José Roberto Postali ParraDepartment of Entomology and Acarology, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

Dori Edson NavaEmbrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brazil

BRAZILIAN AVOCADO PRODUCTION AND Stenoma catenifer DISTRIBUTION IN BRAZILBRAZILIAN AVOCADO PRODUCTION AND Stenoma catenifer DISTRIBUTION IN BRAZIL

Avocado productionS. catenifer distribution

SP ‐ 58%PR ‐ 17%

ES ‐ 8%MG ‐ 4.7%

RS ‐ 4.6%

Stenoma cateniferStenoma cateniferis native from the Neotropical Regionis native from the Neotropical Region

First record in Brazil

Costa Lima (1945)

Other countries where it occurs

GuatemalaEcuadorGalapagos

ColombiaPeruMexico

VenezuelaArgentina

Stenoma cateniferHOSTSStenoma cateniferHOSTS

Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae)Nectandra megapotamicaMez (Lauraceae)Cinnamomum camphora (L.) (Lauraceae)

Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae)Nectandra megapotamicaMez (Lauraceae)Cinnamomum camphora (L.) (Lauraceae)

Link & Link (2008)

Stenoma cateniferLIFE CYCLEStenoma cateniferLIFE CYCLE

eggseggs

Stenoma cateniferLIFE CYCLEStenoma cateniferLIFE CYCLE

larvalarva

pupapupa

adultadult

Stenoma cateniferDAMAGEStenoma cateniferDAMAGE

Stenoma cateniferVARIETIESStenoma cateniferVARIETIES

large fruits are attackedlarge fruits are attacked

In the Parana Statemore attacked varieties: Ouro Verde, Fortuna and Rinconless attacked varieties: Booth, Wagner, Geada and Quintal

In the Parana Statemore attacked varieties: Ouro Verde, Fortuna and Rinconless attacked varieties: Booth, Wagner, Geada and Quintal

fruits of all sizesare attackedfruits of all sizesare attacked

Stenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIORStenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR

Treatment Fruit PaperMargarida fruit + paper towel 110.85 ± 22.36 aB 321.10 ± 60.29 aA

Breda fruit + paper towel 87.51 ± 19.03 aB 362.72 ± 66.28 aA

Artificial fruit + paper towel ‐ 10.26 ± 3.06 b

No fruit + papertowel ‐ 8.06 ± 2.55 b

Number of eggs

Tukey, p≤ 0.05 Nava et al. (2005)

Stenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIORStenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR

Treatment Fruit PaperQuilted papertowel + fruit 74.00 ± 13.49 bB 315.63 ± 34.66 aA

Nonquilted papertowel + fruit 184.75 ± 25.00 aA 137.63 ± 70.95 bA

Sulfite paper + fruit 248.00 ± 47.21 aA 8.88 ± 4.25 cB

Number of eggs

Tukey, p≤ 0.05

Nava et al. (2005)

Stenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIORStenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR

The number of eggs in all treatments thatincluded avocado fruits were statisticallyhigher than the others.The number of eggs on quilted paper towelwere statistically higher than on non‐quilted paper towel or on smooth paper.

The number of eggs in all treatments thatincluded avocado fruits were statisticallyhigher than the others.The number of eggs on quilted paper towelwere statistically higher than on non‐quilted paper towel or on smooth paper.

Nava (2005)

Stenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIORStenoma cateniferOVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR

The peak of egg laying activityin the laboratory occurred from8 pm to 12 am

The peak of egg laying activityin the laboratory occurred from8 pm to 12 am

40

30

20

10

0

Percentage

ofeggs

1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600Time of evaluation (hours)

Nava et al. (2005)

Stenoma cateniferBIOLOGYStenoma cateniferBIOLOGY

Rearing and development of S. cateniferon pulp and seed of avocado cultivarsBreda and Margarida and artificial diet

Rearing and development of S. cateniferon pulp and seed of avocado cultivarsBreda and Margarida and artificial diet

ParametersPulp Seed

Breda Margarida Breda MargaridaLarval period(days) 19.1 b 18.4 b 22.6 a 22.0 a

Larval  survival(%) 71.0 b 72.0 b 85.0 a 81.0 a

Pupal period(days) 12.7 a 12.3 a 12.6 a 12.5 a

Pupal survival(%) 74.3 ab 69.3 b 81.4 a 80.0 a

Pupal weight(mg) 50.2 b 54.1 b 65.3 a 63.1 a

Fecundity 251.0 b 267.2 b 365.0 a 329.7 aMale longevity(days) 13.6 ab 11.5 b 16.9 a 14.1 a

Femalelongevity (days) 12.3 b 13.1 b 15.5 a 13.9 ab

Stenoma catenifer DEVELOPMENTStenoma catenifer DEVELOPMENT

Nava & Parra (2005)Tukey, p≤ 0.05

Stenoma cateniferBIOLOGYStenoma cateniferBIOLOGY

Larval and pupalsurvival, fecundity andlongevity (males andfemales) were higherin avocado seeds thanin pulp.

Larval and pupalsurvival, fecundity andlongevity (males andfemales) were higherin avocado seeds thanin pulp.

Stenoma cateniferCOMPOSITION OF THE ARTIFICIAL DIETStenoma cateniferCOMPOSITION OF THE ARTIFICIAL DIET

Ingredient Amount

White bean 130.0 g

Carrot 30.0 g

Yeast 20.0 g

Vitaminic solution 40 mL

Vitagol™ 2.0 mL

Sorbic acid 0.6 g

Ascorbic acid 1.6 g

Methyl‐p‐hydroxybenzoate 1.1 g

Propionic acid 0.4 mL

Tetracycline 0.3 mg

Formaldehyde 1.0 mL

Agar 7.0 g

Water 500.0 mLNava & Parra (2005)

Stenoma cateniferDEVELOPMENT ON ARTIFICIAL DIETStenoma cateniferDEVELOPMENT ON ARTIFICIAL DIET

Diet Life cycle (egg –adult) (days)

Survival (egg‐adult) (%) Pupal weight (mg)

Natural Breda 42.8 a 50.1 a 66.4 aNatural Margarida 43.0 a 52.6 a 63.8 aArtificial 35.6 b 32.1 b 56.2 b

Diet Male longevity (d)

Femalelongevity (d) Fecundity Sex ratio

Natural Breda 10.9 ns 11.1 ns 261.3 ns 0.51 nsNatural Margarida 9.6 ns 10.8 ns 240.1 ns 0.47 nsArtificial 10.5 ns 11.9 ns 246.7 ns 0.48 ns

Nava & Parra (2005)

Tukey, p≤ 0.05

Stenoma cateniferFECUNDITY DURING SEVEN GENERATIONSStenoma cateniferFECUNDITY DURING SEVEN GENERATIONS

on artificial diet400

300

200

100

0

Eggs

(num

ber)

Nava (2005)Tukey, p≤ 0.05Generations

319.3a 298.4

a 256.6ab

318.9a

234.3b

284.4a

278.2a

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7

Stenoma cateniferStenoma catenifer

It is possible to rear S. catenifer using anartificial diet, since the diet was used

for seven generations and proved to besuitable since the biological and

morphological parameters evaluateddid not change throughout all the

generations studied.

Stenoma cateniferNUMBER OF SPERMATOPHORES /FEMALEStenoma cateniferNUMBER OF SPERMATOPHORES /FEMALE

1.81.61.41.21.00.80.60.40.20

1.40(1‐3)

aa

Spermatop

hores(num

ber/female)

Honeysolution 10%

Nava (2005)Tukey, p≤ 0.05

1.27(1‐2) 1.00

a

Water Control

Stenoma cateniferSPERMATOPHOREStenoma cateniferSPERMATOPHORE

Milano et al. (2010)

Stenoma cateniferTHERMAL REQUIREMENTSStenoma cateniferTHERMAL REQUIREMENTS

Temperature (ºC) Life cycle (days) Fecundity18 65.4 ± 4.7 a ‐20 64.5 ± 3.1 a 318.3 ± 34.4 a22 63.2 ± 5.6 a ‐25 64.2 ± 3.5 a 318.9 ± 28.5 a28 52.3 ± 2.8 a ‐30 28.7 ± 2.9 b 133.4 ± 17.8 b32 ‐ ‐

K = 644.5 degree‐days – TT = 8.9ºC5.1 to 7.8 generations/year

Nava et al. (2005)

Stenoma cateniferBIOLOGICAL CONTROLStenoma cateniferBIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Selected from 12 strains byusing cluster analysis

The best parasitization was found byusing 28 T. annulata or 30 T. atopovirilia

wasps per egg of S. catenifer

Nava et al. (2007)

egg parasitoids

Stenoma cateniferBIOLOGICAL CONTROLStenoma cateniferBIOLOGICAL CONTROL

2001/20022001/2002

2002/20032002/2003

larval parasitoids

Nava et al. (2005)

BraconidaeIchneumonidae

Peak of parasitoids – August. At least, 30‐40% total larval parasitism was observed.

enoma cateniferenoma catenifer

The pest was observedespecially at the lower andcentral part of the plant, 

and the inner cannopy wasthe least attacked in 

comparison with the N, S, E and W quadrants.

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