-
: 2: () F Copyright , ,
-
F :) ;) .
, t , . . , .
-
F
: ( ); ( )
* ( * , , ...) , * ( * ) .
-
F H0: 1 = 2 =k = g H0 : k = ,
(1,2,.. 2... X)
H0, F, :
MSb MSw , Sb2 Sw2 .
F .
-
i- k- , xik, :xik = + k + ik = + (k - ) + ik
, ( k- ), ik ( )
k , ik 0 2.
-
i- k- , xik, :xik = + (k - ) + (xik k), i = 1,...,nk; k = 1,...,
g
, k - .
:xik - = (k - ) + (xik k)
(k ) (xik k) .
-
( ) :
SSt = SSb + SSw
SSt , SSb , SSw .
SS Sum of Squares (= ), t total (= ), b between (= ), w within
(= ).
-
:
SSt = SSb + SSw :dft = n 1; dfb = g 1, dfw = n g.
: n 1 = g 1 + n g , :dft = dfb + dfw.
-
F
. H0, F, :
F , . .
-
F
F H0 , 1 = dfb = g 1 2 = dfw= n g. F H0 , (F), je:
1 = dfb 2 = dfw= n g : ; ; ( ).
-
F 1 df1, 2 df2.
F , 1 2 , () .
-
F 1 5, 8 8
: Cowles, M. (2001). Statistics in psychology An historical
perspective Second Edition. New Yersey, MH: Lawrence Erlbaum
associates Publishers. 1 = 1, 2 = 5 1 = 8, 2 = 8
-
F
1 2 d1 d2
-
: F 0.05 H0 , , F .
, g X .
, .
-
, FL, :
g ;
aik i- k- ,
k- , j
-
(FL) , , . 2 = , F g - 1 n - g .
FL 0.05 .
FL 0.05 .
, , F .
-
:
, F (Welch) H0, F, :
-
:
F, , 1 = dfb = g 1 2 = df, df :
-
(. effect size) a .
, , ( ).
-
1. , 2 :
SSb , SSt F 2 :
-
2. , 2:
, :
.
-
, : 0.05 0.06 0.13 0.13 , .
-
3. f:
S(M) , S a :
f . , 0.
-
3a. n1, n2, , ng f :
, :
-
3. n1, n2, , ng f :
: , n:
-
3. f F :
f : : f < 0 .25 : 0.25 f < 0.39 : f 0.40
-
3. dM:
Mmax Mmin , MSw .
: : dM 0 .20 : 0.20 < dM < 0.79 : dM 0.80
-
a (post-hoc) F H0: 1 = 2 =k = g . ( , ).
I. t , . I ( ) k , 1- (1-). . 6 0.05 I 0.05 1-0.956, . 0.26!
-
() F e (H0: 1 = 2 =k = g ). , , () . .
: c1M1+c2M2+ +cgMg, c1, c2,...,cg , 1, 2,...,Mg . .
-
() 4 (4 ):
c1 = 1/2, c2 = 1/2, c3 = -1/2, c4 = -1/2. : 1/2*M1 + 1/2*M2 -
1/2*M3 - 1/2*M4 = (M1+M2)/2 - (M3+M4)/2. , .
: 1/2 + 1/2 - 1/2 - 1/2 =0.
-
() 3 (3 ):c1 = 1, c2 = 0, c3 = -1. : 1*M1 + 0*M2 - 1*M3 = (M1
M3). , .
.
.
-
: : ?: 96 , 44 102 .
: 1. ;2. . , 2004.
-
? . , , . () .
-
: ?
-
:
-
(SPSS) Analyze/Compare Means/One-Way ANOVA
-
(SPSS) Analyze/Compare Means/One-Way ANOVA 1 = 2 = 3. F(2, 239)
= 20.39, p < 0.001.F 0.001.
-
(SPSS) Analyze/Compare Means/One-Way ANOVA ( ) .: , .
-
(SPSS) Analyze/Compare Means/Means : - 0.146. f2 = 0.146/(1 -
0.146) = 0.17 .
-
: , 2004 : , . : . !
-
, :
... , , , . . . , 1999.
-
O ...
...
