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The Bologna Process And European Higher Education Identity in the 21 st century? El proceso Bolonia: hacia una identidad europea de la educación superior en el Siglo XXI?. Jussi Välimaa University of Jyväskylä, Finlandia. Themes of the Presentation. What is the Bologna Process? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
21/04/23
1
The Bologna Process And European Higher Education Identity in the 21st century?
El proceso Bolonia: hacia una identidad europea de la educación superior en el
Siglo XXI?
Jussi Välimaa
University of Jyväskylä, Finlandia
Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Themes of the Presentation
What is the Bologna Process?
What is a European identity?
How these two are related?
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
On Finnish Context
Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)A European Higher
Education?
Around 4,000 HEIs, almost 19 million students & 1.5 million staff members (2009)
Different social dynamics of HE systems: 1) Napoleonic (France); 2) Continental/ Humboldtian (German speaking & Nordic countries); 3) Anglo (UK &
Ireland); 4) Southern Universities (Italy, Spain, Portugal) + binary systems (A,D,FIN,N, NL, PT, IR) + federal & nation state-based; small (Malta) & big (D,F,UK) HE systems
=> Diversity more than unity
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Historical Background to the BP
Magna Charta Universitatum (1988)
-a unified vision for European universities divided into Socialist and Western blocks
-aimed to define a common cultural ground for European universities
-declared by European university rectors
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Sorbonne Declaration (1998)
’Joint declaration on the harmonization of the architecture of the European higher education systems’
Ministers of Education (France, Germany, Italy, UK) declared that Europe was not only about economy but is also ’built upon the intellectual, cultural, social and techical dimensions of our continent’
Other European countries (31) wanted to join this declaration
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
The Bologna Declaration (1999)
The motives to join to the declaration: real reform needs => unwillingness to stay outside an important European process
A political declaration: …all its words were analyzed in great detail to avoid excessive embarrasment to any country … such a document is both remarkable and vague … each party having surely its own intentions in its country (Then Portuguese Minister of Education (Amaral & Veiga 2009, 135))
European Commission (EC) was left outside
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Contents (1)
The main objective: to construct the European Area of Higher Education & to promote it worldwide. Objectives:
1)Adoption of a system of easily readable and comparable degrees (diploma supplement)
2)Adoption of a system essentially based on two main cycles
3)The establishment of a system of credits (the ECTS system)
4)The promotion of mobility
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Contents (2)
5) The promotion of European co-operation in quality assurance => ‘a system of accreditation, certification or comparable procedures’ (Bergen 2003), => Standards & Guidelines in EHEA (2005) =>Quality Assurance Register for Higher Education (London 2007)
6) The promotion of the necessary European dimensions in higher education
+ lifelong learning (Prague 2001), the social dimension (Bergen & London), third tier (Bergen)
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Bologna Process as a Process
31 => 46 signatory countries (2010) + one additional member (EC), 8 consultative members (students, business, universities; university staff excluded!) Council of Europe
Secretariat & Follow-up group
Bi-annual meetings: political forum for discussing the process & its objectivesFollow-up reports: Trends reports (by EUA), Stocktaking reports (national ministries of education), Bologna with Student Eyes (ESU). Problem: academic reliability?
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Bologna at Present (1)
Policy dialogue and cooperation partnership as new forms of communication and cooperation with USA, Latin American and Asia-Pacific countries.
The mains aims are: 1) to promote and enhance European higher education and its world-wide attractiveness and competitiveness, 2) to intensify policy dialogue, 3) to strengthen cooperation based on partnership, and 4) to further the recognition of qualifications …
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Bologna at Present (2)
Bologna action lines: Qualifications Framework /Three Cycle System; Mobility; Quality Assurance, Employability; EHEA in the global context; Joint Degrees; Recognition; Social Dimension; Lifelong Learning; Stocktaking and Bologna Beyond 2010 http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/hogeronderwijs/bologna/
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
The Impacts of the BP? (1)
Politically the BP has been a success story: popularity; spread of 3-cycle structure; implementation of DS; ECTS helping student mobility ; European quality assurance systems; expanding continentally & globally
Solved practical problems at HEIs; Qualifications framework
Not coordinted or led by EU or EC, but come close to EU objectives & is supported financially by EC.
Nation States are unwilling to give away their sovereignty in education
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
The Impacts of the BP? (2)
National interpretations: each nation-state has used the BP for its own purposes
‘the reforms of national curricular systems were largely determined by the heritage of national higher education systems and the internal dynamics of their political processes’ (Witte 2009)
Opened new competitive horizons: without the deepening of the European perspectives in European universities the processes of globalization would have been slower
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Identity and Culture?
Post-modern Identity is fluid (Bauman)
Identity is a process of interaction with significant others: traditions (academic & national), professional groups (colleagues), friends & family …
Identity (& culture) may have many layers
Culture: “webs of significance where people simultaneously create and exist within culture” (Tierney & Rhoads 1993) – we are both the members and re-creators of our cultures
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Bologna Process & European HE Identity? (1)
Pragmatic approach: what has happened with & in the interactions between academics, students, policy makers?
BP has intensified European cooperation & networking between HEIs European Universities Association (EUA), (European Rectors’ conference + Association of European Universities)
BP is one of the policy tools used by EC to reform European higher education
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Bologna Process & European HE Identity? (2)
Student mobility: one of the traditional EC instruments to create European identity is Erasmus program (1987) related to DS, ECTS, QA, mobility, European dimension in HE
-1987-2008: 1 866 000 mobile students (4,2% of all European students) –numbers increasing, in 2008/09, 198 600 students
-average student: 22 years old, female (62%), stays 6,2 months abroad
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Student Mobility
According to empirical studies: students’ experiences are normally positive in terms of personal growth & comparative perspectives opened to one’s culture & HE system.
Most popular countries: Spain, France, Germany, UK
Most outgoing students: Germany, France, Spain, Italy; when compared with number of graduates: Greece, Italy, Hungary, Finland, Sweden.
Erasmus Mundus offered to global students
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Staff Mobility
Erasmus program for university teachers (1997)
Year 2007/2008: more than 190 000 teachers participated (about 2% of academic staff)
Most active countries in outgoing teachers: Czech Republic, Finland, Liechtenstein
Mobility programmes major supporter of temporary student & staff mobilityMotivated by the aim to create European identity, not to make money (cf. USA, UK, Australia)
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Policy & Academic Cooperation
The follow-up structures of BP provide a European forum to discuss Higher Education as a European level phenomenon
Institutional cooperation & departmental level international cooperation serves practical research & teaching needs
Cooperation on Qualifications framework bring unity to European HE
Nature of changes/reforms interactive rather than hierarchical (see Bleiklie et al. 2000)
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)Bologna Ministerial Anniversary Conference 2010
in Budapest and Vienna
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
The Relationship between BP & European HE Identity?
BP has broadened cooperation & interaction between HEIs & academics in Europe => increased European understanding in EHEA
Student mobility is broadening young Europeans perspectives on Europe
Academic identities influenced by increased European cooperation in research and teaching
BP as policy forum to discuss the development of Europe as a social entity
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
European dimension in identity?
BP is not the only factor influencing European identity of higher education
European Research Area & research bids (like FP7) have increased cooperation between academics (partnerships)
Knowledge economy pressures to create innovations: reformed European universities as crucial actors –EU2020 Strategy
European academic networks intensified & growing more influential : peer power!
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
Discussion/Conclusion
Identity may have many layers: European, national, academic, gender, ethnicity …
European cooperation has increased on all levels of higher education
Cultural change is process which can not be managed, but it can initiated & influenced … European layer of higher education identities is supported & strengthening (?)
But, where are European public intellectuals?
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Finnish Institute for E
ducational Research (F
IER
)
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