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jón leifs Part 1: THE CREATION OF THE WORLD gunnar guðbjörnsson · bjarni thor kristinsson schola cantorum iceland symphony orchestra hermann bäumer

jón leifs - eClassical.com · 2011. 5. 26. · hymns. It was as if he needed to ‘warm up’ for the massive creative task that awaited him, taking great care not to begin any large-scale

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Page 1: jón leifs - eClassical.com · 2011. 5. 26. · hymns. It was as if he needed to ‘warm up’ for the massive creative task that awaited him, taking great care not to begin any large-scale

jón leifs

Part 1: THE CREATION OF THE WORLD

gunnar guðbjörnsson · bjarni thor kristinssonschola cantorum

iceland symphony orchestrahermann bäumer

BIS-SACD-1350

jón leifs

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Jón Leifs (1899–1968)

Edda, Part 1: Sköpun heimsins (The Creation of the World)

world première recording (ICE-MIC)

1. Ár var alda (Young Were the Years) 4'19

2. Ýmir (Ymir) 7'22

3. Þursa þjóðar sjöt (The Giants’ Palace) 2'53

4. Auðhumla, Óðinn ok hans bræðr (Audhumla, Odin and his Brothers) 2'54

5. Sær (Sea) 2'36

6. Jörð (Earth) 2'27

7. Himinn, sól, dagr (Sky, Sun, Day) 10'21

8. Nótt, morgunn (Night, Morning) 19'17

9. Ásgarðr, Askr ok Embla, Miðgarðr (Asgard, Ash and Embla, Midgard) 3'36

10. Scherzo. Allir menn urðut jafnspakir (All Men Aren’t Equally Wise) 3'21

11. Viðr, sumar, logn (Wood, Summer, Calm) 7'59

12. Vetr ok vindr (Winter and Wind) 2'35

13. Finale. Ífing, níu heimar (Ifing, Nine Worlds) 4'44

TT: 75'39

Gunnar Guðbjörnsson tenorBjarni Thor Kristinsson bass-baritoneSchola Cantorum Hörður Áskelsson chorus master

Iceland Symphony Orchestra

Hermann Bäumer conductorStefán Jón Bernharðsson · Þorkell Jóelsson

Eiríkur Örn Pálsson · Guðmundur Hafsteinsson lur

Eggert Pálsson bagpipes · Daði Kolbeinsson ocarina · Douglas Brotchie organ

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Jón Leifs (1899–1968) was Iceland’s first na -tionalist composer. His music draws on themain types of Icelandic folk-song and is

often inspired by Iceland’s powerful nature andancient literary heritage. Leifs’ original intentionwas to be come a pianist and conductor, but shortlyafter grad uating from the Leipzig Conservatory in1921 he began studying a recently publishedcollection of Icelandic folk music and found hiscalling as a composer: ‘This collection opened forme the whole world of folk-song and I felt I hadcome into con tact with its immutable laws … theheritage which no nation can be without. Idiscovered them only by coincidence, really. Butdon’t many of the most wondrous things in lifehappen by coincidence?’

Leifs realized that no texts were better suited tothe austere style of Icelandic folk-song than theancient Eddic poetry, and within months he had thetexts sent to him from Iceland. His first vocal work,three terse, laconic settings of verses from Háva -mál, dates from 1924. In the years that followed,Leifs found himself primarily occupied with mat -ters other than composition. These included a tourof Iceland and Norway with the Hamburg Phil har -monic Orchestra in 1926 – the first performance bya full symphony orchestra in Iceland – and ambi -tious plans for a German ‘orchestral academy’ foryoung musicians, which came to naught. It wasaround this time that Leifs began conceiving alarger work based on Völuspá, the Eddic poem inwhich a seeress describes the creation of the earthand prophesies its destruction.

It was only during the last months of 1930 thatLeifs began making headway with his new piece.

Earlier that year he completed three large-scaleworks: the Organ Concerto, Op. 7, Variations on atheme by Beethoven, Op. 8, and the Iceland Can -tata, Op. 13. The concerto and variations had beenworks-in-progress for a decade or more, but the Ice -land Cantata was composed within a year andintended for a composition contest to com mem or atethe millennium of the Icelandic Althing, al though itwas never submitted. The cantata was Leifs’ firstlarge-scale work for chorus and orch estra, andcompleting it probably gave him the con fi denceneeded to revive his earlier project of a larger chor -al work based on Völuspá.

It took Leifs two years to complete the libretto,not least because the work’s dimensions far out -grew his original plan. Leifs expanded his textbeyond the verses of Völuspá, creating an impres -sive collage of virtually all the Eddic sources relat -ing to earth’s creation and demise, and of the Nor -dic gods themselves. In the end the text consistedof 350 stanzas and was divided into four largesections: The Creation of the World, The Lives ofthe Gods, Twilight and Resurrection. ‘To be honest,I’m rather worried,’ Leifs wrote to his sister in1932, ‘since it is impossible for me to begin such acomposition unless I can spend two or three yearsworking on it without constantly being concernedabout money.’ Yet he was riveted by the libretto asit stood: ‘I have now completed the second draft ofthe text to my Edda oratorio. Parts of it are so mag -nificent that they leave me breathless!’ But Leifs’in come in Germany was completely dependent onhis freelance journalism and so the compositionwas delayed even further. Between 1930 and 1935Leifs composed only small-scale works: original

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songs with piano, folk-song arrangements, choralepreludes and arrangements of Icelandic traditionalhymns. It was as if he needed to ‘warm up’ for themassive creative task that awaited him, taking greatcare not to begin any large-scale works that mightdelay his oratorio even more.

Leifs’ work invites the obvious comparison withthat other gigantic tetralogy based on Eddic mythsof creation and destruction, Richard Wag ner’s Ringof the Nibelung. Leifs was well acquainted withWag ner’s score, having studied it carefully during hisstudent years. But Leifs found Wagner’s approachtoo romantic and sentimental, and claimed that sev -eral of his own works, including the Edda oratorioand Saga Symphony, were created ‘in protest againstWagner, who so grossly misunderstood the Nordiccharacter and the artistic heritage of the North’.

Jón Leifs waited three years before com menc ingwork on the music itself. In February 1935 he wasappointed music director of Ice lan dic State Radioand moved back to Iceland while his wife, Annie,stayed in Rehbrücke near Berlin with their twodaugh ters. Leifs accepted the posi tion on the under -standing that he would be able to divide his timebetween office work and com pos ing, and spentmuch of his time working on the Edda oratorio inViðey, a small island not far from the Reykjavíkharbour. The governing board of the State Radiowas appalled by what it saw as Leifs’ flagrant viola -tion of his contract, and his frequent absences finallycost him the job. At the same time, Leifs’ personalsituation was fraught with diffi cul ty. His marriagewith Annie Riethof was founder ing, not least be -cause of his infatuation with the German harpist Ur -sula Lendtrodt in Wiesbaden in 1934.

Upon completing the score in January 1939,Leifs began a hopeless quest for publishers andper formers. Europe was on the brink of war andGerman orchestras were little inclined to take on ademanding work by a composer whose Aryan cre -dentials had recently been cast into doubt ongrounds of his wife’s Jewish origins. The only onewho seemed interested was Rudolf Schulz-Dorn -burg, music director at Cologne radio, but he wascalled to join the German air force just as planswere coming to fruition. Music publishers such asPeters and Eulenburg politely refused. Leifs’ reg -ular publishers, Kistner & Siegel, finally decided toinclude Edda I in their series, but the scandal at theBerlin performance of Leifs’ Organ Concerto in1941 – where most of the audience walked out inprotest at Leifs’ ‘modernist’ work – led to the can -cel lation of the entire project.

More than a decade passed before movementsfrom Edda I were first heard, at the CopenhagenNordic Music Days in May 1952 under the direc -tion of Launy Grøndahl. Two of the work’s thirteenmovements (Nos 7 and 8) had been chosen by thepro gramme committee, and Leifs, who had beensuffering a fallow period creatively, was again filledwith optimism. He began composing Edda II inDecember 1951, after a nearly 13-year hiatus, andhad made good progress with the first movement – amusical depiction of Óðinn – when disaster struck.The audience reception in Copenhagen was hos tileand the experience was deeply humiliating for Leifs.In particular, the younger generation of seriallyinclined composers greeted Leifs’s triadic har monyand primitive percussion section with rid icule. JónNordal, another Icelandic composer whose work

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was performed at the festival, has described how adevastated Leifs ran into the hall way during thelack lustre applause and refused to enter the hallagain. Adding insult to injury, Ice lan dic Radio lostits copy of the performance shortly afterwards.Leifs’s reaction was understandable: he shelved theEdda project and only returned to it a decade later.He completed Edda II in May 1966 and im me di ate -ly began composing the next instal ment. Jón Leifsdied in June 1968, leaving Edda III incom plete.

Thirty years after the partial première in Copen -hagen, Icelandic audiences were finally able to hearportions of Edda I, performed by the PolyphonicChoir under the direction of Ingólfur Guðbrands -son. Originally intending to perform the entire piece,the choir finally settled for three movements (Nos1, 5, and 6), which were performed in Háskólabíóand taken on a concert tour of Spain. Spanish audi -ences were riveted and one audience member re -marked: ‘It was as if Iceland’s entire history wasmir rored in the music of Edda I, and in the heartfeltperformance.’

Edda I consists of thirteen movements, each ofwhich describes part of the creation according toNordic mythology. Ýmir, the first giant, is intro ducedin the second movement and the cow Auðhum la,who fed Ýmir with four rivers of milk, in the third,along with Óðinn and his brethren. Askur andEmbla, the Nordic equivalents of Adam and Eve,also make an appearance later in the work. As theheadings of the individual movements suggest –Sea, Earth, Heaven, Sun, Day, Night, Morning, etc.– Leifs is mostly concerned with portraying naturewith appropriately descriptive gestures.

The music carries all the hallmarks of Leifs’

mature style: parallel fifths, irregular metric pat -terns, and root-position triads. Yet the music is con -siderably more varied than in Leifs’s later works,not least owing to several prominent polyphonicpas sages. Extended fugal writing occurs in threemovements of Edda I (Nos 2, 3, and 7), the last ofwhich also contains the theme in inversion. Leifshad certainly written fugues before – his ViolinStudies, Op. 3 and the Iceland Cantata, Op. 13, forexample – but this would be the last time that suchwriting played a prominent part in his music.

Leifs uses a ‘motto’ consisting of two chords,E flat major and B major, to connect movements ofthe work. In its characteristic form, the motto isplayed by trumpets, horns and trombones, and isespecially prominent in the work’s first seven move -ments. E is a prominent tonal centre and underpinslarge portions of the score as a tonic pedal. Theorchestra was Leifs’ largest to date, and includeshis first use of what would become his signatureNordic lurs and an extended percussion section,including rocks. The scoring is among Leifs’ mostcolourful and inspired. Among the most memor -able passages are the majestic organ entry in thefifth movement as the sons of Bor slay the giantÝmir, thus effectively creating the world, dark minorharmonies in the nocturnal eighth move ment, three-octave unisono choral writing over a static C majorchord in the ninth movement, and the chilling semi -quaver depiction of winter in the twelfth move -ment.

The difficulty of Leifs’ choral writing is nodoubt the main reason why the Edda oratorio haswaited nearly 70 years for its first performance.The choir is the work’s protagonist; it sings in

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every movement and Leifs is merciless in his dem -ands for extreme tessitura. The sopranos are re -quired to hit a multitude of high Cs, and the bassesgo down to low C on occasion. Leifs was neverone to compromise in order to make his workseasier to perform, even if this meant they wouldnot be heard during his lifetime.

The first complete performance of Jón Leifs’Edda I, in conjunction with this recording, was amilestone in Icelandic musical life. At the time ofits completion in 1939, the 254-page score was thelongest, most ambitious and by far the most demand-ing Icelandic composition ever created. Its power -ful and daring portrayal of the Nordic creationmyth is yet another example of the magic Jón Leifswas able to draw from the austere and fascinatingworld of Icelandic folk-song.

© Árni Heimir Ingólfsson 2007

Gunnar Guðbjörnsson, tenor, studied singing inIceland and Berlin prior to taking lessons from Ni -co lai Gedda and joining the London National OperaStudio. Following his début in 1988 at the Ice lan -dic Opera, his reputation spread rapidly and in1999 he was invited by Daniel Barenboim to jointhe ensemble of the Berlin Staatsoper as first lyrictenor. His career has taken him to the leading operahouses in Europe and as a concert singer he hasalso performed in the USA and Asia. In the autumnof 2007 Guðbjörnsson sings his first role in theheroic repertoire, Walther von Stolzing in DieMeis ter singer at the Halle Opera House.

Bjarni Thor Kristinsson, bass, is one of the best-known Icelandic opera singers of the younger gen -er ation. After singing lessons in his home country,he went to the University of Music and DramaticArts in Vienna to study under Helene Carusso andCurt Malm. In 1997 he joined the Volksoper En -semble in Vienna where he sang leading bass roles,and since then his international career has flour -ished, taking him opera companies all over Europe,including Berlin, Munich, Dres den, Hamburg, Pa ris,Barcelona, Lisbon, Rome, Flo rence and Reykja vík.His operatic repertoire ranges from Mozart toStrauss and Wagner.

Hörður Áskelsson, cantor of Hallgrímskirkja,found ed the Schola cantorum Reykjavicensis in1996. The choir’s repertoire consists mainly of Re -naissance and baroque music on the one hand andcontemporary music with special emphasis on Ice -landic composers on the other. Schola cantorum isone of Iceland’s most distinguished music groupsand was appointed City of Reykjavík Official Mu -sic Group 2006. It was nominated for Nor dic Coun-cil Music Prize in 2007. The choir’s norm al size of14 professional singers is extended to 38 singers inthe oratorio Edda I by Jón Leifs.

On Iceland, growing prosperity and the dawn ofindependence at the turn of the 20th century creat -ed the impetus for forming a professional orch es -tra. In 1930, the Ice landic National BroadcastingService and the Reykjavík College of Music werefound ed, paving the way for the creation of the Ice -land Symphony Orchestra, which was formallyestablished on 9th March 1950. The ISO gives

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approximately sixty con certs each season, includ -ing subscription concerts in Reykjavík and toursboth in Ice land and abroad, with recent visits to theFaeroes, Greenland, the Scandinavian countries,Germany, Austria, France and North America. Overthe years, numerous renowned guest artists haveenriched the ISO’s music-making, including Vladi -mir Ashkenazy, Yehudi Menuhin, Wilhelm Kempff,André Previn, Daniel Barenboim, Lu ciano Pa va -rotti, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Mstislav Rostropovichand Joshua Bell.

The post of chief conductor has been filled bymany important conductors who, over the years,have greatly influenced the orchestra’s develop -ment, such as Olav Kiel land and Karsten Andersenfrom Norway, Bohdan Wodiczko from Poland,Jean-Pierre Jacquillat from France, Petri Sakari andOsmo Vänskä from Finland and Rico Saccani fromthe USA. The British conductor Rumon Gamba hasbeen chief con duc tor and musical director of theISO since 2002. The same year Vladimir Ashke -nazy accepted the post of conductor laureate of theorchestra. The ISO has made a number of record -ings for BIS, including a highly acclaimed series ofthe music of Jón Leifs and three discs with orch -estral works by Nikos Skalkottas.

The reputation that Hermann Bäumer has earnedthrough his substan tial and highly creative work asdirector of music for the town of Osnabrück is re -flect ed not only in great public approbation andpraise in the specialist press but also in a number ofguest conducting engagements in Germany and inter -nationally, for in stance with the North Ger man RadioPhilharmonic Orchestra, Iceland Sym phony Orch -

estra and Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin. Born in Bielefeld, Hermann Bäumer started to

play the piano at the age of six. He later also re -ceived cello and trombone lessons, and studiedconducting in Det mold and Leipzig. From 1992until 2003 he was a trombonist in the Ber lin Phil -har mo nic Orchestra, and for many years he en -joyed a collaboration with the orch es tra’s brass en -semble. Hermann Bäumer has also conducted suchorch es tras as the Deutsche Kammerphilhar monieBremen, the Norwegian Radio Orch estra and theBamberg Symphony Orchestra, and has been aguest at such festivals as the Rhein gau Music Fes ti -val and the Heidelberg Spring. In addition, Bäumeris well known for his work with young musiciansand has collaborated with numerous youth orch es -tras.

Hermann Bäumer has a special affinity for un -usual works of music drama. For exam ple, duringthe 2005–06 season he gave the world première ofAlexan der No witz’ Bestmannoper to great press andpublic acclaim. No less attention surrounded his per -formance of Hans-Werner Henze’s Wunder theaterduring the season 2004–05.

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Jón Leifs (1899-1968) var fyrsta þjóðlegaíslenska tónskáldið. Tónlist hans tekur mið afíslenskum þjóðlagasöng og sækir efnivið í

stórgerða náttúru landsins og fornan bókmenntaarf.Það var þó hreinasta tilviljun að þannig fór, því aðJón hafði upphaflega stefnt að því að starfa sempíanóleikari og hljómsveitarstjóri. Það var ekki fyrren að lokinni fjögurra ára námsvist í Leipzig aðhann uppgötvaði „lögmál“ íslensku þjóðlaganna,þegar hann var staddur á Íslandi sumarið 1921 ogtók að kynna sér þjóðlagasafn sr. BjarnaÞorsteinssonar. Áratugum síðar lýsti hannáhrifunum svo:

„Þá opnaðist fyrir mér heimur þjóðlaganna ogég þóttist kominn í tæri við lögmálin: Safn BjarnaÞorsteinssonar vísaði veginn, þó það væri gallað;hann sópaði inn í það öllu, sem hönd á festi […]svo úr varð ein heljarmikil hrúga. Það varð okkarhlutskipti að róta í þessari hrúgu. Það var erfitt verkog tímafrekt, en eftirtekjan sýnir, að það hefurborgað sig. Þarna voru lögmálin – þessi arfur, semengin þjóð getur án verið. Tilviljun sennilega að égfann þau. En verður ekki margt af þvístórkostlegasta til fyrir tilviljun?“

Jóni var strax ljóst að enginn kveðskapur féllibetur að kaldhömruðum stíl þjóðlaganna enEddukvæðin og ekki leið á löngu þar til hann baðföður sinn að senda sér Eddurnar til Þýskalands.Þremur árum eftir hin afdrifaríku kynni afþjóðlagasafninu samdi Jón fyrsta söngverk sitt,þrjú skorinort lög, ekki nema blaðsíða hvert, viðerindi úr Hávamálum. Þótt Jón helgaði öðrummálefnum krafta sína að mestu næstu árin, m.a.hljómsveitarferð Hamborgarfílharmóníunnar tilÍslands 1926 og fyrirhugaðri stofnun þýskrar

„hljómsveitarakademíu“ í kjölfarið, leið ekki álöngu þar til hugmyndir um stærra verk sem byggðiá Eddutextum tóku að mótast.

Það var ekki fyrr en síðla árs 1930 sem Jónhrinti hugmynd sinni loks í framkvæmd. Á fyrstumánuðum ársins lauk hann við þrjú stór tónverk:Orgelkonsert op. 7, Tilbrigði um stef eftirBeethoven op. 8, og kantötuna Þjóðhvöt op. 13.Fyrri verkin tvö hafði hann haft í smíðum í áratugmeð löngum hléum inn á milli, en Þjóðhvöt varupphaflega ætluð sem framlag hans í samkeppnium Alþingishátíðarkantötu þótt ýmislegt yrði tilþess að hann legði verkið aldrei fram. Þjóðhvöt varfyrsta stóra verk Jóns fyrir kór og hljómsveit oglíklega hefur sú reynsla talið í hann kjarkinn semþurfti til að leggja í enn umfangsmeira verk. Í þaðminnsta tók Jón að huga aftur að nokkurra áragamalli fyrirætlun sinni að semja stórt tónverk viðVöluspá. Í september 1930 leitaði Jón ráða umtextaval hjá Sigurði Nordal prófessor, sem svaraðiað sér væri „auðvitað ánægja að lesa yfiroratorium-texta yðar, ef þér sendið mér hann.“

Það tók Jón tvö ár að fullgera textann endavarð verkið mun stærra í sniðum en hann hafðiupphaflega ætlað. Völuspá var ekki lengur einaheimildin heldur leitaði Jón fanga víða íEddukvæðum og Snorra-Eddu. Þegar upp varstaðið taldi textinn 350 erindi og skiptist í fjórahluta: Sköpun heimsins, Líf guðanna, Ragnarökrog Endurreisn. „Mér lízt satt að segja ekki áblikuna,“ játaði Jón fyrir Þóreyju systur sinni, „lítiðþýðir fyrir mig að byrja á slíkri tónsmíð, nema aðeg geti verið við hana áhyggjulaus í 2-3 ár, þ.e. hafiekki brauðáhyggjur á meðan.“ Á móti kom aðhonum fannst hugmyndin stórfengleg: „Eg hefi nú

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gengið frá öðru uppkasti að texta viðEddusöngverkið; textinn svo stórkostlegur áköflum, að eg „næ stundum bara ekki andanum“þegar eg er að fara yfir hann!“ En það þýddi lítiðfyrir Jón að byrja á slíku risaverki meðan hannþurfti að sinna margs konar aukavinnu til að hafa ísig og á. Á árunum 1930-35 samdi Jón eingöngusmærri verk: rímnadanslög, orgelforspil, nokkureinsöngslög og útsetti íslenska sálma fyrir kór. Ífimm ár hitaði hann sig upp fyrir átökin sem biðuhans, og gætti þess að eyða ekki kröftum sínum íeitthvað sem gæti tafið óratóríuna meira en orðiðvar.

Eitt tónskáld hafði áður byggt risavaxinnfjórþáttung á frásögnum Eddukvæða af sköpunheimsins og lífi hinna norrænu goða. Jón þekkti veltil Niflungahringsins eftir Richard Wagner, hafðikeypt nóturnar á námsárum sínum og heyrt hannnokkrum sinnum í þýskum óperuhúsum. En nálgunWagners var of rómantísk og útblásin til að falla aðsmekk Jóns, sem kvaðst hafa samið mörg verkasinna, m.a. Eddu-óratóríuna og Sögu-sinfóníuna,„sem andmæli gegn Wagner, er misskildi svoherfilega norrænt eðli og norræna listarfleifð.“

Textinn að Eddu I lá fullgerður í þrjú ár áður enJón hóf að semja tónlistina. Í febrúar 1935 var Jónráðinn tónlistarstjóri Ríkisútvarpsins og fluttistheim til Íslands en Annie kona hans varð eftir íRehbrücke nálægt Berlín með dætur þeirra tvær.Jón hafði tekið að sér starfið á þeim forsendum aðhonum yrði gert kleift að vinna að tónsmíðumjafnframt venjulegri skrifstofuvinnu, og þótti ekkinema sjálfsagt að Ríkisútvarpið yrði honum að liðií listsköpun sinni. Jón undi sér vel í Viðey viðtónsmíðavinnu en Jónas Þorbergsson útvarpsstjóri

brást hinn versti við og tíðar fjarverur Jóns vegnaEddu I kostuðu hann að lokum starfið. Það hefurheldur varla auðveldað Jóni tónsmíðarnar aðeinkalíf hans var í rúst. Það hafði gengið á ýmsu íhjónabandi Jóns og Anniear, ekki síst eftir að ungurhörpuleikari að nafni Ursula Lendtrodt heillaði Jónupp úr skónum á tónlistarhátíð í Wiesbaden 1934.Hún virðist reyndar hafa viljað lítið af honum vita,en Jón átti erfitt með að gleyma henni og vissi vartí hvorn fótinn hann átti að stíga, eins og bréf hanstil Anniear á þessum árum bera vitni um.

Í janúar 1939 gat Jón loks dregið síðastataktstrikið aftan við hið mikla sköpunarverk sitt ogþá hófst næsta vonlaus leit að flytjendum ogútgefanda. Heimurinn stóð á barmi styrjaldar oghverfandi líkur á að hægt væri að finna hljómsveitog kór til að ráðast í slíkt stórvirki. Sá eini semvirtist hafa áhuga var Rudolf Schulz-Dornburg,tónlistarstjóri við útvarpið í Köln, en einmitt þegarvirtist ætla að draga til tíðinda var hann kvaddur íflugherinn og þar með voru áformin úr sögunni.Útgáfufélögin Peters og Eulenburg vildu ekkertmeð verkið hafa. Loksins þegar Kistner & Siegelfengust til þess að taka verkið í útgáfuröð sína varðsögufrægt hneyksli við flutninginn á orgelkonsertiJóns í Berlín 1941 – þar sem langflestir áheyrendurgengu út meðan á flutningnum stóð – til þess aðhætt var við allt saman.

Það leið rúmur áratugur þangað til tónar úrEddu I hljómuðu í fyrsta sinn, á Norrænumtónlistardögum í Kaupmannahöfn í maí 1952. Þarvoru tveir þættir af þrettán valdir til flutnings, nr. 7(Himinn, sól, dagr) og 8 (Nótt, morgunn). Jónvirðist hafa fyllst bjartsýni þegar hann frétti aðloksins ætti að taka Eddu I til flutnings. Að minnsta

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kosti hóf hann loksins handa við að semja Eddu IIskömmu fyrir jól 1951, eftir nærri 13 ára hlé. Hannvar kominn vel á veg með fyrsta þáttinn – lýsingu ásjálfum Óðni – þegar ósköpin dundu yfir. Þaðskipti engu þótt tónskáldið Launy Grøndahl, semhélt á tónsprotanum í Kaupmannahöfn, væri sjálfurhrifinn af verki Jóns. Viðtökurnar á tón -listarhátíðinni voru afleitar og auðmýkjandi; ungutónskáldin gátu ekki annað en flissað þegar kom aðsamstígum fimmundum, hefðbundnum þríhljómumog fornaldarslagverki Jóns Leifs. Jón Nordal varmeð nafna sínum í Kaupmannahöfn og hefur lýstþví hvernig Jón Leifs hljóp niðurbrotinn út á gangdanska útvarpshússins eftir flutninginn og neitaðiað ganga aftur í salinn. Það var svo til að bæta gráuofan á svart að hljóðritun frá tónleikunum týndisthjá Ríkisútvarpinu skömmu síðar og hefur ekkikomið í leitirnar síðan. Viðbrögð Jóns voruskiljanleg. Hann lagði Eddu II á hilluna og snertiekki aftur fyrr en tíu árum síðar. Hann lauk viðEddu II í maí 1966 og hófst þá þegar handa við þáþriðju. Jón Leifs lést frá Eddu III ófullgerðri í júní1968.

Þrjátíu árum eftir hina háðulegu útreið íKaupmannahöfn fengu Íslendingar fyrstsmjörþefinn af Eddu I í flutningi Pólýfónkórsinsundir stjórn Ingólfs Guðbrandssonar. Upphaflegavar ætlunin að ráðast í verkið allt en að lokum voruþrír þættir látnir nægja, nr. 1, 5 og 6 (Ár var alda;Sær; Jörð). Kórinn flutti efnisskrána í Háskólabíóiog hélt því næst í tónleikaferð til Spánar þar semþættirnir úr Eddu voru fluttir í Málaga, Marbella,Nerja, Granada og Sevilla. Spánverjum þótti mikiðtil tónlistarinnar koma og höfðu stór orð umsnilligáfu Jóns Leifs. Arnaldur Indriðason

rithöfundur fylgdi kórnum eftir í Spánarferðinni oghafði eftir einum tónleikagestinum: „Það er eins ogsaga Íslands komi fram í [Eddu I] og það var einsog flutningur verksins kæmi frá hjartanu, fráþjóðinni. Það var stórkostlegur flutningur og efþetta yrði gefið út á plötu er ég viss um að þærmyndu rjúka út.“

Edda I er í þrettán þáttum, sem hver fyrir siglýsir ákveðnum þætti sköpunarsögunnar í norrænnigoðafræði. Ýmir kemur til sögunnar í öðrum þættiog í kjölfarið fylgja Óðinn og bræður hans ogAskur og Embla nokkru síðar. Jón leitar víða fangahvað textann varðar en helstu heimildir hans eruVöluspá, Gylfaginning, Alvíssmál ogVafþrúðnismál. Eins og yfirskriftir kaflanna gefa tilkynna einbeitir Jón sér að sköpun náttúrunnar: Sær;Jörð; Himinn, sól, dagr; Nótt, morgunn; Viðr,sumar, logn; Vetr og vindr. Af þessu leiðir aðtónlistin er fremur myndræn en dramatísk, og enginbein framvinda á sér stað. Athyglin beinist fyrst ogfremst að fyrirbærum náttúrunnar og sköpunarsöguþeirra.

Tónlistinni svipar um margt til annarra verkaJóns. Samstígar fimmundir og óreglulegirrímnataktar eru áberandi, og þríhljómar ígrunnstöðu eru einnig sterkt höfundareinkenni. Aðmörgu leyti eru stílbrögð Jóns fjölbreyttari hér en ísíðari verkum hans. Sérstaklega verður að nefnanotkun Jóns á fjölröddun, en fúgató-þættir, þar semraddirnar elta hver aðra með samskonar tónefni,koma fyrir í 2. kafla („Ór Élivágum stukkueitrdropar“), 3. kafla („Útan garða hann sá upp ofkoma þursa þjóðar sjöt“) og 7. kafla („Dagr áttiÞóru drengja móður“) þar sem Jón bætir reyndarum betur og snýr stefinu á haus. Jón hafði samið

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fúguskotna kafla áður, m.a. í fiðluæfingunni op. 3og Þjóðhvöt, en þetta er eitt síðasta skiptið sem slíkáhrif finnast í tónlist hans.

Til að tengja saman þætti verksins notar Jóneinkum tvo hljóma sem mynda „mottó“ verksins,Es-dúr og H-dúr. Oftast eru hljómarnir leiknir afhornum, trompetum og básúnum og heyrastaðallega í fyrstu sjö þáttum verksins. Einnig notarJón gjarnan E sem tónmiðju, m.a. bæði í upphafi ogenda verksins, og gefur það sterkan heildarsvip.Jón hafði aldrei fyrr notað jafnstóra hljómsveit –hann notar hér m.a. forna lúðra og steinaspil ífyrsta sinn – og nær oft fram mögnuðumlitbrigðum. Sem dæmi má nefna voldugaorgelinnkomu í fimmta kafla, þegar synir Bors fellajötuninn Ými, drungalega mollhljóma sem táknanæturmyrkrið í 8. kafla, unisono kórsöng í þremuráttundum yfir liggjandi C-dúr hljómi (9. kafli), oghrollvekjandi lýsingu á Vetri yfir gnístandisextándupartsáherslum hljómsveitarinnar (12.kafli).

Helsta ástæða þess að aldrei hefur áður veriðráðist í heildarflutning á Eddu I er vafalaust sú hvemiklar kröfur Jón gerir til flytjendanna, ekki sístkórsins. Hann syngur í öllum þáttum verksins ogJón reynir stöðugt á þol söngvaranna í allar áttir.Sópranar þurfa margsinnis að fara upp á háa C ogbassar niður á djúpa C. Jón lagði það aldrei í vanasinn að taka tillit til flytjenda og taldi mikilvægt aðtónskáldið gæti komið hugsunum sínum á blaðalgjörlega án málamiðlana, jafnvel þótt það þýddiað verkin yrðu ekki metin að verðleikum fyrr enáratugum síðar.

Hvað sem mönnum kann að finnast umtónsköpun Jóns Leifs verður því ekki neitað að

Edda I er ein merkasta tónsmíð íslenskrartónlistarsögu. Þegar Jón setti taktstrikið aftan við254ra síðna raddskrána í janúar 1939 var Edda Ilengsta, viðamesta og metnaðarfyllsta tónverk semnokkur Íslendingur hafði samið. Það ber vott umótrúlegan stórhug og dirfsku, og er enn eitt dæmiðum þann magnaða tónagaldur sem Jón Leifs gatframið úr kaldhömruðum efniviði hinna íslenskuþjóðlaga.

© Árni Heimir Ingólfsson 2007

Gunnar Guðbjörnsson tenór nam söng á Íslandiog í Berlín auk þess sem hann sótti tíma hjá NicolaiGedda og tók þátt í Þjóðaróperustúdíóinu íLundúnum. Hann debúteraði við Íslensku óperuna1988 og á næstu árum fór orðspor hans hrattvaxandi. Árið 1999 bauð Daniel Barenboim honumstöðu lýrísks tenórs við Staatsoper í Berlín. Gunnarhefur sungið í helstu óperuhúsum Evrópu og hefureinnig haldið tónleika í Bandaríkjunum og Asíu.Haustið 2007 syngur hann sitt fyrsta hlutverk semhetjutenór, Walther von Stolzing íMeistarasöngvurum Wagners við óperuhúsið íHalle.

Bjarni Thor Kristinsson bassi er einn kunnastióperusöngvari yngri kynslóðarinnar á Íslandi. Hannsótti söngtíma á Íslandi en hélt því næst tilTónlistarháskólans í Vínarborg þar sem hann namhjá Helene Carusso og Curt Malm. Hann gekk tilliðs við Volksoper í Vínarborg 1997 og söng þarleiðandi bassahlutverk um árabil. Síðan hefur hannsungið við fjölda þekktra óperuhúsa, m.a. í Berlín,München, Dresden, Hamborg, París, Barcelona,

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Lissabon, Róm, Flórens og Reykjavík. Hann hefursungið óperur sem spanna allt frá Mozart til Straussog Wagners.

Hörður Áskelsson, kantor Hallgrímskirkju, stofnaðiSchola cantorum árið 1996. Efnisskrá kórsinssamanstendur aðallega af endurreisnar- ogbarokktónlist og nútímatónlist með sérstaka áhersluá verk íslenskra tónskálda. Schola cantorum varvalinn Tónlistarhópur Reykjavíkur 2006 ogtilnefndur til Tónlistarverðlauna Norðurlandaráðs2007. Kórinn er yfirleitt skipaður 14atvinnusöngvurum en var stækkaður í 38 fyrirEddu-óratóríu Jóns Leifs.

Sinfóníuhljómsveit Íslands var formlega stofnuðárið 1950, en þá höfðu ýmsar hljómsveitir starfað íhöfuðborginni um nokkurra áratuga skeið.Hljómsveitin heldur um 60 tónleika á ári hverju,m.a. áskriftartónleika í Reykjavík auk tónleika álandsbyggðinni og erlendis. Nýverið hefurhljómsveitin haldið tónleika á Færeyjum,Grænlandi, Norðurlöndum, í Þýskalandi,Austurríki, Frakklandi og Bandaríkjunum. Fjöldi heimsþekktra listamanna hefur komið frammeð hljómsveitinni, og má þar nefna VladimirAshkenazy, Yehudi Menuhin, Wilhelm Kempff,André Previn, Daniel Barenboim, LucianoPavarotti, Anne-Sophie Mutter, MstislavRostropovich og Joshua Bell.

Meðal þeirra hljómsveitarstjóra sem mestanþátt hafa átt í mótun Sinfóníu hljóm sveitar Íslandsmá nefna Norðmanninn Olav Kielland, PólverjannBohdan Wodiczko, Norðmanninn KarstenAndersen, Frakkann Jean-Pierre Jacquillat og á

síðari árum þá Petri Sakari og Osmo Vänskä fráFinnlandi. Árið 2002 tók Rumon Gamba við stöðuaðalhljómsveitarstjóra og listræns stjórnanda, ogsama ár tók Vladimir Ashkenazy við stöðuheiðursstjórnanda sveitarinnar.

Sinfóníuhljómsveit Íslands hefur tekið uppfjölda geisladiska fyrir BIS, m.a. mikilsvirtaútgáfuröð með hljómsveitarverkum Jóns Leifs ogþrjá diska með verkum gríska tónskáldsins NikosSkalkottas.

Hermann Bäumer hefur getið sér gott orð semtónlistarstjóri í Osnabrück og hefur stjórnað fjöldaþýskra hljómsveita, m.a. Norður-þýskufílharmóníunni og Þýsku sinfóníuhjómsveitinni íBerlín. Bäumer er fæddur í Bielefeld og hófpíanónám sex ára. Hann lærði einnig á selló ogbásúnu auk þess sem hann stundaði nám íhljómsveitarstjórn. Hann var básúnuleikari íBerlínarfílharmóníunni frá 1992-2003 og lék umárabil með málmblásturshópi sveitarinnar. Bäumerhefur einnig komið fram á fjölda tónlistarhátíða,m.a. í Heidelberg og Rheingau. Auk þess hefurhann starfað mikið með ungu tónlistarfólki ogfjölda æskuhljómsveita. Hann hefur stjórnað fjöldaóhefðbundinna verka, m.a. Wundertheater eftirHanz Werner Henze og frumflutt Bestmannopereftir Alexander Nowitz.

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Jón Leifs (1899-1968) war Islands erster Na -tio nalkomponist. Seine Musik stützt sich aufdie Haupttypen des isländischen Volkslieds

und ist oftmals inspiriert von Islands gewaltigerNatur und den alten literarischen Überlieferungen.Leifs wollte ursprünglich Pianist und Dirigent wer -den, doch als er bald nach seinem Studienabschluß1921 am Leipziger Konservatorium eine geradeveröffentlichte Sammlung isländischer Volksmusikdurchsah, entdeckte er seine Berufung zum Kom -po nisten: „Diese Sammlung erschloß mir die ganzeWelt des Volkslieds und ich spürte, daß ich mitihren unwandelbaren Gesetzen in Berührung ge -kommen war … das Erbe, ohne das keine Nationauskommt. Tatsächlich entdeckte ich sie nur durchZufall. Aber geschehen nicht viele der wunder bar -sten Dinge im Leben durch Zufall?“

Leifs erkannte, daß keine Texte so gut zu demherben Stil des isländischen Volkslieds paßten wiedie Dichtungen der „Lieder-Edda“; binnen Mona tenließ er sich die Texte aus Island kommen. Seinerstes Vokalwerk – drei knappe, lakonische Háva -mál-Vertonungen – stammt aus dem Jahr 1924. Inden darauf folgenden Jahren war Leifs vornehm lichmit anderen Dingen als dem Komponieren be schäf -tigt. Hierzu gehörten eine Island- und Nor wegen-Tour nee mit den Hamburger Philharmo ni kern (1926)– der erste Auftritt eines großen Sym pho nie orches -ters in Island – und ehrgeizige Pläne zu einer deut -schen „Orchesterakademie“ für junge Musiker, diesich allerdings zerschlugen. Zu jener Zeit begannLeifs mit den Entwürfen für ein größeres Werknach Völuspá, einem Gedicht aus der Edda, in demeine Seherein die Erschaffung der Erde beschreibtund deren Untergang voraus sagt.

Erst in den letzten Monaten des Jahres 1930kam Leifs mit seiner neuen Komposition voran. An-fang des Jahres hatte er drei großformatige Werkefertiggestellt: das Orgelkonzert op. 7, die Varia tio -nen über ein Thema von Beethoven op. 8 und dieIsland-Kantate op. 13. Das Konzert und die Varia -tionen waren langjährige works-in-progress, dieIsland-Kantate dagegen wurde innerhalb einesJahres für einen Kompositionswettbewerb an läß -lich des tausendjährigen Jubiläums des isländi -schen Althing (Parlament) geschrieben – jedochnicht eingereicht. Die Kantate stellt Leifs erstesgroßes Werk für Chor und Orchester dar; ihre Fer -tigstellung gab ihm wohl das Selbstvertrauen, daser benötigte, um sein früheres Projekt einer größe -ren Völuspá-Komposition wieder in Angriff zunehmen.

Leifs brauchte zwei Jahre zur Fertigstellungdes Librettos, nicht zuletzt weil die Dimensionendes Werks den anfänglichen Plan erheblich über -schritten. Das Libretto begnügte sich nicht mit Vö -luspá, sondern wurde eine eindrucksvolle Collagenahezu sämtlicher Edda-Quellen, die sich auf dieErschaffung der Erde und ihren Untergang sowieden der nordischen Götterwelt bezogen. Am Endebe stand der Text aus 350 Strophen, die in vier großeAbschnitte unterteilt waren: Die Erschaffung derWelt, Das Leben der Götter, Götterdämmerung undAuferstehung. „Um ehrlich zu sein, ich bin etwasbe sorgt“, schrieb Leifs 1932 seiner Schwester, „weilich eine solche Komposition unmöglich anfangenkann, wenn ich nicht zwei oder drei Jahre daran ar -beiten kann, ohne dauernd ans Geldverdienen den -ken zu müssen.“ Doch er war von seinem Librettoüberzeugt: „Ich habe jetzt den zweiten Textentwurf

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für mein Edda-Oratorium fertiggestellt. MancheTeile sind so großartig, daß sie mir den Atem ver -schlagen!“ Doch Leifs war in Deutschland auf seinEinkommen als freier Journalist angewiesen, undso wurde die Komposition noch weiter hinaus ge -schoben. Zwischen 1930 und 1935 komponierteLeifs nur kleinere Werke: Eigene Klavierlieder,Volks liedbearbeitungen, Choralpräludien und Bear -beitungen traditioneller isländischer Kirchenlieder.Es war, als ob er sich für die gewaltige Aufgabe,die vor ihm lag, „aufwärmen“ mußte, wobei ersorgsam darauf achtete, keine großformatige Kom -position zu beginnen, die sein Oratorium noch wei -ter hinausgezögert hätte.

Leifs Werk fordert den Vergleich mit jener an -de ren gigantischen Tetralogie auf der Grundlagevon Erschaffungs- und Zerstörungsmythen derEdda geradezu heraus: Richard Wagners Ring desNibelungen. Leifs war mit Wagners Partitur ver -traut, hatte er sie doch während seiner Ausbildunggenauestens studiert. Aber Leifs hielt WagnersAnsatz für zu romantisch und sentimental; mehrereseiner eigenen Werke, darunter das Edda-Ora to -rium und die Saga-Symphonie, seien „als Protestgegen Wagner [entstanden], der den nordischenCha rakter und das künstlerische Vermächtnis desNordens grob mißverstanden“ habe.

Jón Leifs wartete drei Jahre, bevor mit der Ar -beit an der Musik begann. Im Februar 1935 wurdeihm der Posten eines Musikalischen Leiters des Is -ländischen Staatlichen Rundfunks angeboten,worauf er nach Island zurückkehrte, während seineFrau Annie mit den beiden Töchtern in Rehbrückebei Berlin blieb. Leifs nahm die Stellung unter derBedingung an, daß er seine Zeit zwischen Büro -

arbeit und Komponieren aufteilen könne. Auf Viðey,einer kleinen Insel unweit vom Hafen von Reykja -vík, widmete er einen Großteil dieser Zeit demEdda-Oratorium. Der Verwaltungsrat des Staat li -chen Rundfunks allerdings war empört über Leifs’angebliche schamlose Verletzung vertraglicherPflich ten, und seine häufigen Abwesenheiten kos -teten ihn schließlich den Job. Gleichzeitig warseine private Situation höchst schwierig. Seine Ehemit Annie Riethof kriselte, nicht zuletzt weil ersich 1934 in Wiesbaden in die deutsche HarfenistinUrsula Lendtrodt verliebt hatte.

Nach Abschluß der Komposition im Januar1939 begann Leifs eine hoffnungslose Suche nachVerlagen und Aufführungsmöglichkeiten. Europastand am Rande des Krieges, und deutsche Or ches -ter waren nicht sonderlich gewillt, sich ein schwie -riges Werk eines Komponisten vorzunehmen, des -sen arischer Leumund erst unlängst aufgrund derjüdischen Abstammung seiner Frau in Frage ge -stellt worden war. Als Einziger zeigte RudolfSchulz-Dornburg, GMD des Reichssenders KölnIn teresse, doch als es zur Umsetzung des Vor -habens kommen sollte, wurde Schulz-Dornburg zurLuftwaffe ein ge zogen. Musikverlage wie Petersund Eulenburg lehnten höflich ab. Schließlich ent -schoß sich Leifs’ Hausverlag, Kistner & Siegel,Edda I in sein Pro gramm aufzunehmen, doch derEklat bei der Ber liner Aufführung von Leifs’ Orgel-konzert im Jahr 1941 – die meisten Besucher ver -ließen im Protest gegen das „modernistische“ Werkden Saal – führte zur Einstellung des gesamtenProjekts.

Mehr als ein Jahrzehnt sollte vergehen, bevorerstmals Teile aus Edda I zu hören waren. Der Pro -

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grammausschuß der Nordischen Musiktage in Ko -penhagen wählte zwei der dreizehn Sätze (Nr. 7und 8) aus, die dann im Mai 1952 unter Leitungvon Launy Grøndahl aufgeführt wurden. Leifs, dereine kreative Brachezeit durchlitten hatte, schöpftewieder neue Hoffnung. Im Dezember 1951, nachfast 13 Jahren Pause, begann er mit der Komposi -tion von Edda II. Er war mit dem ersten Satz – dermusikalischen Darstellung von Óðinn – bereits gutvorangekommen, als das Desaster geschah: DasKo penhagener Publikum reagierte ablehnend undLeifs war tief verletzt. Insbesondere die jüngereGeneration seriell orientierter Komponisten quit -tierte Leifs’ Dreiklangsharmonik und die primitiveSchlagzeuggruppe mit Spott. Jón Nordal – ein an -derer isländischer Komponist, dessen Werk beidiesem Festival aufgeführt wurde – hat berichtet,wie ein vernichteter Leifs während des mäßigenApplauses in das Foyer eilte und sich weigerte, denSaal wieder zu betreten. Zu allem Unglück verlorder Isländische Rundfunk wenig später auch nochdas Band mit der Aufnahme des Konzerts. Leifs’Reaktion ist verständlich: Er steckte das Edda-Pro -jekt in die Schublade und kehrte erst ein Jahrzehntspäter wieder zu ihm zurück. Im Mai 1966 stellteer Edda II fertig und widmete sich sofort demnächsten Teil. Jón Leifs starb im Juni 1968 undhin terließ Edda III als Fragment.

Dreißig Jahre nach der Teil-Prèmiere in Ko -pen hagen konnte schließlich auch das isländischePublikum Teile aus Edda I hören, aufgeführt vomPolyphon-Chor unter der Leitung von IngólfurGuðbrands son. Obschon ursprünglich das gesamteStück zur Aufführung kommen sollte, entschloßsich der Chor letztlich zu drei Sätzen (Nr. 1, 5 und

6), die in Háskólabíó erklangen und mit auf eineKon zertreise nach Spanien gingen. Das spanischePubli kum war begeistert; einer der Hörer sagte:„Es war, als hätte die Musik von Edda I und die vonHerzen kommende Aufführung die gesamte Ge -schichte Islands widergespiegelt.“

Edda I besteht aus dreizehn Sätzen, deren jedereinen Teil der Schöpfungsgeschichte aus der nor di -schen Mythologie schildert. Ýmir, der erste Riese,wird im zweiten Satz vorgestellt; die Kuh Auð -hum la, die Ýmir mit vier Milchflüssen nährte, imdritten, gemeinsam mit Óðinn und seinen Brüdern.Askur und Embla, die nordischen Äquivalente zuAdam und Eva, erscheinen ebenfalls im Verlaufdes Werks. Wie die Überschriften der vier einzel -nen Sätze nahelegen – Meer, Erde, Himmel, Sonne,Tag, Nacht, Morgen etc. –, geht es Leifs vor allemum Naturschilderungen mit geeigneten deskrip ti -ven Gesten.

Die Musik enthält alle Kennzeichen von Leifs’Spätstil – Quintparallelen, irreguläre Metrik undDreiklänge in Grundstellung –, weist aber erheb -lich mehr Variationsreichtum auf als Leifs’ spätereWerke, was nicht zuletzt an einigen markanten poly -phonen Passagen liegen mag. Ausgedehnte Fugatosbegegnen in drei Sätzen von Edda I (Nr. 2, 3 und7), deren letzter außerdem das Thema in Umkeh -rung aufgreift. Natürlich hatte Leifs schon früherFugen geschrieben – u.a. in seinen Violinetüdenop. 3 und der Island-Kantate op. 13 –, hier aberspielt diese Satztechnik letztmals eine prominenteRolle in seiner Musik.

Leifs verwendet ein „Motto“ aus zwei Akkor -den – Es-Dur und H-Dur –, um Sätze des Werkszyk lisch zu verbinden. In seiner charakteristischen

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Gestalt wird das Motto von Trompeten, Hörnernund Posaunen gespielt; besonders in den erstensieben Sätzen spielt es eine größere Rolle. Als to -na les Zentrum sticht der Ton E hervor; weiten Teilender Musik ist er als Pedalton unterlegt. Das Or -ches ter ist das größte, das Leifs bis dato verwendethat, und zum ersten Mal sind hier seine späterhintypischen nordischen Luren vorgesehen sowie eineer weiterte Schlagzeusektion, zu der auch Steine ge -hören. Die Instrumentation zählt zum Farbigstenund Inspiriertesten in Leifs’ Schaffen. Zu den un -ver geßlichsten Stellen gehören der majestätischeAuftritt der Orgel im fünften Satz (wenn Bors Söhneden Riesen Ýmir erschlagen und damit tatsächlichdie Welt erschaffen), die dunklen Mollharmonienim nächtlichen achten Satz, der drei Oktaven weiteOktavunisono-Chorsatz über einem statischenC-Dur-Akkord im neunten Satz sowie die klammenSechzehntel, die im zwölften Satz den Winter dar -stellen.

Zweifellos ist der schwierige Chorsatz derHaupt grund dafür, daß das Edda-Oratorium bei -nahe 70 Jahre auf seine Uraufführung wartenmußte. Der Chor ist der Protagonist des Werks; ersingt in jedem Satz und Leifs ist gnadenlos, wasdie Ansprüche in extremen Registern betrifft. DieSoprane müssen eine Vielzahl hoher C’s treffen,während die Bässe gelegentlich zum tiefen C hinab -steigen. Leifs ist nie Kompromisse einge gangen, dieseine Werke leichter aufführbar ge macht hätten –selbst wenn dies zur Folge hatte, daß sie zu seinenLebzeiten nicht aufgeführt wur den.

Die erste vollständige Aufführung von JónLeifs Edda I, die in Zusammenhang mit dieserEinspielung stattfand, war ein Markstein im islän -

di schen Musikleben. 1939, zur Zeit ihrer Fertig -stellung, stellte die 254seitige Partitur die längste,ambitionierteste und bei weitem anspruchsvollsteje geschaffene isländische Komposition dar. Ihrkraft volles und kühnes Portrait des nordischenSchöp fungsmythos’ ist ein weiteres Beispiel für dieMagie, die Jón Leifs der herben und faszinierendenWelt des isländischen Volklieds zu entlocken in derLage war.

© Árni Heimir Ingólfsson 2007

Gunnar Guðbjörnsson, Tenor, studierte Gesangin Island und Berlin, bevor er Unterricht bei Nico -lai Gedda nahm und dem London National OperaStudio angehörte. Nach seinem Debüt an der Islän -dischen Oper im Jahr 1988 macht er sich rascheinen Namen und wurde 1999 von Daniel Baren -boim eingeladen, dem Ensemble der StaatsoperBerlin als Erster lyrischer Tenor anzugehören. SeineKarriere hat ihn an die bedeutendsten Opern häuserEuropas geführt; als Konzertsänger ist er darüberhinaus in den USA und in Asien aufgetreten. ImHerbst 2007 singt Guðbjörnsson an der Oper Halleals Walter von Stolzing (Die Meistersinger) seineerste Rolle im Heldenfach.

Bjarni Thor Kristinsson, Baß, ist einer der be -kann testen isländischen Opernsänger der jüngerenGeneration. Nach Gesangsunterricht in seinemHei matland ging er an die Universität für Musikund darstellende Kunst Wien, wo er bei Helene Ca -russo und Curt Malm studierte. 1997 wurde er Mit -glied des Ensembles der Volksoper Wien, an der erführende Baßrollen sang. Seither genießt er eine er -

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folgreiche internationale Karriere, die ihn an Opern -häuser in ganz Europa geführt hat, u.a. nach Berlin,München, Dresden, Hamburg, Paris, Barcelona,Lissabon, Rom, Florenz und Reykjavík. Sein Opern -repertoire reicht von Mozart bis zu Strauss undWag ner.

Hörður Áskelsson, Kantor der Hallgrímskirkja,grün dete die Schola cantorum Reykjavicensis imJahr 1996. Das Kernrepertoire des Chors bestehtzum einen aus Musik der Re nais sance und desBarock, zum anderen aus zeitgenös si scher Musikvor allem isländischen Ursprungs. Die Schola can -torum ist eines der renommiertesten isländischenMusikensembles und wurde 2006 zur City ofReyk ja vík Official Music Group ernannt. 2007 istsie für den Nordic Concil Music Prize nominiertworden. Die normale Chorgröße von 14 Berufs -sängerinnen und -sängern wurde für das Ora toriumEdda I von Jón Leifs auf 38 Sänge rin nen undSänger aufgestockt.

Der wachsende Wohlstand Islands und sein Unab -hängigkeitsprozeß an der Wende zum 20. Jahr hun -dert erzeugten den Wunsch, ein professionellesOrchester zu etablie ren. 1930 wurden der Islän di -sche Rundfunk und die Musikhochschule Reykja -vík ge gründet, was den Weg für die Institutiona li -sierung des Iceland Symphony Orches tra ebnete,das am 9. März 1950 formal gegründet wurde. DasISO gibt rund 60 Konzerte pro Spielzeit, wozuAbon nementkonzerte in Reykjavík und Kon zert -reisen durch Island ebenso gehören wie Gastspieleim Ausland – in jüngerer Zeit etwa auf den Färöer-Inseln, in Grönland, Skandinavien, Deutschland,

Österreich, Frankreich und Nordamerika. Im Laufeder Jahre haben zahlreiche renommierte Gast mu si -ker das Spiel des ISO bereichert, darunter VladimirAshkenazy, Yehudi Menuhin, Wil helm Kempff,André Previn, Daniel Barenboim, Luciano Pava -rotti, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Mstislaw Rostropo -witsch und Joshua Bell.

Viele bedeutende Dirigenten haben das Amtdes Chefdirigenten des ISO inne gehabt, und siehaben die Entwicklung des Orchesters erheblichbefördert: Olav Kielland und Karsten Andersen ausNorwegen, Bohdan Wodiczko aus Polen, Jean-Pierre Jacquillat aus Frankreich, Petri Sakari undOsmo Vänskä aus Finnland und Rico Saccani ausden USA. Seit 2002 ist der britische Dirigent Ru -mon Gamba Chef dirigent und Musikalischer Leiterdes ISO. Im selben Jahr wurde Vladimir Ash ke -nazy zum Ehrendirigent des Orchesters ernannt.Das ISO hat etliche Aufnahmen für BIS einge -spielt, u.a. eine hoch gelobte Reihe mit Werken vonJón Leifs sowie drei CDs mit Orchesterwerken vonNikos Skalkottas.

Der hervorragende Ruf, den Hermann Bäumerseine nicht nur solide, sondern auch äußerst krea -tive Arbeit als Generalmusikdirektor für das Mu -sik leben der Stadt Osnabrück eingebracht hat, spie -gelt sich nicht nur im großen Publikums zuspruchund im Lob der Fachpresse wider, sondern auch ineiner Vielzahl von Gastdirigaten im In- und Aus -land, u.a. bei der NDR Radiophilharmonie, demIce land Symphony Orchestra und dem DeutschenSymphonie-Orchester Berlin.

Der in Bielefeld geborene Hermann Bäumerbe gann mit sechs Jahren, Kla vier zu spielen. Später

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erhielt er auch Violoncello- und Posaunen unter -richt und studierte dann in Detmold und LeipzigDirigieren. Von 1992 bis 2003 war er Posaunist beiden Berliner Philharmonikern, mit dessen Blech -bläserensemble ihn eine lang jährige Zusammen -arbeit verband; außerdem stand Hermann Bäumeru.a. bei der Deutschen Kammerphilharmonie Bre -men, beim Radio sym pho nie orchester Oslo oder denBamberger Symphonikern am Pult und war bei Fes -ti vals wie dem Rhein gau Musik Festival und demHeidelberger Frühling zu Gast. Darüber hinaus wirdHer mann Bäumer landesweit besonders ge schätztfür seine Jugendarbeit, die sich in der Zu sam men -arbeit mit zahlreichen Jugendorchestern äußert.

Eine besondere Affinität hat Hermann Bäumerzu außergewöhnlichem musikdramatischen Reper -toire. So hatte in Osnabrück in der Saison 2005/06Alexander Nowitz’ Bestmannoper unter großerBeach tung von Presse und Publi kum ihre Ur auf -führung; bei nicht minder großer Aufmerksamkeitstand in der Saison 2004/05 Hans-Werner HenzesWundertheater auf dem Spiel plan.

Jón Leifs (1899-1968) fut le premier com po -si teur nationaliste d’Islande. Sa musiquepuise dans la chanson folklorique islandaise

et est souvent inspirée par la puissance de la natureet l’héritage littéraire ancien de ce pays. Origi nelle -ment, Leifs souhaitait devenir pianiste et chef d’or -chestre mais peu après avoir obtenu un diplôme duConservatoire de Leipzig en 1921, il entreprit d’étu-dier un recueil alors récemment publié de musiquefolklorique islandaise et trouva sa vocation de com -positeur : « Ce recueil ouvrit chez moi le monde en -tier de la chanson folklorique et je sentis que j’avaisété mis en contact avec ses lois immuables … l’hé -ri tage dont aucune nation ne peut se passer. Certes,je la découvris de manière fortuite. Mais les chosesles plus extraordinaires de la vie ne se pro duisent-elles pas par hasard ? »

Leifs réalisa qu’aucun texte ne convenait da -van tage au style austère de la chanson folkloriqueislandaise que l’ancienne poésie eddique et en quel -ques mois, il se fit envoyer ces textes d’Islande. Sapremière œuvre vocale, trois adaptations sévères etlaconiques de vers de Hávamál, date de 1924. Aucours des années qui suivirent, Leifs fut occupé pard’autres activités que la composition. Parmi celles-ci, une tournée à travers l’Islande et la Norvègeavec l’Orchestre philharmonique de Hambourg en1926 (le premier concert donné par un orchestresymphonique en Islande) et le projet ambitieux –qui n’aboutit pas – d’une « académie d’orchestre »allemande pour jeunes musiciens. C’est à cette épo-que que Leifs commença à concevoir une œuvre degrande dimension basée sur la Völuspá, le poèmeeddique dans lequel une voyante raconte la créa -tion de la Terre et annonce sa destruction.

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Ce n’est qu’au cours des derniers mois de 1930que Leifs commença à travailler sur sa nouvelleœuvre. Plus tôt au cours de l’année, il réalisa troisœuvres de grandes dimensions : le Concerto pourorgue op. 7, les Variations sur un thème de Beetho -ven op. 8 et la Cantate islandaise op. 13. Le con certoet les variations furent des work-in-progress pendantplus de dix ans mais la Cantate qui se destinait à unconcours de composition à l’occasion du millénairede l’Althing (Parlement) islandais mais qui ne futjamais soumise, fut composée en moins d’un an.Cette cantate fut la première œuvre de dimensionim portante de Leifs pour chœur et or chestre et sacomplétion lui donna probablement la confiancedont il avait besoin pour raviver son pro jet d’unegrande œuvre chorale basée sur la Völuspá.

Il fallut à Leifs deux ans pour terminer le livret,entre autre parce que les dimensions de l’œuvredépassèrent de loin ses intentions originales. Leifsdéveloppa le texte bien au-delà des vers de la Vö -luspá ce qui contribue à donner l’impression d’uncollage de pratiquement toutes les sources eddiquesliées à la création et la destruction de la Terre etaux dieux nordiques même. Dans sa version finale,le livret compte 350 stances et est divisé en quatregrandes sections : La création du monde, La vie desdieux, Crépuscule et Résurrection. « Pour être franc,je suis assez inquiet, écrivit Leifs à sa sœur en1932, car il est impossible pour moi d’entamer unetelle composition à moins de compter sur deux outrois années durant lesquelles je pourrais travaillersans avoir continuellement des soucis d’argent. »Mais il était captivé par son livret dans son nouvelétat : « Je viens de compléter la seconde version dutexte de mon oratorio Edda. Certains passages sont

d’une telle beauté que j’en perds le souffle ! » Lesrevenus de Leifs en Allemagne dépendaient ce pen -dant en totalité de son travail de journaliste indé -pen dant et la composition fut remise à plus tard.Entre 1930 et 1935, Leifs ne composa que desœuvres de petite dimension : des mélodies origi -nales avec piano, des arrangements de chansonsfolkloriques, des préludes de choral et des arrange -ments d’hymnes traditionnels islandais, un peucomme s’il avait eu besoin de se « réchauffer »avant l’énorme tâche créatrice qui l’attendait. Ilpre nait grand soin de ne pas entamer d’œuvres degrande dimension qui auraient pu retarder encoredavantage son oratorio.

L’œuvre de Leifs appelle la comparaison évi -dente avec l’autre immense tétralogie basée sur desmythes eddiques de la création et de la destruction,l’Anneau des Nibelung de Richard Wagner. Leifsconnaissait bien la partition de Wagner l’ayant étu -diée alors qu’il était étudiant. Leifs trouvait cepen -dant l’approche de Wagner trop romantique et sen -timentale et il prétendit plus tard que plusieurs deses propres œuvres, incluant l’oratorio Edda et laSymphonie Saga avaient été créés « en réaction con -tre Wagner qui se méprit si grossièrement sur le ca -rac tère nordique et l’héritage artistique du Nord. »

Jón Leifs attendit trois ans avant de com men -cer à travailler sur la musique. On lui offrit en fév -rier 1935 le poste de directeur musical de la radiod’état islandaise et il revint en Islande alors que safemme, Annie, resta à Rehbrücke près de Berlinavec leurs deux filles. Leifs accepta ce poste avecl’assurance qu’il pourrait diviser son temps entre letravail de bureau et la composition et il consacraune grande partie de son temps à travailler sur son

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oratorio Edda à Viðey, une petite île non loin duport de Reykjavík. Le conseil d’administration de lara dio d’état fut outré par ce qu’il considérait commeun bris de contrat flagrant de la part de Leifs et sesabsences fréquentes lui coûtèrent son poste. De plus,son mariage avec Annie battait de l’aile, en raisonnotamment de sa liaison avec la harpiste alle mandeUrsula Lendtrodt à Wiesbaden en 1934.

Après avoir complété la partition en janvier1939, Leifs entreprit la quête désespérée d’un édi -teur et d’un interprète. La guerre était proche et lesorchestres allemands étaient peu enclins à accepterune œuvre exigeante d’un compositeur dont l’arya -nité était devenue sujette à caution en raison desorigines juives de sa femme. Le seul qui montra del’intérêt fut Rudolf Schulz-Dornburg, directeur mu -si cal de la radio de Cologne mais il fut appelé àjoindre l’aviation allemande alors que les plansétaient sur le point de se réaliser. Des éditeurscomme Peters et Eulenburg déclinèrent poliment.L’édi teur habituel de Leifs, Kistner & Siegel, ac -cepta finalement d’inclure Edda I dans sa collec -tion mais le scandale suite à la présentation de sonConcerto pour orgue à Berlin en 1941 alors que lamajeure partie du public quitta la salle en guise deprotestation contre l’œuvre « moderniste » de Leifs,mena à l’annulation complète du projet de publica -tion.

Plus de dix ans s’écoulèrent avant que desextraits d’Edda I ne soient créés à l’occasion desJournées musicales nordiques de Copenhague enmai 1952 sous la direction de Launy Grøndahl.Deux des treize mouvements que compte l’œuvre(les septième et huitième) furent choisis par le co -mité organisateur et Leifs, qui traversait une pé -

riode d’aridité créatrice, fut à nouveau rempli d’op -timisme. Il se mit à la composition d’Edda II endécembre 1951 après une interruption de près detreize ans et la composition du premier mouvement(une description musicale d’ Óðinn) allait bon trainquand le malheur frappa : l’accueil au concert deCopenhague fut hostile et causa une expérience desplus humiliantes pour Leifs. La génération plusjeune en particulier, davantage intéressée par le sé -rialisme, se moqua de l’harmonie reposant sur desaccords parfaits et de la percussion primitive. JónNordal, un autre compositeur islandais dont uneœuvre avait également été jouée dans le cadre dece festival raconta comment Jón Leifs, défait, cou -rut dans le foyer pendant les maigres applaudisse -ments et refusa de revenir dans la salle. Ajoutantl’in sulte à l’injure, la Radio islandaise perdit l’en -re gistrement des deux mouvements peu après lecon cert. La réaction de Leifs était à prévoir : il re -misa le projet d’Edda et n’y retourna qu’une di -zaine d’an nées plus tard. Il compléta finalementEdda II en mai 1966 et se mit immédiatement à lacomposi tion de la partie suivante. Jón Leifs s’éteigniten juin 1968 et laissa la partition d’Edda IIIinache vée.

Trente ans après la création partielle de Co pen -hague, le public islandais fut finalement en mesured’entendre des parties d’Edda I interprétées par leChœur Polyphonique sous la direction d’IngólfurGuðbrands son. Bien qu’à l’origine le chœur devaitinterpréter l’œuvre au complet, trois mouvements(les premier, cinquième et sixième) furent inter -prétés à Háskólabíó et présentés à l’occasion d’unetournée en Espagne. Le public espagnol fut captivéet l’un des spectateurs fit remarquer : « C’est comme

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si l’histoire entière de l’Islande se retrouvait dans lamusique d’Edda I et dans l’interprétation sen tie. »

Edda I se compose de treize mouvements etchacun d’entre eux décrit un aspect de la créationselon la mythologie nordique. Ýmir, le premiergéant, est présenté dans le second mouvement etAuðhumla, la vache qui nourrit Ýmir avec quatrerivières de lait, dans le troisième en compagnied’Óðinn et ses frères. Askur et Embla, les équiva -lents nordiques d’Adam et Eve, apparaissent égale -ment un peu plus tard. Comme les titres des mou ve -ments le suggèrent (Mer, Terre, Ciel, Soleil, Jour,Nuit, Matin …), Leifs se soucie principalement dereprésenter la nature avec des gestes descriptifsappro priés.

La musique présente toutes les caractéristiquesdu style tardif de Leifs : quintes parallèles, métriqueirrégulière et accords parfaits majeurs en positionfondamentale. Cependant, la musique offre un as -pect bien plus varié que dans les autres œuvres tar -dives de Leifs, notamment en raison de passagespoly phoniques mis en valeur. Une écriture fuguéeélaborée apparaît dans trois mouvements d’Edda I,les second, troisième et septième, et ce dernier con -tient également le thème présenté en inversion.Leifs avait bien entendu écrit des fugues aupara -vant, comme par exemple dans ses Études pourvio lon op. 3 et sa Cantate islandaise op. 13, maisdans Edda I, ce fut la dernière fois que ce typed’écri ture jouait un rôle si important dans sa mu -sique.

Leifs utilise un leitmotiv fait de deux accords,mi bémol majeur et si majeur, pour relier les dif -férents mouvements de son œuvre. Dans sa formeprimaire, ce leitmotiv est joué par les trompettes,

les cors et les trombones et joue un rôle particu -lière ment important dans les sept premiers mouve -ments de l’œuvre. Mi constitue un centre tonal im -portant et reprend de larges sections de l’œuvre entant que pédale tonique. L’orchestre requis parLeifs est le plus grand qu’il avait utilisé à ce jour etprésente le premier recours à ce qui allait devenirsa signature: les lurs nordiques ainsi qu’une grandesection de percussions, incluant des pierres. L’écri -ture est parmi les plus colorées et inspirées de Leifs.Parmi les passages mémorables de l’œuvre, men -tionnons l’entrée majestueuse de l’orgue dans lecinquième mouvement alors que les fils de Borpoignardent le géant, Ýmir, créant le monde de ma -nière frappante, les harmonies mineures et sombresdu huitième mouvement nocturne, une écriturecho rale avec un unisson de trois octaves sur un ac -cord de do majeur statique dans le neuvième mou -ve ment et l’évocation de l’hiver au moyen dedoubles-croches glaçantes dans le douzième mou -ve ment.

La difficulté de l’écriture vocale de Leifs estsans aucun doute la raison pour laquelle l’oratorioEdda dut attendre près de soixante-dix ans avant devoir sa création. Le chœur est le protagoniste prin -ci pal de l’œuvre : on l’entend dans chaque mouve -ment et Leifs est sans pitié avec son recours à destessitures extrêmes. Les sopranos doivent chanterd’innombrables do suraigus alors que les bassesdoivent à l’occasion atteindre le do grave. Leifssou haitait ne faire aucun compromis dans le but derendre son œuvre plus facile à interpréter même sicela eut comme résultat qu’il ne put l’entendre.

La création complète d’Edda I de Jón Leifs liéeà cet enregistrement, constitue une étape impor -

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tante dans l’histoire musicale d’Islande. Au mo mentde sa complétion en 1939, la partition comptant 254pages constituait de loin l’œuvre mu si cale islan -daise la plus longue, la plus ambitieuse et la plusexigeante jamais composée. Le portrait puissant etaudacieux du mythe de la création nor dique consti -tue un autre exemple de la magie à la quelle JónLeifs parvient à partir du monde austère et fasci -nant des chansons folkloriques islandaises.

© Árni Heimir Ingólfsson 2007

Le ténor Gunnar Guðbjörnsson étudie le chant enIslande ainsi qu’à Berlin avant de prendre des leçonsauprès de Nicolai Gedda et de se joindre au Na -tional Opera Studio de Londres. Après ses dé butsen 1988 à l’Opéra d’Islande, sa réputation s’étendrapidement et il est invité en 1999 par Daniel Baren-boim à faire partie de l’ensemble du Staatsoper deBerlin en tant que premier ténor lyrique. Il se pro -duit dans les meilleures maisons d’opéra d’Europeainsi qu’aux Etats-Unis et au Japon en tant queconcertiste. À l’automne 2007, Guðbjörnsson chanteson premier rôle dans le répertoire héroïque :Walther von Stolzing dans les Maîtres chanteurs deNuremberg de Wagner à l’Opéra de Halle.

La basse Bjarni Thor Kristinsson est l’un deschan teurs islandais les plus connus de la jeune gé né -ration. Après des leçons de chant dans son pays na -tal, il étudie à l’Université de musique et d’art dra -matique de Vienne avec Helene Carusso et CurtMalm. En 1997, il se joint à l’ensemble du Volks -oper de Vienne où il tient les premiers rôles debasse. Depuis, sa carrière internationale s’est déve -

loppée et il se produit dans des maisons d’opéra àtravers toute l’Europe, notamment à Berlin, Mu -nich, Dresde, Hambourg, Paris, Barcelone, Lis -bonne, Rome, Florence et Reykjavík. Son réper -toire à l’opéra s’étend de Mozart à Richard Strauss,incluant Wagner.

Hörður Áskelsson, cantor d’Hallgrímskirkja, fondela Schola cantorum Reykjavicensis en 1996. Lerépertoire de ce chœur se compose principalementd’un côté de la musique de la Renaissance et del’épo que baroque et, de l’autre côté, de la musiquecontemporaine avec un intérêt particulier pour lescompositeurs islandais. Schola cantorum est l’undes ensembles musicaux d’Islande les plus réputéset a été nommée Ensemble musical officiel de laville de Reykjavík en 2006. En 2007, l’ensemblevocal avait été mis en candidature pour le prix duConseil musical nordique. Le chœur qui comptehabituellement quatorze chanteurs professionnels aété augmenté à trente-huit participants pour l’ora -torio Edda I de Jón Leifs.

Une prospérité croissante et les débuts de l’indé -pen dance au tournant du 20e siècle ont donné l’im -pul sion vers la formation d’un orchestre profes -sion nel. En 1930, le ser vice de radiodiffusion na -tio nal islandais et le Collège de musique de Reykja -vík ont été fondés, ouvrant la voie à la fondation del’Orchestre symphonique d’Islande qui a étéofficiellement inauguré le 9 mars 1950. L’orchestredonne aujourd’hui autour de soixante concerts parsaison, incluant les concerts-abonnements à Reykja -vík et effectue des tournées, tant à travers l’Islandequ’à l’extérieur du pays, in cluant, ces dernières

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années, des visites aux Îles Féroé, au Groenland,dans les pays scandinaves, en Allemagne, en Au -triche, en France et en Amérique du Nord. Lacolla boration avec de nombreux artistes renommésau cours des années a contribué au savoir-fairemusical de l’orchestre ; parmi ceux-ci mentionnonsVladimir Ashke nazy, Yehudi Menuhin, WilhelmKempff, André Previn, Daniel Barenboim, LucianoPavarotti, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Mstislav Rostro po -vich et Joshua Bell.

Le poste de chef principal a été occupé par plu -sieurs chefs importants qui ont grandement in -fluencé le développement de l’orchestre. Parmiceux-ci, notons les Norvégiens Olav Kielland etKarsten Andersen, le Polonais Bohdan Wodiczko,le Français Jean-Pierre Jacquillat, les FinlandaisPetri Sakari et Osma Vänskä et l’Amé ricain RicoSac cani. Le Britannique Rumon Gamba est le chefprincipal et le direc teur artistique de l’orchestredepuis 2002 alors que cette même année, VladimirAsh kenazy a accepté le poste de chef lauréat. L’Or -chestre symphonique d’Islande a réa lisé de nom -breux enregistrements pour BIS, incluant une sériesaluée par la cri tique consacrée au compositeur JónLeifs et trois enregistrements consacrés à des œuvrespour orchestre de Nikos Skalkottas.

La grande réputation de Hermann Bäumer netient pas qu’à la solidité mais égale ment à l’ex -trême créativité de son travail en tant que chef mu -sical de la ville d’Os na brück et reflète non seule -ment sa popularité auprès du public et les louangesde la presse mais également la multitude de sonactivité de chef invité tant en Allemagne qu’à l’ex -té rieur, notamment avec l’Orchestre de la NDR,

l’Or chestre symphonique d’Islande ainsi que leDeutsche Symphonie-Orchester de Berlin.

Né à Bielefeld, Hermann Bäumer commencel’étude du piano à six ans. Plus tard, il apprendégalement le violoncelle et le trombone et étudie ladirection à Det mold et à Leipzig. De 1992 à 2003,il est tromboniste à l’Orchestre phil harmonique deBer lin et est lié pendant de nombreuses années àson ensemble de cuivres. Her mann Bäumer se pro -duit par la suite à la tête de la Deutsche Kammer -philharmonie de Bremen, de l’Orchestre sympho -nique de la radio d’Oslo ainsi que de l’Orchestresymphonique de Bamberg et est invité à des festi -vals comme ceux de Rheingau et du HeidelbergerFrühling. Hermann Bäumer est également appréciépour son tra vail auprès des jeunes qui le mène à latête de nombreux orchestres de jeunes.

Hermann Bäumer possède une affinité particu -lière pour le répertoire drama tique inhabituel. Du -rant la saison 2005- 6, il créé Bestmannoperd’Alexan der Nowitz à Osnabrück salué tant par lepublic que par la presse. En 2004-5, il retient égale-ment l’attention avec Wundertheater de Hans-Wer -ner Henze.

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1. Ár var aldaÁr var alda,þat er ekki var.Hljóðs bið ek allarhelgar kindir,meir ok minnimögu Heimdallar!Viltu, at ek valföðrvel fyr teljaforn spjöll firaþau er fremst of man.Völuspá, 1

Ár var alda, þat er ekki var;vara sandr né sær,né svalar unnir;jörð fannsk ævané upphiminn,gap var ginnunga,en gras hvergi.Völuspá, 3

Fyrst var sá heimr er Múspell heitir.Hann er ljóss ok heitr. Sú átt erlogandi ok brennandi ok ófærr þeim,er þar eru útlendir.Sá er Surtr nefndr er þar sitr álandsenda til landvarnar, hann hefrloganda sverð ok í enda veraldar munhann fara ok herja ok sigra öll goðinok brenna allan heim.Gylfaginning, 4

2. ÝmirFyrr var þat mörgum öldum en jörðvar of sköpuð, at Niflheimr var görr. Íhonum miðjum liggr brunnr sá, erHvergelmir heitir. Þaðan falla ár. Gylfaginning, 4

Élivágar!Ór Élivágum stukku eitrdropar.Vafþrúðnismál, 31

Langt frá uppsprettu varð þat íss. Svásem kalt stóð af Niflheimi. Svá var altþat, er vissi námunda Múspellsheimiheitt ok ljóst, en Ginnungagap var sváhlætt sem loft vindlaust.Ór Élivágumstukku eitrdropar.Þá er mætti hríminu blær hitans, okdraup, þá varð manns líkami ok er sánefndr Ymir.Gylfaginning, 5.

Ór Élivágum stukku eitrdroparsvá óx unz varð jötunn;þar órar ættirkómu allar saman; því er þat æ alt til atalt.Vafþrúðnismál, 31

Býr fyrir austan Élivágahundvíss Hymirat himins enda.Hymiskviða, 5

Ár var alda, þat er Ymir byggði;vara sandr né sær,né svalar unnir;jörð fannsk ævané upphiminn,gap var ginnunga,en gras hvergi.Völuspá, 3

3. Þursa þjóðar sjötÚtan garða hann sá upp of koma þursa þjóðar sjöt.Fjölsvinnsmál, 1

Und hendi vaxakváðu hrímþursimey ok mög saman;fótr við fætigat ens fróða jötunssexhöfðaðan son.Vafþrúðnismál, 33

Ek mun jötna inna heiti:Ymir, Gangr ok Mímir,Iði ok Þjazi.Hrungnir, Hrímnir,Hrauðnir, Grímnir,Hveðrungur, Hafli,Hripstoðr, Gymir,Eldr, Aurgeimir, Ægir, Rangbeinn,Vindr, Víðblindi,Vingnir, Leifi.Beinviðr, Björgólfr ok BrandingiDumbr, Bergelmir,

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Dofri ok Miðjungr,Nati, Sökmímir.Nú er upp taliðámátligra jötna heiti.Snorra-Edda, Nafnaþulur 6, 10-11

4. Auðhumla, Óðinn ok hans bræðrNæst var þat þá er hrímit draup, atvarð af kýr sú er Auðhumla hét, enfjórar mjólkár runnu ór spenumhennar ok fæddi hon Ymi. Honsleikði hrímsteinana, er saltir váru, okenn fyrsta dag kom ór steininum atkveldi manns hár, annan dag mannshöfuð; þriðja dag var þar allr maðr.Hann var fagr álitum, mikill okmáttugr. Borr fekk þeirar konu erBestla hét, dóttir Bölþorns jötuns okfengu þau þrjá sonu. Hét einn Óðinn,ok er þat mín trúa, at sá Óðinn okhans bræðr munu vera stýrandi himinsok jarðar.Gylfaginning, 6

5. SærSynir Bors drápu Ymi jötun, en erhann fell, þá hljóp svá mikit blóð órsárum hans, at með því drekkðu þeirallri ætt hrímþursa, nema einn komstundan með sínu hyski.Gylfaginning, 7

Örófi vetraáðr væri jörð of sköpuð,þá var Bergelmir borinn;þat ek fyrst of man,

er sá hinn fróði jötunná var of lúðr of lagiðr.Vafþrúðnismál, 35

Sær, sílægja,salt, ægir, haf,lögr, sumr, lægir,lagastafr ok vágr;gjallr, gnap, geimi,gnarr, svífr ok marr,súgr, sog, sami,svelgr, röst ok fjörðr.Snorra-Edda, Nafnaþula 61

Sær heitir með mönnum, en sílægja með goðum,kalla vog vanir,álheim jötnar,álfar lagastaf,kalla dvergar djúpan mar.Alvíssmál, 24

6. JörðBors synir tóku Ymi ok fluttu í mitt Ginnungagap ok gerðu af honumjörðina.Gylfaginning, 8

Ór Ymis holdi var jörð of sköpuð,en ór sveita sær,björg ór beinum,baðmr ór hári,en ór hausi himinn.Gylfaginning, 8

Jörð, fjörn, rofa,eskja ok hlöðyn,gyma, sif, fjörgyn,grund, hauðr ok rönd,

fold, vangr ok fíf,frón, hjarl ok barmr,land, bjöð, þrima,láð ok merski.Snorra-Edda, Nafnaþula 87

Holt, háls ok fjöll,hlíð ok leiti,hóll, heiðr ok hvilft,hváll ok brekka,hró, dalr ok völlr,hvammr ok tunga,mold, flag, rimi,mór, laut ok sandr.Snorra-Edda, Nafnaþula 88

Jörð heitir með mönnum,en með ásum fold,kalla vega vanir,ígræn jötnar,álfar gróanda,kalla aur uppregin.Alvíssmál, 10

7. Himinn, sól, dagrHiminn ór hausiens hrímkaldajötuns.Himinn heitir með mönnum,en hlýrnir með goðum,kalla vindófni vanir,uppheim jötnar,álfar fagraræfr,dvergar drjúpansal.Alvíssmál, 12

En ór hans heilavóru þau en harðmóðguský öll af sköpuð.Gylfaginning, 8

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Ský heitir með mönnum,en skúrván með goðum,kalla vindflot vanir,úrván jötnar,álfar veðrmegin,kalla í helju hjálm huliðs.Alvíssmál, 18

Svalinn heitir,hann stendr sólu fyrir,skjöldr, skínanda guði;björg ok brim ek veit at brenna skuluef hann fellr í frá.Grímnismál, 38

Sól varp sunnan,sinni mána,hendi inni hægrium himinjöður.Völuspá, 5

Sól skein sunnan,á salar steina,þá var grund gróingrænum lauki.Völuspá, 4

Sól ok sunna, sýn, fagrahvél,leiftr, hljóðr, leika,líknskin, röðull,leiftr, ifröðullok ljósfari,drífandi, álfröðullok Dvalins leika.Snorra-Edda, Nafnaþul, 101

Sól heitir með mönnum,en sunna með goðum,kalla dvergar Dvalins leika,eygló jötnar,

álfar fagrahvél,alskír ása synir.Alvíssmál, 16

Skinfaxi heitir, er inn skíra dregurdag um dróttmögu.Hesta beztr þykir hannmeð Hreiðgotum;æ lýsir mön af mari.Vafþrúðnismál, 12

Dagr átti Þórudrengja móður.Ólusk í ætt þaræztir kappar.Hyndluljóð, 18

Dellingr heitir, hann er Dags faðir.Vafþrúðnismál, 25

Heill Dagr!Heilir Dags synir!Sigurdrífumál, 3

8. Nótt, morgunnEn Nótt var Nörvi borin.Vafþrúðnismál, 25

Njörvi hét jötunn,Dellingr átti Nóttok var hann ása ættar.Gylfaginning, 10

Heil Nótt ok Nipt!Hrímfaxi heitir,er hverja dregrnótt of nýt regin.Vafþrúðnismál, 14

Nótt heitir með mönnum,en njól með goðum,kalla grímu ginnregin,óljós jötnar,álfar svefngaman,kalla dvergar draumjörun.Alvíssmál, 30

Stjörnur þat né vissuhvar þær staði áttu.Völuspá, 5

Óðinn ok hans bræðr tóku síur okgneista, er kastat hafði órMúspellsheimi ok settu at lýsa himinok jörð.Gylfaginning, 8

Máni þat né vissihvat hann megins átti.Völuspá, 5

Mundilfari heitir,hann er Mána faðir.Vafþrúðnismál, 23

Máni heitir með mönnum,en mylinn með goðum,kalla hverfanda hvél helju í,skyndi jötnar,en skin dvergar,kalla álfar ártala.Alvíssmál, 14

Hrímfaxi heitir,er hverja dregrnótt of nýt regin;méldropa fellir hannmorgin hverjan;þaðan kemur dögg um dala.Vafþrúðnismál, 14

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Mundilfari heitir,hann er Mána faðirok svá Sólar it sama;himin hverfaþau skulu hverjan dag.Vafþrúðnismál, 23

Sól þat né vissi,hvar hon sali átti.Alföðr tók Nótt ok Dag ok gaf þeimtvo hesta ok sendi þau upp á himin.Gylfaginning, 10

Ný ok niðskópu nýt regin,öldum at ártali.Vafþrúðnismál, 25

Þá gengu regin öllá rökstóla,ginnheilög goðok um þat gættusk:nótt ok niðjumnöfn of gáfu,morgin hétuok miðjan dag,undorn ok aptan,árum at telja.Völuspá, 6

9. Ásgarðr, Askr okEmbla, MiðgarðrÞar næst gerðu þeir sér borg í miðjumheimi, er kölluð er Ásgarðr.Þá er þeir gengu með sævarströndu,Bors synir.Gylfaginning, 9

Unz þrír kvámuór því liði

öflgir ok ástkirÆsir að húsi.Völuspá, 17

Fundu þeir tré tvau ok tóku upp tréinok sköpuðu af menn.Gylfaginning, 9

Fundu á landilítt megandiAsk og Embluörlöglausa.Völuspá, 17

Önd þau né áttu,óð þau né höfðu,lá né læti,né litu góða;önd gaf Óðinn,óð gaf Hænir,lá gaf Lóðurrok litu góða.Völuspá, 18

Hét karlmaðrinn Askr, en konanEmbla.Gylfaginning, 9

Himinn ór hausiens hrímkalda jötuns,en ór hans bráumgerðu blíð reginMiðgarð manna sonum.Gylfaginning, 8

10. Scherzo. Allir mennurðut jafnspakirLítilla sanda,lítilla sæva,lítil eru geð guma;

allir menn urðut jafnspakir;hálf er öld hvar.Hávamál, 53

Sá er einn staðr, er kallaðr erÁlfheimur. Þar byggir fólk þat erljósálfar heita, en dökkálfar, búa niðrií jörðu. Ljósálfar eru fegri en sólsýnum, en dökkálfar eru svartari enbik.Gylfaginning, 17

Þá gengu regin öll á rökstóla,ginnheilög goðok um þat gættuskhverr skyldi dvergadróttir skepjaór Brimis blóðiok ór Bláins leggjum.Völuspá, 9

Nýi ok Niði,Norðri, Suðri,Austri, Vestri,Alþjófr, Dvalinn,Bifurr, Böfurr,Bömburr, Nóri,Ánn ok Ánarr,Ái, Mjöðvitnir.Völuspá, 11

Þar var Mótsognirmætstr um orðinndverga allra,en Durinn annarr;þeir mannlíkunmörg of gerðu,dverga ór jörðu,sem Durinn sagði.Völuspá, 10

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Fíli, Kíli,Fundinn, Náli,Hepti, Víli,Hanarr, Svíurr,Frár, Hornbori,Frægr ok Lóni,Aurvangr, Jari,Eikinskjaldi.Völuspá, 13

Veigr ok Gandálfr,Vindálfr, Þráinn,Þekkr ok Þorinn,Þrór, Vitr ok Litr,Nár ok Nýraðr,Reginn ok Ráðsviðr,nú hefk dvergarétt of talda.Völuspá, 12

Lítilla sanda,lítilla sæva,lítil eru geð guma;allir menn urðut jafnspakir;hálf er öld hvar.Hávamál, 53

Í Vanaheimi var Njörðr upp fæddr.Gylfaginning, 23

Nörfi hét jötunn, er byggði íJötunheimum.Gylfaginning, 10

11. Viðr, sumar, lognÓr Ymis holdivar jörð of sköpuð,björg ór beinum,baðmr ór hári.Gylfaginning, 19

Ask veit eg standa,heitir Yggdrasill,hár baðmr ausinnhvíta auri;þaðan koma döggvarþærs í dala falla;stendr æ yfir, grænn,Urðarbrunni.Völuspá, 19

Sú dögg, er þaðan fellr á jörðina, þatkalla menn hunangsfall.Gylfaginning, 16

Askrinn er allra trjá mestr ok beztr.Limar hans dreifask um heim allan okstanda yfir himni.Gylfaginning, 15

Þríar rætrstanda á þría veguundan Aski Yggdrasils;hel býr und einni,annarri hrímþursar,þriðju mennskir menn.Grímnismál, 31

En undir þeirri rót, er til hrímþursahorfir, þar er Mímisbrunnr, er spekt okmannvit er í fólgit.Gylfaginning, 15

Þaðan koma meyjar,margs vitandi.Völuspá, 20

Baðmur ór háriens hrímkalda jötuns!Viðr heitir með mönnum,en vallar vax með goðum,kalla hlíðþang halir,eldi jötnar,

álfar fagrlima,kalla vönd vanir.Alvíssmál, 28

Svásuðr heitir sá, er faðir Sumars erok er hann sællífr, svá at af hans heitier þat kallat sváslegt, er blítt er.Gylfaginning, 19

Logn heitir með mönnum,en lægi með goðum,kalla vindslot vanir,ofhlý jötnar,álfar dagsefa,kalla dvergar dags veru.Alvíssmál, 22

12. Vetr ok vindrVindsvalr heitir,hann er Vetrar faðir.Vafþrúðnismál, 27

Vindljóni eða Vindsvalr! Hann erVásaðar son; vóru þeir áttungargrimmir ok svalbrjóstaðir ok hefr Vetrþeirra skaplyndi.Gylfaginning, 19

Hræsvelgr heitir,er sitr á himins endajötunn í arnar ham,af hans vængjumkveða vind komaalla menn yfir.Vafþrúðnismál, 37

Vindr heitir með mönnum,en váfuðr með goðum,kalla gneggjuð ginnregin,æpi jötnar,

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álfar dynfara,kalla í helju hviðuð.Alvíssmál, 20

13. Finale. Ífing, níuheimarÍfing heitir á,er deilir með jötna sonumgrund ok með goðum;opin rinnahon skal of aldrdaga;veðrat íss á á.Vafþrúðnismál, 16

Svá er sagt, at annarr himinn sé suðrok upp frá þessum.Gylfaginning, 17

Níu man ek heima,níu íviði.Völuspá, 2

Heitir sá Andlangr.Gylfaginning, 17

Níu eru himnar á hæð taldir,veit ek enn neðsta,sá er Vindbláinn;sá er Heiðþyrnir;ok Hreggmímir;annar heitirAndlangr himinn;þat máttu skilja;þriðji Viðbláinn.Snorra-Edda, Nafnaþula 100

Á þeim himni hyggjum vér þann staðvera, er Surtarlogi brennr.Gylfaginning, 17

Víðfeðmi kveð ekvera enn fjórða;Hróðr ok Hlýrnihygg ek enn sétta;Gímir, Vetmímir;get ek nú veraátta himnaupp of talda;Skattyrnir stendrskýjum efrihann er útanalla heima.Snorra-Edda, Nafnaþula 100

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1. Young Were the YearsYoung were the years when Ymirmade his settlement.Attention I ask from all the sacredpeople, greater and lesser, theoffspring of Heimdall; Father of theSlain, you wished that I shoulddeclare the ancient histories of menand gods, those which I rememberfrom the first.Seeress’s Prophecy, 1

Young were the years when Ymirmade his settlement, there was nosand nor sea nor cool waves; earthwas nowhere nor the sky above, chaosyawned, grass was there nowhere.Seeress’s Prophecy, 3

First there was that world which iscalled Muspell. It is bright and hot.That region flames and burns and isimpassable for foreigners. Surt [BlackOne] is the name of he who waitsthere at the land’s edge to defend it.He has a flaming sword, and when theend of the world comes, he will set offto battle and defeat all the gods,burning the whole world with fire.Gylfaginning, 4

2. YmirNiflheim [Dark World] was mademany ages before the earth wascreated. At its centre is the springcalled Hvergelmir [Roaring Kettle].

From there flow rivers. Gylfaginning, 4

Elivagar!Out of Elivagar sprang poison-drops.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 31

When those rivers came far from theirsource, they became ice. Just as coldness and all things grimcame from Niflheim, the regionsbordering on Muspell were warm andbright, and Ginnungagap was as mildas a windless sky. From Elivagar poisonous dropsspewed out. When the icy rime and the warmwinds met, the likeness of a manappeared and he was named Ymir.Gylfaginning, 5

Out of Elivagar sprang poison-drops,so they grew until a giant came ofthem; from there our clan all came,thus they are all terrifying.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 31

To the east of Elivagar lives Hymirthe very wise, at the end of heaven.Hymir’s Poem, 5

Young were the years when Ymirmade his settlement, there was nosand nor sea nor cool waves; earthwas nowhere nor the sky above, chaosyawned, grass was there nowhere.Seeress’s Prophecy, 3

3. The Giants’ PalaceFrom outside the courtyards he sawrise up the palace of the giant-people.Fjölsvinnsmál, 1

They said that under the frost-giant’sarms a girl and boy grew together;one foot with the other, of the wisegiant, begot a six-headed son.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 33

I shall tell the names of giants. Ymir,Gang and Mimir, Idi and Thiassi,Hrungnir, Hrimnir, Hraudnir, Grimnir,Hvedrung, Hafli, Hripstod, Gymir. Eld and Aurgelmir, Ægir, Rangbein,Vind, Vidblindi, Vingnir, Leifi.Beinvid, Biorgolf and Brandingi,Dumb, Bergelmir, Dofri and Midiung,Nati, Sokmimir. Now there have beenlisted the names of very powerfulgiants. Snorra-Edda, Skáldskaparmál

4. Audhumla, Odin and his brothersWhen the icy rime and the warmwinds met, there was a quickening inthese flowing drops and the likenessof a man appeared and he was namedYmir.Next it happened that as the icy rimedripped, the cow called Audhumlawas formed. Four rivers of milk ranfrom her udders, and she nourishedYmir. She licked the blocks of ice,which were salty. As she licked these

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stones of icy rime the first day, thehair of a man appeared in the blockstowards the evening. On the secondday came the man’s head, and on thethird day, the whole man. He wasbeautiful, big and strong. Borr took ashis wife the woman called Bestla. Shewas the daughter of Bolthorn thegiant, and they had three sons. Onewas called Odin, and it is my beliefthat this Odin and his brothers are therulers of heaven and earth. Gylfaginning, 6

5. SeaThe sons of Bor killed the giant Ymir.When he fell, so much blood gushedfrom his wounds that with it theydrowned all the race of the frostgiants except for one who escapedwith his household. Gylfaginning, 7

Uncountable winters before the worldwas made, then Bergelmir was born;that I remember first when the wisegiant was first laid in his coffin.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 35

Sea, ever-lying, salt, ocean (Ægir),main, wetness, swim, flat one, deadcalm and bay, resounding, overhang,emptiness, brawler, rocker and mere,sucker, suck, same, swallower,maelstrom and fiord.Snorra-Edda, Skáldskaparmál

Sea it’s called by men, and endless-lier by the gods, the Vanir call itrolling one, home of the eel the giants,

‘lagastaf’ the elves, the dwarfs thedeep ocean.All-wise’s Sayings, 24

6. EarthBor’s sons took Ymir and they movedhim into the middle of Ginnungagapand made from him the world. Gylfaginning, 8

From Ymir’s flesh was the earthcreated, from the bloody sweat, thesea, cliffs from bones, trees from hair,and from the head, the heavens.Gylfaginning, 8

Earth, landscape, glebe, marl andHlodyn, humus, Sif, Fiorgyn, ground,surface and orb, field, meadow andFife, country, loam and coast, land,soil, march, territory and marsh.Holt, ridge and fells, hillside and rise,knoll, heath and hollow, hillock andslope, crust, dale and wold, coomband tongue, mould, flag, hogback,moor, depression and sand.Snorra-Edda, Skáldskaparmál

Earth it’s called among men, andground by the Æsir, the Vanir call itways; the giants evergreen, the elvesthe growing one, the Powers abovecall it loam.All-wise’s Sayings, 10

7. Sky, Sun, DayThe heavens from the frost giants’head.Sky it’s called among men, home of

the planets by the gods, wind-weaverthe Vanir call it, the giants call it theworld above, the elves the lovely roof,the dwarfs the dripping hall.All-wise’s Sayings, 12

And from his brains all the oppressiveclouds were formed.Gylfaginning, 8

Clouds they’re called by men, andhope-of-showers by the gods, theVanir call them wind-floaters, hope-of-dew the giants call them, power-of-storms the elves, in hell theconcealing helmet.All-wise’s Sayings, 18

Svalin is the name of a shield whichstands before the sun, before theshining god; mountain and sea I knowwould burn up if it fell away from infront.Grimnir’s Sayings, 38

From the south, Sun, companion ofthe moon, threw her right hand roundthe edge of the heaven.Seeress’s Prophecy, 5

The sun shone from the south on thehall of stones, then the soil was grownover with green plants.Seeress’s Prophecy, 4

Sun and day-star, sight, fair-wheel,lightning, coverer, toy, grace-shine,disc, lightning, doubt-disc and light-bringer, sprinkler, elf-disc andDvalin’s toy. Snorra-Edda, Skáldskaparmál

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Sun it’s called by men, and sunshineby the gods, for the dwarfs it’sDvalin’s deluder, the giants call iteverglow, the elves the lovely wheel,the sons of the Æsir all-shining.All-wise’s Sayings, 16

Shining-mane, the shining one iscalled who draws day to mankind; thebest of horses he is held to be amongthe Hreid-Goths, always that horse’smane gleams.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 12

Dag married Thora, mother ofchampions; mighty fighters sprangfrom that lineage.The Song of Hyndla, 18

Delling he is called, he is Day’sfather.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 25

Hail to the day! Hail to the sons ofday!Lay of Sigrdrifa, 3

8. Night, MorningNight was born of Norfi.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 25

Norfi was a giant. Night marriedDelling, who was from the family ofthe gods.Gylfaginning, 10

Hail to night and her kin!Lay of Sigrdrifa, 3

Frost-mane he is called, who drawsevery night to the beneficent gods.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 14

Night it’s called among men, anddarkness by the gods, the masker bythe mighty Powers, unlight by thegiants, joy-of-sleep by the elves, thedwarfs call it dream-goddess.All-wise’s Sayings, 30

The stars did not know where theirplace might be.Seeress’s Prophecy, 5

Odin and his brothers took the embers and sparks shooting out from Muspellsheim, to light upheaven and earth.Gylfaginning, 8

The moon did not know what powerhe had.Seeress’s Prophecy, 5

Mundilfæri he is called, the father ofMoon. Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 23

Moon it’s called by men, and fieryone by the gods, in hell it’s thewhirling wheel, the giants call it thehastener, the dwarfs the shiner, elvescall it counter of years.All-wise’s Sayings, 14

Frost-mane he is called, who drawsevery night to the beneficent gods;foam from his bit he lets fall everymorning; from there dew comes to thevalleys.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 14

Mundilfæri he is called, the father ofMoon and likewise of Sun; they mustpass through the sky, every day.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 23

Sun did not know where her hallmight be.Seeress’s Prophecy, 5

Then All-Father took Night and herson Day, gave them two horses andplaced them in the sky. Gylfaginning, 10

New moon and dark of the moon thebeneficent Powers made to count theyears for men.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 25

Then all the Powers went to thethrones of fate, the sacrosanct gods,and considered this: to night and herchildren they gave names, morningthey named and midday, afternoonand evening, to reckon up the years.Seeress’s Prophecy, 6

9. Asgard, Ash and Embla,MidgardNext they made a stronghold forthemselves in the middle of the world,and it was called Asgard.Gylfaginning, 9

Until three gods, strong and loving,came from that company to the world. Seeress’s Prophecy, 17

The sons of Bor were once walkingalong the seashore and found two

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trees. They lifted the logs and fromthem created people. Gylfaginning, 9

They found on land Ash and Embla,capable of little, lacking in fate.Seeress’s Prophecy, 17

Breath they had not, spirit they hadnot, character nor vital spark nor freshcomplexions; breath gave Odin, spiritgave Hænir, vital spark gave Lodur,and fresh complexions.Seeress’s Prophecy, 18

The man was called Ask [Ash Tree]and the woman, Embla [Elm or Vine]Gylfaginning, 9

From his head, the heavens; and fromhis eyelashes the gentle gods madeMidgard for the sons of men.Gylfaginning, 8

10. Scherzo. All MenAren’t Equally WiseOf small sands, of small seas, smallare the minds of men; for all menaren’t equally wise, men everywhereare half wise, half not.Sayings of the High One, 53

One place in the heavens is calledAlfheim [Elf World]. The peoplecalled the light elves live there, butthe dark elves live down below in theearth. The light elves are morebeautiful than the sun, while the darkelves are blacker than pitch.Gylfaginning, 17

Then all the Powers went to thethrones of fate, the sacrosanct gods,and considered this: who should formthe lord of the dwarfs out of Brimir’sblood and from Blain’s limbs?Seeress’s Prophecy, 9

New-moon and Dark-of-moon, Northand South, East and West, Master-thief, Delayer, Bivor, Bavor, Bombur,and Nori, An and Anar, Great-grand -father and Mead-wolf.Seeress’s Prophecy, 11

Then Motsognir became the greatestof all the dwarfs, and Durin another;Many manlike figures they made,dwarfs from the earth, as Durinencountered.Seeress’s Prophecy, 10

Fili and Kili, Foundling and Nali,Haft and Vili, Hanar and Sviur, Frarand Hornborer, Fræg and Sea-pool,Loamfield, Iari, Oakenshield.Seeress’s Prophecy, 13

Liquor and Staff-elf, Wind-elf andThrain, Known and Thorin, Thror,Colour and Wise, Corpse and New-advice: now I have rightly – Reginand Counsel-sharp – reckoned up thedwarfs. Seeress’s Prophecy, 12

Of small sands, of small seas, smallare the minds of men; for all menaren’t equally wise, men everywhereare half wise, half not.Sayings of the High One, 53

Njord was brought up in Vanaheim. Gylfaginning, 23

A giant called Norfi lived in GiantLand.Gylfaginning, 10

11. Wood, Summer, CalmFrom Ymir’s flesh was the earthcreated, cliffs from bones, trees fromhair.Gylfaginning, 8

I know that an ash-tree stands calledYggdrasill, a high tree, soaked withshining loam; from there come thedews which fall in the valley, evergreen, it stands over the well of fate.Seeress’s Prophecy, 19

People call the dew, which falls to theearth, honey dew. Gylfaginning, 16

The ash is the largest and the best ofall trees. Its branches spread them -selves over all the world, and it standsover the sky.Gylfaginning, 15

Three roots there grow in threedirections under the ash of Yggdrasill;Hel lives under one, under the second,the frost-giants, the third, humankind.Grimnir’s Sayings, 31

Under the root that goes to the frostgiants is the Well of Mimir. Wisdomand intelligence are hidden there.Gylfaginning, 15

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From there come three girls, knowinga great deal.Seeress’s Prophecy, 20

Trees from the hair of the rime-coldgiant! Wood it’s called by men, andmane of the valleys by the gods,slope-seaweed by humankind, fuel bythe giants, lovely boughs by the elves,wand the Vanir call it.All-wise’s Sayings, 28

Svasud is the name of the father ofSummer. He is a man so content thatfrom his name comes the expression‘it is svasligt’, referring to what ispleasant. Gylfaginning, 19

Calm it’s called by men, and lyingquiet by the gods, the Vanir call itwind-end, the great lee the giants,day-soother the elves, the dwarfs callit essence of day.All-wise’s Sayings, 22

12. Winter and Wind

Wind-cool he is called, Winter’sfather.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 27

Vindloni or Vindsval [Wind Chill]!He is the son of Vasad [Damp Cold].These are cruel and cold-heartedkinsmen, and Winter takes its naturefrom them.Gylfaginning, 19

Corpse-swallower he is called, whosits at the end of the world, a giant in

eagle’s shape; from his wings, theysay, the wind blows over all men.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 37

Wind it’s called by men, the wavererby the gods, the mighty Powers sayneigher, whooper the giants, din-journeyer the elves, in hell they call itstormer.All-wise’s Sayings, 20

13. Finale. Ifing, Nine WorldsIfing the river is called, which dividesthe earth between the sons of giantsand the gods; freely it will flowthrough all time, ice never forms onthe river.Vafþrudnir’s Sayings, 16

It is said that a second heaven lies tothe south and above this heaven. Gylfaginning, 17

I remember nine worlds, I remembernine giant women.Seeress’s Prophecy, 2

It is called Andlang [Long and Wide]. Gylfaginning, 17

There are nine heavens on high thatare listed. I know the nethermost, it isVindblain [wind-dark], it isHeidthornir [clouded-brightness], andHregg-Mimir [storm-Mimir]. Thesecond heaven is Andlang [extended]– this you can understand – the thirdVidblain [wide-dark]. Snorra-Edda, Skáldskaparmál

We believe that this region is whereSurt’s fire burns. Gylfaginning, 17

I declare that Vidfedmir [wide-embracer] is the fourth. Hriod[coverer], and Hlyrnir [twin-lit] Ithink is the sixth; Gimir [fiery orjewelled], Vet-Mimir [winter-Mimir].I guess now that eight heavens havebeen enumerated. Skatyrnir [rich-wetter] stands higher than the clouds,it is beyond all worlds. Snorra-Edda, Skáldskaparmál

Translations:

Anthony Faulkes, Edda:Skáldskaparmál/Name-lists. The EverymanLibrary, Orion Books, 1987. Used withpermission.

Carolyne Larrington, The Poetic Edda:Seeress’s Prophecy, Vafþrudnir’s Sayings,Hymir’s Poem, Fjölsvinnsmál, All-wise’sSayings, Grimnir’s Sayings, The Song ofHyndla, Lay of Sigrdrifa, Sayings of theHigh One. Oxford University Press, 1996.Used with permission.

Jesse L. Byock, The Prose Edda:Gylfaginning. Penguin Classics, 2005.Used with permission.

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All works by Jón Leifs are available from Iceland Music Information Centre, www.mic.is

The preparation of the score to Edda I for the work’s first complete performance and subsequent recording was a collective effort headed by Árni Heimir Ingólfsson with the assistance of Össur Geirsson and Haraldur V. Sveinbjörnsson, under the auspices of the Iceland Music Information Centre.

The music on this Hybrid SACD can be played back in stereo (CD and SACD) as well as in 5.0 surround sound (SACD).

Our surround sound recordings aim to reproduce the natural sound in a concert venue as faith fully as possible, using the newest technology. In order to do so, all five channels are recorded using the full frequency range, with no separate bass channel added: a so-called 5.0 con figura tion. If your sub-woofer is switched on, however, most systems will also auto ma ti cally feed the bass signal coming from the other channels into it. In the case of systems with limited bass reproduction, this may be of benefit to your listening experience.

RECORDING DATA

Recorded in October 2006 at Hallgrím’s Church, Reykjavík, IcelandRecording producer: Ingo PetrySound engineers: Jens Braun, Matthias SpitzbarthDigital editing: Matthias SpitzbarthSurround mix: Jens Braun, Ingo PetryRecording equipment: Neumann microphones; Stagetec Truematch microphone preamplifier and high resolution A/D

converter; MADI optical cabling; Yamaha 02R96 digital mixer; Sequoia Workstation; Pyramix DSD Workstation; B&W Nautilus 802 loudspeakers; STAX headphones

Executive producer: Robert Suff

BOOKLET AND GRAPHIC DESIGN

Cover text: © Árni Heimir Ingólfsson 2007Translations: Horst A. Scholz (German); Jean-Pascal Vachon (French)Front cover photograph: © Luz HittersPhotoghraph of Jón Leifs: © Jón KaldalTypesetting, lay-out: Andrew Barnett, Compact Design Ltd., Saltdean, Brighton, England

BIS recordings can be ordered from our distributors worldwide. If we have no representation in your country, please contact:BIS Records AB, Stationsvägen 20, SE-184 50 Åkersberga, SwedenTel.: 08 (Int.+46 8) 54 41 02 30 Fax: 08 (Int.+46 8) 54 41 02 [email protected] www.bis.se

BIS-SACD-1350 © &9 2007, BIS Records AB, Åkersberga.

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jón leifs

Part 1: THE CREATION OF THE WORLD

gunnar guðbjörnsson · bjarni thor kristinssonschola cantorum

iceland symphony orchestrahermann bäumer

BIS-SACD-1350

jón leifs