaloriulobis norma gansazRvrulia 2300 k/kaloria, anu 150 k/ka-loriiT naklebi. xorcis moxmarebis maCveneblad miCneulia dRe-RameSi 80 grami (200 gramis nac-

1 b. gabiZaSvili, siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „universali“, 2006 w. gv. 10. 2n. WiTanava. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba: transformacia, problemebi, perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba „iverioni“. 2015 w. gv. 81. 3www.geostat.ge


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vlad), rZis normad – 215 grami (4.5 jer naklebi), bostneulis – 182 (370 gramis nacvlad), Saqari 55 grami (100 gramis nacvlad). puris moxmarebis norma gazrdilia 350 gramidan 400 gramamde.1

cxrili N 3 kvebis produqtebis moxmareba mosaxleobis erT sulze2

produqcia 1990 1995 2006 2012 2015 simindi - - 29 22 36.6

xorci da xorcis pro-duqtebi

36.4 12.5 16.4 26 35.7

rZe da rZis produqte-bi

311.3 97.9 162 138 200

kvercxi 140 66.1 60 99 146 kartofili 37.3 26.7 44 52 57

bostneuli 81.1 60.8 55 55 66.5 rogorc motanili monacemebis analizi gviCvenebs saqarTveloSi kvebis produqtebis mox-

marebis maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba Cveni qveynis normatiul maCveneblebs. es im pi-robebSi, roca Tavad normatiuli maCveneblebi rogorc ukve aRvniSneT mniSvnelovnadaa Semci-rebuli jamrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizaciis rekomendirebuli maCveneblebisagan.

mosaxleobis erT sulze kvebis produqtebis zemomotanil moxmarebis maCveneblebSi lomis wili uWiravs calkeuli produqciis imports.

amrigad, sursaTis warmoebisa da moxmarebis sakiTxebSi mravali problema arsebobda da arsebobs saqarTvelos didi periodebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis manZilze.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. b.gabiZaSvili, siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „universali“,

2006 w. gv. 9. 2. v. CantlaZe, SoTa rusTavelis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „mec-

niereba“. 1992w. 3. k. Carkviani. gancdili danaazrevi. Tbilisi. 2004. 4. i. WavWavaZe „statistikis Sesaxeb“. gazeTi „iveria“. N 12. 1888 w. 18 ianvari. 5. n. WiTanava. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba: transformacia, problemebi, perspeqtive-

bi. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba „iverioni“. 2015 w. 6. Н.Свирейко. Продовольственная безопастность: методы исследования, пути достижения. Белорусский

журнал международного права и международных отношений. 2004 — N 4. 7. www.geostat.ge 8. www.thenextweb.com 9. www.sazogadoeba.ge

1n. WiTanava. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba: transformacia, problemebi, perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba „iverioni“. 2015 w. gv. 83. www.sazogadoeba.ge 2n. WiTanava. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba: transformacia, problemebi, perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba „iverioni“. 2015 w. gv. 82. www.geostat.ge


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d. kbilaZe

sursaTis warmoebisa da moxmarebis istoriul-statistikuri aspeqtebi saqarTveloSi reziume

sursaTis warmoebis, eqsport-importisa da moxmarebis problema yovelTvis aqtualuri

iyo saqarTvelos mravalwliani arsebobis manZilze. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvela safexur-ze adamianebs esaWiroebodaT Wama-sma da sxva elementaruli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom qveyana Tavisi ZalebiT xorbalze moTxovnilebis dakmayo-filebas mxolod SoTa rusTavelis epoqaSi axerxebda.

ZiriTadi kvebis produqtebiT mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da kvebis Zi-riTadi produqtebis racionalur normebTan daaxloeba yvela drois xelisufalTa ZiriTadi amocana iyo da kvlavac rCeba

D. Kbiladze

Historic and Statistic Aspects of Food Production and Consumption in Georgia

Summary

Problem of food production, export-import and consumption was always actual during existence of Georgia. At every level of society development, humans needed to eat, drink and satisfy other basic demands. Attention should be paid to the circumstance that society only was able to satisfy demand on wheat by own force only in the era of Rustaveli.

Satisfaction of population demand with main food products and getting closer of main products with the rational norms is the main task of authorities.


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n. kvaracxelia, g. yufaraZe

hidroTermuli spaindustriis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi

msofliosa da saqarTveloSi

janmrTeloba da keTildReoba yvela adamianis sanukvari survilia, miuxedavad maTi asakis,

sqesis, finansuri SesaZleblobebisa da religiuri mrwamsisa. dabereba kargia, radgan niSnavs, rom didxans vcocxlobT. xolo survili imisa, rom Cvenma sxeulma, sulma da gonebam maqsimalu-rad amowuros Tavisi potenciali, iseTive Zvelia, rogorc civilizacia.

„hidro“ niSnavs wyals, xolo "Termuli" Tbils, maRal temperaturas. adamianebi mTels msoflioSi yovelTvis eZebdnen da, dResac, sul ufro xSirad, iswrafvian wyalisa da siTbos erTad gamoyenebisaken, iqneba es bunebaSi, saxlSi Tu kurortze, raTa imkurnalon, an ubralod, daisvenon da datkbnen cxovrebiT.

involuciasTan (daberebasTan) brZolisa da axalgazrdobis gaxangrZlivebis saukeTeso sa-Sualeba fizikuri rekreacia da spaprocedurebia. amitomac sulac araa gasakviri, rom gamajan-saRebeli anu velnes industriis (wellness industry) moculobam 2013 wlis monacemebiT 3,4 trilio-ni aSS. dolari Seadgina, rac Zalian STambeWdavi cifria. aqedan velnesis turizmis wili 494 mlrd. aSS dolars aRwevs, spaindustriisa 94 miliards, xolo Termuli wylebis biznesisa 50 mi-liard aSS. dolars [Clobal Spa…,2014: 13].

msoflio velnes da spaekonomika ukanasknel wlebSi swrafad izrdeba da amis mizezi iseTi globaluri tendenciebia, rogoricaa: planetis mosaxleobis dabereba, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri keTildReobis ganuxreli zrda, im daavadebebis gaxSireba, romlebic dakavSirebu-lia hipodinamiasTan da stresebiT aRsavse Tanamedrove cxovrebis ritmTan, aseve, tradiciuli medicinis paradigmasTan, romelic orientirebulia daavadebebis mkurnalobaze da ara maT Ta-vidan acilebaze.

imis gamo, rom sul ufro meti da meti momxmarebeli irCevs profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs, raTa SeinarCunos gonebisa da sxeulis janmrTeloba, Tavidan aicilos daavadebebi da icoc-xlos didxans, gamajansaRebel produqtebsa da momsaxurebebze moTxovna mudmivad mzardi iq-neba.

Tuki spaindustriaSi ukanaskneli wlebis trendebs mivadevnebT Tvals, aRmovaCenT, rom maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani mokled ase xasiaTdeba – „ukan bunebisaken“. hidroTermuli aba-zanebi, romlebic aumjobeseben imunur sistemas, aregulireben maRal arteriul wnevas, axde-nen sxeulis detoqsikacias da uamravi sxva sargebeli moaqvT adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis, erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli da aprobirebuli samkurnalo procedurebia.

1. hidroTermuli procedurebis istoria msoflioSi aTaswleulebis manZilze sxvadasxva kulturebi eswrafodnen gamoeyenebinaT wyali da siT-

bo sisufTavisa da mkurnalobisaTvis, Tumca, orive maTgani Znelad xelmisawvdomi iyo da fu-funebis sagnad iTvleboda. aman ganapiroba is, rom SedarebiT civilizebuli sazogadoebebi mudmivad eswrafodnen, raTa gamoeZebnaT gzebi, rom "hidro" da "Termuli“ Terapia xelmisaw-vdomi gaexadaT rigiTi adamianebisaTvis.

xSirad, yvelaze ioli gza amis misaRwevad iyo bunebrivi cxeli wylis wyaroebi. mTeli msoflios masStabiT Termuli wylebis simravlem, bevr kulturaSi SesaZlebeli gaxada am inte-resebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT aseTi adgilebi da maT garSemo aeSnebinaT specialuri nagebobebi, romelTa daniSnulebac sazogadoebrivi abazanebi iyo.

dReisaTvis ukve mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom dedamiwis gulidan amofrqveuli geo-Termuli wylebi gamoiyeneboda, ara mxolod momxmarebelTa higienisaTvis, aramed agreTve maTi organizmis sxvadasxva mineralebiT Sesavsebad, kanis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad da sax-srebisa da kunTebis daavadebebiT gamowveuli tkivilebis Sesamcireblad. Cinur istoriul wya-roebSi, jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-7 saukuneSi, naxsenebia "wyaro, romelic Seicavs gogirds daavadebebis samkurnalod".


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Zvelad, kerZo da individualuri abazanebi praqtikulad ar arsebobda, amitom dabanis yve-laze efeqturi saSualeba iyo sazogadoebrivi abanoebi. albaT, maTi yvelaze cnobili magaliTi romauli abanoebia, Tavisi mowinave teqnologiebiTa da didebuli arqiteqturiT. saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT, jer kidev Zv. w. 339 wels, zogierTi romauli abano specialurad gamoiyene-boda samkurnalo miznebisaTvis da adamianebi maT stumrobdnen travmebis reabilitaciisaTvis, revmatuli daavadebebisa da damblis mkurnalobisaTvis. swored, romauli abanoebi unda movi-azroT Tanamedrove hidroTermuli saabazanoebis winamorbedebad. Tumca, arseboben sxva kul-turebic, romlebic, aseve, acxadeben pretenzias Tanamedrove popularuli hidroTermuli programebis gamogonebaze.

magaliTad, Zalian popularuli da xangrZlivi hidroTermuli zemoqmedebis mqone finuri sauna. maRali temperaturis Seqmna sakmaod ZviradRirebulia civi klimatiT cnobil fineTSi, amitom finelebma gamoZebnes saSualeba, xis kabinis maRal temperaturamde gasacxeleblad da Sedegad masSi myofi adamianebis maqimalurad gasaxureblad. kabinis datovebis Semdeg, gaofli-li finelebi iyenebdnen gareT arsebul Tovls, raTa moecilebinaT ofli da WuWyi. es procesi meordeboda ramdenjerme, sanam ar miiRweoda sisufTavis saWiro done. swored amitom finele-bi, dResac, rogorc wesi, saunis miRebis Semdeg mimarTaven TovliT sxeulis dazelvas. Zvelad Tovlis gamoyenebis praqtikuli mizezi isaa, rom CrdiloeTSi didi yinvebis gamo gamdinare wylis deficiti iyo. Tumca, Sedegad miviReT gasufTaveba/detoqsikaciis rituali, romelic dResac didad fasobs da ukve damtkicebulia, rom is aumjobesebes imunuri sistemis mdgomare-obas da amcirebs arteriul wnevas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom fineTi aRiarebulia saunis samSoblod, mTel CrdiloeT evropaSi arsebobda analogiuri tipis abazanebi, magaliTad, rusuli „bania“ praqtikulad maTi identu-ria konstruqciiTa da miznebiT.

amerikis kontinentze, arsebobs adreuli mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom "oflianoba"gamoiye-neboda sxeulis gawmendisa da gasufTavebisaTvis, maT Soris, aromatuli mcenareebiTa da yvavi-lebiT (anu "aromaTerapia", rogorc dResaa miRebuli). actekebis tomebi, gansakuTrebiT warma-tebulni iyvnen am mxriv. maT Seqmnes orsarTuliani TixiT gaglesili Tivis wnulisagan gakeTe-buli orTqlis oTaxi (wattle-and-daub sweat rooms). meqsikaSi temazkali (Temazcal) an "orTqlis oTa-xi" aris Termuli abazanis kidev erTi magaliTi. dRes, SegiZliaT ewvioT maias orTqlis oTaxis SesaniSnav magaliTs CiCen-icaze (Chechen Itza), meqsikis iukatanis naxevarkunZulze.

me-16 saukuneSi osmaleTis imperiaSi warmoiSva sayovelTaod cnobili `hamami~ anu Turqu-li abano. Tumca, arsebobs mtkicebulebebi, rom am tipis abazanebi osmalebamde gacilebiT ad-re, jer kidev islamis warmoSobamde, farTod gamoiyeneboda CrdiloeT afrikasa da axlo aRmo-savleTSi. tradiciuli hamami gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda meCeTis monaxulebis win, ro-gorc oflis meSveobiT gawmendis saSualeba. stambulis Zvel hamamebs SesaniSnavi interierebi aqvT, sadac warmodgenilia fantastikuri tradiciuli musulmanuri keramikuli da mozaikuri xelovneba, xSirad, yuranidan amoRebuli kedelze gakeTebuli warwerebiT. aseve SegiZliaT na-xoT hamamebis SesaniSnavi magaliTebi siriaSi, libanSi, iordaniaSi, tunisSi, libiaSi, alJirsa da marokoSi [Cavanah C.,2016: 9]

iaponia, aseve, cnobilia banaobis didi tradiciiT da Sesabamisad sisufTavis eTikas Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi mis kulturaSi. jer kidev III saukunis istoriul wyaroebSi gvxvdeba miTiTeba sxeulis sisufTavis iaponur Cvevebze, xolo VI -VII saukuneebSi, konfucia-nizmisa da budizmis gabatonebam zogadad gaaZliera sisufTavis kulti, banaobis ritualis siy-varulTan erTad.

iaponiaSi 20 aTasze meti (zogi monacemiT 26000-mde) bunebrivi cxeli wylis wyaroa, romel-Ta bazaze Camoyalibda iaponuri onsenebi (ingl. Onsen, iaponurad 温泉). onseni -cxeli wylis wya-ros saxelwodebaa iaponiaSi. xSirad aseve uwodeben cxeli wylis wyarosa da masTan dakavSire-bul turistuli infrastruqturasac – sastumroebs, restornebs, romlebic wyaros garSemoa aSenebuli. onseni SeiZleba iyos Ria, roca banaoba xdeba cxeli wylis bunebriv wyalsatevSi da daxuruli, roca cxeli mineraluri wylebiT avseben specialur abazanebs – furos [www. japan-guide.com]


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iaponiaSi aseve ganviTarebulia orTqlis abanoebi, romelTac sento (Sento) ewodeba. maTSi gamoyenebulia aromaTerapiis elementebi da kanis sveli skrabi. da bolos, furo (furo) – xis aba-zana, romelSic sakmaod didxans wevs adamiani; is ufro xSirad gvxvdeba kerZo saxlebSi.

sxva tipis Termuli banaoba – sabanao talaxebi warmoiSva axlo aRmosavleTSi ramdenime aTasi wlis win. abazanis es forma ar iyo SemuSavebuli mainc da mainc "masebis gawmendisaTvis", magram, samagierod, iyo samkurnalo xasiaTisa da amSvenebda mineralebiT mdidari mkvdari zRvis lamiT kanis mkurnalobis rituals. analogiurad, Zveli egviptelebi didad afasebdnen nilosis deltis samkurnalo talaxebs, romelic mdidari iyo eTiopiis maRali mTebidan Camo-tanili mineralebiTa da wiaRiseuliT.

Semdeg, 1900 wlidan, frangebma daiwyes zRvis wylis samkurnalo-aRdgeniTi Tvisebebis ga-moyeneba. zRvis wyali mdidaria aramxolod natriumis qloridis mariliT, aramed mineralebiTa da mikroelementebiT. "TalasoTerapiis" saxeliT cnobili mkurnaloba ganviTarda zRvis klimatis da Tbili wylis gamoiyenebiT [Cavanah C., 2016]

2. samkurnalo turizmi, rogorc aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreoba jer kidev ori aTeuli wlis win SeuZlebeli iqneboda aseTi Sinaarsis winadadebis wakiTxva

an gagoneba, radgan kulturuli memkvidreoba ar iyo gayofili or nawilad: materialur da aramaterialur memkvidreobad, xolo medicina arc ki ganixileboda aramaterialuri kultu-ruli memkvidreobis obieqtad. Tumca, amis damadasturebeli magaliTebi dResac mwiria. erTi iSviaTi magaliTia germaniaSi, sadac 2016 wels „knaippe“ Setanil iqna germaniis aramaterialuri memkvidreobis nusxaSi. [cnobili germaneli eqimi sebastian knaippe, radgan germanulSi misi gva-ri ori aso-bgera „P“-T iwereba, Cvenc pirdapir gadmovitaneT qarTul teqstSi, rom aravis See-Salos Kneipe-Si, rac ludxanas, anu pabs aRniSnavs]

knaippe samkurnalo abazanebi (Kneippheilbad) an knaippkurortebi (Kneippkurort) analogebisgan imiT gamoirCeva, rom am SemTxvevaSi wyliT mkurnaloba xorcieldeba bavarieli mRvdlis, sebas-tian knaippes (1821-1897) meTodiT, romelmac gaiTqva saxeli, rogorc "wylis eqimma" da me -19 sa-ukunis 50-ian wlebSi daimkvidra civi abazanebiT uebari mkurnalis saxeliT. is wylis samkurna-lo Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT kurnavda tuberkuloziT daavadebulebs. kvlevas igi atarebda fa-rulad, ZiriTadad mkurnalobda studentebs, man daagrova didi codna hidroTerapiaSi da Ca-moayaliba knaippTerapiis axali mimarTuleba. 1855 wels man Segnebulad datova eklesia, ro-gorc moZRvarma, rom darCenili sicocxle mieZRvna wyliT mkurnalobisTvis da axali mimarTu-lebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, man aseve Cauyara safuZveli pirvel knaippkurorts.

germaniis knaippkurortebis da knaippabazanebis gaerTianebam, romelic qalaq Bad Münstereifel-Si mdebareobs 2016 wlis mTavar warmatebad miiCnia germaniis aramaterialuri mem-kvidreobis nusxaSi knaippkurortebis da knaippabazanebis Setana. "dRes aris gansakuTrebuli dRe", — ganacxada aqim bedorfma, knaippkurortebis da knaippabazanebis gaerTianebis aRmasru-lebelma Tavmjdomarem. es gaerTianeba moicavs mTeli germaniis masStabiT daaxloebiT 60-ze met udides samkurnalo sawarmos. am sistemis abazanebi da kurortebi moicavs mTels germanias baltiis zRvidan alpebamde da aifelidan saqsoniamde. garda kurortebisa arsebobs asobiT knaippklubi. iuneskos germaniis komisiam da kulturis saministros mudmivmoqmedma konferen-ciam (KMK) erToblivad SeZles daemtkicebinaT sebastian knaippes tradiciuli codnasa da praqtikaze dafuZnebuli samkurnalo procedurebis gansakuTrebuli adgili da roli germane-li xalxis istoriaSi. knaippe iyo pirveli, visi gamajansaRebeli procedurebis da meTodikis inkorporacia gaxda SesaZlebeli aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis nusxaSi da SeZ-lo moexdina dadebiTi gavlena eqspertTa interdisciplinaruli komisiis gadawyvetilebaze. iuneskos nusxaSi igi Sevida Semdegi redaqciiT: "eqspertTa komiteti afasebs Tqven winadade-bas, rogorc prioritetuls, romlis mizania adamianis janmrTelobis tradiciuli meTodebiT aRdgena. tradiciuli medicina mudmivad unda ganviTardes da misi baza gaumjobesdes. es idea SesaZlebelia msoflioSi gavrceldes da Rrma fesvebi gaidgas, miTumetes, rom arsebuli knaip-pklubebis qseli, abazanebi da kurortebi iZleva garantias, rom momavalSi es gamocdileba iq-neba gamdidrebuli da ganviTarebuli" [tourismus.bad]


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3. hidroTermuli procedurebis istoria saqarTveloSi antikuri xanis qarTulma medicinam waruSleli kvali datova msoflio medicinis istoria-

Si. marto is faqti rad Rirs, rom sityva medicina dakavSirebulia kolxeTis legendaruli me-fis, aietis qaliSvilis, medeas saxelTan, romelic Tavisi epoqis saxelganTqmul mkurnalad iT-vleba. mis saxels ukavSireben iseT samedicino-biologiuri cnebebs, rogoricaa "gaaxalgaz-rdaveba" da "sisxlis gadasxma".

rogorc irkveva, saqarTveloSi mineralur wylebs samkurnalo mizniT uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen, rasac adasturebs borjomSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi abazanis naSTebi, agreTve arma-zis abano, romelic samkurnalo mineraluri wylebiT maragdeboda. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad qsnis xeobis, kldeeTis, armazis, urekis, vanis samarovnebSi aRmoCenili nivTebis, ag-reTve komunalur nagebobaTa da sanitarul-higienuri teqnikis naSTebis mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT am epoqaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis maRal doneze da, Sesabamisad, maRal higienur kulturaze.

am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Zalisis naqalaqari. Zalisis arqiteqtura, gansakuTrebiT abanoebisa da auzebis gegmareba, civi da cxeli wyliT momaragebisa da hipokaus-tebis principze agebuli gaTbobis sistemebi, kanalizacia, iatakis mozaikiT mopirkeTebis teq-nika, auzis Sesalesad hidravlikuri xsnarisa da sxva im droisTvis maRalteqnologiuri samSe-neblo masalebis gamoyeneba udavod aRtacebas iwvevs mnaxvelebSi. aRniSnuli Zeglis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT gadmocemulia profesor irakli ciciSvilis wignSi „qarTuli xelovnebis isto-ria“. muxranis velze md.narekvavis marcxena napiras, sofel Zalisas midamoebSi mikvleul iqna naqalaqari. aq aRmoCnda gaTlili qvebiT nagebi msxvil SenobaTa naSTebi, riyis qviT nagebi sa-Zirkvlebi alizis kedlebisaTvis, wyalsadenisa da kanalizaciis qselebi, qvis bazisebi da sve-tisTavebi. ukeT SemorCenilia abano, romelic TiTqos, sasaxlis kompleqsSi Sedioda. romauli tipis abano sami ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda civi, Tbili da cxeli wylis abazanebiT da kargad Semonaxuli gaTbobis hipokaustebis sistemiT. Tbili da civi abazanebis, aseve, ukanasknelis mo-mijnave gasaxdelis iatakebi dafarulia mozaikiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mozaikuri ia-taki "dionises saxlSi", romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba abanos gasaxdels. abano agebuli unda iyos ax.w. III saukunis dasawyisSi. am abanos maxloblad aRmoCnda meore ufro didi (farTobiT 1500 kv.m) ukve sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis abano. masSi garda tradiciuli saabazano ganyofi-lebebisa, Sedis atriumi, Ria ezo da egeb sataZro nawilic. yvelaze did nagebobas ZalisaSi war-moadgens sasaxle (misi nangrevis farTobi 2500 kv.m. aRemateba). masSi Sedioda sam aTeulebamde sxvadasxva sididisa da formis oTaxi, romelTa centrSi moTavsebuli yofila ezo – atriumi. atriumis centrSi SeimCneva qvis Sadrevnis kvali. sadgomTa Soris gamoiyofa darbazi, saZinebe-li oTaxebi da organyofilebiani sapirfareSoc sakuTari wyalsadeniTa da kanalizaciiT. sayu-radReboa, rom sasaxles hqonia centraluri gaTbobis sistemis calke mdgari Senoba hipokaus-tebis principze.

abanos gverdiT aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi pirveli sacurao auzi. igi gegmaSi sworkuTxedis formisaa da oTxive ares, kedlebis centrSi axlavs naxevarwriuli afsidebi (auzis zomebia: sigrZe 33,4 m. afsidebiT 39,6 m. sigane 11,5 m. SemorCenili kedlebis simaRle 2,07 m). auzis kedlebi amoSenebulia riyis qviT kirxsnarze da Signidan mopirkeTebulia kargad gaTlili TeTri qvis filebiT. CrdiloeTis afsidSi, romliTac auzi ukavSirdeboda abanos, mowyobilia – cxra safe-xuriani Casasvleli kibe. samxreT – aRmosavleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis kuTxeSi mowyobilia qvis merxebi dasasveneblad. Crdilo – aRmosavleTis kuTxeSi moTavsebuli yofila trapi da Camketi nageboba, romelic ukavSirdeboda kanalizaciis koleqtors. auzis iataki Selesili iyo hodravlikuri xsnariT, aseve iyo Selesili, auzis kedlebi garedan. sacurao auzs samxreTidan miSenebuli aqvs kidev erTi didi nageboba. mas Svidi darbazi hqonia, aqedan sams Sverili afsi-debi axlavs – SuaSi samwaxnagovani, gverdebze ki naxevarwriuli. afsidiani oTaxebis Crdiloe-Tis kedelSi mowyobilia viwro gamWoli TaRebi, safiqrebelia – gaTbobisaTvis cxeli haeris ga-satareblad. am Senobis daniSnuleba jer araa dadgenili, safiqrebelia rom aq romauli kurie-bis tipis darbazebi iyo. vinaidan am Senobas mSebeblobisas dauzianebia sasaxlis wyalsadenis amdenad igi mogviano xanisaa, albaT IV-V ss. Zalisas kompleqsi Tavisi Senobebis mixedviT war-


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moadgenda didi, maRali rangis moxelis rezidencias, rogorc irkveva, Zalisas dasaxleba Zv.w. miwurulSi gadaqceulia rezidenciad, romlis ganviTareba modis ax.w. I-III ss. xolo Semdeg sau-kuneebSi igi ganadgurda. Zalisis mozaika xasiaTdeba agebis teqtonikiT. nakvTebSi jer kidev igrZnoba elinisturi xelovnebis tradiciebi moZraoba cocxalia, forma gamosaxulia SuqCrdi-liT, magram ZiriTadi ukve ara plastikuri Zerwvaa, aramed xazovani naxati. ...Zalisis mozaika kidev erTxel adasturebs dionises kultis popularobas saqarTveloSi, sadac ganviTarebulia mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba. marto ukanasknel wlebSi aRmoCenilia: panis brinjaos qandakeba mcxeTis akldamaSi, dionises da ariadnes terakotuli qandakebebi sarkineTSi, dionises brinjaos qandakeba sofel kodiswyarodan, vercxlis sarkeSemkuli dionises mier ariadnes gaR-viZebis reliefiT samTavrodan da sxva. Zalisis mozaika kvlav gviCvenebs iberiis mWidro kon-taqtebs dasavlur – romis samyarosTan da elinistur kulturasTan aRmosavleTis qveynebSi [ciciSvili ir., 1995: 33-34; 41-43].

aRorZinebis periodis umniSvnelovanes samedicino Zegls miekuTvneba daviT batoniSvilis enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromi "iadigar daudi", romelic maSindeli medicinis TiTqmis yve-la ZiriTad sakiTxs exeba. ZeglSi, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, gamaxavilebulia yuradReba bunebri-vi faqtorebiT gajansaRebis, klimatur-balneologiuri mkurnalobis principebis mniSvnelo-baze. mziT mkurnaloba gamoyenebulia „isisxis seniT“, anu wyalmankis seniT (tuberkulozuri peritonitiT) daavadebis dros: „an mze Siga cxelsa alagsa unda dajdes, rome ama kacsa Tavi CrdilSiga unda hqondes da srulad tani mzeSiga hqondes. da Tu mze ar iyos amav rigad cecxlis pirsa da an Tornis pirsa dajdes“. kargad icis avtorma zRvisa da mineraluri wylebis samkur-nalo Tvisebebi: „an zRvis wyalSiga, an gogirdis an qanis (mineralur) wyalSiga yelamdis Casvan da Tu eseebi arcerTi iyo, amave rigad yelamdisi marils wyalSiga Casvan“, an kidev: „da Tu aseT-sa Tbilsa abanoSiga ibanon rome miwidaRman TviTon Tbili gamodiodes amrigsa iliajaSiga (aba-zana) baneba da Sig jdoma sisxisa sensa da simsivnesa mwoves argebs da kargad mouxdebis“.

dRes uaRresad popularuli xdeba e.w. holistikuri ganmartoeba, mosasvenebeli savaneebi, ioga, meditacia da sxva (avstralia, tailandi, axali zelandia). daviT batoniSvili „iadigar da-udSi“ melanqoliis, sevdianobisa da, saerTod, nervul daavadebaTa dros urCevs avadmyofT la-mazi sagnebis xilvas, tkbil saubars, musikis mosmenas da sxv.: „kais sakravisa, an kais xmis gago-neba, da lamazis alagis naxva, da yovlis wamlisagan metadre Tavis sayuarlis naxva, daWureta, yovlis senisa da Wirisa wamal da aqimi aris“ [Sengelia r., www. modernpublishing.ge].

medicinisa da sakurorto saqmis istoriis TvalsazrisiT XIX saukune saqarTveloSi xasi-aTdeba samedicino-sanitariuli momsaxurebis organizaciisa da saafTiaqo saqmis ganviTare-biT, epidemiebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatarebiT, sakurorto-balneologiuri resur-sebis aTviseba-gamoyenebiT, xalxuri medicinis tradiciebis gagrZelebiT.

am periods emTxveva kurortebis gagris, abasTumanisa da borjomis daarseba da ganviTare-ba.

saqarTveloSi saxelganTqmuli kurortis borjomisa da misi wylebis istoria TiTqmis 2000 weliwads iTvlis. mkvlevarebis mtkicebiT, borjoms aramxolod svamdnen, aramed samkurnalo abazanebis misaRebadac iyenebdnen. amaze metyvelebs qvis abazanebi, romlebic napovnia arqeo-logiuri gaTxrebis dros da Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaswleuliT TariRdeba. vaxuSti bagrationis da agreTve mravali sxva werilobiTi wyaros Tanaxmad, borjomis mineraluri wylebi samkurnalod ukve Cveni welTaRricxvis I saukunidan me-16 saukunis bolomde gamoiyene-boda [vaxuSti, 1941: 83] napovni iqna borjomis wylis sabados mierTebuli Tixis milebi, romle-biTac SuasaukuneebSi sargeblobdnen. mravalricxovani omebis gamo XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, aR-niSnuli wyaroebi daiviwyes, xolo adgilebi miatoves. simboluria is faqtic, rom am wyaroebs meore sicocxle samxedroebma aCuqes.

1816 wlis gazafxulze xersonis grenaderTa polki borjomSi ganTavsda. erTxel, jariska-cebma mdinare borjomulas marjvena sanapiroze napralidan vertikalurad amomavali wyaro aRmoaCines. maT am Tbili wyaros wyali polkis meTaurs polkovnik popovs miutanes, romelsac kuWis daavadeba awuxebda. man Tavis Tavze gamoscada wylis samedicino Tvisebebi da Sedegma im-denad ganacvifra, rom brZaneba gasca wyaro qvebiT SemoeRobaT da mis axlos patara qoxi aeSe-nebinaT. polkovniki popovi pirveli adamiani iyo, romelmac urCia Tavis axloblebs janmrTe-


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lobis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad am wyaros wyali daeliaT. 1837 wels xersonis polki Ca-anacvla qarTvel grenaderTa polkma. polkis eqimma amirovma daiwyo wylis Semadgenlobis ga-mokvleva da misi zemoqmedebis Seswavla. manve gaagzavna wylis pirveli sinjebi sanqt-peter-burgsa da moskovSi.

«borjomis» mineraluri wylebis samkurnalo Tvisebebi ruseTSi mTavari sasaubro Tema gaxda. swored aman ubiZga kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels, general-gubernator evgeni golovins borjomSi Tavisi qaliSvili ekaterine Caeyvana. marTalia, istoriuli wyaroebi ar azusteben informacias generlis qaliSvilis daavadebis Taobaze, magram faqtia, rom igi «borjomis» wylebiT mkurnalobis Semdeg swrafad ganikurna. mineraluri wylis pirvel wyaros golovinis qaliSvilis sapativcemulod «ekaterininski” ewoda, xolo imave periodSi napovn meore wyaros – «evgenievski”.

1862 wels amierkavkasiis mefis-nacvalad didi mTavari mixeil romanovi iniSneba, romelmac zafxulis rezidenciad borjomi airCia. iwyeba kurortis kapitaluri mSneblobis xana, rome-lic infrastruqturiT karlsbadis (dRevandeli karlovi-vari) da viSis mibaZviT da maT done-ze xorcieldeba.

1890 wels pirveli Camosasxmeli saamqro borjomis parkSi amoqmedda. boTlebi muqi mwvane feris iyo, minisgan damzadebuli da Sig wyali xeliT isxmeboda, luqiT ibeWdeboda da TiviT savse yuTebSi Tavsdeboda, transportirebisTvis mosaxerxebeli rom yofiliyo. male minis da tyis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebic aSenda, romlebic “borjomis” gadasatanad boTlebs, yuTebs da naxerxs awarmoebdnen.

1896 wels gaixsna pirveli minis qarxana, 1899 w. borjomSi daiwyo pirveli, 3 000 cxenis Zalis mqone eleqtrosadguris mSenebloba, romelic eleqtroenergiiT amaragebda borjoms da sam me-zobel raions. 1900 w. borjomSi miavlines qimikosi f. moldenhaueri, romelmac SeimuSava boT-lebSi Camosxmuli wylis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebis Senaxvis meTodi. mecnierma wyali nax-SirorJangis gaziT gaamdidra. am meTodma SesaZlebeli gaxada wylis eqsporti sazRvargareT.

kurort abasTumnis mSeneblobas XIX s-is 70-ian wlebSi Caeyara safuZveli. am periodSi ru-seTis imperiis taxtis memkvidre, ufliswuli giorgi, romelic daavadebul iyo tuberkulo-ziT, iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva samefo taxtze da sacxovreblad abasTumanSi gadmosuliyo. misTvis aq aSenda sasaxle, xolo Termuli wylebis wyaros maxloblad – saabazano. Tumca, abas-Tumnis Termuli wylebis samkurnalo Tvisebebi ufro adre iyo sayovelTaod aRirebuli. va-xuSti bagrationi werda, rom axlandeli abasTumnis adgilas, jer kidev, XIV saukuneSi yofila mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqi oZrxe da arsebobda saxelganTqmuli samkurnalo wylebi. XVII sa-ukuneSi, osmalebis batonobisas, aq Turquli abano mouwyviaT.

saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli kurorti, ra Tqma unda, wyaltuboa. is cnobili iyo jer kidev VII-IX saukuneebSi. XII-XIII saukuneebSi wyaltubo, rogorc samkurnalo punqti, ukve sargeblobda farTo popularobiT. pirveli cnobebi wyaltubos samkurnalo wyle-bis Sesaxeb qveyndeba 1782 wels „berlinis sabunebismetyvelo sazogadoebis Sromebis" gamoce-mebSi [ka. wikipedia.org].

1809 wels ukve germanulidan rusulad iTargmna cnobebi wyaltubos mineraluri wylis Se-saxeb. 1897 wels profesor albert oilenburgis saenciklopedio gamocemaSi moyvanilia zogi-erTi monacemi wyaltubos mineraluri wyaroebis sasikeTo Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. 1898 wels g. struvem qimiuri analizis safuZvelze wyaltubos wyaroebi miakuTvna indiferentul wyaroebs.

1920 wels wyaltubos teritoria gaxda saxelmwifo sakuTreba da 1926 wels daiwyo balneo-logiuri kurortis gaSeneba. 1931-32 wlebSi farTod gaiSala kompleqsuri samecniero-kvleviTi da hidrogeologiuri samuSaoebi, daiwyo kurortis xelaxali ganviTareba. 1931 wlis saqarTve-los maSindeli mTavrobis dadgenilebiT, wyaltubo kurortad da balneoTerapiis centrad ga-mocxadda. 1950-51 wlebSi SemuSavda kurortis axali generaluri gegma (arqiteqtorebi: i. zaa-liSvili, v. kedia), romelsac safuZvlad wriuli sqema daedo. wyaltubo daiyo balneologiur, sanatoriul da sacxovrebel zonebad.

2007 wels, safrangeTis turizmis departamentis eqsperti Termalur sakiTxebSi batoni mark pepi werda: „rac yvelaze gansakuTrebulia, es aris qalaqis urbanuli mowyoba, romelic TariRdeba 50-iani wlebiT stalinis brZanebiT. iSviaTia (SesaZloa mTels msoflioSic), balneo-


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logiuri kurorti, romlis mowyobac ase kargad daigegma SedarebiT mokle droSi da ara sauku-neebis manZilze, rogorc moxda sxva evropuli balneologiuri kurortebis SemTxvevaSi.

kurorti mdebareobs did parkSi da Sedgeba sami koncentruli zonisagan: • centrSi, yvelaze dabal adgilze mdebareobs abanoebi. • Semdeg wreSi mdebareobs teritoriaze kargad ganawilebuli sanatoriumebi da sxva da-

wesebulebebi. • bolo wreSi, romelic yvelaze maRla mdebareobs, ganTavsebulia TviTon qalaqi. mTeli es ansambli, romelic adamianis mieraa Seqmnili, tovebs simSvidis STabeWdilebas.

arsebobs bevri upiratesoba, Tumca, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT sam maTgans: • erTi zonidan meoreSi gadasvla sakmaod iolia • fizikuri usafrTxoebis dacva gaadvilebulia • yvela Senobis garSemo xSiri baRebia uiSviaTesi mcenareebiT, rac dRes did interess iw-

vevs.“ mark pepis azriT, wyaltubo, Tbilisis balneologiur kurortTan erTad, warmoadgens sa-

qarTvlos yvelaze ufro perspeqtiul balneologiur kurorts. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom Tbilis-qalaqis istoria iwyeba gogirdovani wylebiT, saukune-

ebis ganmavlobaSi xalxi iyenebda mas abanoebis saxiT. gansakuTrebiT didi interesi Tbilisis gogirdovani wylis mimarT SeiniSneba me-18-e saukunidan. mas stumroben ucxoeli mecnierebi da mogzaurebi, kerZod, turenfori, delaporti, paroti, diu-bua da sxvebi.

1866 wels kavkasiis mTavarmmarTeblis brZanebiT Tbilisis mineraluri wylis wyaroebis Seswavla daiwyo komisiam, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli geologi, akademikosi abixi. Tavis daskvnebSi mecnieri gamoxatavda did gakvirvebas imis gamo, rom „mine-raluri wylebi araa Seswavlili da abanoebisa da samrecxaoebis momaragebis garda, araviTari sxva daniSnuleba aqvT“. aseT mdgomareobas igi Tvlida „agdebul damokidebulebad im samkurna-lo ganZis mimarT, romelsac buneba ase Warbad uboZebs aq Cagrul kacobriobas“ [Нодия М., 1954].

abixis kvlevis Sedegebis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga Tbilisis balneologiuri kurortis Seqmnis sakiTxi. niko nikolaZis xelmZRavnelobiT moqmedma komisiam Seqmna gegmebisa da proeq-tebis sxvadasxva variantebi, magram me-20-e saukunis 30-ian wlebamde amis iqiT saqme ar wasula. 1930 wels fizioTerapevtis da kurortologis mixeil zandukelis xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna unikaluri proeqti, romlis mixedviTac sakurorto teritoria krwanisis samTavrobo rezi-denciamde 3-4 km. unda yofiliyo gaSlili. 1938 w. eqsploataciaSi Sevida Tbilisis balneologi-uri kurorti. dRes mis bazaze funqcionirebs saqarTvelos kurortologiis, fizioTerapiis, reabilitaciisa da samkurnalo turizmis samecniero-praqtikuli centri.

Tbilisis mSvenebas da mis erTgvar ”savizito baraTs” warmoadgens gogirdis abanoebi. X sa-ukuneSi, arabi geografi, ibn haukali — „gzaTa da samefoTa wignSi“, aRniSnavs: „qalaqSi [Tbilis-Si], aris tiberiadis abanoebis msgavsi abanoebi, romelTa wyalic ucecxlod duRs“ [saqarTve-los istoriis narkvevebi..., 1973: 351]. istoriuli cnobebiT, XIII saukunis TbilisSi, mineraluri wylis 65 abano yofila. Tbilisis abanoebze, cnobebs gvawvdian XIII-XIV ss. venecieli mogzauri, marko polo, XVIII saukunis rusi vaWari, vasil gagara, aseve vaxuSti bagrationi. 1833 wels didi rusi poeti a.s. puSkini werda: „Отроду не встречал я ни в России, ни в Турции ничего роскошнее тифлисских бань“ „Cem sicocxleSi ar Semxvedria arc ruseTSi da arc TurqeTSi ufro didebuli ram, vidre Tbilisis abanoebia“ [Летопись Дружбы..., 1961: 218].

dRes, gogirdis abanoebs qarTvelebis garda bevri ucxoeli turisti stumrobs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qalaqSi, romelic evropisken miiltvis, abanoTubani aris is aziuri kuTxe, romelic evropeli turistis sayvareli adgilia.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos hidroTermuli spaprocedurebis didi da mdi-dari istoria gaaCnia. magram aseve unda SevniSnoT is samwuxaro faqtic, rom qveynis unikaluri bunebrivi faqtorebi ufro aqtiurad unda iqnas gamoyenebuli turizmis industriis mier. tu-ristuli marketingis TvalsazrisiT Zalian bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli velnes da spaekonomi-kis ganviTarebisaTvis, Tanamedrove marketinguli meTodebiT industriis winwawevisaTvis.


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[1] Global Spa & Wellness economy monitor, 13. http://www.globalwellnesssummit.com/images/stories/gsws2014/pdf/ bolo viziti 13.06.2017 [2] Cassandra Cavanah -Guide to Hydrothermal Spa & Wellness Development Standards. Miami, FL 33131 United States. 2016 bo-lo viziti 13.06.2017

[3] Japanese hot springs (onsen). www. japan-guide.com bolo viziti 13.06.2017 [4] https://tourismus.bad-groenenbach.de/fileadmin/eigene– dateien/tourismus/Presse/Kneippen– im –

immateriellen– Kulturerbe.pdf bolo viziti 13.06.2017 [5] ciciSvili ir. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria. adreklasobrivi sazogadoebis periodis

xelovneba: Zalisa. Tb., 1995. gv.33-34; 41-43.. [6] r. Sengelia. medicina da qarTuli samefo karis tradiciebi. www.modernpublishing.ge [7] vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. Tbilisi 1941 [8]https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83

%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D [9] М. Нодия. Курорты и дачные места Тбилиси. Грузмедгиз, Тбилиси 1954. [10] saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi 2, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTve-

lo“, 1973 [11] Летопись Дружбы. Том I, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, 1961

n. kvaracxelia, g. yufaraZe

hidroTermuli spaindustriis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi

reziume

msoflio velnes da spaekonomika ukanasknel wlebSi swrafad izrdeba da amis mizezi iseTi globaluri tendenciebia, rogoricaa: planetis mosaxleobis dabereba, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri keTildReobis ganuxreli zrda, im daavadebebis gaxSireba, romlebic dakavSirebu-lia hipodinamiasTan da stresebiT aRsavse Tanamedrove cxovrebis ritmTan, aseve, tradiciuli medicinis paradigmasTan, romelic orientirebulia daavadebebis mkurnalobaze da ara maT Ta-vidan acilebaze.

aTaswleulebis manZilze sxvadasxva kulturebi eswrafodnen gamoeyenebinaT wyali da siT-bo sisufTavisa da mkurnalobisaTvis, Tumca, orive maTgani Znelad xelmisawvdomi iyo da fu-funebis sagnad iTvleboda. aman ganapiroba is, rom SedarebiT civilizebuli sazogadoebebi mudmivad eswrafodnen, raTa gamoeZebnaT gzebi, rom "hidro" da "Termuli“ Terapia xelmisaw-vdomi gaexadaT rigiTi adamianebisaTvis.

sxva tipis Termuli banaoba – sabanao talaxebi warmoiSva axlo aRmosavleTSi ramdenime aTasi wlis win. sainteresoa knaippe samkurnalo abazanebi (Kneippeheilbad) an knaippkurortebi (Kneippkurort) germaniaSi, romelic analogebisgan imiT gamoirCeva, rom am SemTxvevaSi wyliT mkurnaloba xorcieldeba bavarieli mRvdlis, sebastian knaippes (1821-1897) meTodiT, romelmac gaiTqva saxeli, rogorc "wylis eqimma" da me -19 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daimkvidra civi abazane-biT uebari mkurnalis saxeliT. es gaerTianeba moicavs mTeli germaniis masStabiT daaxloebiT 60-ze met udides samkurnalo sawarmos. 2016 wels germaniis aramaterialuri memkvidreobis mTavar nusxaSi knaippkurortebi da knaippabazanebi iqna Setanili.

saqarTveloSi mineralur wylebs samkurnalo mizniT uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen, rasac adasturebs borjomSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi abazanis naSTebi, agreTve armazis abano, romelic samkurnalo mineraluri wylebiT maragdeboda. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad qsnis xeobis, kldeeTis, armazis, urekis, vanis samarovnebSi aRmoCenili nivTebis, agreTve komunalur nagebo-baTa da sanitarul-higienuri teqnikis naSTebis mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT am epoqaSi mo-saxleobis cxovrebis maRal doneze da, Sesabamisad, maRal higienur kulturaze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos hidroTermuli spaprocedurebis didi da mdidari is-toria aqvs unda SevniSnoT is samwuxaro faqtic, rom qveynis unikaluri bunebrivi faqtorebi


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ufro aqtiurad unda iqnas gamoyenebuli turizmis industriis mier. turistuli marketingis TvalsazrisiT Zalian bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli.

N.Kvaratskhelia, G.Kuparadze

Some Historic Issues of Hydrothermal Spa Industry in the World and in Georgia

Summary

World Wellness and spa economy has been growing in recent years, the reason for this are such global brands as planet population aging, steady growth of economic welfare in developed countries, frequency of diseases that are related to hemodynamic and stressful rhythm of modern life and traditional medicine paradigm as well, that focuses on its treatment not its prevention.

Different various cultures have aspired to exploit water and heat for treatment and purity, both of them were considered as luxury and were hardly available, this factor caused that, relatively civilized societies aspired to search ways to make Hydro and thermal therapy accessible to ordinary people Other types of thermal bath, medical mud were originated in the middle East thousands years ago. This form of bathing wasn’t worked out, Kneippheilbad or knaippkwort in Germany, were distinguished, that in this case water treatment was carried out by the Bavarian priest Sebastian Knaippers (1821-1897) method that gained fame as the water doctor. In the 50s of 19th century, it established itself as the name of cold bath medicine. This unity covers 60 major medical institutions in Germany. In 2016 Kneippkurs kneippabath were listed as Intangible heritage. Mineral water were used for medical purposes in VI V centuries A.D) the evidence for it are ancient remains of a bath in Borjomi and Armazi bath, which was supplied by with mineral waters According to archaeological excavations in Kldeeti, Armazi, Ureki, Vani burial sites (II — IV centuries AD, discoveries municipal buildings and sanitary hygienic equipment, we can consider this as the evidence populations high standard of living. This paper deals with the importance of resorts in Georgia and their achievements.

Despite the fact that Georgia has rich history of hydrothermal spa procedures, it must be noted that unique natural factors should be actively used in tourism industry. Much should be done for wellness and spa economy development in the field of Tourism Marketing via the contemporary methods for industry expansion.


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l. lazviaSvili

kompaniis marTvis Tanamedrove faseulobebi

ekonomikuri, politikuri (Zalaufleba da aRiareba) , esTeTikuri, socialuri (kon-

fliqtis ararseboba personals Soris da gunduri muSaoba) , Teoriuli (racionaluri az-rovneba da WeSmariteba) da religiuri (Tanxmoba msoflmxedvelobaSi da morali da eTika) faseulobiTi orientirebi saSualebas iZleva ganxorcieldes kompaniis misia da Sesruldes is amocanebi, romlebic dgas kompaniis winaSe. misia aucilebelia iTvaliswinebdes kompaniis dainteresebuli jgufebisTvis ekonomikur warmatebas da finansuri usafrTxoebis uzrun-velyofas (anu grZelvadiani Semosavlebis optimizacia da saimedo investireba; personalis unar— Cvevebis TviTganviTareba; sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. vinaidan klien-tura warmoadgens Semosavlebis wyaros, swored cxovrebis xarisxi ganapirobebs im konkre-tul lokaciebSi bazris ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad, recesiuli mdgomareobis nivelire-bas). maSasadame, marketingis menejmentis konteqstSi aucilebelia Tanafardoba aqcionerTa ekonomikur mdgomareobasa da momxmareblebis xarisxobriv momsaxurebas Soris, rac miiRwe-va personalis gunduri muSaobisa da motivirebis xarjze.

sabazro urTierTobebSi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faseulobebi, romlebsac aqvT praqtikuli mniSvneloba:

1. realoba — kompaniis xelmZRvaneloba iRebs efeqtur mmarTvelobiT gadawyvetile-bebs konkretul situaciebSi mis xelT arsebuli faqtobriv monacemebze dayrdnobiT. 2. gan-xilva — swrafva obieqturobisken anu logikuri msjeloba realuri faqtebis safuZvelze. azrovnebis unari moiTxovs inteleqtualur disciplinas. kompaniaSi konkretuli proble-mis gadawyveta saWiroebs racionalur msjelobas. mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRe-baSi mniSvnelovania obieqturoba, rasac mihyavs kompania dasaxuli miznisken. racionaluri azrovneba gulisxmobs gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis da mentaluri procesebis srulyofaSi mdgradobis koncentracias. menejmentma upiratesoba unda mianiWos im TanamSromlebs, rom-lebic mudmivad zrunaven sakuTari SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebaze da Sesabamisad, logiku-ri azrovnebis miRwevaze. 3. azrovnebis damoukidebloba — gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis opti-maluri gamoyenebis safuZvelze miRebuli unda iyos racionaluri gadawyvetilebebi. krea-tiuloba SesaZlebelia mxolod azrovnebis damoukideblobis pirobebSi. yoveli TanamSro-meli pasuxismgebelia sakuTar moqmedebebze (warmatebaze da fiaskoze). swored kreatiulo-ba aris pozitiuri cvlilebebis wyaro. maSasadame, organizaciaSi inovaciuri procesebis difuziis procesi (ideaTa generireba) aris winapiroba warmatebisa da misiis ganxorciele-bisa. 4. efeqturoba — misia avaldebulebs kompanias miiRos simdidre. efeqtianobis Tvalsa-Cino gamovlinebaa kapitalis racionaluri gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba da sasar-geblo momsaxurebis gaweva klienturisTvis. gonieri mogeba asaxavs saqmianobis efeqtiano-bas. kompaniis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba Tavis asaxvas hpovebs dainteresebuli jgufebis mdgomareobaze. 5. Tanmimdevroba — marTvis procesSi Tanmimdevroba gulisxmobs mokleva-diani interesebis adaptirebas biznesis grZelvadian prioritetebTan. principul sakiTxeb-Tan mimarTebaSi dauSvebelia kompromisi, vinaidan principebi qmnian warmatebisa da win-svlis koncefcias grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. organizaciebSi waxalisebuli unda iyos principuloba. 6. samarTlianoba — yoveli TanamSromeli fasdeba da jildovdeba im krite-riumebis Sesabamisad, romelic asaxavs maT obieqtur wvlils (pozitiurs an negatiurs) kom-paniis misiis ganxorcielebaSi. personalis TiToeuli wevri unda iyos kompaniis saerTo fa-seulobebis mimdevari. xelqveiTebis TvalsazrisiT menejmentis saqmianobis Sefasebis mniS-vnelovani kriteriumia samarTlianoba. menejeris mxridan aucilebelia ganxorcieldes xelqveiTebis aRiareba da dafaseba, Sedegad yovelive es aisaxeba kompaniis efeqtianobaSi. adamianurma urTierTobebma unda gamoricxos diskriminacia sqesobrivi, rasobrivi da naci-onaluri kuTvnilebis Tu sxva niSnis mixedviT. diskriminaciis meTodi unda efuZnebodes kompetencias, efeqtianobas da xasiaTis Tvisebebs. individis wvlili unda Sefasdes indivi-dualurad misi damsaxurebis xarisxis mixedviT da uari unda iTqvas egalitarizmze [Патсула


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П., 2012: 57] . 7. siamaye — warmoadgens fsiqologiur jildos imis unarze, rom icxovro im fa-seulobebiT, rogoricaa: samarTlianoba, Tanmimdevruloba, azrovnebis damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da racionaluroba. personals Tavisi muSaobis Sdegad unda hqondes safuZve-li iamayos miRweuli SedegebiT. kompaniiT unda amayobdnen rogorc TanamSromlebi, ise mom-xmareblebi. 8. TviTpativiscema ( Sida motivacia) — kargad Sesrulebuli samuSao unda iyos TiToeuli TanamSromlis sakuTari Tavis dafasebis winapiroba. maTi moqmedeba TanxvedraSi unda iyos grZelvadian pirad interesebTan, xolo miznebi adaptirebuli kompaniis misias-Tan. jildo proporciuli unda iyos TanamSromlis mier Setanili wvlilis, rac metyvelebs Sesabamisad Sida motivaciis diversifikaciaze. 9. gundSi muSaoba da urTierTmxardaWera — TiToeuli TanamSromeli Tanmimdevruli unda iyos SeTanxmebuli saerTo miznis miRwevaSi, rac Tavis gamovlinebas hpovebs urTierTmxardaWeraSi. kompaniis winaSe mdgari problemis da dabrkolebis gadasalaxavad aucilebelia Zalisxmevebis koordinireba. kompaniis xel-mZRvaneloba arCevs iseT personals, romelic flobs Sida motivacias da azrovnebis damou-kideblobas. gundis mxardaWeris gareSe SeuZlebelia saerTo warmatebis miRweva. calkeuli individumebis maxasiaTeblebis krebsiToba safuZvels iZleva warmatebuli da mizanmimar-Tuli gundis Seqmnisa. saerTo faseulobebi warmoadgens Segnebuli arCevanis Sedegs da mTlian sistemas. 10. keTilsindisiereba — keTilsindisieri personali ar unda Sediodes konfliqtSi Tanamedrove realiebTan, romlebsac adgili aqvT bazris pirobebSi. adamiani Tavisufali unda iyos azris gamoxatvaSi.

kompaniis koncefcia unda iTvaliswinebdes: momxmarebelze orientacias (msoflio standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, klienti unda iyos partniori da urTierTobebSi mogebuli unda gamovides orive mxare. maSasadame, mniSvnelovania pirovnebis pativiscema da urTier-Tobebis dafaseba); xarisxze orientacias (xarisxi, rogorc procesis ganuyofeli nawili. biznesis yvela aspeqtis xarisxiani Sesruleba); efeqtianobas (efeqtianoba, rogorc siste-mis nawili); zrdas biznesisTvis da TanamSromlebisTvis (kompaniis cxovrebis kanonad unda iqces ideaTa mudmivi koncentracia miznis misaRwevad); mudmiv gaumjobesebas (inovaciuri gadawyvetilebebis mimarT fundamentaluri erTguleba, TiToeulma TanamSromelma unda gamoiyenos logikuri azrovnebis Zala. menejerebma, romlebic marTaven sistemebsa da pro-cesebs, mudmivad unda eZion saukeTeso meTodebi problemebis gadawyvetisas da momxmareb-lebis momsaxurebisas); obieqturobaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis models (ra-cionaluroba, faqtebze dayrdnoba).

kompaniis samzareulos Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso gamocdilebebis konteqsturi ganxilvis safuZvelze SeiZleba CamovayaliboT samsaxuris zogadi modeli:

samsaxuris ZiriTadi ganzo-

milebani fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba pirovnuli da samsaxurebrivi

Sedegebi unar-Cvevebis mravalgvaro-ba

samuSaos mniSvnelovnebis gancda

samuSao motivacia

amocanis individualuroba samuSaos Sedegebze pasuxis-mgeblobis gancda

samsaxuriT kmayofileba

amocanis mniSvnelovneba samuSaos realuri Sedegebis codna

samuSaos gardaqmna

avtonomia da ukukavSiri adaptacia samuSao garemos-Tan

efeqturi struqturis Seqmna

[robinsi s., 2009: 50]. menejmentis stils warmoadgens Segnebuli arCevani konsensusis da gunduri muSaobis

sasargeblod. gunduri muSaoba aumjobesebs informaciis gacvlas. menejers, rogorc gadaw-yvetilebis avtors, SeuZlia uzrunvelyos misi Sesruleba da gaaumjobesos done. gadawyve-tilebis miRebis procesSi logikurma azrovnebam unda ganapirobos is garemoeba, rom am dros adgili ar hqondes popularobisTvis brZolas. avtonomiuri organizacia moqmedebs mewarmeobis suliskveTebis Sesabamisad da gulisxmobs kompetenturi TanamSromlebis arse-bobas (personali, rogorc eqsperti gansazRvrul profesiul sferoSi) da filosofiuri


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principebis gaTvaliswinebas. kompanias valdebulebebi aqvs TanamSromlebis winaSe: erTis mxriv, Sesabamisoba kompetenciebsa da Sedegebs Soris da, meores mxriv, kompaniis Sida da bazris pirobebs Soris; yovlismomcveli konkurentunariani premialuri programis Sesru-lebis uzrunvelyofa; pirobebis Seqmna profesiuli zrdisTvis; Sromis Sedegebis obieqtu-ri Sefaseba, maTi wvlilisa da maTi erTgulebis dafaseba saerTo faseulobebisadmi. Tana-medrove pirobebSi enTuziazmis wyaros warmoadgens reitinguli kompaniis Seqmna — faseu-lobis gadideba racionaluri inovaciebis da efeqtiani muSaobis xarjze, azrovnebis kon-centrireba inovaciebze efeqtianobis miRwevis mizniT (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xarisxi, menejmentis xarisxi, grZelvadiani investirebis faseuloba, kvalificiuri personalis mo-zidva da SenarCuneba, aqtivebis gamoyeneba, finansuri stabiluroba da mdgradoba, pasuxis-mgebloba sazogadoebis winaSe), rac cnobilia xelmZRvanelobis kredos saxelwodebiT [Мескон М., 2007: 48].


1. robinsi s., organizaciuli qcevis safuZvlebi. „ilias saxelmwifo universiteti“,

Tbilisi, 2009 w. 2. Друкер П., Практика менеджмента. “ Вильямс” , Москва, 2015 г. 3. Мескон М., Основы менеджмента. “ Вильямс”, Москва, 2007 г. 4. Патсула П., Бизнес-планирование. “Инфра-м”, Москва, 2012 г.


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l. lazviaSvili kompaniis marTvis Tanamedrove faseulobebi

reziume statiaSi aqcentirebulia kompaniis mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi misiis, miznebis da fa-

seulobebis mniSvnelobebi. bazris pirobebSi efeqturi marTvis ganxorcieleba ukavSirdeba inovaciuri ideebis difuzias, azrovnebis Tavisuflebas, Sida motivaciasa da gundur muSa-obas faseulobiTi orientaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT. kompaniis koncefcia gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom Tanamedrove organizacia orientirebuli unda iyos momxmarebelze, xarisxze, efeqtianobaze, mudmiv gaumjobesebaze (fundamenturi erTguleba inovaciisadmi) da obieq-turobaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis modelebze. kompaniis filosofiis arsi miuTiTebs xelmZRvanelobis kredos efeqturi meqanizmis Sedgenaze.

L. Lazviashvili

Modern Values of the Company Summary

The article puts emphasis on the meaning of mission, aim and valuable in the sphere of the company

management. In terms of market economy, realization of effective management is connected with an innovative idea diffusion, freedom of thinking, inner motivation and teamwork, considering value orientations. According to the company conception, modern organization is orientated towards the consumer, quality, effect, constant improvement and objectivity in management.


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z. laoSvili

geoinformaciuli sistemebis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa

geoinformaciuli sistemebi ramdenime erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli nawilisgan (komponen-

tisgan) Sedgeba: sivrciTi monacemebi, teqnikuri mxardaWera, programuli uzrunvelyofa, gis procedurebi da gis specialisti [Caplan J., 2010: 4]. TiToeuli maTgani friad mniSnelovania ne-bismieri rangis gis-is warmoebisTvis.

geoinformaciuli sistemebis warmoebaSi kompiuteruli teqnikis sworad SerCevas arsebi-Ti mniSvneloba aqvs. gis-ebis ganviTarebis sawyis etapebze am saqmisTvis sakmaod mZlavri da ZviradRirebuli kompiuterebi iyo saWiro. amJamad yvela personalur kompiuterze aris SesaZ-lebeli gis programebis instalacia, radganac sistemuri blokis procesorSi birTvebis rao-denobis gazrdam maTs stabilurad muSaobas xeli Seuwyo. Tumca, am sakiTxze dafiqreba mainc saWiroa; kompiuteri saguldagulod unda SeirCes.

geoinformaciuli sistemebis ganviTareba gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan daiwyo da misi evolucia mniSvnelovanwilad dakavSirebuli iyo kompiuteruli teqnikis ganviTarebaze.

pirveli Tanamedrove tipis kompiuterebi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna. 1939-45 wlebSi bulgaruli warmoSobis amerikelma fizikosma jon aTanasovma (1903-1995) da kliford berim (1918-1963) pirveli eleqtronul-cifruli kompiuteris prototipi Seqmnes [nikolaiSvili d., 2004: 12].

1942-43 wlebSi amerikelma fizikosma jon mouClim (1907-1980) da misma asistentma jon ekr-tma (1919-1995) samxedro miznebisaTvis gaakeTes pirveli Taobis srulyofili da universaluri kompiuteri “eniaki” — ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) — eleqtronuli cifruli integratori da kalkulatori. igi 30 tonas iwonida, 18 000 vakuumur milaks moicavda da daax-loebiT 90 m2 farTobi ekava. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored am droidan iwyeba kompiuterebis era. “eniaki” Tanamedrove kompiuterebis umravlesobis prototipia [nikolaiSvili d., 2004: 12,13].

amerikelma hovard gautuei aikenma (1900-1973) Carlz beibijis Sexedulebebze dayrdno-biTa da amerikuli firma IBM-is xelSewyobiT 1944 wels pirveli eleqtronuli kompiuteri Seq-mna (sur. 1) [nikolaiSvili d., 2004: 18]1.

sur. 1. IBM-is pirveli eleqtronuli kompiuteri ASCC Mark1 (Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator Mark 1)

kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebaSi revoluciuri naxtomi personaluri kompi-

uteris gamogoneba iyo, romelic amerikeli studentebis – stiv jobsisa da stiv vozniakis sa-xelTan aris dakavSirebuli. maT 1976 wels daaarses firma Apple Computer, romelmac 1977 wels pirveli personaluri kompiuteri Apple gamouSva [nikolaiSvili d., 2004: 15]. 1 1804 wels kembrijis universitetis profesorma Carlz beibijma gamoTvliTi operaciebis programuli marTvis „analitikuri manqana” Seqmna. man am manqanis programuli uzrunvelyofis SesamuSaveblad ingliseli ada avgusta lavleisi moiwvia. „analitikur manqanas” hqonda monacemTa Senaxvis, damuSavebis, mimRebi mowyobi;lobebi da monacemTa marTvis bloki. manqanas unda daemuSavebina 40-niSnadi ricxvebi.


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personaluri kompiuterebis gamogonebam mniSvnelovnad daaCqara gis teqnologiebis gan-viTareba da farTo momxmareblisTvis xelmisawvdomoba.

droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda kompiuteris mowyobilobebi, elementTa nakrebi, rasac elementur bazas uwodeben. am bazis Secvlis kvaldakval mimdinareobda kompiuterebis gareg-nuli formisa da SesaZleblobebis cvlileba. yovel 10-12 weliwadSi kompiuterul konstruq-ciebSi mkveTri naxtomi SeiniSneboda da kompiuterebis axali modelebi Cndeboda, romlebic Zvels devnidnen. aqedan gamomdinare, warmoiqmna termini – kompiuterTa Taobebi (Computer Generation, Generator). amJamad kompiuterTa 4 Taoba arsebobs [nikolaiSvili d., 2004: 18].

kompiuteruli teqnikis SerCeva gis-is warmoebis doneze da arsebul moTxovnebze aris da-mokidebuli. lokaluri gis-isTvis saSualo simZlavris kompiuteric sakmarisia, maSin, roca di-di organizaciebisTvis an saxelmwifo struqturebisTvis gankuTvnil gis sistemebs mZlavri kompiuteruli resursi sWirdeba Sesabamisi teqnikuri saSualebebiT (Tanamedrove digitaize-ri, printeri, ploteri da a.S.). amasTan, unda vicodeT gis-is kompiuterul monacemebTan damo-kidebulebis specifika. nebismieri grafikuli redaqtori rom aviRoT (mag., Adobe Photoshop), mas-Si rukis (igulisxmeba rastri) masStabirebis an gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi gamosaxulebis ek-ranze gadaxatva (gamosaxulebis axal zomaSi an poziciaSi gamosaxva) xdeba. am procesSi kompiu-teris makompleqtebeli komponentebi aris CarTuli. gansakuTrebiT didi datvirTva xdeba vi-deo dafaze, romelic pasuxismgebelia grafikuli gamosaxulebis srulyofilad Cvenebaze. gis programaSi imave moqmedebis dros damatebiT procesori muSaobs, romelic rastris SemTxveva-Si mimarTavs da amowmebs yvela piqselis monacemebs (koordinatebs, ferTa gamas), xolo veqto-ris SemTxvevaSi — yvela verteqsis koordinatebsa da atributuli cxrilis yvela Canawers. mxo-lod amis Semdeg gadaxatavs gamosaxulebas.

xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi geoinformaciuli sistema or aparatul safuZvelze — personalur kompiuterebsa (PC) da samuSao sadgurebze (Workstation) iyo bazirebuli. persona-luri kompiuterebis bazaze dafuZnebul gis-ze saubrisas SedarebiT mcire moculobis mona-cemTa dasamuSaveblad gankuTvnili individualuri samagido sistemebi igulisxmeboda. kompiu-teri gamoiyenebda Intel-is 8086 ojaxis an Cyrix mikroprocesorebs. isini SigniT CISC-is arqiteq-turaze iyvnen dafuZnebuli. kompiuterebi muSaobdnen calsaxa operaciul sistemebze (S-DOS, MS Windows). maSin operatiuli mexsiereba sul raRac 32 mb iyo.

profesionaluri geoinformaciuli sistemebi samuSao sadgurebze iyo agebuli, romlebic RISC-is maRali SesaZleblobebis mikroprocesorebsa da maRali rezoluciis farToformatian (21 diumiani) monitorebs iyenebdnen (sur. 2). maTi operatiuli mexsiereba 512 mb-s Seadgenda. ga-moiyeneboda operaciuli sistemebi (IX, Solaris, VMS, O/S2 da sxva).

sur. 2. RISC mikroprocesori kompiuteruli teqnikis sferoSi teqnologiurma garRvevam arsebiTad Secvala situacia.

Intel da AMD procesorebis gaumjobesebam xeli Seuwyo gis-is ganviTarebas da saSualeba misca ganaxlebuli versiebis programulad gamravalferovnebas. personaluri kompiuterebis gaia-febam da maTi mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebis revoluciurma gaumjobesebam mniSvnelovnad gazar-da gis-is warmoeba. Tanac, igi ufro masobrivi xasiaTis gaxda.

gis-is ganviTarebas aparatuli bazis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis gaumjobesebasTan er-Tad xeli Seuwyo misi programebis axal operaciul sistemebze (Microsoft Windows da Linux) gadas-


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vlam. mag., Windows NT-dan dawyebuli ESRI programis maxasiaTeblebiT mTlianad moergo Unix-is operaciul sistemas1. aman mniSvnelovnad gaamartiva geoinformaciuli sistemebis eqspluata-cia.

geoinformaciuli sistemebis ganviTareba kompiuteruli teqnikis ganviTarebis fonze pir-vel cxrilSia warmodgenili [Цыганок Д., 2004: 12-14].

cxrili 1. kompiuteruli grafikis, algoriTmebisa da gis-is ganviTareba

dro grafika geometria gis

1950-1960 veqtoruli da xazovani grafika

martivi geometriuli algoriTmebi, badise-buri modeli

sapilote kartografiuli ga-moyeneba, masaCusetis teqno-logiuri universitetis mier adgilis cifruli modelis Seqmna

1960-1970 interaqtiuri kompiuteruli grafika

mrudebisa da progra-mirebis geometriuli enebis SemuSavebis sfe-rosTvis aproksimaciis meTodebi

adgilis cifruli modelis ga-moyeneba, gamosaxulebis cif-ruli damuSaveba, kanadis gis-is Seqmna

1970-1980 rastruli gra-fika, standarte-bi, animacia, kom-piuteruli Tama-Sebi

sivrciTi obieqtebis erTmniSvnelovani ga-mosaxva, geometriuli algoriTmebis kom-pleqsuri warmodgena

saxelmwifos mxardaWeriT msxvili geoinformaciuli proeqtebis ganviTareba, sa-xelmwifo gis institutebis da sferoebis formireba, kompiu-teruli kartografiisa da fo-to-grammetriis ganviTareba

1980-1990 SemecnebiTi gra-fika, kognituri (moZravi) grafi-ka, kompiuteru-li xedva

geometriuli mona-ce-mebisa da meTodebis banki, logikuri siste-mebi, standartizacia da pirdapiri wvdomis sivrciTi meTodebi

sxvadasxva gis programebis farTo speqtri, samagido gis-ebis ganviTareba, arasivrciT monacemebTan integraciis xarjze maTi gamoyenebis sfe-roebis gafarToeba. qseluri aplikaciebis Seqmna

1190-2000 maRali rezolu-ciis kompiute-ruli grafika, piqtogramuli samomxmareblo interfeisebis ganviTreba

standartizacia. obi-eqtebze orien-tirebu-li gmb-ebis Seqmna

hibriduli gis-ebi, saboloo momxmarebelze orientirebu-li gis, GPS-is farTod gamoye-neba, msoflio geoinformaci-uli struqturis formireba

2000 wli-dan

standartizacia da sa-erTaSoriso monace-mebTan harmonizacia. korporaciuli gis-ebis Seqmna

gis-ebis internetizacia da globaluri gis-ebis formire-ba

didi mniSvneloba aqvs kompiuteris periferiul mowyobilobebs, romlebic monacemTa Sey-

vanas (skanireba, digitalizacia) da gamoyvanas (rukebis beWdva) emsaxureba. Tavdapirvelad monacemTa Sesayvanad farTod gamoiyeneboda digitaizeri — veqtoruli

monacemebis asacifri mowyobiloba [Демерс М., 1999: 144-146]. es aris specialuri planSeti, romlis daxmarebiTac grafikuli monacemebi kompiuteris mexsierebaSi binavdeba (sur. 3).

1 ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) — gis programuli produqtebis warmoebis msoflio lideri (daarsda 1989 wels aSS-Si).


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aqve unda iTqvas, rom digitaizers am saqmisTvis saqar-TveloSi naklebad, umetesad didi proeqtebis farglebSi iyenebdnen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom CvenTan dRemde didi gamoyeneba aqvs skaners. misi daxmarebiT qaRaldis rukebi, gegmebi da sqeme-bi rastruli gamosaxulebis saxiT (tif. an jpg. formati) kompi-uteris mexsierebaSi xvdeba [Демерс М., 1999: 146-148]. maTi ge-oreferencirebis (sakoordinato sistemaze mibma) Sedegad isini gis-is rastrul gamosaxulebas warmoadgenen. ZiriTa-dad ori tipis skaneri ‒ planSeturi (samagido) da farTo-formatiani gamoiyeneba. pirveli maTgani A4 da A3 formatis skanirebis saSualebas iZleva, xolo meore A0 formatsac itevs (sur. 4).

aseve, mniSvnelovania amosabeWdi mowyobilobebis Te-mac. gis-ebSi umetesad feradi printeri gamoiyeneba. maTi

SerCevisas samuSaoebisa da saboloo Sedegis specifika unda gaviTvaliswinoT. magaliTad, Tu Tqveni ruka ramdenime egzemplarad Casabarebe-li angariSisTvis an proeqtebisTvis aris gan-kuTvnili, umjobesi iqneba, lazeruli printeri SeiZinoT, xolo, Tu maRalxarisxiani rukis beW-dvas apirebT, maSin Wavluri ajobebs.

saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad A4 formatis la-zeruli da A3 formatis Wavluri printerebi ga-moiyeneba. ufro didi formatis rukebis amosa-beWdad ki farToformatiani beWdvis ploters iyeneben.

GPS mimRebebi. rogorc geografiuli mona-cemebis Segrovebis erT-erTi yvelaze saimedo saSualeba, ukve didi xania gis-is warmoebaSi farTod gamoiyeneba globaluri pozicionire-bis sistema — GPS (Global Positioning System). es aris Tanamedrove navigaciis sistemebi (Tns) — programuli uzrunvelyofisa da teqnologiis kosmosuri da miwiszeda teqnikuri saSualebebis specialuri kompleqsi, romelic pirvelad aSS-sa (NAVSTAR) da sabWoTa kavSirSi (ГЛОНАСС) Seiq-mna (Tolordava, 2014, 83). globaluri Tanamgzavruli sanavigacio sistemebis daxmarebiT yve-lanairi amindis pirobebSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba dedamiwis zedapiris ne-bismieri wertilis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra [Caplan J., 2010: 68]. misi gamoyeneba (mimRebi mowyobilobis garda) sruliad ufasoa.

GPS (Tanamgzavruli) mimRebi — radiomimRebi mowyobiloba, romelic gankuTvnilia mimRe-bis antenis mdebareobis koordiantebis gansazRvrisaTvis, risTvisac iyenebs globaluri navi-gaciis sistemis Tanamgzavridan areklil radiosignals. misi funqcionirebis principi dafuZ-nebulia maRali orbitis dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavruli navigaciuri sistemebis jgufe-bamde manZilis mixedviT adgilmdebareobis gansazRvraze [Tolordava r., 2014: 84].

mimRebis safuZvelia Cifseti, romliTac is muSaobs. Tavdapirvelad mimRebi gamodioda 12arxiani CifsetiT. garda imisa, rom 12 arxi ar aris sakmarisi swrafi, e.w. “civi startisTvis” (sakuTari adgilmdebareobis pirveladi gansazRvra), aseTi mimRebebisTvis aucilebeli iyo Ria horizonti, radgan muSaobdnen mxolod Tanamgzavrebis pirdapiri xedvis reJimSi (minimum 3 Ta-namgzavri; rac meti — miT ukeTesi). dRes ukve profesionalur mimRebebSi Cifsetis arxebis maq-simaluri raodenoba 440-a (ori 220arxiani Cifseti).

sur. 3. digitaizeri

sur. 4. farToformatiani skaneri


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GPS mimRebebi mravalnairi arsebobs. ganasxvaveben profesionalur, maRali sizustis da yofiT mimRebebs. pirvel maTgans gamoiyeneben samxedro miznebisaTvis, geodeziasa da kartog-rafiaSi. xolo meores — adamianis saqmianobis mraval sferoSi, maT Soris, pirvel rigSi – tu-rizmis ganxriT.

profesionaluri GPS mimRebebi iyofa geodeziur da gis klasebad. geodeziuri klasis mimRebi — gamoiyeneba zusti topo-geodeziuri samuSaoebisTvis. Sedge-

ba mimRebi blokisa (mimReb-gadamcem mowyobilobasTan Serwymuli geodeziuri antena) da kon-trolisgan (portatiuli kompiuteri). aseTi mimRebebis saerTo saxelwodebaa — savele kom-

pleqti, anu GPS roveri (sur. 5). gis klasis mimRebi — warmoadgens jibis personaluri kompiu-

teris samrewvelo variants, romlebSic CamontaJebulia mimReb-gadamcemi mowyobiloba da antena.

mTlianobaSi geodeziuri mimRebebi gacilebiT zusti koor-dinatebis miRebis saSualebas iZlevian, Tumca gis klasis mimRebe-bis zogierTi modeli warmatebiT cvlis maT.

GPS mimRebebs aseve ganasxvaveben daniSnulebisa da konstruq-ciuli Taviseburebebis mixedviT.

magaliTad, isini gansxvavdebian arxebis raodenobis mixedviT. arsebobs erTarxiani, orarxiani da mravalarxiani mimRebebi [To-lordava r., 2014: 90].

erTarxiani mimRebebi maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac gazomvebis Catareba “reluri drois reJimSi” (uwyvetad) ar aris saWiro da arc maRal sizusteze gvaqvs pretenzia. mas mxolod cal-calke Se-uZlia GPS Tanamgzavrebis dafiqsireba. erTi wertilis koordina-tis aRebas 2-dan 30 wamamde SeiZleba dasWirdes. am mimRebiT obieq-tis siCqares ver gavzomavT.

orarxiani mimRebebi Semdegi pricipiT muSaoben: rodesdac erTi arxi erT Tanamgzavramde droebiTi gazomvebis Sedegebs amuSavebs, meore — administraci-uli arxi morig TanamgzavrTan amyarebs radiokontaqts. mas Semdeg, rac pirveli arxi monace-mebs nawilobriv daamuSavebs, myisierad gadaerTveba morig Tanamgzavramde gasazomad mis “da-Weraze” drois dakargvis gareSe. amavdroulad meore arxi Semdegi Tanamgzavrisken miemarTeba da a.S. administraciuli arxi gamoiyeneba wertilis koordinatebis gansazRvrisas Tanamgzav-rze informaciis uwyvetad misaRebad da SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes droebiTi gazomvebis dasa-muSaveblad.

mravalarxiani mimRebebi Tanamgzavris dasafiqsireblad ramdenime arxs (oTx an met) iyene-ben da Sesabamisad ufro efeqturad muSaoben. maT SeuZliaT koordinatebis, siCqarisa da tra-eqtoriis uwyveti gansazRvra realur droSi. maRali sizustis gazomvebisTvis aucilebelia 4 an 8arxiani mimRebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom maRali klasis Tanamedrove GPS mimRebis umeteso-ba 8 an 12arxiania. zogadad, arxebis maqsimaluri raodenoba 24-a.

arsebobs radiotalRebis erT sixSireze momuSave GPS mimRebebi. maRali sizustis gazomve-bisTvis gamoiyeneba mravalarxiani orsixSiriani mimRebebi, romlebic muSaoben MGZ sixSireeb-ze 1575.75 da 1227.6 kodebis gamoyenebiT.

koordinatTa gansazRvris sizustisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Semdegi kla-sis GPS mimRebebs: geodeziuri klasis (sizuste 1 m), kartografiuli da MGZ klasis (sizuste 1-5 m) da navigaciuri klasis (sizuste 100-200 m).

pirveli klasis mimRebebi gamoiyeneba zusti topo-geodeziuri (mag., sakadastro-azomviTi) da sainJinro-geodeziuri samuSaoebisTvis. isini ZviradRirebulia. samagierod avtomatur re-JimSi muSaobis dros uzrunvelyofs koordinatTa gansazRvras 1.3 sm, xolo kinematikur reJim-Si — 0.5-1 sm sizustiT.

portatuli mimRebebia: saavtomobilo (calkeuli mowyobilobis saxiT an satransporto saSualebaSi saborto kompiuteris — onborderis saxiT CaSenebuli), turistuli (samogzauro), sportuli.

sur. 5. Leica Nova TS60 modelis GPS roveri


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sxva mowyobilobebSi CaSenebul mimRebebs miekuT-vneba jibis personalur kompiuterSi, leptopSi an mobi-lur telefonSi CaSenebuli mowyobilobebi.

geoinformaciuli sistemebisTvis, rogorc porta-tuli (handheld), ise geodeziuri GPS mimRebebi gamoiyene-ba. pirveli maTganis saSualo sizuste 8-15 metria da Zi-riTadad turistuli miznebisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. Tumca maTi gamoyenebiT im obieqtebis koordinatebis gansazRvrac SeiZleba, romelebic did sizustes ar mo-iTxovs. CvenTan popularulia sanavigacio mowyobilo-bebis: Leader-is, GARMIN-isa da BHC Nava GPS warmoebis sxvadasxva mimRebi. guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo uni-versitetSi turizmis ganxriT gis-is saswavlo proce-sisTvis GARMIN eTrex 10 modeli gamoiyeneba (sur. 5).

kvalificiur doneze SerCeuli teqnikuri saSuale-bebi warmatebuli gis-is mniSvnelovani winapirobaa da amas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos.


1. revaz Tolordava, „topografia geodeziis safuZvlebiT“ (saxelmZRvanelo), Tbilisi, „geoidi 2011“, 2014;

2. dali nikolaiSvili, „geoinformaciuli da eqspertuli sistemebi“. Tbilisi, „Tbili-sis universitetis gamomcemloba“, 2004;

3. Joel M. Caplan, Ph. D. GIS for Public Safety: An Annotated Guide to ArcGIS Tools and Procedures, Newark, NJ: Rutgers Center on Public Security, 2010;

4. Майкл Н. Демерс, Географические информационные системы (основы), Москва, издательство Дата+,1999;

5. Д.А. Цыганок, Геоинформационные системы, Красноярск, 2004.

sur. 5. GARMIN-is warmoebis eTrex

10 GPS portatuli mimRebi


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z. laoSvili

geoinformaciuli sistemebis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa reziume

geoinformaciul sistemebSi (gis) mniSvnelovan adgils teqnikuri mxardaWera ikavebs, ro-

melic kompiuterul teqnikas, gare mowyobilobebsa da sivrciTi informaciis mopovebis saSua-lebas moicavs. maTi sworad SerCeva arsebiTia geoinformaciuli sistemebis funqcionirebi-saTvis.

naSromSi ganxilulia geoinformaciuli sistemebis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi. gansakuTrebuli aqcentebia gamaxvilebuli geoinformaciuli sistemebisaTvis iseTi umniSvne-lovanesi mowyobilobis klasifikaciasa da SerCevis sakiTxebze, rogoricaa globaluri pozi-cionirebis sistema — GPS (Global Positioning System).

Z. Laoshvili

Technical Support of Geoinformation Systems Summary

In geoinformational systems (GIS) techinal support occupies a significant place. It includes computer techniques,

hardware and obtaining virtual information. Their right selection is vital for functioning of geoinformation systems. The paper discusses the issues of technical support of geoinformational systems. The special emphasis is made on

selection and classification of such significant equipments as global positioning system (GPS) for geoinformational systems.


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М. МИКЕЛАДЗЕ

ТЕХНОЛОГИИ DATA MINING ДЛЯ АНАЛИЗА ПРОДАЖ В РОЗНИЧНОЙ ТОРГОВЛЕ.

I. ВВЕДЕНИЕ Розничная торговля является одним из наиболее динамично развивающихся секторов экономики. Одной

из характерных тенденций развития розничной торговли является создание сетей крупных магазинов и гипермаркетов, что способствует усилению конкуренции. В этих условиях важным конкурентным преимуществом является владение информацией о покупателях, их потребностях и предпочтениях. Основным инструментом для получения этой информации являются маркетинговые исследования. Результаты маркетинговых исследований позволяют сформировать успешную политику ценообразования и системы скидок; повысить эффективность рекламных кампаний; оптимизировать управление запасами и распределение товаров в торговых залах (мерчендайзинг) и т.д.

Достаточно долгое время основными методами анализа результатов маркетинговых исследований являлись статистические методы анализа данных. Особенностью этих методов является то, что они требуют определенных априорных знаний об анализируемых данных, оперируют обобщенными показателями и ориентированы на проверку гипотез. Однако в случае больших объемов обрабатываемых данных, для обнаружения скрытых знаний и закономерностей более эффективны технологии Data Mining — интеллектуального анализа данных. В данной статье рассматривается применение технологий Data Mining — поиска ассоциаций и логических методов классификации — для анализа продаж в розничной торговле, в частности, для анализа покупательской корзины. Для решения этих задач предлагается концептуально-вероятностный метод обработки данных, который объединяет в себе подходы логических методов классификации и методов поиска ассоциаций.

II. ПОИСК АССОЦИАЦИЙ

Методы поиска ассоциаций предназначены для обнаружения часто встречающихся наборов элементов в

больших массивах данных. Результаты, получаемые при решении данной задачи, обычно представляются в виде ассоциативных правил. Ассоциативные правила имеют следующий вид [Agrawal R.,… 1993]:

из события A следует событие B, где А и В — наборы элементов. Основными характеристиками ассоциативного правила являются

поддержка и достоверность правила. Поддержка — это процент записей базы данных, содержащих одновременно оба набора элементов А и В

[Agrawal R.,… 1993]: ),()( BAPBAS =→ . (1)

Достоверность правила — это вероятность того, что из наличия в записи набора А следует наличие в ней набора В. Достоверность вычисляется как отношение количества записей, содержащих одновременно оба набора А и В, к количеству записей, содержащих набор А[Agrawal R.,… 1993]:

)(),()()(

APBAPABPBAC ==→ . (2)

Фактически, достоверность является мерой точности правила, но не его полезности. Ассоциативное правило полезно, если оно позволяет предсказать наличие в записи набора В с вероятностью, большей, чем вероятность случайного угадывания. Для определения полезности правила вводится еще одна характеристика — „лифт“ правила [Brin S…, 1997]:

)()(),(

)()()(

BPAPBAP

BPBACBAL =

→=→ . (3)

Фактически, „лифт“ является мерой вероятностной зависимости двух наборов А и В. При значениях „лифта“ больше единицы наборы А и В зависимы, т.е. предсказание наличия набора В с помощью правила вероятнее, чем случайное угадывание. При значениях „лифта“, равных единице, наборы А и В независимы и соответствующее ассоциативное правило абсолютно бесполезно. А при значениях „лифта“ меньше единицы зависимость между наборами А и В — „отрицательная “, т.е. набор А предсказывает отсутствие набора В.


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Алгоритмы поиска ассоциативных правил позволяют получить всевозможные правила вида „ BA → “ с различными значениями поддержки и достоверности. Даже после отсеивания всех „бесполезных“ (с точки зрения „лифта“) правил количество построенных правил может быть большим. Для ограничения количества правил заранее устанавливаются минимальные пороги поддержки MinSupp и достоверности MinConf. При этом надо учитывать, что правила с высоким значением поддержки очевидны и, как правило, уже известны аналитикам. С другой стороны, низкое значение поддержки позволит найти неочевидные и неизвестные правила, но большинство из них будут статистически необоснованными.

Процесс нахождения ассоциативных правил состоит из двух этапов: 1. нахождение всех часто встречающихся наборов элементов, которые удовлетворяют порогу

поддержки; 2. генерация ассоциативных правил из часто встречающихся наборов, с достоверностью,

удовлетворяющей порогу достоверности. Наиболее известным алгоритмом поиска ассоциативных правил является алгоритм Apriori [Agrawal R.,…

1993]. Основная идея этого алгоритма — у часто встречающегося набора элементов все подмножества должны быть часто встречающимися. На i-том шаге алгоритм генерирует i-элементные наборы, вычисляет поддержку наборов и отсекает все „нечастые“ наборы — наборы, поддержка которых меньше заранее заданного минимального значения MinSupp. На следующем шаге для генерации (i + 1)-элементных наборов используются только те i-элементные наборы, которые остались после исключения „нечастых“ наборов. Благодаря этому удается значительно сократить пространство поиска.

III. АНАЛИЗ ПОКУПАТЕЛЬСКОЙ КОРЗИНЫ И АССОЦИАТИВНЫЕ ПРАВИЛА

Предприятия розничной торговли, используя современные кассовые аппараты, собирают подробную

информацию о каждой отдельной покупке (транзакции), которая может храниться в базе данных. Каждый чек, кроме списка товаров и их стоимости, также содержит информацию о дате и времени покупки. На основе чеков может быть проведен т. наз. анализ покупательской корзины, который дает возможность определить типичные наборы товаров с привязкой к стоимости чеков, времени покупок, дням недели; выделить пары или группы товаров, приобретаемых совместно; внутри групп выделить ключевые и сопутствующие товары. В случае крупного магазина широкий ассортимент и большие объемы продаж затрудняют выявление связей между товарами. Эти связи могут быть обнаружены только на основе анализа с применением технологий Data Mining. Для анализа покупательской корзины обычно используются методы поиска ассоциаций.

В случае анализа покупательской корзины записью базы данных является отдельная транзакция, а в качестве А и В рассматриваются отдельные товары или наборы товаров из транзакций. Каждое ассоциативное правило „ BA → “ с достоверностью )( BAC → интерпретируется следующим образом:

если покупатель покупает набор товаров А, то с вероятностью )( BAC →

он купит и набор товаров В. Найденные ассоциативные правила позволяют: − выявить пары или группы товаров, приобретаемых совместно; − внутри групп выделить ключевые (набор А) и сопутствующие (набор В) товары; − предсказать поведение покупателя в зависимости от того, какие товары он уже выбрал. Кроме этого, при анализе покупательской корзины в качестве элементов базы данных могут

рассматриваться не только товары, но и стоимость чека, а также время суток и день недели, когда была произведена покупка. В этом случае поиск ассоциаций позволяет определить типичные наборы товаров с привязкой к стоимости чеков, времени покупок, дням недели.

IV. АНАЛИЗ РОЗНИЧНЫХ ПРОДАЖ И ЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ

Анализ данных о розничных продажах позволяет также выявить предпочтения и

потребности определенных категорий покупателей, что впоследствии может быть использовано для повышения эффективности работы розничного объекта. Фактически, формируются описания классов покупателей, что поможет отследить реакцию клиентов на рекламу, скидки,


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колебания цен и изменения в ассортименте. Можно также получить описания определенных брендов или категорий товаров, и в дальнейшем использовать эти знания для продвижения товара на рынке. В обоих случаях мы имеем дело с одной из задач Data Mining — с задачей классификации.

В процессе решения прикладных задач классификации сформировался целый ряд семейств алгоритмов: алгоритмы распознавания на основе принципа разделения, алгоритмы классификации на основе вычисления оценок, статистические, логические и структурные методы распознавания. В условиях такого многообразия методов классификации выбор конкретного алгоритма диктуется спецификой и типом данных предметной области.

В данной статье основное внимание уделено логическим методам классификации. Основное преимущество этих методов заключается в том, что их можно использовать при отсутствии сведений о функциях распределения и при малых объемах обучающей выборки. В этих методах также отпадает необходимость выбора метрики в пространстве описаний объектов, так как признаки объектов рассматриваются как логические переменные, а описания классов на языке признаков представляются в форме булевых соотношений. Все это обуславливает предпочитаемость логических методов классификации в случаях качественной (нечисловой) информации. В случае количественной (числовой) информации также возможно применение логических методов — в результате бинаризации исходных признаков.

В общем виде логические методы представляют собой поиск по обучающей выборке логических закономерностей для классов. Как правило, логические закономерности являются конъюнкциями элементарных высказываний (в общем случае — предикатами), принимающими истинное значение для достаточно большого числа объектов из соответствующего класса и ложное значение почти на всех объектах других классов.

Пусть cP - количество объектов класса c в выборке;

cN - количество объектов во всех остальных классах в выборке;

)(ϕcp - количество объектов класса c, для которых 1)( =xϕ ;

)(ϕcn - количество объектов во всех остальных классах, для которых 1)( =xϕ .

Тогда логическая закономерность ϕ для класса с характеризуется величинами Ес — доля негативных среди всех выделяемых объектов и Dc — доля выделяемых позитивных объектов, удовлетворяющих следующим условиям [Воронцов К., 2007]:

δϕ

ϕεϕϕ

ϕϕ ≥

+=≤

+=

cc

cc

cc

cc NP

pD

npn

E)(

)(,)()(

)()( , (4)

при заданных достаточно малом ε и достаточно большом δ ; [ ]1,0, ∈δε . Согласно (Воронцов, 2007), ассоциативное правило является обобщением логической закономерности в

случае, когда закономерность строится в виде конъюнкции, целевой признак не фиксирован и также имеет вид конъюнкции. Действительно, рассмотрим ассоциативное правило „ BA → “ и класс с определим как множество записей, на которых конъюнкция, соответствующая набору элементов В, принимает истинное значение. Тогда

ε

δ

≡−≤→−=

≡≥→=

MinConfBACAЕ

MinSuppBASAD

с

c

1)(1)(

;)()( (5)

Так что логические методы классификации также могут быть применены для анализа покупательской корзины — при фиксированном целевом признаке. Например, это может быть задача нахождения типичного набора товаров для фиксированного периода времени (утро, день, вечер, определенный день недели и т.д.) или же для категории чеков фиксированной стоимости. Ассоциативные правила, построенные на основе логических закономерностей, будут характеризоваться достаточно высокими значениями поддержки и достоверности.

В данной статье предлагается концептуально-вероятностный метод обработки данных, который объединяет в себе подходы логических методов классификации и методов поиска ассоциаций.

V. КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНО-ВЕРОЯТНОСТНЫЙ МЕТОД ОБРАБОТКИ ДАННЫХ. ИНФОРМАТИВНОСТЬ.

В соответствии с подходом логических методов классификации, концептуально-вероятностный метод обработки данных представляет собой поиск по обучающей выборке логических закономерностей, описывающих классы объектов. Функции, описывающие классы состояний являются конъюнкциями элементарных высказываний. Каждая функция принимает истинное значение для


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достаточно большого числа объектов из собственного класса (диагностирующая способность) и ложное значение почти на всех объектах других классов (дифференцирующая способность).

Очевидно, на основе одной и той же выборки может быть построено множество таких функций. Чтобы выбрать среди них функцию, наиболее подходящую для описания класса, вводятся понятие информативности и критерий информативности, а в качестве описания класса берется высокоинформативный предикат [Воронцов К., 2007].

Существуют различные критерии информативности: эвристический, статистический, энтропийный. В концептуально-вероятностном методе описания класса строятся на основе эвристического критерия, согласно которому информативность предиката тем выше, чем больше он выделяет объектов из «своего» класса и чем меньше — из других классов. Таким образом, информативный предикат ϕ может быть получен в результате оптимизации по двум критериям [Воронцов К., 2007]:

max)( →ϕcp и min)( →ϕcn . (6) На практике используются различные свертки критериев p и n. В работе (Микеладзе, 2010) были

введены свойство существенности )(ϕP и свойство дифференциации )(ϕD классификационного правила ϕ :

c

c

PpP )()( ϕϕ = ,

c

c

NnD )(1)( ϕϕ −= . (7)

С учетом введенных характеристик, требование для поиска наиболее информативного предиката будет выполняться при

max)( →ϕP и max)( →ϕD . (8) В качестве критерия информативности предиката ϕ была взята величина

( ) )()( ϕϕϕ DPI ×= . (9) Такой выбор критерия информативности обеспечивает равнозначность свойств существенности и

дифференциации классификационного правила. Концептуально-вероятностный метод обработки данных состоит из следующих этапов [Микеладзе М.,

2010]: 1. Выбор высокоинформативных параметров бинарных признаков:

если информативность 0)( IxI i ≥ , то существенным считается параметр ix ;

если величина свойства существенности 0)( IxI i ≥ , то существенным считается параметр ix ;

если 0)( IxI i < и 0)( IxI i < , то оба параметра ix , ix считаются несущественными и не рассматриваются

при построении классификационного правила. Здесь 0I – выбранный порог для информативности.

2. Розыгрыш высокоинформативных конъюнкций jiK методом Монте-Карло, для которых 0)( IKI

ji ≥ ;

3. Формирование классификационного правила riii KKKf ∨∨∨= K

21, являющегося дизъюнкцией

высокоинформативных конъюнкций: на j+1 шаге новая конъюнкция 1+jiK добавляется к уже построенному

правилу jiii KKKf ∨∨∨= K

21 в том случае, если множество пациентов, не удовлетворяющих ни одной из

конъюнкций jiii KKK ,,,

21K , но удовлетворяющих конъюнкции

1+jiK , не пусто.

Исключение малоинформативных признаков из системы признаков уменьшает размерность признакового пространства, но не устраняет полностью проблему с полным перебором. В предлагаемом методе вместо поиска высокоинформативных конъюнкций в пространстве всевозможных конъюнкций осуществляется их построение путем розыгрыша по методу Монте-Карло [Чавчанидзе В., 1955]. При розыгрыше в качестве случайных событий будут выступать высокоинформативные признаки, в качестве вероятностей — соответствующие значения информативности, а в качестве конъюнкции — цепочка последовательно выпавших признаков. При этом наиболее часто будут выпадать признаки с большей информативностью. Соответственно, конъюнкции также будут обладать большей информативностью. Аналогично подходу методов поиска ассоциаций, исключающих из рассмотрения наборы признаков, не удовлетворяющие порогу поддержки, при помощи розыгрыша методом Монте-Карло мы избавляем себя от необходимости рассматривать сочетания малоинформативных признаков, т.е. исключаем из рассмотрения малоинформативные конъюнкции.


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Таким образом, высокоинформативные конъюнкции, построенные с применением концептуально-вероятностного метода, будут удовлетворять условию (4) для логических закономерностей. Кроме этого, согласно (4) и (5), ассоциативные правила, построенные на основе высокоинформативных конъюнкций, будут удовлетворять порогам поддержки и достоверности.

VI. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ В заключение следует отметить, что технологии Data Mining являются мощным инструментом для

обработки больших массивов данных и решения сложных аналитических задач в сфере розничных продаж. Методы поиска ассоциаций позволяют выявить типичные наборы товаров, а внутри них выделить ключевые и сопутствующие товары. Логические методы классификации позволяют получить описания классов покупателей и товаров, что в дальнейшем позволит спрогнозировать поведение покупателей и динамику продаж товаров. Ассоциативные и классификационные правила, полученные в результате применения этих методов, статистически обоснованы и характеризуются высокой степенью достоверности.

Предложенный в статье концептуально-вероятностный метод обработки данных объединяет в себе подходы логических методов классификации и методов поиска ассоциаций и обладает следующими преимуществами: метод позволяет уменьшить размерность признакового пространства за счет исключения из рассмотрения малоинформативных признаков; метод устраняет проблему полного перебора при построении правила-классификатора; метод обеспечивает эффективность правила— классификатора с точки зрения как диагностирующей, так и дифференцирующей способностей; ассоциативные правила, построенные на основе высокоинформативных конъюнкций, будут удовлетворять порогам поддержки и достоверности.

Литература:

1. Воронцов К. В., Лекции по логическим алгоритмам классификации, 2007

(http://www.ccas.ru/voron/download/LogicAlgs.pdf); 2. Микеладзе М., Концептуальный подход к описанию состояний и представлению знаний в задачах

медицинской диагностики, Сборник трудов Института систем управления А. И. Элиашвили, №14, 2010; 3. Чавчанидзе В. В., Метод случайных испытаний (метод Монте-Карло), Труды Института Физики АН

ГССР, т.3, 1955; 4. Agrawal R., Imielinski T., Swami A., Mining Associations between Sets of Items in Massive Databases, In

Proc. of the 1993 ACM-SIGMOD Int’l Conf. on Management of Data, 1993. 5. Brin S., Motwani R., Ullman JD., Tsur S., Dynamic Itemset Counting and Implication Rules for Market Basket

Data. In SIGMOD 1997, Proceedings ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, 1997.


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M. Mikeladze Data Mining Technologies for Retail Sales Analysis

Summary

The article considers the application of Data Mining technologies — association rule mining and logical methods of classification – for retail sales analysis, in particular, for market basket analysis. To solve these problems, a conceptual-probabilistic method of data processing is proposed that combines the approaches of association rule mining and logical methods of classification.

m. miqelaZe

Data mining teqnologiebi sacalo gayidvebis analizisTvis reziume

statiaSi ganixileba Data Mining teqnologiebis – asociaciis wesebis Ziebisa da klasifika-

ciis logikuri meTodebis – gamoyeneba sacalo gayidvebis analizisTvis, kerZod, samomxmareb-lo kalaTis analizisTvis. am amocanebis gadasawyvetad SemoTavazebulia monacemTa damuSave-bis albaTur-konceptualuri meTodi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs asociaciis wesebis Zie-bisa da klasifikaciis logikuri meTodebis midgomebs.


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T. Jvania, a. kobiaSvili

sawarmoo procesebis marTvis eqspertuli sistemis modeli

Tanamedrove sawarmoebi didi, rTuli da ZviradRirebuli kompleqsebia. xelovnuri inte-

leqtis produqtebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia, ganviTardes aseT garemoSi, SeiZleba, Sesrule-buli funqciis mixedviT sam kategoriad daiyos: sistemebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen droiTi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas; sistemebi, romlebic gankuTvnilia mravalgvarobis gamo wamoW-rili problemebis gadasawyvetad da sistemebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen swor menejments ga-uTvaliswinebeli situaciebis warmoqmnisas. swored am sami mimarTulebiT aigeba eqspertuli sistemebi.

codnaze dafuZnebul sistemebSi gaTvaliswinebuli adamianuri faqtorebi da teqnikuri sakiTxebi, aseve maTi Sefasebebi, ganapirobebs aseTi sistemebis upiratesobebs.

sawarmoo procesebis marTvis sistemebi moqmedeben garkveuli realuri droiTi SezRudve-bis pirobebSi:

• mudmivi operireba. bevri procesi mimdinareobs uwyvetad, rac saWiroebs adamianis ga-mudmebul sifxizles. Sesabamisad, rTulia mowyobilobebis saTanado mdgomareobis SenarCune-ba.

• dayovnebebi. roca sistemaSi xdeba cvlilebebi, dayovnebebi xSirdeba. xangrZlivi da-yovnebebis dakvirveba rTuli procesia. Tu dayovnebebi xanmoklea, sapasuxo reaqciis dro xde-ba kritikuli, rac saWiroebs realuri droiTi SezRudvebis dakmayofilebas muSaobis optima-lur reJimSi gasagrZeleblad.

• evolucia. sawarmoo procesebi viTardeba droSi. xdeba cvlilebebi operatoris Care-vis gareSec ki. ar arsebobs erTaderTi stabiluri mdgomareoba. amitom martivi mdgomareobis modeli ver asaxavs evolucias damakmayofileblad.

sirTulis warmoSobis ZiriTadi mizezebia mowyobilobebisa da maTi warmodgenis mraval-ferovneba:

• struqtura. struqturuli sirTule warmoiSveba mravali elementis gamoyenebis gamo. aseTi sistemebisTvis savsebiT SesaZloa 20000-mde sabaziso elementis monitoringi. aseve arse-bobs gansxvavebebi eleqtronul, meqanikur da eleqtrul mowyobilobebs Soris. ufro metic, elementebs Soris interaqcia xorcieldeba mravali tipis kavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebu-lebis saSualebiT.

• aRweris doneebi. sxvadasxva mizniT gamoiyeneba aRweris rTuli doneebi. magaliTad, roca aRiwereba struqtura, dizaini, saoperacio reJimebi da damuSavebis procesis funqciebi, zogjer aRweris mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyeneba sakmarisi ar aris.

• aRweris formebi. arsebobs aRweris mravali forma, rogoricaa: formaluri aRwera, ma-Tematikuri xerxebi, marTvis Teoria, organizaciuli struqturis aRsaweri sqemebi da in-struqciebi, dawyebuli yoveldRiuri sawarmoo miznebiT da damTavrebuli usafrTxoebis sa-valdebulo procedurebiT.

• operaciuli konteqstebi. operaciuli reJimi mravali saxisaa: gaSvebisa da dasrule-bis fazebi, damyarebuli mdgomareobis operaciebi, normaluri da kritikuli menejmenti da a.S. yvela es reJimi urTierTmonacvleobiT xasiaTdeba.

procesebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasadgenad aucilebelia codnis fragmentebiT manipulireba. codna ki unda efuZnebodes heterogenul wyaroebs.

sistemis funqcionirebisas SesaZlebelia gaCndes uwesivrobebi, arakontrolirebadi gare-mo faqtorebi, monacemTa nakleboba da aseve ganusazRvrelobebi.

SesaZlo ganusazRvrelobebis gamomwvev mizezebad gvevlineba: • monacemebi. xSirad monacemebi arasaimedoa, radganac sensorebs an gadamwodebs SeuZ-

lia informaciis damaxinjeba. sxvadasxva mtyunebebma SeiZleba saerTod monacemTa waSla gamo-iwvios an monacemebi ar iyos sruli.

• modelebi. sawarmoo procesebis warmosadgenad xSirad aigeba miaxloebiTi modelebi, radganac kargi Teoriuli modelebis ageba Zalian Zviri jdeba.


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xelovnuri inteleqtis saSualebebs SeuZlia operirebis procesis gaumjobeseba, mtyunebi-sa da uwesivrobis diagnostika, aRdgeniTi da prevenciuli samuSaoebis Sesruleba, proeqtire-bisa da swavlebis Catareba kompiuteris daxmarebiT.

eqspertuli sistemis modelisaTvis ganisazRvreba miznobrivi garemos maxasiaTeblebi. uw-yveti operireba moiTxovs uwyvet samuSao reJims eqspertuli sistemisganac. aqedan gamomdina-re, am konteqstSi tradiciuli interaqtiuli interfeisi araa moxerxebuli. eqspertuli sis-tema unda muSaobdes onlain reJimSi da iyos integrirebuli sawarmos kompiuterul sistemas-Tan. sainJinro TvalsazrisiT, codnaze dafuZnebul sistemebs unda SeeZlos avtomaturi aR-dgena kompiuterul sistemaSi momxdari avariuli situaciis Semdeg.

realuri drois SezRudvebi, romelTa Sesrulebac saWiroa gansazRvruli droiTi limitis farglebSi, Cveulebriv wamoWris iseT amocanebs, rogoricaa: daskvnebis miRebis meqanizmis SerCeva [Haspel D., 1996], realizaciis enis SerCeva da amocanaTa gadawyvetis strategiis SerCeva [Moore R.,...,1997]. amis analizi operatorisagan moiTxovs garkveul dros.

sakmaod rTulia sawarmoo monacemebis mopoveba. es monacemebi sxvadasxvagvarad interpre-tirdeba; SesaZlebelia, iyos informaciis naklebobac. Tu sistema Rebulobs simbolur monace-mebs, saWiroa maTi gardasaxva analoguri saxidan cifrul monacemebad, rac zogjer iwvevs ga-nusazRvrelobis kidev erTi wyaros gaCenas.

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani problemaa sistemis saTanado konstruqciis daproeqteba, rome-lic SeZlebs mravali heterogenuli aRwerilobis damuSavebasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebas. am konstruqciam martivad unda aRweros teqnikuri sistemis komponentebi da is fizikuri cvli-lebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia procesis Sefasebasa da operatoris moqmedebasTan.

imis gamo, rom warmoebis procesi SeuCereblad mimdinareobs, procesis analizi mouqnelia. masze warmodgena miiReba istoriuli monacemebis damuSavebiT da maTi validurobis periodu-li SemowmebiT.

eqspertuli sistemis modelis agebis miznebia: • situaciebis Sesafaseblad sxvadasxva servisebis teqnikuri safuZvlis Seqmna; • adamianuri Secdomebis prevencia, rac SeiZleba gamowveul iqnes sxvadasxva mizeziT

(uyuradReboba, daRliloba da sxva). • realuri sawarmoo procesebis Sesaxeb gamafrTxilebeli signalebis dadgena da erTi

da imave mizezis mqone signalebis gaerTianeba. gamafrTxilebeli signalebi iwvevs diagnostirebis procesis amoqmedebas, romelic daad-

gens araswori funqcionirebis mizezs. es strategia mdgomareobs erTi calkeuli procesis siRrmiseul SeswavlaSi, rac saWiroebs am procesTan dakavSirebuli yvela problemis analizs. am analizis safuZvelze SeirCeva prototipuli situaciebi. amorCeuli situaciisTvis Semdgom etapze saWiroa, aigos msjeloba saTanado daskvnis misaRebad.

obieqtze orientirebuli daprogrameba kargi instrumentia procesebisa da maTi komponen-tebis bunebrivi gziT aRwerisa da procesis qselis saxiT warmodgenisaTvis.

eqspertuli sistemis modeli inaxavs codnas procesebis Sesaxeb da adgens SeSfoTebaTa mi-zezebs. Zebnis Sedegad, warsuli monacemebis safuZvelze, generirdeba hipoTezebi mosalodne-li qcevis Sesaxeb. diagnostireba ki moxdeba simulaciuri modelis saSualebiT.

codnis baza saWiroa procesis calkeul elementebs Soris cnobili urTierTkavSirebis zegavlenis faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT am elementebis funqcionirebis aRsawerad. procesis Sesaxeb permanentuli informacia SeiZleba Senaxul iqnes mizez-Sedegobriv grafSi. gangaSis signalis mosvlisTanave sistema iyenebs grafs hipoTezis asagebad. aseve grafebSi inaxeba dro-ebiTi informacia, romelic exeba calkeul situacias da warmoadgens msjelobis procesis mim-dinare mdgomareobas. es xels uwyobs moqnili Zebnis strategiasa da axsna-ganmartebebis gene-racias. yoveli axali hipoTezis generirebisas sistema adarebs mas onlain reJimSi Segrovil realur monacemebs da ayalibebs axsna-ganmartebebs momxmareblisaTvis.

procesis aRmweri codna kodirebulia aseTi principiT – grafis wveroebi warmoadgens fi-zikur sidideebs, romlebic ekvivalenturia procesSi monawile sxvadasxva elementebis an ope-ratoris moqmedebebisa. yovel wveros SeuZlia procesis SeSfoTebis mizezis aRmoCena.

klasi wvero gamoiyeneba, rogorc klasi daprogramebis enebSi.


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klasi — wvero: − anaTvlebi / sensorebis sia; − logikuri mdgomareobebi / gangaSis mdgomareobebis sia, romlebic am wverosTanaa aso-

cirebuli; − terminali / terminaluri wveroebi, dakavSirebuli mocemuli klasis wverosTan; − lokaluri defoltebi / SesaZlo uwesivrobebi wverosTan; − ... — sxva informacia, magaliTad, rogoraa mocemuli wvero dakavSirebuli grafis sxva

wveroebTan. terminaluri wvero, romelic imyofeba grafis elementis sazRvarTan, gamoiyeneba SeSfo-

Tebis asaxsnelad. „lokaluri defoltebi“ aRwers SesaZlo uwesivrobebs da warmoSobs uwesiv-robaTa hipoTezebs. Semdeg wvero eZebs Sesabamis uwesivrobas. Tu sensorebi Warbi raodenobi-Taa, wvero amowmebs maT mier mowodebul monacemebs Tavsebadobaze. Tu es monacemebi stabilu-ria, maSin Sesabamisi sensori arakoreqtulad muSaobs.

klasi „anaTvlebi“ aRwers sensoris maxasiaTeblebs da uzrunvelyofs wvdomas procesis Sesabamisi monacemebisadmi.

klasi — anaTvlebi: − sidideebi / istoriuli monacemebi ganvlili bolo periodis Sesaxeb; − statusis — sityva / kompiuteridan mowodebuli procesis monacemebi; − standartuli— deviacia / sawyisi statistikuri codna; − ganaxleba / dro codnis or nakads Soris; − erTeuli /C , %, tona/saaTSi da a.S. − sazRvrebi / gangaSisa da sensoris diapazoni. „sidideebi“ aris analoguri monacemebi, romlebic procesidan miiReba sistematurad, „ga-

naxlebis“ drois intervaliT. es intervali mieTiTeba komponentSi – „ganaxleba“. realuri drois sistema axdens „statusis— sityvis“ generirebas, romelic gadaecema procesis monace-mebTan erTad da romelic Seicavs informacias sagangaSo situaciebis Sesaxeb, eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis SesaZlo uwesivrobebis Sesaxeb, monacemTa eqstremumebis Sesaxeb, aseve – sa-kontrolo ciklis statuss, magaliTad, aqtiuri an xelisSemSleli, calkeuli an kaskaduri. anaTvlebis „standartuli— deviacia“ gamoiTvleba sistemis dayenebisTanave da gamoiyeneba si-dideebis cvalebadobis diapazonis SefasebisaTvis.

anaTvlebis klass aqvs qveklasi (gamoTvlili— zomebi), romelic Seicavs im sidideebis ga-mosaTvlel operandebsa da formulas, romlebic pirdapiri gziT ar izomeba.

kavSirebi grafebSi orientirebuli saxisaa. isini asaxaven im faqts, rom sawyisi wvero SeiZ-leba gadavides masTan dakavSirebuli wveros mdgomareobaSi. es mizez-Sedegobrivi urTier-TkavSiri araa logikuri implikacia: Tu kavSiri midis A wverodan B wverosken, es ar niSnavs, rom „raime cvlileba A-Si gamoiwvevs Sesabamis cvlilebas B-Si“. is unda interpretirdes, ro-gorc kerZo warmoebuli: „im daSvebiT, rom yvelaferi danarCeni ucvlelia, Tu A izrdeba, B-c gaizrdeba“ an „A-s mimarT B-s kerZo warmoebuli dadebiTia“. amitom unda moxdes A-s Semowmeba, roca saWiroa B-Si zrdis axsna. kavSirebi iZlevian mizez-Sedegobrivi procesis models im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini gascemen axsna-ganmartebebs diagnozisaTvis, magram isini ar iTvleba Sesabamis simulaciur modelad.

yvela kavSiri grafSi Seesabameba fizikur kanonebs, vTqvaT, raime avzis done warmoadgens nivTierebaTa balansis funqcias, nakadi aris wnevis funqcia da a. S.

klasi kavSiri: − mimarTuleba / mizezi da Sedegi SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos sapirispiro; − dayovneba / gavrcelebis dro; − simZlavre / gamoTvlebis diapazoni; − winapiroba / kavSirebi SeiZleba iyos Seferxebuli. „simZlavre“ afasebs, namdvilad xsnis Tu ara am kavSiris mizezidan miRebuli Sedegi dak-

virvebis Sedegad miRebul SeSfoTebas. Tu ver xsnis, saWiroa sxva mizezebis povna. gamoTvla gulisxmobs mxolod Sefasebas. sistema ukuagdebs kavSiris Sedegs, Tu is 40%-ze naklebia, Rebu-


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lobs mas, Tu misi albaToba 70%-s aRemateba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki mas eWvqveS ayenebs. „da-yovneba“ iTvlis deviaciis mizezidan Sedegisken gavrcelebis dros. es informacia uaRresad mniSvnelovania hipoTezebis generirebisas.

garda mizez-Sedegobrivi C-grafisa, sistema iyenebs H-grafsac, romlis wveroebi warmoad-gens hipoTezebs, dakavSirebuls aranormaluri qcevis mizezebTan. hipoTeza Sedgeba informa-ciis oTxi blokisagan: H-grafis aRwera, procesis monacemebTan Sesadarebeli monacemebis aR-wera, ukve Sesrulebuli testebis Sedegebi da sakontrolo informacia, romlis Semdgomi tes-tirebacaa saWiro. hipoTezis gamartivebul aRweras eqneba Semdegi saxe.

klasi hipoTeza: − wvero / hipoTeza C-grafis erT wveroze; − gangaSi / am hipoTezas SeuZlia axsnas erTi gangaSi; − mSobeli / H-grafis inversiuli kavSirebis aRwera; − Svilobili / aRwera nagulisxmevi wesiT; − nagulisxmevi— tipi / SesaZlo testebis saxeobis gansazRvra; − problemis— dasawyisi/dasasruli / Sesabamisi SeSfoTebis dasawyisisa da dasasrulis

dro; − mosalodneli— variacia / SeSfoTebis albaToba. hipoTezebi dakavSirebulia C-grafis wverosTan sxva „wveroebiT“. isini generirdeba an

„gangaSis“ mier, an sxva hipoTezis mier, romelic erT-erTi hipoTezaa „mSoblebs“ Soris. hipo-Tezis warmoSobisas sistema poulobs „problemis dasawyiss“ — evoluciis sawyis wertils. axa-li situaciebis aRmosaCenad sistema aanalizebs istoriul monacemebs, romlebsac iRebs C-gra-fis wveroebidan da afasebs amplitudas drois or wertils Soris. amiT ganisazRvreba SeSfo-Tebis sawyisi wertili. „problemis dasasruli“ aRniSnavs SeSfoTebis dasasruls. am mniSvnelo-bad miiCneva mimdinare drois momenti da misi cvlileba xdeba TandaTanobiT, Tu gangaSi darCe-ba aqtiuri.

roca erTi hipoTeza warmoSobs meores, sistema iyenebs C-grafis kavSirs – „dayovneba“ axa-li situaciisaTvis axali droiTi sazRvrebis gamosaTvlelad da kavSiri „simZlavre“ uzrun-velyofs „mosalodneli— variaciis“ Sefasebas. procesis monacemebis damuSavebis Sedegad mi-Rebul monacemebTan am monacemebis Sedarebis Sedegad, sistema gadawyvets, aris Tu ara situa-cia aranormaluri da hipoTezas mieniWeba saTanado statusi.

kontrolis cikli axdens procesis damuSavebas misi srulyofis mizniT. klasis wverosa da hipoTezas aqvs qveklasi saxelwodebiT – kontrolirebuli— wvero da kontrolirebuli— hipo-Teza. am qveklasebidan pirvels aqvs zomebis aRweris kontrolerebi, romlebic aRwers sami ti-pis zomebs: sawyis wertils, signals da sidideebs. meores aqvs damatebiTi saSualebebi cvlile-bebis, Secdomebisa da gazomili sidideebis Sesabamisad. amiT sistema ufro meti sizustiT aR-moaCens uwesivrobebs.

sistemis gaaqtiureba xdeba gangaSis signaliT. gangaSis Sesaxeb informacia generirebas ukeTebs pirvel hipoTezas da cikli iwyeba. hipoTeza adgens C-grafis romelime wveros sta-tuss. hipoTeza axdens sakuTari validurobis testirebas monacemebis Semowmebis gziT. „mosa-lodneli— variacia“ Seedareba procesis monacemebs. Semowmebis fazis bolos sistema aniWebs hipoTezas statuss (WeSmariti, mcdari an saeWvo) da Rebulobs gadawyvetilebas — Sewydes kvle-va, gagrZeldes Tu dasruldes, rogorc warmatebuli.

kavSirebis siidan pirvelive kavSiris arCeviT sistema agrZelebs axali hipoTezis generi-rebas. kavSirSi Senaxuli informaciis safuZvelze sistema iTvlis monacemebs, aRwers wveros mosalodnel statuss kavSiris meore boloSi da a.S. esaa gagrZelebis faza. igive ciklis itera-cia moxdeba Semdeg Seqmnili axali hipoTezis mimarT.

sistema amTavrebs muSaobas, roca is aRwevs elements grafis Sesabamisi nawilis sazRvarze. sistema gascems axsna-ganmartebebs an agrZelebs axali mimarTulebiT kvlevas.

daskvna. eqspertuli sistemis SemoTavazebuli modeli gvTavazobs sawarmoo procesTan erTad onlain reJimSi muSaobas. misi arqiteqtura kargadaa morgebuli realuri drois proce-sebis moTxovnebze. sistemas SeuZlia ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi muSaoba da sakmaod efeqtu-ri Sefasebebis gakeTeba maRali sizustiT.


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1. D. Haspel, C.Taunton, Application of Rule-Based Control in the Industry, Proc, Seminar Expert Systems and

IEEE-Industry, BHRA, Antwerp, Belgium, October, 1996; 2. R.L.Moore, An Expert System for Real-Time Process Control. “Knowledge-based Expert Sytems for

Engineering. Computational Mechanics Publications, Ashurst, Southempton, UK, 1997; 3. Rikard Laxhammar. Artificial Intelligence for Situation Assessment. Master of Science Thesis, Stockholm,

Sweeden, 2007.

T. Jvania, a. kobiaSvili

sawarmoo procesebis marTvis eqspertuli sistemis modeli reziume

aRwerilia eqspertuli sistemis modeli, romlis mizania sawarmoo procesebSi sagangaSo

situaciebis mizezebis povna. warmodgenilia heterogenuli codna procesis funqciebis mizez-Sedegobrivi aRweris saSualebiT. SemoTavazebulia hipoTeturi qseli, romelic uzrunvel-yofs problemaTa Zebnis marTvis, dinamikuri informaciis damaxsovrebisa da Sesabamisi axsna-ganmartebebis formirebas. gaanalizebulia sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi.

T. Zhvania, A. Kobiashvili

AN EXPERT SYSTEM MODEL PRODUCTION PROCESSES CONTROL

Summary

Expert system models the objectives of which are to find the causes of alarm situations in industrial processes are described. Heterogonous knowledge is represented by means of causal description of process functions. A hypothetic network for local searching, dynamic information storing and providing explanations are offered. Advantages and disadvantages of the system are analyzed.


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ALGIDAS JUKIAUSKAS (VILNIUS UNIVERSITY)

LITHUANIA'S ENTRY INTO THE EURO ZONE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK

Since joining the European Union in 2004 Lithuania's main goal was to integrate the Economic and Monetary

Union, and this will be happening on 1st January 2015, thereby making it the eurozone's 19th member. This event will be the recompense for the effort made by the country to check the economic and financial crisis which weakened it considerably in 2008 and to reform without ever losing sight of its prospects of joining the euro. It will reinforce the European strategy of a country that in part is dependent on the economy of Russia and which is suffering directly the consequences of its support to member countries of the Eastern Partnership and the sanctions policy against Russia. At the same time the new governance method implemented by the European Central Bank, which was decided in 2003 but whose introduction was postponed until 2009, is now entering into force. Although the rotation system to be introduced recalls that of the Federal Reserve the present balance should not suffer any major challenge. One year after its Latvian neighbor Lithuania will become the 19th member of the euro zone on 1st January 2915. An EU Member State since 2004, Lithuania first asked to join the Economic and Monetary Union in 2006. The Lithuanian authorities deemed that the euro would strengthen the country's political weight within the European Union. The single currency is also considered as a new buffer in protection against the country's powerful neighbour, Russia. However, problems in controlling inflation then the impact of the economic and financial crisis of 2008 deferred the prospect of accession since the country no longer fulfilled the convergence criteria.

The economic impact of joining the European Union

The prospect of joining the European Union and then effective accession in 2004 carried the country's economic growth along until 2008. The receipt of European funds was one of the reasons for the Lithuanian economic boom. However it was not the only one. Lithuania's integration into the single market especially enabled it to assert its own assets:

· The competitiveness of its labour force; · An advantageous tax regime like its Latvian neighbour. Corporate tax lies at 15% and is set at 5% on SMEs; · Its geographic position, which enhances the attraction of a country, which to date was considered as a transit area

between the continent's east and the European Union. In this capacity, Klaipeda is a leading interface with Russia. The Lithuanians are also the leading foreign investors in the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad.

Hence, Lithuania was able to achieve some remarkable growth rates, reaching nearly 10% in 2007 just before the world economic and financial crisis started.

Lithuanian GDP growth rate (2003-2007)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 + 10.3% + 7.4% + 7.8% + 7.8% + 9.8%

Source : Eurostat)

This significant rise in activity was not without effect on the development of wages, both in the private and public sectors. The increase in nominal wages was constant between 2004 and 2008. Again accession to the European Union played a role in terms of this increase. Here it involved limiting Lithuanian emigration, which was facilitated by the opening of the borders to other EU countries in the same way as it had affected Ireland. The increase in the minimum salary during this period was clearly part of this goal. Fear of losing the labour force also led to a change in paradigm in terms of wage negotiation: collective, sectoral negotiations gave way to individualised dialogue that moved in support of wage increases. The rises granted in the public sector also became a reference for the private sector.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Private sector

+ 4.5 % + 11,4% +18.5 % + 20.9 % +17.2%

Public sector

+ 8.4 % + 12.1% + 17.3% +13.7% +21.1%

(Source : French Senate) [Crise economique…., 2010-2011]


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The impact of developments in wages was twofold: a certain disconnection between remuneration and productivity that affected the country's attractiveness and its competitiveness and in increase in inflation. It was in the light of the latter criterion that Lithuania's bid to join the Economic and Monetary Union was rejected in 2006.

Failure in 2006 and the issue of inflation It should first be remembered that the adoption of the single currency is the logical goal for any EU Member State,

except if it benefits from an exemption clause, like Denmark and the UK. Membership of the Economic and Monetary Union by a candidate country would appear self-evident once the convergence criteria are respected.

Article 140 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union defines four criteria that are to be respected in view of joining the euro zone, which are stipulated in Protocol 13 regarding the convergence criteria annexed to the Treaty:

· the achievement of a high degree of price stability; the rate of inflation cannot be over 1.5% of the three best performing Member States in terms of price stability;

· the sustainability of the government financial position; the Member States cannot be the focus of an excessive deficit procedure, i.e. if the State has a public deficit over 3% of the GDP or its debt is over 60% of the GDP;

· the observance of the normal fluctuation margins provided for by the exchange-rate mechanism of the European Monetary System, for at least two years, without devaluing against the euro;

· the durability of convergence achieved by the Member State with a derogation and of its participation in the exchange-rate mechanism being reflected in the long-term interest-rate levels: this cannot rise over the average of the three countries selected for the calculation of increased inflation of 2%.

Article 140 of the Treaty also provides that the Commission and European Central Banks' reports, which are used to take decisions at the European Parliament and the Council regarding a candidate, have to take on board other pertinent factors, such as the development of wage costs, development of the balance of payments and market integration.

Regarding Lithuania the European Commission issued a negative opinion on 16th May 2006 insisting on the fact that inflation was not under control [European Commission…, 2006].Although the government deficit was not over 0.5% of the GDP and the government debt 20% of the national wealth, inflation totalled 3.8% at the time of assessment. This opinion was followed by the European Council on 15th and 16th June 2006.

The European Commission was concerned about a worsening in the situation due to the increase in wages and the ensuing rise in domestic demand as well as rising energy prices in a context of recurrent tension with Russia from whom Lithuania imports, gas, oil and electricity. Like its other Baltic neighbours Lithuania is still an enclave from an energy point of view: because it is not connected to European networks, energy supplies depend as a consequence almost exclusively on Russian oil and gas pipelines. Moreover Lithuania is connected to the Russian electricity grid (UPS). This dependency affects inflation. In Lithuania the latter is still imported to a certain degree since it is related to the prices of agricultural raw materials and especially to energy. 16% of Lithuanian household income is devoted to heating costs.

Response to the crisis for the country to be able to join the euro zone Overheating that was evident in 2008 made the economic crisis that struck the country at this time even more

acute. The economic slowing seen within the countries on which it was economically dependent – Germany, Russia, Sweden – plunged the country into a rapid, brutal recession like that witnessed in neighbouring Latvia. After increasing by 2.9% in 2008, the GDP contracted by 14.7% the following year. An increase in unemployment went hand in hand with this sudden downturn. Unemployment lay at 4.3% in 2007 but in 2010 it totalled 17.8%. The downturn in the economic situation affected government accounts directly. The Lithuanian government deficit totalled 9.4% of the GDP in 2009 and 8% the following year. An excessive deficit procedure was then launched against the country.

Unlike Latvia, which at the same time also faced a major bank crisis, Lithuania refused international financial assistance [Richard S., 2013]. Whilst it maintained its aim of joining the euro zone rapidly it chose not to devaluate its currency, the litas. A currency depreciation would have weakened the respect of the exchange rate stability criteria. The Lithuanian authorities maintained parity with the single currency – 3.4528 litas for 1€ – and gave preference to internal devaluation. This involved a combination of significant reductions in government spending, tax hikes, an improvement in competitiveness and support to export companies. Hence Lithuania was able to respect two other convergence criteria: the sustainable nature of the government's financial position and the achievement of a high degree of price stability.


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The respect of the first criterion was enabled by a reduction in civil servants' wages – ranging from 5 to 45% – depending on the post occupied. Symbolically the President of the Republic reduced his salary by 45%, his ministers by 40%. A similar rate was retained for the civil service directors. Teachers' wages were reduced by 5%, State pensions were cut by 15%. At the same time VAT was increased by 3 points and a certain number of excise duties were reassessed. It is not surprising that in these conditions the government deficit was reduced to 3.2% of the GDP in 2012 and then to 2.1% in 2013. The same level was expected at the end of the 2014 financial year. The excessive deficit procedure was lifted on 21st July 2013. Although the debt has practically doubled since 2006 it still lies at 39.4% of the GDP, below the threshold set by the Treaty.

A 20% adjustment in wage reductions in the private sector, together with a vast reform of the labour market to align salaries with competitiveness helped moderate inflation. Hence, during the period of reference, selected by the European Commission to assess Lithuania's bid to join the euro zone, i.e. May 2013 to April 2014, the average inflation rate in Lithuania lay at 0.6%. This is below the reference rate selected by the Commission for the period: 1.7%.

Beyond the respect of the two convergence criteria internal devaluation enabled the country to recover growth sustainably, which was boosted in part by exports. It should rise to 3.5% at the end of 2014, in other words to a level equivalent to that recorded in 2013. Unemployment also decreased to 11.3% in 2013. It is estimated at 10.8%, below the EU average (11.7%).

GDP growth rate (2008-2016)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 +2.9% +14.8% +1.6% +6% +3.7% +3.3% +3.5% +3. 4% +3. 7

(Source : Eurostat) The return of growth also fostered a decrease in long term interest rates. This reduction was vital for the

assessment of the last criteria in the Treaty, the sustainable nature of convergence reflected by interest rates. Whilst it was close to 15% at the height of the crisis the 10 year rate progressively dropped to 5.2% in 2012, then to 3.6% in 2014. The rate is below the reference value established by the European Commission – 6.2% – in the convergence report. Easing like this in the rate allowed the Lithuanian authorities to refinance its debt at an acceptable level in 2013, the year when it had to borrow 2.2 billion € on the markets, around 7% of the GDP.

Since Lithuania has respected the four criteria the European Commission gave a positive opinion to the request to join the euro zone on 4th June 2014 [Rapport de la Commission…, 2014]. The Council approved this request on 23rd July last. Membership on January 1st 2015 will not obscure the reticence of the European Central Bank about the control of inflation. Indeed in its convergence report, published on 2nd June 2014 it notes that increases in world food and energy prices is leading to rising inflation rates [Banque centrale.., 2014]. The energy issue is not without consequence given the Russian/Ukrainian crisis and Russian response to the sanctions implemented by the European Union. More generally the problem of sanctions, which Lithuania supports, raises questions about the long term for a country that is economically dependent on Russia. The support provided by the Lithuanian authorities to the countries in the Eastern Partnership – Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, which led to the organisation of the summit of 28th and 29th November 2013 in Vilnius, already led to retaliatory measures on the part of Moscow. This involved the transit of Lithuanian lorries over the Russian borders into the Kaliningrad enclave or the sale of Lithuanian dairy products on the Russian market.

The catching-up process caused by accession to the euro zone might also lead to a rise in the inflation rate. Indeed we should remember that GDP/capita levels, prices and wages are below those seen in the Economic and Monetary Union. Hence whilst inflation is due to lie at 1% at the end of 2014 it may almost double to total 1.8% in 2015. In this case it is not surprising that 48% of Lithuanians are still against adopting the euro, which in their opinion is synonymous to price increases.

The European Central Bank's new governance rules The reform of the Council of Governors The accession of a new member to the euro zone also means a change to the way the European Central Bank and

more precisely, the Council of Governors, its decision making body are governed. Indeed the latter defines the euro zone's monetary policy and takes decisions about leading interest rates, reserve supplies and the definition of monetary goals.

The Council of Governors meets twice monthly and comprises: · Six members of the Bank's board (president, vice-president and four members). They are appointed by the

Council of the European Union according to their authority and their experience; · The Governors of the Central Banks of the Member States of the Economic and Monetary Union, whose number

will total 19 with the entry of Lithuania.


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It takes decisions by a simple majority, with the ECB President's vote being preponderant in the event of an equal outcome. Only so-called patrimonial decisions, whether these involve an increase in the Bank's capital or the use of exchange reserves, are taken with a two-third majority of the governors. The board does not take part in this vote. The votes of each of the Central Banks are, in this event, weighted according to the countries' participation in the ECB's capital.

This mode of governance has been in place since 1992 via protocol 4 in the statutes of the European Central Banks system and of the ECB annexed to the Maastricht Treaty. It seemed to be the best adapted to an Economic and Monetary Union comprising a maximum of fifteen members. The enlargement of the European Union and the perspective of a concomitant widening of the euro zone led the Council of the European Union to put forward a revision of this system. The aim is to avoid the over-representation of the governors of the national Central Banks to the detriment of the board when monetary policy measures are being adopted. When the euro zone only comprised 12 members the decision taken by the Council of the European Union on 21st March 2003 changed the voting regime within the Council of Governors, thereby introducing a rotation system. This became effective when there were 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union. It only involves monetary policy decisions. The system is progressive:

· The voting right of the governors of the Central Banks has been limited to 15 at first and the number of votes by the board has been maintained. The governors of the Central Banks have been divided into two groups with this in mind. The governors from the five biggest economic powers in the EU are in the first group. Economic power is defined in terms of a country's GDP and, to a lesser degree in terms of the total consolidated assets held by the financial institutions. Germany, Spain, France, Italy and the Netherlands comprise this group which has four votes. The second group comprises the other Member States and has 11 votes;

· When 22 countries are members of the euro zone the second group of governors will be divided into two parts. The first will comprise half of the total number of governors and will have 8 votes. The second part will comprise the remaining governors and will have 3 votes. The group comprising the five main powers will still have four votes.

At the same time an equal rotating order has been introduced, in which each governor regularly loses his right to vote. Regarding the main powers each of them can only vote two months in the year. The governors who do not have the right to vote do however take part in the debate prior to the decision on monetary policy being taken.

Rotation system of voting rights within the council of governors Number of governors within the council 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Number 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Votes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Group 1

Frequency 80 % 80 % 80 % 80 % 80 % 80 % 80 % 80 % Number 14 15 16 11 12 12 13 13 Votes 11 11 11 8 8 8 8 8

Group 2

Frequency 79 % 73 % 69% 73 % 67% 67% 62% 62% Number 6 6 7 7 8 Votes 3 3 3 3 3

Group 3

Frequency 50% 50% 43% 43% 38% (Source : Banque centrale européenne et Natixis) The ECB's rotation system is similar to that of the American Federal Reserve. The open market's Federal

Committee, which is the equivalent of the Council of Governors, only includes five of the 12 regional reserves banks. The Committee also comprises 7 members of the Board of Governors, the Federal Reserve Board. It remains that unlike the ECB, the annual rotation is not totally equal since the regional bank of New York has a permanent right to vote. The chairmen of the regional banks of Chicago and Cleveland vote one year in two and 9 chairs vote one year in three.

Deferred implementation until the entry of the 19th member The decision of 21st March 2003 however gave the Council of Governors, acting by a two thirds majority, the

possibility of deferring the implementation of the new system until the entry of the 19th member of the eurozone. This precaution was a matter of simple arithmetic: in a euro zone comprising between 16 and 18 members the frequency of the vote by countries in the group of five powers is slightly lower than that of the countries in the second group. This was a source of concern in Germany. Due to this the Council of Governors decided on 18th December 2008 to use this clause. Hence although the new system should have entered into force with the accession of Slovakia, the 16th eurozone member on 1st January 2009 it would only become effective on the integration of Lithuania on 1st January 2015.


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Unlike what might have happened in 2009 the weight of the group of the five biggest economic powers remained the same. Unlike the ECB's estimations the 14 other countries will only have 52% of the vote in contrast to 56% if they had been 13. The frequency of voting within the first group totals 80% whilst in the second group it is due to decrease as the euro zone gradually grows. For its part the board is strengthened since it will have 29% of the vote in contrast to 24% in the present system.

Although the new system does not really weaken the major economic powers of which Germany and France are a part, the present governance method however does not guarantee them any extra weight. Hence the Bundesbank found itself isolated at the time of the unlimited purchase of sovereign debt bonds (Outright Monetary Transactions) of the countries placedunder financialassistance.

REFERENCES

[1] Crise économique, euro, Russie, énergie : les défis européens de la Lettonie et de la Lituanie, Information

report n°346 (2010-2011) by Yann Gaillard, published on behalf o the European Affairs Committee at the French Senate.

[2] European Commission Report on Convergence 2006 : http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=fr&pcode=tec00115

[3] Sébastien Richard, Latvia's membership of the Euro Zone. European Issue n°298, Robert Schuman Foundation, 23rd December 2013.

[4] Rapport de la Commission au Parlement européen et au Conseil – Rapport de 2014 sur l'état de la convergence (COM (2014) 326 final), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2014:0326:FIN:FR:PDF

[5] Banque centrale européenne, Rapport sur la convergence de juin 2014, http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/conrep/cr201406fr.pdf

[6] Rotating of voting rights in the governing council of ECB, ECB Monthly Bulletin, July 2009 and Alan Lemangnen, La BCE vers un système de rotation des droits de vote : ne varietur. Special report – Recherche économique n°24, Natixis, 18th February 2014.


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Al. Jukauskas

Lithuania's entry into the euro zone and its impact on the European Central Bank Summary

The accession of Lithuania as the 19th member, a year after Latvia, confirms the euro zone's power of attraction, even though it is not approved by the entire population. The effort undertaken by Lithuania to check the economic and financial crisis that struck in 2008, whilst maintaining its goal to join the euro zone, deserve acknowledgement. Particular attention should however be paid to the Lithuanian economy both in terms of the monetary impact on prices and of the sanctions adopted by the EU against Russia. Like its Baltic neighbors Lithuania is still enclaved being both on the periphery of the EU and on the front line in terms of its Russian neighbor. This geographical situation leads to certain consequences that can be likened to a form of dependence which is dangerous in times of political crisis.

At the same time, Lithuania's integration into the euro zone will lead to the reform of the ECB mode of governance. The introduction of a rotation system comparable in part to that introduced in the USA enhances somewhat a more federal view of the euro zone.

al. Jukiauskasi

litvis gaerTianeba evrozonaSi da misi gavlena evropis centralur bankze

daskvna evrozonaSi, latviis Semdeg, litvis mecxramete wevrad gaerTianeba, metyvelebs evros sim-

yarisa da erTiani moxmarebis mimzidvelobis Zalaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom mosaxleobis nawili ar eTanxmeboda am faqts. litvis mier ganxorcielebuli Zalisxmeva ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisis daZlevis da amavdroulad evrozonaSi gawevrianebis mizniT imsaxurebs aRiarebas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miebyros litvis ekonomikaze gavlenas 2 mimarTulebiT, er-Tis mxriv axali monetaruli politikis gavlenis Sefasebas fasebze da meores mxriv evrokavSi-ris mier ruseTis mimarT sanqciebis dawesebis Sedegad momxdari cvlilebebis gavlenas.

baltiispireTis sxva qveynebis msgavsad litva ganlagebulia rogorc evrokavSiris peri-feriaze, ise ruseTis samezoblod. am geografiul situacias mivyavarT konkretul Sedegamde, rac SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli damokidebulebis formaze, romelic saSiSia politikuri krizisis dros. amavdroulad, litvis gaerTianebam evrozonaSi gamoiwvia axali marTvelobiTi reformebis ganxorcieleba da amerikuli rotaciis sistemis danergva, ramac kidev ufro unda gazardos evropis centraluri bankis mniSvneloba erTiani valutis simyarisa da msyidveluna-rianobis SenarCunebaSi.


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P. SANKESS GLOBALISATION

Globalisation refers to the integration of markets in the global economy, leading to the increased

interconnectedness of national economies. Markets where globalisation is particularly common include financial markets, such as capital markets, money and credit markets, and insurance markets,commodity markets, including markets for oil, coffee, tin, and gold, and product markets, such as markets for motor vehicles and consumer electronics. The globalisation of sport and entertainment is also a feature of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Why has globalisation increased ? The pace of globalisation has increased for a number of reasons: Developments in ICT, transport and communications have accelerated the pace of globalisation over the past

30 years. The internet has enabled fast and 24/7 global communication, and the use of containerisation has enabled vast quantities of goods and commodities to be shipped across the world at extremely low cost.

More recently, the rise of social media means that national boundaries have, in many ways become irrelevant as producers use new forms of communication and marketing, including micro-marketing, to target international consumers. The widespread use of smartphones has also enabled global shoppers to have easy access to 'virtual' global markets.

The rise of new electronic payments systems,, including e-Wallets, pre-pay and mobile pay, e-Invoices and mobile pay apps, also facilitate increased global trade.

Increasing em>capital mobility has also acted as a stimulus to globalisation. When capital can move freely from country to country, it is relatively straightforward for firms to locate and invest abroad, and repatriate profits.

The development of complex financial products, such as derivatives,, has enabled global credit markets to grow rapidly.

Increased em>trade which has become increasingly free, following the collapse of communism, which has opened up many former communist countries to inward investment and global trade. Over the last 30 years, trade openness, which is defined as the ratio of exports and imports to national income, has risen from 25% to around 40% for industrialised economies, and from 15% to 60% for emerging economies.

The emergence of footloose multinational and transnational companies (MNCs and TNCs) and the rise in the significance of global brands such as Microsoft, Apple, Google, Sony, and McDonalds, has been central to the emergence of globalisation. The drive to reduce tax burdens and avoid regulation has also meant the establishment of complex international business structures.

The advantages of globalisation Globalisation brings a number of potential benefits to international producers and national economies, including: Providing an incentive for countries to specialise and benefit from the application of the principle of

comparative advantage. Access to larger markets means that firms may experience higher demand for their products, as well as benefit

from economies of scale, which leads to a reduction in average production costs. Globalisation enables worldwide access to sources of cheap raw materials, and this enables firms to be cost

competitive in their own markets and in overseas markets. Seeking out the cheapest materials from around the world is called global sourcing. Because of cost reductions and increased revenue, globalisation can generate increased profits for shareholders.

Avoidance of regulation by locating production in countries with less strict regulatory regimes, such as those in many Less Developed Countries (LCDs).

Globalisation has led to increased flows of inward investment between countries, which has created benefits for recipient countries. These benefits include the sharing of knowledge and technology between countries. In the long term, increased trade is likely to lead to the creation of more employment in all countries that are involved.

The disadvantages of globalisation There are also several potential disadvantages of globalisation, including the following: The over-standardisation of products through global branding is a common criticism of globalisation. For

example, the majority of the world’s computers use Microsoft’s Windows operating system. Clearly, standardising of computer operating systems and platforms creates considerable benefits, but critics argue that this leads to a lack of product diversity, as well as presenting barriers to entry to small, local, producers.

Large multinational companies can also suffer from diseconomies of scale, such as difficulties associated with coordinating the activities of subsidiaries based in several countries.

Many as a considerable disadvantage of globalisation also see the increased power and influence of multinationals. For example, large multinational companies can switch their investments between territories in search of


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the most favourable regulatory regimes. MNCs can operate as local monopsonies of labour, and push wages lower than the free market equilibrium.

Critics of globalisation also highlight the potential loss of jobs in domestic markets caused by increased, and in some cases, unfair, free trade. This view certainly accounts for the some of the rise in nationalist movements in many developed economies, along with the push for increased protectionism.

Globalisation can also increase the pace of deindustrialisation, which is the slow erosion of an economy's manufacturing base.

Jobs may be lost because of the structural changes arising from globalisation. Structural changes may lead to structural unemployment and may also widen the gap between rich and poor within a country.

One of the most significant criticisms of globalisation is the increased risk associated with the interdependence of economies. As countries are increasingly dependent on each other, a negative economic shock in one country can quickly spread to other countries. For example, a downturn in car sales in the UK affects the rest of Europe as most cars bought in the UK are imported from the EU. The Far East crisis of the 1990s was triggered by the collapse of just a few Japanese banks.

Most recently, the collapse of the US sub-prime housing market triggered a global crisis in the banking system as banks around the world suffered a fall in the value of their assets and reduced their lending to each other. This created a liquidity crisis and helped fuel a severe downturn in the global economy.

Over-specialisation, such as being over-reliant on producing a limited range of goods for the global market, is a further risk associated with globalisation. A sudden downturn in world demand for one of these products can plunge an economy into a recession. Many developing countries suffer by over-specialising in a limited range of products, such as agriculture and tourism.

Globalisation generates winners and losers, and for this reason it is likely to increase inequality, as richer nations benefit more than poorer ones. The awareness of rising inequality, along with job losses, has been argued to have contributed to the rise in anti-globalisation movements.

Increased trade associated with globalisation has increased pollution and helped contribute to CO2 emissions and global warming. Trade growth has also accelerated the depletion of non-renewable resources, such as oil.

The impact of globalisation on the UK economy The main issues arising from globalisation for the UK are: Growth Assuming the UK maintains its competitiveness, globalisation is likely to increase UK growth in the long term

because aggregate demand (AD) is likely to increase through increased exports (X), and aggregate supply (AS) is likely to increase because of higher levels of investment, both domestic and foreign direct investment (FDI). However, growth in the short term may become more unstable as the global economy becomes increasingly interconnected. The recent credit crunch is evidence that unstable growth is a possible consequence of globalisation. Some economists have also argued that globalisation has increased the process of deindustrialisation in the developed countries, including the UK.

Employment Long term, jobs may be destroyed in the manufacturing sector and created in the service sector, hence creating

structural unemployment, which could widen the income gap within countries. The net effect of the impact on employment depends upon the speed of labour market adjustment, which itself depends upon mobility and flexibility. Improvements in labour productivity may be needed to close the productivity gap.

Prices Increased competition is likely to reduce the price level, for traded manufactures. Because UK firms can source

from around the world costs may be held down, and this may be passed on in terms of reduced domestic and export prices.

Trade The volume of both imports and exports is likely to increase, with trade representing an increasing proportion of

GDP. The effect on the balance of payments is uncertain and depends upon relative growth rates, inflation, competitiveness, and the exchange rate.


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P. Sankess Globalisation

Summary Globalisation refers to the integration of markets in the global economy, leading to the increased

interconnectedness of national economies. Markets where globalisation is particularly common include financial markets, such as capital markets, money and credit markets, and insurance markets,commodity markets, including markets for oil, coffee, tin, and gold, and product markets, such as markets for motor vehicles and consumer electronics. The globalisation of sport and entertainment is also a feature of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

p. sankesi globalizacia

reziume globalizacia moicavs bazrebis integracias globalur ekonomikaSi, rac ganviTarebadi

erovnuli ekonomikebis urTierTanamSromlobis da kavSirebis gaRrmavebas moiTxovs. ekonomi-kuri bazrebis globalizacia avtomaturad moicavs misi standartuli Semadgenelis – finansu-ri bazrebis, kapitalis, sadazRvevo, sainvesticio, kreditisa da fasiani qaRaldebis bazrebs. aseve, msxvili dargobrivi sasaqonlo erTeulebis – navTobis, yavis, oqros, avtomanqanebis, cifruli da eleqtronuli danadgarebis sasaqonlo birJebs. xolo me-20 da 21-e saukunis dasaw-yisidan globalizaciis ekonomikur garemoSi moiqca sporti da garTobis industriac.


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g. saxokia

efeqtianobis auditi — auditis Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli tipi

cnobilia, rom sajaro auditi, tradiciulad, asocirdeba buRaltrul CanawerebTan da fi-

nansur angariSgebasTan, romlis utyuarobis da kanonierebis Sefaseba finansuri da Sesabamiso-bis auditis farglebSi xorcieldeba. Tumca, finansur da Sesabamisobis auditebTan erTad, sa-xelmwifo auditis samsaxuris saqmianobaSi dainerga auditis Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli tipi-efeqtianobis auditi, romelic orientirebulia sabiujeto organizaciebis saqmianobis rea-luri Sedegebisa da am Sedegebis misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sefasebaze, rac xels uwyobs sajaro resursebis ufro ekonomiurad, produqtiulad da efeqtianad gankargvas.

msoflio ekonomikurma globalizaciam da sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebam dRis wesrigSi daayena moqmedi safinanso-ekonomikuri saqmianobis kontrolis formebisa da me-Todebis unificirebis aucilebloba; amasTan, Seqmnilia iseTi saerTaSoriso da regionaluri kontrolis organizaciebi, rogoricaa: – umaRlesi makontrolebeli organoebis saerTaSoriso organizacia (INTOSAI), umaRlesi makontrolebeli organoebis evropis organizacia(EUROSAI), umaRlesi makontrolebeli organoebis aziis organizacia (ASOSAI), umaRlesi makontrolebe-li organoebis saerTaSoriso kongresi da dsT-s wevrebi qveynebis umaRlesi auditoruli in-stitutebis xelmZRvanelTa sabWo (ВОФКСНГ) da a.S.

unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis safinanso-ekonomikuri kontrolis yvelaze ufro efeqti-an da saerTaSoriso doneze aprobirebul formad miCneulia zogadi auditi da misi calkeuli saxeobebi, rogoricaa:

finansuri auditi, romliTac dgindeba buRaltruli aRricxvis sayovelTaod dadgenil principebTan finansuri angariSgebis Sesabamisoba;

Sesabamisobis auditi, romliTac mowmdeba kerZo biznesSi buRaltruli aRricxvis perso-nalis mier administraciis mxridan dadgenili procedurebis dacva, bankebTan da sxva kredi-torebTan dadebul kontraqtebSi iuridiuli normebis dacvis mdgomareoba da sxv. igi logiku-ri xasiaTisaa da misi Sedegebi miewodeba mxolod Semowmebas daqvemdebarebul struqturul qvedanayofs;

efeqtianobis auditi, romliTac mowmdeba organizaciis (firmis) funqcionirebisa da mar-Tvis procedurebi mwarmoeblurobisa da efeqtianobis Sefasebisa da Sesabamisi rekomendacie-bis SemuSavebis mizniT; igi moicavs xarjTa nusxis Sesrulebis, efeqtianobisa da miznobrivi programebis Semowmebas, gansazRvravs, kanonmdeblobiT an Sesabamisi organoebis mier dawesebu-li mogebis an sasurveli Sedegebis miRwevis xarisxs, organizaciis funqcionirebis efeqtiano-bas da mocemuli programis mimarT gamoyenebuli kanonebis da wesebis dacvas firmis mier.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am etapze aucilebelia yuradReba gamaxvildes finansuri kontrolis, ara rogorc momxdar sameurneo kanondarRvevaTa gamovlenis funqciaze, aramed am kanondar-RvevaTa Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebaTa SemuSavebaze, rac sruli finansuri wesrigis TviT dam-yarebis erT-erTi safuZvelia; srul finansur kontrols ki unda hqondes uwyveti da mudmivi xasiaTi, romelic, bunebrivia, ver Sesruldeba mxolod gare kontrolis formiT, amitom saxel-mwifo finansuri kontrolis uwyvetobisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebisaTvis aucilebelia Sida da gare kontrolis formebis SeTanawyoba, Tumca ar unda gamoiricxos prioriteti gare finan-suri kontrolis organoebisa, romlebsac TavianT saqmianobaSi SeuZliaT gamoiyenon da daey-rdnon Sida kontrolis masalebs da amiT ganTavisufldnen organizaciis finansuri angariSge-bis detaluri Semowmebisagan, xolo TavianTi saqmianoba ufro srulad mimarTon saxelmwifo saxsrebisa da qonebis marTvis efeqtianobis gansazRvrisaken.

efeqtianobis auditi, romelic ukve aprobirebulia msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi da finansuri kontrolis axali da progresuli formaa, warmoadgens CvenSi tradiciulad dam-kvidrebuli formebisa da meTodebisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli formas, romelic moi-cavs Sesaswavl sakiTxTa farTo da araerTgvarovan wres, rac gulisxmobs ara marto aRricxvi-sa da finansebis siRrmiseul codnas, aramed iTvaliswinebs ekonomikur-iuridiuli codnis


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farTo masStabebs da sainJinro-teqnologiuri da Sesabamisi dargebis maRal profesiul done-ze dauflebas;

garda amisa, efeqtianobis auditis farTod danergvisaTvis xelSemSlelia aramdgradi sa-biujeto sistema da arajansaRi finansur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, arasrulyofili sagadasa-xado da sabaJo sistemebi, saxelmwifo investiciuri politikisa da ekonomikis realuri seqto-ris ganviTarebis dabali done da rac mTavaria, efeqtianobis auditis samarTlebriv-meToduri safuZvlebis ararseboba; amasTan, efeqtianobis auditis praqtikaSi danergva xdeba sabiujeto procesis programul dafinansebaze srulad gadasvlis Semdeg da saxelmwifo biujetSi aisaxos calkeuli saxelmwifo programebis Sedegebis indikaturi maCveneblebi. q. limaSi (peru) gamar-Tul safinanso kontrolis umaRlesi organoebis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (INTOSAI) IX kon-gresze miiRes safinanso kontrolis saxelmZRvanelo principebis Sesaxeb deklaracia, romel-mac dRis wesrigSi daayena safinanso kontrolis umaRlesi organoebis saqmianobis praqtikaSi efeqtianobis auditis SemoReba da damkvidreba.

INTOSAI-s standartebis Sesabamisad, qveynis saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis umaRles organos SeuZlia Caataros efeqtianobis Semowmebebi da gaakeTos daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad efeqturad gamoiyeneba sabiujeto saxsrebi.

saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis praqtikaSi efeqtianobis auditis SemoReba ganpirobe-bulia Semdegi garemoebebiT:

• saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis qmediTunarianobis, Sedegianobisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebis aucileblobiT;

• aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da sxva organizaciebis saqmianobis arsebiTi gaumjobe-sebis aucileblobiT;

• saxelmwifo saxsrebis mimRebi organizaciebis saqmianobis gamWirvalobis gaumjobese-biT;

• saqmianobis Sedegebis mixedviT biujetidan TviTdafinansebaze gadasvlis perspeqtiviT. efeqtianobis auditi, tradiciul finansur auditTan SedarebiT, moicavs axal amocanebs

da mniSvnelovnad afarToebs saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis sagansa da miznebs. saxelmwifo finansuri kontrolis sistemaSi efeqtianobis auditis adgili ganisazRvreba

misi miznebidan gamomdinare. efeqtianobis auditis miznebs warmoadgens: • saxelmwifo biujetisa da sxva saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis Sefase-

ba da analizi; • aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoTa saqmianobis optimizaciis Sesaxeb rekomenda-

ciebisa da winadadebebis SemuSaveba; • saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRleba. aRniSnuli miznebidan gamomdinare, efeqtianobis auditis amocanebi SeiZleba Semdegnai-

rad CamovayaliboT: • mxarjavi dawesebulebebisaTvis sabiujeti resursebis gamoyofis mizanSewonilobis ana-

lizi; • sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyenebis Tavisdroulobisa da sisrulis Sefaseba; • sabiujeto saxsrebisa da sxva resursebis ekonomikurad gamoyenebis Sefaseba da anali-

zi; • sabiujeto saxsrebis miznobrivi gamoyenebis Sefaseba da analizi; • sabiujeto saxsrebis araefeqturad gamoyenebis miznobriv-Sedegobrivi analizi; • sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis rekomendaciis damuSaveba; • aRniSnuli rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis realizaciis Sedegebis Sefaseba. efeqtianobis auditis cneba gamomdinareobs safinanso kontrolis sferoSi misi adgili-

dan, igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad: efeqtianobis auditi aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoTa saqmianobis efeqtia-

nobis Sefaseba saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis sferoSi maT mier saxelmwifo funqciebis Sesrulebisas, agreTve rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba maTi saqmianobis srulyofisaTvis.

efeqtianobis auditis saxeebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovidginoT:


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• aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoTa calkeuli saxelmwifo funqciebis Sesrulebis efeqtianobis auditi;

• saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis efeqtianobis auditi; • saxelmwifo miznobrivi programebis efeqtianobis auditi; • saxelmwifo sainvesticio programebis efeqtianobis auditi; • saxelmwifo-sabiujeti saxsrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis auditi; • saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis auditi; • saxelmwifo arasabiujeto fondebis saxsrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis auditi; • samewarmeo saqmianobis efeqtianobis auditi. efeqtianobis auditis principebma unda uzrunvelyon misi Sedegianoba, qmediToba da

ekonomiuroba; amasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia iseTi principebis dacva, rogoricaa siste-muroba, mecnieruloba, obieqturoba, damoukidebloba, sajarooba.

efeqtianobis auditis kriteriumebi — es aris maCvenebelTa erToblioba, romlebic asa-xaven auditis obieqtis saqmianobis sxvadasxva mxareebs.

efeqtianobis kriteriumebad mizanSewonilia gamoviyenoT Semdegi maSveneblebi: Sedegianoba-kriteriumi, romlebic saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros amaTuim saqmianobis

Sedegi. igi gamoiyeneba miznobrivi programebis, finansuri da materialuri resursebis gamoye-nebis, marTvis sistemis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad.

ekonomiuroba — kriteriumi, romelic gansazRvravs danaxarjebs dasaxuli miznebis misaR-wevad. es danaxarjebi meiZleba iyos normatiuli, zenormatiuli da ekonomikuri.

efeqtianobis auditis maCveneblebi SeiZleba klasificirdes Semdegnairad: • efeqtianobis absoluturi maCveneblebi; • efeqtianobis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi; • efeqtianobis SedarebiTi maCveneblebi. efeqtianobis zemoaRniSnuli maCveneblebis erTobliobis sistemuri analizi saSualebas

iZleva, warmovadginoT ama Tu im organos saqmianobis an saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis sruli suraTi.

efeqtianobis auditis kriteriumebisa da maCveneblebis gaangariSebis sainformacio wya-ros warmoadgens Sesamowmebeli obieqtis statistikuri, operatiuli da buRaltruli aRric-xva-angariSgebis monacemebi, xarjTanusxebi, resursebi, gamoyenebis normativebi, sxvadasxva xelSekrulebebi, brZanebebi, sagadasaxado, sabaJo da sxva fiskaluri organoebis monacemebi da a.S.

efeqtianobis auditis ganxorcielebis procesi SeiZleba oTx etapad daiyos: 1. mosamzadebelietapi; 2. kontrolisetapi; 3. analizisetapi; 4. sinTezisetapi. mosamzadebeli etapi moicavs: efeqtianobis auditis sagnisa da obieqtis gansazRvras;

efeqtianobis auditis kriteriumebisa da maCveneblebis damuSavebas; Semowmebis programasa da samuSao gegmis SemuSvebas.

am mizniT misaRwevad aucilebelia Semdegi samuSaoebis Sesruleba: • sakanonmdeblo normatiuli dokumentebis gamokvleva; • efeqtianobis auditis obieqtis saqmianobis Sedegebis analizi; • Sesamowmebeli obieqtis sistemisa da organizaciuli struqturis analizi; • wina Semowmebebis masalebis analizi; • Sesamowmebeli obieqtebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis amsaxveli kriteriumebisa da maC-

vneblebis damuSaveba. am etapis daskvniTi dokumentebi aris Semowmebis programa da samuSao gegma, sadac naTlad

unda iyos formirebuli Semowmebis mizani da amocanebi, Semowmebis sagani, Semowmebis vadebi, masStabebi, meTodika, efeqtianobis kriteriumebi da maCveneblebi.


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uSualod, kontrolis ganxorcielebis etapi warmoadgens Sesamowmebeli obieqtis saqmia-nobis efeqtianobis gansazRvras programiT dadgenili kriteriumis mixedviT, am etapis das-kvniT nawils warmoadgens aqtis proeqtis momzadeba, sadac asaxuli iqneba obieqtis saqmianobis naklovanebebi da Sefasebul iqneba misi efeqtianoba.

Semowmebis analitikur etapze xorcieldeba obieqtis saqmianobis Sedegebis faqtoruli analizi, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis darRvevis gamovlena, efeqtianobis Sefaseba da masze faqto-rebis analizi.

am etapis daskvniTi dokumentebi aris Semowmebis aqti Sesamowmebeli obieqtis saqmianobis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb da sabuTebuli daskvnebiT.

sinTezuri etapi warmoadgens Sesamowmebeli obieqtis saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebis Sesaxeb konkretuli, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis SemuSave-bebis process. rekomendaciebis SemuSavebisas mizanSewonilia maTi klasifikacia Semdegi mi-marTulebiT:

• socialuri; • organizaciuli; • ekonomikuri; • samarTlebrivi; • informaciuli; da • teqnologiuri. daskvniTi dokumenti am etapisaTvis SeiZleba iyos analitikuri moxseneba. efeqtianobis auditis Sedegebis mixedviT Semowmebis aqtis safuZvelze mzaddeba angariS-

geba, romelSic asaxul unda iqnes Semowmebis programis yvela sakiTxi, agreTve saqmianobis ga-umjobesebis winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi. angariSgeba unda iyos sruli, obieqturi da la-konuri.

efeqtianobis auditis Sedegebis realizacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi formiT: wardgineba; analitikuri moxseneba; sakanonmdeblo iniciativa; da werili.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kontrolis palatam (amJamad, saxelmwifo auditis samsaxu-ri), rogorc saxelmwifo safinanso ekonomikuri kontrolis umaRlesma organom, jer kidev 2008 wlis 26 dekembridan “saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb” axali kanonis amoqmedebidan, aRiara ra umaRlesi auditoruli da makontrolebeli organoebi saerTaSoriso organizacie-bis wesdebebi da xelmZRvanelobda maT mier deklarirebuli ZiriTadi principebiT, atarebda, finansuri da Sesabamisobis auditebTan erTad, efeqtianobis auditsac. kontrolis palatis saqmianobis am mimarTulebiT warmarTva britaneTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis fondis (GTZ), gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) da sxva RonisZiebaTa xelSewyobiT SemuSavebuli “saqar-Tvelos kontrolis palatis ganviTarebis 5 wliani gegmis” (2010 wlamde), romlis mizani iyo kontrolis palatis Camoyalibeba sajaro seqtoris Tanamedrove damoukidebel auditorul samsaxurad. zemoaRniSnuli 5wliani gegmis realizacia niSnavda imas, rom mas, rogorc damouki-debel auditorul samsaxurs damoukideblad Seemowmebina sazogadoebrivi seqtoris funqcio-nirebis efeqtianoba da pasuxismgebloba, ufro Rirebuli gaexada sajaro seqtoris saqmianoba da mis upirveles amocanad gadaiqceuliyo saqarTvelos sajaro seqtoris angariSgebis admi-nistrirebis, kontrolisa da angariSvaldebulebis damoukideblobis garantiebis uzrunvel-hyofa; amasTan, amiT kontrolis palatam xeli Seuwyo sajaro administrirebis gaumjobesebas sajaro seqtoris saqmianobis efeqtianobis Sefasebisa da saTanado rekomendaciebis SemuSave-bis safuZvelze.

amJamad Cvens qveyanaSi moqmedi saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri uwyebrivad, funqcionalu-rad da finansurad damoukidebeli organoa, romelic angariSvaldebulia mxolod saqarTve-los parlamentis winaSe. igi xels uwyobs saparlamento kontrolis ganxorcielebas, rac gu-lisxmobs saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris mier sakanonmdeblo organosTvis sajaro finansebis administrirebis Sesaxeb srulfasovani da obieqturi informaciis miwodebas. aRniSnuli fun-


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qciis srulyofilad SesrulebisTvis saWiroa umaRlesi auditoruli organo iyenebdes saer-TaSoriso praqtikiT miRebul Tanamedrove midgomebs da iTvaliswinebdes sajaro finansebis marTvis sistemaSi mimdinare reformebs. efeqtianobis auditi, finansur da Sesabamisobis au-ditTan erTad, umaRlesi auditoruli organoebis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (INTOSAI) stan-dartebiT gansazRvruli auditis erTerT tipi, romelic amJamad msoflios wamyvani audito-ruli organoebis saqmianobis ZiriTad nawils Seadgens.


1. melqaZe o. safinanso kontroli evropul qveynebSi, Tb., 1999 w. 2. mesxia i. saxelmwifo finansuri kontroli. ganviTarebis koncefcia, Tb., 2006 w. 3. miliCempi a.h. auditi, Tb., 2012 w. 4. saxokia g.,zaqariaZe i.,mujiriSvili v. finansuri kontrolis safuZvlebi, meTodologiu-

ri saxelmZRvanelo, gaeros ganviTarebis programisa da saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis pro-eqti„saxelmwifo kontrolis sistemis qmedunarianobis gaZliereba“, undp, Tb., 2006 w.

5. saxokia g.,ivanaSvili S., saxokia g.g. sasamarTlosabuRaltro eqspertiza, saxelmZRvane-lo, Tb.,2010 w.

6. saxokia g., ananiZe j., giorgiZe b., buRaltruli aRricxva da auditi, damxmare saxel-mZRvanelo, Tb., 2016 w.

7. saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris Sesaxeb“. 8. saqarTvelos kanoni „buRaltruli aRricxvis, angariSgebisa da auditis Sesaxeb“. 9. limas (peru) deklaracia safinanso kontrolis direqtivebis Sesaxeb.


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g. saxokia efeqtianobis auditi – auditis Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli tipi

reziume cnobilia, rom auditoruli kontrolis daniSnulebaa Sesamowmebeli obieqtis finansuri

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb obieqturi da samarTliani informaciiT uzrunvelyofa, organizaciis finansuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba da auditis damkveTTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba; au-ditoruli kontrolis gamoyenebis praqtika aprobirebulia da miRebulia sazRvargareTis qveynebSi am dros auditoruli kontrolis damkveTi saxelmwifoa; ganviTarebuli sabazro eko-nomikis qveynebSi mWidro kavSiri da TanamSromlobaa saxelmwifo safinanso da auditorul kontrols Soris, rac vlindeba saxelmwifos mier auditoruli firmebis momsaxurebis gamoye-nebiT iseTi, calkeuli saxelmwifo safinanso funqciebis Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa saxel-mwifo programebis, subsidiebis, kontraqtebis efeqtianobis kontroli.

efeqtianobis auditi, romelsac ukve saqarTvelos kontrolis palata, xelmZRvanelobs ra saerTaSoriso makontrolebeli organizaciebis deklarirebuli ZiriTadi principebiT, jer kidev 2008 wlis 26 dekembridan „saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb“ kanonis amoqmedebi-dan, atarebs finansuri da Sesabamisobis auditebTan erTad, dRevandel etapze metad saWiro da aqtualuria saxelmwifo kontrolis qmediTunarianobis, Sedegianobisa da efeqtianobis amaR-lebisaTvis. G. Sakhokia

Performance Audit – Qualitatively Different Type of Audit Summary

It is known that the purpose of auditing is to provide objective and fair information and financial status of the

verification unit, also assessment of the organization's financial condition and satisfaction of audit clients’ needs. Auditing practice is approved and accepted in foreign countries, where the client of auditing service is the state. In

the countries of developed market economy there is a close relationship and cooperation between state financial control and private audit companies. Usually it is revealed by using auditing firms’ services by the state to fulfill some state financial functions such as control of state programs, subsidies and effectiveness of contracts. Georgia’s Chamber of Control declares the basic principles of international controlling organizations and also a new law of “Georgian Chamber of Control” adopted on December 26, 2008. On this basis, Georgia’s Chamber of Control conducts efficiency audit together with financial and compliance audits. This is very necessary and relevant for improvement the capacity and efficiency of the state control.


104

l. tabataZe

mcire da saSualo biznesis administrireba evrokavSiris

klasikuri ganmartebiT, sityva biznesi miiCneva rogorc sameurneo saqmianoba da saqmiani urTierToba mis monawileebs Soris, romelTa mizania ekonomikuri sargeblis miReba mogebis an sxva formiT. biznesis kerZo SemTxvevas ki mewarmeoba warmoadgens, romelic mWidrodaa dakav-Sirebuli mewarmis pirovnebasTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mewarmeobam, rogorc fenomenma evoluciis da mecnieruli gaazrebis ra-modenime etapi ganicada. mewarmeobis, rogorc terminis pirvelad gamoyeneba ukavSirdeba frang bankirsa da finansists r. kantilions. igi mewarmes aigivebda individTan, romelsac SeeZ-lo sakuTar Tavze riskis aReba da romelic mzad iyo ara mxolod mogebisTvis, aramed danakar-gebisTvisac.

mewarmeobis rogorc ekonomikuri gagebis meore etapi ukavSirdeba avstriel ekonomistsa da mecniers i. Sumperts, romelic mTavar aqcents inovaciebisa warmoebis axleburi meTodebis mxardaWeraze akeTebda. mewarmeobis evoluciis mesame etapi wina planze swevs uSualod mewar-mis pirovnul Tvisebsa da unarCvevebs. aRniSnuli ideis mTavari mimdevari iyo udidesi ekono-misti da mecnieri f. haieki. mewarmeobis mecnieruli gaazrebis Tanamedrove etapi SesaZlebelia miekuTvnos meoTxe etaps, romlis drosac aqcentebi gadatanilia mewarmis menejerul SesaZ-leblobebze. maSasadame, mewarmeoba moicavs rogorc sawarmoo aseve, savaWro Semsyidvel, sam-rewvelo— inovaciur saqmianobas, komerciul Suamavlobasa da sxva.

pirveli mcire biznesis aqti (Small Business Act), miRebuli iyo 1953 wels aSS— Si, romlis sa-fuZvelzec 1958 wels miRebul iqna mcire biznesis dasaqmebis aqti (Small Business Jobs Act), ramac seriozuli biZgi misca msoflio biznesis axal ekonomikur wesrigs [SatberaSvili o., 2015: 50]

mogvianebiT 2000 wels italiaSi qalaq boloniaSi ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganvi-Tarebis organizaciis (OECD), mier mowveul ministrebis konferenciaze, 47 qveyanam moawera xe-

li ,,mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mimarT politikis qartias“ [SatberaSvili o., 2015: 51, ]ro-melmac xazi gausva mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mniSvnelobas ekonomikuri zrdis, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis, regionuli da adgilobrivi ganviTarebis, socialuri erTobis, qalTa da axalgazrdobis biznesSi CarTvis mimarT. qartiaSi aseve aRniSnuli iyo rom mravali revoluci-uri inovacia swored mcire sawarmoebis mier aris inicirebuli da ganxorcielebuli.

amJamad evrokavSiris qveynebSi mcire da saSualo biznesis erTiani gansazRvreba moqme-debs. ZiriTadi indikatorebi romliTac mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisTvis kategoriis mikuT-vneba xdeba aris: dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba, wliuri brunva da sabalanso Rirebulebaa. (ix. cxrili1.) [Europian Small…., 2017: 79]:

cxrili1. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis gansazRvreba evrokavSiris qveynebSi sawarmo ricxovnoba wl.brunv.evro sabalans.Rireb.evro saSualo <250 <50 mln 43 mln mcire <50 <10 mln 10 mln mikro <10 <2 mln 2 mln

sainteresoa aseve, evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi da msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi mSp— s ga-

nawileba sawarmoebis zomis mixedviT. (ix cxrili2) [SatberaSvili o., 2015: 54]

cxrili 2. mSp— s ganawileba sawarmoebis zomis mixedviT, %. (2013— 2014w)

qveynebi mikro mcire saSualo didi evrogaerTianeba 30 22 18 30 didi britaneTi 20 18 16 46 irlandia 18 18 22 42 Sveicaria 29 24 20 27 israeli 27 22 20 31


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aSS 22 14 14 50 kanada 28 18 19 35 saqarTvelo — — — — — — — 7 8 85

rogorc warmodgenili cxrilidan sCans msoflios mowinave qveynebis mSp— Si gansakuTre-

biT didia mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis wili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi mcire da didi sawarmoebis wili mSp— Si TiTqmis Tanabaria.

evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis ekonomikuri warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia, zemoaRniSnul qveynebSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiTa da im kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis realize-biT, romelic asaxulia evropa 2020 gegmaSi da iTvalisiwinebs mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis stimulirebas kerZod:

− mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis menejerebis gadamzadebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvel-yofa;

− gakotrebisa da konkurenciis sferoebSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoTaTvis wesebis gamar-tiveba;

− xelaxali dawyebis Sansis micema im mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebmac gakotreba ganicades; − saxelmwifosa da evrokavSiris dafinansebis mizanmimarTva damwyebi da inovaciuri fir-

mebis, mikro— sawarmoebisa da sxva sarisko iniciativebisken; − kreditis wvdomis gamartiveba da saqmianobis internacionalizaciaSi daxmareba rogo-

ricaa kolaboracia da sagareo bazrebis wvdoma; − kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SeTxvevebSi, gadasaxadebis dabrunebis, konsultaciebisa da

informaciis miRebis gaadvileba; − mcire da saSualo sawarmoTagan saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis gaTvaliswineba; − saerTo dabegvris Semsubuqeba da angariSgebis gamartiveba; − politikur doneze mcire sawarmoTa interesebis warmodgenis gaZliereba; − mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa saWiroebis mimarT sajaro administraciebis mgrZnobelo-

bis amaRleba; − mcire da saSualo sawarmoTaTvis samecniero kvlevis wvdomis gaumjobeseba da sxva [as-

lamaziSvili n., 2014: 19— 20] meore uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqtori ramac evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis warmateba ga-

piroba aris inovaciuri mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis zrdis tendencia, romelic Tvismxriv aqtiuradaa mxardaWerili saxelmwifos mxridan. evrokavSirSi inovaciur mcire sawarmoebs uwodeben iseT sawarmoebs, romlebic akmayofileben Semdeg pirobebs:

− bolo sami saangariSo wlidan kvlevasa da SemuSavebaze gaweuli erT— erTi wlis xarjebi unda aRematebodes brunvis 15%— s;

− evrokavSiris wevrma saxelmwifom unda daadasturos, rom sawarmos produqcia da muSa-obis mimarTuleba konkurentunariania evrokavSiris bazarze;

− sawarmo axalgazrda unda iyos, misi maqsimaluri asaki 6 wels ar unda aRematebodes. amasTanave, evrokavSirSi Semavalma qveynebma erToblivad SeimuSves mTeli rigi kompleq-

suri RonisZiebebi, romlebic damatebiT mastimulirebel faqtorebad evlinebian mcire da sa-Sualo sawarmoebs, esenia:

− inovaciis sferoSi moqmedi da misi mxardamWeri iseTi instituciebis rogoric aris biz-nes— inkubatorebi, teqnoparkebi da sxva, maTi uzrunvelyofis xarjebis dafarva saxelmwifos mxirdan;

− sainovacio klasterebis Sesaqmnelad saWiro kvlevisa da saorganizacio samuSoebis xarjebis dafarva;

− mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis sainovacio procesebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro umaR-lesi kvalifikaciis specialistebis wamyvani universitetebidan an didi sawarmoebidan droe-biT mosazidad saWiro xarjebis dafarva;

− axalgazrda mcire inovaciuri sawarmoebis sainovacio proeqtebis xarjebis sruli an na-wilobrivi dafarva;


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− kerZo sawarmoebis monawileoba sazogadoebrivi saxsrebiT dafinansebul kvlevisa da SemuSavebis programebSi, (rogorc erovnul aseve saerTo evropulSi) [SatberaSvili o., 2015: 55— 56]

dabolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom sayovelTod aRiarebulia am kategoriis (mcire da saSua-lo sawarmoebi) mniSvneloba samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da zrdisTvis, evrokavSirSi maT mimarT gansaxorcielebeli politika jer kidev saWiroebs srulyofasa da daxvewas, aRniSnuli sakiTxi ki intensiuri kvlevis sagans warmoadgens.


1. aslamaziSvili. n. ,,inovaciebis mxardamWeri safinanso instrumentebi, sainovacio poli-

tika da evrointegracia,“ gamomcemloba Tb.2014; 2. SatberaSvili. o. da sxvebi, ,,evrogaerTianebis aRmosavleTis partniorobis programa

gzamkvlevi“, fondi ,,Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelo“, gamomcemloba Tb. 2015; 3. European Small Business Portal, 2017, http://ec.europa.eu/small-business/index— en.htm; 4. European Parliament, ,,Small and medium-sized enterprises”, 2017,

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU— 5.9.2.html; 5. Europe 2020, http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index— en.htm.

l. tabataZe

mcire da saSualo biznesis administrireba evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi reziume

liberaluri ekonomikuri politika farTodaa aRiarebuli msoflioSi da dRemde cnobi-

lia, rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri sistemis marTvis yvelaze efeqturi forma. am mxriv gansa-kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi arseb

uli ekonomikuri strategia, romelic mizanmimarTulia mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mxardaWerisaken. winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenilia mcire da saSualo biznesis gansazRvre-bis evropuli standarti, maTi daxmarebis RonisZiebebi, inovaciebis xelSmwyobi da mxardamWeri kompleqsuri politika da sxva.

L. Tabatadze

Small and medium business administration in EU countries

Summary

The liberal economic policy is widely spread in the world and it’s known as the most effective form of managing country’s economic system. To this side, it’s worth mentioning the economic strategy that exists in the member countries of European Union, which is directed to maintain small and medium businesses. In the following article there is represented the European standard of small and medium business meanings, their developing activities, complex policy of innovation maintenance and etc.


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socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebi

n. axalaSvili

miRwevis motivacia da pirovnebis tipologia

motivacias qmnis is moTxovnilebebi da stimulebi, romlebic adamianis mier arCeul qcevis formebs gansazRvraven. motivaciis Seswavlisas fsiqologebi ikvleven qcevis garkveuli for-mebis aRmZvrel faqtorebs. aseTi faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos azrebi, grZnobebi, sxvadasxvanairi saqcieli, maTi nebismieri nazavi da a.S. [axalaSvili n., 2013: 111]. qcevis aRmZvreli motivebis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT rTuli Temaa. vacnobierebT Tu ara, zogjer Cveni motivaciis safuZve-li fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebia; magaliTad, SimSili, wyurvili, dasveneba da a.S. sxva Sem-TxvevaSi motivacia asaxavs fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebs – waxalisebas, mowonebas, Seqebis mi-Rebas, siyvaruls da a.S. motivacia mWidro kavSirSia miRwevebsa da warmatebebTan, magram is Se-iZleba damoukidebladac arsebobdes. rodesac adamiani Wams, svams, marTavs avtomobils, ac-dens leqcias an gakveTils da sxva, igi mainc motivirebul moqmedebebs asrulebs. motivaciis safuZvlad Zevs is Sinagani moTxovnilebebi, romlebic marTaven adamians da ubiZgeben mas gan-sxvavebuli saqcielisadmi. Tuki Cven SegveZleba sakuTari moTxovnilebebis gacnobiereba, maSin SevZlebT sakuTari qcevis mizezebis axsnas da sakuTari motivebis identificirebas [axalaSvi-li n., 2013: 113].

moTxovnilebebis gansazRvra da aRmZvreli motivebis garkveva yovelTvis ar aris SesaZle-beli. rodesac adamians sTxoven sakuTari qmedebis axsnas, igi, xSirad, seriozul siZneleebs aw-ydeba. gansakuTrebiT saCoTiroa sakuTari „cudi“ saqcielis gamarTleba. igulisxmeba, rom am dros adamiani srulebiT uunaroa cnobierad da mizanmimarTulad Caidina raRac „danaSauleb-rivi“.am azrs mravali fsiqologi eTanxmeba da acxadebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi adamians misi arac-nobieri marTavs. aracnobieri motivacia aris adamianis gaucnobierebuli grZnobebi da moT-xovnilebebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen mis qcevaze. aracnobieri motivacia individs exma-reba sakuTar saqcielze warmoqmnili danaSaulis grZnobisgan gaTavisuflebaSi, ramdenadac es saqcieli uneblied iTvleba. adamianis motivaciuri sfero ganviTarebadia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, masSi integrirebulia ierarqiulad organizebuli sistema, romelic asaxavs moTxov-nilebis sagans da adamianis mdgomareobas [axalaSvili n., 2013: 118-122].

motivacia da motivebi yovelTvis Sinaganadaa gapirobebuli, magram aseve, garkveulwilad, damokidebulia garegan faqtorebzec da maTgan iReben biZgs. amitom aucilebelia gaviTvaliswi-noT, rom garemo pirobebi, situacia cvlis motivacias mxolod maSin, roca isini adamianis moT-xovnilebisa da survilebis dasakmayofileblad mniSvnelovani xdebian [Майерс Д., 1999: 88-93].

miRwevis motivacia aris motivaciis erT-erTi saxe, romelic mimarTulia nebismieri saqmis kargad Sesrulebaze, orientirebulia iseTi Sedegebis miRwevaze, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos warmatebis kriteriumad. aseTi saqmianobebia: inteleqtualuri, sportuli, SemoqmedebiTi, gar-kveuli socialuri unarebis daufleba da sxva [Гордеева Т., 2006: 70-88].

miRwevis motivaciaSi gamoyofen or tendencias: swrafva warmatebis miRwevisken da mar-cxisgan gaqceva. warmatebaze motivirebuloba dakavSirebulia saqmis produqtulad Sesrule-basTan, xolo marcxisgan gaqceva – SfoTvasTan da dacviT qcevasTan [zimbardo f., gerigi r., 2009: 491-492]. mecnierebis erTi nawili miiCnevs rom es ori tendencia „miRwevis motivaciis“ ori urTierTgamomricxavi polusia; visac aqvs warmatebis motivacia, is ar ganicdis marcxis SiSs. sxva avtorebi saubroben, rom sruliad SesaZlebelia warmatebaze orientirebulma adamianma ganicados marcxis SiSi, Tu is davaleba, rasac asrulebs, misTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania an gan-sakuTrebiT did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs [Ильин Е., 2006: 21-44].

miRwevis motivacias xsnian lokus kontrolis cnebiT, romelic 1960 wels j. roterma Semo-itana, rac gulisxmobda imas, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris mizezi, pirovnebis SigniT (interna-


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luri anu Sinagani kontroli) Tu pirovnebis gareT (eqsternaluri anu garegani kontroli.) aqedan gamomdinare arkveven, adamiani sakuTar warmatebas an marcxs garegan faqtorebs miawers Tu sakuTar Tavs. warmatebis miRwevaze motivirebuli adamiani warmatebas sakuTar Tavs awers, marcxs ki garemos; xolo marcxisgan gaqcevaze orientirebuli, warmatebas garemos da SemTxve-viTobas, marcxs ki sakuTar Tavs da SesaZleblobebis arqonas [Ильин Е., 2006: 396-399].

ganwyobis fsiqologiis WrilSi es problema SeiZleba ase gavaanalizoT: Tu erTxel adami-ans ganwyoba Camouyalibda rogorc qcevisTvis mzaoba, magaliTad, ganicada marcxi garkveul saqmianobaSi da gadaabrala sakuTar Tavs, avtomaturad miiCnia, rom mas araferi gamouva, aman ki didi kvali datova mis cxovrebaze; msgavsi SemTxvevis ganmeorebis Sedegad igi fiqsirdeba, ris Sedegadac sxva situaciaSic ki ganwyobis generalizaciis gamo, igive gancda uCndeba, rac sabolood iqceva dispoziciad; Sedegad adamiani, nebismieri gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCenisas, xels Caiqnevs da ambobs, rom mas mainc araferi gamouva [nadiraSvili S., 2014: 38-46].

miRwevis motivaciisTvis aseve mniSvnelovani faqtorebia: TviTefeqtianoba(romelzec sa-ubari pirvelad a. banduram daiwyo). is gavlenas axdens motivaciur, emociur da kognitur sfe-roebze; man gamoyo TviTefeqtianobis oTxi wyaro: sakuTari warmatebis gamocdileba, dakvirve-ba sxvaTa wramatebaze, verbaluri darwmuneba da emociuri mdgomareobis aRiareba. aqedan yve-laze efeqturi sakuTari warmatebis gamocdilebaa, Tumca aseve mniSvnelovania sxvisi gamocdi-lebis gaziareba da gaTvaliswineba. a. bandura werda, rom adamianebi, romlebic ar arian saku-Tar TavSi darwmunebulni da eWvis TvaliT uyureben warmatebas, amiT isini weren sakuTari cxovrebis warumatebel scenars, romelsac Semdeg TviTonve amarTleben [zimbardo f., gerigi r., 2009: 580-582].

miRwevis motivacia aseve dakavSirebulia davalebis arCevasTan, pretenziis donesa da ris-kisadmi midrekilebasTan. d. maklelandis da misi kolegebis mier dadginda, rom miRwevis moti-vaciasa da inteleqts Soris korelacia ar arsebobs, anu pirovnebis IQ-ze ar aris damokidebu-li, misi miRwevis motivaciis maCvenebeli [zimbardo f., gerigi r., 2009: 489-491, Маклелланд Д., 2007: 61-75].

winamdebare samecniero naSromi exeba studentebis miRwevis motivacias; 18-25 wlis asaki, e. eriksonis ganviTarebis stadiebis mixedviT, is periodia, roca adamianis pirovneba ukve Camoya-libebulia da miRwevis motivaciac ganviTarebuli aqvs. rogorc d. maklelandi aRniSnavs, 17 wlidan ukve xdeba miRwevis motivaciis SesaZlo cvlilebebi. studentebs, TavianTi momavali profesiidan gamomdinare, uyalibdebaT axali gegmebi, miznebi da iswrafvian maTi ganxorciele-bisken. am periodSi miRwevis motivacia, ufro konkretulad ki warmatebisken swrafva, mniSvne-lovani faqtoria adamianisTvis [Liu Z., 2007: 61-73].

miRwevis motivaciis formirebisTvis mniSvnelovania bavSvisadmi mSoblis mxardaWera; mag-ram, unda ganvasxvavoT ori erTmaneTisgan sapirispiro ram; erTia, mSoblis mxardaWera da waxa-liseba, rac kvlevebiTac dadasturda, rom pirdapir korelaciaSia maRali miRwevis motivaci-asTan da akademiur moswrebasTan; magram meorea, roca mSobeli aiZulebs bavSvs raimes keTebas, Tundac swavlas, mis mimarT avlens momTxovn damokidebulebas, iyenebs aRzrdis avtoritarul stils, rac qmnis civi, mkacri mSoblis portrets da TavisTavad ar aris kavSirSi miRwevis ma-Ral motivaciasTan. piriqiT, mudmivma mkacrma kontrolma, CarCoebSi moqcevam da aseTma sici-vem mSoblis mxridan SeiZleba Camoayalibos marcxis SiSi.

ojaxs, rogorc erTian sistemas aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs bavSvis miRwevis motivaciis Ca-moyalibebaSi. ojaxis dangreva an romelime mSoblis gamokleba aRzrdis procesSi xSirad uaryo-fiT gavlenas axdens individze. aseve mniSvnelovani faqtoria mSoblebis ganaTlebis donec, vina-idan ojaxi Seicavs sociokulturul aspeqtsac, rac ganapirobebs bavSvis arCevans, miswrafebebs, RirebulebiTi sistemis Camoyalibebas da sxva [Васильев И., Магомед-Эминов М., 1991: 96-116].

miRwevis motivacia da pirovnebis tipi am naSromSi pirovnebis tipebs ganvixilavT h. aizenkis tipologiis mixedviT. mkvlevarma

Tavidan swored es ori faqtori gamoyo: eqstraversia-introversia, neirotizmi-emociuri sta-biluroba [axalaSvili n., 2013: 239-242].


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h. aizenkis mixedviT, am or faqtors Soris, rogoricaa eqstraversia da neirotizmi, kore-lacia ar dadginda, amitom maTi ganxilva yovelTvis xdeba kombinirebulad, riTac Cven vuax-lovdebiT hipokrates pirovnebis tipebs.

pirovnebis tipebsa da miRwevis motivacias Soris korelaciis Sesaxeb bevri kvleva ar moi-poveba, romelze dayrdnobiTac visaubrebdiT. dadgenilia, rom eqstravertebi warmatebiT as-ruleben im davalebebs, romelSic informacia uxvadaa, xolo naklebad efeqturad im davale-bas, sadac gansazRvrulia funqciebi; introvertebs urCevniaT CarCoebSi yofna. miRwevis moti-vacia dadebiT korelaciaSia siaxlesa da SemoqmedebiTobasTan. am konteqstSi Tu ganvixilavT eqstravertebs, maT ufro metad unda hqondeT warmatebisken swrafva. introvertebi, TavianTi sifrTxilis gamo, Sejibrebisas arian Senelebulebi, gamoirCevian xangrZlivi pauzebiT, did yu-radRebas uTmoben sizustes da uSecdomobas, rac anelebs temps, xolo eqstravertebi arian swrafebi, magram amasTan, ufro met Secdomebsac uSveben, mxedvelobiTi orientaciac swrafi aqvT, daCqarebulia informaciis miRebisa da gadamuSavebis procesic.

genderi da miRwevis motivacia termini „genderi” aRniSnavs qalebisa da mamakacebis socialurad konstruirebul rolebs,

romelic miewerebaT maT sqesobrivi niSnis mixedviT [Бурн Ш., www. Koob.ru. 9-19]. roca vsaub-robT genderul dayofaze, ar unda dagvaviwydes kulturuli faqtori, vinaidan xSirad kultu-ra ganapirobebs im normebs, romelSic unda moeqces qalisa da mamakacis qcevebi; Sesabamisad iq-mneba stereotipebi. am stereotipebs yofen sam jgufad: pirveli moicavs sayovelTaod aRiare-bul Tvisebebs, romelTac miaweren sqess. magaliTad, mamakacebisaTvis: Zalaufleba, agresia, damoukidebloba, racionalizmi. qalebisTvis: mzrunveloba, mgrZnobeloba, sisuste, damokide-buleba, simSvide da sxva [Бурн Ш., www.koob.ru.65-90]. meore genderuli stereotipi exeba ojaxur da profesiul rolebs. qalebi ufro metad aqtiurebi unda iyvnen ojaxSi, mamakacebi ki profe-siul sferoSi. mesame stereotipi ki exeba SromiT saqmianobebs, konkretulad ki qalebi Semsru-lebel sferoebSi arian ufro metad dasaqmebulni, mamakacebi ki SemoqmedebiT, organizaciul-Si.

genderisa da miRwevis motivaciis Soris kavSirze mravali hipoTeza arsebobs. warmogid-genT ramdenimes:

1. qalebi gansxvavdebian mamakacebisgan miRwevis motivaciT; 2. mamakacebs da qalebs gansxvavaebuli moTxovnilebebi aqvT; qalebisTvis ufro mniSvne-

lovania afilaciis moTxovnileba, vidre miRwevis; 3. mamakacebi da qalebi miRwevis motivacias gansxvavebul sferoebSi iyeneben. arsebobs mosazreba, rom mamakacebi ufro metad aniWeben mniSvnelobas gamarjvebas, vidre

qalebi; isini ufro konkurentunarianebi arian. qalebs profesiul sferoSi miRwevis motivacia dabali aqvT, vinaidan, amerikeli mkvlevrebis azriT, isini ufro metad qalur sferoebs irCeven saqmianobisTvis (pedagogika, socialuri samuSao). Tumca, es Sexedulebac gaqarwylda, radgan qalebis roli sxvadasxva sferoSi gaizarda [Siana G.,1998: 118-135].

mkvlevarTa nawilis Tanaxmad, mamakacebSi prevalirebs warmatebis motivi, xolo qalebSi marcxisgan gaqceva. socialuri warmatebis motivebis asakobrivi Taviseburebebis Seswavlis Se-degad dadginda, rom gogonebi aranakleb dainteresebulebi arian socialuri aqtiurobiT; isi-ni isaxaven socialuri TviTrealizaciis farTo miznebs, arian energiulebi da ar gaurbian kon-kurencias, motivirebulebi arian warmatebaze [Хекхаузен Х., 2003: 115-123]. ingliseli mecniere-bis mier Catarebuli erT-erTi kvlevis mixedviT, romelSic monawileobdnen studentebi, dad-ginda, rom vaJebi ufro metad xasiaTdebian miRwevis motivaciiT, vidre gogonebi [Liu Z., 2007: 112-118].

amdenad, ucxouri gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, gansxvavebuli Sedegebia miRebuli. Cveni kvle-viTac SevecadeT mokrZalebuli wvlili Segvetana am sakiTxis SeswavlaSi. radgan kiTxvari yu-radRebas amaxvilebda genderul faqtorze, is Cvenc gaviTvaliswineT kvlevaSi da realurad miviReT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi am or sqess Soris miRwevis motivaciis mixedviT. aRmoCnda, rom mamakacebi ufro metad arian warmatebaze motivirebulebi, vidre qalebi.


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kvlevis aRwera kvlevaSi monawileobdnen Tbilisis umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi, sul 200 stu-

denti, aqedan 100 – gogona da 100 – vaJi; monawileTa asaki 18-25 weli. studentTa SerCeva moxda SemTxveviTi SerCevis principiT; aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens TvalsawierSi moxvdenen sxvadasxva kursisa da specialobis studentebi.

kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda miRwevis motivaciis sakvlevi kiTxvaris aprobacia da misi kavSiris dadgena pirovnebis tipebTan. aqedan gamomdinare, kvlevisTvis gvWirdeboda ori in-strumentis gamoyeneba.

instrumenti 1. pirvel instrumentad gamoyenebul iqna h. aizenkis testi, romelic iZleva pirovnebis tipebis gansazRvris saSualebas. Cven gamoviyeneT testis is varianti, romelic di-agnostirebas axdens ori faqtoris mixedviT, esenia: eqstraversia-introversia da neirotizmi.

instrumenti 2. meore instrumenti aris miRwevis motivaciis sakvlevi kiTxvari. Cven mo-vaxdineT kiTxvaris aprobacia.

miRwevis motivaciis sakvlevad aviReT a. mehrabianis miRwevis tendenciis skalebi (The Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale (MATS). kiTxvari ikvlevs adamianis individualuri miRwevis maxasiaTebels da SemuSavda 1994-1996 wlebSi; testi Tavdapirvelad avstraliis, Sveicariis da amerikis populaciaze Catarda da dadginda sandooba-validoba. avtori kvlevis dros gamoyof-da da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda genderul aspeqtebs, ris gamoc man es faqtori sabolood kiT-xvarSi Seitana. testi validuria, sando da standartizirebuli, SemdgomSi moxda misi modifi-cireba magomed-eminovis mier. kiTxvars aqvs aseve is upirateosoba, rom masSi devs genderuli faqtoris Taviseburebebi, vinaidan kiTxvars aqvs ori forma — qalebisTvis da mamakacebisTvis.

kvlevis procesis aRwera: kvlevis dawyebamde ori TviT adre, sakvlevi instrumentebis Se-sabamisobis da qarTul populaciaze morgebis dasadgenad, Catarda kiTxvaris da testis pilo-taJi. radgan xdeboda kiTxvaris aprobacia, gvainteresebda Tu ramdenad gasagebi iyo kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli leqsika. SeirCa 12 cdispiri, aqedan 6 vaJi da 6 gogona, romlebic pirovnebis tipe-bis mixedviT(eqstraversia-neirotizmi) gansxvavdebodnen. studentebidan SevarCieT rogorc maRali akademiuri moswrebis da zogadad aqtiuri, aseve dabali moswrebis da araaqtiuri stu-dentebi. pilotaJis dasrulebidan ori kviris Semdeg igive pirovnebebs ganmeorebiT Sevavsebi-neT testi da kiTxvari. monacemTa damuSavebis Sedegebi orive SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT daemTxva erTmaneTs, ramac safuZveli mogvca gverwmuna kiTxvaris da testis validoba-sandooba, Sem-dgom ki gagvegrZelebina ZiriTadi kvleva.

monacemTa statistikuri damuSaveba da analizi miRwevis motivaciisa da pirovnebis tipebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad, Tavda-

pirvelad moxda hipoTezis testireba SPSS-is daxmarebiT, rac gulisxmobda Cven mier dasmuli hipoTezebis statistikurad Semowmebas, anu sawyisi, nulovani hipoTeza, ramdenad emTxveoda miRebul Sedegebs, amisaTvis gamoviyeneT T-Test. ramdenadac Cven kvlevis dasawyisSi gvqonda sa-mi hipoTeza, T-Test aris sami.

I. miRwevis motivaciis cvlileba kavSirSia h. aizenkis eqstraversia-introversiis skalaze eqstraversiis cvlilebasTan; hipoTezis testirebis Sedegad miviReT t= -2.304, (p=0.022; p<0.05). amis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom dasmuli hipoTeza dadasturda. amgvarad miRwevis moti-vaciis cvlileba dakavSirebulia eqstraversiis cvlilebasTan.

II. miRwevis motivaciis cvlileba kavSirSia neirotizmi-stabilurobis skalaze neirotizmis cvlilebasTan; hipoTezis testirebis Sedegad miviReT t=2.833; (p=0.005; p<0.05). SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am SemTxvevaSic dasaxuli hipoTeza dadasturda, anu miRwevis motivaciis cvlileba dakav-Sirebulia neirotizmis cvlilebasTan.

III. miRwevis motivaciis cvlileba kavSirSia genderul faqtorTan – hipoTezis testirebis Sedegad miviReT, rom t=2.976; (p=0.003; p<0.05). amgvarad miRwevis motivaciis cvlilebaze gavlenas axdens sqesi.

regresuli analizis gamoyenebiT dadginda, Tu ramdenad iwvevs miRwevis motivaciis zrda/Semcireba eqstraveria-introversiis da neirotizmis qulebis zrdas/Semcirebas. anu erTi faqtoris zrda an Semcireba ramdenad zrdis an amcirebs meore faqtors. aRmoCnda, rom es ori


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faqtori urTierTkavSirSia da erTi cvladis cvlileba, meores yovelTvis erTi da imave sidi-diT cvlis.

p =0.001, p<0.05, es niSnavs rom maT Soris arsebobs regresuli kavSiri, b1= -0.989, es maCvene-beli ki miuTiTebs, rom neirotizmis zrda iwvevs daaxloebiT erTi erTeuliT(0.989) miRwevis motivaciis Semcirebas, maTi ukuproporciuli kavSiri regresuli analiziTac damtkicda.

dispersiuli analizi dispersiulma analizma ukeT gamokveTa korelaciuri damokidebuleba, rac gulisxmobda,

rom eqstraversiis zrda iwvevs miRwevis motivaciis zrdas, magram dadginda erTi saintereso Tavisebureba. mkveTrad gamoxatul eqstravertebSi miRwevis motivaciis maCvenebeli klebu-lobs; es Tavisebureba SeiZleba avxsnaT isev pirovnebis tipidan gamomdinare, ramdenadac vi-ciT mkveTrad gamoxatuli eqstravertebi erT konkretulze didxans ver axdenen koncentraci-as da axasiaTebT situaciebis swrafi monacvleoba; maRali miRwevis motivaciis mqone adamia-nebs ki piriqiT, sWirdebaT erT davalebaze didxans koncentracia, aseve axasiaTebT daumTavre-bel saqmeze dabruneba, rac ewinaaRmdegeba mkveTrad gamoxatul eqstravertis tips, romelic Zalian aCqarebuli tempiT moqmedebs. es varaudi xsnis am Taviseburebas, rac dispersiulma ana-lizma aCvena.

rac Seexeba neirotizms, dispersiuli analizis Sedegad dadginda kavSiri miRwevis motiva-ciasTan, rac niSnavs imas, rom neirotizmis zrda iwvevs miRwevis motivaciis klebas.

daskvna miRebulma Sedegebma cxadyo, rom miRwevis motivaciis zrda pirdapirproporciul damoki-

deblebaSia eqstraversiis zrdasTan, anu erTis zrda iwvevs meoris zrdasac. aqedan gamomdina-re, introvertebSi ufro naklebia miRwevis motivaciis maCveneblebi, vidre eqstravertebSi, riTac SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom pirovnebis tipis aqtiuroba-pasiurobas garkveulwilad aqvs gavlena miRwevis motivaciaze, Tumca es aris erT-erTi faqtori, radgan miRwevis motivaciaze zogadad bevri sxva faqtoric moqmedebs.

Cveni kvlevis SedegebiT dadginda, rom miRwevis motivacias mniSvnelovani kavSiri aqvs emociur stabiluroba-arastabilurobasTan, neirotizmis zrda iwvevs miRwevis motivaciis klebas, anu maT Soris ukuproporciuli damokidebulebaa. es sruliad bunebrivic iyo, radgan neirotizmis maRali maCvenebeli dakavSirebulia SfoTvasa da guneba-ganwyobilebis swrafad cvlilebasTan, rac qcevis produqtulobas amcirebs.

kvlevis mixedviT, genderul faqtors miRwevis motivaciaSi aqvs mniSvnelovani gavlena. Tavidanve arsebobda varaudi maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb, Tumca ar vicodiT


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konkretulad romeli sqesi iqneboda maRali miRwevis motivaciis mqone; rogorc kvleviT dad-ginda, mamakacebTan ufro maRalia miRwevis motivacia (warmatebisken swrafvis tendencia), vid-re qalebTan.

kiTxvari saSualebas iZleoda gvekvlia adamianis miRwevis motivaciis ori tendencidan – warmatebisken swrafva da marcxisgan gaqceva – romeli iyo dominanti. kvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom miRwevis motivaciis es ori tendencia SeiZleba erTdroulad arsebobdes adamianSi, magram zogjer, situaciidan gamomdinare, erT-erTi maTgani dominirebs. rogorc kvlevam aCvena, 200 studentidan 95%-Si dominantia marcxisgan gaqcevis motivacia da mxolod 5%-Sia warmatebisken swrafva. zogadad, am adamianTa miRwevis motivaciis Tavisebureba ase SegviZlia davaxasiaToT: saqmeSi naklebi riskis gamovlena, dabrkolebebis winaSe aRmoCenisas advili danebeba, naklebi iniciativa, midrekileba ufro metad martivi davalebis arCevisken da sxva.

amgvarad, am naSromis ZiriTadi mizani warmatebiT ganxorcielda _ moxda kiTxvaris apro-bacia, rac iZleva saSualebas aRniSnuli kiTxvari sxva kvlevebSic Tamamad iqnes gamoyenebuli.


1. axalaSvili n. fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2013. 2. nadiraSvili S. „ganwyobis anTropuli Teoria“ Tbilisi, 2014. 3. zimbardo f. gerigi r. „fsiqologia da cxovreba“ , 2009. 4. Бурн Ш. Гендерная психология. www.koob.ru. 5. Васильев И.А., Магомед-Эминов М.Ш. „Мотивация и контроль за действием“. М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-та,

1991. 6. Гордеева Т. „Психология мотивации достижения“ Моссква: Изд. центр «Академия», 2006. 7. Ильин Е. П. „Мотивация и мотивы“. Санкт-Петербург: Издательский дом «Питер», 2002. 8. Майерс Д. „Социальная психология“. СПб.: Питер, 1997. 9. Маклелланд Д. „мотивация человека“. Санкт-Петербург, 2007. 10. Хекхаузен Х. „Мотивация и деятельность“. Санкт-Петербург: Изд. «Питер», 2003. 11. Siana G.L. „Motivation and Attribution at Secondary Schools.The Role of Gender Education“, 1998. 12. Liu Z. „student archivment and gender“, 2009.


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n. axalaSvili miRwevis motivacia da pirovnebis tipologia

reziume

adamianis cxovreba mudmivi ganviTarebis procesia, imisaTvis rom sakuTari Tavis realiza-cia moaxdino, gWirdeba didi Zalisxmeva. studentoba cxovrebis is etapia, roca xdeba mniSvne-lovani pirovnuli cvlilebebi da ganviTareba, radgan adamiani emzadeba sakuTari karieris Se-saqmnelad. aRmoCnda, rom adamianis mier sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizeba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli miRwevis motivaciaze, es ukanaskneli ki Tavis mxriv mraval faqtors moi-cavs.

am naSromSi Cven davinteresdiT studentebis miRwevis motivaciiT, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv qarTul populaciaSi, ramdenad aris kavSirSi pirovnebis tipi miRwevis motivaciasTan. kvlevaSi gamoviyeneT ori instrumenti, pirveli gaxldaT h. aizenkis testi, romliTac vadgen-diT studentTa pirovnebis tipologias: eqstraversia-introversia, emociuri stabiluroba-arastabiluroba. siaxles ki warmoadgens miRwevis motivaciis sakvlevi kiTxvari, romlis qar-Tul enaze aprobacia movaxdineT. kiTxvari specialurad gankuTvnilia ufrosklaselebisa da studentebisaTvis. igi gamoirCeva qalebisa da mamakacebis kvlevis sxvadasxva formiT. agreTve xdeba imis dadgena, Tu miRwevis motivaciis romeli tendenciaa studentSi dominanti: warmate-bisken swrafva Tu marcxisgan gaqceva.

kvlevis SedegebiT dadginda, rom miRwevis motivacia kavSirSia pirovnebis tipTan da eq-stravertebi ufro metad arian warmatebaze motivirebulebi, vidre introvertebi; neirotizmis maRali done miRwevis motivacias amcirebs. agreTve genderul faqtors gavlena aqvs miRwevis motivaciaze. N. Akhalashvili

Motivation of Achievement and Typology of Personality

Summary

Human life is a permanent development process, so you have to make great effort. The student is a stage of life when important personal changes and developments occur because people are preparing to create their own career. It was found that man's ability to realize his capabilities depends largely on the motivation of achievement, and the latter involves a number of factors. In this work, we are interested in motivating student achievement and what is the situation in the Georgian population in this regard, how much is the relationship of the person with the motivation of achievement. In the study we used two instruments, the first was H. The Aizenc's test in which we have found the typology of students' personality: extraversion-introducing, emotional stability-instability. The novelty is a questionnaire for motivation for achievement, which has been applied in Georgian language, and the questionnaire is specifically designed for students and students. It is distinguished by different forms of research of women and men. It also determines which trend of motivation to achieve the dominant in the student: striving for success or fleeing failure.

The results of the survey found that motivation for achievement is linked to the type of person and the extraterrestrials are more likely to be successful than the introverts; High level of neurotism reduces motivation. The gender factor also influences the motivation of achievement.


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N. BOCHORISHVILI, N. LOMSADZE

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS SUPPORTING TEACHING PROCESS

Initially pedagogy of the 21 century tried to use technology for organizational purposes of the learning process and was believed would transform and support so called “massive” learning process. Over time, the meaning of the term was reconstructed. Nowadays the use of technology in the learning process implies not only the usage of TV, radio, video, computer, .etc, it involves the construction of the learning process itself, specifically the formation of the result oriented learning goals in accordance with the objectives set, for example the preparation of teaching materials and the organization of classroom management; moreover, evaluation of the mid- and final results of the learning process and if necessary, adjustment of the teaching process.

With IT development and of course with the more and more popular access to the Internet and variety of tools enabling using IT technologies in teaching, encourage many educational institutions and companies to expand their offers with e-learning courses. Owing to that costs for knowledge and learning can be reduced. Moreover course materials can be studied by the employees or students at a convenient time and place, which gives them a chance to even possibilities of getting proper education.

Due to affordability of computers and Internet, with the development of informational and communication technology world is becoming much smaller, so that connection between two individuals in different parts of the world is established within a few seconds. Digitalization shall undoubtedly be confirmed as one of all-present generic trends. Educational media and tools can be used for: task structuring support: help with how to do a task (procedures and processes), access to knowledge bases (help user find information needed), alternate forms of knowledge representation (multiple representations of knowledge, e.g. video, audio, text, image, data) Numerous types of physical technology are currently used: digital cameras, video cameras, interactive whiteboard tools, document cameras, electronic media, and LCD projectors. Combinations of these techniques include blogs, collaborative software, e-Portfolios, and virtual classrooms [http://www.obs.ru/]. Pedagogical elements are defined as structures or units of educational material. They are the educational content that is to be delivered. These units are independent of format, meaning that although the unit may be delivered in various ways, the pedagogical structures themselves are not the textbook, web page, video conference, Podcast, lesson, assignment, multiple choice questions, quiz, discussion group or a case study, all of which are possible methods of delivery.

Educational technology refers to the use of both physical hardware and educational theoretic. It covers several main aspects, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and, where mobile technologies are used, m-learning. Educational technology is the process of integrating technology into education in a positive manner that promotes a more diverse learning environment and a way for students to learn how to use technology as well as their common assignments [Tomlinson B., Whittaker C., 2013]. There are highly specific niche markets for educational software, including: teacher tools and classroom management software (remote control and monitoring software, file transfer software, document camera and presenter, free tools,...), Driving test software, Interactive geometry software; Language learning software; Mind Mapping Software which provides a focal point for discussion, helps make classes more interactive, and assists students with studying, essays and projects.; Software for enabling simulated dissection of human and animal bodies (used in medical and veterinary college courses); Spelling tutor software; Typing tutors; Reading Instruction; Medical and healthcare educational software [http://www.obs.ru].

Nowadays new products are created on the informational market, which are essential features of the economical development and significant factor of our social life. The informational marketing is the foundation and basis of the e-society and led countries and governments to the integration in the global world network. With the help of informational marketing new ways of informational products are implemented that offer the variety of options to audience, considering their needs and demands. Personal relationships were the main source of the information retrieval before the global informational system was established [Темицына Т., 2002]. The development and usage of the modern informational and communicational Technology (ICT / ICTS) has now become the main factor and precondition for progress in any fields. However, it also affects all public relations as well as the process of creation of the new so called E- society. Without ICT nowadays, it is incredible to achieve in any country worldwide any goals or develop any field of society. Computer Assisted Language Learning expands the ability of learning for individual student and the use of different software programs assists students to learn foreign language more easily by contributing visualization with multimedia technologies. [Dudney G., Hockly N., 2007: 15]. Almost all virtual world educational projects consider a blended learning approach. The term "blended learning" is commonly used to describe how e-learning is used with traditional teaching methods in order to create a new, modern, free teaching methodology. Blended learning is an


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education program (formal or informal) that combines online digital media with traditional classroom methods. It requires the physical presence of both teacher and student, with some element of student control over time, place or pace. The terms "blended learning", "hybrid learning", "technology-mediated instruction", "web-enhanced instruction", and "mixed-mode instruction" are often used interchangeably in research literature. Although the concepts behind blended learning first developed in the 1960s, the formal terminology to describe it did not take its current form until the late 1990s. Such approaches may combine the use of virtual worlds with other online and offline tools, such as 2D virtual learning environments (e.g. Moodle) or physical classrooms. SLOODLE. for example, is an open-source project which integrates the multi-user virtual environments of Second Life and/or OpenSim with the Moodle learning-management system. Some language schools offer a complete language learning environment through a virtual world, e.g. Languagelab.com and Avatar Languages [Purnima V., 2002].

Blended learning is a quite new method of teaching. This system of training/teaching which combines the best aspects and advantages of teaching in a classroom and interactive or distance education, and creates available and motivating courses for pupils where educational process represents the certain system, consisting of different parts which function in constant interrelation with each other, forming a certain integer. The model of blended learning is not just use of ICT in independent work of students at home or in a media library after school, blended learning model is a single, holistic learning process, suggesting that some of the cognitive activity of students is carried out in the classroom under the supervision of a teacher, and a part activities of the students, is proposed for distant form, with a predominance of independent work individually or with partners in a small group collaboration [Clarc D., 2003: 23]. Blended learning is the very system in which its constituent components of full-time and distance education process interact harmoniously. Under a condition if this interaction is methodically well-organized, in result we get the students’ high level of knowledge. Thus, the model of blended learning is not just use of ICT in independent work of students at home or in a media library after school, blended learning model is a single, holistic learning process, suggesting that some of the cognitive activity of students is carried out in the classroom under the supervision of a teacher, and a part activities of the students, is proposed for distant form, with a predominance of independent work individually or with partners in a small group collaboration. The concept of blended learning appeared not so long ago, and the definitions are sufficiently descriptive. Thus, Darling Painter in the article «Missed Steps» offers to understand the blended learning as association of strict formal learning tutorials in the classroom, studying of theoretical material with informal, for example, the discussion via e-mail and Internet conferences [Skinner BF., 1965: 989]. Blended Learning is the integration of Face-to-Face classes with a virtual component where students have a practice opportunity to go beyond what is taught in the classroom. So far, the research done on this field has shown that this hybrid learning offers students a lot of materials, resources, offline and online activities, the integration of what they learn in the classroom with what they learn on their own through the use of a virtual platform. Additionally, one of the most highlighted aspects is the fact that students can develop autonomy towards the English learning process. Thus, teachers can guide students during the process and also give them extra activities to complete on their own; in this way, they are free to choose what to see in a lesson at their own pace. Another benefit that a Blended Course provides is the technological literacy students get through the use of virtual resources. Likewise, they can explore their topics in depth, look for information in English on the Internet, and reinforce their learning process through websites related to EFL learning with a wide range of exercises. Moreover, they can peruse different databases and blogs to contact people around the world, chat with other students and learning communities, construct cooperative learning environments, and organize their own virtual learning environment, among other benefits. Most of the studies that have been carried out on Blended Learning courses are featured presenting the positive and negative aspects of this form of teaching-learning processes. On the one hand, they share similarities related to how useful a Blended Course could be when it is well-planned [Termos, Mohamad., 2012: 45-56]. That means taking into account students’ needs and interests, and the environment in which the course is going to be implemented.

Therefore, Blended Courses have become a creative way to experience foreign language learning processes; however, it is important that EFL teachers take into consideration pedagogical and methodological strategies to make the BL course useful and appealing to students. Although technological tools constitute a wide and useful help for teachers to design their Blended Courses and encourage students to master their English level in a more autonomous environment, it is necessary to bear in mind that learning EFL must be the teacher’s focus because, occasionally, technology is just seen as something useful for drilling or to have fun with, but without any pedagogical and learning purpose. Begin with a shared vision of how technology can improve teaching and learning [Desyatova L.V., 2010: 7]. Advantages of blended learning are as follows: It develops efficiences in cost and scalability and ways to meet the needs of individual learners, provides continuous support for role adjustment and active institutional support and recognition for faculty, in addition ensures learning design appropriately integrates face-to-face and online components and promotes metacognitive reflection on the process of learning, also provides timely feedback and continuous training support, and freedom in selection of appropriate technologies.


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When it comes to learning a new language, what works for some people might not work for others. Some people need strict guidance on what to study and how often. Other people like the freedom to jump around in their language-learning journey, moving between reading passages and playing games designed to build vocabulary. Still others will get the most out of a program that lets them practice speaking and listening with real human beings. Despite the fact, that Georgia slowly but gradually is taking steps towards the introduction of educational software (interactive whiteboard (IWB), assessment software and so on) they are not widely spread in Georgia, since such products are quite expensive. The most usual programs that are used by majority of university teachers’ in the educational process are Microsoft programs (Microsoft Word, PowerPoint). But as for supplementary or self-study means there are a lot of opportunities that can be used by teachers’ and students’ such as translate dictionaries and online teaching software programs (For instance:‘ Tellmemore’ GTU etc.). Those kinds of software programs are available on mobile phones’ as well.

Currently in Georgia at schools and universities are being introduced modern teaching methods and technologies. Due to the fact that access to technology at schools and universities are different, a lot depends on how teachers’ define the usage of technologies in the process of teaching. Moreover, technological means should be wisely coordinated with the educational-academic aims for more efficient outcome. Technology should be an aid and not a burden for teacher as well as for students. The teacher should correlate Classroom Management to the chosen learning strategies. Under these circumstances the main goal could be achieved only with teachers' effort and the use of ICT.

REFERENCES

1 Clarc D. Blended Learning // CEO Epic Group plc, 52 Old Stein, Brighton BN1 1NH, 2003. P. 23. 2 E.V. Jentov "8 steps of Blended Learning" (revision of article «Missed Steps» by Darlin Paynter // Training &

Development). URL: http://www.obs.ru/ interest/publ/?thread=57. 3.Purnima V. Blended Learning Models // Published: August 2002. P. 1. URL: http://www.learningcircuits.

org/2002/aug2002/valiathan.html. 4 Rossett A., Vaughan F., Blended learning CEO Epic Group plc, 52 Old Steine, Brighton BN1 1NH, 2003, URL:

http://www.obs.ru/interest/publ/?thread=57 5 L.V. Desyatova , "The use of Blended Learning Model in construction of ICT courses in educational

process"Мoscow.: «Pervoe Sentjabrja», 2010. № 13.p. 7. 6. Dudney G., Hockly N. How to…Teach English with Technology // Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate

Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associat-ed Companies throughout the world. 2007. P. 15. 7. Brian Tomlinson and Claire Whittaker, Blended Learning in English Language Teaching: Course Design and

Implementation, British Council 2013 Brand and Design/D057 8.www.wikipedia.org 9. Темицына Т.Н. Использование компьютерных программ на уроках английского языка. 2002. 10. Termos, Mohamad (2012). "Does the Classroom Performance System (CPS) Increase Students' Chances for

Getting a Good Grade in College Core Courses and Increase Retention?". International Journal of Technologies in Learning. 19 (1): 45— 56.

11. Skinner BF (1965). "The technology of teaching". Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 162 (989): 427.


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N. Bochorishvili, N. Lomsadze

Educational Technology Innovations supporting teaching process Summary

Currently, the use of technology in the learning process includes the construction of the learning process itself,

particularly the formation of goals, results-oriented, in accordance with the objectives of the lecture, the preparation of training materials and organization of class management. The article deals with the introduction and the use of cyberspace in the educational process, which has developed into a completely new direction in Didactics. At the same time, the changes that have been implemented or are being implemented, influence and change in all aspects the educational process. Nevertheless, as teachers we need to be ready and open to the implementation of any innovation that will enhance the effectiveness of the learning process.

n. boWoriSvili, n. lomsaZe

saganmanaTleblo inovaciuri teqnologiebi swavlebis proceSi

reziume dResdReobiT Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyeneba saswavlo procesSi moicavs aramar-

to saswavlo process, armed TviT Sedegze orientirebuli miznebis dasaxvas, romelic Seesaba-meba leqciis miznebs da moicavs aseve saleqcio masalebis momzadebasa da auditoriis marTvas. statiaSi ganxilulia saganmanaTleblo procesi, kibersivrcis danergva da gamoyeneba, rome-lic didaqtikaSi sruliad axali mimarTulebiT Camoyalibda. amavdroulad, is cvlilebebi, romlebic ganxorcielda an xorcieldeba, gavlenas axdens da yvela aspeqtSi cvlis TviT sagan-manaTleblo process. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc pedagogebi, Cven unda gamovTqvaT mzadyofna raTa miviRoT nebismieri inovacia, rac xels Seuwyobs saswavlo process.


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i. gersamia

moZravi TamaSi, rogorc bavSvis SfoTvis donis dawevis saSualeba sa-

bavSvo baRisadmi adaptaciis procesSi

axali socialuri urTierTobebisadmi bavSvis adaptacia, misi komunikaciuri unarebis Ca-

moyalibeba Zalze mniSvnelovania bavSvis janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa da saerTo ganviTarebi-saTvis.

emociuri mdgomareobis darRveva da qcevis araadekvaturoba bavSvTa fsiqikuri daZabu-lobis da SfoTvis donis amaRlebis Sedegia. SfoTva, rogorc cnobilia, frustratoris, stre-soris molodinis cnobieri Tu aracnobieri fsiqikuri mdgomareobaa. SfoTvis maRali done, rogorc pirovnebis SeZenili Tviseba, gulisxmobs iseT momentebs, rogoricaa: maRali mgrZno-beloba emociuri situaciebisadmi, aracnobieri daurwmunebloba sakuTar ZalebSi, miswrafeba Cveuli poziciis SenarCunebis da aseve „socialuri molodinebis argamarTlebis an garSemom-yof adamianebis keTilganwyobis dakargvis SiSi“ [Н. Имедадзе, 1966: 49-58]. CamoTvlili maxasia-Teblebi cvalebadobs individualurad da situaciis mixedviT.

sabavSvo baRSi moxvedra, bavSvTa umravlesobisTvis, dakavSirebulia stresul gancdebTan. skolamdeli asakis bavSvis cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba mwiria da radgan nebismieri adaptacia moiTxovs adre Seqmnili stereotipebis mkveTr Secvlas, misi Segueba axal pirobebisadmi dakav-Sirebulia garkveul sirTuleebTan, bavSvi ganicdis mSoblebTan (Tundac droebiT), Cveul ojaxur situaciasTan ganSorebas. mas uCndeba daucvelobis, daurwmuneblobis grZnoba. misi SfoTvis done matulobs.

erT-erTi amocana, romelic aRmzrdelis winaSe dgas, aris bavSvis SfoTvis donis daweva adaptaciis periodSi. bavSvebSi daZabulobis moxsnis efeqturi saSualebaa TamaSi, romlis pro-cesSi isini urTierToben erTmaneTTan da iZenen gamocdilebas. rogorc wesi, aqtiuri, TamaSis unarebis mqone bavSvebi TamaSebis organizatorebi arian. pasiuri, gulCaTxrobili bavSvebi rCebian ganze da akvirdebian maTi Tanatolebis TamaSs. amitom sawyiss etapze saWiroa ufrosis Careva, raTa CarTon bavSvebi erTobliv TamaSebSi [Maxwell K. & Eller S., 1994: 56-63.]. magram, Tu ki-dec SeZlebs aRmzrdeli bavSvis CarTvas rolur TamaSSi sxva bavSvebTan, amas SeiZleba erTjeradi xasiaTi hqondes, radgan roluri TamaSi xorcieldeba bavSvebis iniciativiT. bavSvi, romelsac ar gaaCnia TamaSis da urTierTobis unarebi, darCeba izolaciaSi an mudmivad Seasru-lebs meorexarisxovan rolebs, rac Tavis mxriv xels SeuSlis mas daikavos aqtiuri pozicia Ta-natolTa jgufSi. aRmzrdelma unda gamoiyenos iseTi erToblivi TamaSebi, sadac igi SeZlebs TamaSis procesis xelmZRvanelobas, monawileTa aqtivobis regulirebas. erT-erTi aseTi Tama-Sis saxea – moZravi TamaSi.

moZravi TamaSebi, rogorc cnobilia, miekuTvnebian mzawesebiani TamaSebis jgufs da 3-4 wlis bavSvebSi ufrosis xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobs, radgan am asakis bavSvebs uWirT Tvi-Torganizacia Tundac martivwesebian TamaSebSi.

moZravi TamaSebi xels uwyoben bavSvebSi moqnilobis, moZraobis siswrafis, gamWriaxobis ganviTarebas. bavSvebs mudmivad sWirdebaT moulodnel mdgomareobasTan Segueba, winaaRmde-gobebis gadalaxva, rTuli situaciidan Tavis daRweva.

moZravi TamaSebi pasuxobs bavSvis Sinagan bunebas. TamaSi xom, d. uznaZis azriT, bavSvis `bi-ologiurad ara aqtualur SesaZleblobaTa funqcionalur tendenciis impulsiT gamowveuli aqtivaciaa“ [uznaZe d., 2005: 151]. moZravi TamaSi skolamdeli asakis bavSvebSi nebelobiTi pro-cesebis aRzrdis kargi saSualebaa. TamaSebSi mkveTrad vlindebian, erTi mxriv, gauwonaswore-buli da agznebadi bavSvebi, meores mxriv, ki – modunebuli, moTenTili. im bavSvebs, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imyofebian sabavSvo baRSi, ufro metad aqvT ganviTarebuli moZraobiTi unarebi, wesebis dacva, SeuZliaT moqmedebebis SeTanxmeba jgufSi, vidre maT axalmosul Tana-tolebs. saintereso TamaSi, romliTac gatacebulni arian bavSvebi, aRZravs maTSi dadebiT emo-ciebs, sixaruls da megobrul damokidebulebas.

Cveni hipoTezaa: • sabavSvo baRisadmi adaptaciis periodi xasiaTdeba maRali SfoTvis doniT;


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• specialurad SerCeuli moZravi TamaSebis gamoyeneba xels uwyobs socialuri adaptaci-is procesSi SfoTvis donis daZlevas.

kvlevis aRwera da miRebuli Sedegebi

Cveni kvleva warimarTa SfoTvis donis gamovlenisa da moZravi TamaSebis saSualebiT misi

daZlevisaken. sabavSvo baRisadmi bavSvTa socialuri adaptaciis SfoTvis donis gamosavlenad gamoyene-

bul iqna SfoTvis donis diagnostirebis meTodika, SemuSavebuli e. amenis, m. dorkis, da r. tem-plis mier. es meTodika arCeuli iqna Semdegi mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. skolamdeli asakis Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa erT-erT jgufs (Spence, Rapee, McDonald, Ingram ) miaCnia, rom bavSvTa TviTangariSis gazomvis gamoyeneba skolamdel asakSi mag., spilbergeris State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (1973) da msgavsi midgoma ar iZleva garantias, rom bavSvebs adeqvaturad es-miT kiTxvebi, xolo suraTebiani meTodebi, mag. Martini (1990) Halpern, Ellis, Simon (1990) Gibenheim, O’Dell (1984) `zomavs SfoTvis mxolod Zalian viwro sferoebs, magaliTad, separaciis SiSs, ZaR-lebis an sibnelis SiSs~ [Spence S., 2001: 293-316]. Cven principSi veTanxmebiT am avtorebs pirvel SeniSvnaSi, magram migvaCnia, rom proeqciuli suraTebiani meTodi SeiZleba moicavdes mraval sferos.

proeqciuli meTodikebis mTavari Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom amgvar meTodikeb-Si aris SedarebiT arastruqturirebuli amocana, romelSic dasaSvebia savaraudo pasuxebis Se-uzRudavi mravalferovneba. imisaTvis, rom individis fantazia Tavisuflad gamovlindes, mas eZleva mxolod mokle, zogadi instruqciebi. hipoTeza, romelzec agebulia amgvari davalebe-bi, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom individis mier testuri masalis da situaciebis „struqturebis“ aR-qma da interpretacia unda asaxavdes misi fsiqikis funqcionirebis fundamentalur aspeqts. testurma masalam unda imuSaos ise, rom masze, rogorc ekranze moxdes azrovnebis procesebis, moTxovnilebebis, SfoTvis da konfliqtebis „proecireba“.

eqsperimentul kvlevaSi Cven gamoviyeneT xatovani proeqciuli meTodika, radgan am meTo-dikis gamoyeneba ufro mizanSewonilia skolamdeli asakis bavSvebze kvlevis Catarebisas, am asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TvalsaCino-xatovani azrovnebis gamo.

Cven SevCerdiT iseT suraTebian meTodze, romelic gazomavda bavSvTa SfoTvis mraval sferos. testis avtorebi (e. ameni, m. dorki, da r. templi) ganixilaven SfoTvas rogorc emoci-ur mdgomareobas, romlis daniSnulebaa subieqtis pirovnul doneze usafrTxoebis uzrunvel-yofa. SfoTvis maRali done migvaniSnebs bavSvis ama Tu im socialur situaciebisadmi arasakma-ris emociur Semgueblobaze. SfoTvis donis gamovlena gvaZlevs saSualebas SevafasoT garkve-uli tipis situaciebisadmi bavSvis Sinagani damokidebuleba da miviRoT informacia ojaxSi, sa-bavSvo baRSi, skolaSi TanatolebTan da ufrosebTan urTierTobis xasiaTze.

Cven sinamdvileSi es testi adaptirebuli saxiT pirvelad gamoiyena n. imedaZem 1966 wels (gamoqveynda me-18 saerTaSoriso kongresisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi, romelic daibeWda d. uzna-Zis fsiqologiis institutis mier. «Психологические исследования» red. a. frangiSvili, 1966). mom-devno wlebSi es meTodika gamoyenebul iqna prixoJanis mier (saskolo asakisaTvis) [Прихожан А. ,2000].

eqsperimentuli masala warmoadgens 14 naxats, romelzec gamosaxulia skolamdelis cxov-rebis tipuri situaciebi.

1. umcros bavSvebTan TamaSi (bavSvi TamaSobs patara bavSvTan). 2. bavSvi dedasTan erTad aseirnebs Cvil bavSvs (bavSvi midis dedis gverdiT, romelsac et-

liT mihyavs Cvili bavSvi). 3. agresiis obieqti (bavSvi gaurbis Tavdamsxmel Tanatols). 4. marto Cacma (bavSvi zis skamze da icmevs fexsacmels). 5. TamaSi ufros bavSvebTan (bavSvi TamaSobs ufros bavSvTan). 6. dasaZineblad wasvla ( bavSvi midis dasaZineblad, xolo mSoblebi sxedan savarZelze da

uyureben televizors). 7. piris dabana (bavSvi marto ibans pirs abazanaSi).


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8. sayveduri (deda sayvedurobs bavSvs.) 9. ignorireba (mama eTamaSeba umcros bavSvs, ufrosi ki dgas marto). 10. agresiuli Tavdasxma (Tanatoli arTmevs bavSvs saTamaSos). 11. saTamaSoebis alageba (deda da bavSvi alageben saTamaSoebs). 12. izolacia (ori bavSvi gaurbis bavSvs, romelic marto rCeba). 13. bavSvi mSoblebTan erTad (bavSvi dgas dedasa da mamas Soris). 14. marto Wama (bavSvi zis magidasTan da Wams). testi sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: ufrosebTan urTierTobis situaciebi (gaseirneba mSob-

lebTan erTad, dedisgan miRebuli sayveduri), bavSvebTan urTierToba (TamaSi ufros bavSveb-Tan, TamaSi umcros bavSvebTan, izolacia, agresiuli Tavdasxma), yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi (Cacma, Wama, dasaZineblad marto wasvla).

yoveli situacia or variantSi iyo Sesrulebuli: gogonebisTvis (naxatze gamosaxulia cdispirTan identuri asakis gogo) da biWebisTvis (naxatze gamosaxulia cdispirTan identuri asakis biWi). saxe gamosaxulia konturiT. bavSvs win edo ori amoWrili saxe: erTi mxiaruli, meo-re mowyenili da mas unda aerCia misTvis sasurveli saxe da daedo konturze.

naxatebSi SemoTavazebuli situaciebi emociuri elferiT gansxvavdebian. ase, 1,5 da 13 na-xats aqvs dadebiTi mniSvneloba. 3, 8, 10 da 12 -uaryofiTi mniSvneloba. xolo 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11 da 14 -aris orazrovani. orazrovan naxatebs aqvs ZiriTadi proeqciuli datvirTva. imis mixedviT, ro-mel emociur azrs aniWebs bavSvi ama Tu im situacias, ganisazRvreba misi damokidebuleba samya-ros mimarT, urTierTobis normaluri an travmuli gamocdileba. uaryofiTi Sefasebebis rao-denobis mixedviT izomeboda TiToeuli bavSvis SfoTvis done.

kvleva Catarda or seriad. kvlevis pirveli seria Catarda q. Tbilisis №95 sabavSvo baRSi, sadac monawileoba miiRo 3-

4 wlis 47 bavSvma (maT Soris 22-gogona da 25-biWi). kvlevis Catareba, SeTanxmebuli iyo sabavSvo baRis administraciasTan da mSoblebTan. am kvlevaSi moxda SfoTvis donis konstatacia amenis, dorkis, templis SfoTvis donis ganmsazRvreli meTodikis gamoyenebiT [Амен В., и др., 2002: 14-16].

kvlevisas miRebul iqna Semdegi Sedegebi: 47 bavSvidan 36,6% aReniSna maRali SfoTvis done, 53,1%-saSualo da 10,6%-dabali (ix. diagrama eqsperimentis win).

kvlevis meore seria daeTmo specialurad SerCeuli moZravi TamaSebis, romlebic xels uw-yoben bavSvebis daaxloebas TanatolebTan da aRmzrdelebTan (`gavberoT buSti“, `talRebi“, `kruxi da wiwilebi“ `mxiaruli burTebi“, `Cuq, Cuq matarebeli“, `kurdReli pirs ibans“, `bebia melania“ da sxva), Catarebas [falavandiSvili m., 1994: 12-18].

Cven mier SerCeul moZrav TamaSebs ara aqvs Sejibris xasiaTi, ar xdeba raime warmatebebis miRweva, rac aixsneba bavSvebis asakobrivi TaviseburebebiT (3-4 wlis). maTSi bavSvs izidavs TviT TamaSis procesi da ara individualuri Sedegi an gundis mogeba. amave dros, SerCeul Ta-maSebSi aris martivi moZraobebi, saSiSroebis gamo saerTo gancdebi, erTmaneTze zrunvis SesaZ-lebloba. yvelaferi es xels uwyobs dadebiT urTierTdamokidebulebas bavSvebs Soris, maT SemWidroebulobas.

ase mag., TamaSi „talRebi“ exmareboda bavSvs egrZno bavSvebis keTilganwyoba mis mimarT, rom is sasurvelia maTTvis. TamaSSi „kruxi da wiwilebi“ gancdis erToblioba vlindeboda sa-SiSroebis gamo. Tu TamaSis dasawyisSi qaTmis rols TamaSobda aqtiuri, popularuli bavSvi, Ta-maSis ganmeorebisas am rols vaZlevdiT axalmosul bavSvs, riTac vaZlevdiT mas saSualebas ez-runa sxvebze. es aniWebda mas did siamovnebas imis gamo, rom SeuZlia viRacis dacva da sixaru-lis miniWeba.

TamaSebis ganmeorebisas, Cven vcdilobdiT CagverTo TamaSSi pasiuri bavSvebi, vaZlevdiT maT wamyvanis rols. bavSvebis winaSe Cven aRvniSnavdiT, Tu ra kargad asrulebdnen isini wamyvan rols, riTac vwevdiT maT status jgufSi. TamaSis procesSi Cven vakvirdebodiT Znelad adap-tirebul bavSvebs da gamovavlineT bavSvis TamaSSi CarTvis Semdegi etapebi:

I etapi-bavSvi iCens interess TamaSis mimarT, magram Soridan akvirdeba Tanatolebis moqme-debebs;

II etapi-bavSvi erTveba TamaSSi, magram uars ambobs mTavari rolis Sesrulebaze;


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III etapi-bavSvi aqtiurad erTveba TamaSSi da mTavar rolsac asrulebs. moZravi TamaSebis Catarebis Semdeg Cven kvlav SevamowmeT bavSvebis SfoTvis done da mivi-

ReT Semdegi Sedegebi: 47 bavSvidan-21,2% aReniSna SfoTvis maRali done, 48,9%-saSualo da 29,7%-dabali (ix. diagrama eqsperimentis Semdeg).

SfoTvis donis maCveneblebi 47 bavSvisagan Semdgar jgufze eqsperimentis win da eqsperi-

mentis Semdeg (ix.diagrama) Semowmda normalur ganawilebaze da korelaciaze (pirsonis kore-laciis koeficienti r=0.85), ris safuZvelzec gamoyenebul iqna stiudents t kriteriumi, damo-kidebuli SerCevis aRniSnul seriebs Soris gansxvavebis statistikuri sandoobis Sesamowmeb-lad da dadginda, rom cdamde da cdis Semdeg bavSvebis SfoTis donis maCveneblebs Soris gan-sxvaveba statistikurad sandoa (p<0.05) .

kvlevis Sedegebis zogadi aRwera

moZravi TamaSebi miekuTvnebian mzawesebiani TamaSebis ricxvs da amitom skolamdeli asakis

dasawyisSi ufrosi axorcielebs bavSvebis organizebas, radgan 3-4 wlis bavSvebs jer ar SeuZli-aT TviTrealizacia martivi wesebis TamaSSic ki. Cven mier SerCeul TamaSebSi, bavSvebs izidavda siuJeti da is martivi wesebi, romlis Sesruleba maT uxdebodaT. swored amaSi mdgomareobs Ta-maSis paradoqsi, rogorc aRniSnavda l. vigotski, wesebisadmi damorCileba da uSualo impul-sze uaris Tqma aris gza maqsimaluri siamovnebisken [Выготский Л., 2004: 225]. wesebi TamaSebSi uq-mnian bavSvs qcevis normebs, gansazRvraven imas, Tu ra unda akeTon. TamaSis wesebis daufleba warmoadgens mniSvnelovan faqtors bavSvis disciplinianobis, organizebulobis aRzrdaSi. moZravi TamaSebi did rols asruleben bavSvis moxerxebulobis, moqmedebis siswrafis, sazria-nobis ganviTarebaSi. bavSvebs mudmivad uwevT moulodneli situaciisadmi Segueba, winaaRmde-gobebis gadalaxva. moZrav TamaSSi, garda fizikuri ganviTarebis, bavSvebi iZenen socialur unarebs da rac mTavaria eCvevian stresuli situaciebis daZlevas (Isenberg & Jalongo,2001). Jefri golsteini Tvlis, rom aqtiuri TamaSi xels uwyobs yuradRebis koncentracias da aumjobesebs azrovnebis process. dReSi, Tundac ori saaTi amgvari TamaSebis Catareba xels Seuwyobs yu-radRebis deficitis da hiperaqtiurobis Semcirebas (Goldstein, 33-77.)

Cven mier gamokvleul iqna kidev erTi aspeqti moZravi TamaSis mniSvnelobis-misi gavlena SfoTvis doneze. Cven mier miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom moZravi TamaSebis ga-


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moyenebam mniSvnelovnad dawia bavSvebSi SfoTvis done, riTac Seumsubuqa maT sabavSvo baRi-sadmi adaptacia.


1. uznaZe,d.,bavSvis fsiqologia., Tbilisi, 2005. 2. falavandiSvili,m., moZravi TamaSobani bavSvebisaTvis, Tbilisi,“viTa“, 1994. 3. Goldstein Jeffrey. Play in Children’s Development, Health and Well-Being.February, 2012. Isenberg, Joan P., and Mary Renck Jalongo. Creative Expression and Play in Early Childhood. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle

River, N.J.: Merrill, 2001. 4. Maxwell, K. & Eller, S. Children’s transition to kindergarten. Young Children, (1994, September). 5. Spence, Susan H, Ronald Rapee, Casey Mcdonald, and Michelle Ingram. "The Structure of Anxiety Symptoms

among Preschoolers." Behaviour Research and Therapy ,2001. 6. Амен.В., Дорки. М., Тэммл Р., Тест тревожности./под ред., Л.А.Головей, Е.Ф. Рыбалко/Практикум по

возрастной психологии.СПб.,Речь. 2002. 7. Выготский Л.С. Психология развития ребёнка.Москва,: ЕКСМО. 2004. 8. Имедадзе Н.В. Тревожность как фактор учения в дошкольном возрасте /Психологические исследования.

Тбилиси, Москва, 1966. 9. Прихожан А.М. Тревожность у детей и подростков: Психологическая природа и возрастная динамика.

Москва, Воронеж, 2000.

i. gersamia

moZravi TamaSi, rogorc bavSvis SfoTvis donis Semcirebis saSualeba sabavSvo baRisadmi adaptaciis procesSi

reziume socialuri adaptaciis problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

Tanamedrove etapze, roca cxovrebis pirobebis mudmivi da Rrma cvlilebebi mimdinareobs. ami-tom adaptaciuri SesaZleblobebis adreul asakSi formireba warmoadgens pirovnebis ganviTa-rebis mniSvnelovan mxares.

Cveuli ojaxuri garemos Secvla, sabavSvo baRis axal pirobebSi moxvedra iwvevs bavSvSi diskomforts da, rogorc wesi, maRldeba misi SfoTvis done. specialurad SerCeuli moZravi TamaSebis Catareba, rac dasturdeba Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevebiT, xels uwyobs bavSvebSi SfoTvis donis Semcirebas. maTi regularuli Catareba ganapirobebs sabavSvo baRisadmi bavSve-bis socialuri adaptaciis procesis daCqarebas.

I. Gersamia

Active game as a way of reducing anxiety during the adaptation of a child to kindergarten

Summary The problem of social adaptation is especially actual in the nowadays level of development of the society when

the conditions of life are continuously changing. That’s why the early formation of adaptability is an important factor for the personal development.

Change of the accustomed home conditions into and new environment of a kindergarten entail discomfort in a child, usually resulting in raised level of anxiety. As confirmed by our experiments, the specially selected active games contribute to lowering the level of anxiety in children. Their regular conducting enhance the process of social adaptation of children to the kindergarten.


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al. dauSvili

sabWoTa xelisufleba da samonastro cxovreba (1921-1922 ww.)

miuxedavad imisa, rom socializmi qristianobis wiaRSi warmoiSva (Tomas mori, Tomazo kampa-

nela, abati mabli da a.S.), social-demokratiasa da qristianul eklesias Soris TiTqmis yvela qve-yanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki ruseTis imperiaSi, Tavidanve gaCnda gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegoba. amis mi-zezi is iyo, rom ruseTis social-demokratia, rogorc memarjvene, ise memarcxene, bolomde aRia-rebda mebrZol aTeizms da religias sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis atavizmad Tvlida. xelisufle-baSi mosvlamde es politikuri mimdinareobebi Tavis wevrebs, momxre-mxardamWerebs aTeisturi ideologiis safuZvelze zrdidnen. amis mizezi, pirvel yovlisa, is iyo, rom, jer erTi, me— 19 sau-kune saerTod sekularizaciis saukunea, roca teqnikuri progresis kvaldakval, adamianma, gansa-kuTrebiT qristianul samyaroSi, gadaWarbebiT Seafasa Tavisi SesaZleblobebi da religiuri msoflmxedveloba anaqronizmad gamoacxada; meorec, revoluciuri organizaciebi, romlebic sam-yaros radikalur gardaqmnas apirebdnen, ver wavidodnen kompromisze im saeklesio organizacias-Tan, romelic arsebuli wyobilebis RvTaebriv legitimacias amtkicebda. swored amitom evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi aramarto socialisturi mimarTulebis partiebi, aramed saerTod — politikuri da sazogadoebrivi yofierebis gamomxatveli progresis matarebe-li Zalebi aTeizmis mimarT keTilganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen.

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom TviTon socialisturi ideologia religiur cnobierebas Ta-vis konkurentad miiCnevda da yvela SesaZlo xerxebiT mis likvidacias, sazogadoerivi yofierebi-dan gadevnas cdilobda. am mcdelobis mizezebis Sesaxeb sruliad samarTliania rusi filoslo-fosi n. berdiaevi, roca aRniSnavs: `marqsizmi ar aris marto mecniereba da politika, is aris rwme-na, religia” [Бердяев Н., 2000: 27]. swored aqedan gamomdinare, am axali `religiis mSeneblebi” saoc-rad ulmoblebi iyvnen gansakuTrebiT qristianuli religiis warmomadgenelTa mimarT, radgan Ta-vidanve marqsistuli moZRvreba miznad isaxavda axali adamianis aRzrdas, rac yovlad SeuZlebeli iqneoda qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis batonobis pirobebSi. yofierebis revoluciuri gardaq-mnis gza — marqsistuli moZRvrebis mTavari aqsiomuri debuleba, mTlianad gamoricxavda samyaros ganviTarebis kanonebis qristianul xedvas.

seriozulma dapirispirebam saqarTveloSi qristianuli eklesiiasa da social-demokratebs Soris mwvave xasiaTi miiRo saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis arsebobis mcire periodSic ki. ama-ze mianiSnebs kaTolikos-patriarqis leonides werili: `Cveni mTavroba socialisturia, principu-lad ver egueba eklesias. Tanaxma var, diaxac nu Seeguebian urTierTs eklesia da socialistebi da droze gaSordnen erTmaneTs, magram aqac savaldebuloa samarTlianoba da Cvenc marto samarTli-an daSorebas vTxoulobT saxelmwifosagan, sxva arafers” [didni saqmeni, 2011: 476].

miuxedavad dapirispirebisa da ideologiuri gansxvavebisa, saqarTvelos pirveli respubli-kis periodSi damokidebulebas eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris ar miuRia dramatuli xasiaTi.

bolSevikurma intervenciam 1921 wels daangria saqarTvelos pirveli respulika da qveyanaSi socializmis rusuli modeli gaabatona. bolSevikebis aTeizmi — mebrZoli, ukompromiso aTeizmi iyo, romlis mizans warmoadgenda religiis yvela formis ngreva, sasuliero wodebis likvidacia, mosaxleobis marqsistul-leninuri aRzrda.

axalma sabWoTa xelisuflebam 1921 w. 15 aprilis dekretiT eklesia da saxelmwifo mkacrad gamijna, amasTan sastikad aukrZala eklesiis msaxurebs axalgazrdobis aRzrdis saqmeSi monawile-oba. winamorbedi xelisuflebisagan gasxvavebiT, bolSevikuri saqarTvelos mesveurebi ar kmayo-fildebodnen mxolod deklarirebuli gancxadebebiT. isini inarCunebdnen uflebas aqtiuri ide-ologiuri zemoqmedeba moexdinaT sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrze, rom mas uari eTqva religiur cnobierebaze, xeli aeRo sakelesio cxovrebaSi monawileobaze.

ruseTis carizmis xelSi ukve seriozulad dasustebuli saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia aRmoCnda umZimesi gamocdis winaSe: `bolSevikebi” angrevdnen eklesia-monastrebs, fizikurad anadgurebdnen RvTismsaxurebs, ukrZalavdnen mosaxleobas saeklesio ritualebSi monawileobas.

aseT viTarebaSi, ra Tqma unda, pirveli dartymis epicentrSi monastrebi aRmoCndnen. saekle-sio TvalsazrisiT da istoriuladac, swored monasteria qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis ara-


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marto damcveli, aramed yoveldRiur yofaSi qristianuli cxovrebis wesis damkvidrebisa da gan-mtkicebis, qristianuli sulierebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi savane. istoriuli gamocdi-leba adasturebs, rom msoflios sxva qveynebSi, sadac ki eklesiis safuZvlebs aryevdnen, pirvel rigSi samonastro cxovrebis likvidaciias axdendnen xolme. amas Zalian xSirad aramarto ideo-logiuri safuZveli asazrdoebda, aramed metad pragmatuli miznebic — TiTqmis yvela qristia-nul qveyanaSi monasteri sulierTan erTad, udides materialur faseulobebsac flobda.

pirveli dartyma saqarTveloSic monastrebma ganicades. marTalia, saqarTvelos demokrati-ulma mTavrobam 1918-1921 wlebSic eklesia-monastrebs mflobelobaSi jer kidev arsebuli miwebi CamoarTva da miwis reformis gasatareblad gamoiyena, magram raRac nawili eklesia — monastrebs mainc darCaT sargeblobaSi. sabWoTa xelisuflebam am darCenil nawilzec ganacxada pretenzia. aris cnoba, rom wminda ninos monastris kuTvnili mamuli goris mazris sofel ZegvSi 1921 wlis martSi daarbies komunistebis mier gaTamamebulma adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma, gaZarcves samo-nastro saxli, daitaces aveji da wignebi [suica, f.285, s167, furc.170]1 amasTan, sabWoTa xelisuf-lebam mcxeTis dedaTa monastris kuTvnili baRi, saxnavi miwiT, gadasca duSeTis komunalur gayo-filebas [suica, f.300, s276, furc.2]. msgavsi magaliTi bevria.

mimdinareobda sayovelTao da Zlieri zewola sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenlebze, rom maT TviTon ganecxadebinaT uari RvTismsaxurebaze da Camdgariyvnen eklesiis kritikosTa rigebSi. ma-galiTad, komunisturma presam gamoaqveyna kavTisxevis TemSi, sofel idleTis eklesiis diakvnis vaso daviTis Ze arqiaSvilis werili, sadac is aRiarebda: `davrwmundi diakvnoba aris mSromeli xalxis motyueba da sicrue, amitom Tavs vanebeb diakvnobas” [gaz. `komunisti“, 1923]. aseTi gancxa-debebi sakmaod bevri ibeWdeboda.

saqarTveloSi mebrZoli aTeizmis ulmobloba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda mas Semdeg, rac sa-qarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ambrosim (xelaiam) genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias gaug-zavna memorandumi ruseTis mxidan saqarTvelos aneqsiisa da qarTveli eris suverenuli uflebe-bis SelaxvasTan dakavSirebiT. am gancxadebam qarTveli bolSeikebis ganrisxeba gamoiwvia. es faq-ti aTeisturi propagandis gasaZliereblad gamoiyenes. am moZraobas mwvane Suqi TviTon filipe maxaraZem aunTo, roca gaz. `komunistSi” gamoaqveyna mkacri werili: `patriarq ambrosis mRvdel-mTavruli Worikanoba”, romelSic qarTveli bolSevikebis lideri patriarqs araobieqturi in-formaciiis gavrcelebasa da `menSevikebis” Sexedulebebis tiraJirebaSi adanaSaulebd [gaz. „ko-munisti“, 1922]. ganrisxebulma bolSevikebma eris sulieri mama cixeSi gamoamwyvdies, xolo mogvia-nebiT sasamarTlo procesi gaumarTes, aris dokumenturi miniSneba, rom igegmeboda misi fizikuri likvidaciac.

unda aRiniSnos, rom es periodi aramarto saqarTveloSi, aramed ruseTSic aTeisturi brZo-lis gansakuTrebuli ulmobeli formebis gamoyenebiT aRiniSna. arsebobs leninis mier molotovi-sadmi gagzavnili saidumlo werili, romelSic revoluciis beladi aRniSnavda: `mivdivar im das-kvnamde, rom swored axla unda mivceT yvelaze gadamwveti, daundobeli brZola Savrazmul sasu-liero fenas da CaxSobil iqnas maTi winaaRmdegoba iseTi sisastikiT, rom maT es ar daiviwyon ram-denime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi” [wenguaSvili k., 2005: 155].

saqarTvelos arqivsacavebSi inaxeba moskovidan mosuli cirkulari, sadac adgilobriv par-tiul moRvaweebs avaleben: ùnda SeanjRrioT xucebi, daupirispireT zeda da qveda fenebis sam-Rvdeloeba” [sSssa, f13, aR.1, s.26...]2.

samRvdeloebis diskreditaciis mizniT sabWoTa xelisufleba aqtiurad iyenebda saeklesio qonebis aRwerisa da maTi Senaxva-dacvis mizniT Catarebuli muSaobis auditorul Seswavlas. 1922-1923 wlebSi TiTqmis yvela eklesia-monastris revizia ganxorcielda. specialurad Seqmnili same-ulebi, romlebSic uRaribesi glexobis warmomadgenlebic Sediodnen, swavlobdnen eklesia-monas-trebis safinanso saqmeebs, saeklesio siZveleebis Senaxvis mdgomareobas. am saqmes ufro pragma-tuli mizani hqonda — rogorc ruseTSi, aseve saqarTveloSi cdilobdnen volgis damSeuli mosax-leobisaTvis SeegrovebinaT finansuri resursi. amasTanave, dagegmili idustrializaciisaTvisac uzarmazari finansuri saxsrebi iyo saWiro – saeklesio siZveleebi amis saukeTeso saSualebad Ca-

1 saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi 2 saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi


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iTvala. movitanT ramdenime magaliTs: senakis mazris sof. sergieTis mTavarangelozis eklesiidan gaitanes mTavarangelozis xati oqroTi daferili, Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkobili. sofel zeda in-Cxuris wm. giorgis eklesiidan wm. giorgis vercxlis xati oqroTi daferili 6 Zvirfasi TvliT, vercxlis barZimi, vercxlis feSxumi [suica, f.284, s.48, f.5]. msgavsi magaliTebi Zalian bevria.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am barbarosuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb gaiges qarTvelma inteligenciis war-momadgenlebma ivane javaxiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. maT gaaprotestes eklesia-monastrebidan sa-eklesio siZveleebis amoRebis praqtika da moiTxoves maTi Senaxva muzeumebSi, raTa mecnierebs ma-Ti Seswavlisa da Sefasebis SesaZlebloba miscemodaT. qarTveli inteligenciis mowinave warmo-madgenlebis Semtevma poziciam bevri saeklesio siZvele gadaarCina ganadgurebas [suica, f.300, s.23, f.2].

ra viTarebaSi uxdebodaT cxovreba saqarTvelos monastrebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi?

amis Sesaxeb Cinebuli informaciis Semcvelia bodbis dedaTa monastris iRumenias deda ninos (vaCnaZis) mier 1923 wels saqarTvelos Sinsaxkomis saxelze gagzavnili werilebi. es epistolaruli memkvidreoba Cven aRmovaCineT saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis arqivSi, masSi gadmocemulia saqarTvelos monastrebis saerTo gasaWiri da seriozuli socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi, rac maT SeeqmnaT aTeizmis batonobis pirvel wlebSive.

am werilebSi asaxulia imJamad monasterSi arsebuli obieqturi viTareba, vxvdebiT masalas, romelic gansazRvravs monasterTan axlo mdebare soflis mosaxleobis damokidebulebas, xazgas-mulia urTierToba adgilobriv sabWoTa CinosnebTan, aris dayenebuli qonerivi problemebic da adgili aqvs monastris ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze miniSnebebsac.

pirvel rigSi sainteresoa monasterSi arsebuli obieqturi viTarebis amsaxveli masala. ro-gorc Cans, bodbis dedaTa monasterSi imJamad cxovrobda 50 monazoni, romlebic iRumenias gan-cxadebiT èwevian sxvadasxva kustarul meurneobas” [suica, f. 285, s. 492, f. 28]. monasters hqonia sarTav-saqsovi saxelosno, romelSic dasaqmebuli iyo 15 monazoni. amis garda monastris sakuTre-bad iTvleboda baRi, venaxi, safutkre, bostani da tye monastris garSemo. monasterTan arsebobda skolac.

iRumenia nino amtkicebda, rom, miuxedavaT bolo 6 wlis manZilze Seqmnili àraxelsayreli pirobebis” (igulisxmeba, albaT, pirveli msofli omi, ruseTis imperiis ngreva, saqarTvelos pir-veli da meore respublikebis damkvidreba da a.S.), `Cven SevZeliT damoukidebeli cxovreba, samaga-liTo skolis Senaxva da warmoeba” [suica, f. 285, s. 492, f. 28].

metad sayuradRebod gveCveneba deda ninos werilSi gacxadebuli Semdegi faqti: `monasteri warmoagens srul komunas (xazgasma Cvenia – a.d.), sadac yvela Sromobs da erTgvari mtkice discip-liniT cxovrobs”.

ratom xmarobs deda nino am cnebas `komuna”, ra unda amiT Tqvas? 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi komunisturi partiis agraruli politikis mizani soflad komuna-

luri moZraobis masobrivi gavrceleba da ganmtkiceba iyo. memarcxene social-demokratiuli moZ-Rvrebis mixedviT, meurneobriobis swored es forma Seesabameboda uklaso sazogadoebis polit-ekonomikur principebs, radgan gamoricxavda kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobas da yvelafris, maT So-ris sacxovrebeli garemos, socializacias amkvidrebda.

deda ninos, savaraudoa, aucileblad eqneoda informacia imis Sesaxebac, rom komunistur sa-qarTveloSi ukve daiwyo komunebis mSenebloba, amjerad uRaribesi glexobis piradi iniciativiT. aseTi komuna Seiqmna, magaliTad, samTavisSi (qarTli), xedaSelebSi (raWa), zemo qedSi (kaxeTi). aSka-raa, rom deda ninos komunis xsenebiT da samonastro cxovrebis komunasTan gaigivebiT surda mo-nastrisagan aecilebina is dartyma, rac mzaddeboda da SeiZleboda monasteri srul likvidaciam-de mieyvana.

ra safrTxe emuqreboda imJamad monasters? rogorc Cans, monastris yofili skola, romelic monastris ezoSi mdebareobda da ukve ga-

naTlebis saxalxo komisariatis sakuTreba iyo, misi direqtoris, vinme aleqsandre solomonis Ze nacvliSvilis saxiT, cdilobda monastris kidev ufro Seviwrovebas — samonastro Senobis warTme-vas.

deda nino axasiaTebs am pirovnebas da ixsenebs mis warsuls — ìs cnobilia rogorc mZarcve-


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li, saxelmwifo qonebis gaumaZRari mflangveli”. rogorc werilidan Cans, jer kidev menSevikebis mmarTvelobis periodSi am pirovnebas monastridan wauRia garkveuli qoneba (TeTreuli), romlis kvali dakarguli iyo.

deda nino kompetentur organoebs aZlevs Semdeg SekiTxvebs: 1. cnobilia, rom al. nacvliSvili saxelmwifo qonebis mflangvelia; 2. Cvengan Cabarebuli qoneba gaflanguli aqvs Tu ara?; 3. gairkves am winadadebis (igulisxmeba monastrisaTvis qonebis CamorTmeva — a.d.) ìniciato-

ri pirebi.~ imisaTvis, rom mis werils meti Zliereba SesZinos, deda nino sabWoTa xelisuflebas sTava-

zobs gonier alternativas, romelic waadgeboda rogorc xelisuflebas, ise monastersac. misi az-riT, umjobesi iqneboda, Tu monastris bazaze gaixsneboda saavadmyofo, risTvisac monasteri gai-Rebda aramarto Senobas, aramed saWiro inventarsac, xolo monazvnebi saavadmyofoSi usasyidlod da uangarod iSromebdnen. Tavisi winadadeba, rom kidev ufro momxiblavi gaexada, iRumenia Semdeg SeTavazebasac iZleoda: gamoiyofoda 45 oTaxi, 140 logini, magidebi, WurWeli, TeTreuli da a.S.

deda nino pirdeboda xelisuflebas, rom monazvnebi SeZlebdnen saavadmyofos saWiro uzrun-velyofas da avadmyofebis Cinebul movlas. is werda: `monastris ezoSi mcxovrebi moloznebi SeC-veulni varT ara mconare cxovrebas, rogorc amas fiqroben xolme, aramed sistematur Sromas...”.

werilSi am pasaJis (`mconareoba”) xazgasmiT dafiqsireba aSkara reaqcia unda iyos imJamindel komunistur presaSi gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT warmoebuli antisamonastro da antisaekle-sio propagandis mimarT, roca yvelanairad cdilobdnen eklesia warmoedgeniaT ùsaqmurTa sakre-bulod”, `mconareTa, muqTamWamelTa” asociaciad.

rogori iyo xelisuflebis mxridan reaqcia? arsebobs saqarTvelos ssr gansaxkomis specialuri mimarTva Sinsaxkomis xelmZRvanelobisad-

mi, rac deda ninos werilze reagirebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. werilSi aRniSnulia, rom siRnaRis mazris ganaTlebis ganyofileba iTxovs monastris Senobebsa da mimdebare teritoriebs bavSvTa saxlis mosawyobad [suica, f. 300, s. 92, f. 33].

imJamad komunisturi saxelmwifos fuZemdeblebs jer kidev sjerodaT, rom SesaZlebelia bav-Svis aRzrdis sruli procesis socializacia. es marqsistuli moZRvrebis aqsiomaturi debuleba iyo — mxolod ase SeiZleboda axali regeneraciis adamianis formireba, romelic aaSenebda uklaso komunistur sazogadoebas. saqarTveloSi am ideis iniciatori da aRsrulebis sruli gegmis Semmu-Savebeli ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris moadgile mariam oraxelaSvili iyo [suica, f. 300, s. 81, f. 7].

saerTod, marqsizmis Teoria uaryofs ojaxs, miaCnia klasobrivi sazogadoebis warmonaqmnad, romelic amkvidrebs kerZomesakuTrul fsiqologias da amitom aucileblad unda daingres. bavSvi ojaxSi ki ara, aramed saxelmwifos mier organizebul baga-baRebsa da internatebSi unda izrdebo-des, rom aRizardos komunisturi saqmisadmi erTgul pirovnebad. mxolod ase ganTavisufldebo-da adamiani ojaxis mavne, wvrilburJuaziuli zegavlenisagan, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba koleqti-visturs da nergavs individualistur tendenciebs.

saqarTveloSi ojaxis ngrevis erTiani sistema 1923 wlisaTvis ukve mzad iyo (arsebobda yov-lismomcveli gegma), magram is ver ganxorcielda ekonomikuri problemebis gamo — sabWoTa saxel-mwifos ar SeeZlo imJamad mTlianad Tavis xelSi aeRo bavSvis aRzrdis procesi da mxolod skolis (dawyebiTi, saSualo da umaRlesi) socializaciiT dakmayofilda.

aseTi miznebidan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, monastris Senoba-nagebobebs sabWoTa xelisuf-leba monazvnebis xelSi ar datovebda, miT ufro, rom ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatidan ityobi-nebodnen: `miRebulia cnobebi, rom saskolo eklesiis kedlebs Soris moloznebs damaluli aqvT sxvadasxva nivTebi, amitom saWiroa movaxdinoT gankarguleba, rom moloznebs CamoerTvas skolas-Tan momijnave eklesia da sxva Senobebic mowyobilobebiT, agreTve baRi” [suica, f. 285, s. 492, f. 28].

aseTi minawerebis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, bodbis monasteri, sqarTvelos sxva monastrebTan er-Tad, represirebulTa siaSi Seitanes, Senoba-nagebobebi srulad CamoarTves, gaxsnes saavadmyofo, sadac saoperacio magidad didi xnis manZilze gamoiyeneboda taZarSi dabrZanebuli RvTismSoblis unikaluri xati.

amasobaSi saqarTveloSi antireligiuri, antieklesiuri saqmianoba kidev ufro gaZlierda. eklesiisa da religiis msaxurTa winaaRmdeg xSirad imarTeboda aTeisturi organizebuli aqciebi.


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gazeTebi beWdavdnen reportaJebs aseTi `RonisZiebebis” Sesaxeb: `Sobis wina dRiT, 6 ianvars rus-Tavelis TeatrSi gaimarTa Cveni kavSiris saqalaqo kreba, romlis Semdeg kavSiris wevrebi gamo-vidnen quCaSi... CiraRdnebiTa da droSebiT xelSi. demonstraciam mizans miaRwia. arcerTi axal-gazrda im dRes eklesiaSi ar yofila. demonstrantebs mohqondaT CiraRdnebi wiTeli naWrebiT, romelzedac ewera: `sarwmunoeba mecnierebisa da revoluciis mteria” [gegutiSvili m., 1972: 48-49].

mebrZoli aTeizmi saqarTvelos regionebsac moedo. axalgazrda komkavSirlebi, upartio aTe-istebTan erTad, igonebdnen axal da axal RonisZiebebs, cdilobdnen wertili daesvaT religiuri aRmsareblobisaTvis. magaliTad, axalsenakSi saSobaod, rogorc dokumentebi miuTiTeben, axal-gazrdebma àafeTqes sagangebod mowyobili `mama RmerTi“, ramac didi STabeWdileba moaxdina” [ge-gutiSvili m., 1972: 48-49]. wminda adgilze — mowameTis monasterSi aTeistebma gaanadgures lavra da gaxsnes wmindanTa saflavebi da a.S.

rogorc aRiniSna, rusi da qarTveli bolSevikebi marqsizmis aramarto ekonomikur moZRvre-bas nergavdnen saqarTveloSi, aramed marqsistul sulier faseulobebsac. amitom isini ver moiT-mendnen `konkurents“ mSromeli masebis sulieri aRzrdis saqmeSi. komunisturi principebidan ga-momdinare `moZRvari~ unda Seecvala `partiuli komitetis mdivans” – is unda gamxdariyo `sulie-ri mamac”, gzis maCvenebelic, damrigebelic da megobar-amxanagic. swored is da ara sxva, unda yo-filiyo pirovnebis mesaidumle da cxovrebis maswavlebeli.

amitomac komunistebma, eklesiis materialuri da sulieri sekularizaciis procesis gaZlie-rebasTan erTad, daiwyes saeklesio tradiciebis Canacvleba — axali tradiciebiT. magaliTad, cdilobdnen daenergaT komunisturi `naTlobebi”, `komkavSiruli qorwineba”, proletariatis saq-misadmi Tavganwiruli `wmindanebis” kulti, komunistebisaTvis Zvirfasi memorialuri adgilebis monaxulebis tradicia da a.S. ar SeiZleba ar SevamCnioT, rom komunistebma Tavis propagandis-tul-aRmzrdelobiT saqmianobaSi bevri ram gadaiRes eklesiis gamocdilebidan: maT moigones sa-kuTari `rwmenis simboloebic”, komunisturi `RvTaebis” kultic, komunisturi `wmindanebic da wminda adgilebi” da a.S. am yvelafris mizani iyo — mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis daSoreba ufli-sagan, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis faseulobebisagan. komunistebis azriT mama-papaTa tradiciuli rwmena-warmodgenebis nacvlad axali sabWouri tradiciebis damkvidreba gamoiwvevda qristianu-li mrevlis gadagvarebas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am saqmeSi bolSevikebma garkveul warmatebebs miaRwies. es vlindeboda rogorc saqarTveloSi komunistebisa da komkavSirlebis TanamgrZnob-momxreebis ricxvis siste-matur zrdaSi, ise aTeisturi ideologiis ganmtkicebaSi, inteligenciis didi nawilis mier komu-nistebis mimarT loialur damokidebulebis poziciis arCevaSi. swored maSin daiwyes komunistebma mecnierebis xelovnurad CamoSoreba eklesiisagan, ramac sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo. eklesia gan-devnes ganaTlebis yvela rgolidan — mecnieri ar SeiZleba morwmune yofiliyo. garegnulad sa-qarTvelos mecnierTa didma umravlesobam aTeizmi Tavis rwmenad gamoacxada, Tumca iyvnen iseTe-bic, romlebic gulSi kvlav atarebdnen marTlmadideblobis rwmenas da uflis siyvaruls. magram aseTi gaorebuli viTareba sulierad mainc angrevda pirovnebas, radgan aCvevda konformizms, Tvalmaqcobas.

ufalTan am sistematurma daSorebam Zalian male sazogadoebisaTvis ukuSedegi gamoiRo... amrigad, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi mebrZol aTeizms Seewira saqarTveloSi tra-

diciuli samonastro cxovreba, sabWoTa xelisufleba mTlianad gamoricxavda kompromiss eklesi-asTan, religiasTan da mas Tavis mTavar konkurentad miiCnevda axali adamianis aRzrdis saqmeSi.

mxolod sabWoTa sistemis damxobis Semdeg, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II moR-vaweobis Sedegad moxerxda samonastro cxovrebis aRorZineba da dRes ganaxlebuli bodbis deda-Ta, feriscvalebis dedaTa Tu sxva monastrebi qarTveli eris sulierebis ganviTarebis samsaxurSi dganan.


1. Н. Бердяев, Истоки и смысл русского коммунизма, см. Пашков Б.Г. История России, М..2000. с. 27. 2. didni saqmeni, Tb.,2011, gv. 476. 3. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f. 285, s. 167, furc. 170.


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4. iqve, f.300, saq. 276, furc.2. 5. gaz. “komunisti”, 1923 w. 11 aprili. 6. gaz.“komunisti“, 1922 wlis 7 ivlisi. 7. k. wenguaSvili, saqarTvelos 1921— 1925 wlebis istoriis istoriografia, Tb., 2005. gv.155. 8. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, II ganyofileba, f. 13, aR. 1, s. 26, furc.7.,

furc.95. 9. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis arqivi, f. 284, s.48, furc. 5. 10. saqarTvelos uicsa, f.300, aR. 1, saq.23, furc.2. 11. saqarTvelos uaxelesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f. 285, s. 492, furc.28. 12. iqve. 13. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f. 300, s. 92, furc. 33. 14. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f. 300, s. 81, furc. 7. 15. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f. 285, s. 492, furc. 28. 16. m. gegutiSvili, axali sabWoTa tradiciebi saqarTveloSi, Tb.,1972, gv. 48-49. 17. iqve.


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al. dauSvili

sabWoTa xelisufleba da samonastro cxovreba (1921-1922 ww.) reziume

sabWoTa mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi tradiciuli samonastro cxovreba saqarTveloSi

mTlianad aTeizmTan brZolas Seewira. xelisufleba ar uSvebda aranair kompromiss eklesiasTan, radgan mas ganixilavda, rogorc mTavar mowinaaRmdeges àxali adamianis~ Seqmnis procesSi.

unda vaRiaroT, rom bolSevikebma zemoaRniSnul brZolaSi warmatebas miaRwies: gaizarda ko-munistebis, aseve axalgazrduli komunisturi organizaciis wevrebisa da maTi mxardamWerTa ric-xvi, gaZlierda aTeisturi ideologia da inteligenciis didi nawilic komunistebs uWerda mxars. swored am dros daiwyes komunistebma mecnierebisa da religiis xelovnuri gayofa erTmaneTisgan, ramac masiuri xasiaTi miiRo. eklesias CamoerTva yvela saganmanaTleblo safexuri, xolo mecnie-ri ar unda yofiliyo morwmune. Sesabamisad, qarTveli mecnierebis umetesoba aTeistad acxadebda Tavs, Tumca maT Soris iyvnen iseTebic, vinc farulad marTlmadideblebad darCnen da gulSi ina-xavdenen uflis siyvaruls. aseTi dayofa sulierad angrevda sazogadoebas. adamianebi eCveodnen konformizmsa da TvalTmaqcobas.

mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdgom, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis moRvaweobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda samonastro cxovrebis aRdgena. dRes bodbes dedaTa monasteri, fericvalebis dedaTa monasteri Tu sxva monastrebi qarTveli eris sulierebis gadasarCenad iR-wvian. Al. Daushvili

Soviet Authority and Monastic Life (1921-1922)

Summary

In the first years of the Soviet Authority traditional monastic life in Georgia was sacrificed to the fighting atheism. The Soviet Authority completely declined any kind of compromise towards the Church, religion and considered it as a main rival in the process of upbringing of a new man.

It must be admitted that the Bolsheviks had succeeded in this direction. This fact was revealed by the increasing number of the Communists, members of the Young Communist League and their supporters in Georgia, as well as by strengthening the atheistic ideology and choosing the position of loyal attitude towards the Communists by the majority of intelligentsia. Exactly that time began the process of artificial separation of scientists from the Church by the Communists which gained a general character. The Church was banished from all ring of education – a scientist had not to be a believer. Outwardly the majority of the Georgian scientists declared atheism as their faith, but there were such scientists who still believed the Orthodox faith and had love of God in their hearts. But such splitting ruined a person spiritually as he got used to conformism and hypocrisy.

Only after the overthrow of the Soviet System, by the activity of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, monastic life was renewed and today renovated Bodbe Nunnery, Nunnery of the Transfiguration and other monasteries are in the service of revival of the Georgian Nation’s spirituality.


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g. kutalaZe

sajavaxo qveyana

reliefSi dabalmTianeTiT gamoxatuli guriis seris (guriis qedi) mTlianoba awindeli Coxa-

tauris municipalitetis ukidures Crdilo-aRmosavleT periferiaze imereTis mTiswineTidan ga-momdinare xeviswyals gaurRvelia O – W damxrobis gamkveTi xeobiT. kolxeTis dablobze gavakebu-li igi pirs CrdiloeTisaken iqcevs da marcxnidan mierTvis rions cxeniswylisa da misi totis – noRelas SesarTavTa Soris [maruaSvili l., 1969: 251].

xeobis zemoweli SedarebiT viwroa, intensiuri meurneobisTvis nakleb gamosadegi, rasac Sui-saken terasuli morfologiis, dinebis mier or TiTqmis Tanabar nawilad gayofili koxnaris qva-buli (daaxloebiT 8X6 kv.km) enacvleba [cxovrebaSvili S., 1970: 213]. SesamCnevia sami-oTxi terasa, mTlianad aTvisebuli rogorc sasoflo infrastruqturis, ise sameurneo savargulebis saxiT. soflebi, istoriulad, qvabulis Semkvreli qedebis (samxreTidan — sawablios, Crd. sajavaxosi) naklebdaRarul mTiswina baqnebzea mowyobili, arsebiTad, TviTkmari meurneobiT, romlis mniSvne-lovan rgols odiTganve mdinarispira dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli landSaftis mqone vake Seadgenda.

guriis qedis dabali absoluturi simaRle ayalibebs regionis fizikur da klimatur saxes, peizaJSi sinaziTa da silbiliT, gorak-borcvebis momrgvalebuli, dauZabavi konturebiT da uxvi simwvaniT asaxuls; niadagi, flora, fauna „nestiani, Tbili, da Tanabari havis gadamwyvet zegavle-nas eqvemdebareba“. sagulisxmoa isic, rom xeobis samxreTi ganapira zoli warmodgenili aris mesa-meuli epoqis kolxuri reliqturi mezofiluri floris danaSTiT [maruaSvili l., 1969: 250]; yove-live es metad xelsayrel garemos qmnis sameurneo cxovrebis intensifikaciisaTvis, rac arqeolo-giuri monapovrebiT dasturdeba.

batoniSvili vaxuSti xeviswylis xeobas ègrisis queyanisa, anu afxazeTisa, anu imereTisa” aR-weraSi sajavaxos saxeliT ixseniebs: `xolo kualad cxeniswylis SesarTavs queviT rions moerTvis samჴridam sajavaxos wyali. ese gamosdis fersaTs, da ars Senobiani ჴeoba da mosavliani yovliTa marcvliTa, xil-venaxiTa, pirutyჳTa, nadiriTa da frinveliTa. xolo mzRvris sajaoxos: aRmosav-

liT mTa mcire, fersaTidam Camosuli CrdiloT kerZod, sajavaxos da saCinos Sorisi; samჴriT fersaTis mTa; dasavliT fersaTidamve Camosuli mTa, guriasa da sajavaxos Sorisi; CrdiloT rio-nis mdinare...” [yauxCiSvili s., 1973: 750; xazgasma avtorisaa]. batoniSvili, rogorc vxedavT, isto-riul-geografiul qveyanas warmogvidgens sazRvrebis zusti miTiTebiT, romelsac sajavaxo hqvia (aqedan, sajavaxos wyali, mdinaris Tavdapirveli saxeli, wyaroebis mixedviT, xeviswyali aris ).

sajavaxos beri egnataSvilic icnobs, Tumca vaxuStis mier erTmniSvnelovnad imereTze miT-vlil xeobas `mecnier kacTa komisiis” xelmZRvaneli guriaSi aTavsebs: „guriels epyra rions gaR-marTi, sajavaxo... imas aqaTi gamoswvriv Romiscixes gamoRmarTi, erge, aWara, da WaneTi rkinis pa-los aqaTi“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1973: 349]. vaxtang VI samecniero skolis moRvaweTa monacemebis am, TiT-qosda, SeuTavseblobaze qvemoT vityviT. aq ki vaxuStis aRwerilobis `Senobiani~ sityvas mivub-rundebiT. igi, cxadia, xeobis demografiul viTarebas miuTiTebs, mis ermravlobas, romelic erT konretul socialur erTeulad, erT Temad aris organizebuli. saistorio wyaroebi mas „sajava-xoelni“-s an kidev „sajavaxuli Temi“-s, xanac `sajavaxoelebis~ saxeliT moixseniebs1. wuTisoflis wesma, rogorc n. berZeniSvili ambobs, meJameobam, sajavaxos „piri ucvala“; moiSala organuli er-Toba sajavaxos Temis da misi saasparezo miwa-wylis, qveyana sajavaxo gaqra. sadReisod aRarc „sajavaxuli“ Temi arsebobs da aRarc xeoba atarebs istoriul saxels, romelic mxolod erT, gu-riis seris kolxeTis dablobisaken gaziduli kalTis Zirobze mdebare sofels SerCenia samtredi-is municipalitetSi, „sajavaxos wyalis“ (mdinare xeviswylis) da rionis xerTvisis siaxloves.

1 “biZaman dadianisaman, Seiyara sajavaxoelni da warvida“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1959: 362]; „vaxtangma „Seyara sajavaxuli Temi“ da amiklo“ [baqraZe d., 1987: 273]; „ese wigni mogarTviT... Tqven erisTavs qaixosros... Cuen erTobiT sajavaxoelebma...“ [beraZe T., cqitiSvili g., 1971: 47]; pirveli da meore citata sajavaxodan gamomaval Temobriv laSqars gulisxmobs, mesame ki „qveynis“ konkretul socialuri organizmis saxels.


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winamdebare werilSi sajavaxos rogorc qveynis (teritoriuli da administraciuli erTeu-lis) warmoSobis epoqisa da garemoebaTa dazustebas vcdilobT.

semantikurad sajavaxo leqsema, sakuTari saxelis (javaxi) fuZeze sa-o, daniSnulebis an/da kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli konfiqsis darTviT warmoebuli, metad gamWvirvalea da vinme javaxis kuTvnils, mis mamuls aRniSnavs – sa-javax-o; (Sdr: sa-guram-o, sa-baraTian-o). xeobis mamulobiT (memkvidreobiTi uflebiT) mflobeli es javaxi ki naratiul, epigrafikul Tu eTnografiul wya-roTa TanxmobiTi informaciiT WilaZeTa warCinebuli gvaris wevria; gamodis, rom sajavaxo qveya-na am feodaluri saxlis kuTvnileba yofila.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi daSlis Semdeg warmoSobili politikuri erTeulebi – „saqar-Tveloebi“, rogorc cnobilia, saTavadoTa qseliT moifina. uZvelesi da morWmuli didebuli sax-lebis gverdiT axalnergi sagvareuloebic cdiloben sakuTari ambiciebis politikuri regaliiT gaformebas. lixTimereTSi aseT pretenzias, „kualad vakesa Sina“ fexmodgmuli Wi¬la¬ZeTa dide-buli gvari avlens, romelsac vaxuSti „awindelTa JamTa“ uwarCinebules saxlTa Soris asaxelebs – „cxeniswyalsa da rionisaken, ars saWilao, samiqelao. da ars adgili ese friad nayofieri yovli-

Tave...pirutyuni mZovar arian zamTar – zafxuls. frinveli uricxuni. Tevzi arasada, Tჳnier rio-

nisa, kirCxibi mraval. arasada ars mdinare, Tჳnier gubiswylisa, da igica mcire....venaxni dablarni arian mravlad, xilni mravalni tyeTa Sinaca. tyeni ayrilni, da uwodeben ewers;...saxloben mTavar-ni da aznaurni“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1973, 774: xazgasma wyarosia, g.k.].

WilaZeTa Tavaduri saxlis warmomavlobis Taobaze Cvens saistorio wyaroebSi xelSesaxeb ra-

ime masalas ver vpovebT.1 utyuarad mxolod is viciT, rom „Wilaჲs“ZeTa gvarwodebuleba wyaroeb-Si jer kidev XIII saukunidan gvxvdeba, vicnobT sagvareulos pirvel warmomadgenlebsac – beSqens, javaxs, mzeqals,2 Tumca arsebuli monacemebiT maTi naTesauri muxlis dadgena SeuZlebelia [sose-lia o., 1973: 271].

centralur xelisuflebaSi WilaჲsZeTa maRal samoxeleo poziciebs adasturebs s. kakabaZis mier peterburgis aziur muzeumSi „brosses naqon qaRaldebSi“ moZiebuli erTi, XIV saukunis da-sasrulis sabuTi, sadac „molareT uxucesi qveli WilaZe“ ixsenieba [kakabaZe s., 1913: 18-19]; masve asaxelebs tyviris eklesiis warwerac – „macxovrisa tyvirisa saydrisa aRmaSenebelsa qvelsa Wila-Zesa Seundvnes RmerTman. ZmaTa misTa kaxabersa da Cubinsa Seundvnes RmerTman“ [TayaiSvili e., 1914: 4]. saxelmwifo centralur aparatSi molareTuxucesoba erT-erTi mewinave, metad sapatio sa-xelia da misi mflobeli, Sesabamisad, dawinaurebuli piria samefo karze. XV saukunis pirveli na-xevris erT dokumentSi dasaxelebulia elaSer WilaZe. cota gvian, 1486-1488 ww. WilaZeTa saxliSvi-li Tulqami, cixisTavi. XVI saukuneSi Canan lipri WilaZe, gustani Ze misi javaxi, lomkaci, bedan, varaza, gustani (meore) da misi Ze javaxi da sxv. [dawvrilebiT, ix. TofCiSvili r., 2011: 424-425]; CvenTvis sainteresoa WilaZeTa saxlis javaxi pirsaxelis matarebeli wevrebi. aseTi ki sul samia — javax I, ierusalimis monastris saaRape CanawerebSi moxseniebuli XIII s. II naxevris moRvawe, gustan I WilaZis Ze javax II (XVI s.) da javax III Ze gustan II WilaZisa, wyaroebis mixedviT, levan II dadianis (1611-1657 ww.) karis moxele — boqaulTuxucesi — romeli SeiZleba CaiTvalos sajavaxos mflobel-saxelmdeblad?

Cvens mecnierebaSi miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, WilaZeTa saTavado XV saukuneSi warmoiSva, xo-lo maTi rions gaRma damkvidreba am saukunis meore naxevridan unda vivaraudoT, roca saTavado sabolood Camoyalibda da mTavruli gankerZoebac moiwadina. sagulvebelia, rom am droidan Tavi-

1 amis miuxedavad am bolo dros gamoiTqva varaudi maTi qvabuliZeTagan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, rasac amjerad ver SevexebiT, ix. e. gvenetaZe, gamoCinebulis wmida didmowame giorgis eklesia, Tb., 2015. 2 ierusalimis qarTuli savanis saaRape CanawerebSi ikiTxeba: „[Tuesa dekenbersa ig] am(a)sve dResa wirvaÁ da aR(a)pi beSqen WilaÁs ZisaÁ, mogvivida aTasi TeTri aRbuRa enteligis Zisa da WilaÁs Zisa msaxurisa Cifrutisa Ã(e)liTa da vinca Secvalos, Se-mca-cv(a)leb(u) ars sj(u)lisag(a)n q(rist)eaneTaÁsa“; aqve, sxva Canaweris mixedviT: „meoTxesa kÂriakesa wmidaTa marxvaTasa wirvaÁ da aRapi saukunoÁ da panaSvidi javaxisa WilaÁs ZisaÁ, Seundven RmerTman“. orive es aRapi e. metrevelis mier XIII saukunis damleviTa da XIV saukunis dasawyisiT aris daTariRebuli da, amdenad, „SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom beSqeni XIII saukunis II naxevris moRvawea iseve, rogorc aRapTa tiSendorfiseuli nusxis javax WilaÁsZe“ [metreveli e., 1062: 22].


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dan dadianis vasal WilaZeTa saTavados sazRvarSi TandaTan moeqca „aRmosavleTiT – nafaRaur-naCxetauri, dasavleTiT – sof. banZa Tu md. noRela, samxreTiT – Tavad maWutaZeTa samflobelo nigoiTi, qviani da guriis saerisTavo, CrdiloeTiT – qolobani da gugunayaTi. WilaZeebis adgil-samyofi tyvirsa da gulekarSi iyo. aq hqondaT gamarTuli sasaxleebi karis eklesiebiT. sagvareu-lo saZvale WilaZeebs maT mier agebul tyviris eklesiaSi hqondaT mowyobili. flobdnen tolebis cixe-simagres. erTxans, maTi Zlierebis drois romeliRac monakveTSi, WilaZeebis mflobelobaSi unda yofiliyo Sxefis cixe da misi midamoebic“ [soselia o., 1973: 276]. mTeli es msjeloba mxolod imas naTelyofs, rom XIII saukunis moRvawe javax I WilaZe ver iqneboda rions gaRma miwebis mepat-rone, maSasadame verc am mxarisaTvis sajavaxo saxelis mimcemi, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu WilaZeebi mis dauflebas „XIII-XIV saukuneebis SualedSi“ moaxerxebdnen [TofCiSvili r., 2011: 425]. pirveli javaxis, saaRape Canawerebis mixedviT „XIII saukunis II naxevris moRvawis“, mier Tundac dapyrobas (rac gveeWveba) rions gaRma sagurielo teritoriisa xeviswylis xeobis CaTvliT Cven ganvixilavT aucilebel, magram arasakmaris pirobad misi sajavaxod saxeldebisaTvis; saamisod gardauvali xmliT mopovebulis mamulad anu samkvidrod Wera iyo, risi realuri SesaZleblobac mxolod XV saukunis ufro II naxevridan Seiqmna.

sajavaxos mflebeli ver iqneboda javax III gustan II WilaZis Zec, vinaidan mis dros WilaZeTa saTavado saxli ukve damcrobili da teritoria Sekvecilia. amitomac dadianis farvaSi myof Wi-laZeebs aRar ZaluZT damoukidebeli politikis warmoeba; da, rac mTavaria, sajavaxos sakiTxi ime-reTis mefis, samegrelos da guriis mTavrebis qiSpobisa da intrigebis wyalobiT sabolood gadaw-yvetilia.

gvrCeba javax II WilaZe Ze gustan I-sa, romlis saxelobazed iwoda rions gaRma miwa-wyali saCi-nos dasavleTiT rion-xeviswylis Sesayaris da mTeli xeviswylis xeobis CaTvliT. savaraudod, es mxare, manamde WilaZeTa saxlis mopovebuli, am javaxs sabatoniSvilod ekuTvna, mis mamulad iqca. am aqtiT ki mTeli es teritoria sajavaxod, maszed mosaxle erTobili Temi „sajavaxoelad“ iwoda (aseTi faqtebi xSiria Cvens istoriaSi; gavixsenoT, Tundac, kaxaberi), gansxvavebiT sxva saWilao mamulebisagan. sajavaxoc saWilaoa, magram sxva statusis mqone – sajavaxo leqsema Sinaarsobrivad sworedac javax II samkvidro miwa-mamuls aRniSnavs saTavados danarCeni teritoriidan amiT ga-morCeuls, ramac, gavimeorebT erTxelac, ganapiroba mxarisaTvis misi saxelis mikuTvneba. es ki XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarze adre ver moxdeboda, radgan javaxi am saukunis samocdaaTiani wle-bis dasawyisSi ukve moikla imerTa mefis xeliT. vfiqrobT, javax I-is, savaraudod, WilaZeTa sax-lis erT-erTi mafuZvnebelis uSualo monadevrebi arian gustan I da misi Svili javax II, sajavaxos mamulobiT mflobi da „naTlia“; am ukanasknels ki ememkvidrebian gustan II da misi vaJi javax II, ra-sac utyuarad adasturebs mama-Svil wyvilTa sagvareulo saxelebi.

Tavadi WilaZeebi, samegrelo-guriaSi mamul-samflobeloTi da ermravlobiT galaRebulni, rogorc irkveva, mTavrul gankerZoebas eswrafvian [soselia o., 197:, 274]. Tavdapirvelad dadianis vasali saTavado separatestuli ganwyobiTa da teritoriuli pretenziebiT dasavleT saqarTve-los samive, momijne politikuri erTeulis interesebs Seejaxa, amitomac WilaZeebs „daCixulo-bis“ metad areulsa da daqsaqsul droSi sami mxriT uwevdaT mabalansirebeli politikis warmoeba Tu xmlis qneva, ramac, sabolood, maTi damcroba-daknineba ganapiroba, raSic, sxvaTa Soris, geog-rafiulma faqtormac iTamaSa roli. pirvelobisaTvis WidilSi saTavado saxli qarTlis samefo kars unaTesavdeba-gustan WilaZes memkvidris Tanamecxedred luarsab I (1527-1556) da SeurCevia, amitomac, samarTlebrivi tradiciis mixedviT, aseTi „uxvedro“ qorwinebis „dasaurveblad“ mas „samoci litra cvili“ Seuwiravs sveticxovelisTvis. qorwineba, cxadia, mxareTa politikuri in-teresiT iyo gapirobebuli; saamdrood luarsab I-ma „politikuri kavSiri Sekra imereTis mefe bagrat III-Tan (1510-1556)-colad SeirTo misi asuli Tamari“ [qoriZe T., 2000: 179]; didi politikuri gegmebis mqone siZe-simamrs xels aZlevda odiSis separatisti mTavaris winaRmdgomi vasalis gaer-Tguleba; meores mxriv, WilaZeebi, cxadia, „Zalis sesxebiT“ gaRonierebulni, odiSisagan gamocal-kevebisa da damoukidebeli politikis warmoebis qsels xlarTavdnen; magram fortuna, istoriis gakveTilic esaa, metad axirebulia: dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroTa dramatuli urTi-erTobis erT etapze gurielisa da dadianis mtrobam daaaxlova imereTis mefe giorgi II (1565 — 1583) [buaCiZe k., 2000: 239] da giorgi gurieli [1564-1583] CxataraiSvili q., 1953: 351] „mterobiTa da-dianisaTa“: „hyvanda mefesa giorgis musadia qvrivi da misca igi giorgi gurielsa colad da daimo-


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yurnen amiT. amisTჳs moimwo vaxtangis Zis Zem xosrom dadiani da aman iSuela WilaZe varaza lipar-tianiT odiSiT“. SeiTqvnen xosro, giorgi imerTa mefis biZis, vaxtangis samefo ambiciiT Sepyrobi-li SviliSvili, varaza WilaZe, albaT, saTavados meTauri, romelsac imereT-guriis daaxloeba sa-kuTari mizanswrafvis safrTxed unda aReqva, amitomac, bunebrivia, imereTis taxtze misgan dava-lebuli mefe irCia da dadiani, damoyvrebuli misi mtrebis damarcxeba-ganeitralebis mosurne: „Ralatad daesxnen giorgi mefesa ianeTs da iqmna brZola Zlieri. vera rai avnes giorgi mefesa. aramed ivltodnen iginive q‾sa C‾fჲჱ, qar. s‾nv da moisrodnen maxჳliTa“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1973: 816]. wyaros mixedviT, es ambebi 1568 wels momxdara. gamarjvebulma mefem iwyo „mteroba gurieliTurT dadiansa zeda“, romelic, winaaRmdgomTagan Zleuli da Sercxvenili, stambols gadaixvewa daxma-rebis saTxovnelad; mefem da gurielma odiSi ki gainawiles, magram maleve „mwe eyo dadians xon-Tqari, mosca azrum-trapizonis spani da movidnen satyepelasa zeda“. SeSinebuli gurieli daezava dadians da „mouZRua“ da „daipyra levan kualad odiSi“. odiSze xelCaqneul imerTa mefes axla, rogorc Cans, dadianis vasali da ianeTis dapirispirebaSi misi momxre WilaZeTa saxlis amogdeba ganuzraxavs: „mouwoda javaxs WilaZes, mokla igi SurisaTჳs winaTqmulisa, rameTu mimdgomica iyo dadianisa da daipyra mamuli javax WilaZisa mefeman giorgi“. miCneulia, rom ianeTis SeTqmulebis monawile varaza WilaZe mokluli javaxis biZa (mamis, gustanis Zma) an axlo naTesavi unda iyos im-denad, ramdenadac „mefem ianeTs varazas moqmedebisaTvis samagiero javaxs miuzRo“ [soselia o., 1973: 274].

vfiqrobT, rom imerTa mefes ufro Sorsmimavali zraxva amoZravebda vidre konkretuli faq-tiT, am SemTxvevaSi, RalatiT aRZruli SurisZiebis grZnobaa; misi umTavresi interesi, qarTlis samefo karTan danaTesavebuli, amiT zurgmobmuli uamisodac mzvaobari („mimdgomica iyo dadia-nisa“) feodalis alagmvasTan erTad mosalodneli axali konfrontaciisaTvis xelsayreli plac-darmis, rogorc SeniSnavda o. soselia, aRmosavleTis mxridan guriis samTavros „gasaRebis“ (sose-lia o., 1973: 279) mopoveba iyo; amitomac iqca mis samizned maincadamainc javaxi da ara sxva rome-lime WilaZe; SesaZloa is lideradac moevlina saTavado saxls ianeTis konfliqtis monawile vara-zas Semdgom, rogorc amas q. CxataraiSvili varaudobda [CxataraiSvili q., 1953: 33]; mTavari mainc isaa, rom sajavaxos daWeriT giorgi II metad strategiul teritorias gaakontrolebda, rogorc vTqviT, dadian-guriel-WilaZeTa permanentuli opoziciis winaaRmdeg. amisi miRweva ki mxolod javax II gustanis Zis CamoSorebiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli.

wyaroebi iZlevian saSualebas davazustoT javaxis wili samflobelos sazRvrebi, romelic imereTis mefem saTavisod ipyra; d. baqraZes guriaSi mogzaurobisas gamoCinebulis wmida giorgis eklesiaSi uxilavs RvTismSoblis xati mamia gurielis mosaxseniebliT da mrevlSi gamosasvenebe-li jvari, mkvlevaris dasabuTebuli varaudiT, javax II WilaZis zedweriliT; igive javaxi, misive TqmiT, `biWvinTis sigel-gujrebis krebulSic“ ixsenieba: „Sen, naTqvamia krebulSi, caTa mobaZavisa didisa RvTismSobelsa biWvinTisasa Semogwire me, javax WilaZeman Cemi samkvidro mamuli qoreTis-ubani nafxeksa da im adgils Soris, sadac xeviswyali mierTvis rions, saoxad sulisa CemisTvis“ [baqraZe d., 1987: 197-199]. es teqsti ramdenime kiTxvasxvaobiT miwerilia „afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari“-s xelnawerze, romelic 1914 gamoaqveyna s. kakabaZem da CvenTvis saintere-soa imiT, rom aq javaxis kuTvnili kidev erTi punqtia dasaxelebui: „Sen caTa mobaZavisa didisa biWvintisa R‾Tis mSobelsa. s‾lisa Cemisa saxsrad da saoxad SemogwireT Cven WilaZeman javaxma Cemi samkvidro qoreTis ubani. misis adgilmamuliTa da misis samzRvriTa. xevis wyala rom SeerTvis ri-ons imasa da Ceqmis nafxeks Sua. romlisac sazRuari miadgeba tolas“..., amaT Sua Senda Semomiwi-ravs...“ [kakabaZe s., 1913: 40]. motanili masaliT cxadad Cans, rom javaxs mamulebi kuTvnebia xevis-wylis, vaxuStiT – sajavaxos wylis xeobaSi; gamoCinebuli koxnaris qvabulis raionSi, dRevandeli sajavaxos qedis Txemze mdebareobs, tola dRevandeli tolebi aris guriis seris kolxeTis dab-lobze gamosasvlelSi. maxlobladve, xeviswylis SesarTavisaken mdebareobs qoreTis ubanic; saWi-lao saxlis mier xeobis Weras d. baqraZis mopovebuli sxva informaciac adasturebs: „sofel qve-moxeTSi mimavals... sawablos qedis Crdilo ZirobTan, Wyorenjuiswylis Senakadze, romelsac Wi-laZis wyals eZaxian, maCvenes Tlili qviT nagebi kvadratuli auzi, sadac sajavaxos aw ukve gadage-bul mflobelTa — WilaZeTa dros yovelTvis yavdaT Tevzi maTi ojaxisaTvis. auzi kargad Senaxu-la, mas dRemde WilaZis saTevzavi hqvia“ [baqraZe d., 1987: 194]. e.i. mefes mTeli sajavaxo, xeviswylis xeoba SesarTavidan saTavemde miusakuTrebia, mTeli „mamuli javax WilaZisa“. magram, maleve, „ese


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aRuZndaT dadian-gurielsa, gviambobs batoniSvili vaxuSti, SeiTqunen da movidnen spiTa da ara auflebdnen giorgi mefesa mamulsa zeda WilaZisasa, aramed naxevari daipyra dadianman da naxeva-ri gurielman“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1973: 818].

e. TayaiSvili Tvlida, rom „sajavaxo ergo guriels, rionis marjvena napiri dadians“ [TayaiS-vili e., 1914: 3-4]. amasve imeorebs o. soseliac: „... dadianma sajavaxos rions CrdiloeTiT mdebare nawili daiWira, gurielma ki — samxreTi. amis Semdeg WilaZeebis samflobelos dadianiseul nawils saWilaos eZaxian, gurieliseuls — sajavaxos“ (soselia o., 1973: 278).

sajavaxos es danawileba Cven sxvanairad warmogvidgenia; vTvliT, rom wyaros zemorexmobili pasaJi, sxva monacemebTan erTad gvagulisxmebinebs ara WilaZeTa saTavado saxlis mTlianad amog-deba-dapyrobas, aramed mxolod javaxis wilxvdomilis dayofasa da danawilebas: gurielis miTvi-sebul wilSi uTuod xeviswylis (sajavaxos wylis xeoba) unda Sesuliyo, dadianisad ki sajavaxos qedis Crdilo kalTebi (gamoCinebulis mxare) da rionispira, SeiZleba asec vuwodoT, baris sajava-xo, rCeboda. Cvens am varauds „qarTlis cxovrebac“ uWers mxars: dauzogavma qiSpoba-moSuRarobam mefe da mTavrebi erTmaneTs gaariga, „samniv, gviambobs beri egnataSvili, qჳislni Seiqmnen da da-moyurdnen,.....mamia dadians lomkaci WilaZiseuli da revaziseuli daanebes da Seiriges, da iqmna mieriTgan mSჳdoba samsa sabatonosa Sua“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1959: 362]. saqmis aseTi dasasruliT gagu-lisebulma „daTuliam, biZaman dadianisaman,“ Semoikriba sajavaxo, romelic, wyaroebis mixedviT, „mas epyra“, moibirna „vinamenica megrelni, warvida raTa“ RalatiT daeWira sadadiano taxti, mag-

ram „agrZna saqme dadianman“ da saTanadod Seemzada „veRar uRalata da warvida Tჳsad sajavaxod daTulia“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1959: 362]. mTeli es masala naTlad adasturebs Cveni mosazrebis siswo-res — guriels xeobis sajavaxo uWiravs, sadadianod ki Crdilo sajavaxo (baris, gina qvemo) igu-lisxmeba, romelic am konkretul SemTxvevaSi dadianis biZis wilia; lomkaciseulsa da revazise-ulSi, vvaraudobT, rom rionis marjvena napiris saWilaos garkveuli miwebi igulisxmeba.

mivubrundeT isev wyaros: imerTa mefes im momentisaTvis, rogorc Cans, gurielze metad dadi-anis gaRoniereba adardebda, amitomac man „gurielsa mouTxra, raTa moklas daTulia amis wil da daipyras TჳT sajavaxo orTave nebiTa. ganixara gurielman, Seipyra zakჳT baTulia. aramed TჳT ara moakvdina da patimar-hyo ozurgeTs da daipyra sajavaxo Tavisad (es daTulia, sabolood, mefisa da dadianis kacebma moaSTves 1582 wels) da „iqmneboda esreTi mSvidoba“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1973: 818]. mTels am TxrobaSi metad sainteresoa vaxuStis erTi fraza – „daipyras TჳT sajavaxo orTave nebi-Ta“ rac sagulisxmo daskvnisaken gvibiZgebs: sajavaxo qveyana ornawiledia, ori teritoriuli er-Teulisagan Sedgenili erTobili Temi; aseTi danawevreba sajavaxos fizikur-geografiuli Tavi-seburebiT aris gapirobebuli: samxreTi sajavaxo anu xeviswylis xeoba istoriul tola soflis (dRevandeli tolebi) zeviT, Sekruli, mTebiT mozRuduli erTeulia, maSin, roca misi CrdiloeT nawili, dRevandeli sajavaxos mTis samxreTi da samxreT-dasavleTi kalTa, rionis davakebaSia gaS-lili. daTulias gamosvlas gurielisaTvis sajavaxos am nawilis gadacemac mohyva, amiT, guriis sazRvarma rions, CrdiloeTiT, da saCinos, aRmosavleTiT, uwia. [Sdr. beraZe T., cqitiSvili g., 1971: 43]. mdinare rioni rom gurielis samflobelos CrdiloeTi mijnaa, dasturdeba yvela wyaro-Ti, romelic ki, sazogadod, dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur erTeulTa sazRvrebs pirdapir Tu iribad exeba. aseTi viTareba, metnaklebi cvlilebebiT, damowmebulia XVI saukunidan karga xnis manZilze sxvadasxva saitorio masaliT; magaliTad, kaTalikosi maqsime (1776-1795) gurulebi-sadmi mimarTvaSi zustad miuTiTebs adresatTa sacxovrebel areals – „rionis wylis gamoRmar-TTa“ [CxataraiSvili q., 1959: 29]. sajavaxos mTlianobis aseTi, ornawilovani, gaazreba saSualebas iZleva movxsnaT is Seusabamoba sajavaxos lokalizaciis sakiTxSi, romelic vaxuSti batoniSvili-sa da beri egnataSvilis cnobebs Soris igrZnoba. vaxuSti mas „egrisis queyanas, anu afxazeTisas, anu imereTisas“ – miawers. erTxelac davakvirdeT, sajavaxos mis mier mocemul sazRvrebs: „aRmo-

savliT mTa mcire, fersaTidam Camosuli CrdiloT kerZod, sajavaxosa da saCinos Sorisi; samჴriT fersaTis mTa; dasavliT fersaTidamve Camosuli mTa, guriasa da sajavaxos Sorisi; CrdiloT rio-nis mdinare“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1973: 750]. mTlianad guriis „mzRvari“ batoniSvils ase gauazrebia: „aRmosavliT mTa fersaTi, samcxe-gurias Sorisi da sajavaxos Sorisi, samჴriT Woroxis mdinare da mTa mcire, fersaTidam Camosuli dasavliT, aWara-gurias Sorisi; CrdiloT rioni guria-odiSs So-risi da dasavliT Savi zRua“ [yauxCiSvili s., 1973: 789]. Tu SevadarebT am or aRwerilobas aRmoC-


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ndeba, rom guriis aRm. sazRvari „mTa fersaTi, samcxe-gurias Sorisi da sajavaxos Sorisi,“ da sajavaxos samxreT sazRvari, „samჴriT fersaTis mTa“ erTsa da imave obieqts aRniSnavs, Cveni fiq-riT sawablios qeds (da mis ganStoebebs), romelic sajavaxos wylis anu xeviswylis xeobas koxnaris qvabulis raionSi samxreTidan zRudavs. gamodis, rom vaxuStis jerovani warmodgena hqonia sajavaxos adgilmdebareobaze, mis zemoT aRweril politikur Tavgadasavalze, dayofa-danawile-baze da sxv. Tumca, Crdilo (qvemo, baris) sajavaxos sadadiano, xanac saimereTo wilxvdomilobas mTels mikroqveyanaze avrcelebs, gansxvavebiT vaxtang VI samecniero komisiis liderisagan, ro-melsac „rions gaRmarTi, sajavaxo“ mTlianad gurielisad miaCnia; aSkaraa, rom avtorTa cnobebis es Seusabamoba sajavaxos politikuri istoriis sxvadasxva moments asaxavs da miT aris gapirobe-buli;

mokled, Sidapolitikuri separatizmisa da intrigebis xanaSi, javaxis sikvdiliT, sajavaxos, jer imereTis mefis, mTlianad, Semdeg ki dacalkevebuli saxiT gurielisa da dadianis xelSi ga-dasvliT memamuleoba-kuTvnilebis gamomxatvel — „sajavaxo“ – cnebas realuri socialuri Sina-arsi ecleba, samagierod inarCunebs toponimur, xeobis da, Sesabamisad, am xeobis sazogadoebis aR-mweris funqcias, romelic XX saukunis ociani wlebis dasawyisamde mohyva.

kidev erTi sakiTxi; Cvens istoriografiaSi miCneulia, rom „javax II -is dros (da SeiZleba javax I -is drosac) sajavaxos eZaxdnen, albaT, ara mxolod md. rionis samxreTiT mdebare terito-rias, mermindel sajavaxos, aramed WilaZeTa sagvareulos mTel miwa-wyals banZamdis. Semdeg es sa-xeli istoriuli sajavaxos mxolod samxreT nawils SerCa. misi CrdiloeTi nawili ki saWilaod iwoda“; citatis avtori sajavaxos Tvlis saWilaos „sinonimad“ [soselia o., 1973: 278], rasac Cven ver daveTanxmebiT. iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, aqac WilaZeTa saxlis gvarwodebulebi-dan aris warmoSobili saTavados (administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli) saxeli – saWilao (Sdr. sajavaxiano, saciciano, sabaraTiano, samaCablo, sagermanoziSvilo, salominao da sxv.), egeve saxeli, vfiqrobT, faravda rions gaRma mxaresac (mermindel sajavaxos), rasac, rogorc iTqva, d. baqraZis mier aRwerili toponimic – „WilaZis saTevzavi“ – adasturebs – Tavdapirvelad xevis-wylis xeoba saWilao (WilaZis) xeobaa, „saTevzavic“, cxadia, maT saxelobazea. mogvianebiT igi iwo-da sajavaxod (pirvelSerqmeuli saxeli saTevzavma dainarCuna) javax II aq mamulobiT mkvidrobis gamo. WilaZeebis saTavado „saWilaoa“ misi gaformebis dRidan damcroba-dakninebamde; sxva Sem-TxvevaSi, mTeli saTavado mamul-miwa-wylis sajavaxod saxeldebas, uTuod mohyveboda TviT am warCinebuli saxlis gvarwodebulebis gadasxvafereba, risi magaliTebic sakmaoa Cvens istoriaSi; isic gaugebaria, ratom moeSleboda es saxeli saTavados erT nawils, xolo meore, gansakuTrebu-li cilobisa da metoqeobis obieqti SeirCenda mas? sabolood, SejamebisTvis vityviT, rom sajava-xo yovelTvis, mxolod da swored saWilaos samxreT nawils, javax II WilaZis mamul-teritorias, rions gaRma sagurielo mxares erqva.

sabolood, istoriuli saCinos dasavleTiT rion-xeviswylis (sajavaxos wylis) SesarTavis CaTvliT miwa-wyali da xeviswylis mTeli xeoba XVI ss. WilaZeTa didebul saxls eWira, romelsac javax II gustanis Zis aq mamulobiT mkvidrobis gamo sajavaxo Seerqva. misi sikvdilis Semdeg Wila-Zeebma (XVI s. 70-iani ww. dasawyisi) dakarges es mxare, toponimi ki darCa rogorc xeobis (qveynis) da misi sazogadoebis aRmweri. sazRvrebi sajavaxo qveynisa ase gamoiyureba – aRmosavleTidan saCino (ZiriTadad md. yumuris da suloris xeobebi, sajavaxos mTebamde dasavleTiT), CrdiloeTidan mdinare rioni, das. xeviswylis (sajavaxos wylis) da rionis xerTvisis mimdgomi, samxreTidan da samxreT-dasavleTidan sawablios da burnaTis qedebi.


1.baqraZe d., 1987; d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, Tb., 1987. 2.berZeniSvili n., 1990; n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990. 3.beraZe T., cqitiSvili g., 1971; T.beraZe, g. cqitiSvili 1971, imereTis samefos politikuri

sazRvrebi, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli IV, Tb., 1971. 4.buaCiZe k, 2000; k. buaCiZe, imereTis mefeebi, kr. saqarTvelos mefeebi, Tb., 2000. 5.gvenetaZe e., 2015; e. gvenetaZe, g. gagua, gamoCinebulis wmida didmowame giorgis eklesia,

Tb., 2015.


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6.TayaiSvili e 1914; e. TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnani, tf., 1914. 7.TofCiSvili r., 2011; r. TofCiSvili, saqarTvelos TavadaznaurTa gvarebis istoria,Tb.,

2011. 8.kakabaZe s., 1913; s. kakabaZe, genealogia didi aleqsandre mefisa, Tb.,1913. 9.kakabaZe s., 1914; s. kakabaZe afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, tf., 1914. 10.kakabaZe s., 1920; s. kakabaZe, kvleva-Ziebani saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, Tb.,

1920. 11.maruSvili l., 1969; l. maruaSvili, saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia wigni I, Tb., 1969. 12.metreveli e., 1962; e. metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaT-

vis (XI-XVII ss.), Tb., 1962. 13.soselia o., 1973; o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos soci-

al-politikuri istoriidan, Tb., 1973. 14.qoriZe T., 2000; T. qoriZe, qarTlis mefeebi, kr. saqarTvelos meeebi, Tb., 2000. 15.yauxCiSvili s., 1955; qarTlis cxovreba,t. I, teqsti dadgenili yvela Ziri¬Ta¬di xelna-

weris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955. 16.yauxCiSvili s., 1959; qarTlis cxovreba,t. II, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawe-

ris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1959. 17.yauxCiSvili s., 1973; qarTlis cxovreba,t. IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawe-

ris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973. 18.cxovrebaSvili S., 1970; S. cxovrebaSvili, mesxeTis qedis Crd. Fferdobis mTiswineTis er-

Ti morfologiuri Tavisebureba da misi mizezebi, saqarTvelos ssr, geografiuli sazogadoe-bis Sromebi XI, Tb., 1970.

19.CxataraiSvili 1959; q. CxataraiSvili, guriis samTavro (politikuri da social-ekonomi-kuri istoriis narkvevi, Tb., 1959 (xelnaweri).


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g. kutalaZe sajavaxo qveyana

reziume XV saukuneSi vake-imereTSi „cxeniswylisa da rionisaken“ gamtkicda WilaZeTa warCinebuli

saTavado saxli. am saukunis meore naxevridan WilaZeebi euflebian rions gaRma teritorias is-toriuli saCinos dasavleTiT xeviswylis wylisa (vaxuStisTan sajavaxos wyali) da rionis Se-sarTavis CaTvliT da mTels xeobas, romelic „tomobrivad gurias ekuTvnoda“. XVI saukuneSi es miwa-wyali mamulobiT miekuTvna javax II gustanis Ze WilaZes, ris gamoc mTeli rions gaRma sa-Wilao mxare iwoda sajavaxod (javaxi — sa-javax-o qveyana). javax WilaZis sikvdilis Semdeg (XVI s. 70-iani ww.) WilaZeebma dakarges es mxare. sajavaxo saxelma ki SeinarCuna administraciuli da socialuri Sinaarsi, sajavaxo qveynis da misi sazogadoebis aRmweris funqcia. sajavaxos saz-Rvrebi Cven ase gvesaxeba – aRmosavleTidan saCino (ZiriTadad md. yumuris da suloris xeobe-bi), dasavleTiT-xeviswylisa (sajavaxos) da rionis xerTvisis mimdgomiT, samxreTidan – guriis seris sawablios qedi, CrdiloeTiT – mdinare rioni. G. Kutaladze

Country Sajavakho Summary

In the XV century the noble house of the Chiladzes was strengthened in lowland Imereti towards the rivers of the

Tskhenistskali and The Rioni. In the second half of the XV century the Chiladzes start to take into their possession the territories outside of the river Rioni, on the west of historian site of the Sajavakho water (present Khevistskali) including the whole Sajavakho ravine, which historically ( tribally) belonged to Guria. In the XVI century this territory with all its waters and lands went into the possession of javakhian Chiladze II son of Gustani.That’s why all the outskirt territories of the Rioni was named “Sachilao” and Java territory – as “Sajavakho” After the death of Chiladze ( in the 70s of XV Icentury) The Chladzes lost this part of the country, but the name Sajavakho, bearing its administrative and social content is still maintained and describes the region of Sajavakho and its society. To our Opinion Sajavakho borders Sachino from the East (mainly ravines of the rivers the Kumri and the Sulori) in the west. It borders the khevistskali (the Sajavakho) and river Rioni in the direction of Khertvisi, Guria satsablia ridge from the south, and in the North it borders the Rioni river.


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l. kutubiZe, m. zubaSvili

saredaqcio damoukidebloba da lideris faqtori

Jurnalistikis, mediis ganviTarebas Tan sdevs dilema — mudmivi konfliqti mediis biz-

nesinteressa da mediis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi interesebis guSagis funqcias Soris. de-mokratiuli mediis ganviTarebis procesi, erTi mxriv, TavisTavad gulisxmobs Tavisufle-bisa da damoukideblobis sazRvrebis gafarToebas, magram, meore mxriv, garTobis indus-triis mZlavri SemoWra mediasivrceSi pirdapir utevs mediis damoukideblobis yvelaze sak-ralur aspeqts — saredaqcio damoukideblobas. am faqtoris gasaazreblad sakmarisia aR-vniSnoT, rom maskomunikaciis Tanamedrove TeoriebSi garTobis industria maskomunikaci-is/mediis Senakadadaa miCneuli [viviani j., 2013: 232].

dRevandel rTul samyaroSi damoukidebloba sruli verafriT iqneba. SesaZloa, swored am mizeziT Sesabamis literaturaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba mediis damoukideblobis gansazRvreba. mediis mkvlevari tatiana repkova miiCnevs, rom `nebismieri SemoTavazebu-li gansazRvreba sakamaToa. amis magaliTad gamodgeba ìuneskos~ 1991 wlis deklaracia: `damoukidebel presaSi Cven vgulisxmobT presas, romelic ar eqvemdebareba samTavro-bo, politikur an ekonomikur kontrols, an gazeTebis, Jurnalebis da sxva perioduli gamocemebis gamoSvebisa da gavrcelebisaTvis saWiro masalebis momwodeblebisa da Se-sabamisi infrastruqturis gavlenas~ [repkova t., 2006: 10]

repkova gvTavazobs damoukidebeli gazeTis Semdeg gansazRvrebas: `damoukidebeli gazeTi mkiTxvelisaTvis informaciis miukerZoebeli mimwodebelia. damoukidebeli gaze-Ti sakuTar damoukideblobas mTavar komerciul, sagamomcemlo da moralur sakuTre-bad miiCnevs. is cdilobs, iseTi saxiT SeinarCunos damoukidebloba, rom yovelTvis hqondes saSualeba, mimarTos Tavisi auditoriis TiToeul warmomadgenels. is zedmi-wevniT profesiuli midgomiT inarCunebs damoukideblobas da am midgomis principebs aucileblad uziarebs yvela TanamSromels, mkiTxvelsa Tu komerciul momxmarebels, romelsac surs am principebis codna. damoukidebeli gazeTi ar iRebs profesiul ga-dawyvetilebebs romelime erTi organizaciis (sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT) viwro ekonomi-kuri an politikuri interesebis safuZvelze~ [repkova t., 2006:11]

presis damoukideblobis qvakuTxedi saredaqcio damoukideblobaa. es niSnavs damo-ukideblobas rogorc gare, ise Sida Zalebisagan. kerZod:

mTavrobisagan; politikuri partiebisa da maTi interesebisagan; saqmiani da komerciuli interesebisagan, reklamebis ganmaTavseblebis interese-

bis CaTvliT;

Jurnalistebis megobrebisagan; sakuTari garemocvisa da subieqturi Sexedulebebis, crurwmenebisa da winaswar

Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisisagan. erTi SexedviT biznes-paradoqsia: is, rom Jurnalistebi maTi damqiraveblebis intere-

sebs ar gamoxataven, aris maTi damqiraveblis finansuri warmatebis wyaro! amerikuli gaze-Tebis gamomcemlebma me-19-e saukunis bolos politikuri ideologia e.w. saredaqcio damou-kideblobiT Caanacvles. 1896 wels axalgazrda gamomcemelma adolf oqsma niu iork Taimsi SeiZina. pirvelive dRes man, rogorc gamomcemelma, gamoaqveyna werili, saxelwodebiT „biz-nesgegma“; oqsi werda: „Cemi gulwrfeli mizania gadmovce axali ambebi aracalmxrivad, uSiS-rad da miukerZoeblad, partiulobis, seqtisa da interesebisagan damoukideblad“ [kovaCi b., rozenstili t., 2005: 61].

mas swamda rom SeZlebda gamoeca gazeTi, romelic iqneboda „sufTa, Rirseuli, sando da miukerZoebeli“. oqsma icoda, rom misi mTavari konkurenti yviTeli presa iyo, magram mTeli sakuTari qoneba sasworze dado im imediT, rom adamianebi SeZlebdnen SeeyvarebinaT gulwrfeli presa. pirvel rigSi oqsma reklamis cenzura daawesa, mas miaCnda, rom yvela kar-gi da gulwrfeli reklama Tavis mxriv axali ambavia da gazeTSi dabeWdvas imsaxurebs, iaf-


139

fasian reklamebs myvirala sloganebiT oqsi arasdros beWdavda, ris gamoc Taimss CaZirvas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, magram oqsis Canafiqrma gaamarTla; wlebis ganmavlobaSi niu iork Taimsis cirkulacia ase gaizarda:

1896: 21,516 – 22,000 1898: 25,726 – 34,041 1900: 82,106 – 39,204 1902: 100,738 – 48,354 1904: 109,770 – 46,991 1906: 124,267 – 59,511 1908: 158,692 – 86,779 1910: 178,708 – 113,325 1912: 220,139 – 158,539 1914: 270,113 – 231,409 1916: 327,711 – 376,933 1918: 339,238 – 434,157 1920: 327,275 – 499,924 1922: 344,596 – 542,039 1924: 345,149 – 576,321 1926: 356,471 – 610,041 1928: 405,707 – 700,925 1930: 437,577 – 757,028 1932: 467,296 – 780,470 [ www.nytimes.com] cirkulaciis gazrdas oqsi „mkiTxvelis TvalSi gazeTis saxelis aRdgenad“ miiCnevda.

gayidvebis raodenobam daadastura, rom sazogadoebas ainteresebda sufTa, Rirseuli gaze-Ti. TanamSromlebi yovelTvis aRniSnavdnen, rom niu iork Taimsi adolf oqsis pirovnebis anarekli iyo, magram mas arasdros dauSvia gazeTSi sakuTari piradi interesebi, antipaTia Tu gansakuTrebuli mowoneba, misi saxeli TaimsSi Zalian iSviaTad figurirebda.

oqss sjeroda, rom gazeTs erTi adamiani ar unda akontrolebdes, amitom Tanagundele-bis gareSe gadawyvetilebebs ar iRebda. is yovelTvis ambobda, rom misTvis yvelaze Rirebu-li TanamSromeli iyo is, vinc mas TiTqmis arasdros eTanxmeboda.

Semdeg, amerikaSic da msoflioSic, sxvebmac mibaZes oqsis magaliTs — biznesgegmis Sed-genas im ideasTan SesabamisobaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac auditoriis dayeneba politikur da uaxloes finansur interesebze maRla saukeTeso grZelvadiani finansuri strategiaa.

1933 wels, iujin maierma, vaSington postis yidvis Semdeg, Camoayaliba principebis nus-xa, romelTa Soris iyo aseTi principi: „simarTlis ZiebaSi gazeTi mzad iqneba msxverplad gaiRos Tavisi materialuri warmateba, Tu es aucilebelia sazogadoebis keTildReobis-Tvis“ [kovaCi b., rozenstili t., 2005: 62].

im droisTvis ukve CaZiruli, gakotrebis piras myofi da ganadgurebuli vaSington pos-ti 825 000 dolarad mihyides finansists, romelsac gazeTis warmoebis araferi gaegeboda. es finansisti gaxldaT SeZlebuli respublikeli iujin maieri, romelsac axaldatovebuli hqonda 16 wliani Tanamdeboba mTavrobaSi — federaluri sarezervo sabWos gamgeblis pozi-cia. gazeTis oficialurad SesyidvisTanave, maierma dawera gancxadeba vaSington postSi da-sabeWdad; is 13 ivnisis nomerSi pirvel gverdze aRmoCnda: `Cemi mTavari ganzraxva da mizania gavaumjobeso vaSington posti da is imaze ukeTesi gamocema iyos, vidre iyo gasuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi. posti iqneba damoukidebeli gazeTi, romelic uerTgulebs vaSingtonsa da mis axlomdebare gareubnebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis interess da, vimedovnebT, rom maTganac mi-viRebT ndobasa da mxardaWeras. vfiqrob, aucilebelia naTeli iyos isic, rom postis SeZeni-sas mxolod piradi interesiT vxelmZRvanelobdi, nebismier pirTan, jgufTan Tu organiza-ciasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe~ [www.washingtonpost.com].

iujin maieris am werilis meore abzaci mTlianad eZRvneboda im Woris gafantvas, rom gazeTi mxolod respublikuri partiis interesebs gaaSuqebda. sazogadoebis azriT, maieris es svla iyo yvelaze STambeWdavi azartuli TamaSi, radgan, Tavdapirvelad gazeTis gadasar-Cenad asiaTasobiT dolaris gaReba mas uwevda sakuTari jibidan. es riski dRes, wlebis Sem-


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deg, amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze did bizneswarmatebebs Soris erT-erTia. erT dros gaqro-bis piras myofi `vaSington posti~ iujin maierma qaliSvils, ketrin grems, dautova, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli gazeTi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.

oqsisa da maieris strategiam niu iork Taimsi da vaSington posti aramxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, mTels msoflioSi gavlenian gamocemebad aqcia. maTi memkvidreoba im fundamentad iqca, romelzec Semdgom daefuZna saredaqcio damoukideblobis iseTi arna-xuli Sedegi, rogoric iyo uotergeitis skandalad wodebuli Jurnalisturi gamoZieba. rom ara es tradicia da `vaSington postis~ legendaruli liderebis — gamomcemel ketrin gremi-sa da mTavari redaqtoris benjamin bredlis Seupovroba, ukompromisoba da profesiona-lizmis maRali done, SeuZlebeli iqneboda xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSelonebis zewolasTan gamklaveba da gamoZiebis bolomde miyvana.

`vaSington posti~ amerikaSi udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobs. is SeerTebul StatebSi beWduri sityvis erT-erTi xatia. es gazeTi wlebis manZilze mTavari axali ambebis Tu prob-lemebis win wamomwevad iTvleboda, sazogadoebriv azrs ayalibebda da, Sesabamisad, sakmao gavlenas axdenda dedaqalaqisa da qveynis politikur cxovrebaze. TiTqmis 80 wlis manZilze „vaSington posts“ gremebis sami Taoba flobda.

legendaruli ketrin gremi — beWduri mediis udidesi gavlenis mqone gamomcemeli, ame-rikeli prezidentebis piradi megobari, JurnalistebisTvis „idealuri bosi“, amerikuli me-diis damoukideblobis erTgvar simbolodac iqca. „amerikuli Jurnalistikis pirveli le-di“, — ase uwoda mas prezidentma buSma gamosaTxovar sityvaSi; „is iyo WeSmariti lideri da WeSmariti ledi, — Tqva buSma, — Seupovari, magram morcxvi, Zlevamosili, magram ubralo; cnobili Tavisi srulyofilebiT, yovelTvis didsulovani da guliTadi adamianebTan urTi-erTobaSi“ [https://lenta.ru].

ketrin grems miaCnda, rom kompaniis warmateba damokidebulia xelmZRvanelobis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis unarze da ara TanamSromelTa saqmianobis kontrolze.

uotergeitis saqmeze muSaobis dawyebisTanave, bunebrivia, Jurnalistebze seriozuli zewola daiwyo da swored ketrin grems mouxda maTi dacva, miuxedavad imisa, rom es serio-zulad emuqreboda mis bizness. „posts“ (ase eZaxian vaSingtonSi vaSington posts) Zalian di-di problemebi Seeqmneba, — ganacxada prezidentma niqsonma, — maT satelevizio sadgurica aqvT da aRar eqnebaT! niqsonis saarCevno kampaniis xelmZRvanelma jon mitCelma ki iseTi ucenzuro sityvebiT moixsenia ketrin gremi, rom gamoqveynebas ar eqvemdebareboda... magram misis gremis gadamwyvetma da Tanmimdevrulma moqmedebam niqsonzec ki moaxdina STabeWdi-leba da pativiscemiT ganawyo am Seupovari qalbatonis mimarT. „postma“, bolos da bolos, gaimarjva, niqsoni gadadga, xolo ketrin gremis ofisSi didxans ekida prezident jerald fordis (romelmac niqsoni Secvala TeTr saxlSi) plakati misi cnobili avtografiT: „me es samuSao `vaSington postis~ wyalobiT viSove“. ketrin gremi pulitceris premiis laureatic gaxda, 1998 wels gamoqveynebuli memuarebisTvis `piradi istoria~.

erTxel Jurnalma Newsweek-ma (es Jurnali 1963 wels iyida gremebis ojaxma) damcinavi statia gamoaqveyna prezident jonsonisa da romis papis Sexvedraze. gacofebulma prezi-dentma Tavis pres-mdivans daavala, rom ketrin grems dakavSireboda da publikaciis uaryo-fa/Sesworeba moeTxova. „verafriT dagexmarebiT, — upasuxa pres-mdivans ketrinma, — daela-parakeT Jurnalis redaqtors, me ara maqvs Cems TanamSromlebze zewolis ufleba.“ Newsweek-is redaqtori pozicias ar Tmobda, misis gremi ki xelebs asavsavebda; Sedegad, isev prezi-dents mouxda poziciis daTmoba: „ketrini marTalia, bolos da bolos Cven xom konstituci-is pirveli Sesworeba gvaqvs“ [http://kommersant.ru].

`vaSington postis~ yofili mTavari redaqtori, benjamin (ben) bredli, misi drois yve-laze legendarul redaqtorad da lideradaa aRiarebuli. bredli gamomcemlobas 1968-1991 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda da mis saxels ukavSirdeba `pentagonis qaRaldebis~ da uotergei-tis skandalis Jurnalisturi gamoZiebebi. ben bredlis yvela Cinebul liderad miiCnevda, radgan is iyo meTauri, romelic brZolis velze wina xazze dgas.

meri bet vestma ben bredlisTan muSaobis Semdeg Camoayaliba is sami ZiriTadi principi, romelsac bredli liderisTvis aucileblad miiCnevda [http://www.marybethwest.com]:


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1) mieciT Tqven profesiul vnebas ufleba iyos Tqveni megzuri: gagiWirdebaT nebismie-ri biznesis marTva, Tu am saqmis ar gjeraT, Tu es saqme Sesisxlxorcebuli ar gaqvT da ar giyvarT, rogorc sakuTari Svili. ipoveT Tqveni gataceba, mihyeviT mas da is gaxdeba Tqveni warmatebuli xelmZRvanelobis sawindari.

2) ar dasjerdeT arafers simarTleze naklebs! bredlis warmatebis mTavari sawindari iyo misi mTavari moraluri Rirebuleba: eTqva

simarTle. misi azriT, Tu lideri ar iqneba marTali sakuTar TavTan, sakuTar gundTan da swored imaves ar moiTxovs Tanagundelebisgan, maSin es lideri ver gaxdeba warmatebuli.

3) iyaviT gezis ganmsazRvreli Suqura, informaciis gaziarebisa da saqmianobaSi sxvebis CarTvis gziT.

mTeli misi xangrZlivi karieris ganmavlobaSi bredlis erTi wuTiTac ar Seuwyvetia axalgazrda talantebis moZieba, maTi saqmianobaSi CarTva, aRmoCenebis da gamocdilebis sxvebisTvis gaziareba. bredlis TqmiT, „kargi lideri es aris pirovneba, romelsac SeuZlia Semoikribos xalxi da gauZRves mas warmatebisaken“ [repkova t., 2006: 41]. is, rogorc lideri, yovelTvis axerxebda TanamSromlebis motivirebas, dacvas da, rac mTavaria, iyo ukompromi-so, roca saqme saredaqcio damoukideblobas, mkiTxvelis interess exeboda. adolf oqsis, iujin maieris, ketrin gremisa da benjamin bredlisTana liderebisa da menejerebis cxovre-bisa da saqmianobis stili aris klasikuri magaliTi imisa, rom saredaqcio damoukidebloba urTulesi misaRwevia, magram SesaZlebeli!


1. viviani, j., masobrivi komunikacia, saqarTvelos universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbili-

si, 2013. 2. kovaCi, b., rozenstili, t., Jurnalistikis elementebi, gamomcemloba “impresi“, Tbi-

lisi, 2005. 3. repkova, t., axali droeba: profesiuli gazeTis Seqmna ganviTarebadi demokratiis pi-

robebSi, gamomcemloba „diogene“, Tbilisi, 2006. 4. http://www.marybethwest.com/three-communications-leadership-lessons-from-the-late-ben-bradlee-

of-the-washington-post 5. http://kommersant.ru/doc/2289084 6. https://lenta.ru/most/2001/07/18/w— post 7. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/06/01/eugene-meyer-bought-post-50-years-

ago/910a718e-e71f-46bd-9ad7-78ad9e2107b2/?utm— term=.7810d5bb98bc 8. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0312.html


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l. kutubiZe, m. zubaSvili

saredaqcio damoukidebloba da lideris faqtori reziume

erTi SexedviT biznes-paradoqsia: is, rom Jurnalistebi maTi damqiraveblebis intere-

sebs ar gamoxataven, aris maTi damqiraveblis finansuri warmatebis wyaro! amerikuli gaze-Tebis gamomcemlebma me-19-e saukunis bolos politikuri ideologia e.w. saredaqcio damou-kideblobiT Caanacvles. 1896 wels axalgazrda gamomcemelma adolf oqsma `niu iork taimsi~ SeiZina. pirvelive dRes man, rogorc gamomcemelma, gamoaqveyna werili, saxelwodebiT „biz-nesgegma“; oqsi werda: „Cemi gulwrfeli mizania gadmovce axali ambebi aracalmxrivad, uSiS-rad da miukerZoeblad, partiulobis, seqtisa da interesebisagan damoukideblad.“

Semdeg amerikaSic da msoflioSic, sxvebmac mibaZes oqsis magaliTs — biznesgegmis Sed-genas im ideasTan SesabamisobaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac auditoriis dayeneba politikur da uaxloes finansur interesebze maRla saukeTeso grZelvadiani finansuri strategiaa.

1933 wels iujin maierma, `vaSington postis~ yidvis Semdeg, Camoayaliba principebis nusxa, romelTa Soris iyo aseTi principi: „simarTlis ZiebaSi gazeTi mzad iqneba msxver-plad gaiRos Tavisi materialuri warmateba, Tu es aucilebelia sazogadoebis keTildReo-bisTvis“.

oqsisa da maieris strategiam `niu iork taimsi~ da `vaSington posti~ aramxolod ameri-kis SeerTebul StatebSi, mTels msoflioSi gavlenian gamocemebad aqcia. maTi memkvidreoba im fundamentad iqca, romelzec Semdgom daefuZna saredaqcio damoukideblobis iseTi ar-naxuli Sedegi, rogoric iyo uotergeitis saqmed wodebuli Jurnalisturi gamoZieba. rom ara es tradicia da vaSington postis legendaruli liderebis — gamomcemel ketrin gremis da mTavari redaqtoris benjamin bredlis Seupovroba, ukompromisoba da profesionalizmis maRali done, SeuZlebeli iqneboda xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSelonebis zewolasTan gam-klaveba da gamoZiebis bolomde miyvana. L. Kutubidze, M. Zubashvili

The Impact of the Leader on the Editorial Independence

Summary

It may seem like a business-paradox: when the journalists do not express the interests of the employers, it becomes main source of success for the employer! By the end of the 19th century, American newspaper publishers replaced the political ideology with so called editorial independence. In 1896, a young publisher Adolph Ochs purchased The New York Times. In his first publisher’s note titled as The Business Plan he wrote: "It is my sincere goal to publish the news impartially, fearlessly and independently, without the involvement of party, sect or other interests”.

Soon other publishers throughout US and the whole world followed the Och’s example — constructing the business plans according to idea that putting reader’s interest above political and financial interest was the best long-term business strategy.

In 1933, after purchasing The Washington Post, Eugene Meyer developed a list of principles, one of which stated: “In the pursuit of truth, the newspaper shall be prepared to make sacrifices of its material fortunes, if such a course be necessary for the public good.”

Och’s and Meyer’s strategies made The New York Times and The Washington Post one of the most influential publishers not only in the US, but throughout the whole world. Their legacy became the foundation, on which was based the editorial independence’s unbelievable result of investigative journalism, called the Watergate Scandal. If not this tradition and the determination, intransigence and high professionalism of The Washington Post’s legendary leaders — Katherine Graham and Ben Bradlee, it would have been impossible to deal with the pressure from state authorities and to finish the investigation.


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T. MERABISHVILI

VARIETY OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE PARAMETERS

Globalization and cross-cultural communication, as a contemporary reality and the means of free choice and an efficient way of a new type of relationship, have had an impact on lexical units, discourse and its parameters as well. These types of discourse are analyzed through a case of diversity, according to current attitudes that tend to increase cultural variety in discourse.

The logic objective of development of linguistics, the subject matter in which has been successively moved from the study of formal language structures to the analysis of their content, functioning of linguistic units in speech, the specificity of human speech and thought activity, motivated by cultural and social environment, predetermined introduction of linguistic problems and the issues, relating to the ontology and attributable features of the discourse. As a result of the study of discourse in view of its specification, the scientists' attention has been attracted by individual discursive forms associated with the different types of institutional communication. Political discourse is understood not as "any speech" as a part of unity of linguistic form, meaning and action, but the speech and its result, limited by the given social sphere in which the language — the link between the thought and action serves as an essential tool for accomplishment of the political objectives. If one compares the discourse of politics with other institutional varieties (legal, administrative and managerial), it is more flexible, spontaneous, emotional and tends to aphoristic nature and novelty. By putting the task to highlight and describe the structure-forming parameters of political discourse, we have been based on the analysis of scientific works of competent researchers in the field of discourse theory followed by an interpretation of formulated statements and opinions that gave a reason for their application to the specific institutional type of discourse.

The parameter of “creation and application of discourse” suggests taking into account the features of the linguistic personality, which simultaneously generates and identifies the discourse. This aspect is related to the cognitive activity of an individual, exercised in language. To participate in the discourse, an individual must possess some combination of knowledge and skills (ability to use speech tactics, strategies, knowledge of roles, interchanging in speech practice etc.). All these characteristics are specified by the type of linguistic personality. The politics is an art to organize and manage people [Ревзина О., 2005: 33.]. Therefore, the political discourse is created by the linguistic personality, who may put in a claim for special influence, has a will and strength to be in a state of constant struggle, maintaining the position in the hierarchy or either while promoting, is still able to demonstrate the relation to the ideas put in practice. This individual is endowed with high responsiveness, "communicative energy" i.e. ability to speak and persuade at that as one of the elements of art (repelling the Bergstrasser's idea) theatricality, drama elements are not alien to such an individual. Political leaders carry certain image, which makes them recognizable. The researchers attribute the innovative lifestyle to the same area. All these factors, serving for the influence upon the audience/ electorate are often referred to as the charisma of a politician. Thus, the matter is the combination of extra -linguistic factors themselves, which are involved either in formation of the structure of discourse or having influence on it.

The parameter “communicative provision” is based on the idea of existence of a channel of communication, developed within the theory of speech acts and communication science. Establishment of communication channel through which the discourse is implemented, gives grounds for differentiation of types of the discourse (oral, written, internet-discourse) and its further analysis. This parameter also includes a notion of "code", i.e. the language, generating the discourse. Peculiarities of political discourse are, first of all, predetermined by the parameters of the language of politics. V. Demyankov namely, states the following: "Political language differs from the common one in that, "political language" is terminological and regular, not purely "political" language symbols are not always used in the same way as they are in the general language; the specific structure of discourse is the result of sometimes very peculiar speech methods; the method of implementation of the discourse itself is also specific – either in its verbal or written form" [Демьянков В., 2002: 32-43]. It should be noted that essential differences are related to the visual perception process as well: a person sitting in the hall/ auditorium and listening to the speaker, perceives him through the prism of his subjective perception, at his visual angle, while for example the broadcasting of public speech on TV, implies editing and interpretation of a real event, arrangement of additional emphasizes.

The parameter of “discursive functions” is interpreted as the result of action of communicative and cognitive components of the discourse. So, the roles in the discourse, implemented by the linguistic personality are referred to the communicative component, whereas knowledge and its interpretation on which the communication is based — to the cognitive one. Political discourse is a representation of meanings, values, images; it is always coupled with a certain communicative objective (intention); as any other type of discourse, it has two plans of content: superficial and contextual, suggesting procedures of guesswork and interpretation, as a result of which its meaning becomes wider


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[Баранов А., 1997: 12-16]. The process of detection, decoding and interpretation of contextual (latent) meanings is carried out via integration of these cognitive operations and the specific knowledge and experience of recipient of the message. The contextual plan of informational and political publications (collage, photos, caricatures etc. illustration content of the text) can be interpreted as "non- articulating" message, which is also expected to be read by the recipient and to provoke certain cultural and historical associations and linguistic connotations in his mind. Political discourse is a part of a general discursive space, keeping the experience of cultural and historical communications including the dialogue of different generations.

The parameter of “inter-textual interaction” is introduced into the discourse analysis based on the presumption of the ability of individual discourse to have multivariate relationships with other discourse-texts: according to directions of the context, their structure, formal and symbolic expressions etc. Discourse, as a sense-carrier, establishes itself not only in terms of interaction of words, which generate the author's intention, but also in terms of inter-textual connections, which arouse in the individual's mentality due to the interaction of these words. Discourse, preserving its own reference (represents certain objectively existing or imaginary reality) acquires feature of poly-reference: with regard to the reality and other discourse/discourses. Individual discourse can, both absorb semantic field of other discourses, and also play the role of a "donor". Accordingly, if necessary, it can be estimated from the position of demonstration of these features as well. Thus, intertextuality through the prism of discourse analysis — is a depth of discourse, which is revealed in the process of its interaction with the subject.

The parameter of “authorship” is necessary for the determination of author's intention, which stimulates him to produce the text. Understanding the concept of discourse as a "communication through the text" [Карасик В., 2007: 79], we suppose that during the analysis of author's intention in discourse, we can rely on the developments in the field of the text linguistics. Thus, in case of communicative approach to the text, the author's intention is represented by the following categories: 1) Phatic (contact-establishing) intention; 2) Volitional or intention of influence (including aesthetic influence); 3) Representative or intention of communication; 4) Intention of reproduction, or playback. These attributes are relevant to the political discourse as well. Let's retrace: Phatic intention — necessity to establish a contact with the audience, electorate; volitional — is implemented after establishment of contact, which provides the most significant function of influence in this type of institutional discourse; representative — carries a message aimed at an audience; intention of reproduction — designed for playback.

The parameter “addressee” comes out in the direction, while messaging to the addressee — a potential (simulated) participant of a dialogue, a recipient of the text message. which is involved in the communicative relations. The addressee — carrier of both conscious and unconscious, gets involved in dialogic communications with the author- the similar carrier of two worlds — conscious and unconscious. This parameter reflects implementation of process of communicative contact between the author and recipient. During this process, the mechanisms of speech perception are triggered, which are embedded in the linguistic personality.

Political discourse is intended to convince the addressee in "politically correct" actions and/or assessments. Therefore, such discourse is mainly oriented not to the reference, but persuasion. Accordingly, political discourse should be in harmony with the universum of multiple worlds of potential recipients. Meanwhile, argumentation can be substituted by the emotional influence, playing on a sense of call of duty, moral values — all that constitutes the art of persuasion.

The parameter “informativeness” reflects feature of the discourse to have a theme (a discourse topic) and transmit information, designed for perception of a recipient. Informativeness is also related to the degree of novelty or unexpectedness for the recipient. It can vary in each specific case, depending on the level of the linguistic personality of the potential recipient.

In the process of determination of Informativeness of a discourse, one should take into account the factor of correlation of expression with the situation, reflected in it. Thus, it is known that superficial structure, demonstrated by the number of language symbols of expression at the text level, does not coincide with its deep structure due to the asymmetry of language symbol: there are fewer linguistic units in the text than meanings, communicated by them.

This parameter may also be considered in terms of linguistic units, structuring the given discourse, the analysis of which particularly allows characterizing it as a strained or unstrained. It is known that unstrained text represents a logically detailed structure; no semantic links are missing; the theme-rhematic sequence does not have any semantic gaps. Strained text is formed by entering of new information into the theme, escaping any stage in logical sequence of its narration. Missed link/links of content are represented in such text implicitly; their replenishment depends on the adequacy of an author's intention and the degree of addressee's competence. The abovementioned also applies to the discursive processes. In this approach the informativeness of discourse is comprehended as being accomplished through indirect removal of the latter from the universe of discourse, reconstructed and interpreted.


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Parameter “Informativeness” as all the above mentioned ones, is in a relationship of mutual permeability with all other highlighted parameters of the discourse. With regard to the political discourse, the component of "political field" can be considered as a system-forming parameter. According to P.Bourdieu, the political field is the dynamic interaction of political subjects (parliamentarians, members of political parties, politicians, officials etc.) whose actions on the one hand are dictated by the demands and interests of social groups and, on the other hand — by their status position within the social and political institutions [Бурдье П., 1993: 120-126]. At the same time, relations of status positions dictate their own rules of a game. In order to understand not only explicit, but also contextual plan of the political discourse, it is required to focus on information about status positions of the subject in the political field as well as on his capabilities to influence upon the formation of the view of the world society.

On the basis of abovementioned, all listed parameters can be perceived as the necessary and sufficient condition for origination and existence of multiculturism in the discourse. They provide the unity of functioning of the discourse parts as integrity, its lexical, grammatical, communicative, cultural, intentional and cognitive coherence.

References: 1. Баранов А.Н. Политический дискурс: прощание с ритуалом // Человек. № 6. Екатеринбург, 1997, с.

12-16. 2. Бурдье П. Социология политика, М., 1993, с.120-126. 3. Демьянков В.З. Политический дискурс как предмет политической филологии. Политическая наука.

Политический дискурс: История и современные исследования. № 3. М., 2002, с.32-43. 4. Карасик В.И. Дискурсивная персонология//Язык, коммуникация и социальная среда. Вып. 5.

Воронеж, ВГУ, 2007, с.79. 5. Ревзина О.Г. Дискурс и дискурсивные формации//Критика и семиотика. Вып.8. Новосибирск, 2005. 6. Социология. Энциклопедия. М. 2003. с.33.

T. Merabishvili

Variety of Political Discourse Parameters Abstract

The paper deals with identifying discourse parameters in political light. These parameters are considered as

structure-forming ones, discursive parameters are interpreted as the result of action of communicative and cognitive components of the discourse. So, the roles in the discourse, implemented by the linguistic personality are referred to the communicative component, whereas knowledge and its interpretation on which the communication is based — to the cognitive one. These parameters possess distinguished functions and are oriented to reach teleological ethics.

T. merabiSvili

politikuri diskursis parametrebis nairsaxeoba reziume

statia eZRvneba politikur diskursis struqturawarmomqmneli parametrebis kon-

stituciuri niSan-Tvisebebis ganxilvas, politikuri Zalauflebis miRwevas, SenarCunebasa da ganxorcielebas. Ppolitikuri diskursis daniSnulebaa ara ubralod aRweros (anu ara referencia), aramed daarwmunos adresati masSi ganzraxvebis gaRviZebiT, Seqmnas darwmu-nebis safuZveli da ubiZgos qmedebisaken.AstatiaSi politikuri diskursis efeqturoba gansazRvrulia am mizanTan SefardebiT. mas aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli funqciuroba da orientirebulia miaRwios teleologiur ganwyobebs.


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T. TUXASHVILI

REVIEW OF KIDNEY DONORS' PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Kedney transplantation is the choice of the treatment for the patients on the last stage, which will provide the best

results and high quality of life. Today, this form of treatment has become universally available in many centers of transplantation. In 2003, for example: in Switzerland, cadaver donation exceeded the transplantation of living donors. Similar trends are observed in many countries of the worldHowever , at present there is a shortage of donors.

Only in the United States of America, 102723 [http://opten. Transplanlant.hrsa.gov/latesData/rptData.asp] patients waiting for the organ and this number is increasing daily. Living donation has several advantages:better donor selection, donors psychological evaluation, planned operation, fewer postoperative complications and better results.

The role of donors during kidney transplantation is very important, as they give their organs to others, plan the operations not because they have a medical diagnoses, but because they want to do good job. The donor should not have kidney problemsand his/her health will have to be very good.

Donor selection in Georgia is possible according to the existing legislation. There is a low [Organ and Tissue transplantation; 2006], according this law,donor may be a family member, close relative, cousin and legally married spouse.

According to the law, which was passed in 2010, a living donor may be:recipient’s genetic relative, recipient’s spouse(if marriage is not than one year), recipient’s spouse’s child, parents, grandparents, grandchildren, sister, brother(if marriage is not less than two years). It should also be noted, that according to the existing Georgian legislation, altruistic purpose of organ donation is prohibited. Also, in Georgia here is not an implementation of cadaver donation,although it is allowed according to the law. Church representatives and doctors have different opinions about possible death.

Some studies have shown that the donor may have an unrealistic fear of transplantation, which may adversely affect his/her psychological condition [LE B., LE R., Sosa Ja, Tu AH, Nagula et al. 2002: 186-19; [BurroughsTe, Waterman AD., 2003: 142-150].

Therefore, the donor organ donation should have been declared to give informed consent, for it should be explained to the donor the type of operation, its duration, the risk, which is a danger for the life,immediate and remote, direct and indirect impacts of the surgery; success and failure probabilities of living donor transplantation, all possible circumstances that could affect the donors decision.

First of all it is necessary to determine the blood group. It does not matter that the blood group would be identical. The main thing is that the blood group would be compatible. For example: the first group of blood can give its organ to the rest of the blood groups, but the forth group may take the organ from the any other blood groups, from only compatible groups. After the compatibility is confirmed, immunology is checked to find out that these organs are compatible or not. Immunological compability shows, if this process is going to be continued well. If there is a compatibility the donor and the recipient are researched with all methods, which are necessary and this process is available according to the law.

All potential donors should have a psychological and emotional stability. If potential donors have a variety of harmful substances or psychosis facts, they can not be considered as donors. The social rate of the donors is also necessary, because the financial dependence on the recipient, as a survivor, it may be a motivation for him to decide.

After the transplant, these and other family problems can cause the depression or other mental disorder [EvangelosMazaris, Vassillos EPapalois .”Etikal Issues in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation”]. The reason of the decision also may be relationship of the donors and recipients, they have an obligation to help and deny free choice. Moral and emotional commitments do not restrict the free choice, but, apparently, the donor, who refuses the organ donation, later has difficulties with family members [Crouch RA, Moral C., …1999: 275-287], so it is recommended that their motivation and the freedom would be determined and the pressure would be unacceptable.

As we already noted, the donor’s motivation is very important. In the list, which should include the donor’s psychological evaluation, the main thing is a motivation, which

determines the psycho-emotional reactions of donors after the transplantation. The internal factors of the motivation are: a desire to help or religiosity. Eternal factors are: social pressure or the standard norms, relationship between the donors and the recipients. It is known that the motivation of emotional partners or family members is to survive.

The most common is emotional senses, which have been found in studies for 30 years. According to Simmon’s survey, 80% of donors help their recipients to save, 78% of them feel that their life has become more attractive, past criminal act of donation(25%), dissatisfaction in case of rejection(14%), the pressure of the family due to the donation(43%).


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Recent studies show that altruistic donors have humanitarian motives to help sick people, such as:moral or religious obligation or identity [Dew M., 2005].

Motive, which is designed to preserve the life of the recipient or enhance the quality of life, is positive [Minz M, Udgiri N, Sharma A, et al.. 2005: 37(5): 2001-2003], but there are other motives, too, which causes negative psycho-social impact and should be evaluated carefully. These incude:sense of guilt, pressure, coercion, obligation or social expectation, raise selfesteem as a result of the behavior, the desire of the recognition, the desire of a good relationship with the recipient, secondary benefits(to avoid from military service, financial interest from the recipient), inability to refuse, being in the role of the rescuer, in order to solve the psychological or family problems, religiousity. According to the various authors, hesitant donors are less desirable for the transplantation.

During the psychological evaluation of the donor the research of the relationship between the donors and the recipients is very important. Research results show that one of the reasons is high levels of emotional relationships. To let someone to be a donor is higher when the donor is a close relative. Earlier studies have shown that when donors were not close relatives, the donation was stressful and they claimed that they would not help the recipients again if it was possible[Johnson E, Anderson JK, Jacobs C, et al.. 1999: 67(5): 717-721]. In addition,the relationship between the donors and the recipients has shown that donors who did not have sufficiently close emotional relationship with the recipient,they noted that they had a postoperative psychologicall stress and were unpleased [Schover L, Streem SB,…1997].

Donors, who were not properly and fully informed, postoperative complications were found, which was reflected in their quality of life [Ozcurumez N, Tanriverdi T, Colack R,... 2004: 36(1): 114-116].

There have been psychological studies since 1966 in which more than 4800 donors are researched. The interval can range from 1week to 34 weeks. The most common is from 1 to 10. According the survey, which was conducted by Clemen’s[Clemens KK, Thierssen — Philbrook H, Parikh CR, et al. Psychosocial health of living kidney donors: a systematic-review. J transplant 2006; 6; 2965-77], the living donor psycho-social functioning after the transplantation is studied. The authors datas refer to donors social function, self-government conception, psychological prosperity, quality of life and physical condition. In many cases, relationships between the donors and the recipients, the donors and the partners and their family remained unchanged or they have improved this. Many donors have increased their self-esteem. Most of the donors were happy, while some donors had negative emotions, for example: the feeling of ignore, frustration, abandoment, disrespect and there were different kinds of depressive symptoms on their face.

Donor’s quality of life are discussed in many studies, that show that the majority of donors are satisfied with their decision and have a desire to help again. For them it was a positive experience [Emma van Hardeveld… 2010: 580-587]. A positive results of live donation mean improvement of the relationship between the donors and the recipients, self-sesteem of donors and socialrecognition.

The study also found that a small number of donors, about 10% regret their positive decision and don’t want to repeat this action again [Emma van Hardeveld… 2010: 580-587].

There was a catagory of donors who had the excitement about thepostoperative pains(as they thought that the operation was the most painful experience they have ever had) health recovery, employment issues, financial problems, possible risks and change of the quality of life. Some donors said that they felt a lack of psychological support and they wanted to get more attention, appreciationand they needed support from the health care authorities.

In Switzerland, about 393 donors were researched and the survey showed what problems are found during the transplant. In particular, with the psychological complaints they have a short-term depression(1,5%) [JurgSteiger, Michael Dickenmann,…2005]. Donors generally painfully point out that they are in the centre of the attention after the transplant, doctors visit the recipient more often and they stop paying the attention to the donors. Depression can arise suddenly,in a short time, despite the fact that the surgery for both sides was successful. Fortunately, this kind of depression doesn’t last for a long time and gradually donor’s condition is improving. This doesn’t include the donors, who have some reasons. For example: unexpected problems of kidney donor or the recipient, or worse case, when the recipient dies.

In this study the authors talk about whether donors worry about their kidney giving. 95% of donors indicated that they would be happy to carry on this mission and only 5% refused.Supporters were among the donors, who have suffered some problems.

Incorrect explanation and unrealistic expectation may cause depression and anxiety, which are particularly common.According to Lentine K1, Et al analise,rate of depression after 5 years transplantationwas 11,5%. Depression levels were higher in women after transplantation, while men were more likely to be nervious [Lentine KL, 2012: 94(1):77-83]. Psychological support was needed to these donors.

In Georgia, a few years ago, a survey was conducted at the National Center of Urology, where the donor’s quality of life after transplantation was discussed. It was found that donor’s quality of life was similar to the healthy patient, who had not had any surgery [Maglakelidze N, Pantsulaia T, Managadze L, Chkhotua A., 2011: 43(1):]. What goes on


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in the direction of research, what is the donor’s psycho-emotional reactions, I want to talk all about these later in my work.

In conclusion, we can say that: 1)During the donors’ selection, their psycho-emotional rate should be accuracy. 2)Donors, who have post-operative negative reactions must have access to psychological counseling to avoid a

possible psycho-emotional risk

Used literature 1. http://opten. Transplanlant.hrsa.gov/latesData/rptData.asp 2.T he Law of Human Organ Transplantation(2006). 3. Boulware LE, Ratner LE, Sosa Ja, Tu AH, Nagula S, Simpkins Ce, et al. The general public s concerns about

clinical risk in live kidney donation. Am J ransplant 2002; 2; 186-193. 4. BurroughsTe, Waterman AD, Hong BA. One organ donaton, three perspectives: experiences of donors,

recipients, and third parties with living kidney donation. Prog Transplant 2003; 13: 142-150. 5. EvangelosMazaris, Vassillos EPapalois . Ètikal Issues in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation~. 6. Crouch RA, Elliott C. Moral agency and the family: the case of living related organ transplantation. Camb Q

Health Ethics 1999; 8: 275-287. 7. Mary Amanda Dew, et al.Psychosocial Living Organ Donation. December, 2005. 8. Minz M, Udgiri N, Sharma A, et al. Prospective psychosocial evaluation of related kidney donors: Indian

perspective. Transplant Proc. 2005; 37(5): 2001-20039. 9. Johnson E, Anderson JK, Jacobs C, et al. Long-term follow up of living kidney donors: quality of life after

donation. Transplantation. 1999; 67(5): 717-721. 10. Schover L, Streem SB, Boparai N, Duriak K, Novick AC. The psychosocial impact of donating a kidney:

long-term follow up from a urology based center. J Urol. 1997. 11. Ozcurumez N, Tanriverdi T, Colack R, Emiroglu L, Haberal M. The psychosocial impact of renal

transplantation on living related donors and recipients: preliminary report. Transplant Proc. 2004; 36(1): 114-116. 12. Clemens KK, Thierssen — Philbrook H, Parikh CR, et al. Psychosocial health of living kidney donors: a

systematic-review. J transplant 2006; 6; 2965-77. 13. Emma van Hardeveld, Allison tong. Psychosocial care of living kidney donors. NEPHROLOGY 2010, 15,

580-587. 14. JurgSteiger, Michael Dickenmann, Michael mayr. Key facts about living kidney donation., (Swiss Living

Kidney Donors booklet 3nd, uptated edition, Autumn 2005). 15. Lentine KL, et al Depression diagnoses after living kidney donation: linking U.S. Registry data and

administrative claims. Transplantation. 2012; 94(1):77-83. 16. Maglakelidze N, Pantsulaia T, Managadze L, Chkhotua A. Assessment of health-related quality of life in living kidney donors. Transplantation Proceedings. 2011; 43(1):

T. Tukhashvili

Review of kidney donors' psychological factors Summary

This work refers to: 1. Psychological description of the kidney donors. 2. The relationship between the donors and the recipients after the transplantation. 3. Donors ‘most common psycho-emotional reactions (anxiety, depression), which are caused by the

transplantation. 4. Necessity of psychological counseling for those donors, who have some post-operative negative reactions.

T. tuxaSvili Tirkmlis donorTa fsiqologiuri faqtorebis mimoxilva

reziume

naSromi exeba: 1) Tirkmlis donorTa fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis aRweras; 2) donorisa da recipientis urTierTobas transplantaciis Semdeg, 3)donorTa yvelaze xSir fsiqo-emociur reaqciebs(SfoTva, depresia), romelic gamowveulia organos gacemiT; 4)fsiqologiuri kon-sultirebis aucileblobas Tirkmlis donorTa im jgufisaTvis, romlebic ganicdian postope-raciul negatiur reaqciebs.


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T. fanculaia

biznesis eTikuri problemebi.

moraluri pasuxismgebloba. zneobrivi azrovnebis wesi

`movaleobisa~ da `pasuxismgeblobis~ cnebebi mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. Cven val-debuli varT pasuxi vagoT sakuTar qmedebebze da Cveni movaleobebis Sesrulebaze. magram movaleoba da pasuxismgebloba erTi da igive ar aris.

pasuxismgeblobis bevri saxe arsebobs. aris moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgebloba, romelic dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo da xelmZRvanel TanamdebobebTan. arsebobs Sesasrulebeli sa-muSaodan da organizaciaSi dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan gamomdinare pasuxismgebloba da sxva. pasuxismgeblobis zogierTi saxe iuridiuli xasiaTisaa, zogi — moraluri, zogs ki arc iuridiuli da arc moraluri datvriTva ar aqvs. da mainc, TiToeuli Cvengani pasuxismgebe-lia sakuTar qmedebebsa da qcevebze.

qmedeba zneobrivi rom iyos, igi Segnebulad da nebayoflobiT unda ganxorcieldes. rodesac raRac qmedebis Taobaze Cems moralur pasuxismgeblobaze saubroben, mxedveloba-Si aqvT:

• es qmedeba me Cavidine (e.i. me var am qmedebis Sedegebis mizezi); • me es qmedeba Segnebulad Cavidine; • me es qmedeba nebayoflobiT Cavidine [de jorji r., 2004: 138]. adamians, romelic pasuxismgeblobas iRebs sakuTar qmedebebze, xSirad patiosan da pa-

suxismgebel adamians uwodeben. asxvaveben pasuxismgeblobis Semcirebis an Tavidan acile-bis sxvadasxva xarisxs.

gamamarTlebeli garemoebebi. moraluri pasuxismgebloba, SesaZlebelia, sxvadasxva saSualebebiT Semcirdes an Serbildes. zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis Semamcirebel garemoe-bebs gamamarTlebeli garemoebebi ewodeba. gamamarTlebeli garemoebebi warmoiqmneba sam SemTxvevaSi: rodesac isini abrkoleben qmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas; rodesac isini gamoricxaven an amcireben qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebel codnas da rode-sac isini gamoricxaven an zRudaven qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebel Tavisufle-bas.

qmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi. qmedeba moralurad savaldebulo iqneba, Tu misi Sesruleba SesaZlebelia. Cven ar varT

valdebuli SeuZlebels SeveWidoT. Sesabamisad, ganuxorcielebeli qmedebis SesrulebisaT-vis moralur pasuxismgeblobas ver dagvakisreben. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dakisrebulis Sesruleba Cven Zalebs aRemateba, moraluri pasuxismgebloba gvexsneba. qmedebis ganuxor-cielebloba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos Tavad qmedebis xasiaTiT, konkretuli garemoebe-biT da misi Sesrulebis uunarobiT. Cven moraluri pasuxismgeblobisagan vTavisufldebiT, Tu: a) Tavad mocemuli qmedeba ganuxorcielebelia; b) ar gagvaCnia am qmedebis Sesrulebis unari; g) ar arsebobs am qmedebis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba; d) Cven ver vakontrolebT am qmedebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebel garemoebebs [de jorji r., 2004: 139]. magaliTad, Tu curva ar vici, me ar mekisreba moraluri pasuxismgebloba, adamiani rom ver gadavarCine; an curva romc vicode, rogor unda damekisros es pasuxismgebloba, Tu SemTxvevis adgilze ar vimyofebodi da a.S.

qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli codnis gamomricxavi an Semamcirebeli garemoebebi. cnobilia, rom codna da neba zneobrivi qmedebebis aucilebeli pirobebia. am-denad, moraluri pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi mcirdeba an ixsneba, rodesac adamians es Tvise-bebi an SezRuduli saxiT aqvs gamoxatuli, an saerTod ar aqvs. rac Seexeba codnas. am Sem-TxvevaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori gamamarTlebeli garemoeba: a) saqmeSi Cauxedaoba, romlis gamarTleba SesaZlebelia da b) Rrma umecreba [de jorji r., 2004: 140]. erTic da meorec ucodinrobis Sedegia. Cven moralurad pasuxs vagebT Cveni saqmianobis Sedegebze, magram yvela SesaZlo Sedegis winaswar codna SeuZlebelia. romel Sedegebze viRebT moralur pa-suxismgeblobas? Cven moralurad pasuxismgebelni varT uSualo da cxad, aseve im winaswar-


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gaTvlil Sedegebze, romlebic dasabuTebas eqvemdebareba. ucodinrobis gamarTleba SeiZ-leba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac Cvengan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo, ver verkveviT garemo-ebebSi an ver vsazRvravT ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Sedegebs. Tumca, Tu SegveZlo an un-da gvcodnoda yvela garemoeba da Sedegi, arcodna moraluri pasuxismgeblobisagan ar gva-Tavisuflebs.

atomuri bombis Seqmnasa da misi warmoebis procesTan dakavSirebuli yvela adamiani agebs Tu ara pasuxs mis gamoyenebaze warsulSi (an momavalSi)? atomuri bombis damzadebis dros, bevrma adamianma arc ki icoda raze muSaobda. sxvadasxva specialisti konkretuli na-wilebis SemuSavebaze iyo pasuxismgebeli da mTlianad proeqtis xasiaTze warmodgena ar hqonda. zog SemTxvevaSi xelmZRvaneloba avrcelebda informacias, rom maT mier Sesrule-buli samuSao xels Seuwyobda meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebas. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, TanamSromlebi, kazualuri azriT, nawilobriv mainc pasuxismgebelni arian atomuri bombis warmoebaze, magram zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, maT pasuxismgebloba exsnebaT. TanamSromlebi adeqvatur informacias ar flobdnen. misi uqonloba ki moralurad misaRebad iTvleboda. rogor unda Sefasdes proeqtis xelmZRvanelebis pozicia? pasuxismgebeli arian Tu ara atomuri bombis Semqmneli mecnierebi misi gamoyenebisaTvis? SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara winas-war bombis gamoyenebis yvela SesaZlo Sedegis zustad ganWvreta? mecnierebma namdvilad icodnen, rom Seqmnis Semdeg bombis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda qalaqebisa da mosaxle-obis gasanadgureblad. davuSvaT, rom meore msoflio omis dros atomuri bombis gamoyeneba dasaSvebad iTvleboda. axla varaudis doneze warmovidginoT, rom atomuri bombis mflobe-li romelime qveyana mas sxva qveynis gasanadgureblad an daSinebisa da gamoZalvis saSuale-bad iyenebs. sxvebis mier bombis amoraluri gamoyenebisaTvis, ekisrebaT Tu ara mis Semqmnel mecnierebs pasuximgebloba? SeeZloT an unda ganeWvritaT Tu ara maT bombis gamanadgurebe-li moqmedebis yvela SesaZlo Sedegi? am kiTxvebze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs. erTi ram cxa-dia, bevr mecniers ufiqria Tavisi moraluri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT, visac sruli warmodgena ar hqonda atomuri proeqtis xasiaTze, bombis warmoebi-saTvis moraluri pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebaT. aseve, SesaZlebelia, garkveuli damajereb-lobiT vamtkicoT, rom atomuri bombis moqmedebis yvela SesaZlo Sedegs, winaswar veravin ganWvretda. am iaraRis amoraluri gamoyenebisaTvis moraluri pasuxismgebloba ufro me-tad ekisrebaT maT, vinc misi gamoyenebis gadawyvetileba miiRo, vidre maT, vinc Tavdapirve-lad misi SemuSaveba daiwyo. moraluri pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi Cveni codnis funqciaa, xo-lo ucodinrobas SeuZlia Seamciros an mTlianad gagvaTavisuflos moraluri pasuxismgeb-lobisagan.

qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli Tavisuflebis gamomricxavi an Sem-zRudveli garemoebebi. gamamarTlebeli garemoebebis Semdeg jgufSi moiazreba dabrkole-bebi da xelis SemSleli faqtorebi, romlebic Sesabamisi qmedebis Tavisufali arCevanis gan-xorcielebis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs. SeiZleba gamovyoT oTxi aseTi dabrkoleba: a) alter-natiuli gadawyvetilebebis uqonloba; b) TviTkontrolis uqonloba; g) garegani iZuleba; d) Sinagani iZuleba [de jorji r., 2004: 141-142].

a) rodesac CemTvis mxolod erTi SesaZlo qmedeba arsebobs da mas alternativa ar gaaC-nia (arc imis SesaZlebloba maqvs, rom igi ar ganvaxorcielo), me ver damadanaSauleben mis arCevaSi. am dros mniSvneloba ar aqvs, veTanxmebodi Tu ara am qmedebas. SeiZleba davumatoT, rom, rodesac Cem mier gansaxorcielebel qmedebas alternativa ar aqvs, am qmedebis gamo Ce-mi moraluri pasuxismgebloba mcirdeba.

b) TviTkontrolis uqonloba gansxvavebul formebs iRebs – rig SemTxvevaSi adamians moralur pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas saerTod uqrobs, sxva SemTxvevebSi — asustebs. maga-liTad, Tu guli wamivida, Tan dacemis dros xeli anTebul sanTels wamovkari da xanZari gaCnda, xanZris gaCenaze moralurad pasuxismgebeli ar var.

g) garegani iZuleba moralur pasuxismgeblobas an amcirebs, an Tavidan icilebs. es iZu-lebis xasiaTze da mis sxvadasxva formebzea damokidebuli. garegani iZuleba SeiZleba fizi-kuri zemoqmedebis, sicocxlis xelyofis muqaris da sxva msgavsi Zaladobis saxiT gamovlin-des. arsebobs iZulebis daxvewili saSualebebi, romlebsac Sedegad sakmaod rTuli proble-


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mebi moyveba. davuSvaT, Cemma ufrosma firmis angariSis gayalbeba mibrZana da brZanebis Se-usruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebiT damemuqra (amas isic daerTo, rom did valebSi var Cafluli da igive odenobis anazRaurebis sxva samsaxuris Sovna gami-Wirdeba). maTavisuflebs Tu ara moraluri pasuxismgeblobisagan Cemi ufrosis muqara? vid-re dadebiT pasuxs movZebniT, aucilebelia mocemuli SemTxveva detalurad SeviswavloT. magram es mcire informaciac ki daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs: me rom ufrosis brZaneba Semesrulebina, bevrad naklebi moraluri pasuxismgebloba damekisreboda, vidre firmis angariSi iZulebis gareSe rom gameyalbebina. rom gavarkvioT, amarTlebs Tu ara ga-regani iZulebis zogierTi saxe amoralur qmedebas, misi xasiaTi da xarisxi zedmiwevniT un-da Semowmdes an sxva kriteriums unda mivmarToT: gavarkvioT rogor moTxovnebs uyenebs gonieri, keTilsindisieri adamiani sakuTar Tavs.

d) Sinagani iZuleba SeiZleba or kategoriad davyoT. pirvels adamianis obieqturad

aranormaluri mdgomareoba miekuTvneba, meores — misi sruliad normaluri Tvisebebi. maga-liTad, kleptomani iZulebulia iqurdos raRac auxsneli Sinagani Zalis zemoqmedebis sa-fuZvelze, romelsac winaaRmdegobas ver uwevs. ramdenadac es simarTlea, e.i. kleptomans arCevani ar aqvs da igi iZulebulia moiparos, mas Tavisi qmedebisaTvis moraluri pasuxis-mgebloba ar ekisreba. zogjer normaluri adamianebic ver Trgunaven grZnobebsa da mis-wrafebebs. adamiani moralurad valdebulia akontrolos da daiokos sakuTari grZnobebi da vnebebi. Tumca xdeba xolme, roca adamianis grZnobebi da vnebebi, misda uneburad,

imarjvebs masze da aiZulebs amoraluri saqcielis Cadenas. msgavsi Sinagani aRtyineba ga-mamarTlebel garemoebadaa miCneuli da mocemuli piris moralur pasuxismgeblobas amci-rebs. adamianis aseT sulier mdgomareobas kanonic iTvaliswinebs da Semamsubuqebel gare-moebad ganixilavs. magaliTad, afeqtis mdgomareobaSi Cadenili mkvleloba nakleb serio-zul danaSaulad iTvleba, vidre winaswarganzraxuli.

sakmaod rTulia upasuxo kiTxvebs – ramdenad SeuZliaT adamianebs biznesSi Tavisi qmedebebis yvela SesaZlo Sedegis winaswar ganWvreta, an rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli maT

mier Seqmnili produqcia? bevr inJinersa da mecniers aRelvebs maTi gamokvlevebis, aRmo-Cenebisa da gamogonebebis arazneobrivi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. isini Seqmnil produq-ciaze yovelTvis pasuxismgebelni arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom am produqciis praqtikul

gamoyenebaze kontroli maT kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. rodesac maRaziis Zarcvis dros, mis mflobels cecxlsasroli iaraRiT klaven, misi sikvdilisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mZarcvels ekisreba. magram ekisreba Tu ara pasuxismgebloba adamians, romelmac mZarcvels iaraRi mi-yida, kompanias, sadac iaraRi daamzades da adamians, romelmac es iaraRi gamoigona? ra rols TamaSobs kompania, romelmac iaraRis fabrikis patrons foladi miawoda, an kompania, romelmac foladCamomsxmeli firma madniT moamaraga? ramdenad Sors wagviyvans es mize-zobrivi mwkrivi? erTi ram cxadia, rac ufro Sors mivdivarT, miT ufro vSordebiT mi-zezs da iaraRis gamomgonebeli adamianisaTvis Tavisi saqmianobis konkretuli Sedegebis winaswarganWvretis SesaZlebloba miT ufro mcirdeba. Sesamabisad, naklebi safuZveli gvaqvs, am rezultatisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mas davakisroT.

da mainc, rogor unda gadavwyvitoT praqtikuli moraluri problemebi biznesSi? pasu-xi aseTia: Cven unda gamoviyenoT moraluri analizis Cvens xelT arsebuli yvela meTodi da zneobrivi argumenti. vidre gadawyvetilebas miviRebT, upirveles yovlisa, unda gamovavli-noT am SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqti da SevecadoT gaviTvaliswinoT am faqte-bis yvela analogia. Tu analogiuri faqtebis dadgena SeuZlebelia, maSin unda movifiqroT maTi sarwmuno versia-varaudebi da vaRiaroT, rom es mxolod varaudia. yvela aseTi daskvna pirobiTi iqneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, daskvna swori iqneba, Tu misi varaudebi sworia.

faqtebis dadgenis Semdeg, Cven SeZlebisdagvarad zustad unda davadginoT, raSi mdgo-mareobs moraluri problema. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom ramdenime moraluri problema arsebobs, aucilebelia maTi klasifikacia, raTa zustad ganvsazRvroT, romelia maT Soris mTavari, romeli meorexarisxovani an romeli naklebad dakavSirebuli am konkretul SemTxvevasTan. Tu SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, ra Tqma unda, umjobesia, TiToeuli problema cal-calke ganvixi-loT da gadavwyvitoT.


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amis Semdeg sakuTar Tavs unda vkiTxoT, romeli meoradi moraluri normebis gamoyene-baa SesaZlebeli am SemTxvevisaTvis. Tu SemTxveva sakmaod cxadi da naTelia (magaliTad, qurdoba, dezinformacia an sxvebisaTvis pirdapiri zianis miyeneba), maSin, albaT, sakmarisia Cveulebrivi zneobrivi kriteriumebis gamoyeneba. Cveni pasuxi intuitiuric SeiZleba iyos.

zogjer kiTxvebi da problemebi Tavidanve samarTlianobis, uflebebis an movaleobe-bis cnebebiTaa Camoyalibebuli. aseTi saxis formulireba Tavad gulisxmobs, romeli prin-cipi unda gamoviyenoT. rodesac saubaria zianis faqtobriv an savaraudo miyenebaze da mis savalalo Sedegebze, Cven valdebuli varT gavarkvioT yvela SesaZlo dadebiTi Sedegi, ro-melTa gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia. magram vidre utilitarul analizs daviwyebT, ar un-da dagvaviwydes gavarkvioT, safrTxe xom ar Seeqmna, an xom ar dairRva vinmes uflebebi, an samarTlianobis problemasTan xom ar gvaqvs saqme. Tu saTanado ganxilvis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom sakiTxi utilitarul analizs eqvemdebareba, Cven unda vimoqmedoT utilitaruli Teo-riis Tanaxmad. aseve, Tu sakiTxi deontologiur analizs eqvemdebareba, unda vixelmZRvane-loT sxvadasxva deontologiuri koncefciebiT. sakiTxis erTpirovnulad gadawyvetis dros SeiZleba subieqturebi viyoT da raime detals an garemoebas saTanado yuradReba ar mivaqcioT. Secdomisgan aravin dazRveuli ar aris. amitom kargi iqneba, Tu davinteresde-biT, vinmem, sxva midgomebis obieqturad gamoyenebis Sedegad, gansxvavebuli daskvna xom ar miiRo. Tu es marTlac asea, SegviZlia ki warmovadginoT Cveni daskvnis upiratesobis dama-dasturebeli dasabuTeba? rodesac sxvadasxva eTikuri midgomebi gansxvavebuli zneobriv Sefasebas an meoradi zneobrivi principebis dapirispirebas gvaZlevs, aucilebelia gul-modgined SevamowmoT TiToeuli analizis sizuste da sisrule. Tu am SemTxvevaSic daskvne-bi ar daemTxva erTmaneTs, sabolood unda gadavwyvitoT, romeli maTgani ufro damajerebe-lia da romeli Sedegi ukeT Seesabameba Cvens sxva zneobriv Sexedulebebs.

moraluri problemis gadaWris dros, zogjer, standartuli meTodebis garda, SegviZ-lia mivmarToT analogiis meTods. mocemuli SemTxveva analogiuria Tu ara sxva SemTxvevis, romelzec ukve gamotanilia swori daskvna? Tu analogiuria, arsebobs specifikuri gansxva-vebebi? ramdenad mniSvnelovania es gansxvavebebi da rogor unda davZlioT isini? Tu rTul SemTxvevas ganvixilavT, SeiZleba vcadoT gavarkvioT, rogor gadavWridiT problemas ana-logiur, naklebad rTul SemTxvevaSi. aseTi problemebis gadaWraSi Cveni warmosaxvis unari dagvexmareba. Cveni mosazrebiT gadauwyveteli dilemebis Sesaxeb naCqarevi daskvnebis gamo-tanas unda moveridoT. imis nacvlad, rom situacia Tavidanve gadauWrelad miviCnioT, jer unda davrwmundeT, Cveni warmosaxvis mobilizebiT xom ar SeiZleba mocemuli SemTxvevis ga-daWra.

biznesSi problemebis ganxilvis dros unda gvaxsovdes, rom isini aq sam doneze warmo-iqmneba — individualur, korporatiul da erovnul an sistemur doneze [petrunini i., bori-sovi v., 2004: 35]. xandaxan individis dilemis gadaWris gzebi korporatiul doneze unda veZe-boT da piriqiT. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom moralis wesebi mxolod zneobriv minimums iTva-liswinebs. ukeTesi xom ar iqneba kiTxva, romelsac sakuTar Tavs vusvamT, ganvixiloT zneob-rivi idealis kriteriumis safuZvelze da ara zneobrivi minimumis kriteriumis mixedviT? maSin risi gakeTebis ufleba aqvs adamians? ra ekrZaleba? sad gadis zRvari dasaSvebsa da da-uSvebels Soris?

mas Semdeg, rac gakeTebulia moraluri Sefaseba da gadawyvetili gvaqvs, rogor unda moviqceT, Cven SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva: xels gvaZlevs Tu ara es Sefaseba da miRebuli ga-dawyvetileba? Seesabameba Tu ara erTic da meorec Cven Rirebulebebsa da mrwams, Cven war-modgenebs zneobrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Cven Sexedulebebs saTnoebaze? am kiTxvebze pasuxi namdvilad ar warmoadgens Cveni qmedebebis moralurobis Sefasebis saboloo kriteriums, magram Sefasebis mTeli procesis manZilze zogjer gvexmareba. Tu vapirebT moviqceT Cveni zneobrivi Sexedulebebisa da intuitiuri SegrZnebebis sawinaaRmdegod, unda vacnobiereb-deT da angariSvaldebuli viyoT sakuTari Tavis winaSe, ratom vapirebT swored ase moqce-vas; garda amisa, darwmunebuli unda viyoT, rom winaswar ar vamarTlebT sakuTar saqciels.


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1.petrunini i.i., borisovi v.k. biznesis eTika. m., 2004. 2. podogrigora m.g. saqmiani eTika. taganrogi. 2012. 3. riCard t. de jonsi. biznesmenis samagido wigni. saqmiani eTika. m., 2004.

T. fanculaia

biznesis eTikuri problemebi. moraluri pasuxismgebloba. zneobrivi azrovnebis wesi

reziume biznesSi, iseve rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, didi mniSvneloba

adamianis movaleobebsa da pasuxismgeblobas eniWeba. aq praqtikuli moraluri problemebis gadasawyvetad unda gamoviyenoT moraluri analizis Cvens xelT arsebuli yvela meTodi da zneobrivi argumentebi. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom moralis wesebi mxolod zneobriv mini-mums iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, ukeTesi xom ar iqneba kiTxva, romelsac sakuTar Tavs vusvamT, ganvixiloT zneobrivi idealis kriteriumis safuZvelze da ara zneobrivi minimumis krite-riumis mixedviT? maSin risi gakeTebis ufleba aqvs adamians? ra ekrZaleba? sad gadis zRvari dasaSvebsa da dauSvebels Soris?

T. Pantsulaia

Ethical Problems of Business. Moral Responsibility. The Rule of Moral Thinking

Summary In business, as in every field of public life, human’s liabilities are of great importance. Here, for solving of moral

problems in practice, we should use all available methods of moral analyses and arguments. However, we should keep in mind that moral rules are only the minimum of the morality in general; accordingly a question occurs — should a reference point be a moral ideal or its minimum? Then, what the human is entitled for? Where is a border between permissible and forbidden?


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n. yufaraZe

bioeTika da qristianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

qristianoba bioeTikis umwvaves sakiTxebs qristianuli tradiciis CarCoebSi ganixilavs.

amasTan igi Tvlis, rom biosamedicino teqnologiebi aramxolod ayenebs axal, aramed aRrma-vebs da amZafrebs tradiciul moralur-eTikur problemebs.

marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar miiswrafvis Seqmnas qristianuli bioeTikis specialuri koncefcia, risTvisac igi araerTxel gamxdara kritikis obieqti. ganixilavs ra bioeTikis problemebs, igi amodis saRvTo gamocxadebis ZiriTadi safuZvlebidan, romlis Tanaxmadac „RvTis xatad da msgavsad” Seqmnili adamianis sicocxle ganixileba rogorc RvTisagan boZe-buli udidesi madli, wyaloba; xolo mis umaRles Rirebulebebs – Tavisufleba da Rirseba warmoadgens. adamiani, Tavis mxriv, mowodebulia iswrafvodes zecieri mamis msgavsi srulyo-fis miRwevisaTvis – „romelTaganac gveboZa diadi da fasdaudebeli aRTqmani, raTa saRmrTo bunebis Tanamoziareni gavxdeT“ (2 petr. 1,4).

religiuri cnobiereba uSualod miuTiTebs adamians misi cxovrebis realur mizanze, xo-lo adamiani cvlis mas im miznebze, romelic sasurvelia misTvis. es Secvla RmerTTan adamia-nis „urTierTobis“ formirebis safuZvels warmoadgens, sadac RmerTi gamodis rogorc msajuli im adamianisa, romelmac bibliiseuli mcnebebi, rogorc srulyofilebisaken miswra-febis wyaro, daarRvia. marTlmadidebluri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, RvTis neba mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rom gansajos adamiani, aramed imaSi, rom adamiani gaxdes srulyofili.“iyaviT srul-qmnilni, rogorc srulqmnilia mama Tqveni zecieri” [maT. 5,48]. qristianobis arsi ar unda Sec-valos formalurma moralizmma. qristianuli eTika – pirvel rigSi, es aris “gulis” (gulisa da gonebis Sejerebis) eTika, sadac adamianis qmedebebi ZiriTadad gansazRvrulia misi sulis bunebrivi midrekilebebiT – sindisis karnaxiT, TanagrZnobiT, siqveliT... amitomac, gaiaz-rebs ra biosamedicino teqnologiebis “axal realobas”, marTlmadidebloba ar miiswrafvis Seqmnas axali “moZRvreba”, sadac mocemuli iqneba yvela “kiTxvis”pasuxi, aramed igi gansaz-Rvravs mxolod ZiriTad ontologiur orientacias. marTlmadideblobis swored am “ganusaz-RvrelobaSi” da naklebad “racionalizirebulobaSia“ (kaTolicizmTan SedarebiT) misi meti Tavisufleba. magram, “Tavisufleba sikeTea, roca samarTliania da mivyavarT WeSmaritebisa-ken; mxolod WeSmariteba aniWebs adamians namdvil Tavisuflebas. ufali brZanebs: “scaniT WeSmariti da WeSmaritebaman gangaTavisuflnes Tqven” [ioan. 8,32].

WeSmariteba marTlmadideblobaSi, cxadia, mJRavndeba mis dogmatebSi. am WeSmaritebas yovelTvis flobdnen RvTivgabrZnobili wminda mamebi da qristes eklesiis moRvaweni. maTi Txzulebebi aris is wyaro, romelic moedineba ara adamianTa „SemosazRvruli“ gonebrivi Se-saZleblobebidan, aramed im cnobierebidan, romelic mudmivad miiswrafvis logosisaken, RvTaebrivi, didi gonebisaken.

marTlmadidebluri anTropologiis Tavisebureba dakavSirebulia anTropologiis “amosavlis” gansazRvris sakiTxTan. kaTolicizmSi am “amosavals” warmoadgens “up.yovlisa, TviT sinamdvile... Tavisuflebis, zneobriobis, RmerTis... SemecnebaSi”. am poziciisTvis dama-xasiaTebelia "svla qvemodan zemoT”. marTlmadidebluri anTropologia ki, eyrdnoba ra qristianul dogmatebs, Sendeba „zemodan qvemoT”. saerTod, marTlmadidebluri moZRvrebi-saTvis damaxasiaTebelia „obieqturoba“ (igi iwyeba RvTiuris absoluturi mocemulobidan), xolo dasavluri eklesiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia „subieqturoba“, romelic iwyeba „adamianu-ridan“. “adamianuris” gagebac, aseve, marTlmadidebluri anTropologiis Taviseburebis sa-fuZvels warmoadgens. kaTolikuri anTropologiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia adamianis gageba, rogorc „subieqtisa da obieqtisa erTdroulad“, anu aqcenti keTdeba adamianis gnoseologi-ur Taviseburebebze; marTlmadidebluri anTropologiisTvis ki adamianuri bunebis saidum-lo aris ontologiuri da obieqti (romelic filosofiam unda gamoikvlios) aris yofiereba da ara azrovneba, adamianuri arsebis sicocxlis saidumlo da ara Semmecnebeli subieqtis sa-idumlo. adamianuri arsebis saidumlo ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamiani “saRmrTo bunebis Tanaziaria” [2 petr. 1,4]. qristes RmerTkacebriobis dogmati aris is amosavali wertili, sai-


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danac unda “davinaxoT” adamiani, vaRiaroT masSi RvTiuri sulis arseboba da Tuki adamiani mTeli sisruliT jer ar “dauflebia” Tavis “bunebas”, an nawilobriv “daukargavs” igi, pirov-neba mainc arsebobs; amitom evTanazia, aborti, „in vitro“ ganayofiereba da sxva sruliad miu-Rebelia marTlmadidebluri moralisaTvis.

magram xom ar aris amgvari Sefaseba “konservatulobis” naTeli magaliTi, anu adamianis “sulieri zrdisagan” qristianobis CamorCena? xom ar vafasebT warsulis kriteriumebiT yo-velive imas, rac dRes ase aqtualuria? am kiTxvaze orgvari pasuxi arsebobs – “diax”, Tuki adamianis “sulier zrdaSi” igulisxmeba im WeSmaritebis uaryofa, romlis Tanaxmadac sicoc-xle xelSeuxebelia; da – ”ara”, Tuki “sulier zrdaSi” davinaxavT adamianis da RmerTis „er-Tobliv moRvaweobas“ adamianuri sicocxlis gardasaxvisTvis brZolaSi. sinergiis procesSi RmerTi „Tavisi saqmiT” uCvenebs adamians moqmedebis gzebsa da SesaZleblobebs. adamianis gan-kurneba,sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba- es „qristes saqmenia”, romelic “magaliTia“ adamianisaT-vis. „visac me vwamvar, saqmes, romelsac viqm, Tavadac iqms” [ioan. 14,12]. mama sergi ase ganmar-tavs qristes am sityvebs: “gana adamiani ar aris valdebuli gankurnos daavadebebi da gana igi amas ar akeTebs? SeuZlia ki mas odesme SeCerdes da yovelive ar iRonos, raTa sikvdils Tavisi klanWebidan gamostacos misi msxverpli?” „saqmes romelsac viqmn” (rasac brZanebs ufali ie-so) biosamedicino aspeqtSi imis maniSnebelia, rom adamianis gankurneba nawilobriv adamianis xelSia. mkurnalobis amocana aris sicocxlis dacva, gafrTxileba... amdenad, wamalic da eqi-mic RmerTs imisTvis ki ar Seuqmnia, rom isini ubralod arsebobdnen, aramed imisTvis, rom isini adamianebma gamoiyenon. roca arebobs avadmyofoba, Cveni valia misi gankurneba...” [Сурожский А., 1995: 110].

„saswaulebrivi“ gankurnebani, romelTac ganaxorcieleben RmerTi da adamiani, erTmane-Tisagan gansxvavdebian ara mizniT, aramed misi miRwevis saSualebebiT. samyaro – es ar aris ub-ralo “dasrulebuli” meqanizmi, aramed igi arsebobs da iqmneba RmrTisa da adamianis urTier-TkavSiris Sedegad, anu adamianis mier RmerTis nebiT. am urTierTobis gaazreba kulturaSi gansxvavebulia. gamohyofen mis sam formas: pirveli Seesabameba „sulieri mizezobriobis” sa-fuZvelze adamianis mier samyaros wvdomis qristianul warmodgenas. meores mixedviT, adamia-ni ganixileba arsebad, romelic emsaxureba sakuTar „bunebas” (am SemTxvevaSi igi aRwevs Zal-ze bevrs, Tumca sulierad“carieli” rCeba). da bolos, mesame forma – es aris „RvTismebrZo-leoba”-„RvTisgmoba”, romelsac aucileblad mivyavarT „adamianis gmobamde”, romelic dRes, Tanamedrove biomedicinis praqtikis doneze ufro farTovdeba da iZens konkretul Sinaarss – es aris aborti, evTanazia, fetaluri Terapia, transplantaciisTvis „pragmatuli mkvlelo-bis” daSveba da sxva.

“sicocxlis siwmindis” princips qristianobaSi, sinergiis principTan erTad, aseve udi-desi mniSvneloba eniWeba medicinis eTikuri problemebis gadasaWrelad. RmerTi — sicocxlis momniWebelia, sicocxlismqmnelia. „...me var gza da WeSmariteba da sicocxle...“ [ioan. 4,6]; “me var aRdgoma da sicocxle. visac swams Cemi, kidec rom mokvdes, icocxlebs.… ar mokvdeba uku-nisamde“ [ioan.11. 25]. qristianobaSi sicocxle es aris ara droebiTi, aramed maradiuli mov-lena, romelic gadaWrilia qristes aRdgomiT. sikvdili ar aris Cixi, aramed sasufevelSi „ga-sasvleli” karia. mitropoliti anton suroJeli (profesiiT eqimi) Tvlis, rom avadmyofobis periodSi (saubaria ukurnebeli seniT daavadebul adamianze) mkurnalobasTan erTad unda xdebodes misi momzadeba sikvdilTan, ufro sworad, “maradiul“ sicocxlesTan, „Sesaxved-rad“ – marxviT, locviT, ziarebiT da a.S. da ara tkivilisagan misi „gaTavisufleba“-evTanazia [Сурожский А., 1995: 113].

“sicocxlis siwmindis” principi aseve warmoaCens mkurnalobis ori zneobrivi „amocanis“ Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas. es imas niSnavs, rom eqimis damokidebuleba avadmyofisadmi unda iyos aramxolod „mecnieruli” xasiaTis, aramed moicavdes sibraluls, TanagrZnobas... da mzadyofnas imisTvis, rom misces adamians sikvdilis “saSualeba”. am ori amocanis Sesasru-leblad eqimi mzad unda iyos da gacnobierebuli hqondes, rom maTi mowyveta „qristianuli konteqstidan“, samedicino saqmianobaSi migviyvans Rirsebis, Tavisuflebisa da TanagrZnobis dakargvamde.


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yvela sxva mimdinareobisa da religiisagan kaTolikuri eklesia imiT gansxvavdeba, rom man pirvelma gaamaxvila yuradReba biomedicinaSi mimdinare procesebze (Tanamedrove medi-cinaSi ar moipoveba iseTi mimarTuleba, romlis eTikur aspeqtebzec mas ar hqondes formu-lirebuli). kaTolike Teologebis naazrevi, cxadia, metad Rirebulia da, upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom man xeli Seuwyo „qristianul bioeTikas” gamxdariyo aramxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed realurad arsebulic Tanamedrove kulturul sivrceSi.

nebismieri sakiTxis religiur-filosofiuri anTropologiis doneze gadawyveta kaTo-like mkvlevrebis kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSania. aseTi midgoma mianiSnebs, rom nebismie-ri Tvalsazrisi ganixileba misi safuZvlebidan gamomdinare. „sxva” bioeTikebTan diskusiebi warmoebs ara „sargeblianobis” an „sikeTis”, aramed, fundamenturi anTropologiuri princi-pebis gaTvaliswinebiT. r. lovi Tvlis, rom evTanaziis, xelovnuri ganayofierebis da a.S. mom-xreebs ar gaaCniaT „erTiani anTropologia”. aanalizebs ra medicinis bevri warmomadgenlis pozicias, igi afiqsirebs maT mimdevrobas „evolucionisturi msoflmxedvelobisadmi“, rom-lisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia adamianis fizikalistur-qimiuri gageba mis yvela (biologiur, sulier da a.S.) gamovlinebaSi. amasTan, umaRles Rirebulebad iTvleba Tavad evolucia [Reinhardt L., 1990: 8].

kaTolikuri bioeTikisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba „evolucionisturi an-Tropologiis” argumentirebul kritikas, romelTagan principul rols TamaSobs sami argu-menti. pirveli argumenti dakavSirebulia TviT evolucionizmis mier WeSmaritebis pretenzi-aze uaris TqmasTan. es „uari” warmoadgens evolucionizmis Teoritikosebis mier WeSmarite-baze „pretenziasa” da WeSmaritebis, rogorc aseTis, arsobriv uaryofas Soris urTierTwina-aRmdegobis Sedegs. meore argumenti exeba sinamdvilis mecnieruli axsnis “amosavali debu-lebis“ problemas, romelsac warmoadgens ara materia, bunebis kanonebi da evolucia, aramed Tavad sinamdvile. adamianis arsebobis arsi mis TviTSemecnebaSia – Tavisuflebis, zneobrio-bis, RmerTis...SemecnebaSi da igi bevrad ufro WeSmariti da „namdvilia”, vidre is fsevdomec-nieruli debulebebi, romelTac surT adamians STaagonon, rom zemoT CamoTvlili realiebi mxolod iluzias warmoadgens. mesame argumenti dakavSirebulia mecnierTa mier sakuTari Ta-visTvis „yovlismcodnis” statusis miniWebasTan. atareben ra adamianze eqsperimentebs, isini mas ganixilaven rogorc codnis miRebis wyaros. Tanabaruflebianobis principi winaaRmdego-baSi modis adamianis „kvlevis obieqtad” diskriminaciul gadaqcevasTan, roca kvlevis „obi-eqts” ar surs iyos obieqti. sazRvari,romelic arsebobs adamianis, rogorc „kvlevis obieqti-sa“ da adamianis, rogorc „gamoyenebis obieqtisadmi” damokidebulebas Soris Zalze sustia. „moeqce adamians ise, rogorc saSualebas sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad,niSnavs arad Caagdo misi WeSmariti daniSnuleba...arasodes ar unda daveTanxmoT imas, rom adamiani movixsenioT Homo Sapiens- ad, aramed – „pirovnebad”. es cneba moicavs adamianuri arsebis gacilebiT met srulyofilebasa da sisavses, da amis xazgasasmelad aucilebelia “pirovnebis” cneba“ [Иоанн Павел., 1993: 89].

Tanamedrove kaTolicizmSi qristianuli bioeTikis gageba yalibdeba rogorc „adamianu-ri Rirsebis anTropologia”, magram misi Seqmna mainc momavlis saqmea. dRes ki saubaria bioe-Tikaze, rogorc yvela calkeuli SemTxvevis yovelmxriv ganxilvaze, Sefasebaze... romlis au-cilebel maregulirebel safuZvels oficialuri dokumentebis krebuli warmoadgens” [Сгречча Э., 1992: 38].

biomedicinis eTikuri problemisadmi protestantuli eklesiis damokidebulebis Tavi-seburebas warmoadgens moralis nebismieri imperatiuli gagebis uaryofa. protestantul ek-lesias ar gaaCnia araviTari absoluturi Zalaufleba arc dogmatebis doneze (Tumca igi ar arsebobs sarwmunoebrivi dogmatebis gareSe) da miT ufro arc eTikuri mcnebebis doneze. „oficialuri dokumentis” arseboba aq kompensirdeba eTikur-moraluri „WeSmaritebis” mud-mivi ZiebiT, romelsac `TiToeuli adamiani Tavad moipovebs” [Колл Ж., 1992: 41].

individis „damoukideblobis” principis SemuSaveba protestantul eTikaSi ar momxdara anTropologiuri sawyisebis gareSe. mag.kantis Tanaxmad, erT-erT ZiriTad anTropologiur sawyiss warmoadgens adamianis unari „Seuqmnas sakuTar Tavs moraluri kanoni” da ibrZolos misi ganxorcielebisaTvis.kanti mas uwodebs „moralur avtonomias“, rac protestantuli


157

eTikis safuZvels warmoadgens. „avtonomiis ideaSi mtkicdeba adamianis Tavisuflebis ufle-ba da Rirebuleba“ [Кант Э., 1965: 278].

bioeTikis problemebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba protestantu-li avtonomiis ganmaTavisuflebeli paTosis istoriisa da logikis warmoCenas. cnobilia, rom istoriulad protestantizmi warmoadgens Suasaukuneebis kaTolicizmis ukiduresobebze Tavisebur „reaqcias”, romlis drosac eklesiis avtoritarul sistemaSi Tavad morali iyo gadaqceuli avtoritarul warmonaqmnad. protestantizmma amocanad daisaxa papizmis monobi-sagan gadaerCina „qristianuli Tavisufleba”, rac gamarTlebuli iyo Tavad qristianuli ideebis – damoukideblobisa da avtonomiurobis – aRiarebiT. am ideaTa transformacia „RvTisgmobad” ramdenadme gvian Camoyalibda. Tumca, ar SeiZleba jerovani Sefaseba ar mieces avtonomiis ideis reformatorul potencials Tanamedrove adamianisTvisac. nebismier situ-aciaSi igi ukve orientirebulia avtonomiuri qcevis SesaZleblobaze. pirovnebis sociokul-turuli aRiareba icavs mas imisgan, rom mas moeqcnen rogorc kvlevis an socialur-politi-kuri manipulaciis uuflebo obieqts. moraluri avtonomiis principi ewinaaRmdegeba pirov-nebis ganadgurebis nebismier mcdelobas-nakarnaxevia igi inteleqtualuri elitis egoistu-ri interesebiT, Tu adamianTa“sayovelTao bednierebisa da keTildReobis”, “janmrTelobis dacvis“, ,„progresis logikis” da a.S. “altruistuli“ motivebiT. amitomac ar aris gasakviri, rom Tanamedrove biosamedicino eTikaSi moraluri avtonomiis protestantuli principi pa-cientis avtonomiis pativiscemis fuZemdeblur principad gadaiqca.

amasTan, vaanalizebT ra eTikuri avtonomiis dadebiT mniSvnelobas, ar SeiZleba ar ga-viTvaliswinoT misi uaryofiTi mxarec, romelic ganusazRvreli Tavisuflebis SesaZlo ar-sebobaSi mdgomareobs. amitom niSandoblivia, rom biosamedicino problemebis ganxilvisas „protestantuli eTika dRes, ZiriTadad, pasuxismgeblobis eTikamde daiyvaneba” [Колланж Ж., 1992: 41].

amrigad, bioeTikis umwvaves problemaTa gadawyveta qristianuli religiisa da moralis principebidan gamomdinare metad Rirebuli poziciaa, radganac igi moicavs umaRles eTikur Rirebulebebs. qristianoba unda daexmaros adamianebs “WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi” da kacobrioba ganaridos im realuri safrTxisagan, romelic mas bioteqnologiuri progresis negatiuri Sedegebisgan elodeba.


1. biblia. Tb; saqarTvelis sapatriarqo. 1989. 2. mamulaSvili b. bioeTika. Tb., 2016. 3. Булгаков С .О чудесах евангельских. М., 1994. 4.Иоанн Павел II, Любовь и ответственнось, 1993. 5. Кант. Основы метафизики нравственности. М., 1965. т. 4. 6. Митрополит Антоний Сурожский. Исцеление тела и души. // ч. 1995. №5. 7. Коланж Ж.Ф .Биоэтика и протестантизм.Медицина и право человека.М.1992. 8. О Вере и нравственности по учению Православной Церкви. М., 1991. 9. Сгречча Э. Католическая церковь и профессия врача // Медицина и право человека. М., 1992. 10. Loẅ Reinhardt. Antropologische Grundlogen einer Christi hen Bioethic. Köln. 1990.


158

n. yufaraZe

bioeTika da qristianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi reziume

qritianoba bioeTikis umwvaves problemebs qristianuli tradiciis CarCoebSi ganixi-

lavs. amasTan, marTlmadidebloba ar miiswrafvis Seqmnas „qristianuli bioeTikis“ specialu-ri koncefcia, moZRvreba (gansxvavebiT kaTolicizmisagan), sadac mocemuli iqneba yvela „kiTxvis“ pasuxi, aramed igi gansazRvravs mxolod ZiriTad „ontologiur orientacias“.

qristes RmerTkacobriobis dogmati aris is „amosavali“ wertili, saidanac unda „davi-naxoT“ da aRviqvaT adamianis WeSmariti arsi – misi unikaluri Rirebulebis saidumlo (anu va-RiaroT masSi RvTiuri sulis asrseboba).aqedan gamomdinare, qristianoba yovelTvis mijnavs adamianuri sicocxlis WeSmarit Rirebulebas misi socialuri sargeblianobisagan da Tvlis, rom igi ar SeiZleba xelyofil iqnes normalur pirobebSi.

bioeTikis problemebisadmi protestantuli eklesiis damokidebulebis Taviseburebas warmoadgens adamianis moraluri avtonomiis principis aRiareba, romelic aseve ewinaaRmde-geba pirovnebis ganadgurebis nebismier mcdelobas – nakarnaxevia igi -inteleqtualuri eli-tis egoisturi interesebiT, Tu adamianTa „sayovelTao bednierebis da keTildReobis“, „progresis logikis“ da a.S. „altruistuli“ motivebiT.

N. Kuparadze

Bioethics and Main Directions of Christianity

Summary

Christianity considers the issues within the frames of Christian traditions. Herewith, Orthodoxy doesn’t aspire to develop the certain concept for “Christian Ethics” where one can find the answers on every ‘question’ (unlike of Catholicism), it will determine only the main direction – ‘Ontologic orientation’.

Dogma of the God-man is a point of departure from where one can “see” the true essence of human being – a secret of unique value of mankind, or recognize existence of divine soul in human beings. Therefore, Christianity always marked off the true value of human being from his social benefit and expediency, considering that it should not be profaned in normal conditions).

The characteristic of protestant church attitude to the issues of recognizes the principle of moral autonomy, that doesn't allow any trials of his annihilation resulted from selfish interests of scientific-political elite or the ‘altruistic ’motivations like ‘mankind general happiness’, ‘nation improvement’ ‘logic of progress’ and other ones.


159

l. Sengelia

agresiuli qceva mozardebsa da axalgazrdebSi

(zogadi mimoxilva)

kacobriobis istoriis manZilze omebi, konfliqtebi, dapirispirebebi da msgavsi movlene-

bi yovelTvis agresiuli qceviT vlindeba. agresia adamianis qcevis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, romelic Tavs iCens socialur da pirovnebaTSoris konfliqtebSi, religiur Tu eTnikur sfe-roSi, sxvadasxva kriminalur danaSaulSi, fsiqiatriuli Tu nevrologiuri xasiaTis mraval daavadebebSi. yuradRebis centrSi xvdeba agresiis iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa misi biologi-uri da socialuri determinantebi, meqanizmebi da agresiis gamovlenis pirobebi, agresiuli qcevis individualuri, asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebebi.

agresiulobis sakiTxi araerTi mecnieris kvlevis sagnad iqca, Tumca am rTuli fenomenis erTiani mecnieruli gansazRvreba ar arsebobs. amitom agresiis kvleva metad aqtualuri gax-da rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli mniSvnelobiT.

agresiis garSemo arsebuli literaturis gacnoba gvaZlevs imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom vercerTi mecnieruli kvleva ver scems pasuxs iseT SekiTxvebze, Tu ufro rasTanaa dakavSire-buli agresia – socialur Tu genetikur faqtorTan; ra meqanizmebi (fiziologiuri, biologi-uri, fsiqologiuri) udevs safuZvlad; mogvcems Tu ara am meqanizmebis codna agresiis pre-venciis saSualebas da a.S.

agresiis cnebis yvela gavrcelebuli forma SemdegSi mdgomareobs: agresia – es aris sxva subieqtisadmi zianis miyeneba an zianis miyenebis mcdeloba. sxva ganmartebebis Tanaxmad, agresia aris qceva, romelic mimarTulia cocxali arsebisaTvis zianis miyenebaze da Seurac-xyofaze [Бэрон Р., Ричардсон Д., 2004: 20].

Tu Tvals gadavavlebT bihevioristul TeoriaSi agresiis definicias, SevamCnevT, rom bi-hevioristebi xazs ar usvamen agresiuli qcevis motivacias. maTTvis zianis miyeneba da ganzrax miyeneba erTnairi Sinaarsisaa [Беркович Л., 2002: 510]. am Sexedulebas uaryofs fsiqoanalitiku-ri koncefcia, romelic swored rom motivze, adamianis Sinagan samyarozea orientirebuli.

z. froidis koncefciis mixedviT, adamianis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala sicocxlisa da sikvdilisken ltolvaa (erosi da Tanatosi). swored Tanatosidan gamomdinareobs agresiuli qceva anu Tu misi energia ar gamovlindeba gareT, igi gamoiwvevs sakuTari organizmisTvis zia-nis miyenebas. Sesabamisad, agresia organizmSi arsebuli Tandayolili sikvdilis instiqtis Se-degia. bunebiT daundobeli adamiani mxolod sazogadoebrivi wesebisa da kanonebisadmi morCi-lebiT axerxebs agresiuli instiqtebis marTvas. sikvdilis instiqti sicocxlis ngrevisa da Sewyvetisaken aris mimarTuli. Tu is SigniT aris mimarTuli, maSin TviTdasjiT vlindeba, risi ukiduresi gamoxatuleba TviTmkvlelobaa. magram Tu igi gareT aris mimarTuli, maSin mtro-baSi, ngrevisadmi swrafvasa da mkvlelobaSi gamoixateba. froidis Tanaxmad, agresiis energia raRac formiT unda gamovlindes anu unda moxdes misi gantvirTva. Tu agresias ar mieca ga-movlenis saSualeba, igi adre Tu gvian „ifeTqebs“, gamoiwvevs adamianSi Zlier fsiqikur aSli-lobas. sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani funqcia ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moaxdinos am energiis regulireba, damangreveli energia mimarTos sasargeblo qcevis ganxorcielebisken.

germaneli eTologi k. lorenci z. froidis msgavsad miiCnevs, rom agresia saTaves iRebs, pirvel yovlisa, gadarCenisaTvis brZolis Tandayolili instiqtidan da mimarTulia gareSe obieqtebisken. misi SexedulebiT, agresiuli qcevis wyaro, romelic axasiaTebs rogorc adami-ans, ise cxovels, brZolis Tandayolili meqanizmia da is xangrZlivi evoluciis manZilze vi-Tardeba. agresia organizmSi spontanurad grovdeba da mudmiv ganmuxtvas moiTxovs; organiz-mi gamRizianebels TviTon poulobs; Tu adamianma ver moaxerxa dagrovili agresiis ganmuxtva, xSir SemTxvevaSi, emarTeba nevrozi da sxva paTologiebi.

agresiis fenomenis Seswavlisas araerTi faqtia mopovebuli cxovelebze dakvirvebebidan; Znelia imis Tqma, Tu ra impulsi amoZravebs cxovels sakvebisTvis an sawinaaRmdego sqesis gamo brZolisas. es SeiZleba iyos motivirebuli seqsualuri moTxovnilebebiT da ara agresiulo-biT. es qceva mravali sxva mizniT SeiZleba iyos dominirebuli [Бэрон Р., Ричардсон Д., 2004: 38].


160

am koncefciasTan axlos dgas agresiisadmi socio-biologiuri midgoma, romelic Ziri-Tad aqcents agresiis genetikur determinantebze akeTebs. individebi, rogorc wesi, exmarebi-an maT, visTanac saerTo genebi aqvT da agresiulebi arian maT mimarT, visac ar enaTesavebian [Бандура А., 2000: 92].

k. lorencis instiqtTeoria (rasac bevri sociobiologi iziarebs) aRiarebs, rom socia-luri qcevis yvela aspeqti, maT Soris, agresia, evoluciuri TeoriebiT aixsneba.

l. berkoviCi Tvlis, rom adamiani imiT gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan, rom pirovnebis agresi-aSi mniSvnelovan rols daswavla TamaSobs. agresia Tandayolili midrekilebebis da daswav-lil reaqciebs Soris urTierTqmedebis rTuli funqciaa.

agresiis situaciuri koncefciis (frustraciis Teoria) mixedviT, agresiul qcevas gana-pirobebs frustraciis arseboba. agresia ara organizmSi arsebuli swrafvaa, romelic avtoma-turad aqtiurdeba, aramed swored rom frustracia iwvevs agresiis instiqtis gaaqtiurebas. es instiqti ki agresiuli qcevis gamomwvevi mizezi xdeba. Sesabamisad, am Teorias ori ZiriTa-di postulati aqvs: yvela saxis agresia mosdevs frustracias da yvela saxis frustracia, Ta-vis mxriv, iwvevs agresias. miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali avtori ar iziarebda am azrs da Tvli-da, rom agresia ar warmoadgens uSualod frustraciis Sedegs, mainc am koncefciam didi ze-gavlena iqonia da mraval sxva Teorias Cauyara safuZveli.

d. zilmanis agresiis gadatanis Teoriis mixedviT, agresia Cndeba garkveuli agznebiT. mas safuZvlad ar udevs raime moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis mizezi. avtori, aseve, aRniSnavs, rom agznebis gadatana SesaZlebelia erTi obieqtidan meoreze, rac amcirebs emociur faq-tors da, maT Soris, agresiasac [Zillman D., 1988: 51-64].

a. banduras socialuri daswavlis Teorias garkveul wilad safuZveli swored zemoxsene-bulma frustracia – agresiam Cauyara. fsiqologi miiCnevs, rom agresiuli qcevis Camoyalibe-bisaTvis, aucilebelia ontogenezSi agresiuli qcevis SeTviseba, misi maprovocirebeli meqa-nizmebisa da stereotipis ganmamtkicebeli pirobebis arseboba. amasTan erTad, a. bandura ar uaryofs agresiis gamomwvev biologiur faqtorebsac.

amdenad, socialuri daswavlis Teoriis Tanaxmad, socialuri fsiqologia Seiswavlis adamianis socialur aqtivobas, rac erTi adamianis (adamianTa jgufis) meore adamianze (adami-anTa jgufze) gavlenas gulisxmobs. agresiis nebismieri forma – gabrazebidan, individis fi-zikur ganadgurebamde – SeiZleba ganixilos rogorc socialuri gavlena. amdenad, agresiis mecnieruli Seswavla socialuri fsiqologiis erT-erT ZiriTad sakiTxs warmoadgens. socia-luri fsiqologia miznad isaxavs gaigos agresiis buneba, aris Tu ara is adamianis Tandayoli-li, adamianis bunebis ganuyofeli nawili, SeiZleba Tu ara misi modificireba, rogoria is so-cialuri Tu pirovnuli faqtorebi, romlebic zrdian an amcireben agresiis gamovlenas.

socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi eTanxmebian sociobiologebs, Tumca Tvlian, rom aseTi midgoma ver xsnis agresiis mizezebs. igi metad rTuli fenomenia. bunebrivia, gene-tikuri faqtorebi metad mniSvnelovania, rogoric ar unda iyos agresiis genetikuri Tu bio-qimiuri wanamZRvrebi, aSkaraa, rom adamianis agresiis gamovlenis formebze gavlenas mainc so-cialuri Tu pirovnuli faqtorebi axdenen.

agresiuli qcevis daxasiaTeba metad mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia, radgan TiToeuli midgoma iZleva agresiis fenomenis ukeT gagebis saSualebas.

a. basis Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, agresiuli qcevis aRwera SeiZleba 3 skaliT: fizikuri-ver-baluri, pirdapiri-iribi, aqtiuri-pasiuri. maTi kombinaciiT ki miiReba agresiuli qcevis 8 ka-tegoria.

e. ilinma gamoyo agresiuli qcevis 3 klasi: pirveli klasi – agresiuli motiviT warmoqmnili agresiuli qceva, sadac TviTregulacia

xdeba maRal doneze anu subieqti gacnobierebulad, gaazrebulad sCadis msgavs qcevas. meore klasi – agresiul qcevas warmarTavs ara motivi, aramed emociuri daZabuloba,

afeqturi mdgomareoba. TviTregulacia xdeba ara pirovnul, aramed individualuri Rirebu-lebebis doneze.


161

mesame klasi – agresiul qcevas warmarTavs afeqtis maRali xarisxi. igi qaoturia. cnobie-reba araadekvaturi, azrovneba – danawevrebuli. TviTregulaciis SesaZlebloba blokirebu-lia [Ильин Е., 2014: 18].

agresiuli qcevis formebs Soris fsiqologebi ganasxvaveben instrumentul da mtrul ag-resias. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs mizanmimarTul qcevas tkivilis/zianis miyenebis mizniT an siamovnebis misaRebad. am dros agresia destruqciulia. instrumentuli agresia mimarTulia garkveuli miznis miRwevisaken. am dros zianis miyeneba ar aris mizani, Tumca arc gamoiricxe-ba.

l. berkoviCi agresiis formebSi gamoyofs impulsur agresias afeqtis doneze, romlis klasifikacia swored rom mtruli agresiis msgavsia. mecnieri am tipis agresias xsnis rogorc individis Sinagani fiziologiuri da motoruli reaqciebis mizezs. am dros mtruli azrebi da warmodgenebi aZliereben agresiul qcevas.

h. xekhauzeni eTanxmeba am definicias da Tvlis, rom mtruli agresia sxvisTvis zianis mi-yenebas gulisxmobs maSin, roca instrumentuli – miznis miRweviT xasiaTdeba da aseT SemTxve-vaSi agresia erT-erTi saSualebaa (Zarcva, SantaJi, dasja da sxva) [Ильин Е., 2014: 267].

agresiis socialur – fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis Seswavlisas yuradReba eqceva misi warmo-Sobis bunebas, sxvadasxva asaksa Tu genderul WrilSi gamoxatulebis specifikas, socialur pirobebsa Tu situaciur faqtorebs, Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SedarebiT naklebadaa ganxi-luli agresiis gamovlenaSi subieqtis pirovnuli roli.

Tanamedrove mozardi – axalgazrda cxovrobs rTul socialur samyaroSi. pirvel rigSi, amis mizezi isaa, rom izrdeba cxovrebis tempi, viTardeba Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, xelmi-sawvdomi xdeba uamravi axali informacia, rac Taviseburad interpretirdeba. es damatebiTi faqtoric aRvivebs protestis grZnobas, xSirad usafuZvlosa da gaucnobierebels. sociumi, romelsac ar esmis amgvari individisa, upirispirdeba mas, rac gavlenas axdens am ukanasknelSi agresiis Camoyalibebaze. bolo periodSi garemoSi mimdinare socialuri cvlilebebis tempi da Tanmdevi Sedegebi aSkarad warmoaCens, rom amJamad axalgazrdebsa da mozardebSi momate-buli agresiulobis safuZvlebi arsebul socialur fonSi unda veZioT.

kacobriobis istoriaSi araerTi magaliTi yofila imisa, roca agresia TiToeuli adamia-nis da, xSirad, mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili gamxdara. mas didi mizi-dulobis Zala aqvs. adamiani TiTqos uaryofs agresias, Tumca yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi far-Tod iyenebs mas.

dResdReobiT fsiqologebs xelTa aqvT araerTi empiriuli kvleva, romelic exeba ojaxi-sa Tu sociumis rols agresiis CamoyalibebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, mozardobis asakSi, Tumca, Se-iZleba iTqvas, rom naklebad Seswavlilia axlagazrdebSi agresiuli qcevis warmoSobis mize-zebi.

Cveni sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi mimdinare kardinaluri cvlilebebi humanitarul – socialur mecnierebaTa erT-erT upirveles amocanad saxavs agresiis gamovle-nisa da devianturi qcevis problemisadmi zogierTi tradiciuli debulebebis xelaxla gaana-lizebas, axali codnisa da kvlevis axali meTodebis SemuSavebas, problemis gadaWris axali gzebis moZiebas.

mozard – axalgazrdebSi agresiulobis gamovlena da deviaciis ganviTareba sagangaSoa aramxolod imisTvis, rom es ukavSirdeba axalgazrda Taobis jgufur cnobierebaSi „anormul“ ganwyobaTa ganviTarebas, aramed imitomac, rom es ukanaskneli zegavlenas axdens faseulobeb-ze, qcevis nimuSebze, socialur urTierTzemoqmedebaTa Sefasebaze – anu, sxvagvarad, farTo gagebiT, ukavSirdeba qarTuli sazogadoebriobis socialur kulturas.

problemis analizi gviCvenebs, rom damnaSaveoba saqarTveloSi TandaTan „axalgazrdav-deba“. TiTqmis yoveldRiur movlenad iqca gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT Cadenili danaSauli. statistikam gviCvena, rom iseT mZime danaSaulTa umetesoba, rogoricaa Zaladoba, vandaliz-mi, mkvleloba, Cadenilia swored 14-21 wlis asakis axalgazrdebis mier. qcevis kriminalizaci-is tendenciam aqtualuri gaxada devianturi qcevis koreqciisa da profilaqtikis problema, agreTve, im prevenciul RonisZiebaTa dasaxva da meTodologiis damuSaveba, romelic efuZneba problemis swor da droul socialur – fsiqologiur diagnostirebas.


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amdenad, mozard – axalgazrdaTa garemoSi agresiuli tendenciebis mateba dRes Cveni sa-zogadoebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri problemaa. agresia, rogorc speci-fikuri qceva, metad mravalmxrivia. damafiqrebelia, rom igi gamovlenis sul ufro da ufro sastik formebs iZens. es ki, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, sazogadoebis jansaRi nawilis seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. sakiTxis mimarT fsiqologTa profesionaluri interesis zrda, razec de-vianturi qcevis Sesaxeb Seqmnili araerTi mecnieruli naSromi metyvelebs, swored imis maCve-neblia, rom agresiis yovelmxrivi Seswavla aqtualur problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba.


1. axalaSvili n. fsiqologiis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2016. 2. qurxuli l. bavSvTa agresia, Tb., 2006. 3. WiWinaZe k. agresia, agresiis eTologiuri, fsiqologiuri da fiziologiuri gamovline-

bebi da meqanizmebi. Tb., 2010. 4. Бандура А., Уолтерс Р. Подростковая агрессия, М., 2000. 5. Беркович Л. Агрессия, М., 2002. 6. Бэрон Р. Ричардсон Д. Агрессия, СПб., 2001. 7. Ильин Е. П. Психология агрессивного поведения, СПб., 2014. 8. Фромм Э. Анатомия человеческой деструктивности, М., 1994. 9. Zillman D. Gognitive — excitation interdependencies in aggressive behavior// Aggressive behavior, 1988. 10. Aggression and Violent Behavior, A Review Journal, 2005.

l. Sengelia agresiuli qceva mozardebsa da axalgazrdebSi

(zogadi mimoxilva) reziume

agresia, rogorc specifikuri qceva, metad mravalmxrivia. damafiqrebelia, rom igi

gamovlenis sul ufro da ufro sastik formebs iZens. es ki, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, sazogadoebis jansaRi nawilis seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. sakiTxis mimarT fsiqologTa profesionaluri interesis zrda, razec devianturi qcevis Sesaxeb Seqmnili araerTi mecnieruli naSromi metyvelebs, swored imis maCveneblia, rom agresiis yovelmxrivi Seswavla aqtualur problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. L. Shengelia

Aggressive Behavior in Young People and in Adult (General overview)

Summary

Agrression as a specific behaviour is obviously multiple.It is a dilemma that it gets more and more fierce.This causes community's serious concern.The increase of psycologists'professional interests on this issue is demonstrated by many scientific works that deal with deviant behaviour.This indicates that comprehensive study of aggression belongs to problematic issues.


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d. CikvilaZe

„sulis aristokrati“ ucxoelis TvalsawieriT

dRes zneobis tvirTi mZimea, xolo warsulTan misasvleli kreatiuli gza — ufro metad

mZime, zogjer bundovanic.... vfiqrobT, amaTuim moazrovnis mier dawerili mogonebebi garda-sul drosTan konfortacia rodia, is Cavlili dReebis av— kargis warmosaxva — gacocxlebis surviliTaa Seqmnili, amasTan yofierebis nawilia, xSirad subieqturobiT gamorCeul saTqmels sisxartiT rom „miabrZanebs“ mkiTxvelamde warsulis aRsadgenad da xsovnaSi aRbeWdili SeCe-rebuli wamis gasacocxleblad.

amjerad germaneli mkvlevaris publicistis, diplomatisa da romanistis nikolaus zom-bartis mogonebis zogierT aspeqts SevexebiT, romelsac colad hyavda emigranti pianisti Ta-mar xundaZe. nikolaus zombartis mogonebebi — „berlinSi gatarebuli siyrme 1933— 1953“, dai-beWda germanulad 1984 wels. am wignSi calke Tavia „grigol robaqiZe“, romelic qarTulad pir-velad Targmna germanistma nodar kakabaZem 1992 wels [Jurnali „literatura da xelovneba“, 1992: N5— 6].

es mogoneba uaRresad sainteresoa, masSi legendadqceul grigol robaqiZis unatifesi portretia gadmocemuli, romelic germanelma filosofosma rudolf karmanma „sulis aris-tokratad“ monaTla [karmani r., 2012: 324].

rodesac nawarmoebi SenakadebiT sarzrdoobs, SenakadebiT itvirTeba da erT mTlianobas qmnis, am Senakadebze dafiqreba Rirs, radgan TiToeuls Tavisi energia gaaCnia, rac am mTliano-bas „amoZravebs“, anu memuaristis saTqmelis generatorad iqceva. „Znelad sandoa memuaristi, magram isic faqtia, rom uimaTod Wirs warsulis aRdgena“ [baqraZe a., 1999: 212].

germanel nikolaus zombarts gr. robaqiZe mSoblebis saxlSi, berlinSii gaucvnia. maTi ojaxis salonSi ikribebodnen „im dros popularuli da dRes daviwyebuli adamianebi“ [zombar-ti n., 1992: 214], maT Soris grigol robaqiZec, „romelic ar yofila rusi, is iyo qarTveli, da rogorc yvela sxva qarTveli, udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda am amay kavkasiel mTiel xalxsa da rusebs Soris istoriul da kulturul gansxvavebas“ [zombarti n., 1992: 216]. avtori aRniSnavs, rom robaqiZis gacnobamde saqarTvelos Sesaxeb araferi icoda, rukazec ver ipovida am qveya-nas, xolo Semdeg Sevimecne, wers n. zombarti, rom saqarTvelo iyo Soreuli natvris qveyana, „kulturis akvani, aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis zRvarze, babilonisa da egviptis memkvidreo“ [zombarti n., 1992: 218].

sainteresoa n. zombartis mier daxatuli gr. robaqiZis garegnuli portreti — grigols hqonda uZravi, fermkrTali saxe, giSeriviT Savi Tvalebi, gugebi ar uCanda, mZlavri, tipurad qarTuli cxviri, romelic sayvirs Camogavda, „Tavisebur iers aniWebda ganuSorebeli pariki, romelic ar tovebda xelovnuri qoCris STabeWdilebas, SiSvel Tavis qalaze daglesili kepi gegoneboda,.... pariki brwyinavda rogorc Savi abreSumi [zombarti n., 1992: 219]. grigoli wlidan wlamde atarebda kargad morgebul Savi tvidis qurTuks da Ria nacrisfer flanelis Sarvals, romelic garkveuli stilis specialuri kostumis STabeWdilebas qmnida, rac robaqiZes sti-lur unikalobas sZenda. amasTan igi kargad movlili xorcovani TiTebiT dauRalavad aTamaSeb-da qarvis krialosans, TiTqos qarvas elacicebao. „es iyo wynari, Cumi, Seuwyveteli TiTebis Ta-maSi“ [zombarti n., 1992:220].

dasamaxsovrebeli homeruli sicili hqondao grigols, — misi saxis nakvTebi sicilisagan imanWeboda, uCanda oqros kbilebi, magram swrafad iokebda xarxars da warmogiCndebodaT „uZ-ravi, fermkrTali niRabi, frinvelis Casafrebuli mzeriT“ [zombarti n., 1992:220].

arc keklucoba da poza iyo grigolisTvis ucxo, aRniSnavs n. zombarti, rac verafers ak-lebda mis sidarbaisles, Rirseba da eleganturoba udides ubraloebasTan rom iyo Serwymuli.

15 wlis n. zombartma gaicno misi ojaxis qarTveli stumari. ymawvils gr. robaqiZe magiko-sad miaCnda, romelsac SeeZlo mosaubris gamouTqmeli azrebis gamocnoba, da momnusxveli mze-riT damorCielba. robaqiZis saqcielSi „bevri iyo koketoba da poza. magram amiT mis fenomens, mis SesaZleblobas araferi akldeboda“ [zombarti n., 1992:220].


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zombartis xsovnaSi gr. robaqiZe keTil, TeTr magikosad darCa, romelic mamobrivi megob-robiT urTierTobda ymawvilTan, princiviT eqceoda ara imitom, rom maspinZlisa da keTilis-myofelis Svili iyo, aramed imitom, rom bevr SekiTxvas ismenda misgan, rasac didi gulmodgine-biT pasuxobda. amasTan germaneli avtorisaTvis dauviwyaria is, rom robaqiZem cnobismoyvare axalgazrdas „neofitis statusi“ mianiWa. isic waruSlel mogonebad darCa, rom saSobaod, Tu dabadebis dReebze yovelTvis aCuqebda xolme wignebs dasamaxsovrebeli warweriT, agreTve isic, rom gr. robaqiZem gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana zombartis poeziiT „daavadebaSi“, xo-lo misi morigi saCuqari — „msoflio literaturis umSvenieresi leqsebis anTologia“ ganuSo-rebeli Seiqna mTeli cxovrebis manZilze poeturi bunebis axalgazrdisaTvis.

gr. robaqiZe iSviaTi mosaubre yofila, cotas laparakobda xorxismieri, moguduli xmiT, „aRmatebuli codnis pretenziiT ambobda is yovelTvis saboloo azrs, Semajamebels,.... romel-Tac Semdeg mis wignebSi vpoulobdi xolmeo“ [zombarti n., 1992: 221]. Tavisi sentenciis dasam-tkiceblad robaqiZe ar gaurboda ganmeorebebs, „rac sxvis pirSi banalurad iJRerebda, masTan mniSvnelovani da axali Canda“.

n. zombarti gamohyofs am legendadqceuli pirovnebis erT gansakuTrebul Tvisebas. mas yovelTvis hqonda dro, igi arasodes facifucobda, mudam mSvidi, gawonasworebuli iyo, sau-barsa Tu siarulSi arasodes amJRavnebda aCqarebas. „drois ukmarisoba, rasac mis garSemo yve-lani Ciodnen, mas miaCnda tipur evropul — amerikul uzneobad, cxovrebis kulturis uqonlo-bad“ [zombarti n., 1992: 222].

bolSevizmi gr. robaqiZisTvis borotebis zRva iyo, xolo juRaSvili — stalini am siboro-tis okeanis admirali. stalinis STambeWdavi portreti Seqmna wignSi „Cakluli suli“. mxolod qarTvels SeeZlo stalinis sulis gaSifvra... igi qarTvelobis sapirispiro poluss warmoad-genda, Tavisi sityvis ZaliT surda gr. robaqiZes stalinis damxoba, sityviT misi ganadgureba.

n. zombartis azriT, gr. robaqiZe germaniaSi imitom Cavida, rom iq, germanul sulierebaSi Tavisi brZolisTvis asparezi eguleboda. „germanul kulturas robaqiZe arsebiTad, arsobri-vad naTesaurad miiCnevda. goeTe misTvis iyo „bolo saukuneebis yvelaze did idumalebas zia-rebuli“ [zombarti n., 1992: 223].

grigoli Tavis wignebs germanulad werda. zombarts aocebs germanuli enis siRrmeebis codnisa da wvdomis robaqiZiseuli unari, rac ar iyo mxolod gramatikuli kategoriebis, Tu sityvis maragis flobis xelovneba, ara, es iyoo enis mimarT SemoqmedebiTi wva, enis stiqiis Sec-noba, germanulisa da qarTulis sakralur, wminda enad moazreba; „sad ipoviT Cveni enisadmi aseT mowiwebas? mediebsa da semiotikis wiaRSi igi didi xania gaqra“ [zombarti n., 1992: 223].

sainteresoa erTi dakvirvebac, rac imdenad piradulia, rom albaT Tavs Sevikavebdi da mo-gonebis am nawils ar Sevexebodi, magram gavmeordebi, mogonebaSi SeCerebulia dro, xolo Cavli-li faqtebisadmi interesi dRes ufro mZafria.

n. zombarti igonebs, rom gr. robaqiZes hyavda lamazi, bevrad umcrosi, rusi meuRle, cota vulgarulic. „ambobdnen, rom robaqiZe am qalTan e.w. „iosebis qorwinebaSi“1 imyofeboda“ [zom-barti n., 1992: 223-224]. esec am „egzotikuri habitusis“ mqone miTebTan xazgasmuli siaxloviT gamorCeuli pirovnebis idumalebis niSania, albaT.

da moxda is, rasac kacebi ver eguebian: fialkina damblam loginad Caagdo. jan-RoniT savse da WkuiT datenil elene fialkinas grigol robaqiZe ramdenime weli uvlida uxmaurod, erTgu-lad, gulmodginebiT: „me vmuSaob da mZinavs samzareuloSi. iq dgas Cemi sabeWdi manqana da me vi-parav dros, ramdenime striqoni rom davbeWdo. magram mxolod tanjvaSi gaigeba sakuTari yofi-ereba“.

daujerebeli da gaugonari ram moxdao, — gvauwyebs n. zombarti, — gr. robaqiZem dawera Txeli wigni adolf hitlerze, romelSic „daxatuli iyo ara demoni, urCxuli, aramed naTeli, amaRlebuli, aumRvreveli figura!“ [zombarti n., 1992: 226]. ramac aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia zombar-tebis ojaxSic da im qvelmoqmedSic (ediT andree), vinc wlebis manZilze finansurad exmarebo-da da Tavis saxlSi apurebda kidec grigol robaqiZes. Tumc hitlerze dawerilma wignma gri-gols popularoba moutana germaniaSi, asiaTasobiT egzemplari gaiyida, „ucxo mwerali“ miiwvi-

1 iosebis qorwineba — roca partniorebi uars amboben sqesobriv kavSirze.


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es propagandis saministroSi, miiRo davaleba — daewera wigni musolinize, rac Seasrula kidec, amas mohyva Sexvedrebi romSi, (musulini — „mzis kaci“), ekonomikurad welSi gamarTva. da mainc, askvnis n. zombarti, es yovelive iyo apologia, rac ar gamoxatavda germaniis sulier da mora-lur kriziss, „SiSvel borotmoqmedebas“, xalxis mravalricxovan aRelvebul, xmadaweul, Cur-CuliT saubrebs... ra daemarTa grigol robaqiZes? — kiTxulobs germaneli avtori. es kiTxva bevrs awuxebda, dResac pasuxgaucemel kiTxvad SeiZleba miiCnios mavanma... ratom hitleri, sta-lini, musolini?! ratom daixarja da gaisarja robaqiZe am erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli da ma-inc msgavsi despotebis xasiaTisa da nebis axsna— CvenebiT?! movusminoT nikolaus zombarts: „iyo es mxolod uxerxuloba, saCoTiro ram? Tu usiamovno wuni, mizans acdena?... me vfiqrobs, igi eTayvaneboda saqarTvelos bolSevikuri uRlisagan momaval hipoTetur ganmanTavisufle-bels, Tavisi sityvis magiiT cdilobda hitleris gamoxmoba— waqezebas saqarTvelos gasaTavi-sufleblad“ [zombarti n., 1992: 228].

vfiqrobT, n. zombartis es dakvirveba angariSgasawevia da simarTlis did marcvals Sei-cavs.... am problemaze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT, radgan Semoqmedi qmnis imas, rac im drosa da sivrceSi ewereba, — aseTad moiazrebda gr. robaqiZes mavani da mavani imJamad. Cven misi gonebi-dan gamonaJurs pativi unda vceT, miviRoT, axsnac movuZebnoT, miT ufro, rom robaqiZisTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda hitlerisken gadadgmuli nabijebi, omis damTavrebisTanave mas dapatim-reba eloda da iZulebuli gaxda, gvauwyebs zombarti, omis bolos iuberlingSi bruno giocTan ecxovra, saidanac Sveicarias Seafara Tavi. gardaicvala JenevaSi.

„briliantis simWvirvalebiT“ amTavrebs nikolaus zombarti mogonebas grigol robaqiZe-ze: — arsebobda hitleri, iyo „mesame raixi“, iyo omi, magram yovelive es ar iyo zombartis ojaxis da maTi samegobros cxovrebis wesi. fiureri ar iyo maTi interesebis gamomxatveli, misi saxelmwifo ar iyo maTi saxelmwifo, magram imJamindeloba cxare protestis an janyis sababi ar gamxdara germaniaSi. Cven „ar gvqonda alternativa, Cvens mSoblebsac rodi hqondaT igi.“ [zom-barti n., 1992: 236].

hitleri germaniis bediswera iyoo, aRniSnavs n. zombarti. „hitleri ar iyo „didi kaci“, ro-melic qmnis istorias, hitleri iyo usqeso, amorfuli, is ar iyo adamiani, pirovneba“. maSin ger-manelebs sxva arCevani ar hqodaTo, raoden samarcxvinodac ar unda JRerdes es ganacxadi, gul-dawyvetiT wers drois siSoridan nikolaus zombarti, — es asea, rasac aRaraferi eSvelebao.

mexTatexa bevri gadaxdenia grigol robaqiZes, Weqa— quxilisTvisac gauZlia, emigrantobis simZimili sicocxlis bolomde utarebia... misi kredo ki iyo — „samSoblos gareSe ar arsebobs bedniereba“.


1. nikolaus zombarti, berlinSi gatarebuli siyrme 1933— 1943. Tavi — „grigol robaqiZe“. gamoqveynda JurnalSi „literatura da xelovneba“, 1992w. N5— 6. 2. rudolf karmani, „grigol robaqiZe da miTis aRorZineba“, gamoqveynda wignSi — grigol

robaqiZe (1882— 1962), Tbilisi, 2012w. 3. akaki baqraZe, kardu, Tbilisi, 1999w.


166

d. CikvilaZe

„sulis aristokrati“ ucxoelis TvalsawieriT reziume

mogonebaTa cikli SeCerebuli wamia droSi ganfenili, warsuli rom sisxartiT gaacoc-

xlos. nikolaus zombartis mogoneba grigol robaqiZeze uSualobiT, avTenturobiTa da didi pativiscemiT gamoirCeva. germaneli memuaristis azriT, mogoneba „ise zusti unda iyos, ro-gorc amas goneba gamoimetebs, mogoneba kaxpaa, romelic iyideba, arasaimedoa da mexsiereba ar aqvs“.

D. Chikviladze

"Aristocrat of the Spirit" by the alien's perspective

Summary

The recollection cycle is the second time suspended in the past, the past that is shrouded in blood. The memory of Nikolaus Zumbartt is grateful to Grigol Robakidze, written with authenticity and great respect. German memoirist thinks that the memoir "should be as precise as the mind goes out, remembering is like a whore, who is unreliable and has no memory."


167

l. jangebaSvili

fridrix nicSes filosofiuri xedvis grigol

robaqiZiseuli gaazreba

mecxramete saukunis damlevisa da meoce saukunis damdegis evropuli kulturis kritika aRi-

arebs sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis dekadanss. gaucxoebis fonze daikarga ,,didi adamiani“, romelic, rogorc nicSe ityvis, ,,kvlav dabrundeba“. fridrix nicSes filosofiurma naazrevma didwilad gansazRvra misi Semdgomi periodis evropuli (da aramxolod evropuli) msoflmxedve-loba. didi gavlena moaxdina man meoce saukunis damdegis qarTuli literaturis ganaxlebasa Tu kritikul azrovnebazec. imdenad, ramdenadac evropul ganaTlebas naziarevi qarTveli axalgaz-rdebisTvis naTeli gaxda qarTuli cnobierebis ,,CamorCena“, dRis wesrigSi dadga ,,Zvelis“ gada-faseba da ,,axlis“ dafuZneba, Tanamedrove, moduri, ,,evropeizirebuli“ kulturis propaganda.

qarTuli erovnuli kulturis krizisi erT-erTma pirvelma grigol robaqiZem igrZno. lite-raturul xelovnebaSi rusuli da evropuli kulturis formebis danergviT man Teoriuli safuZ-veli Seuqmna qarTuli mwerlobis aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas. ,,evropeizirebuli“ qarTuli kul-tura mweralma literaturuli kritikis samflobelod aqcia, rac meoce saukunis damdegis qar-Tuli mwerlobis yvela TvalsaCino warmomadgenelTan nairgvar wakiTxvas daeqvemdebara. amitom iyo, rom imdroindelma qarTulma sazogadoebam gr. robaqiZe literaturul reformatorad cno.

grigol robaqiZis cnobierebaze didi gavlena iqonia fridrix nicSes filosofiurma naaz-revma. nicSe gaxda misTvis ,,macne da winaswarmetyveli“ axali msoflxedvelobisa. ,,nicSem momca me dioniso, romlis gareSe ver vimecneb poezias. dostoevskimac momca dioniso, oRond sxva saxeliT, romlis gareSe aseve SeuZlebelia xelovnebis gaazreba“ [robaqiZe gr., 2012: 35].

nicSes filosofiaSi gamokveTilma maradiuli kvlavdabrunebis ideam, dionisesa Tu zekacis fenomenma gansakuTrebiT moxibla qarTveli mwerali.

nicSe erTgan wers: ,, me veZebdi samyaros esTetikur gamarTlebas da aRmovaCine, rom es SesaZ-lebelia maradiuli kvlavdabrunebis gzaze gabeduli moZraobiT“ ( Филосософский.. 1960-70: 81 ). nicSes filosofiuri xedvis Tanaxmad, arsebobs ori iluzia -- apolonuri da dionisuri. orive cal-calke da erTad amarTlebs adamianis amqveyniur arsebobas. apolonis iluzia lamazi ocnebaa, romelic mauwyebelia racionalurobis, simSvidis, wesrigis, zomierebis, harmoniulobis. misi am-bivalenturia dionises iluzia. miuxedavad tanjvisa, sikvdilisa da ngrevisa, yvelgan igrZnoba dionises iluzia, romelic mauwyebelia garTobisa, amboxisa, TavaSvebulobisa. am ori iluziis SerwymiT iqmneba ,,tragikuli sibrZne“, romliskenac unda iltvodes Tanamedrove civilizacia. ase rom, samyaros namdvili Ziri dionisuria. dionisuri samyaro Tavis TavSi moiazrebs yofis Teatra-lizebas, rac dakavSirebulia niRbis filosofiasTan. igi ar misdevs winaswar gansazRvrul goniv-rul svlas. RmerTi, rogorc samyaros arsebobis pirvelmizezi, aRar arsebobs. Tanamedrove sazo-gadoebisTvis ,,RmerTi mokvda“. uRmerTo adamiani darCa marto. platonisa Tu kantis feradi sam-yaro iluziaa, niRabia, romlis miRma sicarielea.

nicSesTan dionisuri Zala Tavs iCens, rogorc maradiuli sikvdili da ganaxleba. apolonuri sawyisi swored dionisesTan urTierTobisas iZens sasicocxlo energias. grigol robaqiZis msof-lxedva nicSes am koncefciis interpretaciaa. amis dasturia qarTveli mwerlis mxatvrulsa Tu Teoriul naazrevSi mravalgzis gamoyenebuli nicSes ,,dionisuri da apolonuri“, maradiuli kvlavdabrunebis idea, zaratustraTi gataceba da ase Semdeg.

,,dionisurma fenomenma damatyveva da kidev ufro metad -- maradiuli dabrunebis ideam. ira-nisa da gilgameSis gavlena kidev ufro Sors wavida, hamadanSi, midielTa ekbatanSi, mTvarian Rames erT qvis lodze meZina. uecari azri dameufla: yvelaferi, rac xdeba, gveCveneba, TiTqos ukve er-Txel moxda. isev maradiuli dabrunebis idea, axla sxvanairad iyo naazrevi: ara erTis maradiuli dabruneba Tavis Tavisken, aramed erTeulSi maradiuli dabruneba Tavis Tavisken“ [robaqiZe gr., 1989 ].

nicSes koncefciis interprirebuli formaa robaqiZesTan qarTul xasiaTSi paradoqsuli xa-siaTis ganmsazRvreli dionises elementis amokiTxva (,,dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo“), masze dayrdnobiT ganixilavs igi saqarTvelos providencialur istorias [gomarTeli a., 1997: 105]. dio-


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nisuria mweralTan qarTveli kacis bediswerisadmi damokidebulebac ( ,,hellenebi da qarTvele-bi“, ,,mcvelni gralisa“, ,,londa“), dionisur ,,gardamaval SeSlilobas“ mzers igi qarTuli cekvis ritualSi [robaqiZe gr., 1916]. dionisuria ,,gvelis perangis“ mTavari gmiris mier gancdili ,,bedis siyvaruli“ da misi ,,sxuad qceva“ (,,gvelis perangi“), Tamazisa da londas Tavganwirva (,,londa“), sadac maTi dionisuri elementi SeuerTda dionises ,,didad yovladobaSi“, vinaidan ,,am procesSi erTgvari mania aris: SeSliloba, lagamaxsniloba, aRgzneba, iseTi, rom am mdgomareobaSi adamiani ,,sxvad“ iqceva“ [robaqiZe gr., 1911]. mizani ki es iyo: ,,mxolod aseTi aRgznebiT SeiZleboda sapira-dos gadalaxva da TviTarsis gadasxma sxva WurWelSi“ [robaqiZe gr., 1911]. nicSes gavleniT Seiqmna germanul enaze ,,himni orfeosisadmi“, rogorc n. gagniZe wers, maradiuli formebiT Seqmnili leq-si, sadac robaqiZe umReris maradiul grZnobebs, erTmaneTTan uwyveti jaWviT gadasxmils -- vneba-sa da sixaruls, tanjvasa da dacemas, aRdgomasa da ganaxlebas“ [gagniZe n., 2009: 36-37], nicSes gata-cebiT dawera mweralma wigni ,,fridrix nicSe“ (germanul enaze).

ase rom, robaqiZe Tavis msoflmxedvelobriv Sexedulebebs ZiriTadad dionises miTis model-ze agebs, magram, garkveuli aspeqtiT, ewinaaRmdegeba ,,zaratustras“ avtoris xedvas. arsebiT gan-sxvavebas mwerali Tavad gamokveTs: ,,nicSem miiRo dionisos mxolod esTetikuri mxare, maSin, roca igi pirvel yovlisa religiuri movlenaa“ [robaqiZe gr., 1917]. nicSe cdilobs, aCvenos metafiziku-ri cnobierebis materialuri safuZveli, robaqiZe ki metafizikurze dafuZnebul RvTiur ele-ments Tvlis adamianis cnobierebis safuZvlad. kidev ufro gansxvavdeba robaqiZis ,,zekaci“ nic-Ses ,,zekacisgan“.

1833 wels daweril ,,ase ityoda zaratustraSi“ nicSem pirvelad axsena ,,zekaci“. zekacis fe-nomeniT man filosofiasa da, zogadad, msoflio saazrovno sivrceSi metad sakamaTo sakiTxi das-va. faqtobrivad, nicSes zekaci erTgvari simboloa kulturuli da anTropologiuri revolucii-sa.

,,ase ityoda zaratustras“ mixedviT, zekaci ibadeba Zveli kulturis ngrevis safuZvelze ,,Zvel“ adamianSi dabadebuli axali RirebulebebiT. igi ibadeba, erTi mxriv, nihilistur epoqaSi da, amavdroulad, ibrZvis nihilizmis winaaRmdeg. es imitom, rom, rogorc dimitri veliaevi aRniS-navs, nihilizmis gageba nicSesTan orgvaria: ,,nihilizmi Zala“ da ,,nihilizmi sisuste“. ,,nihilizmi Zala“ uaryofs metafizikas, absolutur morals, religias. is aris zeadamianis statusis miRwevis erTgvari etapi. ,,nihilizmi sisuste“ ki empiriuli samyaros uaryofa da idealur samyaroSi dab-runebaa [beliaevi d., 2012: 44-46]. amdenad, arRvevs ra ,,Zvel CarCoebs“, adamianSi ibadeba zeadamiani.

axali moralis safuZvlad nicSe miiCnevs RmerTis sikvdils. ,,RmerTi mokvda“ centraluri wertilia im ambivalenturi wrisa, romelic dionisuri ,,dasawyisisa“ da ,,dasasrulis“ kavSiriT ik-vreba. swored aqedan xdeba SesaZlebeli zekacis gamoCena. igi RvTaebriv Rirebulebebs moklebu-li kacia, romelic azrovnebs da moqmedebs mas Semdeg, rac ,,RmerTi mokvda“. igi sakuTar TavSi ga-

dalaxavs ,,nihilizm-sisustes“: ,,kaci isaa, rac daZlevadia“ [nicSe fr., 1993: 41]. zekaci Tavad xdeba RmerTi: ,,RmerTi mokvda, aw gvsurs Cven, raTa zekaci cxovrobdes“ [nicSe fr., 1993: 213].

ase rom, nicSes zekaci uRmerTo adamiania, romelmac radikalurad gadaafasa Rirebulebebi, uari Tqva cxovrebis metafizikur safuZvelze da daamkvidra axali faseulobebi. igi warmoadgens anTropologiur subieqts, romlis arsSi dabadebul faseulobebs ar aqvs universaluri Tvisebe-bi.

zaratustras azriT, adamiani xidia zekacisken. amisTvis sulis ganviTarebis sami etapia saWi-ro -- ,,aqlemi,“ ,,lomi“ da ,,bavSvi“. ,,aqlemi“ religiuri fundamentalizmia, romelic RvTis brZane-bebs sakuTar Tavze iRebs da sakuTari arsebobis azrs am tvirTis tarebaSi xedavs. ,,lomi“ meamboxe moazrovnea. igi dadgenil wesebs umxedrdeba da TviTdamkvidrebisken miiswrafvis. ,,bavSvi“ Tavi-sufalia, harmoniaSia sakuTar TavTan da survilebTan, Tumca, gadis dro da ,,bavSvi“ ,,aqlemad“ iq-ceva -- wre ikvreba. es imitom, rom zekacis Tanmdevi atributi dionisuri tendenciaa da, rogorc f. iungeri aRniSnavs, zekaci dionisuri adamiania ( Tumca, vfiqrobT, zaratustraSi dionise kar-gavs im romantikul paToss, esTetikur eqspresias, romelic mas hqonda TxzulebaSi ,,tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan“).

zekacis Tanmdevi atributia dionise grigol robaqiZesTanac, magram, germaneli filosofo-sis mTavar ,,nakadze“ dayrdnobiT, robaqiZe zekacs RvTaebriobis aspeqtSi, ,,religiuri universa-litis“ rangSi moiazrebs. igi ,,cxadebaa Soreulisa da gaqroba qceulis, qcevaa da daSla ,,qceu-


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lis“. igi ,,qcevaria“ TviTon“ [robaqiZe gr., 1917]. dionisur orgiaSi CarTuli individi ,,sxvad“ iq-ceva ,,gonis mxriT“. individualobis CarCodan Tavisufali misi metafizikuri cnobiereba Rmer-Tisken iltvis da ,,TviTarss“ RvTaebis ,,upirobo WurWelSi asxams“. dionisuri ritualis ZiriTa-di saxea ,,msxverpli“, romlis suli gardamavali SeSlilobisas“ scildeba sxeuls da eziareba RvTaebas. ,,am saxis SeSlilobaSi saSineli Zala izrdeba, romelic ar icis yoveldRiurma sifxiz-lem. sxeulidan Tavisufali suli mzers mas, rasac mxolod sulisTavni xedven“ [robaqiZe gr., 1917]. es aris ,,sapirados gadalaxva“, roca adamians ,,eniWeba qmediTi unari qaoturSi CarTvisa da misi mogvarebisa, am gziT xdeba igi rCeuli“ [robaqiZe gr., 1996: 275].

ase ibadeba zekaci, romelic kacSi Sobili dionisea. sakuTar arsSi materialuri elementis daTrgunviTa da Tavis gawirviT zekacis cnobiereba RvTaebrivi siwmindis ziari xdeba. TviTSewir-viT badebs igi Tavis TavSi RmerTs. rogorc mwerali erTgan wers, ,,mxolod Tavis SewirviT ZaluZs adamians ziar iqnes uzenaesis. mxolod msxverplad gaRebiT SeerTvis igi saSosa RvTisas“ [robaqi-

Ze gr., 1926: 29]. dionisuri orgiis ,,marad qcevaSi“ monawile ,,sxeulisagan Tavisufali suli“ aT-valsaCinoebs ,,mes“. ,,me“ unda gaixsnas, unda gairRves, arsi unda gadavides yovladSi. pirovneba un-

da eziaros zepirovnuls“ [robaqiZe gr., 1989: 353]. aseTi zeadamiania ,,gvelis perangis“ arCibald mekeSi. arCibald mekeSs xSirad vxvdebiT dio-

nisur garemoSi. misi RvTaebisadmi msxverplSewirva romanSi simboluria. ,,winaparSi gadasuli,“ Teatralizebul sanaxaobaze dionises Tanamgzavri menadebis Semyure, araerTxel dionisuri Rre-obis msgavsi sufris Tanamonawile Tu gvelistyavwriuladSemoxveuli, xelaxla ,,ibadeba“, ,,gonis mxriv“ meore dabadebas gaivlis da mamulis, mamis Ziebisa da povnis fonze mamauzenaesis mwvdomi xdeba. misi ,,pirovani“ arsi zepirovnulis arss swvdeba da ,,mis win izrdeba zekaci namdvili... rom-lis gaxelebas mzis atexa Tu Seedreba am titvel kldeebSi da romlis gulis simarTles bavSvi Tu amxels dedas rom rZes exveweba“ [robaqiZe gr., 1989: 353].

nicSe fiqrobs, rom dionises fenomeni, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementi vrceldeba aramxo-lod tragediis RmerTze, aramed realur adamianebzec. swored aseTi, dionisuri cxovrebis gza ganvlo Tavad grigol robaqiZem, romelic saqarTveloSi dasavluri tendenciebis Semomtanad iyo aRiarebuli, dasavleTSi ki -- aRmosavluri egzotikisa; dionisuri eqstazis Tayvanismcemlad ac-xadebda Tavs da TviTon mudam TavdaWerili, sityvaZunwi iyo; visac xSirad erotizmiT gamsWvalu-li mxatvruli sityva da asketuri piradi cxovreba hqonda; visTvisac samSoblo umTavresi cneba iyo da cxovrebis didi nawili ucxo mxareSi gaatara.


1. gagniZe n., ,,nicSes recefcia grigol robaqiZis SemoqmedebaSi“, literaturaTmcodneobis

Tanamedrove problemebi, II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, (nawili I), Tb., 2009. 2. gomarTeli am., qarTuli simbolisturi proza, Tb., 1997. 3. nicSe fr., ,,ese ityoda zaratustra“, [germanulidan Targmna erekle tatiSvilma]. Tb.,1993. 4. robaqiZe gr., ,,fridrix nicSes garSemo“ (leqcia), gaz. ,,saxalxo gazeTi“, 1911, N387. 5. robaqiZe gr., ,,lekuri“, gaz. ,,saxalxo furceli“, 1916, N489. 6. robaqiZe gr., ,,dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo,“ gaz. saqarTvelo, N243. 7. robaqiZe gr., ,,hellenebi da saqarTvelo“, gaz. saqarTvelo, 1917, N267. 8. robaqiZe gr., dramebi ( ,,londa,“ ,,malStrem“, ,,lamara“ ), Tb., 1926. 9. robaqiZe gr., ,,Cemi cxovrebis gza“, germanulidan Targmna laSa baq-

raZem, gaz. ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo“, 1989, 3 noemberi. 10. robaqiZe gr., ,,gvelis perangi“, Tb., 1989. 11. robaqiZe gr., ,,qarTuli genia rokviT ganfenili“, CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia, krebuli,

Tb., 1996. 12. robaqiZe gr., Pro domo sua, germanulidan Targmna manana kvitaiam, Tb., 2012. 13. Беляев Дм., К вопросу о понемании идеи сверхчеловека в философии Ф. Ницше, Теория и прфктика

овщественного развития, 2012, № 4 ,стр. 42-44. 14. Филосософский енциклопедический словар, М., 1960-70.


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l. jangebaSvili

fridrix nicSes filosofiuri xedvis grigol robaqiZiseuli gaazreba reziume

statiaSi warmodgenilia fridrix nicSes filosofiuri formebis interpretacia grigol ro-

baqiZis SemoqmedebaSi; naCvenebia germaneli filosofosisa da qarTveli mwerlis xedvis msgavseba da gansxvaveba.

L. Jangebashvili

Grigol Robakidze’s View of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Philosophical Vision

Summary The article presents the interpretation of philosophical forms of Friedrich Nietzsche in the works of Grigol

Robakidze; The author shows the similarities and differences in the views of the German Philosopher and Georgian writer.


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Cveni avtorebi:

besik aladaSvili — guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universiteti (gTsu), profesori gela aladaSvili — gTsu, profesori nona axalaSvili — gTsu, profesori; saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria

pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti, asocirebuli profesori irakli boWoriSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, asocirebuli profesori nino boWoriSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, asistent profesori irina gersamia — ssd-s saswavlo centris I sammarTvelos fsiqologiuri momzadebis da

SerCevis jgufis ufrosi, ganaTlebis doqtori aleqsandre dauSvili — istoriis, eTnologiisa da religiis Seswavlisa da propagandis

samecniero centri, profesori daviT vekua — gTsu, profesori mariam zubaSvili — Tbilisis i.javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis fsiqologiis

fakulteti, studenti qeTevan zaqareiSvili — aRmosavleT evropis universiteti, doqtoranti simon TavarTqilaZe — gTsu, profesori daviT kbilaZe — gTsu, asocirebuli profesori niko kvaracxelia — gTsu, profesori ana kobiaSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, profesori guram kutalaZe — gTsu, profesori laura kutubiZe — gTsu, asocirebuli profesori levan lazviaSvili — evroregionaluri saswavlo universiteti, asocirebuli profesori zurab laoSvili — gTsu, asocirebuli profesori givi lobJaniZe — gTsu, profesori nino lomsaZe — gTsu, pedagogi Tamar merabiSvili — gTsu, pedagogi maia miqelaZe — gTsu, asocirebuli profesori Taliko Jvania — gTsu, profesori algidas Jukauskasi — vilniusis universiteti, profesori paul sankesi — iusaidis eqsperti samxreT kavkasiaSi giorgi saxokia — gTsu-s mowveuli leqtori, asocirebuli profesori laSa tabataZe — gTsu, asistent profesori Tamar tuxaSvili — saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universiteti, doqtoranti Tamar fanculaia — gTsu, asocirebuli profesori Sengeli ficxelauri — gTsu, profesori givi yufaraZe — grigol robaqiZis universiteti, profesori nino yufaraZe — Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universiteti, asocirebuli profesori ekaterine Sengelia — iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,

asocirebuli profesori lia Sengelia — saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universiteti, doqtoranti roman Sengelia — gTsu, profesori dali CikvilaZe — gTsu, profesori lia jangebaSvili — gTsu, asocirebuli profesori


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OUR AUTHORS:

Besik Aladashvili – Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University (GTTU), Professor Gela Aladashvili – GTTU, Professor Nona Akhalashvili – GTTU, Professor; ST. Andrew the First-called Patriarchate University, Associate Professor Irakli Bochorishvili – Georgian Thechnical University, Assistant Professor Nino Bochorishvili – Georgian Thechnical University, Assistant Professor Irina Gersamia – Special State Protection Service of Georgia, Training Center, Group leader. Alexsandre Daushvili – Scientific Centre for Historical, Ethnological, Religious Studies and Propaganda, Professor Davit Vekua – GTTU, Professor Mariam Zubashvili – TSU, Student Qetevan Zaqareishvili – East European University, Doctoral student Simon Tavartkiladze – GTTU, Professor David Kbiladze – GTTU, Associate Professor Niko Kvaratskhelia – GTTU, Professor Ana Kobiashvili – Georgian Thechnical University, Professor Guram Kutaladze – GTTU, Professor Laura Kutubidze – GTTU, Associate Professor Levan Lazviashvili – Euroregional Teaching University, Associate Professor Zurab Laoshvili – GTTU, Associate Professor Givi Lobjanidze – GTTU, Professor Nino Lomsadze – GTTU, Teacher Tamar Merabishvili – GTTU, Teacher Maia Mikeladze – GTTU, Associate Professor Taliko Zhvania – GTTU, Professor Algidas Jukiauskas – Vilnius University, Professor Paul Sankess – Expert of USAID in South Caucasus Giorgi Sakhokia – GTTU, Lector Lasha Tabatadze – GTTU, Assistant Professor Tamar Tukhashvili – ST Andrew the First-called Patriarchate University, Doctoral Student Tamar Pantsulaia – GTTU, Associate Professor Shengeli Pitskelauri – GTTU, Professor Givi Kuparadze – Grigol Robakidze University, Professor Nino Kuparadze – Tbilisi State Medical University, Associate Professor Ekaterine Shengelia – Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Associate Professor Lia Shengelia – ST Andrew the First-called Patriarchate University, Doctoral Student Roman Shengelia – GTTU, Professor Dali Chikviladze – GTTU, Professor Lia Jangebashvili – GTTU, Professor


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samecniero SromaTa krebulSi gamosaqveynebeli naSromisaTvis

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• naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos qarTul an inglisur enaze rogorc eleqtronuli, ise amobeWdili saxiT;

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naSromSi gamoqveynebul masalaze pasuxismgebelia avtori; krebulSi gamosaqveyneblad warmodgenil naSroms ganixilavs Sesabamisi kaTedra/mi-

marTuleba da saTanado rekomendaciiT warudgens saredaqcio sabWos. damatebiTi informaciisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT: guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universiteti misamarTi: 0101 — Tbilisi, samRereTis N5 tel: /+99532/ 2661512; 577424277 el-fosta: [email protected] veb-gverdi: www.gttu.edu.ge


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guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa · 3 guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis yovelwliur, mravaldar-gobriv samecniero SromaTa krebulSi warmodgenili