K33 - Peranan & Pengendalian Acari

8/10/2019 K33 - Peranan & Pengendalian Acari

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Importance and

Control of Acari

Parasitology Department

Medical faculty

Universitas Sumatera Utara



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Acarology

Refreshing

• Acari – Ticks and mites

– Composed of two parts: gnathosoma & podosoma

• Locomotion – Legs: hexapod larvae, nymph and adults octopod

• Respiration – Diagnosis measurement

– Stigmata

– Integument



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Acarines

• Four suborders of medically importance

acarines:

– Metastigmata

– Mesostigmata

– Prostigmata

– Astigmata



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Metastigmata

Medical Importance

• Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and soft ticks

(Argasidae)

• Causing irritation and ticks paralysis

• Transmits diseases: spirochaeta,

viruses, rickettisiae, bacteria

(tularemia), anaplasma, piroplasma,

theileria



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Tick removal from ear of a patientA nymphal stage of ticksuccessfully removed



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Metastigmata

Habitat

• Ticks are blood-feeding parasites that areoften found in tall grass where they will wait to

attach to a passing host.• Ticks can't jump or fly. Method of

transportation: physical contact, somespecies stalk the host from ground level,

emerging from cracks or crevices located inthe woods or even inside a home or kennel.



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Metastigmata

Habitat

• Ticks can be found in most wooded orforested regions throughout the world

(cosmopolitan).• In areas where there are deer trails or human

tracks.

• Abundant near water, where warm-blooded

animals come to drink, and in meadowswherever shrubs and brush provide woodysurfaces and cover.



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MetastigmataControl

• Control of ticks are desirable in areassuch as parks, lawns and otherrecreational areas

• Chemical control is most useful

• Protective clothing treated with repellants

• Vaccination of hosts with crude or purifiedtick extracts

• Use of anti-juvenile hormone agents



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Mesostigmata

• Gamasid mites

• Transmitting murine typhus, tularemia,

Korean hemorrhagic fever, coxackie

virus, and plaque



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Prostigmata

Medical Importance

• Larva (chigger) as the parasitic stage

• Leptotrombidium deliense carry Orientia

tustsugamushi , agent of scrub typhus.

• The bite causes dermatitis



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Prostigmata

Habitat

• Cosmopolitan

• Unfed larva are found on ground

surfaces, stalks and stems of grasses,

leaves and twig litters, nests on trees

and houses, holes in ground,

overhanging roots, fallen logs, treeholes, crevices in roofs and walls of

caves.



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Prostigmata

Habitat

• Soil with high content of clay has few

chiggers; loose soil yield many chiggers

• Newly emerged chiggers attach to hosts bydropping from overhanging leaves, grasses,

twigs and roofs of ground tunnels; by

clinging to the hosts as they pass by; or

climbing onto the host as the host is resting

• Also found in rodents, birds, bats, and

reptiles.



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Control

• Habitat modification, live-stock control

from ticks infestation.

• Prevent human-ticks/mites contact bywearing extended clothes when going

through forest or bushy areas.

• Biological: bird (guineafowl) and waspas predators.



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Control

• Chemical: Phenothrine (85.7%) and

methoprene combination for topical

flea/tick therapy for felines. Phentothrinkills adult ones, methoprene regulate

insect growth by interrupting the insect’s

life cycle by killing the eggs. This may

be toxic for human and animals.



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Astigmata

Medical Importance

• Sarcoptes scabiei causing scabies.

• Dust mites (e.g. Dermatophagoides pterynissinus) causing rhinitis

allergic, asthma, and dermatitis

allergic.



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Sarcoptes scabiei Life Cycle



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Human scabies on the hand



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Human scabies in the buttock



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Sarcop tes scabiei

Control• The disease is prevented by preventing

contact with patients or patients’ clothes,

avoid sharing of clothes, beds, or towels.

• Treat all family and close contacts.

• Oral Ivermectin.

• Topical insecticides: permethrin 5%

malathion, lindane lotion, sulfur ointment and

soap.

• Cleaning of environment.



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House dust mites

Control

• Keeping house dry reduces mite densities.

• Remove dust by vacuuming.

• Expose mattress to sunlight to kill mites

and denature mite allergens.

• Use plastic mattress covers and replace

mattress annually.

• Use of miticides.



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Thank You

Documents

K33 - Peranan & Pengendalian Acari