kacobriuli Rirebulebebi da ekonomikis RirebulebiTi orientirebi

1

SoTa veSapiZe

kacobriuli Rirebulebebi da

ekonomikis RirebulebiTi

orientirebi

Tbilisi

2012

2

UDC (uak)33.01

3-436

winamdebare monografia aris Cveni pirveli mcdeloba SevexoT kacobri-

uli Rirebulebebis rolsa da mniSvnelobas. wignSi gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eqceva imas, rom ganRmrTobili adamiani yvelaze umaRlesi

Rirebulebaa, romliskenac yvela unda viswrafvodeT, rac unda gvindodes.

monografiaSi naTlad aris gadmocemuli, rom Cveni planetis TiToeuli

individi aris yvelaze umaRlesi Rirebuleba. swored es ganRmrToba unda

undodes TiToeul adamians. aRniSnul gzaze yvelaze metad evropa da

amerika dawinaurda. maT pirvelebma uCvenes samyaros gza umaRlesi

faseulobebisaken. swored amitom, wignSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs

daTmobili evropul da evroatlantikur Rirebulebebs.

vfiqrobT, ganxiluli sakiTxebi erTnairad saintereso iqneba Tavis

qveyanasa da saerTod kacobriobis bedze mofiqrali yvela adamianisaTvis,

ganurCevlad erovnebisa, religiuri aRmsareblobisa, rasisa, profesiisa,

asakisa da msoflmxedvelobisa.

ISBN 978-9941-0-3972-0

3

s a r C e v i

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

kari I. Rirebulebis ZiriTadi mimarTebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1.1. `Rirebulebis~ da `faseulobis~ cnebaTa mimarTeba da

klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2. wyaroebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

1.3. Rirebulebis formireba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1.4. Tanamedrove midgomebi Rirebulebis kvlevisadmi . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

1.5. civilizaciis‚ kulturis da Rirebulebis cnebaTa mimarTeba . . . . .63

kari II. RirebulebaTa Semecnebis fenomeni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

2.1. civilizaciuri resursebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

2.2. didi qarTveli moazrovneebi globalizaciisa da erovnuli

ekonomikuri faseulobebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

2.3. erovnuli Rirebulebebis saerTo saTaveebTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

2.4. Rirebulebebis gaufasureba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

2.5 RirebulebaTa gaziarebis istoriuli gakveTilebi . . . . . . . . . . . .145.

kari III. Tanamedroveoba da Rirebulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

3.1. demokratiis liberaluri Rirebulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

3.2. evropul-qarTuli Rirebulebebis sinTezisaken . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

3.3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis RirebulebiTi safuZvlebi. . . . . . . . . . 184

3.4. globalizacia da sazogadoebriv faseulobaTa transformacia. . . . .195

3.5 kultura da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

3.6. Rirebulebis roli ekonomikis modernizaciis saqmeSi . . . . . . . . . 221

daskvna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .229

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Sesavali

msoflios istoriaSi ar moiZebneba arc eri, arc xalxi da Temic ki ar

arsebobs, romelsac dRemde mouRwevia, raime Seuqmnia didi Tu mcire, da Tavisi

genia, Tavisi Rirebulebebi ar hqonia. Rirebulebebis gareSe arc araferi

mniSvnelovani keTdeba da arc araferi iqmneba. yoveli eris TviTmyofadoba misi

Rirebulebebs efuZneba, misiT miiRweva da misiT aisaxeba. TiToeuli adamianic imis

mixedviT Seicnoba, Tu ra Rirsebis, ra Rirebulebebis matarebelia igi.

Rirebulebebis fenomeni is ki ar aris rac xalxs unda, aramed isaa, rac xalxs

unda undodes. Rirebulebebi Cveni cxovrebis maradiuli gzamkvlevi da misi

gasrulyofilebis saTavea.

nebismieri sazogadoeba efuZneba garkveul RirebulebaTa sistemas, romelzec

misi didi nawili SeTanxmebulia, saxelmwifo sazogadoebis nawilia da misTvisac

es Rirebulebebia amosavali, igi maT met-naklebad acnobierebs da amTlianebs da

amiT saerTo-erovnuli cnobierebis doneze ahyavs isini, oRond, mas uCndeba

sakuTari RirebulebiTi orientirebic, romlebic examebian da avseben,

gansxvavdebian da, bevr SemTxvevaSi, upirispirdebian kidec sazogadoebis

RirebulebiT orientirebs.

Tanxvedra metia liberalur, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, misi RirebulebaTa

sistema amoizarda tradiciul da modernul RirebulebaTa Ziridan da dRes

postmodernuli SinaarsiT ivseba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, romlis adaptacia

globalur samyaroSi axla mimdinareobs, Cveni sazogadoeba RirebulebaTa sistemis

mixedviT gamoyofili am sami stadiidan samiveze erTdroulad imyofeba. es arcaa

gasakviri, radgan sabazro sistemaze gadasvla RirebulebaTa transformaciis

xangrZliv processac gulisxmobs. rogor unda SeinarCunos man Cveni tradiciuli

Rirebulebebi rogorc axali sistemis qvakuTxedi? am kiTxvebs erTi gamokvleva ar

eyofa, magram kvleva rom saWiroa, amaSi mkiTxveli, darwmunebuli varT,

dagveTanxmeba. winamdebare monografia aris Cveni pirveli mcdeloba SevexoT am

didi Temis zogierT aspeqts.

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kari I. Rirebulebis ZiriTadi mimarTebani

1.1. `Rirebulebisa~ da `faseulobis~ cnebaTa

mimarTeba da klasifikacia

RirebulebaTa sistema, romelsac sazogadoeba saxelmZRvanelod iyenebs,

adamianTa didi nawilis qcevis Cveul normad aris qceuli. es Rirebulebebi

yvelasTvis erTnairad misaRebi ar aris, zogi xelyofs kidec maT, magram

sazogadoebas gamomuSavebuli aqvs formaluri (kanonebi) da araformaluri

(adaTebi, wes-Cveulebebi) institutebi maT dasacavad.

nebismieri normaluri saxelmwifo xels uwyobs im interesTa realizacias,

romlebic, normalur pirobebSi, am Rirebulebebs efuZneba.

Rirebulebebi gayinul sistemas rodi qmnian. es sistema mudmivad axldeba da

mis ganaxlebaSi did rols asruleben progresulad moazrovne adamianebi.

demokratiuli mmarTvelobisas TviTon sazogadoebisa da pirovnebebis

principebsa da Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli, rogor garemoSi mouwevT maT

cxovreba. liberaluri, demokratiuli sazogadoeba emyareba iseT Rirebulebebs,

rogorebicaa: kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis Tavisufali politikuri da piradi

arCevanis ufleba, sityvis Tavisufleba, religiuri (rwmenis) Tavisufleba, sqesTa

Tanasworoba.

sazogadoebisTvis misaReb im WeSmarit RirebulebebTan erTad, romlebic

ganamtkiceben socialur-ekonomikuri progresis safuZvlebs, arsebobs agreTve

cruRirebulebebi, uaryofiTi Rirebulebebi, an fsevdoRirebulebebi, romlebic

sapirispiro Sedegebs iwvevs. magaliTad, liberalizmi TavisTavad Rirebulebaa,

magram misi ukiduresi formebi, fsevdoliberalizmi an ultraliberalizmi xSirad

savalalo Sedegs iZleva, gansakuTrebiT _ saerTaSoriso (transnacionaluri

korporaciebis) politikis SemTxvevaSi.

sazogadoebis kulturis, misi socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri

azrovnebis ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebis Semecneba prioritetul mniSvnelobas

iZens. amisaTvis ki uwinares yovlisa TviT cneba unda ganvsazRvroT.

Rirebulebas vuwodebT sazogadoebriv movlenaTa simravlis im saerTo niSans,

romelic adamianebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da sasurvelia. am zogadi

sociologiuri (ara-ekonomikuri) azriT Rirebuleba idealuri movlenaa, radgan

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mniSvnelobas adamianebi aniWeben maTTvis sasurvel (an arasasurvel) sazogadoebriv

movlenebs – isini miiCneven maT mniSvnelovnad da sasurvelad (saWirod).

cxadia, yoveli sasurveloba rodia Rirebuleba. cnobili frangi

filosofosis didie Jiulias ganmartebiT, Rirebuleba sayovelTao, mTlianobaSi

warmodgenili sasurvelobaa (da ara ubralod `sasurveloba~). e.i. Rirebuleba

aris is, rac mosawoni, anu sayovelTaod misaRebia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi

Sedegebidan gamomdinare misaRebi unda iyos). es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos

Rirebuleba imas gulisxmobdes, rom es niSani (es movlena) bevrisTvis aris

mosawoni. es ase araa. bevri da cota aq arafers niSnavs. esa Tu is ram imis gamo

ki ar aris Rirebuleba, rom bevrs (mravals) an cotas (Tundac erTs) moswons,

aramed imitom, rom miuxedavad mowoneba-armowonebisa, mas SeuZlia dadebiTi

Sedegebi moitanos, win waswios eri da kacobrioba, qveyana (regioni) da msoflio.

Tumca, Rirebulebebi (RirebulebiTi orientirebi) SeiZleba moZveldes,

dadebiTidan uaryofiTad gadaiqces da ukanac daswios sazogadoeba.

zemoaRniSnuls avsebs ganmarteba, romelic moaqvs qarTvel mecniers lali

surmaniZes britaneli mecnieris berris naazrevidan: `Rirebuleba universaluri

dadgenilebaa (albaT sjobs – SeTanxmebaa. S. v.) imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris misaRebi

da ra – miuRebeli~ (surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi

sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli kvlevebi), fondi `Ria

sazogadoeba~ _ saqarTvelo, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 59.).

oRond, gansazRvrebad es ganmarteba ar gamodgeba, radgan Rirebulebebi, romlebic

dRes mosawoni da misaRebia mxolod erTeulebisaTvis, xval SeiZleba aseTad iqces

sazogadoebisaTvis.

mwerali niko lorTqifaniZe Semdegs werda: `gamxdar Txas, dakoWlebul

cxens, Caxmaxdamtvreul Tofs fasi ekargeba; adamians ki erTi da igive fasi aqvs

yovelTvis da yvelgan, imereTis mefobas argunebs Tu danelias meRored gaaCens

ufali, dadianis sasaxle aTas facxaSi ar gaicvleba, adamiani ki imdenive Rirs,

rac mTeli kacobrioba, adamianis arc gacvla SeiZleba, arc dafaseba, arc

gamravleba, arc gamokleba. igi ufasoa. igi erTia, mudam erTi. adamiani mudam

adamiania – arc meti da arc naklebi~ (`dadianis asuli da maTxovari~). rogorc

vxedavT, mwerlis es gamonaTqvamebic Rirebulebis idealur sawyisebze

migvaniSneben. rogorc didi mwerali aRniSnavs, TiToeuli adamiani aris erTaderTi

umaRlesi, unikaluri Rirebuleba. veravin ver Secvlis sxva adamians. TiToeuli

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pirovneba Seunacvlebeli, unikaluri Rirebulebaa. am azrs mTlianad iziareben

cnobili qarTveli filosofosebi: T buaCiZe, r. gordeziani da sxvebi. aRniSnulis

Sesaxeb ix.: xideSeli n., aRmosavlur da dasavlur Teologiur-filosofiur

azrovnebaTa mimarTebebi. gamomcemloba ùniversali~, Tbilisi, 2012). dae,

mkiTxveli nu gamoedevneba motanili citatis calkeuli sityvebis sakuTar

mniSvnelobas– isini SeiZleba sadavodac eCvenos. CvenTvis mTavaria maTi

gamaerTianebeli, Semkvreli azri – adamianis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli

Rirebulebis, zogadi Sefaseba.

SeuZlebelia Sefasdes enis mniSvneloba kulturisaTvis da yovelmxrivac,

radgan igi urTierTobis saSualebacaa da azrovnebis formac. magaliTad, dialogi

mxolod saubari ki ar aris, aramed azrovnebis wesia. enobrivi msoflxedva anu is,

Tu rogor xedavs qarTuli ena im WeSmaritebebs, romlebic civilizaciisTvis

uarsebiTesia, umTavresi Rirebulebis momcveli fenomenia (aRniSnulis Sesaxeb

vrclad ix.: T. bolqvaZe. ideologizebuli Rirebulebebi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 239).

rogorc ioane zosime ambobda: `yoveli saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul

ars~ (sol. yubaneiSvilis Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, t. 1, 1946,

gv. 416). `sityvao, aRmsarebelsa momxeden~ _ SesTxovs daviT aRmaSenebeli enas

(qarTuli poezia. tomi I, Zveli qarTuli poezia, V-XII s.s. `nakaduli~, Tb., 1979,

gv. 164). qarTuli ena, rogorc samyaros Semecnebis saidumloebaTa momcveli da

matarebeli, gvawvdis sityva `Rirebulebis~ mTavar sawyisebsac, mis gasaRebsac.

azrovnebis, maT Soris, ekonomikuri azrovnebis ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebis, misi

mTavari orientirebis arsSi garkveva sityva `Rir~-iT SeiZleba daiwyos. `Rir~-i

niSnavs: mniSvneloba aqvs, azri, gamarTleba aqvs. aqedan warmodgeba sityvebi:

`Rirs~-i da `Rirs-eba~. Rirs-i is aris, rac, vinc visime, risime Sesaferisia;

rasac vinme, rame imsaxurebs, _ Sesaferi, damsaxurebuli, sakadrisi. amaSi ukve

moCans Rirebulebis fardobiTi xasiaTi, rac ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sferoSi

Setolebas niSnavs.

`Rirebulebis~ zogadsociologiuri, filosofiuri cnebis axsna urTulesi

aRmoCnda. jer kidev XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos qarTveli filosofosebi

amas pirdapir aRiarebdnen. miiCnevdnen ra Rirebulebis Teoriis Seqmnas saukunis

erT-erT umTavres minaRwevad filosofiaSi, isini aRniSnavdnen: `mTeli

filosofiis istoria TiTqos Rirebulebis cnebis momzadebis istoriaa da mainc

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igi sabolood auxsneli darCa~. (qvaCaxia v., nadiraSvili S., beWvaia d., WeliZe v.

Rirebuleba da ganwyoba. ix. wignSi: sociologiuri narkvevebi, Tb., 1969, gv. 50).

yvelaze martivad Tu vityviT, `Rirebulebaa is, rac Seesabameba adamianis

adgils samyaroSi~. is iseTi ramaa, romelsac damoukidebeli arseboba ar gaaCnia

(idealuria) da yoveli realuris ganmsazRvrelia. rogorc qarTveli

filosofosebi miiCneven: `Rirebulebis cneba (Semdeg – Teoria) maSin Camoyalibda,

roca aRiarebul iqna iseTi idealuri, romelic mniSvnelobs da gansazRvravs

yovel Sefasebas (TviTSemecnebasac ki)... pasuxi upirveles yovlisa mogveTxoveba

imaze, SeiZleba Tu ara vaRiaroT is, rac mniSvnelobs, idealuria (realuri

arseboba ar gaaCnia) da ganmsazRvrelia yoveli realuri (individualuri)

cnobierebisaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 50).

Rirebulebis cnebis sam niSans gamoyofen:L1) es aucileblad aris adamianTa

SefasebiTi damokidebuleba sagnisadmi; 2) es aris imis aRiarebac, rom idealuri

mniSvnelobs, rogorc individualur-realuris ganmsazRvreli; 3) Rirebulebaa is,

rac sazrisis mimcemia, ris gamoc raimes sazrisi aqvs. Rirebulebis es niSani

Sefasebebis mimarT gvaZlevs imas, rac cxovrebis sazrisis umaRles SefasebiT

kategoriaSi gamoiTqmis da eTikuri samyaros (undas samyaros) ganmsazRvrelia.

(Rirebulebis filosofiuri cnebis dadgenis sakiTxebs mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi

miuZRvna qarTvelma filosofosma geronti SuSanaSvilma (ix.: a) SuSanaSvili g. i.,

Rirebulebis filosofiuri cneba. Tb., 1986; b) SuSanaSvili g. i. zneobrivi

Rirebulebis specifika. Tb., 1980. Tanamedrove qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi

Rirebulebis problemis Sejamebas eZRvneba g. SuSanaSvilis mier qarTuli

filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeulSi gamoqveynebuli naSromi (ix.

qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria, tomi IV, Tb., 2003, gv. 371-380).

avtori ganixilavs ra SemecnebiT da RirebulebiT mimarTebas adamianisa

sinamdvilisadmi, miiCnevs, rom SemecnebiTi mimarTeba aris zepirovnuli,

RirebulebiTi da pirovnuli. e.i. adamiani sinamdviles udgeba garkveuli miznis

mixedviT. amis mixedviT msjelobebic iyofa WeSmarit da RirebulebiT

msjelobebad. WeSmariti msjeloba gamoxatavs sagans mis TavisTavadobaSi, xolo

RirebulebiTi msjeloba – jerarsobiT, anu imis mixedviT, rac sagnis (movlenis)

im niSans exeba, romelic mTlianad ar aris, an jer saerTodac ar aris

realizebuli da amitom ar aris arc damkvidrebuli, rogorc am sagnis (movlenis)

arsi (imis mixedviT, rac momavalSi unda iyos) anu frCxilebSi Caweril azrs Tu

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ganvmartavT, es niSnavs imas, rom obieqti, romelsac vafasebT, is ar aris, rac

Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT unda yofiliyo.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Rirebulebebi aris is idealuri, romliskenac mudmivad

unda viswrafvodeT, romelic sazogadoebas rac unda is ki araa, aramed isaa, rac

sazogadoebas unda undodes, romelsac verasodes mivaRwevT, radgan

Rirebulebebisken swrafva srulyofilebisken mudmiv swrafvas niSnavs, imas

niSnavs, rom arsebuli garemo ar unda gvakmayofilebdes, mudam unda gvindodes

ukeTesi, ukeTesis maradiuli wadili unda gvamoZravebdes, rasac mudmivad unda

ganvicdideT, mudmivad unda vgrZnobdeT, riskenac mudmivad unda miviltvodeT.

Sesanisnavad aqvs umberto ekos naTqvami: me vwer ara imas, rac xalxs unda, vwer

imas, rac minda, rom xalxs undodeso.

swored aRniSnulis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1885 wels, anu imis Sesaxeb, rom

adamiani yvelgan adamiania maT erTi da igive Rirebulebebi unda amoZravebdeT, rom

rac erTgan erTisaTvis codva da borotebaa, meoresTvisac codva da boroteba

unda iyos, genialurad werda ilia WavWavaZe: “keTili da boroti, codva da

madli marto adamianis gulisxmis saqmea. utyvis bunebis winaSe ar arsebobs eg

gansxvaveba. adamianis gareT codva da madli ar aris da radganac adamiani yvelgan

adamiania, maSasadame, rac erTgan da erTisaTvis codvaa da boroti, meoresaTvisac

codva da boroti unda iyos yvelgan, yovelTvis da yvela SemTxvevaSi. Cven

vxedavT da dRe-mudam magaliTebiT vrwmundebiT, rom es ar aris. ratom?

“ratomao”? saqmec imaSia, rom mag “ratoms” jer-aqamomde adamianma gul-

dajerebuli pasuxi ver moupova” (i. WavWavaZe Txz. sruli krebuli 10 tomad

tomi V, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba Tbilisi 1955, gv. 327-328).

Rirebulebis filosofiuri cnebis Sesaxeb saintereso informacias gvawvdis

rusul enaze dabeWdili `filosofiuri enciklopediuri leqsikoni~, romlis

redaqtor-Semadgenlebi arian e. f. gubski, g. v. korabliova, v. a. lutCenko (wigni

gamocemulia moskovSi, 2000 w.). misi Teoriuli baza aris germaniis, aSS-s da

inglisis filosofiuri leqsikonebidan aRebuli statiebi, agreTve axali

statiebi, romlebic specialurad am leqsikonisTvisaa dawerili.

axla konkretulad aRniSnul leqsikonSi Rirebulebis gagebis Sesaxeb.

ganmartebulia, rom Rirebuleba aris is, rac adamianTa grZnobebs karnaxobs

aRiaron igi ufro maRla mdgomad da riskenac unda viswrafodeT, vapyrobdeT

mzeras, vWvretdeT, vepyrobodeT pativiscemiT, aRiarebiT, TayvaniscemiT (p.

10

menceri). Rirebuleba calkeuli nivTis Tviseba ki araa, aramed obieqtis

srulfasovani yofierebis arsia da, imavdroulad, misi pirobacaa. adamianur

moTxovnilebaTa da SegrZnebaTa ganusazRvrelad didi simravle SefasebaTa

mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs: rasac erTisTvis didi Rirebuleba aqvs, meoresTvis

igi naklebi aqvs, mesamisTvis ki – saerTod ar gaaCnia. formaluri TvalsazrisiT

Rirebulebebi iyofa pozitiurad da negatiurad (mcirefasianoba, Rirebulebis

ararseboba), SefardebiTad da absoluturad, subieqturad da obieqturad.

Sinaarsis mixedviT gansxvavdebian nivTieri Rirebulebebi, logikuri, eTikuri da

esTetiuri Rirebulebani: siamovneba, sargeblianoba da vargisianoba; WeSmariteba,

sikeTe, mSveniereba. fon rinteleni Tavis faseulobaTa logikaSi Seecada

dapirispireboda relativistur da istoriul mimdinareobebs, romlebic efuZnebian

aseT gagebas: Rirebulebis raime ucvleli ideis arsi, magaliTad, siyvarulisa, is

aris, rom mas unari aqvs icvalos intensiurobis xarisxi da gamovlindes

sruliad gansxvavebuli saxiT: erosi, agape, adamianis siyvaruli, socialuri

siyvaruli. n. hartmanma moaxdina kantianuri apriorizmisa da aristoteleseuli,

RirebulebaTa materialuri eTikis sinTezi: igulisxmeba TavisTavad arsebul

faseulobaTa samefo, namdvili kosmos-noetos, romelic imyofeba sinamdvilis

miRma iseve, rogorc cnobierebis miRma. RirebulebaTa arsis Sesaxeb sakiTxi mas

metafizikurad, iracionalurad, marad gadauwyvetel problemad miaCnda. nicSem

cxadi gaxada is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac Rirebulebas da RirebulebiT

Sefasebas aqvs msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. RirebulebiTi Sefasebani misTvis aris

`cxovrebis gansazRvruli wesis SenarCunebis fiziologiuri moTxovna~; masSi

gamoixateba `Zalauflebis neba-survili~. igi moiTxovda da cdilobda

ganexorcielebina yvela Rirebulebis gadafaseba da `rangebis mixedviT maTi

dalageba~ (ranJireba). umaRles Rirebulebas Tavis TavSi Tavad ganasaxierebs,

xorcs asxams, diadi adamiani, romelic (nicSes mixedviT) adgens Rirebulebebs.

bevri avtori erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs terminebs `faseulobas~ da

`Rirebulebas~. Cveulebriv, faseulobis cnebas xmaroben iseTi movlenebis

aRsaniSnavad, romelTa raodenobrivi Sefaseba, `fasis~ gansazRvra SedarebiT

advilia. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi aRniSnulia: `faseuloba –

Zvirfasi nivTebi; ganZeuloba, simdidre, materialuri faseulobani _ kulturuli

faseulobani~. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom kulturuli faseulobani sxva araferia, Tu

ara sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erToblioba ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, teqnikis,

11

xelovnebis, yofa-cxovrebis sferoSi. misgan gansxvavebiT, `Rirebulebis~ cnebaSi

iseTi movlenebi igulisxmeba, romelTa raodenobrivi Sefaseba, fasis gansazRvra

urTulesi problemaa, Tuki igi saerTod aris SesaZlebeli. aviRoT, magaliTad,

Tanamedrove Rirebulebebi, romlebic ufro metad dasavlur civilizaciebSia

miRebuli (aRiarebuli): adamianis uflebebi, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba,

samarTlianoba, sayovelTao keTildReoba, tolerantoba, patriotizmi da a.S. gana

SeiZleba am RirebulebaTa raodenobrivi Sefaseba? aseve SeuZlebelia iseTi

demokratiuli Rirebulebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba, rogoric aris, vTqvaT,

`samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~, romelic krebsiTi mniSvnelobis cnebaa (Rirebulebaa).

SevexoT ekonomikur Rirebulebebs. aqac imave problemas vawydebiT: maTi

zusti gansazRvra (gazomva) SeuZlebelia. Tumca, gacvliT urTierTobaSi moqceuli

ekonomikuri sikeTeebi anu saqonlebi erTmaneTSi asaxaven TavianT Rirebulebas,

romelsac amiT zusti raodenobrivi ganzomileba eZleva yovel calkeul momentSi

da calkeul adgilas, magram igi ganuwyvetliv icvleba drosa da sivrceSi da

misi gazomva SeuZlebeli xdeba. sazogadoeba mis Sesaxeb informacias iRebs

mxolod fasis meSveobiT, romelic gamoxatavs mas, magram arasdros ar emTxveva –

yovelTvis gadaixreba misgan.

Tu terminebs – Rirebuleba da faseuloba – erTmaneTisagan gavmijnavT,

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom saqoneli Rirebuleba ki ar aris, aramed – faseuloba,

romlis sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba gamoixateba sxva saqonlebis garkveuli

raodenobiT, xolo Tu miRebul terminebs gamoviyenebT – saqonlis alternatiuli

Rirebuleba aris im saqonelTa gansazRvruli raodenoba, romelTa miReba

SegviZlia mocemuli saqonlis sanacvlod (an romlebzec uari vTqviT).

Rirebulebis fuladi gamoxatuleba aris raodenobrivad gansazRvruli sidide –

fasi, _ romelic, rogorc vTqviT, mudam gadaxrilicaa misgan. fasi SeiZleba

ucvleli rCebodes, saqonlis Rirebuleba ki mudam icvleba. amitom saqonlis

Rirebulebas k. marqsi grZnobadi saqonlis zegrZnobad Tvisebad miiCnevda. am

midgomas sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxataven misi Semdegi debulebebi: `Rirebuleba imiT

gansxvavdeba qvrivi kviklisagan, rom aravin icis, saidan CasWidos mas xeli~.

`miuxedavad imisa, rom serTuki RilebSekruli mogvevlina, tilom mainc icno

masSi monaTesave lamazi suli Rirebulebisa~. `...SaqrisTvis wonis gamoxatulebaSi

rkina warmoadgens orive sxeulisTvis saerTo bunebriv Tvisebas, maTs simZimes, _

maSin, rodesac tilos Rirebulebis gamoxatulebaSi serTuki warmoadgens am ori

12

nivTis zebunebriv Tvisebas:L maTs Rirebulebas, raRac wminda sazogadoebrivs~ (k.

marqsi, kapitali. tomi I, Tb., 1954, gv. 70, 77).

mkveTri zRvari ekonomikur da araekonomikur Rirebulebebs Soris ar

arsebobs. m. gvelesianis azriT, yvelanari Rirebulebas aqvs Tavisi raodenobriv

mxare anu ekonomikuri gansazRvruloba. àdamianisa Tu adamianTa erTobis yoveli

nabiji, xom, _ wers igi, _ martivi arCevani ki ara, arCevanTa mTeli wyebis

naerTia, xolo sadac arCevania, iq aris ekonomikuri Sefasebac: ùbralo~

Sefasebidan (ès kargia, es cudia~) iq gadavdivarT ekonomikur Sefasebaze (ès

mirCevnia – es imas amdeniT sjobs~).

... veli mkiTxvelis daeWvebas: gana ekonomikur arCevans akeTebs is, vinc imazea

Cafiqrebuli, aTxovos Tu ara megobars magnitofoni an mihyves Tu ara mas

Seyvarebulis mSobelTan misi Txovnis gamxelaSi `dasaxmareblad~? diax, akeTebs.

igi erTmaneTs udarebs, erTi mxriv, efeqts, romelsac hqvia megobris

keTildReoba, misgan momdinare keTilganwyoba da masTan megobrobis simtkice,

meore mxriv ki am efeqtis misaRebad saWiro resursebs _ `msxverplad~ gasaReb

sakuTar drosa Tu siamovnebas da a.S. xolo vinc arc ki Seyovndeba, ise

gadawyvets am sakiTxs dadebiTad, amiT igi imdenad maRal Sefasebas miscems

megobars da masTan megobrobas, rom amasTan SedarebiT wvrilmanad miiCnevs droisa

Tu siamovnebis danakargs.

msgavsi faseulobebi iseTi adamianiseuli faseulobebia, romlebic erTobliv

ekonomikur wrebrunvaSi TiTqos ar erTvebian da ise Cans, TiTqos ekonomikis miRma

dganan. magram... aseTi faseulobebi ekonomikuri wrebrunvis Tanamgzavrebs

warmoadgenen da mniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven mis formebsa da

mizanmimarTulebebs...~ (merab gvelesiani. ra aris ekonomikuri politika. Tb.,

`komentari~, 2008, gv. 108-109).

rogorc vxedavT, Tavisi wigns am paragrafSi, romlis saTauric aris

èkonomikis adgili sazogadoebaSi~, avtori afarToebs ekonomikis gagebas, iseTi

Rirebulebebis xarjze, romlebzec zemoT iTqva, rom isini raodenobriv

gamoxatulebas naklebad eqvemdebareba. es SeiZleba ucxod eCvenos mkiTxvels,

magram avtors aqvs wonadi argumentebi, akeTebs ra retrospeqtiul mimoxilvas.

`...mecnierebis warmodgena ekonomikis farglebis Sesaxeb, _ wers igi, _ saukuneebis

manZilze farTovdeboda. fiziokratebisaTvis (XVIII s.) rom gekiTxa, ekonomika sad

ariso, isini soflis meurneobisa da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebaze

13

migiTiTebdnen. kidev ufro SezRuduli iyo am sakiTxebze merkantilistebis

(istoriulad pirveli ekonomikuri skolis) warmodgenebi. xolo ufro adre masze

verc iarsebebda ramdenadme Tanmimdevruli, Camoyalibebuli azri, radgan Sroma

damamcirebel saqmianobad iTvleboda, terminebis _ `politika~ da èkonomika~

avtorebi sakuTar Sromas Sromad ar Tvlidnen da raRa Tqma unda, verc

ekonomikas ganusazRvravdnen adgils sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

bolo saukuneebSi ekonomikis cnebiTi Sinaarsidan aRar gamoricxaven adamianis

saqmianobis arcerT sferos. mogvianebiT amas daemata moxmarebis sferoc... mxolod

bolo ramdenime aTwleulSi xdeba, metnaklebad, imis gacnobiereba, rom ekonomikur

faseulobebs miekuTvneba nebismieri faseuloba, romelic ki romeliRac

mimarTebaSi, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir eqvemdebareba arCevansa da, maSasadame,

ekonomikur Sefasebas~ (iqve, gv. 109-110).

axla kvlav movixmoT qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. `faseuloba~ aq

ganmartebulia rogorc Zvirfasi nivTebi; ganZeuloba; simdidre; masSi igulisxmeba

rogorc materialuri, aseve kulturuli faseulobani.

`Rirebuleba~ Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: 1. saqonelmwarmoebelTa

sazogadoebrivi Sroma, saqonelSi ganivTebuli; 2. ra fasic aqvs rasme, ra Rirs

rame; 3. fasi, mniSvneloba, xarisxi.

cxadia, rom aRniSnul or cnebas Soris ufro meti msgavsebaa, ufro meti

paraleluri gagebaa, vidre gansxvaveba. ùfro meti~ ki imasac migvaniSnebs, rom

maT Soris raRac `mcire~ niuansebSi gansxvavebas Cveni azrovnebis procesSi,

albaT, mainc ver avcdebiT.

am terminebis cnebiTi Sinaarsis siaxlovis gamo maT Soris mkveTri

wyalgamyofi xazebis gatareba, aqedan gamomdinare ki gadasinjva, saWirod ar

migvaCnia. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom inglisur enaSi es ori cneba sinonimebadaa

miCneuli. amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu daveyrdnobiT OXFORD Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary-s (2003), sadac vkiTxulobT: value – Rirebuleba: 1) fuladi

Rirebuleba an arafuladi, anu sxva nivTebiT gamoxatuli, romelSic SeiZleba

gadavcvaloT konkretuli sagani; 2) ramdenad Rirebulia konkretuli sagani

fasTan mimarTebaSi, anu Rirs Tu ara aRniSnul Tanxad; 3) mniSvnelovani,

gamosadegi – mniSvnelobis xarisxi (mag.: regularuli varjiSebis mniSvneloba); 4)

rwmena (Rirebulebebi) imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris swori da ra – araswori, agreTve

mniSvnelovani cxovrebaSi (mag.: kulturuli Rirebulebebi, socialuri

14

Rirebulebebi, moraluri Rirebulebebi); 5) mniSvneloba, romelic gamoisaxeba

asoebiT an simboloebiT (mag.: vTqvaT, y-is mniSvneloba aris 33... y=33); 6)

mniSvnelovnad miiCneva (mag.: me namdvilad mimaCnia igi megobrad; jgufis

mniSvnelovani wevri; teritoria mniSvnelovania misi vazis nargavebiT); 7)

konkretuli sagnis Sefaseba garkveul Tanxad. oqsfordis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi,

romelic bizness moicavs, ganmartebulia Semdegi _ Value (faseuloba,

Rirebuleba): Rirebuleba, romelsac vinme aniWebs raimes (Бизнесс: Оксфордский

толковой словарь: Англо-ресский: Свышк 4000 понятий. – М.: Издательство «Прогресс-

Академия», Издательство РННУ, 1995, с. 667).

faseulobis gansazRvra ekonomikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

problemaa, arsebobs problemis gadawyvetisadmi ori principuli midgoma.

klasikur politikur ekonomiaSi (Classical School) da marqsistul ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi (Marxist economics) faseuloba ganixileba rogorc obieqturi

realoba, romelic SeiZleba gaizomos Sromis raodenobiT (labour), romelic

ganxorcielebulia saqonelsa da momsaxurebaSi. neoklasikuri skola (neoclassical

School) faseulobas miiCnevs subieqtur Tvisebad, romelic damokidebulia imis

iSviaTobaze, rac mocemul dros moTxovnilebebis sagania. ekonomistTa

umravlesoba amJamad faseulobis neoklasikuri gagebisaken ixreba. yovelive

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, im mizniT, rom Tavidan aviciloT sxvadasxva

gaugebrobebi qarTul enaze am ori cnebis _ `Rirebulebebis~ da `faseulobebis~

xmarebisas SesaZleblad migvaCnia, rom rogorc inglisur enaSia miRebuli, isini

Cvenc sinonimebad miviCnioT.

Cvens mier ganxilul cnebebSi garkvevis Semdeg SeiZleba kvlav miubrundeT

Rirebulebebis klasifikaciis gaazrebas, romelsac Cven arsebiTad ukve SevexeT.

amisaTvis aucilebelia TanmimdevrobiT ganvixiloT sxvadasxva kategoriebi. amis

safuZvelze SesaZleblad migvaCnia raRac zogadi daskvnis gamotanac.

Rirebulebis klasifikaciisaTvis aucilebelia movZebnoT is umTavresi

niSnebi, romlebic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos am klasifikacias. Cveni azriT, erT-

erT aseT niSnad SeiZleba miviCnioT is umTavresi gansazRvrulobani, is cnebebi da

kategoriebi, rac adamians aqcevs Rirseulad.

sityva `Rirseba~-s aqvs Tavisi mniSvnelobebi: dadebiTi Tviseba; maRali

moraluri, adamianuri Rirebuleba, pativdebuli sazogadoebriv-moraluri

mdgomareoba; avkargianoba.

15

`Rirseba~ iseTi sityvaa, romliTac adamianis mTeli Sinagani buneba, misi

sulieri samyaro SeiZleba Sefasdes da es arseba Tavis mTlianobaSi

xelisguliviT gadaiSalos. Rirseuli adamiani ki iseTi adamiania, romelic

axorcielebs, icavs da amkvidrebs am `RirsebisTvis~ aucilebel Rirebulebebs.

Cveni tradiciuli warmodgeniT: Rirseuli xar maSin, roca simarTles icav;

Rirseuli xar roca, Tavisuflebas icav; roca sityvis uflebas icav; sxvis

Rirsebasac icav; roca sicocxlis uflebas icav; roca samSoblos icav; da

siyvarulis uflebas icav; roca ubralod icav; Seni winaprebis adaT-wess icav;

roca Svilebis momavals icav da kidev bevr sxvas... icav.

Rirsebaayrili, Rirebulebebisagan daclili adamiani sazogadoebisaTvis

gamousadegari xdeba da, cxadia, Tavis Tavsac veranair sikeTes ver moutans.

swored am sakiTxebs exeba erT-erT Tavis blogSi1 (`MODUS VIVENDI~)

profesori zurab marSania. igi gmobs manqurTizms. manqurTi idealuri monaa,

romelsac yvelaferi daviwyebuli aqvs, pirvel rigSi ki _ sakuTari warsuli, ena

da istoria. igi mTlianad gadajiSebuli adamiania da usityvod asrulebs Tavisi

batonis brZanebebs. Cveni winsvlis verc erT saqmeSi, verc erT ubanze, manqurTi

sando partniori ver iqneba. amitom saSuria yvela im qarTvelis gamxneveba, visac

adamianis saxe da Rirseba SerCenia. amisaTvis avtori did adamianTa sityvebs

mouxmobs. igi aRniSnavs:

,,Cemeulad gamoviyene da „avkinZe“ iseT moazrovneTa gamonaTqvamebi

rogorebicaa: f. larofSuko, n. makiaveli, goeTe, lev tolstoi, k. helveciusi, j.

golsuorsi, r. dekarte, d. iumi, mark tveni, k. koltoni, S. monteskie, anatol

fransi, i. gonCarovi, Tomas mani, d. peki, benjamen franklini, p. kalderoni,

lukreciusi, uiliam Seqspiri, r. emersoni, i. cSoke, volteri, T. karleili,

spinoza, u. Ceningi, aristotele, apuleusi, i. beheri, u. jeimsi, ivane pavlovi, u.

1 sityva blogi, Sesityveba „veblogi“-dan (weblog) warmoebulia. Tavad veblogi ki ori sityvis

erTobliobaa – vebi (web) da logi (log). rac iTargmneba rogorc veb Canaweri, an veb Jurnali.

blogi Zalian hgavs vebsaits, magram ramdenime misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSanic aqvs. yvela blogs

aqvs saTauri. rogorc wesi, blogSi ganTavsebuli TiToeuli Canaweri daTariRebulia da

komentarebis datovebis saSualeba aqvs. rogorc wesi, blogi romelime konkretuli individis mier

aris Seqmnili, magram arsebobs korporatiuli blogebic. aseT SemTxvevaSi TiToeul Canawers

konkretuli avtori hyavs. korporatiul blogSi, rogorc wesi, miTiTebulia, rom gamoTqmuli

mosazrebebi konkretul adamians ekuTvnis da ama Tu im organizaciis Sexedulebebs ar warmoadgens.

blogSi gakeTebul Canawerebs „posti“ hqvia, es termini inglisuri sityvidan (post) aris

warmoebuli, qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc Setyobineba. blogSi postebi regularulad qveyndeba

da ukuqronologiurad aris ganlagebuli (http://sandroasatiani.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/%E1%

83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%91%E1%83%

9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98/).

http://sandroasatiani.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/%E1%25%2083%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%91%E1%83%25%209A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98/



16

bejeTi, javaharlal neru, v. kliuCevski, Jan-Jak ruso da gustav floberi. sul

cotaodeni Cemi naazrevic davamate da ase gamovitane mkiTxvelis samsjavroze.

statiaSi warmodgenili ideebi erTob banalur, magram samaradiso

WeSmaritebebs exeba. iseTebs, romelTa gareSe warmoudgenelia cxovreba namdvili -

Rirseuli adamianisa. cxovreba, romelic sicocxlis sinonimia da ara ubralo

„arseboba“. im e.w adamianebs ki, romelebic mxolod „arseboben“ da ar cxovroben,

didi mwerlis i. kuprinis cnobili romanis saTaurSi moyvanili sityvebi SeiZleba

vuwodoT mxolod - „cocxali gvami“.

(http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=13958&f_cat=&a_title=MODUS+VIVENDI)

garkveuli gagebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom RirebulebaTa klasifikacia unda

daefuZnos imas, rac adamians gaxdis Rirseuls, anu unda daefuZnos moralis

rigis kategoriebs. emanuel kantic xom ambobda: ori ram mancvifrebs am qveyanaze,

varskvlavebiT moWedili ca Cems zemoT da morali CemSio. `morali~ RirebulebaTa

klasifikaciis mniSvnelovan gasaRebs gvaZlevs.

morali (laT. moralis _ zneobrivi) _ eTikuri faseulobebis samyarodan is

dargi, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, aRiarebulia yoveli zrdasruli adamianis

mier. am dargis zoma da Sinaarsi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi da sxvadasxvanairia

sxvadasxva xalxsa da mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenaSi (principi _ moralis

simravle da eTikis erTianoba). moralis ZiriTadi problemebia sakiTxebi imis

Sesaxeb, Tu romelia `kargi zne-Cveuleba~, ra aris `rigiani~, ra xdis

SesaZlebels adamianTa erTobliv cxovrebas, romelSic TiToeuli uars acxadebs

cxovrebiseuli faseulobebis srul ganxorcielebaze (sakvebis miReba, sqesobrivi

ltolva, usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba, swrafva niSnadobisa da flobisken)

socialuri faseulobebis ganxorcielebis (yvelaze naklebad im gagebiT, rac

sworad iTvleba) sasargeblod (sxvaTa uflebebis aRiareba, samarTlianoba,

TavSekavebuloba, erTguleba, Semwynarebloba, Tavazianoba da a.S.); yvela xalxSi

da yvela dros gabatonebul morals, garda socialuri faseulobebisa, miekuTvneba

agreTve isini, romlebic religiis mier Sefasebulia rogorc kargi saqcieli

(moyvasis siyvaruli, qvelmoqmedeba, stumarTmoyvareoba, winaprebis pativiscema,

religiuri kultebis aRsruleba da a.S.). morali _ esaa individualuri

mikrokosmosis Semadgeneli nawili, igi Seadgens erT-erT moments, romelic

gansazRvravs pirovnebisTvis samyaros suraTs.

http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=13958&f_cat=&a_title=MODUS+VIVENDI

17

`moralTan~ ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli misgan warmomdgar cnebaTa da

kategoriaTa mTeli rigi, romlebic agreTve ganmartebebs saWiroebs, amitom maTac

unda SevexoT.

batonTa morali da monebis morali (brbos morali) _ nicSe

ganasxvavebs maT rogorc moralis or ZiriTad tips. susti da daCagruli

gaborotebis gamo `batonTa~ winaaRmdeg qmnis morals, romelSic sisuste da

daCagruloba umaRlesi faseulobebia; ase warmoiSva morCileba da TanagrZnoba _

qristianuli faseulobebi, amitom isini unda iqnes Secvlili batonTa moralis

Sesabamisi faseulobebiT: distanciis grZnobiT, Zalis SegnebiT da a.S.

grZnobaze damyarebuli morali _ moralis maxasiaTebeli,

romelic xedavs grZnobebSi, midrekilebebSi, afeqtebSi zneobrivi nebis da qcevis

motivebs (am mimarTulebis mTavari warmomadgenlebi arian: Seftsberi, hatCisoni);

misi sapirispiroa gonebrivi morali.

refleqsuri morali _ morali, romelic iTxovs zneobrivi nebisgan,

raTa igi aucileblobiT gansazRvravdes Tavis Tavs refleqsiis daxmarebiT

gonivruli gagebis da fiqris Sedegad. imavdroulad grZnobiTi morali miiCnevs

garkveul grZnobas (mag., TanagrZnoba, siyvaruli) zneobrivi nebis moZraobis

safuZvlad.

moralistebi _ mwerlebis da filosofosebis jgufi, romelic

moraluri uxamsobis Tavidan asarideblad iswrafoda gamoekvlia vnebaTa arsi da

miuTiTebda vnebebis marTvisa da maTTan brZolis meTodebs. àlalmarTlobis da

mouTmenlobis gamo isini ugulebelyofen sistematur wesrigs da logikas,

iviwyeben ra maT... gulwrfelobiTa da mouTmenlobiT isini erTgvarad alamazeben

TavianT Sexedulebebsa da gamokvlevebs, pouloben maTTvis individualur,

uTanabro, mRelvare stils, romelsac aforistuls uwodeben. maTSi jer kidev

cocxlobs antikuri da Sua saukuneebis droidan skolaTa, akademiaTa da

eklesiaTa keTilzneoba, siyvaruli Sinagani cxovrebis, sinaTlis da silamazis

mimarT, rac Tavidan acilebT araTanamimdevrulobas da TviTnebobas~ (k. fosleri

`Die franzosischen Moralisten~-is winasityvaobaSi, 1938). frang moralistebs

miekuTvnebian laroSfuko, vovenargi, monteskie, Samfori, rivaroli; 1711 wels

Seftsberim gamoaqveyna SemdgomSi saxelganTqmuli wigni `The moralists~. mis

garda, yvelaze cnobili ingliseli moralistebi iyvnen: kumberlendi, batleri,

klarki, uiliam volastoni, aCesoni, homi da fergiusoni.

18

moraluroba (laTin. moralitas _ zneobrioba) _ kantis mixedviT,

moqmedebas mxolod maSin axasiaTebs moraluroba, roca igi ubralod ki ar

Seesabameba zneobriv kanons, aramed Tavad gamomdinareobs movaleobis ideidan. m o

r a l u r i _ miekuTvneba morals, Seesabameba morals, zneobrivi, agreTve

(gansakuTrebiT frangebsa da ingliselebSi) fizikuris sapirispiro, anu sulieri.

moraluri principi _ yovelgvari principi, romelic unda

gansazRvravdes zneobriv nebas, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sixaruli (hedonizmi),

bedniereba (evdemonizmi), sargebeli (utilitarizmi), bunebriv survilTa

dakmayofileba (eTikuri naturalizmi), srulyofileba (evforizmi), harmonia da

a.S.

axla ukve SegviZlia ufro meti ram gaviazroT moralis Sesaxeb, rac

ukavSirdeba iseT filosofiur kategorias, rogoricaa èTika~.

eTika (berZ. ethika, ethos-idan _ Cveuleba, zneobrivi xasiaTi) _ moZRvreba

zneobis, moralis Sesaxeb. termini pirvelad gamoiyena aristotelem rogorc

kvlevis gansakuTrebuli dargis _ `praqtikuli~ filosofiis _ aRniSvna, radgan

swored is upasuxebs kiTxvas: ra unda gavakeToT Cven? eTika gvaswavlis SevafasoT

yovelgvari situacia, raTa SesaZlebeli gavxadoT eTikurad (zneobrivad) swori

saqcieli. igi aRzrdis adamianSi mowodebas daasrulos samyaro arsebul samyaroze

anu imaze rac aris, im samyaros daSenebis gziT is, rac unda iyos. eTika ikvlevs,

ras aqvs faseuloba cxovrebasa da samyaroSi, radgan eTikuri qceva mdgomareobs

eTikuri faseulobebis ganxorcielebaSi. es faseulobebi unda veZeboT rogorc

yvela situaciaSi, aseve pirovnebaSi. eTika xels uwyobs Semfasebeli cnobierebis

gaRviZebas. cxovrebaSi, romelic iZulebulia warmarTos Tanamedrove adamianma,

eTikuri ganxilva da rwmena Znelad poulobs Tavis adgils. Tanamedrove adamiani

gamoTayvanebulia da mudmivad Cqarobs. eTikuri adamianisTvis, piriqiT, misawvdomia

faseulobis gageba, is _ brZenia (laT. sapiens _ gemovnebis mqone), daxvewili

gemovnebiT, nazi organoTi cxovrebis faseulobis aRsaqmelad. aradiferencirebuli

Semfasebeli cnobiereba aRmoCndeba xolme TiToeuli adamianisTvis Tavisi nebis

funqciad, vinaidan neba SeiZleba iyos qmediTi mxolod maSin, Tu igi mimarTuli

iqneba faseulobaze. eTikuri faseulobebi, romelTa mniSvneloba ixsneba aRzrdis

an eTikuri grZnobis wyalobiT, TavisTavad ganlagdeba ierarqiul kibed,

faseulobaTa Tavisebur `piramidad~, romlis baziss qmnis aracnobierad

ganxorcielebuli cxovrebiseuli faseulobebi (neba cxovrebisTvis, sakvebis

19

moTxovnileba, sqesobrivi moTxovnileba da a.S.), romlis wverze ganlagdeba

umaRlesi dasaSvebi faseuloba. eTikuri faseulobebi _ esaa rwmenis da qcevis

faseulobebi. eTikurad faseuli rwmenidan (ganzraxvidan) gamomdinare moRvaweobas

SeiZleba hqondes damRupveli Sedegebic da gamoiwvios damRupveli reaqciebi.

yovelgvari eTikuri faseuloba, Secnobili rogorc aseTad, warmarTavs adamianis

eTikur energias sakuTar Tavze da moiTxovs adamianisgan Tavis ganxorcielebas.

xdeba ara faseulobaTa gadafaseba, aramed maTi Secvla Semfaseblur cnobierebaSi:

`Semfasebluri cnobierebis `SezRuduloba~ ganapirobebs imas, rom yovel jerze

SeiZleba ganixilebodes mxolod faseulobaTa SezRuduli ricxvi, RirebulebaTa

samyaros SezRuduli dargi. adamianuri arsebobis moTxovnilebebi ganapirobebs

Semfaseblur cnobierebaSi mudmivad axali faseulobebis gaCenas, xolo sxvebi

qreba iqidan. is, rac asi wlis win iyo maRalzneobrivi, dRes SeiZleba iyos

uzneo. yovel adamians aqvs faseulobaTa sakuTari `piramida~. faseulobaTa

`piramidas~, romlis safuZvelicaa romelime xalxis mimarT kuTvnileba (rogorc,

mag., enis da azrovnebis erTianoba), aqvs saerTo ZiriTadi arsi, romelic Seicavs

Rirebulebebs, romelTa ganxorcieleba moeTxoveba yovels da yvelasTvis

ivaraudeba. faseulobaTa jgufi, romelic gaerTianebulia am ZiriTad arsSi, qmnis

zne-Cveulebas, gabatonebul morals. faseulobaTa ganxorcieleba _ esaa is, rom

mihyve moTxovnas, romelic gamomdinareobs faseulobidan da dauqvemdebaro am

moTxovnas yoveldRiuri cxovreba; mag., patiosnebaa ara marto aRiaro is, rogorc

saTnoeba, aramed Tanamimdevrulad moiqce am zneobrivi faseulobis Sesabamisad.

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis situaciebSi adamians Cveulebriv SeuZlia airCios mraval

faseulobas Soris. eTika varaudobs, rom adamians aqvs arCevis SesaZlebloba, anu

Tavisufleba. eTikis Tanaxmad, adamiani eTikurad sworad iqceva im SemTxvevaSi,

Tuki igi axorcielebs im faseulobas, romelic misi ganxorcielebisTvis

saWiroebs udides zneobriv Zalas (mag., Tavdadeba). saWiro Zalisxmeva mowmobs,

rom es faseuloba (mocemuli pirovnebisTvis) iZens ufro met mniSvnelobas, vidre

sxva faseulobebi, romelTagan mas SeuZlia airCios. faseulobebis ganxorcieleba,

romlebic aRiarebulia garemoebebisda mixedviT umaRlesad, aris sikeTe; romelime

yvelaze dabla mdgomi faseulobis ganxorcieleba aris boroteba. eTikuri

mniSvnelobis faseulobaTa samyaroSi asxvaveben: 1) mTavar adamianur faseulobebs,

romlebic met-naklebi xarisxiT Sedis yvela sxva eTikur faseulobebSi (esaa

cxovrebis, cnobierebis, moRvaweobis, tanjvis, Zalisxmevis, nebis Tavisuflebis,

20

ganWvretis, mizanswrafvis faseulobebi); 2) saTnoebebi (samarTlianoba, sibrZne,

gambedaoba, TavSekavebuloba, moyvasis siyvaruli, simarTle da gulwrfeloba,

erTguleba da Tavganwirva, ndoba da rwmena, mokrZalebuloba da morCileba,

sxvebTan urTierTobis faseuloba); 3) ufro kerZo (piradi) eTikuri faseulobebi

(siyvaruli yvelaze Soreulis mimarT, unari, aCuqo sxvebs Seni sulieri

monapovari, pirovnebis faseuloba, siyvaruli, romelic mimarTulia sxva

pirovnebis idealur faseulobaze) _ yvela am faseulobis diferencireba kidev

SeiZleba. eTikis istoria mowmobs eTikur sistemaTa did mravalferovnebas. Tavisi

Sinaarsis da dasabuTebulobis mixedviT eTika heteronomulia (aqvs gareSe, ucxo

kanoni: zneobrivi kanoni gveZleba RmerTis mier) an avtonomiuri (aqvs sakuTari

Sinagani kanoni), formaluri (romelic warmogvidgens zneobrivi qcevis raRac

sayovelTao princips) an materialuri (romelic adgens zneobriv faseulobebs),

absoluturi (Tuki igi ganixilavs eTikur faseulobaTa mniSvnelobas, miuxedavad

maTi aRiarebisa) an pirobiTi (Tuki igi amtkicebs faseulobebs rogorc adamianis

moRvaweobis Sesabamisi mizanmimarTulebis funqcias). nebis miznis da qcevis

mixedviT eTika arsebobs evdemonisturi, hedonisturi, utilitaruli,

perfeqcionistuli. Tanamedrove filosofiaSi Warbobs eTikuri sistemebis sami

ZiriTadi tipi: faseulobebis eTika (zemomoyvanili magaliTis saxiT), socialuri

eTika da qristianuli eTika, romelic emyareba yovelive arsebulis ucvleli

arsis da mizanSewonili wesrigis debulebas da aRiarebs RvTaebriv mcnebas.

mxolod dadebiT mcnebebze damyarebuli eTika warmoadgens ukeTes SemTxvevaSi

moralur Teologias, magram ara filosofiur eTikas.

faseulobaTa eTika _ aristotelemde aRmavali eTikis forma,

romelsac specialurad upirispireben kantianiseul formalur eTikas, ris gamoc

Selerma uwoda faseulobaTa materialuri eTika. kantis mixedviT, moraluri

karnaxi (brZaneba, davaleba, iZuleba) yovelTvis formaluri kanonia, romelic ki

ar miuTiTebs, ra unda undodes adamians, aramed mxolod imas, rogor unda

undodes mas, vinaidan sikeTis arsi TavisTavad warmoadgens nebis wminda

formalur xarisxs. formis primatobis idea Sinaarsze jer kidev antikuri xanidan

modis; aristotelesTan miznis Camoyalibeba iyo wminda forma, platonTan _

sikeTe. kantis mixedviT, `materia~ grZnobaTa saqme iyo, yvela principi

(kategoriebi, ideebi, postulatebi da a.S.), piriqiT, `wminda formebia~, garda

amisa, isini apriorulia, ris gamoc pretenzia aqvs sayovelTao mniSvnelobaze. m.

21

Seleri (`Der Formalismus in der ETthik und die materiale Wertethik~, 1927),

piriqiT, miiCnevda: swori araa arc is, rom yvela aprioruli formaluria, arc is,

rom yvela materialuri aposteriorulia. materialurad gansazRvruli neba ar

saWiroebs, rogorc Tvlida kanti, iyos gansazRvruli empiriulad da arc

adamiani Camohyavs `bunebis arsebis~ donemde. igi azrovnebas miakuTvnebs

grZnobadobas daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc aprioruls _ aposterioruls. amis

sapirispirod fenomenologiam daamtkica, rom nebismier aRqmaSi arsebobs

apriorul elementTa simravle. kantis Tanaxmad, nebis nebismieri materialuri

gansazRvra dakavSirebulia kmayofilebasTan an ukmayofilebasTan, xolo sasurveli

sikeTis faseuloba ganisazRvreba mxolod am kavSiris meSveobiT. sinamdvileSi

cnobierebas micemuli aqvs mxolod faseulobaTa matareblebi faseulobis

zomasTan erTad, romelic gadaaqcevs kidec maT sasurvelad. romelime sagnis,

rogorc namdvili faseulobis, arseboba miiRweva emociuri da ara

inteleqtualuri aqtiT. arsebobs wminda aprioruli faseuloba. `suliskveTebiT

emociuri grZnobadoba, upiratesobis miniWeba, siyvaruli, siZulvili, mRelvareba

agreTve imTaviTve aprioruli Sinaarsisaa, romelsac ar sesxulobs azrovnebisgan

da romelic ganisazRvreba eTikiT, logikisgan sruliad damoukideblad. arsebobs

aprioruli ordre du coeur, an logique du Coeur, rogorc moswrebulad

SeniSna bles paskalma. arsebobs faseulobis pirveladi grZnoba, romelzec

dafuZnebulia faseulobis cnobiereba, romelic yovelTvis aris materialuri da

nivTieri (sagnobrivi) cnobiereba. Tavad faseuloba ar aris kanoni an brZaneba da

Tumca igi ar aris realuri warmonaqmni, mainc Tavisi SinaarsiT TavisTavad

obieqturi da materialuri warmonaqmnia. Tavisi materialuri bunebis wyalobiT

mas unari aqvs, gansazRvros brZanebis (karnaxis) Sinaarsi.

eTikuri Teologia, agreTve m o r a l u r i T e o l o g i a _

kantis mier naSromSi `praqtikuli gonis kritika~ gamoyenebuli cneba. kantis

Tanaxmad, zneobrivi kanonis arseboba, adamianis qcevebis moralurobas rom

gansazRvravs, aris RmerTis, rogorc am kanonis pirvelSemqmnelis da misi

garantis, arsebobis mtkicebuleba.

eTikuri _ zneobrivi, zneobis an eTikis Sesabamisi.

etiologia (berZ. aitia _ mizezi da logos _ moZRvreba) _ moZRvreba

mizezebis Sesaxeb. e t i o l o g i u r i _ mizezobrivi.

22

saerTo zogadi daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gakeTdes kategoriaTa

warmodgenili rigis, maTi Sinaarsis gaazrebis Sedegad Rirebulebebis

klasifikaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, is aris, rom

Rirebulebebis klasifikacia SesaZlebelia mravali niSnis gaTvaliswinebiT. am

klasifikaciis mTavar niSnad unda aviRoT iseT cnebebi, rogoric aris magaliTad,

`morali~ da sxva kategoriebi. saerTod ki, aseTi klasifikacia bevrnairad aris

SesaZlebeli. Rirebulebebi SeiZleba davyoT formaluri TvalsazrisiT

(pozitiuri da negatiuri Rirebulebebi); Rirebulebebi aseve iyofa SefardebiTad

da absoluturad; subieqturad da obieqturad; Sinaarsis mixedviT gansxvavdebian

nivTieri Rirebulebebi, logikuri eTikuri da esTetikuri Rirebulebebi; eTikuri

mniSvnelobis faseulobaTa samyaroSi ansxvaveben mTavar adamianur faseulobebs,

saTnoebebs, ufro kerZo (pirad) eTikur faseulobebs. faseulobaTa yvela am

jgufebis diferencireba kidev SeiZleba. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela

sferosac Tavisi Rirebulebebi aqvs.

1.2. wyaroebi

RirebulebiTi orientirebis gareSe adamianis yoveli qceva da yovelgvari

msjeloba azrs dakargavda, Tumca, TviT es Rirebulebebi maTSi iSviaTadaa

dasaxelebuli. sad, romel wyaroebSi amoviZioT da amovikiTxoT isini, sad

mivagnoT Rirebulebebs. bevri aseTi wyaro da saSualeba arsebobs. Rirebulebani

SeiZleba moZiebulni iqnen istoriul qronikebSi‚ filosofiur traqtatebSi‚

himnebSi‚ leqsebSi da TviT pirad werilebSic ki‚ uZveles Tu uaxles kanonebsa

Tu koncefciebSi... presis furclebze‚ enciklopediebSi‚ wignebsa Tu internetSi...

cnobebi RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb ara marto mateaneebSi‚ aramed uZveles romanebSic

moipoveba‚ romelTac romani imitom hqvia‚ rom Tavdapirvelad romanul-laTinurad

iwereboda... yvelafris saTave mainc aris biblia. bibliis enciklopediis

erTtomeulSi‚ romelic inglisuridan iTargmna da 1997 wels gamoica

(mTargmneli – uCa cindeliani; samecniero redaqtorebi: zaur kiknaZe‚ malxaz

sonRulaSvili)‚ aRniSnulia: „daiwyeT dasavluri civilizaciis safuZvlebis

kvleva da Tqven maSinve biblias miadgebiT. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi misi

gavleniT yalibdebodnen dasavluri kanonebi‚ ganaTlebis sistema‚ demokratiuli

idealebi‚ adamianis uflebebis Cveneuli koncefcia. didi evropeli

23

reformatorebis umravlesoba politikur‚ socialur da religiur sferoSi

bibliiT iyo STagonebuli. Tu biblias ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi‚ ubralod‚

SeuZlebelic kia Tanamedrove dasavleTis sulieri wyobis gageba. biblia dResac

kacobriobis kulturis centrSi dgas~ (bibliis enciklopedia‚ erTtomeuli. mT.

red. pat aleqsanderi; redaqtorebi: jon dreini‚ david fildi‚ alan maraldi.

qarTuli Targmani. g. b. s. saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba‚ gv. 86).

civilizaciur resursebs, mecnierebas, mxatvrul literaturas, xelovnebas,

rogorc RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb informaciis amouwurav wyaros, Cven met-naklebad

vexebiT mTel wignSi. aq jer aRvniSnoT is, rom gamoCenil adamianTa mxatvrul

nawarmoebebsa Tu sazogadoebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebsa da traqtatebSi gamoTqmuli

mosazrebebi da miRweuli Sedegebi farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba

maTi mokled, sxartad da mkafiod gamoTqmuli anu lakonuri‚ lapidaruli azrebis

saxiT (formiT). swored amitom eqceva cxoveli interesis sferoSi am mosazrebaTa

Txzulebebidan citatebis, aforizmebis, frTiani Tqmebis, moraluri xasiaTis

darigebebis Semcveli azris anu sentenciebis Sesaxeb informaciaTa mopoveba‚

Sekreba da wignebad gamocema. (ix. magaliTad: ilia WavWavaZe‚ amas vambob da

vRaRadeb... red.-Semdgenlebi: givi lobJaniZe‚ giorgi gabunia. quTaisi‚ 1997, gv.

584; – wminda ilia marTali (WavWavaZe)‚ Segonebani‚ Seadgina da gamosacemad

moamzada gia tiviSvilma. daibeWda cagerisa da lentexis episkoposis stefanes

(kalaijiSvili) locva-kurTxeviT‚ 2003; – vaJa-fSavelas aforizmebi da

gamonaTqvamebi‚ Semdgeneli m. mTvareliZe‚ Tsu gamomcemloba‚ Tb.‚ 1988; – akaki

gelovani. aforizmebi‚ xatovani Tqmebi‚ rCeuli azrebi msoflios xalxTa poeziasa

da prozaSi‚ gamomcemloba „xelovneba”‚ 1989‚ gv. 816; g. kalandaZe. aforizmebis

enciklopedia‚ brZnuli azrebis saganZuri. gamomcemloba „oazisi”‚ Tb.‚ 2006, gv.

712; – RmerTi‚ adamiani‚ Tavisufleba: n. a. berdiaevis „azrebi”. wignis Semdgeneli‚

gamomcemeli da redaqtori nato ciciSvili‚ teqsti Targmna da moamzada rezo

kveselavam‚ Tb.‚ 2004, gv. 184. _ RvTiuri sibrZnis enciklopedia eklesiis mamaTa

gamonaTqvamebi: uflis sibrZne; wminda mamaTa gamonaTqvamebi; berTa rCevebi;

mociqulTa darigebani; wmindanTa cxovrebani, Semdgeneli givi gaiozis Ze

kalandaZe. Tbilisi, 2007. RvTiuri sibrZnis marTlmadidebluri enciklopedia,

eklesiis mamaTa gamonaTqvamebi. Semdgeneli givi gaiozis Ze kalandaZe, Tbilisi,

2007. saqarTvelos dideba – RvTiuri sibrZnis marTlmadidebluri enciklopedia,

eklesiis qarTvel mamaTa gamonaTqvamebi, Semdegeneli givi gaiozis Ze kalandaZe,

24

Tb., 2009. sulieri megzuri. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmindesisa da

unetaresis ilia II-s gamonaTqvamebis krebuli, 2012), aseve gansakuTrebiT

didmniSvnelovnia 2011 wels cnobili flosofosisa da mTargmnelis baCana

bregvaZis mier gamocemuli xatovan azrTa krebuli, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba

àrtanuji~, 2011. es aris sxarti aforistuli gamonaTqvamebi, anu rogorc

evropelebi amboben: `yalyze Semdgari azri~. masSi mocemulia msoflios 1986

genialuri moazrovnis gamonaTqvamebi, romelic sul 366 gverdzea gadmocemuli.

CamonaTvalis gagrZeleba dausruleblad SeiZleba).

marTlac‚ fasdaudebeli Rirebulebis matarebelni arian aseTi msoflio

mniSvnelobis azrebi. isini aadvileben Taobidan Taobaze codnis gadacemas. rogorc

cnobili mkvlevari da leqsikografi akaki gelovani aRniSnavda: „aforizmebi‚

sentenciebi‚ frTiani sityvebi maradiuli lurji frinvelebiviT dahqrian

saukunidan saukunemde‚ iWrebian sxva xalxTa cxovrebaSi‚ imkvidreben adgils

erovnul saganZurSi da xSirad kacma aRar icis‚ saidan‚ visi da sadauria‚ magram

yvelasaTvis erTnairad maxlobelia‚ radgan adamiani marad da yvelgan erTnairia‚

erTnairad fiqrobs da ganicdis~ (a. gelovani, aforizmebi, xatovani Tqmebi,

rCeuli azrebi, msoflios xalxTa poeziasa da prozaSi, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~,

1989, gv. 7-8).

aRsaniSnavia‚ rom Zveli saberZneTis erT-erTi udidesi moazrovnis –

heraklite efeselis filosofiuri da Teologiuri azri samyaros da RmerTebis‚

adamianuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaTa ganviTarebis Taobaze „...misi

Txzulebebidan sityva-sityviT amokrefili da Cvenamde miRweuli fragmentebi

didros krebulSi 126 Zalze mokle winadadebis saxiTaa warmodgenili”. (Die

Fragment der Vorsokratiker, griechisch und deutsch von Hermann Diels, Berlin,

1934, s. 150-179). (wyaro: bregaZe b. axali Targmanebi. Txzulebebisa da Targmanebis

ortomeuli‚ II‚ gamomcemloba „nekeri~‚ Tb. ‚ 2006. gv. 5).

umaRlesi Rirebulebebi – siyvaruli, megobroba, saTnoeba da sxva – TviT

adamianSia da vlindeba sxva adamianebTan urTierTobebSi. maSasadame, am

urTierTobebSic, Cveulebriv saubrebSic aris SesaZlebeli maTi moZieba. gamoCenil

Tu ubralo adamianTa cxovrebaze xalxi xSirad swored imitom saubrobs da es

imitomaa mniSvnelovani, rom magaliTebze gaarkvios Cveni – sazogadoebis, eris,

pirovnebebis – sxvadasxva Rirebulebebi.

25

swored amitomac aris is, rom, rogorc ki Cven sakuTar Rirebulebebze

daviwyebT laparaks, upirveles yovlisa, gvaxsendeba iseTi Sedevrebi, movlenebi da

pirovnebebi, rogoricaa: vefxisa da moymis balada, Tamar dedofali, qeTevan

wamebuli, cxra Zma xerxeuliZe, saqarTvelos bolo dedofali mariami, romelic

sveticxovelSi ganisvenebs, wminda ilia marTali, rafiel erisTavi, eqvTime

TayaiSvili, kaxeTis ajanyeba, mTiuleTis ajanyeba, andronikaSvilebi, dimitri

yifiani, paolo iaSvili da tician tabiZe, ximSiaSvilebis gmiroba, samSoblos

jariskaci, generali abel (balo) mayaSvili, generali kote afxazi _ qarTuli

mxedrobis Rirseuli warmomadgeneli, saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri qaquca

ColoyaSvili, didi mxedarTmTavari _ petre bagrationi, vaxtang gograsali, mefe

svimon I, mefe erekle II _ patara kaxi, generali giorgi mazniaSvili, qarTuli

mxedroba mefe Tamaris epoqaSi...

aseTi RirebulebebiT gansakuTrebiT aris mdidari qarTuli tradiciebi. esenia

ufrosebisadmi pativiscema, maTi gamocdilebis dafaseba, naTesauri, mezobluri,

megobruli Tanadgoma da a.S. samwuxaroa, rom es Rirebulebebi bolo xans,

TandaTanobT kargaven – gansakuTebiT, qalaqad – sayovelTao aRiarebas.

mokled, SevCerdeT qarTuli kazmulsityvaobis – xalxuri Tqmulebebisa da

mwerlobis – mniSvnelobaze Cvens erovnul cnobierebaSi maRal RirebulebaTa

damkvidrebis saqmeSi. xalxurma Semoqmedebam didad gansazRvra Cveni mwerlobisa

da, mTlianad, eris RirebulebiTi orientirebi da misi tradiciebi.

Tavis mxriv, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa qarTuli xasiaTi da eris yofa-

cxovreba, gansakuTrebiT, misi gamudmebuli brZola TavisuflebisaTvis. yovelive

aman eris gansakuTrebul Rirebulebebad aqcia Tavisufleba, patriotizmi,

megobroba, borotebasTan Seurigebloba (masTan brZolis wyurvili), tolerantoba,

saxelianoba.

amas emyareba rusTavelis cnobili striqonebi: `sjobs sicocxlesa naZraxsa,

sikvdili saxelovani~, `sjobs saxelisa moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~, da sxva.

xolo `vefxistyaosanma~ udidesi roli Seasrula mZime XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi

qarTuli cnobierebis SenarCunebasa da, amiT TviT Cveni eris, rogorc eris

gadarCenaSi.

qarTveli xalxisTvis miuRebelia gmiris gaampartavneba. uZvelesi amiranis

Tqmuleba xom imiT mTavrdeba, rom gmirma RmerTTan SeWideba moisurva da RmerTma

igi dasaja – kavkasions miajaWva. mindias Tqmulebis variantis mixedviT, gmiri

26

bunebis enis mcodne, brZeni, misani da mkurnali – gaampartavnda da amitom dakarga

Tavisi codna. ampartavnoba udidesi codvaa qristianuli religiis mixedviT.

qarTvelma xalxma ki ukve qristianobis miRebamde gaacnobiera igi rogorc

uaryofiTi Rirebuleba. SedarebisTvis: uZvelesi Suamdinaruli literaturuli

Zeglis, gilgameSis eposis gmiri xalxs awuxebs, pirveli Ramis uflebasac aZlevs

sakuTar Tavs da amiT arafers ar kargavs.

qarTul mentalobas imTaviTve axasiaTebs adamianis, rogorc umaRlesi

Rirebulebis Sepirispireba nivTier simdidresTan, rogorc ufro dabali rangis

RirebulebasTan. kacma saxelic ki ar unda anacvalos simdidres, es motivic aris

amiranis TqmulebaSi, sadac Zmebi urCeven gmirs, rom micvalebuli camcumis

anderZis miuxedavad, Tan ar waiyvanon camcumis coli da cxeni, radgan mavani amas

gaigebs rogorc mkvdris gaZarcvas.

adamianis, rogorc sazogadoebis umaRlesi miznis, sakiTxs `vefxistyaosanSi~,

Zalian mniSvnelovani kuTxiT exeba mecnieri ekonomisti giorgi qulayiZe Tavis

wignSi `qarTuli ideologiis safuZvlebi SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~

mixedviT~ (Tb., 1999). igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs oqros Tayvaniscemasa da

adamianis pativiscemas msoflio literaturasa da tariel-avTandilis

urTierTobaSi; mohyavs rusTavelis jadoqruli qarTuliT naTqvami `naxe Tu oqro

rasa iqms, kverTxi eSmakTa Zirisa~ da Semdeg ki wers: rusTavelma ìcis da Cvenc

gvaswavlis, rom yvelaze Zvirfasi am qveynad oqro ki ar aris, aramed adamiania, is

aris sazogadoebis umaRlesi produqti da mizani. poemaSi avTandili Sewuxebulia,

rom tarieli oqros samxres ar iSorebs, ganuyrelad atarebs, xolo asmaTis

mitovebas gamoqvabulSi arafrad agdebs. amitom TiTqos gabrazebiT eubneba igi

tariels:

`sjobs asmaTisa ar-leva maga samxrisa levasa,

mitom ar giqeb saqmisa uaresisa rCevasa.

samxre gabia oqrosa, oqromWedlisa dnobili,

uasako da usulo, ar sityvieri, cnobili;

aRarad ginda asmaTi, _ naxe marTali brWobili!..~

tarieli am darigebiT gons moego, umarTle xar metismetado upasuxa. amis

Semdeg wavidnen isini gamoqvabulSi asmaTTan Sesaxvedrad.

`vefxistyaosanSi~ yvelaferi adamianisTvis keTdeba, TviT RmerTma

adamianisTvis gaaCina qveyana da misca mas igi ùTvalavi feriTa~.

27

Cven gvaxsovs rusTavelis dabadebis 200 wlisTavis zeimis dReebSi, 1966

wels mwerlis da istorikosis, levan sanikiZis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom

rusTavelma adamiani gaaRmerTa, RmerTamde aiyvana, homerosma ki RmerTebi

gaaadamianao. amitom SemTxveviTi rodia, rom rusTavelis epoqaSi, Tamar mefis

kanonebiT adamianis sikvdiliT dasjac ki aikrZala. aseTi kanonebis miReba yvela

qveyanaSi dRemdec miuRweveli rCeba~ (gv. 13-14).

RirebulebaTa sakiTxs ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi Cven araerTxel

SevexebiT, magram aq, Cvens mwerlobaSi am sakiTxis ganxilvisas, ar SeiZleba ar

vaxsenoT mainc misi klasikuri formulireba samerTiani Rirebulebebisa _

`mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~, romelic yovelma Cvenganma icis da romelic

gansazRvrul gavlenas axdens qarTul cnobierebaze. aqve ar SeiZleba ar vaxsenoT

mainc nikoloz baraTaSvilis cnobili striqonebi poemidan `bedi qarTlisa~:

`raxel-hyris pativs nazi bulbuli, galiaSia datyvevebuli~. esec klasikuri

formulaa Tavisuflebisa da patriotizmis, rogorc umaRlesi Rirebulebebisa. an,

akakis: `SenTvis var, SenTvis movkvdebi, Cemo samSoblo mxareo~ da, an,

galaktionis: ùsamSoblod de es Rvino gadameqces Sxamad da sasikvdilo

gazmorebad moedos ZarRvebs~. da raoden samwuxaroa, rom zogjer dRes gaigoneb,

TiTqos patriotuli Temebi araa mxatvruli literaturis saqme.

gansakuTrebuli simZafriT dagvixata RirebulebaTa da antiRirebulebaTa

brZola vaJam. misi `gmirebi – rogorc T. Cxenkeli wers, _ kvdebian da kvlav

ibadebian, rogorc Tavis Tavze zneobrivad aRmatebuli, mtrobisa da borotebis

damZlevi, axal eTikur RirebulebaTa damamkvidrebeli, RvTaebrivi adamianebi~

(Tamaz Cxenkeli. mSvenieri mZlevari. Tb., 1989).

sikvdil-dabadebaSi avtori aq gulisxmobs raime movlenis Semdeg gmiris

fericvalebas, `gardacvalebas~, gardasaxvas.

T. Cxenkeli farTod ixilavs àluda qeTelaursa~ da `gvelis-mWamels~,

romlebic swored gmirebis am xelaxla dabadebas, axal RirebulebaTa

dasamkvidreblad maT brZolas exeba. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa es

brZola `gvelis-mWamelSi~, radgan gmiris axali eTikuri normebi aris mis mier

uzenaesi Rirebulebis – codnis – dauflebisa da am codniT sikeTeSi gamoyenebis

produqti. es codna mindias ar miuRia eSmakTan garigebis Sedegad, rogorc es

dasavlur faustur variantebSia.

28

vaJas mindia arc gaampartavnebula, rogorc es xalxur variantSia. misi

tragedia – codnis dakargva – gamoiwvia cxovrebis moTxovnebTan winaaRmdegobam,

am moTxovnebis gamapirovnebel adamianebTan kompromisma. adamianebTan

winaaRmdegobas mihyavs daRupvamde gr. robaqiZiseuli (dramaSi _ `lamara~) da

gamsaxurdiaseuli mindiac (novelaSi _ `xogais mindia~). oRond, gamsaxurdiaseul

modelSi, savaraudoa – goeTes gavleniT, mindias mier codnis dauflebis pirobad

oCopintres saxiT movlenil eSmakis sxeulTan Sekvraa gamoyvanili.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom sul axlaxans gamoCnda mindias axali xedva _ m.

gvelesianis `mindia~, romelSic eSmaki iseTi saxiT Semodis gmiris zmanebaSi, rom

winaswaraa ganwiruli masTan damarcxebisaTvis. aq avtoris mier gatarebulia azri,

rom sibrZne imarjvebs borotze, romelic am SemTxvevaSi Sinaganad gaorebuli

gmiris erTi nawilia.

RirebulebaTa wyaroebis kvlevisTvis umTavresi aris is, rom Rirebulebis

wyaro maradiuli WeSmaritebaa, aseTi ki mxolod uflis gzaa, e.i. raSic ufali

gansaxierdeba da damkvidrdeba, isaa, anu wyaro Cvens rwmenaSia. Semdeg, Tu wyaro

uflis gzaSia saZiebeli, ra Tqma unda, is mxolod uflis madliT arsebobs.

ufali rasac mogvmadlis CvenTvis maradiuli is aris. da kidev, yvelgan myofma da

yovlismcnobelma uzenaesma Tu ar mogmadla, verc Rirebulebebis matarebeli

gaxdebi da verc mis wyarod gadaiqcevi, mas ver miagneb. amitom swored

RvTivmomadlebuli adamianebi arian uzenaesi Rirebulebebis mqoneni, misi

gansaxierebani, romlebSic RvTis madli gamobrwyindeba da Cveni winsvlis

maradiul gzamkvlevad mogvevlineba imqveyniuri da amqveyniuri sulieri

samyarodan.

„Rirebuleba~ aris sityva‚ cneba‚ termini‚ romelsac adamianebi saubrisas da

sagazeTo masmediis meSveobiT intensiurad iyeneben. amis dasadastureblad uamravi

magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. aviRoT gazeT „24 saaTis~ 2004 wlis 5 Tebervlis

29 (578)-e nomeri. mis 1‚8 gverdebze moTavsebulia nino cincaZis mier

momzadebuli diskusia saTauriT „ruseTis mdare religiuri literaturis

gamsaRebel provinciad viqeciT~‚ romelSic monawileoba miuRiaT cnobil

pirovnebebs. maT saubarSi aseT frazebs amoikiTxavT: „... rac am wignSi

mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia...~ (mama zaza TevzaZe)‚ „... adamianuri Rirebulebebis

xarjze...~‚ „... saqme‚ ubralod‚ Rirebulebebis aRrevasTan gvaqvs...~. gazeTis 2004

wlis 20 Tebervlis #42 (59). nomerSi ki naxavT masalebs Semdegi saTaurebiT:

29

„sityvis Tavisufleba – marTlac Rirebuleba Tu Sirma?~ (eka kvesitaZe – gv. A1‚

3); „mTavaria menejmenti‚ mondomeba da Rirebulebebi~ (maia WalaganiZe – gv. B1)

uamravi aseTi masalis damowmeba SeiZleba‚ romlebSic avtorebi „Rirebulebis~

cnebas iyeneben. zemoaRniSnul masalebSi CamoTvlilia Semdegi Rirebulebebi:

Tavganwirva‚ siyvaruli‚ megobroba‚ gamtanoba. aseve dasaxelebulia uaryofiTi

Rirebulebebic: siZulvili‚ sixarbe‚ pativmoyvareoba‚ sicrue.

magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania TiToeul moqalaqeze fiqri...~.

garkveuli gagebiT‚ SeiZleba iTqvas‚ rom Rirebulebebis Camoyalibeba igive

rwmenis Camoyalibebis sakiTxia. fsiqologi marina WavWaniZe‚ gaz. „jorjian

TaimsSi~ (#013 (276)‚ gv. 7‚ 01.04-08.04, 2004) gamoqveynebul statiaSi „rwmena

da inteligenturoba~‚ sainteresod ganixilavs rwmenisa da Rirebulebebis

urTierTkavSirs. Rirebulebas igi terminiT „zefaseuloba~ moixseniebs. avtori‚

ganmartavs ra rwmenas‚ wers: „rwmena es aris codna‚ faseulobaTa sistema‚

romelic logikur argumentebs ar eqvemdebareba. es sruliad iracionaluri‚

aracnobierad Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebaa adamianisa gare samyarosa Tu sakuTari

Tavis mimarT. yvelaze saintereso masSi isaa‚ rom‚ rogorc wesi‚ misi Sinaarsi

dadebiTi da zefaseulovani motivaciebiTaa ganpirobebuli. me jer ar minaxavs

adamiani‚ romelic ityoda: „me mwams‚ rom kacobrioba unda amowydes‚ me am

mimarTulebiT unda vimoqmedo~‚ magram sruliad dasaSvebia aseTi gamoTqma: „me

mwams‚ rom yvela naZirala (an kidev raime gansakuTrebuli kategoria adamianebisa)

unda daixvritos (gasaxldes‚ ganadgurdes‚ aRigavos pirisagan miwisa)~.

m. WavWaniZe samarTlianad miiCnevs‚ rom rwmenis Camoyalibebis procesi

mTlianad individualuri da subieqturi movlenaa. igi wers: „vaglax‚ rom rwmenis

Camoyalibebis procesi adamianis fsiqikaSi individualuri da subieqturia da im

SemTxvevaSic ki‚ rodesac erTi da igive rwmenis mqonesaTvis verbaluri nawili

emTxveva‚ maSinac ki interpretacia gansxvavdeba. adamians SeiZleba sakuTar Tavze

hqondes warmodgena‚ rom is Zalian keTili da Semwynarebelia (amas karnaxobs misi

rwmena‚ rogori unda iyos adamiani) da gansxvavebuli rwmenis adamianebis mimarT

daundobeli da sastiki iyos. Tu gavixsenebT religiur omebs‚ revoluciebs‚

gadatrialebebs da gavaanalizebT Sida motivaciebs‚ yovelTvis mivadgebiT rwmenaTa

Sejaxebas”.

avtoris azriT‚ adamiani TviTon iqmnis zefaseulobebs (Rirebulebebs) da

ayalibebs rwmenis sistemas. igi wers: „arsebobs pirovnebaSi dauZleveli ltolva

30

Seqmnas zefaseulovani warmonaqmnebi da Camoiyalibos rwmenaTa sistema – esaa

megobroba‚ erTguleba‚ siyvaruli‚ patiosneba‚ samarTlianoba da a.S.~.

avtori gamoTqvams varauds‚ rom inteligentoba sxva adamianis rwmeniTi

sistemis SegrZnebas da mis pativiscemas efuZneba. „masac stkiva‚ isic

Seuracxyofilia~ – kargi gancdaa _ agrZelebs igi. Tu am gancdamde gaizrdebiT‚

Tqven dafiqrdebiT formaze‚ rogor imoqmedoT humanizmis saxeliT‚ mTeli

kacobriobis saxeliT‚ Zaladobis gareSe‚ da igrZnobT‚ rom ufro mimtevebeli da

keTili gaxdiT”.

dmanisis episkoposi mama zenoni (iarajuli) miiCnevs‚ rom kacobriobis

umTavresi Rirebuleba aris „adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis

dacvis~ saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi. qristianuli moZRvrebis

wiaRSi ganfenilia sazogadoebis umTavresi Rirebulebebi. mxolod wminda werili

ganasaxierebs Rirebulebebis pirvelwyaros‚ romelTagan umTavresi aris erTi

mxriv – Tavisufleba‚ da meore mxriv‚ – siyvaruli. „wminda werilma‚ romelzec

marTlmadidebeli qristianuli eklesia aRmocenda‚ _ agrZelebs igi, _ gvamcno ra

ieso qristes mowodeba – yvela adamianis Tanasworobisa da urTierTsiyvarulis

Sesaxeb‚ „RvTis xatebisa da msgavsebis~ Zveli aRTqmiseuli konkretika mogvca. mas

Semdeg‚ rac pirvelqmnilma adamianma Tavisufali nebis arCevaniT‚ uari Tqva

SemoqmedTan mudmivi kavSiris uwyvetelobaze‚ romliTac is sikvdils

dauqvemdebarebel sicocxles inarCunebda‚ RmerTma Tavi religiuri kanonis

meSveobiT Segvaxsena‚ rogorc samarTlis pirvelwyarom‚ romelic‚ rogorc

Semoqmedi goni‚ samyarosTan mudmiv mimarTebaSia. RmerTisgan‚ rogorc „myofisgan~‚

Sexseneba TavisTavad moicavs erTi mxriv mis Tavisuflebas da meore mxriv –

siyvaruls. es is Tvisebebia‚ romelTac golgoTas macxovari jvarze ara iZulebiT‚

aramed nebiT miiyvana da xeliT qmnil samsWvalze Zlierad mimsWvala. qristianul

msoflmxedvelobaze dayrdnobiT‚ samarTlebrivi reJimis daniSnulebis aRsaqmelad‚

TvalsaCino formulas warmoadgens marTlmadidebuli qristianuli moZRvrebis

wiaRSi aRmocenebuli principi – „kanoni pirmSoa Tavisuflebis~. qristianuli

gagebiT‚ kanoni warmoadgens zogadsakacobrio gzamkvlevs‚ WeSmaritebis yvelaze

Rrma kriteriums da cxovrebis sworad warmarTvis saSualebas‚ romlis mizania‚

daicvas pirovneba‚ misTvis RmerTisagan Tandayolili Rirseba – raimes

iZulebisagan; TumcaRa‚ sruliad gamijnulia Tavisufal arsebaSi TviTnebobad

qceuli mankierebisagan~. (dmanisis episkoposi zenoni (iarajuli)‚ kanoni pirmSoa

31

Tavisuflebis. marTlmadidebloba da adamianis uflebebi. ix.: gaz. „24 saaTi~‚

2004 wlis 7 aprili‚ #82 (631)‚ gv. 1.)

episkoposi miiCnevs‚ rom „Cven yofierebis or plans ganvekuTvnebiT – sulier

da bunebriv-socialurs‚ Tavisuflebis da aucileblobisas~. mas mohyavs msoflio

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier 1986 wels SemuSavebuli principi adamianis

uflebaTa Sesaxeb: „marTlmadidebeli qristianebi‚ vinaidan yoveldRe viazrebT

STamosvlas RmrTisas‚ vibrZviT yovelgvari fanatizmisa da siZulvilis winaaRmdeg

adamianebsa da xalxebs Soris‚ iqidan gamomdinare‚ rom vqadagebT gankacebas

RmrTisas da ganRmrTobas adamianisas‚ vicavT uflebebs nebismieri adamianisa da

nebismieri xalxisa. xolo raki qristes macxovnebel qmedebaTa SemweobiT

vcxovrobT RmrTis mier naboZebi TavisuflebiT‚ Segvwevs Zala da gvaqvs ufleba‚

kidev ufro aRvamaRloT sayovelTao Rirseba nebismieri adamianisa da xalxebis~

(citirebulia imave wyarodan).

gazeT „24 saaTSi~ gamoqveynebul maia WalaganiZis mier momzadebul masalaSi

„misia, romelic dRes gacilebiT didia~ (ix. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #75 (624)‚ gv. A1‚

2004)‚ romelic eklesiis upirveles amocanebs eZRvneba‚ episkoposi zenoni

acxadebs: „dRes eklesiis misia gacilebiT ufro didia‚ vidre aqamde SeiZleba

yofiliyo. dRes msoflioSi mimdinare integraciis‚ globalizaciis procesebi

Cvens winaSec aqtualurad dgas. mcire qveyanam‚ rogoric saqarTveloa‚ ise unda

daimkvidros sakuTari adgili msoflio kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Soris‚ rom

ufro Zlierma qveynebma‚ didma kulturam da civilizaciam‚ erTgvari uxerxuloba

ar Seuqmnas~.

saerTod‚ am interviuSi episkopos zenonis saubris teqsti erT mTlianobad

aRiqmeba da misi citireba am mTlianobis harmonias arRvevs. miuxedavad amisa‚

gvinda gamovyoT azri imis Sesaxeb‚ rom yvelafers Tanamedrove poziciebidan unda

mivudgeT. rogorc episkoposi aRniSnavs: „dRes qristianizacia unda moxdes‚

eklesiam‚ SeiZleba iTqvas‚ Tavidan unda daiwyos samisionero moRvaweoba”. da

marTlac‚ gana qristianoba yovelwamieri Tavidan dawyeba araa? am dawyebaSi ki‚

upirveles yovlisa‚ yuradReba gvmarTebs sxvisa da sakuTari Tavis mimarT. aravinaa

srulyofili da Cvenc unda gavizardoT. meufe zenoni ase gvmoZRvravs: „adre‚

roca patara viyavi‚ TiTqmis gafetiSebul nacionalizms vuWerdi mxars. episkoposi

var da SemiZlia vTqva‚ rom marTlmadidebloba yvela erovnebaze da erovnulobaze

32

maRla dgas~. rogor gavs es sityvebi aristoteles sityvebs! platoni Cemi

megobaria‚ WeSmariteba ki yvelaferze maRla dgaso.

qarTuli samociqulo marTlmadidebluri eklesia am Cveni gadamrCeni

Rirebulebebis maradiuli mcvelia. isini, upirveles yovlisa, toponimebSia

daculi, romlebic iseve Zvelia, rogorc samyaro, nadirobis qalRmerTis `dalis~

TayvaniscemiT iwyeba da mTavrdeba qristeTi.

axali mTavrobis erT-erT umTavres prioritetad swored kulturaa

miCneuli. strategiuli gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba is, rom xeli SeuwyoT

qarTuli kulturuli sivrcis msoflio kulturul sivrceSi integracias.

kulturuli memkvidreoba daculi iqneba msoflioSi aRiarebuli standartebis

Sesabamisad. sagangebo RonisZiebebi gatardeba qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo

enis dasacavad. aseve, qarTuli sportis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobisaTvis.

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos Tavisi Rirebulebebi aqvs. sxvanairad

saxelmwifos dargobrivi politika umizno iqneba. davsvaT‚ magaliTad‚ aseTi

kiTxva: ra Rirebulebebs unda efuZnebodes kulturis politika saqarTveloSi?

Cveni azriT, kulturas isini unda ganagebdnen‚ visac bevri codna da gamocdileba

daugrovebia. aRniSnuli sferos organizaciebi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli

pirebi unda gaxdnen. maT unda hqondeT damoukidebloba‚ raTa saxelmwifo

dafinansebis garda‚ gavidnen pirdapir kontaqtebze. danarCeni kargi menejmentis

saqme iqneba. aucilebelia kerZo iniciativis ganviTareba da konkurentuli garemos

Seqmna‚ radgan iq‚ sadac saxelovnebo bazarze konkurencia arsebobs‚ Cinovnikebs ar

unda hqondeT im arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba‚ Tu ra unda daafinanson da ra –

ara. saxelmwifo sazRvravs politikas‚ acxadebs prioritetebs‚ am politikis

saSualebiT da im TanxebiT‚ rac gaagaCnia; axorcielebs politikas‚ magram

gadawyvetilebas konkretul satendero sakiTxebze sazogadoeba unda iRebdes; Cveni

prioriteti unda iyos kulturuli memkvidreoba‚ saxelovnebo ganaTleba, erTi

sityviT, yvelaferi‚ rac ar aris dasakargi‚ rac aris Rirebuli.

profesori aleko cincaZe yuradRebas miapyrobs iseT sferos‚ rogoricaa

ganaTleba. igi amtkicebs, rom arsebobs swavlebis originaluri qarTuli

meTodologia‚ romelsac jer kidev kolxeTis umaRles ritorikul skolaSi (III-

IV ss.) iyenebdnen‚ sadac swavleba empiriulad mignebuli xerxiT – „erTiani

ganwyobis Seqmnis safuZvelze xdeboda~ (ix. „jorjian Taimsi~‚ #013 (276)‚ 01.04.

– 08.04. 2004‚ gv. 10). am Teoriis safuZvlad miCneulia e.w. ganswavladi

33

sistemebis Teoria. es niSnavs imas‚ rom swavlebis am meTodologiis Tanaxmad

iseve‚ rogorc maTematikur formulebSi‚ „mxedvelobaSi miiReba wina codna

(informacia) da misi dazusteba (gamdidreba) xdeba TandaTanobiT (bijurad) axali

situaciis (informaciis) gaTvaliswinebiT~. (ix. „jorjian Taimsi~‚ #013 (276)‚

01.04. –08.04. 2004‚ gv. 10). qarTul mentalobaSi ganaTlebisaken miswrafebis

Semcveloba wonadia da igi Sesabamis istoriul gamocdilebas efuZneba.

exeboda ra erovnul Rirebulebebs‚ qarTuli sulierebis erT-erTi

ganumeorebeli gamovlineba zviad gamsaxurdia Tavis wignSi „saqarTvelos sulieri

misia~ da groznodan gazeT „samanis~ SekiTxvebze gamogzavnil pasuxebSi (ix.: gaz.

„jorjian Taimsi~‚ #008 (271)‚ gv. 17) miiCnevda‚ rom „qarTuli cnobierebis

safuZvelia qristianul RirebulebaTa prioriteti‚ sulierebis materialurze

maRla dayeneba‚ RvTisa da erisaTvis Tavganwirva da martviloba‚ qristianuli

raindoba~. z. gamsaxurdia asabuTebda‚ rom „marTlmadidebloba qarTuli

cnobierebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia~. mas aseve Rrmad swamda‚ rom qarTveli eri

aucileblad daibrunebs „kacobriobis sulieri moZRvris pozicias~ da „es ki imas

niSnavs‚ rom es midgoma iqneba mTavari matarebuli sulierebisa‚ qristianobisa...~.

vexebiT ra, qristianul Rirebulebebsa da prioritetebs, metad

mniSvnelovania imis gamorkveva mainc ra udevs safuZvlad am Rirebulebebs an

ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva, ra aris yovelive amis saTave, romelia yvelaze

umTavresi Rirebulebebi, romelsac Semdgom yvelaferi efuZneba.

cnobil amerikul filmSi àTi mcneba~ ebraelTa bibliuri winamZRoli mose,

romelsac RmerTi gamoecxadeba da eubneba: `me var romelic var~-o, SesTxovs

ufals mis xalxs aswvlos `wminda adamianebad~ gaxdoma da sTxovs, amisaTvis

wesebi momeci, rogor unda icxovron, rom viswavloTo. ufali moZRvravs: maSin

ise imoqmede, rogorc Tavisufalma adamianma. Sen Tavs mixede da sxvis qonebas nu

miiTvisebo~.

RmerTma israelianebi egvitelTa monobisgan ixsna da misca maT rjuli. es

rjuli ara marto religias, aramed cxovrebis yvela mxares moicavda. maTi

gulisguli ki aTi mcneba iyo.

`da Tqva RmerTma es sityva: me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac

gamogiyvaneT egviptelTa qveynidan, monobis saxlidan.

nu geyoleba sxva RmerTebi Cems winaSe.

34

nu gaakeTeb kerps, raime gamosaxulebas imisas, rac maRla caSia da rac

dabla dedamiwazea da rac wyalSia miwis qveviT. nnu scem Tayvans maT

da nu emsaxurebi, radgan me var ufali, Seni RmerTi, SurismaZiebeli

RmerTi, mamaTa codvis momkiTxavi Sviebisagan mesame da meoTxe

Taobamde, Cemi mtrebisagan. wyalobismyofeli aTasi Taobis iqiT Cems

moyvarulTaTvis da Cemi mcnebebis SemsrulebelTaTvis.

nu axseneb fuWad uflis, Seni RmerTis saxels, radgan dausjeli ar

gadaurCeba ufals Tavisi saxelis fuWad mxsenebli.

gaxsovdes SabaTi dRe, rom wminda hyo igi. eqvs dRes imuSave da akeTe

yvela Seni saqme. meSvide dRe ki uflis, Seni RmerTis SabaTia. ara

saqme ar akeTo arc Sen, arc Senma vaJma, arc Senma asulma, arc Senma

ymam, arc Senma mxevalma, arc Senma pirutyvma da arc Senma mdgmurma,

saxlSi rom gyavs. radgan eqvs dReSi Seqmna ufalma ca da miwa, zRva

da yvelaferi, rac masSia, da meSvide dRes Seisvena; amitomac akurTxa

ufalma SabaTi dRe da wmindahyo igi.

pativi ec mamas da dedas, raTa dRegrZeli iyo miwaze, romelic

ufals, Sens RmerTs moucia SenTvis.

ara hkla.

ar imruSo.

ara iqurdo.

ar gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni Tvistomis winaaRmdeg.

ar indomo Seni Tvistomis saxli; ar indomo Seni Tvistomis coli,

arc misi yma, arc misi mxevali, arc misi xari, arc misi saxedari, arc

araferi misi qonebidan.~ (gam. 20:1-17, rjl. 5:6-18. bibliis

enciklopedia, erTtomeuli, meore gamocema, Targmili inglisuri

enidan, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 117).

es israelis kanonebis yvelaze cnobili krebulia. cxadia, rom maT

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT: gamosvlaTa wignSi amiT ixsneba kanonTa mTeli

krebuli, romlebic moses mieca sinaze, xolo meore rjulis wignSi aTi mcnebis

Semdeg naTqvamia: ès sityvebi giTxraT ufalma mTels Tqvens krebuls... meti ar

uTqvams~ (rjl. 5:9,), _ e.i. mniSvnelobiT amaTi badali sxva kanoni arc arsebobs.

aTi mcneba mTels israels miemarTeba (da ara romelime calkeul jgufs,

vTqvaT, mRvdlebs) da imavdroulad TiToeul israeliansac cal-calke. aTi mcneba,

35

rogorc kanonTa krebuli, unikaluria, miT umetes, rom misi yoveli mcnebaTagani

ebrauli rjulis sxva adgilebSic meordeba.

aTi mcneba iyo RmerTis mier gaformebuli xelSekruleba israelianebTan. igi

dawerili iyo ori qvis dafaze (fiqalebze). erTi maTgani RvTis kuTvnili asli

iyo, meore ki _ israelis kuTvnili asli. israelSi aRTqma RmerTsa da mis xalxs

Soris daido. orive asli aTi mcnebisa inaxeboda aRTqmis kidobanSi, romelic iyo

israelis umTavresi siwmide. imavdroulad es iyo adgili, sadac RmerTic

imyofeboda. amitom orive asli SeiZleba erTad Senaxuliyo. sasjelad aTi mcnebis

darRvevisTvis sikvdili iyo gansazRvruli. es ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom

sasjeli yovelTvis sisruleSi mohyavdaT. aTi mcneba yvelaze mTavari iyo. aTi

mcneba aris RvTis `xelSekruleba-kanoni~ israelisaTvis. maT emateba israelianTa

rjulis wignebi, romlebic Seicaven mravalgvar miTiTebas sxvadasxva

SemTxvevisaTvis. aTi mcneba aris umTavresi Rirebuleba mTeli kacobriobisaTvis.

1.3. Rirebulebis formireba

yvela adamiani garkveuli Rirebulebebis matarebelia. rogor yalibdeba masSi

dadebiTi Rirebulebani? ra Tqma unda, es sibrZnis meSveobiT xdeba. amitom

upirveles yovlisa `sibrZnis~ cnebaSi unda gaverkveT.

sibrZne _ `faseulobis grZnobis gamsWvalva (SeRweva) cxovrebaSi,

sagnebis nebismier grZnobadobaSi, yovelgvar moqmedebasa da reagirebaSi spontanur

`Sefasebamdec~ ki, romelic axlavs yovel gancdas; mTeli sinamdvilis eTikuri

yofierebis gageba am yofierebis TvalsazrisiT; mudam safuZvlad rom udevs

praqtikuli moqmedebis Semecnebas mis faseulobasTan kavSirSi. mkacrad

antiinteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT amisTvis SeiZleba gvewodebina eTikuri

suliereba, eTikis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba, rogorc ZiriTadi sulieri

faqtori kacobriobis mTel cxovrebaSi~ (n. hartmani, eTika, 1935).

rogorc ilia WavWavaZes miaCnda, sibrZne rwmenisa da mecnierebis gareSe ar

arsebobs. isinia adamianis amaRlebis, RmerTTan misi miaxloebis saSualeba, rac

masSi aviTarebs iseT Rirebulebebs, rogorebicaa saTnoeba, siyvaruli, simarTle,

WeSmariteba, madli, mowyaleba... amaze metyvelebs ilia WavWavaZis mier gabriel

episkoposis dasaflavebis dRes warmoTqmuli sityva. mis mixedviT, imereTis

episkoposi gabrieli iyo `did-bunebovani kaci, romelsac RmerTi mouvlens xolme

am codvils qveyanas, rom adamianma misis mixedviT da magaliTiT SeiZlos

36

sakuTaris znisa da xasiaTis gawrTvna da ganmtkiceba...~ (i. WavWavaZe, sityva

Tqmuli gaenaTis monasterSi gabriel episkoposis dasaflavebis dRes. ix.: ilia

WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT, t.

IV, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 251). `TviToeuli wami misis cxovrebisa – moZRvrebaa,

magaliTia, anderZia CvenTvis da Cvenis qveynisaTvis. erTad-ki mTeli misi cxovreba

erTi didi skolaa maRal-saTnoebisa da siyvarulisa, marTlisa da WeSmaritebisa,

madlisa da mowyalebisa...~ (iqve).

ilia mianiSnebda im didi Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, romelsac flobda episkoposi.

rogorc igi aRniSnavda, gabriel episkoposis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirseba is

iyo, rom obieqturi realobis Sesacnobad mecnierebasa da religias saukeTeso,

ganuyrel erTian saSualebad miiCnevda. ilia ambobda: `me msurs mxolod aq

aRvniSno erTi imisTana mxare am didebul kacisa, romelSiac aris, Cemis fiqriT,

sxvaTa mravalTa Soris, erTi misi didi mniSvnelobaca. me ar vici imisTana sxva

kaci, _ saero, Tu samRvdelo, _ romlis gulSiac mometebulis mSvidobis-yofiT,

mometebulis da-ZmobiT erTad dabinavebuliyos samoqmedod mecniereba da

sarwmunoeba. gansvenebuli Rrmad-miwevnili mecnieri iyo da imdenadve Rrmad-

morwmuneca. aq aris, Cemis fiqriT, misi aRmatebuloba, misi mniSvneloba aramc Tu

marto CvenTvis, sxvisTvisac, radganac bevrsa hgonia, rom mecniereba da

sarwmunoeba erTmaneTSi mourigebelni da mouTavsebelni ariano. igia magaliTi am

morigebisa da moTavsebisa~ (iqve, gv. 252).

rogorc iTqva, mecnierebisa da sarwmunoebis erTmaneTSi morigebas aseTi didi

mniSvneloba imitom aqvs, rom mxolod am gziT SeiZleba veziaroT WeSmarit

sibrZnes.

ilia ambobda: `qveyana, batonebo, savsea xiluliTa da ara-xiluliTa adamianis

sulier da xorciel TvalTaTvis. erTis brZnisa ar iyos, `zogi sagania, rom Tu

ar dainaxe, ver irwmuneb, da zogi-ki imisTana, Tu ar irwmune ver dainaxav~. buneba

adamianisa imisTanaa, rom sulTa-swrafva Cveni erTsac etaneba da meoresac

sacnaurad orisav gziT, da miT ufro, rac adamiani Tval-axilulia da goneba-

gaRviZebuli. neba-uneblieT am ors samflobeloSi dadis mousvenrad goneba da

guli adamianisa, rom ipovos bina da aq daRaluli suli Seasvenos xolme

gulTaZvrisagan da msoflio Relvisagan.

am or samflobeloTa Soris SemaerTebel xidsa swnavs marto sibrZne,

romelic ase iSviaTia am wuTisofelSi, romliTac ase savse iyo gansvenebuli

37

mRvdelmTavari da romelic, Cemis fiqriT, sxva ara aris-ra, garda mecnierebis da

sarwmunoebis erTmaneTSi bednierad morigebisa, erTmaneTis SeubRalavad da

daumoneblad. amisTana sibrZnes swvdebodnen marto imisTana geniosebi, rogoric

niutoni da sxvani misebri, erTsa da imave dros RvTisa da bunebismetyvelni.

mTeli moZRvreba aw gansvenebulis saxelovanis mRvdelmTavrisa rom aiRoT,

Znelad ipoviT magaliTs, rom mecniereba gaewiros sarwmunoebisaTvis, an

sarwmunoeba – mecnierebisaTvis. piriqiT, igi sarwmunoebas amecnierebda da

mecnierebas asarwmunoebda, Tu ase iTqmis, da mTeli sibrZne misi amaSia

gamosaxuli~ (gv. 252-253).

aqedanve momdinareobs gabriel episkoposis cxovrebis dedaazri –`kacTaTvis

msaxureba~, romlis Sesaxebac ilia ambobs: `rom marto igi qeba-dideba Sromisa

dagvrCenoda, romelic man gviRaRada erTs Taviss dauviwyar qadagebaSi, da sxva

ara-ra, _ agrZelebs ilia, _ isic sakmao iqneboda, rom misi saxeli qveyanas

mohfenoda da Cvenc gvegrZno, ra didebuli da brZeni mRvdelmTavari davkargeT.

`me TiTon ar minaxavso, _ ambobs igi, _ xolo gamigonia sarwmuno kacTagan,

romel erTs Zvelad-Zvels eklesiaSi kedelzed aris daxatuli, yovlad-wmida

RvTismSobeli da mis win sZevs matyli, xelSi uWiravs tari da hqsovs matylsa.

netamc Cemis TvaliT menaxao!~ _ hnatrulobs am saucxovo xatiT aRtacebuli

mRvdelmTavari: _ `maSin me gavicnobdio meoresa kerZosa saRmrToisa misis

xasiaTisasa da udidessa pativsa da krZalvasa misdami igrZnobda guli Cemio! ra

kargi ram iqneboda, rom yovelsa qalsa maradis hqondes winaSe TvalTa isreTi

xati, yovlad-wmidisa, rom erTs-kerZo missa idges da Sescqerodes mas siyvarulis

RimiliTa RvTaebrivi misi yrma, xolo TviT xelT epyras matyli da tari da

saxesa zeda RvTaebrivsa gamoyvanili iyos is RvTaebrivi siwmide, simSvide da

siyvaruli, TvalTa Sina misTa brwyinvides is ufskruli gonierebisa da

krZalulebisa, romelni waritaceben kacis gulsao. esreTi xati iqneboda

WeSmariti droSa, anu simbolo, ese igi niSani yovelis qalis movaleobisa,

Rirsebisa da mniSvnelobisao!~

ase aTavebs sityvas zegardmo-STagonebiT mRaRadebeli mRvdelmTavari. gana-Ra

SeiZleba amaze metad gapatiosneba, ze-aRweva Sromisa da gamrjelobisa, romelic

bevrsa gvgonia viTomc wilad-xdomilia marto mdabiosio~ (iqve, gv. 253-254).

ilia dasZenda, rom gabriel episkoposi bibliuri RirebulebebiT

zeSTagonebuli RvTis mociquli iyo, misi bagiT RmerTi metyvelebda. gavagrZeloT

38

isev ilias sityva: `sakmaoa es mokle, magram Rrmad gabZnobili sityva,

mRvdelmTavris bageTagan warmoTqmuli, rom kacma warmoidginos mTeli sulieri

axovneba da sibrZne misi, romlis bageni dRes CvenTvis samudamod dasdumdnen

Cvenda saubedurod. bevri ram aris naTqvami Sromisa da garjis gapatiosnebisaTvis,

magram amisTana qebaTa-qeba Sromisa SesaZloa mxolod imisaTvis, romlis bagiTac

TiTon RmerTi metyvelebs~ (iqve, gv. 254-255).

sibrZnsTan erTad ilia gamokveTs gabriel episkoposis kidev or Rirseul

Tvisebas – or Rirebulebas – sakuTari eris cxovrebiT, misi tkivilebiTa da

sixaruliT cxovrebisa da mSobliuri eniT mociqulobasa da am enis qomagobas. mis

saflavze ilia ambobda: `riT iyo ase Zlier saxelovani Cveni mRvdelmTavari, rom

gamoiwvia aseTi didi glova erisa? nuTu marto sibrZniTa? ara, sibrZnesTan erTad

ori sikeTe kidev hqonda mimadlebuli RvTisagan. erTi isa, rom igi iyo Svili,

sisxli da xorci ama erisa, da, maSasadame, icoda ra tkiviliT imtkivneulos, ra

sixaruliT inugeSos, da meore isa, rom mociqulobda Cvenis samSoblo sityviTa,

im eniTa, romliTac dResac vadidebT RmerTsa, vpatronobT qveyanasa da sulsa da

guls vawvdiT erTmaneTsa saukunidam saukunemde. RmerTmac ver gagzavna mociqulni

sxva qveynad, vidre ar mouvlina codna im qveynis enisao, _ ambobda gansvenebuli

da amitomac igi qristes jvariT xelSi TavgametebiT idga Cvenis enis mwed da

mfarvelad.

didxans da didxans iqnebian saqmeni misni Cvenda saoxad, sityvani misni Cvenda

anderZad da saxelis xseneba misi Cvenda sawrTvnelad~ (iqve, gv. 255).

didi moRvaweebisadmi pativiscemis grZnoba TviTon aris adamianis Rirseba,

maSasadame, Rirebuleba, romelic aRzrdiT modis. pativs scem ufro imas, visac

ufro afaseb, dafaseba ki Sefasebasac iTxovs. oRond, qveynis yvelaze didi

adamianebis xuTeulebis, aTeulebis da a.S. dasaxeleba sariskoc aris da xSir

SemTxvevaSi gaumarTlebelic. isini xom TavianTi madliT da RvawliT Cveni

maradiuli Tanamedroveni arian. nomrebis mikuTvneba arasasurvelia, radgan es

xelovnurad daakninebs maTs Rvawls da amasTan erTad, gvabnevs kidevac didi

qarTveli moazrovneebisa da moRvaweebis Sefasebisas. amis magaliTad SeiZleba

davasaxeloT 2002 wels Jurnal òmegas~ mier Catarebuli saintereso

gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romliTac XX saukunis xuTi saukeTeso humanitari

SearCies, Tumca mxolod xuTeuliT ver Semoifarglnen da momdevno Svideulic

39

warmoaCines. SerCevis Sedegad meoce saukunis saukeTeso humanitari mkvlevarebi

ase ganlagdnen (òmega~, #11 (37) noemberi, 2002, gv. 22-23):

ivane javaxiSvili – man mTlianobaSi gaiazra saqarTvelos istoria;

korneli kekeliZe – man mTlianobaSi gaiazra qarTuli mwerloba;

dimitri uznaZe – man Seqmna `ganwyobis Teoria~, romelmac saerTaSoriso

rezonansi moipova;

akaki SaniZe – man mTlianoabSi gaiazra qarTuli enis buneba;

pavle ingoroyva _ man mTlianobaSi gaiazra qarTuli civilizacia.

eqvTime TayaiSvili – saqarTvelos ganZeulobis mTlianobaSi aRmwereli da

gadamrCeneli.

grigol wereTeli – antikuri civilizaciis istoriis madlmosili

mkvlevari;

viqtor nozaZe – saqarTvelos kulturul faseulobaTa ubadlo warmomCeni,

humanitarul mecnierebaTa kohortis sruluflebiani wevri;

niko berZeniSvili – man istoriaSi misi originaluri gaazrebis myari

safuZveli Seqmna;

arnold Ciqobava – man enaTmecnierebaSi Cauyara safuZveli WeSmarit kvlevebs;

Salva nucubiZe – beletaristuli filosofiis istoriis fuZemdebeli da

`qarTuli renesansis Teoriis~ avtoria, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa erovnuli

grZnobebis gamoRviZebaSi;

Tamaz natroSvili – man samecniero beletristikis saukeTeso, xelixel

sagogmanebeli, nimuSebi dagvitova. misi folkloristuli Ziebani aris ara erTi

romelime sferos kvleva, aramed kultur-tregeruli moRvaweoba, rac msoflio

mniSvnelobis axal mimarTulebas udebs saTaves.

yvelaferi, rac Jurnalma warmoaCina, kargi da sasurvelia. es sia, ra Tqma

unda, SeiZleba gagrZeldes, umjobesia qronologiurad. gana mas ar SeiZleboda

mimatebodnen levan sanikiZe, grigol robaqiZe da sxvani? metad sainteresoa Tu

TviTon rogor afasebs grigol robaqiZe Tavis Rvawls werilSi: `mamuliSviluri

miznebiT da miswrafebebiT~. CamoTvlis ra Tavis damsaxurebebs, igi wers:

`gadaSalos qarTvelma mkiTxvelma brokhauzis mTels qveyanaze

saxelganTqmuli enciklopediuri leqsikoni. naxavs igi iq romelime qarTvels? iq

me var naxsenebi da mere rogor?!! ramodenime Tvis winaT Tqvens Zmas kitas

daavales aq: cnobebi mieca gamomcemlobisaTvis Sveicariis enciklopediur

40

leqsikonSi mosaTavseblad ori qarTvelis Sesaxeb, es qarTvelni: SoTa rusTavelia

da grigol robaqiZe.

aRar gavagrZeleb – arcaa saWiro. momyavs es faqtebi ara imisaTvis, rom

visime winaSe Tavi `viqo~ _ marTali mogaxsenoT, me es ar mWirdeba. momyavs

imisaTvis, rom: roca Cemi Tanamemamuleni me mexebian, es faqtebi unda

gaiTvaliswinon upirvelesad. gecodinebaT albaT, rom `qarTul saqmeSi~ me

gamovaqveyne ùcnobi saqarTvelo~ (nawili Cemi axali wignisa). am narkvevSi me

gadmovSale – me: pirvelma saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi – sworupovari madani qarTuli

geniisa. Tamamad SemiZlia: rom am narkveviT, romelic esseisturi formiT saxavs

mTavar gezs Cemi Semoqmedebisa, am narkveviT SeuZlia saqarTvelos warsdges

kacobriobis winaSe ara rogorc ubralo ètnografiuli~ sinamdvile, aramed

rogorc erT-erTi genialuri àspeqti~ msoflios cnaurebisa. SesaZloa es visme

kvexnad moeCvenos, maS daugdoT yuri, Tu ras ambobs Cemze erTi avtori Tavis

gamokvlevaSi, romelic gamoqveynda omis win cnobil kaTolikur JurnalSi

`Haeheand~, (mTiani mxare). mogvaqvs misi qarTuli Targmani:

`grigol robaqiZe aris suliT aristokrati. rogorc beladi, sulieri

winamZRoli Tavis xalxisa, am swor gzaze erTaderTi maTi namdvili gadamrCeneli,

igi aris sinamdvileSi saxalxo mwerali: rogorc esqile, sofokle, homerosi

saberZneTisaTvis, dante italiisaTvis, holderili da klaisti germaniisaTvis.

isini iyvnen saxalxo poetebi ara fsiqologiuri gagebiT, aramed amaRlebuli

sulieri religiuri SemoqmedebiT~ (grigol robaqiZe, CemTvis simarTle

yvelaferia... krebuli. Tbilisi, 1996, Sps `jek-servisi~, gv. 364-365).

samwuxarod, qarTvel mkiTxvels xuTi aTeuli wlis manZilze saSualeba ar

hqonda ziareboda grigol robaqiZis, am didi qarTveli mwerlisa da moazrovnis

Rvawlsa da Semoqmedebas. misi ukidegano horizontebi, poeziisa da prozis garda,

igi moicavs werilebs da esseebs saqarTveloze, did qarTvel moazrovneebze da

moRvaweebze, politikisa da sociologiis Sesaxeb nawerebs, werilebsa da esseebs

Teatrze, musikaze, mxatvrobaze, xelovnebaze, literaturaTmcodneobaze,

literaturul polemikaze, ucxoel da rus avtorebze, nawerebs politikuri

portretebis Sesaxeb, Targmanebs, epistolarul memkvidreobas da a. S. Tu maT da

TviT grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa werilebs gavecnobiT,

davrwmundebiT, rom grigol robaqiZe iyo is adamiani, vinc icoda da visac

41

yvelaferi ekiTxeboda, rac ki saqarTvelos, mis kulturasa da civilizacias, mis

beds Seexeboda.

saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom mwerlobaSi Rirebulebebis asaxvis sakiTxi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tu ara, erT-erTi yvelaze umniSvnelovanesi mainc aris da

misi ganxilva SedarebiT ufro vrclad da `sabuTianad~ erT-erTi mTavari

amocanaa.

2009 wels saqarTvelos televiziis pirvelma arxma ganaxorciela proeqti

`saqarTvelos didi aTeuli~. qveynis didi aTeulis arCevis idea 2002 wels

britaneTSi, BBC-Si (britaneTis samauwyeblo kompania) daibada da teleproeqtma

udidesi warmateba moipova. proeqti Semdeg msoflios ocdaxuT qveyanaSi

ganxorcielda. saqarTvelo ocdameeqvsea. Tavdapirvelad SeirCa 420 kandidati,

romelTaganac xalxs unda SeerCia `didi aTeuli~. kandidatTa ricxvi

TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda. wesi aseTia, rom rodesac 50 kandidati airCeva, Semdeg

gamarjvebuls ukve lobistebi (àdvokatebi~) satelevizio SouSi waradgenen.

cnobili adamianebi da sainiciativo jgufebi Seecdebian, daumtkicon sazogadoebas,

rom maTi nominanti yvelaze didi qarTvelia. saboloo arCevani ki isev xalxis

gasakeTebelia.

proeqtis Sedegebis mixedviT did aTeuls saTaveSi udgas ilia WavWavaZe,

meore adgilze daviT aRmaSeneblia, mesameze – zviad gamsaxurdia, meoTxe adgili

vaJa-fSavelam daikava, mexuTe – Tamar mefem, meeqvseze SoTa rusTaveli gavida,

meSvideze iakob gogebaSvilia, merveze – eqvTime TayaiSvili, mecxreze – giorgi

brwyinvale, meaTeze ki – ucnobi gmirebi.

Sedegebis analizi warmoaCens qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobebsa da

maT mizezebsac. es Sedegebi sainteresod Seafasa Jurnalistma giorgi uZilaurma.

misi mTavari daskvnebi aris Semdegi: èri, rogorc iqna, cdilobs daubrundes

fesvebs da gaarkvios, Tu ra daniSnuleba aqvs mas Tanamedrove epoqaSi. arsebuli

viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am tendenciebs aSkarad mouxdeboda gamoTqma: `sjobs

gvian, vidre arasdros~ (àxali Taoba~, 5 maisi, 2009, #118 (4860), gv. 4,6).

qarTul sazogadoebaSi myarad gaZlierda Cveni Rirebulebebis

transformaciis, erovnul fesvebTan maTi dabrunebis moTxovna. gubaz sanikiZe

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT Tavis interviuSi samarTlianad aRniSnavda:

`sazogadoebas moyirWda uzneoba da cruRirebulebebi, radgan es Tavisi arsiT

uRmerTobasac gulisxmobs. adamiani, rom icodeT, uRmerTobisgan Zalian iRleba da

42

yovelive siborotesTan brZolis JiniT aRivseba xolme, swored am uRmerTobisgan

ganTavisuflebis Semdeg es 15-20 wliani uRmerToba, fsevdoRirebulebebi da

fsevdoliberalizmi, raRac gaugebrobis importireba da izmebi, Tanac

damaxinjebuli formiT mowodebuli Cveni erovnuli sxeulisTvis, erovnuli

faseulobebisa da mentalobisTvis, ra Tqma unda, moyirWda Cvens sazogadoebas da

axla maradiuli Rirebulebebisken motrialebas iwyebs. es ki ufro zustad imas

niSnavs, rom trialdeba uflisken, samSoblosken, patriotizmisken,

mamuliSvilobisken da Wkuisken, imitom, rom goneba da talanti qarTvelTa

Tvisebaa odiTganve. axla rom gaiZaxian, _ qarTvelebi yovelTvis aseTebi iyvneno,

_ es mcdari Sexedulebaa, radgan, merwmuneT, marTlac ase rom yofiliyo, Cveni

eri erT TaobaSi gawydeboda da dRes qarTvelTa saxsenebelic ki aRar iqneboda

dedamiwaze!~ (`qronika~, 2009 welis 5-11 ianvari).

saerTod unda iTqvas, rom Cveni winaprebis warmoCena da maTi Rirebulebebis

dacva TiToeuli adamianis uwmindesi movaleobaa. ès brwyinvale ideaa, Tqven

ukvdaveba garantirebuli gaqvT~ _ ase gamoexmaura mwerali Wabua amirejibi

politolog vaJa SubiTiZes `yvela drois 100 udidesi qarTvelis~ gamocemisaTvis

(es naSromi sagamomcemlo saxlma ìnovaciam~ gamosca 2009 wels. 2011 wels ki

meored gamoica). v. SubiTiZem wignSi warmodgenili àseuli~ Cveni qveynis

kulturaze damCneuli kvalis mixedviT warmoaCina.

bolo xans aseve saintereso `didi qarTvelebi~ or nawilad gamosca tariel

zozraSvilma, am qveynidan cota xnis win wasulma leri musxelaZem SesaniSnavi

wigni dawera `vaxtang gorgasali~, daviT aRmaSeneblis warmoCenas da misi

damsaxurebis Sefasebas dRevandeli gadasaxedidan exeba vasil kukunaSvilis `jvar-

patiosani~... kidev SeiZleba gavagrZeloT aseTi CamonaTvali. aseve mniSvnelovania

is, rom profesori deniza sumbaZe gamoscems SesaniSnav gazeTs èris Rirseba~.

aseTi saqmeebis keTeba didi saqmea.

didi galaktioni maradiul TanamedroveTa ukvdav saganZurSi upirveles

adgils miuCenda SoTa rusTavels, nikoloz baraTaSvils, daviT guramiSvils, vaJa-

fSavelas, akaki wereTels da ilia WavWavaZes. dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg

galaktion tabiZes unaxavs sizmari. igi uimedobasa da sasowarkveTaSi Cavardnili

dedas SesTxovs ra meSvelebao. deda iqidan imeds aZlevs da amxnevebs, romlis

naTqvamsac mefe-poeti Semdegnairad gamoxatavs:

`kedliT giyurebs eqvsi, mgosnis Zvirfasi qnari,

43

rusTavels, baraTaSvils, guramiSvils da vaJas,

wereTels, WavWavaZes, surT dagiWiron mxari,

da Tanac deda Senis, nana ar gicavs gana?!~

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTuli Rirebulebebis wyaroebis Sesaxeb bevri ram

aqvs gamoqveynebuli did Semoqmedsa da erovnuli Rirebulebebis damcvels‚

grigol robaqiZes. „saqarTvelos xerxemali”‚ ase ewodeba mis publikacias‚

romelic avtorma nikolo miwiSvilis werilis „fiqrebi saqarTveloze” sapasuxod

1924 wels dawera (ix. gaz. „kviris palitra”‚ 21-27 noemberi‚ 2005‚ gv. 14).

n. miwiSvilma aseTi `ganaCeni~ gamoutana Tavis samSoblos: „saqarTvelo

pasiuri movlenaa. misi energia gamowveuli iyo sxva‚ mis gareSe myof movlenisagan‚

(energia Wiis‚ roca mas fexs aWireben)‚ sakuTar Sinagan aqtivobas moklebuli iyo

saqarTvelo da moklebuli iyo‚ maSasadame‚ Semoqmedebis geniasac. moklebulia‚

aqedan‚ gamarTlebas‚ msoflio gamarTlebas‚ sakuTar religias‚ mowodebas‚ azrs‚

Sinaarss”.

miwiSvilis am pozicias grigol robaqiZe sulis krizisis gamovlinebada da

TviTmkvlelobad Tvlis da cdilobs gaarkvios‚ Tu ra aris da sad aris

ganfenili eris genia, Cveni eris Rirebulebebi. avtori wyaroebad asaxelebs

qarTlis cxovrebas‚ daviT aRmaSenebels‚ cotne dadians‚ SoTa rusTavels‚ giorgi

merCules „cxovreba wm. grigol xanZTelis”‚ iakob xucess‚ eqvTime mTawmindelis‚

ioane mTawmindelis‚ giorgi mTawmindelis‚ efrem mcires‚ mindias genialur miToss‚

imas, rom saqarTvelom Seqmna `jvari vazisa~‚ asaxelebs qarTveli qalis fenomens

rogorc qarTuli geniis gamovlinebas. grigol robaqiZe aseve asaxelebs qarTul

cekvas („qarTuli genia rokviT ganfenili”-o‚ wers igi genialur statias)‚ akakis‚

vaJas‚ ilia WavWavaZis‚ ivane javaxiSvilis genias da kidev sxva mravals.

àqvs Tu ara genia saqarTvelos?~, _ kiTxulobs grigol robaqiZe da

pasuxobs: `... evropaSi Tavi moswonT mark avreliT‚ romelic omSiac „Wvretda~

samyaros. CvenSi daviT aRmaSenebeli omis dros „samociqulos~ kiTxulobda – (es

zne kinaRam sabediswero gaxda misTvis).

an kidev sxva. evropaSi legendad aris gadaqceuli „kales moqalaqeTa”

raindoba. rodenma qvac ki aametyvela maTi raindobiT. CvenSi – aseTi

monumentaluri suraTi: monRolTa noinni sjian qarTvel SeTqmulebs. maTTan midis

maRali da naTeli kaci: dadiani cotne. igic SeTqmulTagania‚ magram ar dauWeriaT

(sxvagan iyo). cotne amcnevs noinebs‚ rom misi ndomaa – SeTqmulTa bedi

44

gaiziaros‚ radgan igic SeTqmulia. monRolebs ukvirT aseTi simarTle

qarTvelebis – da SeTqmulebs anTavisufleben. riT aris es ambavi naklebi „kales

moqalaqeTa~ ambavTan SedarebiT? arafriT: SesaZlebelia metic iyos.

nuTu avtors hgonia‚ rom rusTaveliT amoiwureba qarTuli genia? (egeb

sxvebsac hgoniaT). 1902 w. niko marma ierusalimSi ipova xelnaweri „cxovreba wm.

grigol xanZTelis~ avtori giorgi merCuli.

gamodis: meoce saukunis Tauramde aravin icoda‚ Tu ra saunje hqondaT

qarTvelebs. qmnileba ekuTvnis meaTe saukunis naxevars. zedmetia imis mtkiceba‚

rom es qmnileba qarTuli geniis xalasi nayofia. qarTuli sityva aq mocemulia

ise‚ TiTqo pirvelmiwas rZe sdiodes kvlav ZuZuebidan. Tqma – mokle‚ nakveTi

sityva – TiTqo Sededebuli substancia‚ romelic warmoTqmis Semdeg iSleba

rogorc mdinaris sarkeuli zedapiri‚ roca frTebgaSlili gavazi daecema mas.

araviTari xorcmeti‚ araviTari meWeWi‚ sityva iseTi‚ romelsac aqvs qalwuluri

darcxvena da amave dros morkinalis SemarTeba: swored iseTi‚ romliTac Zvelad

wirvads hqmniden. arc gasakviria: giorgi merCuls hyavda winamorbedi – iakob

xucesi (mexuTe saukune)‚ romelmac gasaocari aRwera dagvitova „wminda

SuSanikis~ cxovrebisa‚ giorgi merCulma‚ cxadia‚ qarTuli „sagaloblebic~ icoda‚

saca qarTveli avtorebi fsalmunobaSi daviT winaswarmetyvels edavebian.

magram amiT ar amoiwura merCulis qmnileba. aq ar aris mocemuli Cveuli

aRwera Cveuli wmindanis‚ saca sicocxle mlaSea da wuTxe. aq mTeli msoflgznebaa

– sruliad Taviseburi‚ grigol xanZTeli (merCulis aRweriT) – ise dadis

dedamiwaze‚ TiTqo ukanaskneli simindis javari iyos‚ romelic dataroebas elis.

miwa misTvis ar aris „berwi”. piriqiT‚ misi yoveli nayofi „wyarosTvalia~‚

romelsac moaqvs bunebis madli.

amis Semdeg rasakvirvelia‚ rusTaveli aRar aris „gaugebroba~.

magram rusTavelamde kidev iyvnen sxvebic‚ romelTac qarTul sityvaSi genia

gaaRviZes‚ eqvTime mTawmindeli‚ ioanne mTawmindeli‚ giorgi mTawmindeli‚ efrem

mcire. TviTeuls maTgans calke monografi sWirdeba. Tu germanelebi luters

„bibliis~ germanulad TargmnisaTvis genialobas aniWeben‚ ra daaSaves CamoTvlil

mamebma‚ romlebmac igive „biblia~ qarTulad sTargmnes. da mere rogor? luteris

Targmani Tu aris enis-qmna‚ mTawmindelebis Targmanic enis-qmnaa namdvili. Tu

romeli ufro mZafri qmnaa‚ es kidev sadaoa.

45

aseTia magistrali‚ romlis bolos rusTaveli mosCans‚ rogorc damTavreba

da rogorc aseTi – xandaxan rogorc gadaxrac (odnavi dekadansi)‚ amis Semdeg ra

azri aqvs aseTs dilemas. „an rusTaveli araa qarTveli‚ an da misi poema advilad

naSovni saqmea?~

rusTaveli qarTvelia da mis poemas udidesi sityvis kultura uZRvis win.

rasakvirvelia‚ „advilad Sovnaze~ laparaki am kulturis arcodnaa. (mainc wamcda

polemikuri sityva).

kidev sxva magaliTi. mTeli laTinuri evropa amayobs fransis asizeliT.

fransis asizels darCa oci striqoni. am striqonebidan italielebs gamohyavT

mTeli italiuri poezia. gansakuTrebiT uyvars es striqonebi d’anucios.

rasakvirvelia‚ marto am oci striqonisaTvis ar aris fransis asizeli saocari.

igi bavSvia da Tan brZeni. igi „Citis gulSia~ gadasuli da cocxlobs Citis

guliT. igi bunebis ZalTa mxilvelia da maTi damurvebeli‚ (xolo – ara

ZaladobiT).

sakmarisia aq wertili davsva‚ rom qarTvelma imav wams mindia gaixsenos da

marTlac mindia igiv fransis asizelia‚ mxolod saqarTvelos mTebSi

aRmocenebuli‚ rogorc iSviaTi yvavili alpebis‚ gana mindias miTosi genia ar aris

TviTon? gana aq ara sCans „RmerTis xeli~?

kidev SeiZleba gavagrZeloT grigol robaqiZis naazrevTa citireba, magram

vfiqrobT, rom esec sakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa CvenTvis umTavresi daskvnebi

gamovitanoT. es umTavresi ki is aris, rom mwerali qarTvelTa civilizebulobas

msoflio civilizaciasTan SedarebiTi analizis moSveliebiT ikvlevs, gvawvdis da

asabuTebs, rom qarTveli eri msoflio kulturis uZvelesi Semoqmedi,

zogadsakacobrio donis geniis matarebeli, misi TviTmyofadi mkvidria

dasabamiTganve.

grigol robaqiZe miiCnevs‚ rom qarTuli renesansis siZneleTa dasaZlevad

saWiroa qarTvelma xelovanma‚ Semoqmedma mTeli qarTvelobis istoria yovelmxris

gamoikvlios da misgan namdvili qarTuli Rirebulebebi gamohkveTos. igi

aRniSnavda: àris erTi ram CvenTvis aucilebeli‚ romelic yovels wams unda

gvaxsovdes. Cven ufro impulsis xalxi varT‚ vidre grZnobis‚ grZnoba ki‚

namdvili‚ Seuryeveli‚ Rrmaa‚ sastiki‚ grZnoba ukanasknels wveTamde – ai ra aris

CvenTvis Tavi da Tavi. gansakuTrebiT axla. qarTvelma unda igrZnos rainduli

SemoqmedebiT saqarTvelo. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi ayvavildeba qarTuli renesansi.

46

aseT grZnobas‚ xan da xan mistiurobamde ayvanils‚ vera siZnele ver gadaeRobeba

win‚ igi yovels zRudes gadalaxavs. gansakuTrebiT es hmarTebs qarTvel xelovans:

igi mTeli qarTveloba amoswuros mis istoriulobaSi da gamohkveTos misagan

namdvili qarTuli stili”. (gaz. „saqarTvelo”. 1917‚ #257). aseTia grigol

robaqiZis imedismomcemi, damrigebluri da omaxiani mowodeba dRevandeli

saqarTvelosadmi.

1.4. Tanamedrove midgomebi Rirebulebis kvlevisadmi

RirebulebaTa gageba kiTxvis gansakuTrebul wess moiTxovs. cnobili

qarTveli mwerali da moRvawe‚ mTargmneli da kritikosi‚ filosofiis mecnierbaTa

doqtori baCana bregvaZe didebulad SeniSnavs imis Sesaxeb‚ Tu „rogor vikiTxoT

filosofiuri teqsti~ am mizniT. amisaTvis profesors mohyavs xose ortegas i

gasetis „recepti~: „filosofiis kiTxva SeuZlebelia – swored kiTxvis

sapirispirod unda moiqceT‚ ese igi‚ gaiazroT yoveli fraza‚ rac imas niSnavs‚

rom calkeul sityvebad daanawevroT igi‚ aiRoT TviToeuli maTgani da misi

mimzidveli garegnobis WvretiT ki ar dakmayofildeT‚ aramed gonebiT CaswvdeT

mis siRrmes‚ CaeSvaT misi mniSvnelobis fskeramde‚ gamoikvlioT misi anatomia‚ misi

sazRvrebi‚ da mxolod Semdeg‚ roca ukve moixelTebT mis farul saidumlos‚

kvlav amoyvinToT zeviT. Tu ase moiqceviT‚ frazis yoveli sityvis mimarT‚ maSin

isini kvlavindeburad ki aRar ganagrZoben ubralod gverdi-gverd dgomas‚ aramed

ideebis fesvebiT gadaeWdobian erTmaneTs azris siRrmeSi‚ da maSinRa Seadgenen

filosofiur frazas. bwkaris gaswvriv mcuravi‚ horizontaluri kiTxvidan da

cigurebiT gonebrivi srialidan unda gadaxvideT vertikalur kiTxvaze da ganZis

saZebnad uskafandrod CayvinToT TviToeuli sityvis cicqna ufskrulSi~ (bregvaZe

b. bolo wlebis Canawerebidan. ix. „Cveni mwerloba~‚ saliteraturo CanarTi‚ #4

(185) gazeTisa „axali epoqa~‚ 30.01.–05.02. 2004‚ gv. 3).

RirebulebaTa gareSe Cvens cxovrebaSi arc araferi arsebobs‚ arc iwereba‚

arc iqmneba. mis Sinaarss srulyofilad ver gaigeb‚ Tu ar gairkva ra mTavar azrs

Seicavs igi rogorc cneba. Cveni azrovnebis umTavresi faseulobiTi konteqstebi

swored am terminiT gadmocemul SinaarsSi aisaxeba. „konteqsti~ laTinuri

contextus-gan momdinareobs‚ rac sityvasityviT SeerTebas‚ mWidro kavSirs niSnavs.

47

ufro gasagebad Tu vityviT‚ konteqsti aris werilobiTi teqstis Sinaarsobrivad

dasrulebuli nawyveti‚ romelic saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros masSi Semavali

calkeuli sityvis an frazis mniSvneloba. e.i. konteqsti calkeuli sityvis

RirebulebiT datvirTvas gvixsnis.

RirebulebaTa kvleva saTanado meTodologiur uzrunvelyofas saWiroebs.

ilia WavWavaZem misi originaluri sistema SeimuSava. amJamad Cven am sistemis

mxolod erT, Rirebulebis safexurebrivi kvlevis princips SevexebiT. ilias

mixedviT‚ es principi moiTxovs ama Tu im movlenis‚ saqmis Sinagani avkargianobis

gamokvlevas, „rom sazriss Tavisi WeSmariti da ueWveli sabuTi qondes~. amas ki

maSin mivaRwevT, Tu gveqneba saqmis vrceli‚ gamowvlilviTi „gamonaZiebi da

gamonarkvevi~. saqmisadmi am meTodiT midgomis klasikur nimuSs warmoadgens ilias

werili „sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis naklni da misi ekonomikuri mizezebi~ (1897

w.) ilia pirdapir saqmeze gadadis‚ dasawyisSive axasiaTebs Sesaswavl movlenas‚

saqmes‚ lakonurad gamohyofs mis safexurebs da lapidarulad gadmogvcems mis

yvela ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSans. movusminoT TviTon ilia WavWavaZes:

„wlevandeli weliwadi gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavia miT‚ rom metad gaxSirda CvenSi

avazakoba Zarcva-mtaceblobisaTvis‚ aramcTu dids Saragzebze‚ aramed Sig

soflebSiac‚ qurdobas da qurdbacacobas xom nuRar ityviT. avazakobam‚ zogjer

kaciskvlamac‚ SeerTebulma Zarcva-mtaceblobasTan‚ ise gabedviT gamoido Tavi

CvenSi‚ rom arc erTi kuTxe ar darCa amier-kavkasiaSi‚ – avazakTa sarbielad ar

gamxradiyos. Znelad gadis ise dRe‚ an iqidam‚ an aqedam, ambavi ar modiodes‚ rom

avazakebi daxvdnen‚ gaZarcves mgzavrad modenilebi Saragzaze‚ an amasa da amas

Seucvivdnen soflad saxlSi‚ waiRes rac SeeZloT da zogjer daxoces kidec‚

vinc-ki gabeda da daapira Tavs rogorme uSveloso. eseTs Tamams da kadniers

avazakobas‚ Zarcva-glejas‚ rogorc exlaa‚ ese yvelgan modebuls da TavaRebuls‚

Znelad Tu vinme moswrebia uwin~ (WavWavaZe i., Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv. 201).

amiT naTlad Cans kvlevis pirveli anu sawyisi safexuris Sinaarsi‚ kerZod

is‚ Tu ras vikvlevT‚ ra movlenasTan‚ anu ra saqmesTan gvaqvs Sexeba. saboloo

mizanic naTelia: unda gavigoT gaxSirebuli avazakobis gamomwvevi ekonomikuri

mizezebi da davsaxoT misi wamlobis gzebi. rogor gamovarkvevT am mizezebs? esec

kvlevis iliaseuli meTodis Semadgeneli nawilia. amas maSin mivaRwevT Tu gveqneba

cnobebi imis Sesaxeb‚ „... Tu sad da rogor mowyobilni arian mkvidrni saSinaod da

sagareod‚ ra aiZulebT saavazakod da ra ara‚ ra aqezebs da xels uwyobs

48

avazakobis TareSobasa‚ romeli adgili da Tesli erisa iZleva avazaksa da

mZarcvav-mtacebels~ (WavWavaZe i., Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv. 202). Tu es ar gvecodineba‚

gamourkveveli darCeba avazakobis rogorc mizezi‚ aseve misi wamali.

amas mosdevs kvlevis Semdegi safexuri. Sesaswavl sakiTxze sxvaTa mier

mokvleuli da gamorkveuli masalebis moZieba da gamokvleva imisa‚ Tu ramdenad

gvakmayofilebs igi‚ Seesabameba Tu ara igi pirvel safexurze dasmul amocanebs.

amis Semdeg iwyeba kvlevis umTavresi safexuri‚ dasaxuli mTavari

parametrebis mixedviT misi Seswavla‚ sakuTari kvleva-Ziebis Catareba. rogorc

avtori wers: „aq saWiroa namdvili Sinagani avkargianoba saqmisa‚ rom sazriss

Tavisi WeSmariti da ueWveli sabuTi hqondes‚ da raki am gziT mizezi aixsneba‚

wamlis povnac SesaZlod gaxdeba~ (WavWavaZe i., Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv. 202).

ilia yvela sakiTxis Seswavlas cal-calke mihyveba‚ mis umniSvnelo niuanssac

Seuswavlels ar tovebs, rasac mosdevs „grZlad Tqmulis mokled gamonaskva~‚

„rom SesaZlebeli iyos naskvi saqmisa ufro cxadad gaviTvaliswinoT~ (WavWavaZe i.

Txz.‚ t. 6.‚ gv. 202).

zemoaRniSnulis damadastureblad‚ magaliTis saxiT gamogvadgeba

dasaxelebuli naSromis VI Tavi‚ sadac avtori akeTebs daskvnas da saxavs im

gzebs‚ romlebiTac SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri cxovrebis winsvla-gajansaReba.

amis damadastureblad aseve movitanT erT amonarids „cxovreba da kanonidan~.

es aris imis nimuSi‚ Tu rogor akonkretebs avtori daskvnis saxiT‚ wina

daaxloebiT erT Tabaxze (16 gverdi) nakvlevi masalis dedaazrs erT abzacSi. es

daskvna asea formulirebuli: „Cven wina werilebiT vcdilobdiT dagvemtkicebina‚

rom wilzed-Wera mamulisa: 1. mizeziani da sadavidarabo ufleba-movaleobaa orTa

wodebaTa Soris; 2. Cvenis xalxis Cveulebazed ar aris aRmocenili‚ im saxiT

mainc‚ ra saxiTac igi glexTa ganTavisuflebis debulebam CvenSi Semoitana; 3.

ekonomiuris mxriT‚ Tumca ymobazed bevrad ukeTesia‚ magram mainc mavnebelia; 4.

miwis-WeraSi Cveuleba yvela sxva Zalazed mtkicea‚ TviTrjulia‚ da 5. amis gamo

pirveli da upiratesi yuradReba miqceul unda iqnas Cveulebazed‚ roca miwis-

Weris Sesaxeb raime cvlileba saWirod danaxulia~ (WavWavaZe i. Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv.

20).

aseTia kvlevis ZiriTadi safexurebi‚ romlebsac ilia WavWavaZe ganuxrelad

mihyveboda da icavda. aseTi midgomebiT ilia WavWavaZe aRwevs imas‚ rom yoveli

misi daskvna dafuZnebulia dafiqrebaze‚ faqtebis codnaze da mecnierul

49

WeSmaritebaze. mecnieruli kritikis saSualebiT ikvlevs igi gzas. „aris kritika‚

romelsac mecnieruli kritika hqvian. igi „hos~ saTqmelsac da „aras~ saTqmelsac

erTnairis sifrTxiliT‚ erTnairis awondawoniT epyroba. igi imiTaa Rirseuli‚

rom „hos~ sabuTsac iseTisave gulmodginebiT iZiebs‚ rogorc „aras~ sabuTsa‚

radganac saxeSi marto marTali aqvs da sxva arara. amisTana kritika

marTlmoyvare gamomZiebelia da marTlgamkiTxavi saswori: Tunda rom „hos~ gziT

Seudges Tavis saqmes‚ Tunda „aras~ gziT‚ ormave gzam marTalTan unda miiyvanos.

amitomac kritika erTs gzasaca hxmarobs da meoresac‚ imisda mixedviT‚ Tu – ra

saqmeSi romeli ufro utyuarad da advilad apovninebs marTals~ (WavWavaZe i. ai

istoria. ix. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad‚ t. 4‚ gv. 69).

kvlevis pirvel safexurze gakeTebul daskvnas ilia WavWavaZe gansakuTrebul

moTxovnebs uyenebs. swored am safexurze isaxeba maradiuli ideali _ is

WeSmariteba, ris miRwevasac visaxavT miznad. amis klasikur nimuSs warmoadgens

„cxovreba da kanonSi~ imis daxasiaTeba‚ Tu rogori samarTali sWirdeba xalxs.

ilia wers: „am saxiT‚ exla Cven viciT‚ ra azri hqonia umaRless mTavrobas‚ rom

momrigebeli mosamarTloba dauwesebia‚ da ra RonisZieba miuRia‚ rom is azri

unaklod aRsrulebaSi mosuliyo. mokled ganvimeoroT zemoTqmuli‚ rom ufro

garkveviT gza gavignoT da ufro cxadi azri wavimZRvaroT win Cvens gamokvlevaSi.

umaRlesma mTavrobam uar-hyo uwindeli gansamarTlebis wesi da mis magier

saWirod dainaxa‚ rom ufro mometebul xalxs saxelmwifosas imisTana samarTali

uWirs‚ – 1. romelic maxloblad unda iyos xalxzed; ase rom yvelam yovels Jams‚

rac unda patara gaWirveba hqondes‚ mihmarTos xolme da dauyovnebliv swrafad

gansamarTldes; 2. romelsac iseTi martivi wesi warmoebisa hqondes‚ rom

ucodinarma kacmac Tavisi saqme awarmoos; 3. romelsac‚ ramodenadac SesaZloa‚

formaloba ar uSlides‚ rom namdvili simarTle aRmoaCinos; 4. romelsac win

unda miuZRodes adgilobrivis viTarebis codna‚ codna xalxis znisa‚ xalxis

Cveulebisa da erTmaneTzed damokidebulebisa; 5. samarTali unda iyos imisTana

kacis xelSi‚ romelsac xalxi icnobs‚ xalxi endoba da xalxi pativsa scems‚ da

romelsac‚ rogorc adgilobrivs mosaxles da mcxovrebs‚ TiTonac guli unda

Sestkiodes‚ rom uwesoba‚ urigoba ar iyos mis saxeloSi; mSvidobianoba‚

uSiSroeba ar iqnas darRveul; yvela darwmunebuli iyos‚ rom danaSauloba‚

brali‚ dausjelad ar Caivlis‚ wanaxedi‚ ziani uzRvevlad ar darCeba; xolo

ukeTesi mxare‚ umaRlesi mniSvneloba amgvaris mosamarTlobisa morigebiT gaTavebaa

50

saqmisa. aqac danaxulia da cnobili‚ rom Tu mosamarTle xalxis TvalSi sando‚

sarwmuno kaci ar aris‚ mosamarTle am momrigebel Suakacobas ver aRasrulebs.

rogorc amis gamo‚ ise im mizezebiT‚ romelnic zemoT mogvixsenebia‚ mtkice da

miucilebel saWiroebad aRiarebulia da dadgenili‚ rom momrigebeli mosamarTle

TiTon mcxovreblebma aRmoirCion xolme Tvis Soris~ (WavWavaZe i. Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv.

78-79).

Rirebulebis kvlevis urTules sakiTxebSi garkvevisaTvis saWiroa vicodeT

ganviTarebis zogadi Teoriis safuZvlebi, romelsac misma Semqmnelma, XIX

saukunis udidesma mecnierma da filosofosma hegelma uwoda dialeqtika. man

gamoyo dialeqtikis sami mTavari kanoni.

dialeqtikis wamyvani kanoni – `dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da

brZolis kanoni~ _ ganviTarebas xsnis ori sapirispiro, magram

urTierTSemavsebeli Zalis brZolis arsebobiT: siTbo da sicive, sibnele da

sinaTle, sikeTe da boroteba, mdedri da mamri – yoveli bunebrivi da istoriuli

procesisaTvis SeiZleba ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego sawyisis povna, romelTa

brZoliT aixsneba misi ganviTareba. amaSia dialeqturi midgomis arsi.

dapirispirebulobani imavdroulad erTiania am procesSi, e.i. erTis mowyveta

meorisagan SeuZlebelia. dialeqtika aRwers ara imdenad realurad mimdinare

procesebs, ramdenadac kacobriobis cxovrebis kanonzomierebebs da am procesebis

Semecnebis SesaZleblobebs.

gamartivebulad Tu vityviT, aRniSnuli kanoni Semdeg Tanmimdevrul

azrovnebas moiTxovs. jer gansaxilvel procesSi unda gamovyoT ori

urTierTdapirispirebuloba, ukiduresoba da aRvweroT procesi, rogorc

TandaTanobiTi siWarbe, dominireba xan, erTi ukiduresobis, xan meoresi.

adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri dinamikuri procesis ganlageba

ukidures, urTierTsawinaaRmdego Semadgenlebad. TiToeuli maTganis gamokvleva,

xolo Semdeg procesis nebismieri msvlelobis warmodgena, rogorc SeTavseba, anu

hegelis mixedviT, brZola.

dialeqtikis meore kanoni _ `raodenobis gadasvla TvisebriobaSi~ _

bevrad martivia gasagebad sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa sferoebSi. ufro

rTulia maTSi garkveva sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi. es kanoni ubralod gveubneba,

rom yoveli Tvisebrioba, dafiqsirebuli Cveni grZnobaTa organoebis mier,

romelmac asaxva hpova enaSi, ganmtkicebul statikur cnebebSi, icvleba

51

gansazRvruli raodenobrivi maCveneblebis mixedviT. magaliTad, wyali uaryofiTi

temperaturis awevisas gadadis airis mdgomareobaSi. sinaTles 500 angstremis

sigrZis talRiT aRviqvamT rogorc mwvanes, xolo talRis sigrZis gazrdisas igi

TandaTanobiT gadadis wiTelSi da a.S. ase rom, yovel procesSi SeiZleba da

saWiroa vipovnoT zogadi raodenobrivi parametrebi, pasuxismgebelni xarisxobriv

cvlilebebze.

dialeqtikis mesame kanoni, romelic lamazad da bundovnad

wodebulia ùaryofis uaryofad~, laparakobs ganviTarebis yvela procesis

gansazRvrul ganmeorebaze. es, vfiqrobT, kacobriobis mier miRweuli yvelaze Rrma

ganzogadebaa sistemebis ganviTarebis procesebis Seswavlisas. Tanamedrove eniT

rom vTqvaT, kanoni ùaryofis uaryofa~ ganviTarebis yvela dinamikuri procesis

talRiseburi qanqaris msgavsi xasiaTis deklamirebas axdens.

dRes mecnierebi yvelaze misaRebad meTodologiur pluralizms miiCneven.

amitom ar SeiZleba xelaRebiT romelime meTodisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. unda

gamoviyenoT yvela is meTodi, romelic mopovebuli masalebis analizs xels

Seuwyobs. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia SedarebiTi analizis meTodi,

mecnieruli abstraqciis meTodi, grafikuli gamosaxvis meTodi, ekonomikur-

maTematikuri modelirebis meTodi da sxv. rogorc ityvian, mexsiereba TariRebiTa

da faqtebiT unda gaajero da maSin SeZleb Seni wina istoriis Sefasebas, ufro

zustad ki – gadafasebas. wignSi _ `qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis

istoria~ (Tbilisi, 2003) _ cnobili mecnieri giorgi nadareiSvili aRniSnavs:

ìstoriul-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis masalas Tu Teoriis nisliT davabnelebT,

sasurvel Sedegs ver miviRebT. rogorc i. goeTe ityoda, uferulia aq Teoria,

magram cxovrebis oqros xe ki marad mwvanea. Teoria faqtebs ar unda

ewinaaRmdegebodes~.

didi sistemebis, maT Soris mTlianad sazogadoebis, ekonomikis,

makroekonomikis, msoflio ekonomikis sagnebis SeswavlisaTvis gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs msoflio meurneobrivi movlenebisa da procesebisadmi sistemur

midgomas. am meTodis Tanamedrove eniTa da midgomebiT gagebas eZRvneba akademikos

iveri frangiSvilis statia _ `sistemuri midgoma, sistemuri azrovneba da

marTvis sakiTxebi~ (ix. Jurn. `komentari~, #1, zamTari, 2003-2004) sistemuri

kvlevis meTodebis gasagebad mogvyavs vrceli amonaweri zemoT aRniSnuli

naSromidan:

52

`sistemuri midgoma aris samyaros da misi obieqtebis movlenebisa da

procesebis Seswavla sistemuri kvlevis meTodebiT, maTi mTlianobisa an maTSi

mimdinare im procesebis saerTo Tu specifiur kanonzomierebaTa integrirebulobis

kuTxiT, romlebic maT warmogvidgens rogorc sistemas. sistemur midgomas,

Cveulebriv, viyenebT SedarebiT rTuli da efeqtiani sistemebis analizis,

Secnobisa da sinTezisaTvis.

sxvadasxva problemis mimarT sistemuri, mTlianobiTi midgoma efuZneba

faqtorTa arsebis, rolis, mniSvnelobisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis gaazrebas

maTs erTianobaSi, anu kompleqsSi. es SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs kompleqsurad da

yovelmxriv SeviswavloT problema, gamovyoT prioritetebi da movaxdinoT

sistemis ZiriTadi parametrebis optimizacia...

dRes, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare sistemuri krizisebis xanaSi,

sistemuri midgomis mniSvneloba izrdeba, vinaidan am krizisebs SeiZleba

daupirispirdes mxolod maTTan brZolis sistemuri meTodebi. es midgoma aris

saSualeba imisa, rom amovicnoT sistemur winaaRmdegobaTa xasiaTi, gamovavlinoT

urTierTkavSirebis sirTule da SevimuSavoT problemebis gadawyvetis strategia.

qveynis erovnuli interesebis mimarT sistemuri midgoma qveynis aRorZinebisa

da misi ekonomikuri da samxedro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mTavari pirobaa.

am midgomis gamoyenebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs globaluri problemebis

Seswavlisas. am problemebs (ekologiurs, socialurs, ekonomikurs, samxedros,

teqnogenurs, uSiSroebisas) da maTs sistemur gaazrebas zogadasakacobrio

mniSvneloba aqvs. isini imdenad kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, rom maTi gadawyvetis

mcdeloba dadebiT Sedegs ar mogvcems, Tu erTdroulad ar movaxdineT

zemoqmedeba am sistemis mraval parametrze.

sistemuri azrovnebis mizania sworad da mTlianobaSi (sistemurad) aRiqvas

garemo, mTlianobaSi gaiazros dakvirvebiT mopovebuli informacia, Seimecnos

materialuri da aramaterialuri samyaros kanonebi da kanonzomierebebi, iswavlos

adamianis saqmianobaSi – uwinaresad, rTuli sistemebis Seqmnasa da marTvaSi – am

kanonTa da kanonzomierebaTa gamoyeneba.

bevr Zlier specialists, CvenTanac da sxvaganc, Camouyalibda gansakuTrebuli

sistemuri azrovneba, _ Cveva iazrovnos ise, rom mTlian suraTad xedavdes

obieqts Tu process. sistemur azrovnebas mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels adamianis

intuicia da faruli (miRmuri) codna.

53

Tu axal obieqts vikvlevT da amisaTvis ar gvyofnis arsebuli modelebi,

maSin sistemuri azrovneba, mTlianobiTi midgoma, intuicia da faruli (miRmuri)

codna gvexmareba SevimuSaoT axali, ufro efeqtiani modelebi. mecnierebas ar

gaaCnia sazomi, romliTac sistemuri azrovnebis dones gazomavda, magram SeiZleba

vamtkicoT, rom sistemurma azrovnebam ukve miaRwia ganviTarebis im safexurs,

rodesac adamiani mis xelT arsebuli kognituri modelebis gamoyenebiT axerxebs

Caswvdes rTuli teqnikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, fsiqikuri Tu sxva

problemebis arss (Tvisebriobas).

sistemuri azrovnebis paradoqsebia mTlianobis da ierarqiulobis

paradoqsebi. mTlianobis paradoqsTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac sistemis aRwera

SesaZlebelia misi danawevrebiT iseT `mTlianobebad~ _ iseT nawilebad, romeli

nawilebic jer kidev inarCuneben sistemis mTlianobiT Tvisebebs. anu es is

SemTxvevaa, rodesac mTlianobis Tvisebebs, romlebsac sistema atarebs, garkveul

zRvramde misi danawilebisas inarCuneben gamoyofili nawilebic. meore mxriv,

nebismieri mTlianobiTi sistema ufro maRali rangis sistemis – zesistemis

elementia, anu misi qvesistemaa da misi aRwera SesaZlebelia am kuTxiT (rogorc

qvesistemisa). ierarqiulobis paradoqsi amaSi mdgomareobs.

rac ufro rTulia sistema da rac ufro sustad aris igi formalizebuli,

naTelia, rom miT ufro maRali iqneba sistemuri azrovnebis efeqtianoba.

sistemurma azrovnebam yvelaze ufro metad asaxva hpova programirebis

Tanamedrove meTodebSi, informatikasa da telekomunikaciaSi, fsiqologiaSi,

biologiaSi, filosofiaSi~.

sistemuri kvlevis meTodTan dakavSirebiT saintereso Teoria SemogvTavazes

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentma, arCil

frangiSvilma da teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma oleg namiCeiSvilma

(ix. frangiSvili a., namiCeiSvili o., saubrebi mecnierebis filosofiis Sesaxeb,

Tbilisi, 2009).

avtorebi am fundamentur naSromSi ganixilaven mecnierebis, rogorc codnis

sistemis specifikas, sulieri warmoebisa da socialuri institutis formas;

aanalizeben mecnierebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs, mis struqturas,

mecnieruli Secnobis doneebsa da meTodologias; avlenen gansxvavebebs

sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul mecnierebaTa Soris, maTi formirebis etapebsa

da saTanado meTodebis Taviseburebebs. uCveneben, Tu rogor wydeba mocemuli

54

problemebi mecnierebis Tanamedrove dasavluri filosofiis mier. naSromi

pasuxobs Semdeg ZiriTad kiTxvebs: ra aris mecnieruli codna, rogoraa igi

mowyobili, rogoria misi organizaciisa da funqcionirebis principebi, ras

warmoadgens mecniereba, rogorc codnaTa sawarmo, rogoria samecniero

disciplinaTa formirebisa da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani, riT gansxvavdebian

isini erTmaneTisagan da rogor urTierTqmedeben isini. Tu SevajamebT, unda iTqvas,

rom es aris saxelmZRvanelo gamokvleva mecnierebis meTodologiaSi.

es SesaniSnavi wigni aris WeSmariti mecniereba mecnierebis Sesaxeb. iseTi

ganzogadebani, rogoric masSia, Cndeba mas Semdeg, rac mecniereba gaicnobierebs

Tavis Tavs rogorc mTlians. Tavdapirveladac mecniereba gaCnda rogorc mTliani.

aviRoT magaliTad ekonomika da ganvixiloT es procesi ekonomikuri

mecnierebis ganviTarebis mixedviT. vinaidan ekonomika moicavs adamianis saqmianobis

mniSvnelovan mxareebs, ekonomikur problemebze Teoriuli msjelobani uyvardaT

jer kidev Zvelebs, romelTac Tanamedrove adamianisagan saerTod ganasxvavebda

bevrad didi survili SeecnoT garemomcveli samyaros realoba. ukve didma

berZnebma platonma da aristotelem Cauyares safuZveli ekonomikas, rogorc

mecnierebas. platonis cnobil `saxelmwifoSi~ Semotanili iyo iseTi dRemde

gansjis sagnad qceuli zomebi bazris regulirebisa, rogoricaa `fasis meryeobis

sazRvrebi~, xolo aristotelem, ganWvrita ra Semdgom aTaswleulTa paeqrobani,

CaTvala, rom gacvla aTanabrebs moTxovnilebebs da ara danaxarjebs. es

postulati gaxda safuZveli marJinalisturi revoluciisa ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi mxolod XIX saukunis Suaxanebidan. ra Tqma unda, Zvel moazrovneTa

ekonomikuri Sexedulebani Seicavda mraval iseT debulebasac, romelTac dRes

SeuZlia mxolod Rimili gamoiwvios. rac ar unda iyos, gavida 23 saukuneze meti.

Sua saukuneebisa da axali drois yovel did moazrovnes, dawyebuli Toma

aqvinelidan kalvinamde, hqondaT Tavisi Sexedulebebi ekonomikur sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT, vinaidan maT gareSe filosofiuri da religiuri sistemebi

cxovrebisgan mowyvetili aRmoCndeboda.

TumcaRa pirveli wminda ekonomikuri Teoriebi da ekonomikuri skolebi

gaCnda mxolod XVII s-is bolos. Semdeg ki moxda maTi diferencireba, uamravi

calke disciplinis saxiT maTi danawevreba, romelTa ricxvis zrda dResac

grZeldeba. amitom, aseT pirobebSi, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mecnierebis

interdisciplinarul gaazrebas, mis mTlianobaSi Secnobas, im xidebis danaxvas,

55

romelTa meSveobiT calkeuli disciplinebi aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.

aseTi xedva, anu imis danaxva, rogor gamoiyofa calkeuli mecnierebani da amasTan

erTad rogor miizidebian isini erTmaneTisaken, anu maTi mTlianobaSi gaazreba,

sxvadasxva mecnierebaTa kavSirebis xedva aris metad mniSvnelovani movlena, rac

saTanado saxiT aris warmoCenili gamokvlevaSi `saubrebi mecnierebis filosofiis

Sesaxeb~.

Rirebulebis kvlevis meTodologiur arsenalSi Tavisi wvlili Seitanes

mRvdelma basil axvledianma, profesorma giorgi SixaSvilma da profesorma

nikoloz bakaSvilma. maT mier gamocemuli wigni (mRvdeli b. axvlediani, g.

SixaSvili, n. bakaSvili, marTlmadidebluri Teologiuri ekonomikisa da marTvis

safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2009) marTlmadidebluri ekonomikuri Rirebulebebis

mwyobri dalagebas, misi kvlevis meTodologiur safuZvlebSi wvdomas, mis

mTlianobaSi gaazrebas, misgan CvenTvis ase saWiro praqtikuli daskvnebis

gamotanas da Cveni gadamrCeni praqtikuli saqmeebis keTebas exeba, rac dRevandeli

saqarTvelosTvis aqtualuri sakiTxia.

RirebulebaTa Seswavlis procesSic aucilebelia gamoviyenoT logikis

ZiriTadi kanonebi da daskvnebi. rogorc cnobili qarTveli filosofosebi, devi

beWvaia da eTer Rvineria TavianT naSromSi _ `Tanamedrove pedagogiuri Teoriebis

filosofiuri safuZvlebi~ _ aRniSnaven, arsebobs moTxovnebi, romlebic unda

akmayofilebdnen yovelgvar msjelobas, martivad rom vTqvaT, romelTa mixedviTac

unda azrovnebdes normaluri adamiani. aseT kanonebs azrovnebis ZiriTad kanonebs

uwodeben. maTi dacva aucilebeli, TumcaRa, arasakmarisi pirobaa bWobis

marTebulobisa Tu sisworisaTvis. gansjis siswores, maT garda, sakuTari

kanonebic aqvs.

igiveobis kanoni. igi msjelobisas azrovnebis, bWobis garkveulobis

moTxovnaa. gansjis procesSi yoveli cneba, yoveli sityva unda vixmaroT erTi da

imave mniSvnelobiT. sagnebis aRniSvnis gareSe sityvis mniSvnelobis Secvla,

Tundac igi Sesabamisi sagnis SecvliT iyos ganpirobebuli, dauSvebelia. mokled

rom vTqvaT, cnebis Sinaarsis igiveoba, garkveuloba, misi erTi azriT xmareba

msjelobis procesSi – ai, rogor gamoixateba igiveobis kanonis azri.

winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. igi Tanmimdevruli

azrovnebis, bWobis, TavisTavadobis, Tavis TavTan Tanxmobis moTxovnaa. Cvens

azrebs Soris, msjelobaSi Semaval winadadebebs Soris ar unda iyos

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winaaRmdegoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu romelime sagnis Taobaze raimes

vamtkicebT, igive imave sagnis sesaxeb ar unda uarvyoT (imave dros, imave azriT),

e.i. azrTa kavSiri ar SeiZleba iyos swori, azrTa msjeloba ar SeiZleba iyos

Tanamimdevruli, Tu is winaarmdegobas Seicavs.

gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es kanoni, gansjis, bWobis Tavis TavTan

Tanxmobis moTxovnaa. gamoricxuli mesamis kanonis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia ori

erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego winadadebidan uarvyoT erTic da meorec, radgan ori

erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego winadadebidan erTi aucileblad WeSmaritia. magaliTad,

es vardi an wiTelia, an ar aris wiTeli, mesame SemTxveva gamoricxulia.

sakmao safuZvlis kanoni. rogorc mkvlevarebi amtkiceben,

aristotelem es kanoni icoda, magram ratomRac ar CaTvala saWirod misi kanonad

gamocxadeba. am kanonis mixedviT, arc erTi winadadeba ar SeiZleba iyos

WeSmariti, Tu ar arsebobs sakmao safuZveli imisa, ratom aris am winadadebaSi

aRwerili swored aseTi viTareba da ara sxvagvari. xSirad es kanoni gagebulia

rogorc moTxovna – WeSmaritad ar miviCnioT winadadeba misi dasabuTebis gareSe.

sakmao safuZvlis kanoni daufiqrebeli da zerele bWobis winaaRmdeg aris

mimarTuli. ganaTlebis filosofiis warmomadgenlebi logikis konstruqciebsa da

kanonebs eyrdnobian.

sinamdvilis Semecnebis procesSi iyeneben agreTve deduqciur da induqciur

daskvnebs. tradiciuli logikis mier miRebulia deduqciuri daskvnis is

gansazRvreba, romelic aristoteledan momdinareobs. deduqciuri daskvna,

romelic zogadidan kerZosaken (an metad zogadidan naklebad zogadisaken)

gadadis. iseT daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebis WeSmariteba aucileblobiT

ganapirobebs daskvnis WeSmaritebas, deduqciuri dasvna ewodeba.

rac Seexeba induqciur daskvnas, misi ramdenime forma arsbobs (sruli,

arasruli). ganasxvaveben arasruli induqciis or saxes – popularuls da

mecnieruls. mecnieruli induqcia aris ramdenime sagnisa Tu movlenisagan

gakeTebuli daskvna saganTa an movlenaTa mTliani klasis codnaze; erTeulidan,

kerZodan gamomdinare zogadze miRebul daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebidan danaskvni

logikurad ar gamomdinareobs, magram romlis wanamZRvrebic garkveuli xarisxiT

adastureben danaskvns, ewodeba induqciuri daskvna. logikosTa azriT, induqciasa

da deduqcias Soris dapirispireba arsebobs, magram mas (dapirispirebas) aqvs

gamonaklisic. logikis, rogorc bWoba sisworis, gamarTulobis pirobebisa da

57

kanonebis Semswavleli mecnierebis miznebi da amocanebi sxvadasxvgvaria. imisda

mixedviT, Tu rogor Camoyalibdeba da dakonkretdeba igi, ganisazRvreba kvlevis

meTodebi. amis gamo logika iyofa or nawilad deduqciur da induqciur logikad.

RirebulebaTa kvlevis originaluri meTodebi aqvs SemuSavebuli cnobil

germanel Teologs hans kiungs. Tavis wignSi `msoflio zneoba~ am meTods igi

Semdegnairad axasiaTebs: `Cvens mier SemuSavebuli vizioneruli xedva ubralod ki

ar iqneba gacxadebuli da naqadagevi, igi gamagrebuli iqneba argumentebiT. Cven

nabij-nabij movxazavT, argumentebiT gavamagrebT eTikurad orientirebul saerTo

suraTs, romelic gamorCeuli iqneba

- didi istoriuli kavSirebis diaqronuli da sinqronuli analiziT,

- realurad arsebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis miukerZoebeli kritikiT,

- racionalurad moniSnuli konstruqciuli alternativebiT,

- maTi realizaciisaTvis saWiro konkretuli alternativebis sadiskusiod

gamotaniT.

amgvar ganWvretas (problemaTa gadawyvetis mcdelobas) martiv winadadebaTa

da iaffasiani receptebis gareSe SeuZlia biZgi misces specialistebs da

sxvadasxva dargis pasuxismgebel pirebs adekvaturi grZelvadiani strategiebis

Camoyalibebasa da damuSavebaSi.~ (hans kiungi, msoflio zneoba msoflio

politikisa da msoflio ekonomikisaTvis, germanulidan Targmna zurab abaSiZem,

1998, gv. 14).

zemoaRniSSnuli meTodologiis safuZvelze sxva qveynebis da, saerTod,

msoflio mowinave gamocdilebis Cvens sasargeblod gamoyeneba. rogorc ilia

WavWavaZes miaCnda, amisaTvis vidre Cveni sakuTari WirisaTvis sxvisa nacad wamals

SevarCevdeT, jer diagnozi unda davsvaT. amisaTvis jer unda yovelmxriv

SeviswavloT Cveni àvadmyofobis~ niSanTvisebebi, diagnozis dasmis meTodebi da

principebi. mxolod amis Semdeg, yovelmxrivi gamokvlevis Sedegad unda

ganvsazRvroT Cveni avadmyofoba. Tu ase moviqceviT, nacad wamalsac zustad

SevarCevT. magram rogor SevarCioT es nacadi wamali? ilia amis Sesaxebac Tavisi

meTodebiT gvmoZRvravs. man Camoayaliba is meTodologia, Tu rogor unda

gamoviyenoT sxva qveynebis Sinauri cxovrebis gamocdileba.

ilias mTavari daskvna is aris, rom yvela qveyanas arc erTi da igive

sakiTxis erTi da imave gziT gadawyveta gamoadgeba, da miTumetes, arc erTmaneTis

gamocdilebis Sablonis saxiT gadatana. aseTi problemebis mogvareba sxvadasxva

58

qveynebSi gansxvavebul midgomebs moiTxovs. sxvebis mier ukve ganvlil gzas, maT

gamocdilebas fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs da mas ueWvelad unda viyenebdeT

adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis Seswavlisa da yovelmxriv dasabuTebuli

gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze.

Tavis mecnierul gamokvlevebSi ilia WavWavaZem mogvca klasikuri nimuSebi

imisa, Tu rogor unda gaviTvaliswinoT mowinave qveynebis gamocdileba, ras unda

mivaqcioT umTavresi yuradReba. 1889 wels daweril statiaSi _ àzia winaT da

exla~, igi ikvlevs, Tu ras mihyavs msoflio win, romeli qveynebi CamorCnen da

dawinaurdnen da ratom; zogadad ras unda viTvaliswinebdeT mowinave qveynebis

gamocdilebidan. rogorc ilia aRniSnavs, azia winaT civilizaciis akvani iyo da

èrTs dros mTelis qveynis bedis warmatebas saTaveSi edga~, axla ki azieloba

ufro damamcirebeli (`sabiabruo~) saxelia, vidre Tavmosawonebeli. amas avtori

logikurad miiCnevs, radgan aziam Tavis warsuli da dRevandeloba kritikulad ar

Seafasa da verc momavali ganWvrita. ilia werda: èsec unda momxdariyo. istoria

da warmateba imisi – ki ar aris, vinc marto Tavis-Tavis avkargianobas Sehxaris,

vinc marto dRevandelobas – avia Tu kargi – hkmarobs, viTarca xelSeuvals

rasme anderZs mama-papeuls, aramed imisia, vinc mas ara hkmarobs – rac dRes aris,

da visac dRevandeloba marto xidad miuCnevia xvalisaTvis da ara binad, saca

kacma Tavi unda Seiketos, rogorc samudamo sadgurSi, samudamod gulze xel-

dasakrebad da mosasveneblad. tyuilad-ki ara sTqva turgenievma, rom es qveyana

taZari-ki ar aris, saca kaci unda hloculobdes, aramed saxelosnoa, saca unda

irjebodes da hmuSaobdeso~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz. t. 9, gv. 113-114).

ilias azriT, msoflio asparezze evropis dawinaureba ganapiroba mecnierebam

da mxneobam, Wkuam da xelma, dRevandelobiT daukmayofileblobam da ukeTobis

wyurvilma. igi aRniSnavs: ìstoria da warmateba – marjvesi, gamrjesi, mxnesi da

mermisisaTvis mebrZolis kuTvnilia. amisTanad aRmoCnda evropieli, da burTi da

moedanic imas darCa. igia dRes gamgebeli qveynierebisa, igia dRes qveynis uRlis

mweveli da igivea qveynis sikeTis mkrefavi da patronica. ama qveynis madlis

Taflsa marto evropieliRa iRebs qveynis skisagan, romelsac xan iqiT ubrunebs

pirs, xan aqeT, imisda mixedviT, rogorc da saiTac ujobs, radganac amisaTvis

baric xelSi aqvs da niCabic, ese igi, mecniereba da mxneoba, Wkua da xeli. am

mecnierebasa da mxneobas amoqmedebs dauRalavi wyurvili xvalis ukeTesobisa da

mwvavi ukmaroba dRevandelobisa. am or grZnobaTagan warmosdgeba is Zlevamosili

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winmsvleloba, is diadi warmateba, romelic yaramansaviT yafis mTas mxrebzed

daiyenebs, rom qveS jarma mSvidobiT da uwyinarad gaiaros (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t.

9, gv. 114).

ase dawinaurda evropa. azia ki CamorCa. mizezi uZraoba da Tavis naWuWSi

Caketva iyo. ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda: `ram dahmarTa es ambavi azias? ram dauxuTa

muxli msvlelobisa da erTs dros winmavali qveyana, exla ase ukan rom daayena?

iman Tu – rom Tavisi sakuTari ZarRvebi daawyda, Tavisi sakuTari sagzali

winmsvlelobisaTvis Semoaklda, Tu sxva ram mizezma mosWra sulieri da

xorcieli muxli, _ amis gamoZiebas Cven ar SevudgebiT. es-ki aSkaraa, rom misi

warmateba Sesdga, SeCerda, da azia dRevandels dRes angariSSi mosatani ar aris,

roca qveynis winmsvlelobaze laparakobT. amasTan aziis ubedureba is iyo, rom es

Sedgoma, SeCereba, TiTqo ver igrZno, ver icno, _ piriqiT, raca hqonda,

sasuliero Tu saxorcielo, imas dasjerda da Tavmowonebuli Sehxaroda, TiTqo

imaze ukeTesi sxva aRara eguleba-rao qveynierebazed. amiT kmayofilma calke

Seiketa da garedam aRar miikara arc amayvavebeli Suqi mzisa, arc gamacocxlebeli

sio. am yofaSi Cavarda CineTi, misi mimyoli iaponia, romelTac aravin aRar

miikares da amisaTvis magari zRude Semoavles Tavis aremares. TiTqmis am tyuils

Tavmowonebasa da kmayofilebas mieca sparseTica, saca sasuliero wodebam

mosleminebisam Sehkra da SehboWa goneba da guli mTelis erisa da Tvalebi auba

imdenad, rom Taviszed ukeTess sxvas aravis xadida~ (WavWavaZe i., Txz., t. 9. gv.

114-115).

ase Searyia azia `tyuil TavmowonebiT yofnam~. ilia WavWavaZe gamosavals

sxvisgan Wkuis swavlebaSi xedavda. am sxvaSi ki evropas miiCnevda.

ra unda gadmoiRos ama Tu im qveyanam ufro mowinave qveynebidan, kerZod ki

evropidan? ilia am kiTxvebs pasuxobda da miiCnevda, rom CineTs, iaponias, irans

evropidan unda gadmoeRoT èvropis ganaTleba~, `mmarTveloba da gamgebloba~, misi

`wesi da rigi~ da TiTqmis yvelaferi. igi iwonebda iaponiis magaliTs da werda:

ìaponia am mxariT ufro gabedulad irjeba. misi axali xelmwife didi momxrea

evropis ganaTlebisa da lamis daucxromlad – yolisferi, nametnavad mmarTveloba

da gamgebloba qveynisa, evropis wessa da rigs Seuferos. dRes iaponias bevri

evropiulad ganaTlebuli, evropaSive swavlamiRebuli axalgazrdoba hyavs. Sinac

didad mocadineni arian swavlisa da ganTlebisaTvis. mwerloba, cotad Tu bevrad,

frTaasxmulia da gavrcelebuli, da vin icis, _ iqneba iaponiam pirveli

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mesveuroba gauwiios azias evropis civilizaciis zemoqmedebis qveS warsamateblad

da ganTiadma ganaTlebisam Tavisi sxivosani Suqi pirvel iqidam mohfinos mTels

aziasac. amboben, iaponeli amisaTvis arc niWs aris moklebuli da arc unarso~

(WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv. 115-116).

Semdeg igi iwonebs agreTve, rom sparseTmac kari gauRo evropis

civilizacias da daaskvnis: zogadad mowinave qveynidan yvelaferi unda gadmoviRoT

rasac moiTxovs qveynis sikeTe da bedniereba. ilias mTavari meTodologiuri

daskvna gamoxatulia Semdeg sityvebSi: àrc sparseTi darCa uimisod, rom evropis

civilizaciisTvis kari ar gaeRo. exlandelis Sahis mefobis dros bevrs Zvels

Cveulebas, romelic sulsa da xorcs sparseTisas ase Tu ise hxuTavda, kbili

moeWra. Sahma, romelmac ramdenjerme moiara evropa, bevrs rasmeze aaxila Tvali

da dainaxa Tavis qveyanaSi bevri umsgavsoba da Seuferebloba. igi scdilobs bevri

ram Zveli gansdevnos, bevri ram axali SemoiRos. amisaTvis igi Turme arc imis

winaSe ukudgebao, rom Tavisi neba-ufleba SeixuTos, Tu amas moiTxovs qveynis

sikeTe da bedniereba~ (WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv. 116).

sparseTis Temas iliam miuZRvna agreTve calke statia _ `dRevandeli

sparseTi~. es aris imis srulyofili nimuSi, Tu rogor unda isargeblo im qveynis

gamocdilebiT, romelic jer TviTonac ver dawinaurebula, magram amisTvis swori

gza, swori gezi aurCevia. statiaSi naCvenebia, rom Zalian frTxilad unda

mivudgeT imis gamorkvevas, Tu ra aris misaRebi an miuRebeli. ilia werda:

`dRevandeli sparseTi is sparseTi ar aris, rac aqamomde iyo. dRes sparseTSi

iqauri sasuliero wodeba, romelic aqamomde marto gundruks ukmevda yvelafers

sparsuls da ukadrisad ixseniebda sxvas yovels, rac sparsuli ar iyo, cotad

TiTonac gamofxizlda da dainaxa, rom Tumca evropa urjulo qveyanaa, magram iq

bevri imisTana wesi da rigia, romelsac kacma cxviris maRla aweviT gverds ar

unda gauaros, piriqiT, unda dinjis TvaliT daukvirdes da awon-dawonviT

mosCxrikos, _ ra aris iqidam kargi misaRebi da Semosatani da ra aris

uarsayofeli gansadevni.~ (WavWavaZe i. Txz., t. 9, gv. 117).

ilias azriT, mowinave qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziarebisaTvis CvenTvis

prioritetuli unda iyos evropulad swavleba da evropuli ganaTlebis miReba,

radgan mxolod ase SevZlebT sworad SevafasoT yvelaferi, swori diagnozi

davsvaT da Cvens satkivars misi wamliT vuSveloT. aqedanac Cans, ra mniSvnelobas

aniWebda ilia adamians, rogorc Rirebulebas. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

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ganviTarebasTan erTad ilia saWirod Tvlida sakanonmdeblo da ekonomikuri

reformebis ganxorcielebas, mrewvelobis gaZlierebas, xalxis keTildReobis

gaumjobesebas.

ilias miaCnda, rom Wkvianuri midgomiT Cven SevZlebT Cveni codna

gavamdidroT da CvenTvis sasargeblo daskvnebi gamovitanoT ara marto evropis,

aramed msoflios sxva qveynebis gamocdilebidanac.

exeboda ra braziliis respublikad gamocxadebas, ilia SeniSnavda, rom

braziliaSi, don-pedros mmarTvelobis periodSi didi Zvrebi moxda. TiTqmis

yovelmxriv srulyofili gaxda eris moqalaqeobrivi da politikuri Tavisufleba,

sruli iyo sityvis da presis Tavisufleba.

ilia WavWavaZe SeniSnavda, rom àrc gzebi da sxva sasargeblo saqmeni darCnen

warumateblad. rac 1870 wels rkinisgzebi iyo _ 1887 wlamde erTi-aTad miemata.

winaT TiTqmis arafris gamsyidavi brazilia imodenad gaZlierda don-pedros

xelSi, rom am bolo xanebSi yovelwliv 700 milionis saqonelsa hyidis gareT.

ramodenad aiwia mkvidrTa sarCo-sabadebelma, ramodenad imata maTma qonebam – es,

sxvaTa Soris, Semdegidamaca sCans. 1860 wels pirvelad daarsebul iqmnen

sasoflo bankebi. aTis wlis Semdeg daarsebis dRidan am bankebSi misabareblad da

Sesanaxavad Setanil iqmna mkvidrTagan TxuTmet milionamde. gavida kidev aTi

weliwadi da am fulma aiwia ormocdaxuT milionamde~ (WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv.

254).

am qveynis udides warmatebad, don-pedros udides saqmed ilias miaCnda

monobis mospoba braziliaSi. 1871 wels miRebuli iqna kanoni, romelmac

gamoacxada monaTa yvela bavSvis Tavisufleba. `1888 wels, roca don-pedro

evropaSi iyo, misma asulma izabelam, romelic mis moadgiled darCa, srulad

amohkveTa monoba~ (iqve, gv. 254). ase aRadgina imperatorma WeSmariti

kacTmoyvareoba da adamianuri Rirseba. rogorc vxedavT, ilias aqac miaCnia, rom

`kacTmoyvareoba~ da `Rirseba~, umTavresi adamianuri Rirebulebani da qveynis

winsvlis orientirebia.

braziliisadmi miZRvnil statiaSi, romelic oTxi gverdic ki ar aris, am

uzarmazari perspeqtivis mqone qveynis dawinaurebis ambavi ise naTlad aris

warmoCenili, rom SedarebiT CamorCenilma qveyanam, visac aqamde jer ar miuRwevia,

igi SeiZleba Tavis momavali gzis sanimuSo etalonad miiCnios. aseTsave mosawon

nimuSad miaCnia did ilias is, rom monobis gauqmebis gamo gulnatken

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plantatorebs `revolucia mouxdeniaT usisxlo, wynari da mSvidobiani~ da ase

dauwesebiaT respublika. e.i. aqac ilia iseT umTavres Rirebulebebze, mis

nayofismomcem Zalaze migvaniSnebs, rogoric aris `mSvidoba~.

umTavresi ekonomikuri sakiTxi, romelic qveyanam SeiZleba gaiziaros sxvaTa

gamocdilebidan, es aris sakuTrebis, misi formebis Tanafardobis sakiTxi. es

kargad Cans ilias werilidan _ ìrlandia da inglisi~. avtori irlandiisdaTvis

yvelaze did saqmed miiCnevda mamulebis Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis daSvebas.

ratom iyo aucilebeli mamulebis yidva-gayidvis daSveba? es aucilebeli iyo

imisaTvis, rom mamulebi mis armqoneebsac darigebodaT da gza gaxsnoda fermerobis

ganviTarebas. saWiro iyo, rom umamulod darCenili xalxisaTvis sasaxleebi da

cotaodeni sakomlo mamulebi mainc miecaT, radgan miwis uzomod uTanabro

ganawileba mcxovrebT metad gaWirvebul yofaSi ayenebda. amitom saWiro iyo

`Tanasworuflebianobis~, `samarTlianobis~ damyareba dawyebuliyo umTavresi

saarsebo saSualebidan, miwidan.

ilias umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad miaCnda optimaluri Tanafardobis dacva

miwis miTvisebaSi da mis gansazRvra-formirebas saTanado kanonis safuZvelze

gansazRvruli zomiT (`farglebiT~) miiCnevda.

aanalizebda ra inglisis gamocdilebas, ilia miiCnevda, rom inglisis

ministris gladstonis kanoni `dids arafers warmoadgens~, magram misiT

safuZveli Caeyara miwaTmflobelobis Zveli wyobis cvlilebebs da sityva saqmed

iqca. ilia imasac aRwers, rom es kanoni efuZneba olsteris Cveulebas da amiT

kidev erTxel usvams xazs adgilobriv CveulebaTa Seswavlisa da mis mixedviT

kanonmdeblobis Sedgenis aucileblobas.

gladstonis kanonma Secvala inglisSi manmade arsebuli `Zlieri moZRvreba

sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobisa~, riTac misi avtoris dideba da saxeli mTels

qveyanas moefina. `rac iyo~, im realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, es ùwyinari

kanoni~, `didi gabeduli da Tamami biji~ iyo. ratom hqonda am kanons aseTi

mniSvneloba?

gladstonis kanonis udidesi mniSvneloba is iyo, rom man mTels evropas da

SeiZleba iTqvas mTels msflios `qonebrivi wyobilebis~ samarTlian safuZvelze

aSenebis gza gauxsna. kanonma gza gauxsna miwaze, mamulze sruli sakuTrebis

dafuZnebas. ilia WavWavaZe amis Sesaxeb werda: `mag kanons, Tumca sifrTxiliT,

magram aSkarad didmniSvnelobiani sagani udevs sarCulad – ara marto

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inglisisaTvis, aramed mTel dasavleT evropisaTvisac. qonebrivi wyobileba

exlandelis sazogadoebisa dasavleTs evropaSi... unda im safuZvelzed aSendes,

rom fermerma, RaliT miwebis mWerelma, umamulo muSakacma sakuTrebad Seisyidon

mamulni, romelzedac droebiT da vadiT dganan.~ (WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv. 45).

amis Semdeg ilias mohyavs erTi ingliseli mecnieris sityvebi, romelsac

aRuniSnavs, `rom mag kanons ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvso mTelis inglisisaTvis...~

radgan igi aris mTeli eris saWiroeba, `-biji, marTalia, mokled gadadgmuli,

magram Zlieri da uku daubrunebelio~... am sityvebis warmoTqmidan aTi wlis

Semdeg, 1886 wels, gladstonma `1872 wels cotad gaRebuli mis mierve kari

axalis azris dasabinaveblad, exla TiTqmis mTlad gaaRo, uSiSrad~. ilias miCnda,

rom es kanoni WeSmarit samarTlianobaze efuZneboda da momavalSi aucileblad

gzas gaikafavda. igi werda: `waagebs amaSi gladstoni, Tu moigebs, damarcxdeba, Tu

gaimarjvebs, _ amas mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod dRevandelis dRis satkivarisaTvis,

xolo es ki ueWvelia, rom mermisi misi moZRvrebisaa da moedans

miwaTmflobelobisas misi moZRvreba daiWers.

ai, ra mizeziT dasavleTi evropa ese gulmodgined Sehyurebs dRes inglisis

Sinaurs saqmes da Tvals ar aSorebs moxucebuls kacs gladstons, romelmac

siWabukis siTamamiT da mxneobiT dRes Widili gaubeda... wyobasa, da

moxucebulobisagan dRemiwuruli ar SeuSinda arc kicxvas, arc lanZRvas, arc

muqaras, marto imis gamo, rom simarTle Tavis moZRvrebisa swams da am simarTliT

surs Cavides saflavSi.~ (WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv. 46).

didi ilias am sityvebidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra gzas unda dasdgomoda jer

kidev maSin Cveni qveyana. es iyo miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis dafuZnebis, misi yidva-

gayidvis daSvebis da am sruli sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis mtkice garantirebuli

damkvidreba.

1.5. civilizaciis‚ kulturis da Rirebulebis cnebaTa

urTierTmimarTeba

sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis srulyofili Seswavla Tanamedrove

etapze interdisciplinarul midgomas moiTxovs, vinaidan calkeul sferoTa

fundamenturi sakiTxebis calcalke gamokvlevis Sedegebs sWirdeba ganzogadeba da

64

mTlianobaSi gaazreba, rogorc civilizaciis, kulturis da Rirebulebis

problemebs.

upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa kargad gaverkveT „civilizaciisa” da „kultu-

ris” cnebebSi. rogorc cnobilia, humanitaruli azrovnebis adreul etapze gaCnda

termini „civilizacia” da momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan civitas‚ rac niSnavs

sazogadoebas‚ aqedan warmosdgeba civis – moqalaqe‚ civilis – samoqalaqo; adreul

istoriul etapze es termini gaCnda laTinur sazogadoebaSi da gamoxatavda

laTinuri sociumis‚ saxelmwifoebrivi modelis upiratemobas barbarosebis

cxovrebis wesTan SedarebiT. meore termini‚ „kultura~‚ warmosdgeba laTinuri

`kultura~-dan. aRsaniSnavia‚ rom igi Tavdapirvelad niSnavda damuSavebas‚ movlas,

aRzrdas, ganviTarebas, gamomuSavebas (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Культура).

kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze civilizaciisa da

kulturis cnebebis Sinaarsi globalizacias daukavSirda. „Sua saukuneebis

evropel ganmanaTleblebTan TandaTanobiT xdeba civilizaciisa da kulturis

cnebaTa daaxloeba‚ romlebic ukve ukavSirdebian istoriul procesebs (avaliani e.

kultura da civilizacia, zogadi mimoxilvebi, Tb., `lomisi~, 1997, gv. 5).

kulturis cnebis universaluri gansazRvreba‚ romelic yvelasaTvis misaRebi

iqneboda‚ jer kidev ver Camoyalibda. es exeba civilizaciis cnebasac. am

terminebis mokled ganmarteba sayovelTaod cnobilma mkvlevarebmac ver moaxerxes.

amitom prof. e. avaliani samarTlianad exeba am cnebaTa mxolod zogad

parametrebs da aRniSnavs: amiT „mxolod nawilobriv warmovaCenT „kulturisa~ da

„civilizaciis” rTul bunebas:

1. zogadad‚ kultura‚ civilizaciisagan gansxvavebiT‚ kacobriobis viwro‚

SemoqmedebiT-inteleqtualuri‚ parametrebiT ganisazRvreba. igi moicavs‚

ZiriTadad‚ adamianis SemoqmedebiT sawyisebs‚ SezRudulia sivrcesa da droSi.

2. Tavisi bunebiT kultura naklebad kosmopolituri movlenaa. igi emyareba

monaTesave eTnosebis urTierTSexebis Sedegad miRebul gamocdilebas‚ xolo

komunikaciis saSualebad iyenebs viwro‚ eTnikur-enobriv jgufSi gaerTianebul

lokalur enebsa da dialeqtebs. lokaluri kulturebis msoflaRqmis sistema

ZiriTadad religiur orientirzea mimarTuli‚ xolo aRniSnuli sazogadoebis

mxatvruli‚ analitikuri da praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi kategoriebi‚ Tavis mxriv‚

sulier-iracionalur plastzea gaTvlili.

65

3. civilizacia Tavisi bunebiT kosmopolituri da komunikabeluri

sazogadoebis formaa‚ romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavis sazRvrebs SigniT

aerTianebs sxvadasxva eTnosebsa da enobriv ojaxebs.

4. civilizacia ganfenilia did sivrcesa da drois xangrZliv monakveTSi. igi

moicavs sazogadoebis SemoqmedebiT-inteleqtualuri miRwevebis safuZvelze

mimdinare teqnologiur da socialur procesebs. civilizaciis msoflaRqmis‚

cnobierebis modeli Tavisi specifikiT naklebadiracionaluria. civilizaciis

etapze sxvadasxva religiaTa sinTezi ireligiurobasa da racionaluri azrovnebis

tips nergavs”. (iqve, gv. 6-7).

avtoris daskvnebi aseTia: „saerTo jamSi‚ civilizacia‚ albaT‚ gagebul unda

iqnes rogorc politikur‚ socialur‚ ekonomikur‚ inteleqtualur tradiciaTa

erToblioba‚ maSin‚ roca kultura ukavSirdeba adamianis SemoqmedebiT‚ SemecnebiT

da sulier sawyisebs. igi naklebad materializebulia cxovrebis iseT formebSi‚

rogoric aris politika‚ ekonomika‚ socialuri urTierTobebi. zogadad‚ kultura

warmoadgens sazogadoebis sulieri Zalebisa da SemoqmedebiTi potencialis

realizaciis sferos. kulturis rogorc istoriul-filosofiuri kategoriis

SigniT SesaZlebelia gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi forma: mxatvruli‚ analitikuri da

praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi. am formaTa arseboba da maTi erToblioba ayalibebs

kacobriobis istoriaSi e. w. „maRali~ anu „ganviTarebuli~ kulturebis models.

da bolos‚ Cvenis azriT‚ kulturis istoria (farTo gagebiT) aris

zogadsakacobrio gamocdileba yofisa da azrisa‚ gakveTilebi warsulisa‚ romelic

gvexmareba awmyosa da momavlis gacnobierebaSi. calkeul lokalur kulturaTa Tu

civilizaciaTa miRwevebi‚ romlebic zogadsakacobrio faseulobebad iqcevian‚

aRniSnuli sociumebis sulier da materialur miRwevaTa erTianobas warmoadgenen.

istoria calkeuli kulturebisa da civilizaciebis erTobliobaa‚ es aris

krebiTi cneba – termini‚ romelic aRniSnuli erTeulebis gamocdilebas erT

zogadsakacobrio istoriad‚ codnad da gamocdilebad ayalibebs. maSasadame‚ Tavad

istoria jamia istoriuli cnebebisa (civilizacia + kultura =

civilizaciis/kulturis istoria)‚ sadac „kultura~ da „civilizacia~ TavisTavad

istoriul-filosofiuri kategoriebia~ (iqve, gv. 7).

kulturologiis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis garkveva-dazustebaSi didi wvlili

Seitana zigmund froidma. swored mas eZRvneba prof. m. qumsiSvilis gamokvleva –

66

„ra dauSava kulturam froids?~ avtori termin „kulturas~ froidiseuli

gagebis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs Semdegs:

„froidis azriT‚ termini „kultura~ aRniSnavs miRwevebisa da institutebis

mTel jams. kultura gulisxmobs adamianis daculobas bunebisagan da adamianis

batonobas bunebaze. kulturas evaleba adamianTa Soris urTierobebis regulireba.

kulturaSi Sedis inteleqtualuri‚ mecnieruli da mxatvruli miRwevebi:

religia‚ filosofia da idealebi‚ anu calkeuli pirovnebis‚ mTeli xalxis an

mTeli kacobriobis warmodgenebi srulyofis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. radgan

froidi ar asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebebs‚ amitom

rodesac kulturis an civilizaciis froidiseul gagebaze vlaparakobT‚

yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara mxolod kultura an civilizacia‚ aramed

Taviseburi „kultura-civilizacia”. magram Cven SeiZleba am ori cnebis gamijvna

vcadoT; froidiseul „kultura-civilizacias” civilizacia aris yvelaferi is‚

rac Seuqmnia adamiansa da kacobriobas dasabamidan dRemde‚ anu yovelgvari

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi‚ mTavari da aramTavari‚ mniSvnelovani da umniSvnelo‚

mdabali da amaRlebuli Rirebulebebi‚ xolo kultura aris civilizaciis

mxolod saukeTeso nawili‚ mxolod dadebiTi‚ umTavresi da umniSvnelovanesi

Rirebulebebi‚ mxolod umaRlesi rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebebi. es Rirebulebebia:

sikeTe‚ WeSmariteba‚ mSveniereba‚ samarTlianoba‚ siyvaruli‚ Tavisufleba‚ mSvidoba‚

xelovneba‚ Semoqmedeba da sxva...

kulturasa da civilizacias Soris nawilisa da mTelis mimarTebaa da amitom

yvelaferi is‚ rac miekuTvneba kulturas‚ amave dros miekuTvneba civilizaciasac‚

magram civilizacia ufro farTo da tevadi cnebaa‚ kultura ki ufro viwroa

moculobis TvalsazrisiT‚ magram ufro Rrma da woniania Sinaarsis

TvalsazrisiT~ (qumsiSvili m. ra dauSava kulturam froids? Tb., 2003, gv. 12).

imisaTvis‚ rom „kulturis~ gageba ufro naTeli gaxdes‚ ganvixiloT

qarTveli filosofosis niko WavWavaZis mosazrebani. 1984 wels man rusul enaze

gamosca gaxmaurebuli naSromi: ,,kultura da Rirebulebebi~.

prof. m. qumsiSvili aRniSnavs, rom: „n. WavWavaZiseuli gansazRvrebis

mixedviT‚ kultura aris ganxorcielebul RirebulebaTa samyaro. da, amave dros,

kultura aris idealur-RirebulebiTi miznebis realizacia‚ Rirebulebebis

gadasaxleba jerarsis samyarodan arsebulis samyaroSi da idealis ganxorcieleba‚

saidanac SeiZleba davaskvnaT‚ rom kultura yofila ara mxolod ganxorcielebul

67

RirebulebaTa samyaro‚ aramed jer ganuxorcielebeli Rirebulebebisac imis gamo‚

rom am RirebulebebSi igulisxmeba adamianis idealebic da ocnebebic‚ romlebic

kulturis mamoZravebel miznebs warmoadgenen. amitom‚ kulturaSi potenciurad‚

SesaZleblobis saxiT yovelTvis unda vigulisxmoT imaze gacilebiT meti‚ vidre

is aris. marTali iyo froidi‚ rodesac kulturas idealebic miakuTvna. Cven

SeiZleba davazustoT kulturis gansazRvreba da vTqvaT‚ rom kultura aris ara

mxolod ganxorcielebuli umaRlesi rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebebi‚ aramed

kultura aris adamianis da kacobriobis keTili nebis miswrafebac am umaRlesi

rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebebis ganxorcielebisaken. „miswrafeba~ imitom‚ rom‚

magaliTad‚ brZola da Zalisxmeva usamarTlobisa da Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg ukve

unda CaiTvalos kulturul procesad. „miswrafeba~ imitom‚ rom kulturuli

revolucia Tu kulturuli Rirebulebebis absoluturi da sruli ganxorcieleba

SeuZlebelia da adamiani arasodes ar iqneba savsebiT kmayofili arsebuli

kulturuli miRwevebiT (iqve, gv. 12-13). zigmund froidis da niko WavWavaZis

azrebze dayrdnobiT m. qumsiSvili kulturas ganixilavs rogorc eTikuri

Sinaarsis miswrafebas esTetikur formaSi dasrulebisaken.

„kultura~ rom srulyofilad gaviazroT‚ kidev bevri ramis gacnobierebaa

saWiro. maT Soris Zalian mniSvnelovania „sindisis~ cneba. m. qumsiSvili wers:

„froidis azriT‚ sindisi aris adamianis mier sxvebis nacvlad sakuTari Tavisaken‚

sakuTari me-s winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresia. magram am agresiaSi froidi

gulisxmobs zedamxedveloba-akrZalvebsac‚ danaSaulis grZnobasac‚ sasjelis

moTxovnilebasac da codvebis monaniebasac. froidis azriT‚ sindisi ar arsebobs

„ze-me~-mde. ufro metic‚ sindisi aris „ze-me~-s anu super-egos funqcia da mas

evaleba „me~-s anu egos ganzraxvebsa da moqmedebebze Tvalyuris devna‚ maTi

Sefaseba‚ kontroli da moraluri cenzura. „ze-me~ aris pirovnebis Taviseburi

TviTcnobiereba da TviTdakvirvebis unari. da amave dros „ze-me~-Si Sedis

moraluri‚ religiuri da socialuri moTxovnebi da idealebi‚ rac amave dros

kulturis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebicaa. sindisi Taviseburi kritikuli

instanciaa. „me~-s miswrafebebi iZulebulni arian‚ rom daemorCilon „ze-me~-s

moTxovnebs da maTi gavleniT bevr rameze Tqvan uari‚ Tavi Seikavon da survilebi

moTokon. amitom‚ sindisi aris pirveladi miswrafebebis dakmayofilebaze uaris

Tqmis Sedegi. froidi kulturasac xom amaSi adanaSaulebs.

68

froidis azriT‚ individis „ze-me~-s msgavsad kulturasac gaaCnia Tavisi „ze-

me~. kulturis idealebi da moTxovnebi‚ romlebic exebian adamianTa Soris

urTierTobebs‚ erTiandebian eTikaSi. eTikis daxmarebiT ki kultura cdilobs‚ rom

moiSoros iseTi didi dabrkoleba‚ rogoricaa agresiisadmi midrekileba. amitom‚

kulturis „ze-me~-s upirvelesi moTxovnaa: „giyvardes moyvasi Seni‚ viTrca Tavi

Seni~ (iqve, gv. 27-28).

swored kultura da sindisi xelmZRvaneloben im umaRlesi rangis dadebiTi

RirebulebebiT‚ romlebic adamianis da kacobriobis mieraa Seqmnili. swored maTiT

unda mowmdebodes Cveni qcevis siswore. Cven aseve mTlianad viziarebT froidis

uaryofiTi daskvnebidan gamotanil prof. m. qumsiSvilis Semdeg dadebiT daskvnebs:

„froidi didad araa aRtacebuli da ufro metad ukmayofiloc kia‚ rogorc

kulturis‚ aseve sindisis gamo‚ romlebic mas adamianis da kacobriobis

mCagvrelebad warmoudgenia. froidi sindissac da kulturasac uaryofiTi niSniT

afasebs‚ magram Tu am uaryofiT niSans dadebiTiT SevcvliT‚ maSin froidis

naazrevi migvaniSnebs da Segvaxsenebs‚ rom kulturac da sindisic „ze-me~-dan

gviTvalTvaleben kacobriobis umaRlesi eTikuri monapovrebis‚ Rirebulebebis da

idealebis saxiT; kulturac da sindisic is Suqurebia‚ romlebiskenac gezi unda

gvqondes aRebuli da romlebiskenac unda viswrafvodeT mTeli Cveni keTili nebis

ZalisxmeviT; kulturac da sindisic is kamertonebia‚ romelTa daxmarebiTac Cveni

qcevis siswore unda mowmdebodes. kulturac da sindisic im umaRlesi rangis

dadebiTi RirebulebebiT‚ romlebic adamianis da kacobriobis mieraa Seqmnili isev

da isev adamianis sakeTildReod da sabednierod. kultura‚ rogorc sindisi aris

siamaye adamianis da kacobriobis miRwevebis gamo da sircxvili adamianisa da

kacobriobis winaSe adamianis mierve Cadenil danaSaulobaTa gamo. kulutra aris

yvelaze wminda da naTeli‚ yvelaze mSvenieri da amaRlebuli‚ yvelaze Zvirfasi da

saukeTeso‚ rac ki Seuqmnia kacobriobas. kultura – kacobriobis sindisia.

meRimeba amas ros vwer‚ magram gamaxsenda da ar SemiZlia‚ rom ar vTqva.

komunistebs Zalian uyvardaT lozungi: „partia xalxis goneba‚ Rirseba da

sindisia~. am lozungis wabaZviT Cvenc SegviZlia vTqvaT‚ rom „kultura

kacobriobis goneba‚ Rirseba da sindisia~. Tqven warmoidgineT‚ es sityvebi

kulturas ufro uxdeba da Seefereba~ (iqve, gv. 28).

bolos‚ m. qumsiSvili gvTavazobs angariSgasawev daskvnas, romelic, misi

azriT, ufro srulad warmoaCens kulturis fenomens. igi wers: „Zalian Znelia

69

kulturis sruli‚ yovelmxrivi da damakmayofilebeli gansazRvrebis mocema‚ ufro

advilia patar-patara gansazRvrebebiT kulturis fenomenis sxvadasxva kuTxidan

Cveneba. froidis kulturis Teoriaze muSaobisas kulturasTan dakavSirebiT

gakeTebuli daskvnebi rom SevajamoT‚ aseT suraTs miviRebT:

1. kultura aris umaRlesi rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebebi.

2. kultura aris kacobriobis keTili nebis miswrafeba iseTi umaRlesi

rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebis ganxorcielebisaken‚ rogoricaa sikeTe‚ WeSmariteba‚

mSveniereba‚ samarTlianoba‚ siyvaruli‚ bedniereba‚ mSvidoba‚ Tavisufleba da a. S.

3. kultura aris eTikuri Sinaarsis miswrafeba esTetikur formaSi

dasrulebisaken.

4. kultura aris aucilebeli da sasargeblo Rirebulebebis miswrafeba

TavisTavadi mSvenierebisaken.

5. kultura aris xelosnobis miswrafeba xelovnebisaken.

6. kultura aris aucilebeli‚ sasargeblo‚ praqtikuli da saxmari

Rirebulebebis sublimacia anu gadaqceva-gardaqmna-Secvla da amaRleba-aRmasvla

uangaro‚ amaRlebul da TavisTavad mSvenier RirebulebebiT‚ Rirebulebebad da

Rirebulebebze.

7. kultura kacobriobis sindisia.

kulturis TiToeuli es gansazRvreba damoukidebel gansazRvrebadac SeiZleba

gamodges da erTobliobaSi ki isini kulturis fenomenis SedarebiT dasrulebul

aRwerilobas qmnian. kulturis am gansazRvrebaTa umetesobaSi kultura

warmodgenilia ara mxolod rogorc ukve ganxorcielebul dadebiT RirebulebaTa

erToblioba‚ aramed maTSi naCvenebia kulturis dinamiur-ganviTarebadi da

evoluciur-progresuli bunebac. am gansazRvrebaTagan pirvels pirobiTad SeiZleba

mokle gansazRvreba vuwodoT‚ bolos – poeturi‚ xolo danarCenebs ki –

dinamiuri~ (iqve, gv. 29-30).

kulturisa da civilizaciis Sesaxeb, vfiqrobT, misaRebi midgomebia

Camoyalibebuli erT-erT saintereso rusul saxelmZRvaneloSi (Социально-

экономическая география зарубежного мира/ Под. ред. В. В. Вольского. – 2-е изд., с. 69.

испр. – М.: Дрофа, 2003). misi avtorebi samarTlianad miuTiTeben‚ rom Tanamedrove

msoflios makroregionebis formirebis fesvebi Rrmad midis kacobriobis uZveles

warsulSi. maTi embrionebi adamianur kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Casaxvis‚

ganviTarebis da gavrcelebis polusebze gaCnda. isini Rebulobdnen Tavis

70

Tanamedrove sazRvrebs eTnosebis‚ xalxebis‚ saxelmwifoTa‚ kulturebis‚

civilizaciebis intensiuri urTierTobebis Sedegad kontinentTa uzarmazar

sivrceebze an gansazRvrul‚ bunebrivi barierebiT Znelad dasaZlev

subkontinentebze. xalxebis mWidro kontaqtebi‚ kulturaTa urTierTgamdidreba

da amis safuZvelze regionuli civilizaciebis warmoSoba yovelTvis mSvidobiani

urTierTobebis‚ savaWro gacvlis‚ ierarqebis danaTesavebis gziT ki ar

xorcieldeboda‚ aramed miwebis‚ resursebis‚ regionSi batonobisTvis gamZafrebuli

brZolis pirobebSi. regionul omebSi gamarjvebulni yovelTvis is xalxebi ver

gamodiodnen‚ romlebsac maRali kultura hqondaT. maSin damarcxebuli xalxis

kultura ukugdebuli xdeboda. xSirad gamarjvebulebi da damarcxebulebi rolebs

icvlidnen‚ adgili hqonda gareregionul Semosevebs da Zaladobas‚ qrebodnen da

Cndebodnen saxelmwifoebi da xalxebi‚ magram es yvelaferi ukvalod ki ar

qreboda‚ aramed esa Tu is Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda Tanamedrove xalxTa

memkvidreobaSi‚ maT kulturasa da xasiaTis formirebaSi‚ maTs siwmindeebsa da

idiosinkraziaSi.

kultura SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc farTo gagebiT‚ aseve mxolod

eTnosis‚ xalxis‚ eris doneze. amasTanave‚ erTiani zogaderovnuli kulturis

pirobebSic ki‚ ers SeiZleba hqondes kulturuli provinciebi Tavisi

TaviseburebebiT da specifikiT. rogori gavlenac ar unda ganicados kulturam

garedan‚ is yovelTvis aris erovnuli‚ konkretuli‚ ganumeorebeli‚ aqvs sakuTari

istoria‚ gamoxatavs mis saerToistoriul da erovnul etapebs. xalxebis

gaqrobasTan erTad maTi kulturebic qreboda da mxolod misi raRac nawili

xdeboda xelmisawvdomi arqeologTaTvis.

Pprof. v. volskis azriT‚ „Cveulebriv kultura moicavs Semdeg qvesistemebs

da komponentebs:

materialuri kultura:

sawarmoo Zalebi (warmoebis iaraRebi‚ teqnologiebi‚ komunikaciebi‚ kadrebis

kvalifikacia‚ mecniereba da a. S.);

warmoebiTi urTierTobani;

moxmarebis sagnebi (sacxovrebeli bina‚ tansacmeli‚ kveba da a. S.);

adamianis mier gardaqmnili (kulturuli) landSafti.

sulieri kultura:

71

ena‚ damwerloba‚ literatura;

xasiaTi‚ zne-Cveuleba‚ eTika;

religia;

ideologia‚ filosofia‚ samarTali‚

xolovneba;

ganaTleba.

sazogadoebrivi institutebi:

jandacva‚ socialuri uzrunvelyofa;

politikuri jgufebi‚ partiebi;

sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi;

xelisuflebis marTvis sistema.

sabolood‚ kultura – esaa adaminis naswavli qceva sazogadoebaSi‚ razedac

damokidebulia am sazogadoebis materialuri da sulieri ganviTareba~ (iqve, gv.

17).

kulturis umniSvnelovanes elementebs unda mivakuTvnoT warmoebis kultura.

igi mWidro kavSirSia mTel ekonomikasTan, samewarmeo saqmianobasTan, cnobili

amerikeli ekonomistebis, r. grifinis da m. pasteis wignSi `saerTaSoriso biznesi~

kulturis maxasiaTeblebi swored am aspeqtSia ganxiluli. (Ricky W. Griffin,

Michael W. Pustay. International Business, Fourth Edition, p. 157-158). avtorTa

azriT, samewarmeo saqmianoba, iseve rogorc adamianis moRvaweobis mravali sxva

saxe, xorcieldeba konkretuli sazogadoebis konteqstSi. Ukultura – esaa

faseulobaTa, rwmenaTa, qcevis modelTa, wes-CveulebaTa da mizandasaxulobaTa

erToblioba, rac ganasxvavebs erT sazogadoebas meorisgan. sazogadoebis kultura

adgens wesebs, romelTa Sesabamisadac kompaniebi warmarTaven TavianT saqmianobas am

sazogadoebaSi. qvemoT CamoTvlilia kulturis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli, romelTac

kavSiri aqvT saerTaSoriso biznesTan.

*kultura gansazRvravs qcevis wess, romelic yalibdeba swavlebis Sedegad

da gadaecema sazogadoebis erTi wevridan meores; kulturis zogierTi elementi

Taobidan Taobas gadaecema (magaliTad, situaciebi, roca mSoblebi Svilebs

aswavlian qcevis wesebs magidasTan). sxva elementebi gadaecema mxolod erTi

72

Taobis farglebSi (magaliTad, roca ufrosklaselebi aswavlian axalbedebs

saskolo tradiciebs).

*kulturis elementebi urTierTdakavSirebulia. magaliTad, iaponiaSi

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva Tanxmobasa da loialurobas, rac gamoixateba

muSakTa istoriulad Camoyalibebul samudamo daqiravebasa da maT minimalur

mobilurobaSi.

*vinaidan kultura gansazRvravs qcevis stils, romelic swavlebis Sedegad

Camoyalibda, igi adapturia. sxva sityebiT rom vTqvaT, kultura icvleba gare

faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT, rac mTel sazogadoebas exeba. magaliTad, meore

msoflio omis Semdeg germania gayves or nawilad: dasavleT germaniad, romelic

orientirebuli iyo Tavisufal bazarze, da aRmosavleT germaniad, romelsac

komunistebi akontrolebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom axlad warmoqmnil qveynebs

hqondaT saerTo kulturuli memkvidreoba, rac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi

yalibdeboda, am gayofam mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebis warmoSoba

ganapiroba aRmosavleT da dasavleT germanelebs Soris (germanul enaSi – Òssis~

da `Wessis~ – SeniSvna). Ees gansxvaveba gaxda aRmosavleT germaniis kulturis

adaptaciis Sedegi SromiTi saqmianobis principebisadmi, riskisa da Sromis

anazRaurebis sistemasTan damokidebulebisadmi, rac komunisturi ideologiiT iyo

Tavs moxveuli.

*sazogadoebis yvela wevri am sazogdoebis kulturul faseulobebs iyofs;

erTsa da imave kulturaze mikuTvneba gansazRvravs garkveul sazogadoebaze

mikuTvnebas. individebi, romlebic ama Tu im kulturis kulturul faseulobebs

iyofen, arian sazogadoebis wevrebi, xolo is individebi, romlebic ar iyofen am

sazogadoebis faseulobebs, ar Sedian mis wevrTa ricxvSi.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi kultura iwyeba ganaTlebidan da Tavis progress

aRwevs mecnierebis‚ teqnologiebis‚ literaturis‚ xelovnebis ganviTarebis zomis

kvaldakval. erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari safuZveli kulturis ganviTarebisa aris

sawarmoo Zalebis mudmivi ganaxleba ufro maRal doneze‚ teqnikuri da

teqnologiuri inovaciebis generacia da danergva.

industriulamdel sazogadoebaSi inovaciebi mwifdeboda an xangrZlivi

gamocdilebis‚ an SemTxveviTi gabrwyinebis (evrika!) Sedegad‚ maTgan yvelaze

mniSvnelovnebis danergva ki kulturuli revoluciebis xasiaTs iZenda.

dasrulebul industriul sazogadoebaSi inovaciebis damuSaveba specialurad

73

organizebuli mecnierebis amocana gaxda da sistematur xasiaTs atarebs‚ rasac

maT danergvasTan erTad yvela sawarmoo ZalTa periodul ganaxlebasTan movyavarT‚

rac mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis (mtp) etapebs moaswavebs. postindustialur

sazogadoebaSi mecniereba gadaqceulia mTavar sawarmoo Zalad‚ inovaciebis

damuSaveba ki Rebulobs mniSvnelovanwilad winaswarmetyvelur da gegmian xasiaTs.

rogorc wesi‚ dasawyisSi inovaciebi ibadeba erTi kulturis farglebSi da

maTi Semdgomi gavrceleba (difuzia) mimdinareobs kulturaTaSorisi

urTierTobebis ganviTarebis procesSi. kulturaTa kontaqtebi sabazro ekonomikis

warmoSobamde SemTxveviT‚ aralegalur‚ an sagangebo (omis) xasiaTsac ki atarebs

da Cveulebriv‚ batonoba-damorCilebis sistemad gadaiqceva. inovaciebis difuzia

daqvemdebarebul kulturebSi nela‚ makroregionis danarCeni samyarosgan

izolirebul masStabebSi mimdinareobs. regionTaSorisi garRvevebi iSviaTia da‚

rogorc wesi‚ exeba ara warmoebas‚ aramed moxmarebas (magaliTad‚ evropaSi

aRmosavluri sunel-saneleblebis‚ abreSumis adriani SeRweva).

samrewvelo revoluciam evropaSi da msoflio bazris formirebam kulturaTa

kontaqtebis mkveTri gaaqtiureba‚ maTi regularuloba da mTeli msoflios

masStabebamde gavrceleba gamoiwvia. swrafad izrdeba inovaciaTa damuSavebis tempi.

TviTon inovaciebi pirvel rigSi mimarTulia maTi gavrcelebis gzaze barierebis

daZlevisaken. satransporto da komunikaciuri teqnikis ganviTarebasTan erTad

minimumamde dadis fizikur-geografiuli barierebis (mTebi‚ tropikuli tyeebi‚

udabnoebi‚ okeaneebi da a. S.) da manZilebis (magaliTad‚ iaponiis daSoreba

inovaciebis evropuli da amerikuli centrebisgan) mniSvneloba. ufro Znelad

dasaZlevi rCeba sulier-kulturuli barierebi – enobrivi‚ religiuri‚ cxovrebis

wesis da a.S. gansxvavebani. garTulda kulturaTaSorisi urtierTobebis xasiaTi.

ganasxvaveben procesebis ara umcires sam tips: kulturaTa asimilacia (STanTqma)‚

amalgamireba (Sereva‚ Sewyoba) da Tanaarseboba.

kulturebs Soris urTireTobaTa ganviTarebas postindustriul

sazogadoebaSi mivyavarT maTs sul ufro farTo internacionalizaciamde‚

kulturaTa konvergenciamde. inovaciaTa sirTulis uwyvet zrdas da maTi

damuSavebis kidev ufro mzard danaxarjebs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisa da

kooperaciis aucileblobamde mivyevarT.

termini „civilizacia~ mecnierebaSi XVIII saukunidan Sevida Zveli istoriis

mesame‚ yvelaze ganviTarebuli periodis aRsaniSnavad‚ romelic moicavs velurobas‚

74

barbarosoba da civilizacias. am periodizaciis Tanaxmad‚ romelic yvelaze ufro

srulyofilad da damajereblad daasabuTa amerikelma arqeologma da eTnografma

ludvig morganma Tavis wignSi „uZvelesi sazogadoeba~ (1877 w.)‚ xalxTa istoriis

epoqebis cvla dakavSirebuli iyo Zalian msxvil‚ revoluciur inovaciebTan.

velurobidan barbarosobaze gadasvla mimdinarebda samonadiro-Semgrovebluri

meurneobis miwaTmoqmedebiT da mecxoveleobiT Secvlis ZaliT‚ e.i. uSualod

bunebisagan saarsebo saSualebaTa mopovebidan materialuri dovlaTis warmoebaze

gadasvliT. qvis da xis WurWlis nacvlad Cndeba sameTuneo nawarmis sul ufro

meti mravalferovneba‚ tyavi icvleba qsoviliT.

civilizaciis epoqaSi Sesvla TariRdeba damwerlobis gaCeniT‚ e.i. Semdgomi

Taobebisadmi gamocdilebis gadacemis SesaZleblobis mopovebiT‚ fiqsirebuli

istoriis dawyebiT. kulturis ganviTarebis civilizaciuri stadiis sxva niSnebs

miekuTvneba: metalurgiis‚ maTematikis da astronomiis gaCena‚ Sromis danawileba

da socialuri stratifikacia‚ qalaqebis warmoSoba‚ saxelmwifoebriobis da

mmarTvelobis formalizacia‚ Soreuli savaWro kavSirebi.

axla termin „civilizacias~ xmaroben rogorc kulturis sinonims‚ romlis

ganviTarebis done SeiZleba gaizomos da Sedardes. magram sazogadoebriv

meurneobebSi es termini didi xania damkvidrda da sul uro farTod gamoiyeneba

erTgvari megakulturebis arsebobis ciklebis aRsaniSnavad‚ romlebmac iTamaSes

sakvanZo roli istoriaSi da axlac TamaSoben mas. civilizaciebs‚ iseve rogorc

kulturebs‚ ganviTarebis Tavisi stadiebi aqvT – isini Cndebian‚ ganicdian ayvavebas

da kvdebian‚ magram „Cveulebrivi~ eTnokulturebisgan gansxvavebiT‚ civilizaciebi

Rrma kvals stoveben istoriaSi‚ avseben ra kacobriobis memkvidreobas. kargad

uTqvams poets: „rogor Semovida Cvens droSi wyalsadeni‚ jer kidev romis monaTa

mier amoqmedebuli~.

civilizaciis „klasikuri~ an sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba ar

arsebobs‚ rogorc maTi gamoyofis „myari~ kriteriumebi. rusma mecnierma n. i.

danilevskim (1822-1885 ww.) msoflio istoriaSi 13 civilizacia moiZia‚

germanelma istorikosma da filosofosma o. Spenglerma (1880-1936 ww.) sul

sruli ciklis 7 da 4 dausrulebeli civilizacia gamoyo‚ ingliselma

istorikosma da kulturologma a. j. toibnim (1889-1975 ww.) Tavisi 14-tomiani

Sromis „istoriis gagebis~ dasawyisSi adamianur sazogadoebebs Soris Tavidan 21

civilizacia gansazRvra‚ naSromis bolos ki – 33. Tanamedrove amerikelma

75

geopolitikosma samuel hanTingTonma gaagrZela civilizaciuri Teoria da 1998

wels‚ Tavis wignSi „civilizaciaTa Sexla~‚ 8 Tanamedrove wamyvani civilizacia

gamoyo: dasavluri‚ marTlmadidebluri‚ Cinuri‚ islamuri‚ induisturi‚ iaponuri‚

laTinoamerikuli da afrikuli civilizaciebi (wyaro: [Мовсесян А. Г., Огнивцев С.

Б. Мировая экономика: Учебник. – М.: Финансы и статистика, 2001, с. 53).

v. volski termin „civilizacias~ Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: „civilizacia –

esaa wesi adamianTa cxovrebis‚ xasiaTi‚ maTi urTierTobebis iseTi Taviseburebani‚

romelTa Sedegebi xdeba materialuri da sulieri kulturis miRwevebi‚ romlebic

gadian maTi warmoSobis keris farglebs gareT da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen

garSemomyof xalxTa cxovrebaze da maTi kulturebis ganviTarebaze~ (Социально-

экономическая география зарубежного мира/ Под. ред. В. В. Вольского. – 2-е изд., с. 69.

испр. – М.: Дрофа, 2003 c. 18).

civilizaciaTa teritoriuli gavrcelebis gansazRvris kriterialur niSnebs

miekuTvneba:

_ ena‚ civilizaciis centris da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis enebis

CaTvliT;

_ religiebi‚ maTi ganfenis centrebis CaTvliT;

_ civilizaciaTa eqspansiis sazRvrebi (imperiebi an kontrolis sxva

formebi);

_ centrisa da periferiebis teqnologiuri ganviTarebis done;

_ meurneobaTa sazRvrebi‚ centrebi da urTireTkavSirebi centrsa da

periferiebSi;

_ stilTa Taviseburebani da gavrcelebis sazRvrebi – tansacmelSi‚

mwerlobaSi‚ xelovnebaSi da a. S.

istoriulad da geografiulad civilizaciebis farglebi damokidebulia

kulturaTa erTobliobis masStabebze‚ romelzedac isini vrceldeba. pirvel

doneze mTeli kacobriobis masStabiT‚ yvela adamiani‚ romlebic amJamad dedamiwaze

cxovroben‚ miwieri civilizaciis warmomadgenlebi arian. maTi yvelaze ufro didi

miRwevebi‚ mTeli misi xelmisawvdomi istoriis manZilze‚ maTi Casaxvis

konkretuli adgilisa da droisagan damoukideblad‚ msoflio kulturis

saganZurSi Sevidnen. kulturaTa erTobliobis masStabebis Semcirebis Sesabamisad

maTi gansxvavebis detalizaciis donec matulobs: SeiZleba gamovyoT msxvili

regionebis (evropuli civilizacia‚ samxreTaziuri da a. S.)‚ subregionebis

76

(dasavleTi‚ samxreTi‚ CrdiloeTi‚ aRmosavleTi evropa da a. S.)‚ qveynis‚ eris

(britanuli civilizacia‚ franguli da a. S.) civilizaciebi.

kulturisa da Rirebulebis urTierTkavSirisa da mimarTebaTa Sesaxeb

saerTod, gansakuTrebiT ki CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania cnobili qarTveli

filosofosis niko WavWavaZis naazrevi (ix.: magaliTad Чавчавадзе Н. З. Культура

и ценности, Тб., 1984), romelic umaRles Rirebulebad da kulturis umTavres

kriteriumad Tavisuflebas miiCnevda. didi beThovenic xom ase umRerda

Tavisuflebas:

`mxolod sikeTes msaxurebde sadac ki ZalgiZs,

yvelaze metad Seiyvare Tavisufleba,

da TviT monarqis taxtis winac ar moidriko,

WeSmaritebas arasodes ar uRalato~.

niko WavWavaZe Rirebulebebs obieqturad arsebuli urTierTobebis

gamoxatulebad Tvlida, adamians Tavadac qmnadobis procesSi myofad ganixilavda

da miaCnda, rom misi warmoSobiT universumis ganviTareba ki ar mTavrdeba‚ aramed

axal Tvisebriv safexurs aRwevs. igi agreTve Tvlida, rom kultura ara marto

kulturuli Semoqmedebis produqtTa erTobliobaa‚ aramed _ TviT es

Semoqmedebac‚ adamianis TviTSeqmnis da Tavisi samyaros Seqmnis procesic. man,

adamiani‚ kultura da Rirebulebebi Tanamedroveobis strategiuli mimarTulebis

cnebebad aqcia. niko WavWavaZis Tanaxmad‚ adamianuri moRvaweobis yvelaze Rrma

imanenturi azri mxolod adamianis mier Tavisufal-Semoqmed pirovnebad

TviTCamoyalibeba‚ mTeli istoria ki adamianurad – adamianuri samyaros Seqmnaa.

igi kulturas gansazRvravda rogorc adamianuri moRvaweobis iseT sferos‚

romelSic mJRavndeba da romlis wyalobiTac mtkicdeba da viTardeba Tavisufleba.

adamianis‚ erisa da kacobriobis TviTSemecnebis problemis ganxilvisas man aCvena‚

rom swored adamiania amosavali principi erisa da kacobriobis erTiani

gaazrebisaTvis.

kulturisa da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb niko WavWavaZis nafiqrali Tavadaa Cveni

drois Rirebulebani. misi naazrevi imdenad Rrma da yovlismomcvelia‚ rom isini

Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis fasdaudebel saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens. amis

damadastureblad mis gamonaTqvamebs‚ mis nakvlev-naZieb mokled gamonaskvul

grZlad saTqmel Rirebulebebs moviyvanT. am mizniT daveyrdnobiT niko WavWavaZis

77

mecnieruli Semoqmedebis saintereso mkvlevris, dodo labuCiZis erT gamokvlevas

(ix.: labuCiZe d. moazrovne niko WavWavaZe, Tb., gamomcemloba `sani~, 2004).

***

iseTi realobebis mecnieruli Semecneba‚ rogoricaa RmerTi‚ sulis ukvdaveba

da Tavisfuleba SeuZlebelia.

***

morwmunis TvalSi RmerTi umaRlesi Rirebulebaa‚ aTeistis TvalSi ki

uaryofiTi Rirebuleba.

***

yvelafris dasabami‚ Tanac yvelaze mniSvnelovani da rTuli‚ mainc sakuTar

Tavan dialogia; yvela namdvili da didi filosofosi daeWvebuli da niadag Tavis

TavTan modave kacia.

***

pirovnebebi mxolod maSin SeiZleba eweodnen Rirseul cxovrebas Rirsebis

grZnobis Sesabamisad‚ roca maTi cxovrebis wesi gansazRvrulia ara ubralod

bunebisa da sazogadoebis obieqturi kanonebiT‚ aramed religiuri da zneobrivi

principebiT.

***

TavisTavad is faqti‚ rom adamians aqvs cnobiereba‚ mas bunebis movlenaTa

ierarqiaSi umaRles safexurze ayenebs da raki ierarqiuli wyoba Rirebulebriv

safuZvels gulisxmobs‚ SgviZlia vivaraudoT‚ rom swored cnobierebaSi‚ adamianis

sulier samyaroSi unda veZeboT is adgili‚ sadac Rirebulebani ibadebian.

***

sulieri cxovreba Rirebulia imdenad‚ ramdenadac igi mimarTulia

WeSmaritebaze‚ sikeTeze‚ mSvenierebaze‚ ramdenadac igi emsaxureba maT‚ ramdenadac

amyarebs adamianis kavSirs am RirebulebebTan.

***

78

mxolod adamians SeuZlia Seicnos Rirebuleba faqtebis samyaroSi... mxolod

adamianis mier agebul kulturis samefoSi xdebian Rirebulni realuri movlenebi.

***

mxolod maSin‚ romdesac religiuri da zneobrivi principebi daedeba

safuZvlad pirovnebebs Soris urTierTobebs – megobrobas‚ siyvaruls‚ kanons‚

politikas da a.S., ganxorcieldeba praqtikuli gonebis primati adamianTa

cxovrebaSi.

***

wmida praqtikuli goneba aris keTili neba‚ anu zneobrivi qcevis neba.

***

saTnoeba gulisxmobs keTil qcevas‚ romelic aris keTili nebis gamoxatva.

***

mxolod Rirsebis mqone arsebas aqvs unari Caswvdes TavisTavadi nivTebis

sferos Rirebulebas da airCios isini Rirseuli‚ zneobrivi qcevis motivebad‚ e. i.

imoqmedos rogorc jerars.

***

zneobrivad rom moiqce‚ unda icode ra aris sikeTe da boroteba calkeul

SemTxvevaSi; unda ganasxvavo erTmaneTisagan namdvili da moCvenebiTi sikeTe.

***

sikeTe sikeTisaTvis unda ganxorcieldes‚ WeSmariteba WeSmaritebisaTvis.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini ar iqnebodnen absoluturi Rirebulebani da

dakargavdnen jerarsuli idealuri miznebis miSvnelobas.

***

zneobrivi pirovneba is aris‚ vinc Tavis adamianur movaleobas am

movaleobisadmi pativiscemiT asrulebs da ara marto ama Tu im motiviT. es aris

namdvili adamianuri Rirseba.

79

***

praqtikuli gonebis WeSmariteba aris keTilismyofeli‚ ganmaTavisuflebeli‚

ukvdavmyofi; is pirovnebas WeSmarit adamianur pirovnebad xdis da amzadebs mas

maradiuli cxovrebisaTvis. es asea‚ radgan es WeSmariteba Tavisuflad SeiZleba

iqnes arseuli da ara Tavs moxveuli empiriuli realobis obieqturi wesebiT; es

aris WeSmariteba‚ romelic umaRlesi Rirebulebebisadmi siyvarulsa da

pativiscemaSi sruldeba.

***

azrovneba saSualebaa‚ romliTac adamiani aRwevs WeSmaritebas da‚ rogorc

saSualeba‚ igi‚ ra Tqma unda‚ Rirebulebaa.

***

moraluri qcevis subieqti aris adamiani‚ rogorc (da mxolod rogorc)

nebisyofis mqone arseba.

***

Tavisuflebis arsebiTi momenti arCevanis da moqmedebis Tavisuflebaa‚ ama Tu

im gziT wasvlis wyalobiT adamians arCeva SeuZlia da Seqmna rogorc sikeTis‚

aseve borotebis.

***

sikeTe keTil qcevebSi gveZleva‚ magram sikeTis Rirebuleba rom gaigoT‚

sikeTes‚ rogorc Rirebulebas rom CavwvdeT‚ igi am qcevidan unda gamoyoT da mis

„eidosSi~ – ideaSi unda ganixiloT.

***

eTikuri sawyisi unda iyos kulturis birTvi da suli da es sawyisi Signidan

unda aciskrovnebdes yvela gamovlinebaSi kulturas.

***

80

harmoniuli adamianis ganviTareba mxolod harmoniulad ganviTarebad

kulturas SeuZlia.

***

mxolod maRalzneobrivi‚ sufTa tradiciebze damyarebuli cnobierebaa gza

WeSmaritebisaken. infantiluri‚ yalbi cnobiereba ki kulturis sruli dacemaa.

***

adamiani Tu uzneod iqceva‚ es dasaZraxisad migvaCnia‚ magram Tu eri adgas

uzneobis gzas‚ qveyanas Tu zneobrivi politika ar warmarTavs‚ es ar migvaCnia

saTakilod‚ amas veguebiT. zneoba erTia yvelgan da yvelasTvis.

***

Tuki ama Tu im sazogadoebis kultura ama Tu im regioSi esTetikuri

sawyisi damcirebulia‚ anda Tuki kulturis sxvadaxsva dargebs Soris darRveulia

esTetikuri harmonia‚ – es garemoebebi kulturaSi arsebul seriozul

deformaciebs adasturebs da mdgomareobis gamosasworedlad saswrafo zomebis

miRebis aucileblobas.

***

filosofia‚ romelic ar iTvaliswinebs RirebulebaTa sferos‚ imas‚ rom

RirebulebebTan mimarTebaTa axleburad da axali kuTxiT hfens Suqs adamiansa da

mis adgils samyaroSi‚ cxadia‚ amomwuravad ver daaxasiaTebs verc adamians da verc

samyaros.

***

TviT ukanaskneli naZiralas sulSic ki arsebobs RmerTisadmi‚

adamianurobisadmi‚ WeSmaritebisadmi swarfvis miZinebuli unari da siyvarulis

gauSleli kokori. adamianSi swored am kokors unda elaparako‚ miZinebuli

adamianuroba gauRviZo‚ Tvali auxilo da adamianad aqcio.

kari II. RirebulebaTa Semecnebis fenomeni

81

2.1. civilizaciuri resursebi

sazogadoebis ganviTareba, misi keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa saTanado

resursebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. raodenobrivi resursebis magaliTebia dro,

adamiani, materialuri resursebi, xolo xarisxobrivi resursebia: qveynis istoria,

tradiciebi, sazogadoebrivi miRwevebi, sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi. swored

ekonomikis RirebulebiT orientirebs miaqcies gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

cnobilma profesorebma: a. g. movsesianma da s. b. ognivcevma TavianTi `msoflio

ekonomikis~ saxelmZRvaneloSi, romelic qarTuladac iTargmna da 2003-2004

wlebSi or tomad gamoica.

progresis erT-erTi umTavresi piroba aris, rom sazogadoebas unda gaaCndes

RirebulebaTa sistema, is mizandasaxulobani, romlebic stimuls miscemen

ekonomikisa da, mTlianad sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.

swored gabatonebuli civilizaciuri ideologia, ganxiluli rogorc

Rirebulebebis, qcevis normebisa da msoflio aRqmis saSualebebis sistema,

ganasxvavebs erT civilizacias meorisagan. istoriul masStabSi sul axlaxan

Seqmnili Tanamedrove evropuli civilizacia savsebiT unikaluria. Cveni

Tanamedrove rom Sexvedroda Zvelegvipturi, Zvelromauli an ZvelCinuri

civilizaciis warmomadgenels, isini ver gaugebdnen erTmaneTs mecnierebis,

teqnikisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis gamo. es kidev SeiZleba

swrafad gadagvelaxa, magram sruli gaugebroba wamoiWreboda sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis miznebisa da kacobriul RirebulebaTa sistemis ganxilvisas.

Zalauflebisaken swarfvas gansxvavebuli gamoxatuleba aqvs sxvadasxvagvar

civilizaciur garemoSi. civilizaciebi, rogorc cnobilia, mudmivad ebrZvian

erTmaneTs msoflio ZalauflebisaTvis. es brZola warmoadgens civilizaciuri

ganviTarebis `zambaras~. civilizaciaTa erTi nawili kvdeba, mkvdarTa adgilze

Cndeba axali. maTi evolucia gvagonebs saxeobaTa evolucias bunebaSi: TiToeuli

ibrZvis Tavisi ekologiuri adgilis gasafarToeblad, sasicocxlo sivrcis

gasazrdelad. rogorc saxeobaTa brZolis dros, civilizaciuri evoluciac midis

gare samyarosTan Seguebis gziT, aseve gavrcelebis sakuTari arealis

gafarTobisken. cxovelTa yoveli saxeoba an klasi brZolaSi imedebs amyarebs

Tavis iaraRze – wvetian eSvebze, mZlavr rqebze, swraf sirbilze da a. S.

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zogierTi saxeoba, veSapTa msgavsad, Tavis adgils poulobs wylis stiqiaSi,

sxvebi, rogoric, magaliTad, Txunelaa, miwis qveS imalebian, mesameni haers

ipyroben. amrigad, evoluciis msvlelobisas Cndeba urTierTSemavsebeli saxeobebis

gaerTianeba. civilizaciur brZolaSi yoveli civilizacia cdilobs gaafarTovos

Tavisi gavlena (Zalaufleba) msoflioSi, moZraobs ra im mimarTulebiT, romelic

Zalauflebis mis mier amorCeuli formis faseulobaTa sistemas Seesabameba.

sxvaoba Zalauflebis formebSi, romliskenac iswrafvian individebi sxvadasxva

civilizaciaSi, saSualebas aZlevs TiToeul civilizacias evoluciis msvlelobaSi

daikavos Tavisi adgili msoflioSi. gare pirobebis arsebiT cvlilebas SeuZlia

ZalTa Tanafardoba radikalurad Secvalos da am SemTxvevaSi saTaveSi mdgomi

civilizacia adgils uTmobs sxvas. rogorc wesi, am dros Tavad igi iRupeba,

vinaidan, iseve rogorc es cxovelTa samyaroSi xdeba, sxvebze naklebad egueba

arsebobis axal pirobebs, marTlac, iseTi didi civilizaciebi, rogorebic iyo

Zveli egviptis, Sumerebis, acketebis, inkebis da mravali sxva gaqrnen iseve,

rogorc 150 milioni wlis win msoflioSi gabatonebuli dinozavrebi.

mxolod XVI s-dan daiwyo dominireba evropul-amerikulma civilizaciam,

orientirebulma ekonomikur Zalauflebasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. dRes

fiqric ki Wirs imaze, rom man odesme SeiZleba marcxi ganicados, radgan mis mier

aRiarebul Rirebulebebs sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs, magram SeiZleba Cven es

mxolod gveCveneba _ civilizaciaTa brZolas Cven Tvalyurs vadevnebT TiTqos

Signidan, sadReisod gabatonebuli civilizaciis CarCoebidan. iqneb Tavis droze

dinozavrebsac eCvenebodaT, rom maTi Zalaufleba msoflioze mudmivi da uryevi

iyo. da mainc, ukve uaxloes momavalSi ama Tu im civilizaciis konkurentuli

upiratesobani, rogorc Cans, dakavSirebuli iqneba ZiriTadad imasTan, ramdenad

unariania igi miaRwios ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stabilurobas. ekonomikuri

ZalauflebisaTvis brZola kidev didxans iqneba ganatonebuli Zalauflebis sxva

formebze, romlebic jerjerobiT CrdilSi rCeba.

vinaidan, rogorc Cans, Cveni sicocxlis periodSi civilizaciaTaSorisi

brZola kvlavac ZiriTadad ekonomikur sferoSi ganviTardeba, SevecadoT

gavaanalizoT dRevandeli gabatonebuli civilizaciis konkurentebi am brZolaSi.

civilizacia ar aris gaqvavebuli konstruqcia da mas aqvs unari isesxos sxva

civilizaciuri sistemebisagan ideologiis institutebi da elementebi, romlebic

maT aZlevs konkurentul upiratesobas evoluciur brZolaSi. am elementebis

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SemotaniT da maTi gonivruli Sexamebis povniT sakuTar kulturasTan da wes-

CveulebebTan, man SeiZleba gazardos sakuTari konkurentunarianoba da Seecados

moigos brZola ekonomikuri liderobisaTvis.

aris kidev erTi aranakleb mniSvnelovani garemoeba, romelic gangvawyobs

sxvadasxva moqmedi civilizaciis kulturuli da ideologiuri safuZvlebis

SeswavlisaTvis. msoflio ekonomika dRes aRaraa mxolod Teoria, bevri adamiani

uSualo kontaqtSia sxva qveynebisa da civilizaciis warmomadgenlebTan.

megaekonomikur garemoSi adamianebi axlovdebian. isini ewevian saerTo bizness,

erTobliv gamokvlevebs, mogzauroben sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, da, bolos, urTierToba

aqvT internetiT. yovelive amisaTvis saWiroa icnobde Sens partniors. xolo

imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaugo da misi qcevis prognozireba moaxdino, unda icode

misi RirebulebaTa sistema da msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlebi, romlebic im

erovnul kulturaSi, civilizaciur ideologiasa da religiaSi Zevs, romelsac

igi ekuTvnis. Tanamedrove ekonomikur cxovrebaSi es codna SeiZleba gamoviyenoT

saqmiani molaparakebebis warmarTvis dros, marketinguli kvlevebis pirvel

etapebze, saqonlis win wasawevad sazRvargareTul bazrebze da sxva mravali

amocanis gadawyvetis dros.

aq ar ganvixilavT sxvadasxva religiaTa dogmatebs, magram mniSvnelovania

gamovyoT religiebis is ideologiuri elementebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro

metad moqmedeben ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, axdenen maT stimulirebas an

antistimulirebas. civilizaciuri ideologiis ZiriTad elements arsebuli

civilizaciebis umetesobisaTvis dRes swored religiuri sistemebi warmoadgenen.

amJamad moqmedi civilizaciuri religiebidan uZvelesia induizmi. imis imedad

nu viqnebiT, rom kargad gaverkveviT Tanamedrove miliardiani indoeTis

ekonomikaSi, Tu ar gvecodineba misi msoflmxedveluri safuZvlebi. sxva

religiebisagan gansxvavebiT, induizmi ar warmoadgens dasrulebul religiur

sistemas. iseve, rogorc Tavad indoeTis subkontinenti aerTianebs mraval

sxvadasxva ers, induizmi warmoadgens uricxvi seqtebis erTobliobas,

gaerTianebuls mxolod saerTo midgomiT religiur msoflaRqmasTan da

gamoxatuls ZiriTadad wminda werilebSi, indusebis vedebSi. induizmis

damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas warmoadgens dedamiwasa da cas Soris gadaadgilebis

Tavisufleba. adgilobriv RvTaebebs da eposis gmirebs, rogoricaa rami, SeuZliaT

gaxdnen zecaSi mcxovrebni, xolo umaRlesi RmerTi viSnu mudmivad gardaisaxeba

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ufro naklebad mniSvnelovan RmerTebSi da gmirebSi. induizmis aseTi Taviseburi

struqtura aZlevs mas saSualebas Seisixlxorcos TavisTavSi sxva religiuri

kultebi. ase magaliTad, RmerT kriSnas mimdevrebTan Sejaxebisas induistebma

gamoacxades igi TavianT RmerT viSnus erT-erT gansaxierebad. aseve moiqcnen budas

mimarTac, ris wyalobiTac am mZlavri religiis gamarjveba indostanSi SeuZlebeli

gaxda. induizmi zecisken gzas uxsnis yvelas. yvelas aqvs Sansi Seerwyas RmerTs.

sxvaTaSoris, swored es Seadgens marTlmorwmune induistis cxovrebis mizans.

RmerTTan SesaerTebeli gza Zevs RvTismosaobaze da Rrma fiqrebze, xolo

praqtikaSi, asketizmze. indusis mudmivi miswrafebebi TviTWvretisken, bunebrivia,

xels ar uwyobs ekonomikur iniciativas. induizmi cudad esadageba ekonomikis

Tanamedrove moTxovnebs. kompiuterul saxeTa samyaro ki Zalze axloa indusTan.

formaTa gardamavloba da simsubuqe, damaxasiaTebeli kompiuteruli samyaros

virtualuri realobisaTvis, gansacvifreblad emTxveva Zvel vedur warmodgenebs.

albaT swored amitom indoeTma STambeWdav warmatebebs miaRwia informatikaSi,

indoeli programistebi iTvlebian msoflioSi saukeTesod, xolo kompiuteruli

programebis eqsporti sul ufro did adgils ikavebs sagareo vaWrobis

operaciebSi. SeiZleba prognozireba, rom indusuri msoflgageba moaxdens

mniSvnelovan gavlenas sainformacio sazogadoebis saerToplanetarul

Camoyalibebze.

Cvens eramde V saukuneSi warmoSobili budizmi (sanskritulidan _ gaRviZeba)

rogorc erT-erTi religia dRes aziis 18 qveyanaSi arsebobs. mimdevrebis

ricxovnoba indoeTis princ guatamisa (560-480 ww. Cv. eramde), romelic

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gaxda buda, 2 miliardia odenobiT, Tumca mxolod 300

milioni adamiani monawileobs regularulad budizmis religiur wes-CveulebebSi.

am religiaSi araa erTi RmerTi. budizmis Tanaxmad, arsebobs mravali samyaro

da sivrce, romlebSic sicocxle mudmivad ganicdis evolucias – dabadebidan

sikvdilamde da axal aRdgomamde da ase usasrulod. mudmivi gardasaxvis ideaze

dayrdnobilia mTeli budisturi msoflmxedveloba. buda aswavlida, rom Jini da

daukmayofilebloba iTrevs adamians yofierebis wrebrunvaSi, `cxovrebis

borbalSi~. am wrebrunvidan gamosvla SeiZleba mxolod budizmiT miTiTebuli

saSualo gziT, romelic dakavSirebulia logikuri azrovnebis gadasvliT saxeTa

iracionalur aRqmaSi. aseTi gadasvla miiRweva mudmivi varjiSiT, meditaciiT,

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koncentraciiT da nirvanas RvTiur mdgomareobaSi gadasvliT, romelSic adamiani,

iseve rogorc induistur tradiciaSi, erwymis RmerTs.

buda pirdapir ambobs, rom tanjvisagan ganTavisufleba SesaZlebelia mxolod

Zalauflebis neba-survilze uaris TqmiTa da survilebis moTokviT. bunebrivia,

Zalauflebisaken swrafvis survilis da Jinis aRmofxvra mTlianad xsnis yvela

stimuls ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis. gegonebaT, rom budizmi cudad aris

SeTavsebadi ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan. Tumca igi mkacria mxolod berebisaTvis.

saeroTaTvis misi mcnebebi iolad Sesasrulebelia da axali gacnobisas mTlianad

savsebiT emTxveva qristianobis cnobil aT mcnebas. yuradReba mivaqcioT am

religiis mniSvnelovan praqtikul rekomendacias misi mimdevrebisaTvis. Turme

svla RvTismosaobis gzaze SeiZleba, Tuki SeasrulebT Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur

samuSaos. ubralod aucilebelia yovel saqmeSi viswrafodeT srulyofilebisaken

– iqneba es Cais smis ceremonia Tu mikrosqemis awyoba. budizmis es aRTqma Zalian

farTod gamoiyeneba aziuri qveynebis kompaniebSi. iqneb swored am religiur

dogmaSi, romelic civilizaciuri ideologiis nawili gaxda, aris saWiro veZeboT

aziuri `vefxvebisa~ (samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis `vefxvebs~ uwodeben malaizias,

tolands, indonezias da filipinebs, romlebsac axali industriuli qveynebis

jgufs miakuTvneben) da `drakonebis~ (`drakon~ qveynebs uwodeben ganviTarebul

qveynebs – samxreT koreas, hong-kongs, singapirs da taivans) ekonomikuri

warmatebebis saidumlo? ase rom, ekonomikisagan garegnulad Soreuli, budizmi

aRmoCnda savsebiT gamosadegi ideologiuri platforma ekonomikuri

ganviTarebisaTvis.

ukve V saukuneSi Cvens eramde CineTSi wamoiSva daosizmis moZRvreba, romlis

fuZemdebeli gaxda lao czi. wignSi `daosa da des Sesaxeb~ idumali aforizmuli

formiT mokledaa gadmocemuli am swavlebis safuZvlebi, romlis Tanaxmadac

àdamians marTavs dedamiwa, dedamiwas marTavs ca, cas marTavs dao, xolo dao

Tavis Tavs marTvas. dao aris sayovelTao sawyisi, kanoni da wesi, romelic Tavis

TavSi moicavs samyaros, bunebas da adamianTa sazogadoebas~. Seimecnos dao, mihyves

mas, Seerwyas mas – amaSia cxovrebis erTaderTi azri daosis moZRvrebis

mimdevarTaTvis. daos kanonebis axsniT SesaZlebelia ukvdavebis miRweva. am

moZRvrebas ar SeiZleba vuwudoT religia. masSi bevrad metia naTqvami samyaros

mecnieruli aRqmis Sesaxeb. mTlianobaSi, Cveni azriT, daosizmi yvelaze metad

gvagonebs daaxloebiT 2500 wlis Semdeg evropaSi warmoSobil hegelianobas.

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sxvaTa Soris, es orive moZRvreba gadmocemulia naklebad gasagebi eniT. daosizmis

mniSvnelovani nawili wavida am filosofiuri sistemis, alqimiisa da okultizmis

Semdgomi Teoriuli garTulebis gziT, xolo meore Seerwya CineTSi Cv. w. aR-iT I

s-Si indoeTidan mosul budizms.

meore moZRvreba, romelmac kolosaluri gavlena moaxdina Cinur

civilizaciaze _ konfucianeloba – agreTve ar SeiZleba religiad CavTvaloT, am

sityvis evropuli gagebiT. lao czis Tanamedrove – kun fu czi (TargmanSi –

Rirseuli (fu) brZeni (czi kuni), transkrifciiT gadmocemuli evropaSi romauli

maneriT rogorc konfuci (551-479 Cv. eramde), sTavazobs qveyanas udides

moralur-eTikur moZRvrebas, romelsac Cinelebi misdeven ukve 2500 welia.

konfucianelobis moZRvrebis yuradRebis centrSia adamiani da misi moralur-

eTikuri problemebi. konfucianelobis umniSvnelovanes kategorias warmoadgens

rituali – adamianis qcevis wesebis nakrebi sxvadasxvagvar cxovrebiseul, maT

Soris ekonomikur, situaciebSi. CineTSi dRemde igive Rirebulebebi da

orientirebia mtkiced SenarCunebuli. yoveli adamiani valdebulia Seasrulos

Tavisi movaleoba Tavis adgilze. `mmarTveli unda iyos mmarTveli, mama _ mama,

xolo Svili – Svili~. ojaxic da saxelmwifoc unda iyos agebuli ufrosebisadmi

pativiscemaze da SvilTa mowiwebaze. adamiani erTnairi gulwrfelobiT da

erTgulebiT unda epyrobodes zecasac, mmarTvelsac da Tavis ojaxsac. swored es

aris erTiani urTierTkavSiris sistema kanonis anu ritualis safuZvelze.

konfucianeloba – aris wesrigi da yvela sazogadoebrivi institutis mkacri

ierarqiuli agebuleba.

roca konfucis sTxoves Tavisi moZRvreba gamoexata erTi fraziT, man Tqva:

`Cemi gza _ Semecnebis mTlianobaa~, e.i. mTeli cxovreba dauqvemdebaro ritualis

dacvis da daos gzis gayolis erTian ideas.

Cinuri msoflmxedvelobisTvis niSandoblivia mravali religiuri sawyisis

rTuli gadaxlarTva. CinelTa umetesoba misdevs kun fu czis aRTqmebs, amasTan,

sjeraT daosi da icaven budistur ritualebs. ZiriTadad am sam sawyiszea

dafuZnebuli Tanamedrove Cinuri civilizacia. Tumca misTvis ucxo ar aris arc

sxva religiebi. Cinur taZrebSi konfucis stelebis gverdiT, gaRmerTebuli lao

czis gamosaxulebebTan da budas statuetebTan erTad SeiZleba SevxvdeT

qristianul jvarcmas da muslimanur simbolikas. CineTi uzarmazari da

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mravalsaxovania. igi siamovnebiT da organulad iTvisebs ucxo kulturis

elementebs. amaSia misi, Tu gnebavT, konkurentuli upiratesoba.

aziis ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynis, iaponiis civilizaciaSi

konfucianeloba da budizmi Serwymulia Zvel erovnul religiasTan –

sintoizmTan (sinto-sgan _ `RmerTebis gza~). am religiis Tanaxmad, samyaroSi

yvelaferi sulieria – mTebi, yvavilebi, qvebi, maT gaaCnia sakuTari RvTiuri suli

– kami. maTTan erTad kamis miakuTvneben iaponelTa RvTiur winaprebs: xelosnobis

mfarvel RvTaebas, sxvadasxva qvelmoqmedTa RvTaebebs, gardacvlilTa sulebs da a.

S. amboben, rom iaponiaSi 8 milioni RmerTia. sintoizmi Zalian erovnuli

religiaa, mimarTuli ara mTeli kacobriobisaken, aramed mxolod iaponelebisken.

iaponiis istoriaSi iyo periodi, roca sinto iyo saxelmwifo religia iaponeli

militaristebisaTvis. masSi gamoiyo kokutais (`saxelmwifos sxeuli~) moZRvreba,

romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo yvela iaponelis RvTiuri warmoSoba da mmarTveli

imperatoris RvTiuroba. am ideologiiT awarmoebda iaponia meore msoflio oms,

romelSic damarcxda. axla ki sintoizmi kvlav mSvidobiani religiaa, romelic

lamazi legendebis da wes-Cveulebebis nakrebs warmoadgens. sintoists SeuZlia

erTdroulad nebismieri sxva religiis ariarebac.

iudaizmi TviTon ar gaxda msoflio religia, magram udidesi gavlena

moaxdina msoflios muslimanur da qristianul religiebze, romelic Tavis arsiT

aRiarebs biblias Tavis wminda wignad. iudaizmis arsi XII s-Si Camoayaliba

cnobilma filosofosma maimonidma. man warmoadgina iudaizmis 13 principi:

1) RmerTi arsebobs; 2) RmerTi erTia; 3) RmerTi ar arsebobs sxeulis

formiT; 4) RmerTi mudmivia; 5) iudevelebi unda Tayvans scemdnen mxolod mas –

erTs; 6) RmerTTan urTierToba xdeba winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebiT. 7) mose

udidesia winaswarmetyvelTagan; 8) Toras (moses xuTi wigni) aqvs RvTiuri

warmomavloba; 9) Tora arasodes dakargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas; 10) RmerTma icis

adamianTa yvela saqcieli; 11) RmerTi sjis borotebas da ajildoebs sikeTes; 12)

RmerTi gamogzavnis Tavis mesias; 13) RmerTi mkvdrebs aRadgens.

Talmudi mogviTxrobs adamianis istorias, romelmac gadawyvita mieRo

iudaizmi. igi mivida Zalian cnobil rabinTan – gilelTan _ da sTxova aexsna

misTvis mTeli Tora, sanam is idgeboda cal fexze. gilelma upasuxa: àr gaukeTo

Sens mezobels is, rac ar ginda, rom sxvam gagikeTos Sen. ai, Sen mTeli Tora.

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danarCeni – es komentarebia~. am sityvebs eWvsgareSea, siamovnebiT moaweren xels

marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli, qsenZi, pastori da mola.

iudeveli, iseve rogorc qristiani da muslimani, principSi, SeuZlia gaxdes

nebismieri, vinc miiRebs iudaizmis principebs. roca Talmudi saubrobs iudevelTa

RvTisrCeulobaze, mxedvelobaSi aqvs religia da ara eTnikuri warmomavloba. amave

TvalsazrisiT RvTisrCeulad Tvlian Tavs qristianebi da muslimanebi. Tumca

realurad iudevelebs warmoadgenen mxolod eTnikuri ebraelebi, romelTa

erovnul religiad darCa iudaizmi.

am religiis Taviseburebaa misi mZafri istoriuloba. bibliis pirveli

sityvebi `Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna...~ tons aZlevs Txrobas, romelsac

sadRac mivyavarT. biblia – xalxis istoriaa, romelic istoriuli ganviTarebis

yovel etapze Rebulobs (da mudmivad mzadaa miiRos!) sul axalaxal RvTaebriv

zeSTagonebas. iudevelebs sjeraT, rom maTi sakuTari istoria bibliuris

gagrZelebaa, rom isini mudmivad qmnian istorias. maT religias aqvs principulad

dausrulebeli xasiaTi. unda gamoCndnen axali winaswarmetyvelebi, axali

WeSmaritebani da, bolos da bolos, unda movides mesia. udides istoriul

movlenebTan Tanamonawileobis SegrZneba, axlis daZabuli molodini da misi

miRebisaTvis mzadeba – mniSvnelovani Tvisebebia, iudaizmis mier motanili.

amavdroulad igi sakmaod konservatiulia da mkveTrad uaryofs crumoZRvrebebs

da crusiaxleebs. es icavs religiis erTianobas da ebrael xalxs. iudaizmi

erTgvarad qmnis pirobebs axali ideebis da moZRvrebebis inkubaciisTvis, magram

xSirad aRiarebs maT crud, acxadebs ra mis matareblebs cruwinaswarmetyvelebad.

ase iyo qristesTan da muhamedTan dakavSirebiT.

iudaizmma didi gavlena moaxdina protestantobaze da misi saSualebiT

Tanamedrove amerikul civilizaciaze. adamianis damoukidebloba RmerTTan

urTierTobaSi, pirdapiri pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba Tavis moqmedebebis gamo,

yovelive axlis miRebisaTvis mzadeba – ai, safuZvlebi im wvlilisa, romelic

Seaqvs iudaizms kacobriobis civilizaciur resursebSi.

muslimanuri civilizacia aRmosavlurTagan yvelaze axalgarzdaa (VI s.).

garkveuli warmodgena misi ideologiis Sesaxeb aucilebelia. paradoqsulia,

magram zogierTi Tavisi dogmiT muslimanoba sakmaod axlosaa qristianobis

ZiriTad praqtikul rekomendaciebTan, gansakuTrebiT mis marTlmadideblur

tradiciebSi. es religia msoflioSi yvelaze ufro Tanmimdevrulad atarebs

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erTRmerTianobis ideas. iTvleba, rom iyvnen winaswarmatyvelebi abraamidan

(ibrahimi), mosedan (musi) da iesodan (isi) yvelaze ufro did muhamedamde,

romelmac msoflios amcno erT RmerTze – alahze. axla islams (àlahisaTvis

Tavis dadeba~) misdevs 800 mln adamiani. 120 muslimanuri Temis qveynebidan _

alahisaTvis Tavdadebuli) 35 qveyanaSi muslimanebi (arabulad `muslimi~)

Seadgenen umravlesobas (Crd. afrika, axlo aRmosavleTi, TurqeTi, irani,

pakistani, avRaneTi da sxv.). maT Soris bevrSi islami saxelmwifo religiaa.

muslimanTa mTavari wignia yurani, romelic Tu gadavTargmniT, niSnavs: ìs,

rasac kiTxuloben~. igi Sevsebulia moTxrobebis krebuliT _ muhamedis

moqmedebebiTa da gamonaTqvamebiT _ `suniT~. is muslimanebi, romlebic aRiareben

mas yuranTan erTad, iwodebian `sunitebad~. morwmuneTa saerTo raodenobidan isini

daaxloebiT 90 %-ia. sunitebis azriT, umaRlesi Zalaufleba unda ekuTvnodes

mTeli Temis mier arCeul xalifebs. meore muslimanuri Stoa Siitebi; isini

Tvlian, rom xalifTa Zalaufleba unda gadaecemodes mxolod muhamedis

biZaSvilis alis STamomavlebs.

Tuki miukerZoeblad wavikiTxavT yuranis ZiriTad debulebebs, masSi

aRmovaCenT ubralo da savsebiT misaReb wesebs yoveli wesieri adamianisaTvis:

morwmune unda zrunavdes Tavisi ojaxis keTildReobaze; ar eZios saqmeebSi

angareba; iswrafvodes sikeTisaken, ar mimarTos Zaladobas; daemorCilos Temis

mier arCeul kanonier xelisuflebas.

muslimanTa azriT, saero da religiuri Zalaufleba unda iyos Tavmoyrili

erT xelSi. muslimanTa qcevis wesebisa da principebis kompleqsi `SariaTia~

(`marTali gza~), romelic morwmuneTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mkacr

reglamentirebas axdens, es iqneba ojaxuri urTierTobebi, vaWrobis wesebi,

memkvidreobis ufleba, gadasaxadTa normebi, sameurneo samarTali Tu sagareo

politikis safuZvlebi. islamuri samarTali dafuZnebulia wminda werilze da

sajaro da samoqalaqo samarTlis problemebs aerTianebs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom muslimanuri ideologia yvelaze saxelmwifoebrivia

mTel msoflioSi. saxelmwifos da bazris mudmiv da sayovelTao brZolaSi igi

ZiriTadad saxelmwifos mxarezea. garda amisa, is did mniSvnelobas aniWebs saTemo

principebs. amitom mis bazaze warmatebiT viTardeba saxelmwifo kapitalizmi da

specifikuri islamuri socializmi.

90

islami acxadebs, rom adamiani sawarmoo resursebis mesakuTre ki araa, aramed

maTi ganmkargveli alahis droebiTi rwmunebulia. maSasadame, adamianisaTvis

mindobili resursebi unda gamoiyenebodes guldasmiT da uzrunvelyos realuri

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis namati. maTi gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba mevaxSeobisTvis, mas

islami gmobs. amitom muslimanurma bankebma SeimuSaves gasaocari qcevis modeli.

isini ar iReben sasesxo procents, samagierod xdebian Tavisi klientebis

monawileebi biznesSi da maTTan erTad iyofen saerTo mogebas. gansxvavebiT

mevaxSeobisagan, romelsac zizRiT ekideba, islamuri morali vaWrobas miakuTvnebs

prestiJul da pativsacem saqmianobas.

qristianoba dRes gayofilia sam msxvil mimarTulebad anu saeklesio

tradiciad: kaTolikoba, marTlmadidebloba da protestantoba. yvela am

tradicias aerTianebs rwmena qristesadmi da ZiriTadi wminda wignebi: biblia,

romelic aRwers msoflios warmoSobasa da Seqmnas, da saxareba (axali aRTqma),

romelic qristes cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs.

kaTolikur (gadmoTargmniT _ ùniversalur~) religias dRes qristianTa

didi umravlesoba misdevs. misi mimdevrebis ricxvi 900 milionia. es religia

ZiriTadia safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, italiaSi, laTinuri amerikis umetes da sxva

mraval qveyanaSi. ZiriTadad igi aerTianebs laTinurenovan qveynebs. mis oficialur

enas warmoadgens laTinuri, romelzec sruldeba saeklesio msaxureba da wes-

Cveulebebi. amitom kaTolikobas zogjer eZaxian laTinur tradicias.

kaTolikuri eklesiis niSandobliv Tvisebad iTvleba centraluzaciis

ukiduresi xarisxi. igi miiCnevs, rom mTeli sasuliero Zalaufleba Tavmoyrili

unda iyos romSi. kaTolikoba avtoritetebis religiaa. bibliasTan erTad

dakanonebulia eklesiis wminda mamaTa gadmocemebi, pirveli msoflio saeklesio

krebebis gadawyvetilebebi da oficialuri dokumentebi, momzadebuli papis da

saeklesio Zalauflebis centraluri organoebis mier.

romaul-kaTolikuri taZari gamoirCeva wes-CveulebaTa simravliT da saero

saqmeebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT. adre igi cdilobda saxelmwifosa da

ekonomikis saqmeebSi Carevas. dRes, bunebrivia, misi es swrafva Senelda, magram

dResac vatikani ara marto religiuri centria, aramed _ dedaqalaqic Zlieri

finansuri imperiisa. kaTolicizms midrekileba aqvs centralizaciisaken da

ierarqiisaken. es principebi Rrmad SeiWra misi aRmsarebeli xalxis SemecnebaSi,

amitom kaTolikur qveynebSi saxelmwifos roli ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovnad ufro

91

aqtiuria, vidre prostestantulSi. eklesiis ierarqiulma struqturam

analogiuri Zalauflebis rTuli saero ierarqiis Seqmna ganapiroba, sadac did

rols TamaSobs Cinovnikoba. imavdroulad kaTolikuri religiis socialuri,

saTemo mimarTuleba qmnis karg niadags socialur-demokratiuli mimdinareobebis

ganviTarebisaTvis, romlebic mraval kaTolikur qveyanaSi ikaveben wamyvan adgilebs

Zalauflebis sistemaSi. kaTolikuri eklesia gamodis liberaluri doqtrinebis

kritikiT. igi Tvlis, rom kerZo sakuTreba Sedis winaaRmdegobaSi yoveli

adamianis uflebasTan isargeblos `mTeli samyaros dovlaTiT~. amitom mesakuTres

unda gaaCndes gansazRvruli, socialuri valdebulebebi da Tavs aridebdes

`sagnebis iseT flobas, romelic Semotrialdeboda Sromis winaaRmdeg~.

marTlmadidebluri, an orTodoqsaluri, religia cdilobs SeinarCunos

rwmena da wes-Cveulebebi pirvel qristianTa pirvelqmnili siwmindiT. mxolod

erTi SexedviT atarebs wminda sawesCveulebo xasiaTs misi gansxvaveba

kaTolikobisagan da protestantobisagan: jvris gadasaxva marjvnidan marcxniv,

Tanasworoba mama-RmerTis, Zis da suli wmidis, sxvadasxva kalendrebi, zeimebi,

wmindanebi da a.S. sadavo araa, rom uwinares yovlisa, marTlmadidebloba miiCnevs

erTaderT garantad bibliis erTian gagebas, Sesabamisad, sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebis

gagebaSi erTianobis udavo garantad Tvlis mxolod tradiciebis da gadmocemebis,

RmerTis Semecnebis realur gamocdilebas gadmocemuls mociqulTagan Tavis

mowafeebze, Taobidan Taobaze. marTlmadideblobis mniSvnelovan tradicias

warmoadgens episkoposTa, mRvdelTa da saeroTa krebis umaRlesi instanciad

aRiareba. krebebis gadawyvetileba qmnis demokratiuli Temis suls, sruliad

sawinaaRmdegos centralizebuli kaTolikobisa. dasavleTis qristianobisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis saboloo miznis gageba mdgomareobs RvTiuri

sasufevlis mopovebaSi, rogorc usasrulo netarebis adgilisa. marTlmadidebloba

ki mouwodebs adamians ara netarebis Ziebas, Tundac damsaxurebuls da suliers,

aramed sulieri srulyofilebisken svlas. marTlmadideblobis TvalsazrisiT,

RmerTis sufeva sulis mdgomarebaa da ara jildo keTili saqmeebisaTvis.

marTlmadidebloba Zalauflebisken swrafvas Tvlis sulis avadmyofobad,

romlisganac saWiroa ganTavisufleba. da wamali aq erTia – siyvaruli da

sayovelTao patieba.

`giyvardes axloblebi~ _ mogviwodebs yvela religia; moepyari sxvebs ise,

rogorc ginda, rom Sen mogepyron – aris lozungi iudaizmis, konfucianelobis

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da mraval sxvaTa. Seiyvaro mteri Seni, rogorc sakuTari Tavi – bevrad Znelia da

swored rwmenis am aspeqtze axdenen aqcentirebas marTlmadideblebi. igi

ewinaaRmdegeba egoizms, ampartavnebas da ubiZgebs morCilebisaken, rameTu `RmerTi

amayebs ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo morCilebs uboZebs wyalobas~. jer kidev bizantiur

miwaTmflobelobis kodeqsSi iyo naTqvami, rom `sxvis venaxSi Sesulni, raTa

danayrdnen, dae nu daisjebian~. rogor ar hgavs es dasavleTevropul gamoTqmas:

`Cemi saxli – Cemi cixe-simagrea~.

a. g. movsesianisa da s. b. ognivcevis azriT, marTlmadidebeli Tavisi

xasiaTiT iswrafvis konservatizmisa da tradicionalizmisaken, romlebic uTuod

sasargebloa istoriis `Tanabar~ evoluciur etapebze, magram SeiZleba sargebloba

ver moitanos gardaqmnaTa periodSi. yvela zemoT ganxiluli civilizacia Caisaxa

uZveles dros da vercerTi maTgani ver iqneboda im ideologiuri sawyisis

matarebeli, romelic waadgeboda sazogadoebis sabazro kapitalistur

organizacias. mxolod XVI saukuneSi warmoSobili protestantuli religia

gaxda erTaderTi, romelic aSkara formiT qebas asxamda wminda burJuaziul

zneobas: dauRalav Sromas, mokrZalebul moxmarebas, patiosnebas saqmeebSi,

simdidris da kapitalis dagrovebas. Sua saukuneebSi angareba iTvleboda yvelaze

uaresad codvaTa Soris, xolo vaWari ar iyo RmerTisaTvis sasurveli.

warmatebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro Seiqna ideologia, romelSic

angareba gadaiqceoda saTnoebad, xolo vaWari gaxdeboda gansakuTrebiT misaRebi

piri RmerTisaTvis. saWiro iyo rwmena, romlis mixedviTac adamiani ara marto

uflebamosili, aramed movalec iqneboda eSova rac SeiZleba meti fuli. am ori

saukunis win dasavlur sazogadoebaSi gabatonda warmodgena, romlis mixedviTac

individis keTildReoba niSnavs upirveles yovlisa misi piradi moxmarebis

maqsimizacias. am warmodgenis gareSe kapitalisturi motivaciis mTel struqturas

ekargeba azri, xolo ekonomikur zrdas _ mizani.

protestantoba Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens ramdenime saerTo principiT

dakavSirebuli mravali eklesiis an seqtis krebuls. pirveli principia _

`mxolod biblia~ (SOLA SCRIPTULA). saRmrTo werili aRiarebulia rwmenis

erTaderT sayrdenad. yvela Semdgomi wyaro uaryofilia. meore principia _

`mxolod piradi rwmeniT~ (SOLA FIDE). yoveli morwmune – mRvdeli, mimarTavs

RmerTs eklesiis Suamdgomlobis gareSe. mesame principia `dideba mxolod RmerTs~

(SOLI DEO GLORIA). arc papi, arc adamianis mier Seqmnili saeklesio

93

institutebi ar arian uflebamosilni ganacxadon pretenzia RmerTis sibrZnesa da

Zalauflebaze. yovelive aman wyali Seuyena kaTolikur centralizms.

eklesiis Tavdapirveli reformacia mimdinareobda martin luTeris

xelmZRvanelobiT. mis mimdevrebs uwodeben reformatorebs an evangelistebs.

mogvianebiT reformatorebi gaiyvnen oTx mimdinareobad, wodebulni maTi sulieri

beladebis saxelebis mixedviT: luTeranebi, kalvinistebi – J. kalvinis mimdevrebi,

cvinglianelebi – ulrix cvinglis mimdevrebi, armianelebi – iakob arminias

mimdevrebi. yvelaferi es xdeboda XVI saukuneSi. XVII s-is damdegs

cvinglianelebi nawilobriv Seerwynen kalvinistebs, xolo meore nawilma saTave

daudo anababtizms, romelic gamodioda saeklesio privilegiebis da koleqtiuri

miwaTsargeblobis gauqmebis moTxovniT. zomieri anababtistebi gaxdnen menonitebi,

inglisma agreTve gawyvita kavSiri kaTolikur eklesiasTan da Seqmna anglikanuri

eklesia, romelsac ekava Sualeduri mdgomareoba protestantizmsa da

kaTolicizms Soris. mas tradiciulad meTaurobs Tavad mefe. anglikanuri

eklesiidan gamoiyvnen ufro radikaluri puritanebi (purus – sufTa), romlebic

imyofebian kalvinistebisa da anababtistebis ideebis gavlenis qveS. isini moicaven

presviterianebs, kogregacionalebs, kvakerebs da baptistebs. swored am eklesiebma

an seqtebma (rogorc gnebavT) moaxdines uzarmazari gavlena aSS-is ideologiis

Camoyalibebaze da dRemde imyofebian misi sulieri cxovrebis centrSi.

msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifos – aSS-s _ Tanamedrove civilizaciur

ideologiaze, garda religiisa, Zlier zegavlenas axdens specifikuri amerikuli

filosofiuri mimdinareobebi. pratikuli amerikelebi aRmoCndnen absoluturad

gulgrilni rTuli evropuli filosofiuri sistemebis mimarT. wminda amerikul

filosofiad iqca u. jeimsis pragmatizmi. man daxata mravalsaxovani msoflios

suraTi, romelSic adamianebs SeuZliaT Seimecnon mxolod nawilobrivi da

SezRuduli WeSmaritebani – WeSmaritebani, romelTac maTTvis moaqvT praqtikuli

sargebeli. am samyaroSi aravis SeuZlia moipovos monopolia bolo instanciis

WeSmaritebaze. is gamovida erTiani urTierTdakavSirebuli dogmebis winaSe

kapitulaciis winaaRmdeg, mokled rom vTqvaT, erTiani ideologiis winaaRmdeg.

amerikuli erovnuli xasiaTi imyofeba ori diametrulad

urTierTsawinaaRmdego sawyisis _ Rrmad damuSavebuli, sistemuri da

yovlismomcveli kalvinis ideologiis da pozitivizmis antiideologiis gavlenis

qveS. SesaZlebelia amitomac, amerikelTa ideebi, rogorc es moswrebulad SeniSna

94

XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi tokvilma, an yvela saocrad viwro da mkafioa, an

sakmaod zogadi da bundovani.

roca vsaubrobT arareligiur ideologiebze, romelTac gavlena moaxdines

msoflio ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, ar SeiZleba ar vaxseboT marqsizm-leninizmi.

ZiriTad ekonomikur debulebebSi marqsizmi mSvenivrad esadageba TiTqmis yvela

msoflio religias da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tavadac aris religia, yovel SemTxvevaSi

aranaklebi xarisxiT, vidre, vTqvaT, konfucianeloba. marqsizmis debulebani sul

ufro metad gadaiqceva gaqvavebul, naxevradreligiur formulebad da ar varganan

saxelmZRvanelod praqtikuli saqmeebis gadawyvetisaTvis. amasTanave marqsizmis

orientaciam XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi msoflio gavlenasa da msoflio

revoluciaze moaxdina ueWveli zegavlena saerToplanetaruli azrovnebis da

ideologiuri globalizaciis CamoyalibebaSi. paradoqsulia, magram swored

msoflio komunizmis talRisaTvis winaaRmdegobam ideologiur, ekonomikur da

samxedro sferoebSi gamoiwvia Sesabamisi mZlavri transerovnuli mimdinareobani

dasavleTis qveynebSi. aSS iZulebuli Seiqna mieRo komunizmis gamowveva da

prezidentma r. reiganma mouwoda sapasuxod msoflios `bazarze orientirebuli...

demokratiuli revoluciisaken~.

zogjer SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom civilizaciuri ideologiebis da wes-

Cveulebebis Seswavla warmoadgens mxolod gansakuTrebul SemecnebiT interess,

romelic afarToebs Tvalsawiers. sinamdvileSi sxvadasxva xalxebis eTikis codna

saSualebas iZleva, rom ukeT warvmarToT sakuTari biznesi. magaliTad, rodesac

ici Cvevebi, ar unda gabrazde frangis an espanelis naxevarsaaTian dagvianebaze

molaparakebebis dros, mSvidad Sexvde ingliselis metismet TavdaWerilobas da

amerikelis gadaWarbebul ZmabiWobas. magram es, ra Tqma unda, araa mTavari.

partnioris an konkurentis religiuri aRmsareblobis an ideologiis codna

zogjer yvela ekonomikur-sadazvervo monacemebze ukeT gvaZlevs saSualebas

viwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva sxvadasxva situaciaSi.

eTikur RirebulebaTa da, mTlianad eTikis roli ekonomikaSi bolomde araa

garkveuli da albaT arc saTanadod aris Sefasebuli. uwinares yovlisa, eTikuri

normebi saimedo instituciur bazas qmnian ekonomikuri moRvaweobisaTvis.

sxvaTa Soris, am Tu im calkeul mocemul SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis ara aqvs

mniSvneloba, Tu romeli religiis aRmsarebelia religiuri eTikuri normebis

mqone piri. mTavaria, rom naklebia albaToba, rom igi daarRvevs SeTanxmebas.

95

oportunistuli (gamyidveloba) qcevis riski misi mxridan bevrad naklebia, da

Sesabamisad naklebi fulia saWiro garigebis dazRvevis saSualebebze dasaxarjad

da kontrolisaTvis. transaqciuri danaxarjebi – es sabazro ekonomikis Wiri –

mcirdeba. am azriT, eTika da ideologia ekonomiuria da ekonomikurad efeqtianic.

megaekonomikis rogorc erTiani planetaruli mTlianis Camoyalibeba stimuls

aZlevs erTiani, sayovelTao civilizaciuri ideologiis Seqmnas. saubroben imaze,

rom is unda Seiqmnas ZiriTadi civilizaciuri religiebis SeTanxmebis bazaze.

imowmeben l. n. tolstois imaze, rom maT Soris gansxvaveba arc ise didia.

religiis erTianobisaken mogviwodebs dRes sul ufro gavleniani mimdinareoba

èkumenizmi~. Cven migvaCnia, rom es mowodeba da es tendencia globalizaciuri

procesebis dadebiT gamovlinebad ver CaiTvleba da rom ufro sworia

evrokavSiris gza, sadac erTianoba sulac ar moiTxovs saerTo religias.

ori-sami Taobis sicocxlis manZilze kacobriobis saqmianobam da masze

dafuZnebulma samecniero-teqnikurma progresma imdenad radikalurad Secvala

msoflio, rom ideologiis da filosofiis sagnobrivma sferom didi xania

gadainacvla obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvidan warmatebul praqtikul moqmedebaze

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis, sxvadasxva faqtoris zemoqmedebaze yvelaze

efeqtiani reaqciebis proeqtirebisaken, zemoqmedebaze, Sedegis maqsimizaciisaken.

swored warmatebis meqanizmebis uzrunvelyofis erTgvarovnebam, agreTve

globalizaciam da msoflio ekonomikis internacionalizaciam ganapiroba

civilizaciuri identurobis moTxovnileba.

am miznebsa da moTxovnilebebs aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi

mxareebi: kacobrioba sul ufro aRiqvams Tavis Tavs erTian organizmad. qveynebi

da kontinentebi sul ufro uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, TandaTan qmnian erTian

kulturasac, biznesis saerTo wesebs, qcevis stereotipebs da ganaTlebis

standartebs. am qveynebis xalxebi, ufro met identificirebas axdenen raRac

axali civilizaciuri erTianobis doneze damkvidrebuli da SemuSavebuli `TamaSis

wesebiT~, romlebic saSualebas iZleva Tavisuflad da TviTdajerebulad

imoqmedon planetis TiTqmis yvela msxvil qalaqSi, magram isini inarCuneben

sakuTar kulturul tradiciebsac, sakuTar RirebulebiT orientirebsac. maTi

racionaluri mxareebis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba unda gaxdes momavali msoflio

wesrigis erT-erTi ZiriTadi piroba.

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2.2. didi qarTveli moazrovneebi globalizaciasa da

erovnuli ekonomikuri faseulobebis Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi‚ qveynis winsvla erovnuli

ekonomikuri Rirebulebebis gareSe warmoudgenelic aris da mizanSeuwonelic.

sakiTxis sirTulis gamo Cveni inteleqtualuri minaRwevris mxolod ramdenime

StrixiT SemovifarglebiT. kerZod‚ SevexebiT zogierT umTavres Rirebulebas‚

romlebic Cvenma didma moRvaweebma Camoayalibes. isini im mTavar orientirebs

migvaniSneben‚ saiTkenac unda viswrafodeT‚ raTa mivaRwioT optimalur sinTezss

zogadsakacobrio da erovnul Rirebulebebs Soris. es ki niSnavs, Cveni sakeTebeli

ise vakeToT‚ rom gaviTvaliswinoT da davnergoT msoflio civilizaciis miRwevebi

da Tanac es ise ganvaxorcieloT‚ rom Crdili ar mivayenoT‚ ar davkargoT Cveni

tradiciebi‚ SevinarCunoT Cveni TviTmyofadoba. amisTvis ki, upirvelesi yuradReba

unda mivapyroT qveynis ZiriTad erovnul Rirebulebebs, mis suverenitets,

usafrTxoebas, mSvidobas, demokratiasa da kanonis uzenaesobas, adamianis

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemas, mosaxleobis materialur

keTildReobas.

mokled Tu vityviT‚ garduvali gaxda eris ganviTarebis kardinaluri

problemebis, misi keTildReobis globalur konteqstSi ganxilva da liberaluri

ekonomikuri orientirebis gonivnuli gansazRvra. amisaTvis ki‚ Tanamedrove ekono-

mikuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos Rrma mecnieruloba, rea-

listuroba, masStaburoba, sistemuroba da moqniloba. axali azrovneba unda

dafuZndes obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa Rrmad Semecnebaze, romelic axlandel

realobebs iTvaliswinebs. unda SegveZlos warsulis samarTliani Sefaseba. saWi-

roa gonivrulad mivudgeT saqmes, ar SemovifargloT amwuTieri amocanebiT.

yoveli sakiTxi kompleqsurad unda gadavwyvitoT. gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa

da realizaciis msvlelobisas droulad unda gaviTvaliswinoT axlad

warmoSobili garemoebebi, axali movlenebi da procesebi. aseTia mecnieruli

azrovnebis logika. ilia WavWavaZis moZRvreba, misi traqtatebi samarTlis da

filosofiis, ekonimikis da sociologiis, politikis da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis, istoriis da bibliologiis, marTlmadidebluri qristianobis da

saerTod, cxovrebis yovelgvari `kuTxe-kunWulis~’ Sesaxeb, swored aseT

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azrovnebas gvixsnis, ganmartavs, ayalibebs mis principebs da amiT gvexmareba Cveni

yoveldRiuri praqtikuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi. M

mainc ra aris is umTavresi Rirebulebani, romelTac dReniadag unda

veswrafvodeT da rogoria is meTodebi, gzebi da umTavresi principebi, romlebsac

Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi unda viyenebdeT Cveni miznebis misaRwevad?

umTavresi CvenTvis is unda iyos, romlis gareSec `Cven~, `Cven~, ar

viqnebodiT. aseTebad ilia WavWavaZes miaCnda mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba,

romlebsac `sam RvTaebriv saunjes~ uwodebda. igi aRniSnavda: `sami RvTaebrivi

saunje dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac ar

upatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?~ (i. WavWavaZe,

Txz., t.3, gv. 26-27).

am maradiul Rirebulebebs TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT, rom Cveni

mTlianoba da TviTmyofadoba ar davkargoT. mTavaria aseve vicodeT rogor, ra

gzebiT unda davicvaT Cveni mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba.

`mamulis~ Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe werda, rom es cneba JamTa viTarebam qonebis

saxelamde daaqveiTa, daamdabla da daaknina. amitom misi brwyinvaleba unda

avamaRloT da ganvadidoT. ilia werda: `samocian wlebSi yvelaze uwinares

gamobrwyinda daviwyebuli sityva `mamuli~, mTelis Tavis gulTmimzidvel da

didebul mniSvnelobiTa. visac-ki raime niSanwyali hqonda RmerTis mier miniWebul

madlisa da kalami xelT epyra, TiTqmis yvelani im gzas daadgnen, rom qarTvels

gulSi Causxon mamuli, romelic JamTa viTarebam uZrav qonebis saxelamdeRa

daaqveiTa da daamdabla. agre gaupatiurebulma sityvam samocian wlebis moRvaweTa

meoxebiT da RvawliT kvlav daiWira CvenSi kuTvnili adgili, viTarca mzem, da

Tavisi sxivosani Suqi mohfina mTels sivrces Cvenis cxovrebisas~ (t. III, gv. 225).

sarwmunoeba CvenTvis _ qarTvelebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. es kargad

Cans ilias Semdegi sityvebidan `qriste-RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis da Cvenc

jvars vecviT qristesaTvis. am patara saqarTvelos gadavuReReT mkerdi da am

mkerdzed, rogorc kldezed, davudgiT qristianobas saydari, qvad Cveni Zvlebi

vixmareT da kirad Cveni sisxli, da bWeTa jojoxeTisaTa ver Semusres igi~ (t. V,

gv. 12). ilia aseve dasZenda, rom qarTveli eri ufrTxildeboda Tavis rjuls,

romelic Tavis Sinagan Rirsebis garda duRabobas uwevda erTobas (t. IV, gv. 65-

66). `qristianobam Segvinaxa Cven Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni ena, Cveni vinaoba, Cveni

erovneba~ (iveria, #9, 188, 2).

98

ilia EWavWavaZis azriT, Tanamedrove samyaro, misi Semadgeneli nawilebi ise

mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, isea urTierTgadajaWvuli, rom erTi

qveynis WeSmariti sargebloba imazea damyarebuli, rom meorec, sxvebic kargad

iyvnen. qveyana miT ufro met sargebels naxavs TviTon, rac ufro met sikeTes

moutans sxvebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi msoflios yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli

qveynis, inglisis „sargeblobas~, mis „kargad yofnas~ damoukideblad, calke

aRebulad ki ar ganixilavs, aramed regionul, globalur konteqstSi. aseve udgeba

igi saqarTvelosac. 1879 wlis ianvris Sinaur mimoxilvaSi, exeboda ra ruseTisa

da inglisis metoqeobas aziaSi „mflobelobisaTvis~, avtori eris sayovelTao

keTildReobas msoflio masStabiT ganixilavda da SeniSnavda, rom inglisi ècdeba

Zalauneburad imaT kargamyofobasac, vinc mas aziaSi binadrad daxvdeba...~ – o da

dasZenda: àzia saerTod da Cven TiTon sakuTriv varT saWironi aramc Tu Cvenis

TavisaTvis mxolod, aramed sxvisTvisac. Tumca bevri ram Seicvala qveynierobazed

am xuTas-eqvsas weliwadSi, magram es miwis-yeli, romelsac kavkasias eZaxian, ro-

melic aziisa da evropis karad yofila uwin da romlis dapyrobisaTvis bevri

sxvadasxva xalxis sisxli daRvrila, mainc isev karad darCa da xalxTa Soris

SuRlisa da cilebis mizezad iqneba kidec~. (i.WavWavaZe, Txz., t. 5, gv. 18).

ilia WavWavaZe miuTiTebda, rom miwaTmoqmedebis, safabriko da saqarxno

warmoebis gasaZliereblad gvWirdeba davagrovoT „saWiro codna da gamocdileba~,

aucilebelia sxvam ar dagvaswros da Cven TviTon davikavoT Cveni „niSi~ _

„moclili da sxvisgan dauWereli adgili~. Ees iyo da aris umTavresi gza, epoqis

moTxovna. swored amitom, eris mamam ar moiwona germaneli kapitalistis meisneris

mier gansaxorcielebeli investiciebi saqarTveloSi‚ radgan misi amxanagobis mono-

polizebuli saqmianoba Cvens xalxs gaaCanagebda da arsebobis safuZvlebs

gamoaclida. qveynis ekonomikis dawinaurebisaTvis ilia mizanSewonilad miiCnevda

Sromis nayofierebis gadidebas da soflismeurneobrivi specializaciis gonivrul

gaRrmavebas. igi „TviTarsebobisa~ da „TviTganviTarebisaken~ mogviwodebda da

miuTiTebda, rom yovel sameurneo operacias Tavisi Semosavali, „xeiri~ moaqvs.

amitom rac ufro met operaciebs Seasruleb Sen TviTon, rogorc qveyana, yvela

misi Semosavalic piradad dagrCeba.

ilia WavWavaZe gamokveTilad ayalibebs Tavis azrs imis Taobaze, rom

meisneris proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad Cveni xalxi arsebobis mTavari

safuZvlis, miwis gareSe darCeboda, rom erTeulebis gamdidrebis sawinaaRmdego

99

mas araferi ar hqonda, magram didad samwuxaroa, rom amasTan erTad „cxovrebis

saxsari akldeba xalxs~-o. kerZod igi werda: „b-n eliozovisa da ioselianis

SiSs, rom amxanagoba miwasac xelidam gamogvacliso, sayuradRebo da Znelad da-

sarRvevi sabuTi aqvs. ai am saganzed ra sTqva 1845 w. parlamentSi exlandelma

pirvelma ministrma inglisisam gladstonma, romelsac, rogorc finansists,

TiTqmis cali ara hyavs mTels qveynierebazed: „erTi yvelazed samwuxaro ambavi

Cvenis qveynis (ese igi inglisis) yofacxovrebisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

ramodenadac Zlier bevrdeba umaRles wodebaTa xelSi simdidre da izrdeba Cvens

qveyanaSi kapitali, imodenad cxovrebis saxsari akldeba xalxs, imodenad

naklebuloba da siRatake matulobs muSa-xalxs Soriso~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. 5,

gv. 230). swored aseTi principebis gaTvaliswinebit da xalxis interesebis

dacviT unda vudgebodeT ucxouri investiciebis Semosvlas saqarTveloSi

amJamadac.

ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevda, rom qveyanam ise unda gamoiyenos Tavisi absoluturi

da SefardebiTi upiratesobani, rom misi ekonomikis mdgradobas safrTxe ar

daemuqros da xalxisTvis, arsebobisTvis saWiro saxsrebi advilad da iafad

mosapovebeli gaxados. aseTi naazrevi yoveli xelisuflebisagan did dakvirvebas

moiTxovs. Gglobalizaciis, liberaluri sabazro ekonomikis sayovelTaod

ganvrcobis pirobebSi absoluturi da SefardebiTi upiratesobebis zomis zustad

migneba, ganviTarebis misaRwevad, misi gonivruli, eris saerTo interesebis dacviT

gadawyveta, xelisuflebis, sazogadoebis yvelaze prioritetuli, sayoveldReo

amocanaa.

ilia WavWavaZem, saukuneze meti xnis win, 1897 wlis 31 dekembers, qarTveli

xalxis mier ori aTasi wlis manZilze ganuwyeteli brZolebis, omebisa da

sisxlis Rvris Sedegad ganvlili gadarCenis gza gaaanaliza. hkvirobda wminda

ilia marTali: ram gagvaZlebina, rogor gadavrCiTo? pasuxsac Caswvda da amoicno,

rom saqarTvelo orma didma saidumlom gadaarCina. Cveni gadarCenis pirveli didi

saidulo is aris, rom WeSmarit patriotizms mudam Tan axlda namdvili

profesionalizmi. amis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe wers: „yvela es SevZeliT da

sakiTxvad saWiroa, _ ram SegvaZlebina? ram gvixsna? jvarcmulni qristesTvis

rogor gadavrCiT? wamebulni da sisxl-mTxevelni mamulisaTvis ramRa gvacocxla,

ram gvasuliera? man, rom vicodiT - im dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixe-

simagre, misi far-xmali. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT. xmali undoda, xmlis

100

Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omis saqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram

SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ram Segvinaxa!.. im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, im

droTa qar-cecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa samWedurSi naWedni. „silbo

gvqonda naqsovisa~ _ viT qristianebs „da simtkice naWedisa~ _ viT meomrebsa da

mamuliSvilebs. amiT gavitaneT Tavi, droTa Sesaferi Rone vicodiT, droTa

Sesaferi xerxi, droTa Sesaferi codna gvqonda, droTa Sesaferi mxneoba da gamr-

jeloba...~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. 5, gv. 12).

saqarTvelos gadarCenis meore didi saidumlo, aris misi ekonomikuri wyoba.

ilia WavWavaZe konkretulad axasiaTebs Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobis

saidumlos. kerZod igi wers: „Cvena gvgonia, sikeTe Cvenis ekonomiuris

agebulebisa da wyobisa imaSi yofila, rom miwa, ese igi mamul-deduli, cotad Tu

bevrad ufro samarTlianad morigebuli yofila Cvens xalxSi, vidre sadme sxvagan.

sakvirvelia, rom dRes-aqomamde umamulo, ubinao kaci CvenSi TiTqmis arsad ar

moiZeveba. amisTana wyobam mihmarTa usaTuod Cveni xalxi miwaTmoqmedebas, romelic

ufro dauSromeli da mkvidri wyaroa xalxisa da qveynis sazrdoebisaTvis, vidre

sxva ram. xsna Cvenis qveynisa am wyobaSi unda yofiliyo....

aqedan cxadia, Cveni mefeebi ras unda gahfrTxilebodnen. rogorc etyoba,

ufrTxildebodnen kidec, Tu ar mefeni, TiTon xalxi mainca. es iqidama sCans, rom

Cveulebam frTa Seakveca sakomlo ganviTarebas, radgan yvelgan sakomlo

gansazRvruli iyo zogan ocis dRiuriTa, zogan ormocis dRiuriTa, mamulebis

noyierebisa gvarad. ase rom erTs komls sofelSi CveulebiT dadgenilzed meti ar

SeeZlo mamulebi daeWira. tyisa da mindvris gansakuTreba xom yovlad SeuZlebeli

iyo da dResac aqamomde Cvenis xalxis gonebaSi vera Tavsdeba is azri, rom tye da

mindori sakuTreba iyos visime da ara samsoflo~ (Txz., t. 4, gv. 177).

aseTia saqarTvelos gadarCenis „saidumloebani~, romlis dacva Tanamedrove

globalizaciis procesSic aucilebelia. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

qarTvelma xalxma icoda, Tu sad unda moeZebna misi gadarCenis gzebi, cxovrebis

azri.

rogorc ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda, Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobis

umTavresi azri is aris, rasac Cven ,,xiznobas~ vuwodebT da ilias sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT: ,,xiznoba imisTana miwaT-mflobelobaa, romelic arc sakuTrebaa, arc ijara

da erTisa da meoris Sua ki dgas, rogorc gansakuTrebuli, erT-gvari, Taviseburi

saxe miwaT-mflobelobisa~ (,,iveria~, #221, 1886, 2). aseTi urTierTobis dros

101

miwis damqiravebels SeeZlo miwa hqonoda Tavis sargeblobaSi da mflobelobaSi

samudamod, aseve gadaeca Tavisi STamomavlebisaTvis, Tumca, misi gayidvis ufleba

mas ar hqonda, radgan miwis sruli mesakuTre ar iyo. vfiqrobT, rom am formis

optimaluri gamoyeneba dResac did sargeblobas moutans qveyanas, raTa Tavisi

resursebi xalxs moaxmaros uklebliv da srulad.

ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri midgomebidan Cveni epoqisTvis umniSvnelovanesia

agreTve, rom mis mier yvelaferi, yovelgvari movlena fardobiTobaSi anu

relatiurobaSi ganixileba. misi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli Tavisebureba

is aris, rom ilia yvelafers sakuTari qveynisadmi, misi adgilis (geostra-

tegiuli mdgomareoba), garemo pirobebis da istoriuli viTarebis (drois) niSniT,

maTze damokidebulebis mixedviT ganixilavda. misi Teoria ekonomikur cxovrebas

warmogvidgens ara rogorc movlenaTa, aramed rogorc Tanafardobis gagebas

(axsnas). Tavis TxzulebebSi ilia sul am Tanafardobis dadgenis ZiebaSia:

dReniadag cdilobs daadginos optimaluri, WeSmariti Tanafardoba,

sakuTrebis formebs, mis or umTavres, kerZo da sazogado formas

Soris; miiCnevs, rom sakuTrebis am or formas Soris iseTi

Tanafardobaa ukeTesi, rodesac Sroma aris Tavisufali rogorc

droSi, aseve sivrceSi.

xsnis zogadkacobriuli da erovnuli ekonomikuri idealebis

Tanafardobas (sazomis, „sawyaos~, „standartis~ Camoyalibebas).

klasikurad ganixilavs saerTo erovnuli da regionuli interesebis

Tanafardobas; miiCnevs, rom saerTo erovnul doneze unda

ganixilebodes ,,sayovelTao kanonmdeblobis warmoeba~ anu saerTo

kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, ,,saerTo Semosaval-gasavali~ anu

qveynis finansebi da ,,sayovelTao mxedrobis dawyobiloba~ anu qveynis

Tavdacva, yvela danarCeni sakiTxi ki adgilze unda wydebodeso.

qveynis ganviTarebisTvis ucilobel pirobad WeSmariti adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas, adgilobrivi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa

da TviTmmarTvelobis optimalur gamijvnas moiTxovs ,,evropiuli

gamocdilebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT.

asabuTebs fritrederuli (liberaluri, Ria) da proteqcionistuli

sagareo ekonomikuri politikis Tanafardobas, qveynis

102

,,TviTarsebobisa~ da ,,TviTganviTarebis~ uzrunvelsayofad da sxva

mravali.

swored aseTi Tanafardobis dadgenis safuZvelze miiCnevs ilia SesaZleblad

mTeli sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas. es ki universalur

meTods warmoadgens zogadkacobriuli da erovnuli Rirebulebebis optimaluri

sinTezis misagnebad, Cveni „me~-s, „adgilobrivi wvrilmanebis~, tradiciebis da zne-

CveulebaTa SenarCunebis gziT saerTo winsvlis misaRwevad. yovelive zemoT

aRniSnuls, Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi TiToeuli qveynisTvis

fasdaudebeli, gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba aqvs.

ilia WavWavaZe qveynis winsvlisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miiCnevda swavlas

da ganaTlebas. am Rirebulebebs igi gansakuTrebul rols aniWebda da swored amas

miiCnevda daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar dedoflis xanis saqarTvelos warmatebis

umTavres safuZvlad. ilias miaCnda, rom saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Tavisufle-

bisaTvis mebrZol qarTvel xalxs `...Tu Siga-da Sig, Wrelad, ramdenime weliwadi

mosveneba Sexvedria, maSinve is mosvenebis dro Seuwiravs swavlisa da

ganaTlebisaTvis. daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar dedoflis mefoba am SemTxvevaSi

metad sanugeSo magaliTebs warmogvidgens...~ (i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani, t. IV, gv.

321). Tavis mniSvnelobas dResac ar kargavs is princpiebi da umTavresi

Rirebulebebi, romelTa ganxorcielebis Sedegadac SeiZleba mivaRwioT winsvlas.

am principebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: erTianoba, TavisuflebisaTvis Seupovroba,

aRmSenebloba, reformebi da gamarjveba.

cnobilma qarTvelma poetma eTer TaTaraiZem‚ vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebis metad

saintereso mxareebis Sesaxeb Tavis SesaniSnav gamokvlevas‚ mgosnis siyrmis

Svilis‚ gulqan razikaSvilis Semdegi sityvebi SeurCia saTaurad: „mamama RmerTs

Camahyara saxeli”. wignis saTauri migvaniSnebs‚ rom vaJa-fSavela Tavisi

sulierebiT, gonebiTa da gagebT srul WeSmaritebamde amaRlda. amitom didi

mgosnis msoflxedvis mTavari orientirebis‚ gansakuTrebiT ki misi

zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis Seswavla Tanamedrove poziciebidan didi

Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvnelobis saqmea. sul sxvaa‚ rodesac gkarnaxoben,

rogor gavigoT Semoqmedis namoRvawari imasTan SedarebiT‚ rodesac amas aravin ar

gkarnaxobs da Sen TviTon ganixilav mgosnis naazrevs drois mixedviT‚ axleburad‚

Tanamedrove „eniT” da midgomebiT‚ anu evoluciurad‚ rac Tanamedrove

103

gadasaxedidan mis Seswavlas niSnavs. mxolod ase SeiZleba didi Semoqmedis

SexedulebebSi aRmovaCinoT iseTi ideebi‚ Rirebulebebi an principebi‚ romelTac

cxovreba unda daefuZnos globalizaciis pirobebSi. distanciidan danaxuli

Sefasebebi mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi myof sazogadoebas mTeli Tavisi WeSmaritebiT

warmoaCenen. mTavaria aseT Tvalsawiers miagno da igi sistemurad asaxo.

zogadplanetaruli ganviTarebis‚ zeerovnul xanaSi‚ rodesac nebismieri qveynis

mdgomareoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba imiT‚ rac mis farglebs gareT‚ saer-

TaSoriso masStabiT xdeba, vaJa-fSavelas zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobis naazrevi

ganmsaxRvrel RirebulebaTa rangSi amaRlebuli warmoCndeba. klasikoss am

TvalsazrisiT marto erTi publicisturi werili „kosmopolitizmi da

patriotizmi~ rom daewera‚ aRarafers vambobT‚ magaliTad‚ poemaze

„gvelismWameli~‚ isic sakmarisi iyo erovnul da zogadsakacobrio movlenebis

optimaluri sinTezis ganmsazrvreli Rirebulebebis misagnebad.

sadavo ar aris is‚ rom mwerali miT ufro didia‚ rac ufro zogadi‚ zogad-

kacobriuli Rirebulebebisa da problemebis gamoxatvis SemZlebia igi‚ radganac

swored es aris sazomi anu sawyao misi msoflio mniSvnelobisa. ufro gasagebad

Tu vityviT‚ is rac zogad-kacobriulia‚ mTeli kacobriobis kuTvnilebaa‚ rogorc

mecniereba‚ romelic yvelas ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa. Tavis werilSi

„kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi~ vaJa-fSavela werda: „genioss‚ rogorc

pirovnebas‚ individs‚ aqvs sakuTari samSoblo‚ sayvareli‚ saTayvanebeli‚ xolo mis

nawarmoebebs ara‚ vinaidan igi mTeli kacobriobis kuTvnilebaa‚ rogorc

mecniereba...~ (vaJa-Savela, kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi, ix. Txzulebani, Tb.

1986, gv. 681).

geniosis nawarmoebis zogadkacobriulobis mTavari sazomi aris mecniereba‚

romelsac aqvs Zala TiToeuli adamiani‚ yvela eri da mTeli msoflio waiyvanos

win ekonomikurad‚ politikurad da socialurad. ese igi‚ is aris wamali‚

romelic yvelas erTnairad kurnavs. vaJa-fSavela aRniSnavda: „mecniereba da

geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmopolitizmisaken‚ magram mxolod patriotizmis‚

nacionalizmis meoxebiT. ganaviTareT yoveli eri iqamdis‚ rom kargad esmodes

Tavisi ekonomikuri‚ politikuri mdgomareoba‚ Tavis socialuri yofis avkargi‚

mospeT dRevandeli ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba da‚ ueWvelia‚ maSin moispoba

erTisagan meoris CasanTqmelad miswrafeba‚ erTmaneTis rbeva‚ omebi‚ romelic dRes

104

gamefebulia dedamiwis zurgze~ (vaJa – fSavela, kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi,

ix. Txzulebani, Tb. 1986, gv. 681).

es iseTi WeSmaritebaa‚ romelsac istoria yovel etapze gvimtkicebs. amis

dadasturebaa Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri integraciis ganviTareba‚ romlis

naTel magaliTs warmoadgens evrokavSiris saqmianoba. amitom Cven gvWirdeba „iseTi

erovnuli kulturis ganviTareba‚ romelic zogad sakacobrio TvalsazrisiTac

obieqtur Rirebulebas warmoadgens da romelsac‚ amdenad‚ wvlili Seaqvs‚ ragind

mcirec ar unda iyos igi‚ msoflio civilizaciaSi‚ zogadsakacobrio kulturaSi~

(T. gamyreliZe, sityva, warmoTqmuli ilia WavWavaZis dabadenidan 160 wlisadmi

miZRvnil saiubileo saRamoze. Ggaz. ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1997 wlis 28

noemberi – 5 dekemberi, gv. 1). swored amaze werda akaki wereTeli, rom qarTveli

„jer unda TviTon suliT amaRldes‚ rom sxvas miuZRvnas mere man Zmoba~.

vaJa-fSavelas msoflSegnebis WeSmariti Rirebulebebis Seswavla evoluciur

midgomas saWiroebs. aseTi midgoma mwerlis Sexedulebebis adgilis‚ garemo

pirobebisa da drois mixedviT Seswavlas gulisxmobs. swored aseTi orientaciiT

xasiaTdeba qarTveli mkvlevaris‚ giorgi arabulis klasikuri wigni „vaJa-fSavelas

sami poema”. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs‚ umTavresi dedaazri‚ ris warmoCenasac vaJa-

fSavela Tavis poemebSi da saerTod yvelgan cdilobs, is aris‚ rom adamianSi

umTavresi misi, rogorc adamianis Rirebulebaa. swored amis mixedviT unda

vafasebdeT mas da ara imis mixedviT‚ Tu romeli erovnebis warmomadgenelia igi.

vaJa-fSavela Rirsebas umTavres‚ adamianur Rirebulebad Tvlida. Rirseuli ki

iseTi adamiania‚ romlis mentaliteti tolerantobaze‚ Semwynareblobaze‚

gansxvavebli azris aRiarebazea dafuZnebuli. Rirseulia iseTi adamiani‚ romelsac

pirovnuli da erovnuli egoizmi dauZlevia da WeSmaritad mdidari sulis

adamianad qceula. erTi sityviT‚ Rirseuli iseTi adamiania‚ romelic ise eqceva

sxvas‚ rogorc unda rom TviTon mas eqceodnen. vaJa-fSavela zneobriobis

gvirgvinia. misi nawarmoebebis gmirebi zneobrivi gmirebi arian, romlebmac Temze

maRla adamianuri Rirebulebebi daayenes. mxolod ase SeiZleba yvela sikeTisa da

bunebrivi faseulobebis gamanadgurebeli siZulvilis daZleva da WeSmaritebasTan‚

siyvarulTan miaxloeba.

sikeTisken swrafva vaJa-fSavelas adamianurobis yvelaze mTavar sazomad

miaCnda da aRniSnavda:

„visc hSian‚ swyuran keTili‚

105

igi megulvis kacada~

arc zneobrivi‚ arc ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT adamiani adamians ar unda

„hxuTavdes~‚ ar unda sCagravdes:

„rad minda maSin sicocxle‚

lukmasa vsWamde sxvisasa~-o‚ – werda vaJa-fSavela.

Tanamedrove globalizirebul samyaroSi‚ Cveni TviTmyofadoba Cven TviTon

unda davicvaT. vinmes ar unda SevyurebdeT xelebSi da mowyalebas sxvebisgan ar

unda velodoT. Cveni saqme Cven TviTon unda vakeToT. „Sens Tavs Senve mouareo. es

kanoni – istoriuli kanonia...~ – aRniSnavda ilia WavWavaZe. aseve genialurad

werda ilia WavWavaZis Zma‚ Svili‚ TanamebrZoli‚ didi poeti vaJa-fSavela 1896

wels:

„xelebs nu ikrebT gulzeda‚

saqmes nu agdebT RmerTzeda‚

TviT upatroneT Tavis Tavs‚

nu imedovnebT sxvebzeda~.

vaJa-fSavela universalur, maradiul Rirebulebad Tavisuflebas Tvlida

da mis sapirwoned mxolod sicocxle miaCnda, Tvlida, rom adamianma medgrad unda

ibrZolos ,,da ar dazogos sicocxle Tavisuflebis mosapoeblad~ (vaJa-fSavela,

kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi, ix. Txzulebani, Tb. 1986, gv. 760). Tavisufali

iseTi adamiania, romlis yovelgvari saqmianoba mimarTulia qveynis sabednierod,

avazaki ki, ,,Tavisuflad iqceva mxolod piradi sargeblobisTvis~-o. Tavisufleba

niSnavs imas, rom adamians ,,eZleva saSualeba patiosani SromiT moipovos puri

arsebisa~, sadac Sroma Rirseulad fasdeba, sadac Tanasworadaa ganawilebuli

codna, qoneba, sadac qonebriv uzrunvelyofas Tan àxlavs eris saerTo gonebrivi

simwife~.

TviT vaJa-fSavelas yvelaze didi Rirseba is aris‚ rom igi‚ eris did

moRvaweebTan erTad‚ zneobriobis umaRless kvarcxlbekze dgas.

vaJa-fSavelam, Tavis moTxrobaSi `kldem mxolod erTxel sTqva~ simbolurad

dagvmoZRvra, rom mxolod siyvaruli agvacilebs Tavidan yvela im `codvas~,

`Secdomas~ da `sacodaobas~, rac datrialebula da trialebs dedamiwis zurgze.

am moTxrobaSi aris mcdeloba imis garkvevisa, Tu ra aris yvelaze umTavresi

Rirebuleba adamianisaTvis, rasac sazogadoeba unda efuZnebodes, razedac

106

kldesaviT mtkiced unda vidgeT, rasac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gadavuxvioT.

avtori kldesTan aseT saubars marTavs:

` _ aaax! rogor guliT mondomebuli var adgilidan daiZra, gaxvide xalxSi

da iqadago! ra mSvenieri suraTi damidgeboda Tvalwin: auarebeli xalxi da maT

SuaSi Camdgari Sen, klde, hgadagebde egre medidurad, warbSeuxrelad,

mourideblad, ukrZalavad. Cven, roca kacis xasiaTis simtkice gvinda gamovsaxoT,

vambobT: kldea, swored kldeao. da axla is warmoidgine, TviT klde esaubrebodes

qveyanas... maSin ra iqneba? nuTu saswauls ar moaxdendi? magram ara, hzarob,

geZneleba adgilidan daZvra, SeCveuli xar erT adgils dogmas, ar gexerxeba

ganZreva. geSinian, rom gavinZre, gavCuCunde, sulerTianad davifuSebio.

_ me ras vityvi iseTs, Senc ar SegeZlos imisi Tqma?

_ risa? magaliTad?

_ mxolod sami sityvisa: giyvardeT kacno, erTmaneTi! Sen ggonia, sakvirvels,

axals rasme gaswavli da an vaswavli qveyanas? xolo am sityvebs gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda mieqces, Sina da karSi es xma unda ismodes, pirveli mcneba es

unda iyos, deda amas unda CasCiCinebdes Svils akvanSi, ise gamudmebiT, rom es

CaZaxili veRara gziT ver amoiSalos adamianis gulidan, rogorc Cems mkerdze

veraferi amohSlis wyalTa da zvavTa nakvalevs. anu, uked rom vsTqvaT, is patara

buSti leSisa, romelsac Tqven guls eZaxiT, iqces erT, mxolod erT sityvad –

giyvardes~.

ivane javaxiSvili. 1944 wels gamoqveynebul werilSi grigol robaqiZe ivane

javaxiSvils ilia WavWavaZis uSualo memkvidred da misi saqmis gamgrZeleblad

warmogvidgens. (ix.: grigol robaqiZe, CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia. krebuli. Tb.,

1996, Sps `jek-servisi~‚ gv. 205-208).

grigol robaqiZis gadmocemiT, 1907 wels saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi

qarTveli swavluli moxsenebas kiTxulobs. TeatrSi teva aRaraa. msmenelTa Soris

imyofeba didi qarTveli ilia WavWavaZe‚ romlis Tanadaswreba mTel krebas sazeimo

iersa hfens. `... momxsenebeli laparakobs nela‚ pauzebiT: etyoba – swonis da

zomavs naTqvams. sityva TiTqo ar emorCileba – albaT cdilobs: arc meti iTqvas

da arc naklebi. arcerTxel xmis amaRleba: naazris cxadeba ise gulisxmieria misi.

damswreni guldasmiT ismenen yovel sityvas momxseneblisas – da grZnoben

TandaTan, rom maTSi raRac izrdeba nel-nel‚ anu ukeT: raRac imarTeba‚ ase

tkbili da Zalis momgvreli. saqarTvelos xerxemali? swored es da mxolod es.

107

Tavdeba moxseneba. msmenelni afrTovanebiT acileben axlad movlenil swavluls‚

xolo Tvali mainc ilias mimarT uWiravT: undaT gaigon‚ Tu ras ityvis

dauRalavi mouravi saqarTvelos kulturisa. neli‚ mokle‚ Sinagan aRvivebuli

sityviT amcnebs didi qarTveli irgvliv TavmoyrilT Tavis gaxarebas. ilias

sityva edeba mTel krebas – rigidan rigebs – viTar madliT ganfenili dasturi.

sixaruli matulobs. bolos es „ganaCeni~ momxsenebelsac swvdeba. mis mSvid saxes

naTeli efineba – TiTqo hsurs gamxnevebuls gasZaxos xevsurulad: „jani

mamimatis!~ axalgazrda swavluli ivane javaxiSvilia~ (iqve, gv. 205-206).

`saqarTvelos kulturis dauRalavi mouravis~ kmayofileba, rogorc grigol

robaqiZe aRniSnavs, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom ivane javaxiSvilma qarTul

sazogadoebas idealurad warmoudgina eris wiaRSi Casaidumloebuli genia, misi

Rirebulebebi, misi TviTmyofadobis xerxemali da es ise gaakeTa, saTqmeli ise

Tqva da sakeTebelic ise akeTa, rac mxolod saRmrTo madliT mosil rCeuls

xelewifeba. swored amitom daasaxela didma iliam Tavis memkvidred ivane

javaxiSvili.

gadis ramdanime Tve. saqarTvelos Tavs atydeba didi ubedureba: wiwamuris

veli irwyveba didi qarTvelis sisxliT. mkvleli qarTvelTa naSieria‚ raic kidev

ufro amZafrebs tkivils. didia glova da vaeba. xolo saocari da sacnauri: eris

mier Rrmad gancdil tanjvaSi mkvleloba TandaTan „msxerplis” saxes iRebs –

msxverplis‚ romlis saidumloeba sinamdvilis gardamqmneli Zalaa.

yovel qarTvelSi iRviZebs saqarTvelo – iRviZebs ara wilobiT‚ aramed

mTlad: iRviZebs mTeli saqarTvelo‚ mTeli misi bediT. arc erTi meqme qarTveli

ar rCeba exla ganze ganapirebuli. yoveli maTganis gza midis amieridan am

msxverplis niSniT. xolo erTi kaci‚ romelic mTeli Tavisi arsiT saqarTvelos

saukunoebSi gawvdil wiaRSia gadasuli‚ albaT yvelaze ufro Rrmad ganicdis am

Sinagan gardaqmnas. es kaci uTuod ivane javaxiSvilia sixaruli‚ ilias gaxarebiT

Sobili‚ exla misTvis „kurTxevad~ iqceva. xolo kurTxeva mowodebaa da

daniSnuleba. ilia iRvwoda saqarTvelos mzeosan xelmwifebis aRdgenisTvis.

sityviT‚ saqmiT‚ cxovrebiT. kurTxeva-miRebuli swavluli xedavs exla naTliv: man

unda ganagrZos es gza‚ metad mZime garna metadve saSuri. magram rogor?

javaxiSvili mematianea‚ meistorie‚ gamoikvlevs saqarTvelos Tavgadasavals – igi

amiT daexmareba mis xelmwifebis aRdgenas. es aris exla misi uRrmesi rwmena‚

rwmena utyuari da marTebuli. gsurs gaigo „vina xar~‚ unda Seigno „vin iyav~.

108

ginda iqce „ramed~‚ unda Seityo „ra ganvle~‚ „saiTken?~ mizanmxvedria maSin‚ Tu

esec ici: „saidan?~ istoria aris ara marto xsova warsulisa – igi Tanve qmediTi

monawilea momavlisa. am rwmeniT iwyebs javaxiSvili Tavis mowodebas. uamravi

siZneleni imarTebian mis win: evropaSi istoriuli kvleva gaadvilebulia:

swavluls aq yoveli dargi gakafuli xvdeba win: yoveli masala dalagebulia.

javaxiSvili ki TiTqmis yvelafers pirvelad unda Seexos. igi swavlobs evropasa

da ruseTSi: enebs‚ rogorc dasavleTisa ise aRmosavleTisa‚ paleontologias‚

arqeologias‚ eTnologias‚ xuroTmoZRvrebas – da kidev ras? dro da dro mokle

narkvevebsac aqveynebs – xolo yoveli es jer kidev mzadebaa mxolod da

masalasTan miaxloveba~ (iqve, gv. 206-207).

iwyeba msoflio omi. qarTvel erSi ocneba iRviZebs: vin icis‚ xalxTa Sexla-

Semoxla ise datrialdes‚ rom saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba ergunos. revolucia

arRvevs ruseTis imperias da qarTvel mamuliSvilTa ocnebas ganamdvilebis piri

uCans. RRmavdeba Segneba qarTvelisa – rogorc qarTvelis‚ TavdadebulTa erTi

mcire jgufi cdilobs daarsdes qarTuli universiteti‚ raTa am Segnebas

qvakuTxedi augos. am jgufis Taosani da sulis Camdgmeli ivane javaxiSvilia.

siZnele siZneles mosdevs‚ xolo energia TavgamodebulTa kidev ufro matulobs.

Semdeg qarTvel TavdadebulTa mcire jgufTan erTad ivane javaxiSvili

universitets afuZnebs.

„roca 1918 wels maisis 26 saqarTvelos TavisTavs ganTavisuflebulad

acxades‚ mis xelmwifebas ukve amarTuli aqvs Sinagani simagre: universiteti‚

qarTuli kulturis Cauqrobi kera~ (iqve, gv. 207).

***

„iwyeba dauRalavi‚ nayofieri Sroma. qarTuli universiteti iqceva

laboratoriad qarTuli Segnebisa. Sua gulSi aqac ivane javaxiSvilia:

TavganwirviT – romelic umagaliTo Tu ara samagaliToa – agrZelebs igi erTxel

dawyebul saqmes: agrovebs saqarTvelos yofidan yovelgvar masalas – Zvel

xelnawers‚ naxats‚ naxazs‚ gadmocemas‚ sigels – da kidev ras? agrovebs masalas‚

arCevs da ikvlevs da alagebs mas. xolo masala ufro da ufro xvavdeba.

javaxiSvili exla ikrebs mTels jgufs axalgazrda mkvlevarTa: TanaSromelTa da

damxmareTa. CaRdeba umagaliTo muSaoba. „qarTveli eris istoria~ – mTavari Sroma

javaxiSvilisa – izrdeba TandaTan: Tvidan Tvemde‚ wlidan wlamde. es araa

109

Cveulebrivi „istoria~‚ igi ufro enciklopediaa. yvelaferia aq ganxiluli:

qarTvelTa warmoSoba‚ naTesav tomTa erT erad qceva da Camosxma‚ qarTuli ena‚

nivTieri da sulieri kultura saqarTvelosi‚ xelmwifebis dgena da ganmtkiceba

misi‚ bedi Tu ubedoba‚ marji da marcxi – yvelaferia aq ganxiluli. da mere

rogor? aiReT nimuSad ganxilva qarTuli sityvisa „mze~‚ romelsac am SromaSi

TiTqmis mTeli sami gverdi uWiravs. es ganxilva sworupovari cdaa enis Sinagani

denis‚ misi miTiur-msaxierebeli cnevisa. da ase yvelgan‚ yovel dargSi. drodadro

igi am naSroms sxvadasxva narkvevebiT avsebs da amagrebs. igi ikvlevs: qarTul

samarTals‚ qarTul eklesias‚ qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas‚ qarTul mxatvrobas‚

qarTul musikas‚ geografias‚ damwerlobas‚ arqeologiur naSTebs – da kidev ras?

qarTul mevenaxeobasac ki! da mere ra siyvaruliT da gulmodginebiT! ar

darCenila arc erTi lerwi‚ romelic mas „raobis” mixedviT ar ganexilos. ar

darCenila arc erTi mtevani‚ romelic mas „Tvisebis~ mxriT ar ganexilos. mtevnis

marcvalic raa – misi mniSvnelobac ki aqvs gaSuqebuli. da ase yvelgan‚ yovel

dargSi.

didia naSromi ivane javaxiSvilisa da fasdaudebeli misi danatovari. mis

istoriul nakvlevSi – aq mexmareba genia qarTuli sityvisa – monivTulia

„cxovrebai qarTlisai~. diax – „monivTuli~. es qarTuli sityva‚ sxva enaze

uTargmneli‚ sworupovrad marTavs naSroms Cveni istorikosisa. momavali

meistorie‚ romelic daisaxavs miznad: aRmoaCinos qarTvelTa viTarebaSi msoflio

qcevis erT-erTi gulisxmieri saxeoba – javaxiSvilis mier „monivTul~

TavgadasavalSi saqarTveloisa ipovis yvelafers dasaxulis misaRwevad. maSin

dafasdeba igi sabolood rogorc mklevari – winamorbedi‚ xolo CvenTvis dResac

naTelia erTi ram: ivane javaxiSvilma pirnaTlad gaamarTla kurTxeva‚ didi

iliasagan idumali gzis miRebuli: da amiT ukvdav hyo Tavisi pirovneba qarTveli

eris dauSretel wiaRSi~ (iqve, gv. 2080).

grigol robaqiZis es Sefasebani ivane javaxiSvilis pirovnebis maradiulobis

Sesaxeb udavod STambeWdavia, rac kidev ufro vrclad warmoaCina profesorma

sergo jorbenaZem 1981 wels gamocemul fundamentur monografiaSi _ `cxovreba

da Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa~. ivane javaxiSvilis fasdaudebeli nawerebi

qarTvelTaTvis didi ganZia misi msoflio donis, msoflio `standartis~

Rirebulebebis Ziebis, misi mignebis da zogadsakacobrio ganvrcobis, saerTo

keTildReobis miznis misaRwevad.

110

bolos werilisTvis grigol robaqiZes aseTi minaweri gaukeTebia:

„P. S. zemoxsenebul moxsenebas javaxiSvilisa me ar davswrebivar: im Jamad

ucxoeTSi viyavi. Tu rogor Sexvda am moxsenebas ilia WavWavaZe – es ambavi

gagonili maqvs gansvenebul valerian guniasagan. sxvaTa Soris: ukanaskneli uzomo

Tayvaniscemeli iyo iliasi‚ romlis saxels igi icavda‚ rogorc Tavdadebuli

raindi~.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmindesi da unataresi ilia II.

globalizaciisa da erovnuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis ilia II-is mosazrebebis ganxilva unda daviwyoT misi Semdegi

gamonaTqvamiT: `globalizacia aris gardauvali movlena da igi ukavSirdeba

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli

msoflio gaxda globaluri, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom didma qveynebma

unda STanTqan mcire qveynebis kulturuli, sulieri Tu erovnuli faseulobani,

raTa Seiqmnas erTiani da usaxo kultura.

zogs hgonia, TiTqos mcire erebis sulieri Tu erovnuli faseulobani qmnis

konfliqts da dapirispirebas, rac SesaZloa mtrobasa da SuRlSic gadaizardos.

sinamdvileSi es sulac ar aris ase. es faseulobani, maTi mravalferovneba,

piriqiT, amdidrebs msoflios~ (saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, sityva

globalizaciisa da civilizaciaTa dialogis saerTaSoriso forumze, Seraton-

metexi palasi, 24 seqtemberi, 2004. `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, #38, 2004, gv. 1).

2010 wlis 3 ianvris qadagebaSi ilia II-m gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miapyro

iseT saSur saqmes, rogoricaa unikaluri qarTuli faseulobebis samecniero-

popularul enaze damuSaveba da misi dacva maradiuli eris samsaxurisaTvis.

patriarqma kerZod aRniSna: `Zalian xSirad vambobT imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelo

da qarTveli eri mdidaria Tavisi erovnuli faseulobiT, sulieri faseulobiT.

Tqven mogexsenebaT, rom yoveli monasteri iyo ara moRvaweobis adgili, aramed

iyo mecnierebis centri. es axasiaTebda saqarTvelos da qarTul monastrebs. da

bolos, roca Cven vekiTxebiT xalxs, mainc ra faseuloba gagvaCnia Cven? TiTqmis

ver vpasuxobT da ar viciT. viciT, rom mdidaria saqarTvelo Tavisi sulierebiT,

Tavisi wminda mamebiT, mowameebiT. viciT, rom mdidaria Tavisi xelovnebiT, Tavisi

literaturiT, Tu istoriiT da konkretulad Cven ver vasaxelebT. da, ai, am

globalizaciis procesSi, globalizaciis dros, yovelma qarTvelma adamianma unda

icodes, ra gagvaCnia Cven? me vfiqrob, rom unda daiweros soliduri wigni, sadac

111

miiReben monawileobas mecnierebaTa akademia, universiteti, Cveni mecnierebi da,

konkretulad qarTvelma xalxma da mTelma msofliom unda icodes, rom

saqarTvelo aris mniSvnelovani ara marto strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed

upirveles yovlisa, sulieri da materialuri faseulobiT~.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi miiCnevs agreTve, rom msoflios

gadasarCenad saWiroa Camoyalibdes RirebulebaTa saerTo sistema, romelic misi

zneobrivi RerZis funqcias Seasrulebs. igi aRniSnavs: `saWiroa Camoyalibdes

sakacobrio RirebulebaTa zneobrivi RerZi, rasac Cven mTlianad mxars vuWerT da

migvaCnia, rom igi xels Seuwyobs civilizaciaTa Soris dialogs. es saqme saSuria,

dRes filosofiaSi da, saerTod, azrovnebaSi arsebobs aseTi cneba: swrafi

reagirebis kultura. marTlac, ise swrafad viTardeba movlenebi dedamiwaze, rom

Sesabamisad maTi swrafad aRqma aris saWiro da ara martooden aRqma, aramed

gaanalizeba da saTanado reagireba.

...adamiani aris gonieri arseba, igia xateba RvTisa da RvTisgan boZebuli

goneba man aucileblad keTilad unda gamoiyenos~ (iqve, gv. 2).

aqve patriarqi imasac gvTavazobs, rom Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT kulturaTa

da religiaTa Soris dialogs ise, rom yvela erma Tavisi religia SeinarCunos da

ise CamovayaliboT, miviRoT da ganvaxorcieloT yvelasaTvis erTiani Rirebulebebi,

RirebulebaTa saerTo zneobrivi RerZi. amis miRweva ki mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

aris SesaZlebeli, Tu dialogis dros araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SevexebiT

dogmatikas, Cvens mrwamss, religiis arss, ramac SeiZleba konfliqti gamoiwvios.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi globalizaciis epoqaSi erT-erT umTavres

Rirebulebad saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis Camoyalibebas miiCnevs. igi

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mamulis msaxurebas WeSmariti rwmeniT‚

Rirsebis‚ Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT. aseve mniSvnelovania

gavemijnoT ideologiur ukiduresobebs da gaviazroT „Cvenis~ saWiroebis

upiratesoba „mes~ da „Cemis~ saWiroebebze. 2005 wlis saaRdgomo epistoles

meSveobiT patriarqi gvmoZRvravs:

„rogorc yovel adamians‚ ersac amqveynad Tavisi misia aqvs. saamayoa‚ rom

mTeli istoriis manZilze vinarCunebdiT Cvens funqcias‚ – mtris auracxeli

Semosevebis miuxedavad saukuneTa manZilze viyaviT aRmosavleTSi qristianuli

kulturuli samyaros forposti‚ xolo jvarosnuli omebis dros‚ – mTeli

evropuli koaliciis angariSgasawevi mokavSire Zala.

112

dRes msoflio procesebi axal gamowvevas sTavazobs yvelas‚ Cvenma ermac

pasuxi unda gasces globalizaciis mier SemoTavazebul moTxovnebs da Tavisi

adgili da funqcia ipovos Tanamedrove msoflioSi‚ rac aucileblad moiTxovs

saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis Camoyalibebas. saxelmwfiebrivad moazrovne

sazogadoebis arseboba ki qveynis warmatebis sawindaria.

mamulis msaxureba WeSmariti rwmeniT erT-erTi umTavresi Rvawlia;

eklesiisagan swored am niSniT arian wmindanebad Seracxilni: cotne dadiani‚

demetre Tavdadebuli‚ ilia WavWavaZe‚ eqvTime TayaiSvili da sxvani.

saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba‚ upirveles yovlisa‚ Rirsebis‚ Tavisuflebisa da

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT gamoirCeva. SeuZlebelia‚ sazogadoebas Sinaganad ar

surdes Tavisufleba da sxvaze damokidebulebas amjobinebdes; SeuZlebelia‚

sazogadoebas ar hqondes pasuxismgebloba winaprebisa da momavali Taobebis winaSe‚

ers ar hqondes sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba da aaSenos srulfasovani saxelmwifo~

(,,kviris palitra’’, 2-8 maisi, 2005).

saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis mniSvnelovani orientiri unda iyos

sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gonivruli gadawyveta.

patriarqi miiCnevs, rom, upirveles yovlisa, unda mivxedoT jars da ganaTlebis

sferos. aseve aucilebelia mosaxleobis dasaqmeba‚ – mcire da saSualo erovnuli

biznesis ganviTareba‚ soflis meurneobis aRorZineba‚ adgilobrivi produqtiT

Cveni bazris Sevseba da samamulo warmoebisaTvis prioritetis miniWeba.

aucilebelia mecnierebis‚ kulturis da sportis xelSewyoba da bunebrivia‚

qveynis mTlianobis aRdgenisTvis zrunva.

globalizaciis epoqaSi saqarTvelos TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis‚

patriarqs umTavres pirobad miaCnia, rom Cvens tradiciebze dayrdnobiT SevqmnaT

Tanamedrove teqnologiebsa da miRwevebze dafuZnebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo.

2006 wlis saaRdgomo epistoleSi patriarqi aRniSnavs: „saqarTvelo mxolod

maSin gadarCeba da daimkvidrebs Rirseul adgils msoflioSi‚ Tu is‚ Tavis

tradiciebze dayrdnobiT‚ Seqmnis Tanamedrove teqnologiebsa da miRwevebze

dafuZnebul qarTul saxelmwifos~ (`kviris palitra~, 24 - 30 aprili, 2006).

ar arsebobs calke aRebuli arcerTi dargi, romelsac martos SeeZlos

qveynis krizisidan gamoyvana. umTavres prioritetad ki, patriarqi samecniero‚

kulturul da ekonomikur sferos miiCnevs. swored maTzea damokidebuli, Tu

rogor saxelmwifod CamovyalibdebiT.

113

Sromis msoflio danawilebaSi Cven, Cveni resursebiT unda CaverToT.

umniSvnelovanesi resursi kacobriobisaTvis aris wyali. perspeqtivaSi

gansakuTrebiT amaRldeba mtknari wylis mniSvneloba, romlis moxmareba

msoflioSi metad swrafad matulobs. wylis miwodebaze gazrdili moTxovnileba

saWiroebs misi gawmendis, damuSavebis, dacvis (Senaxvis) da transportirebis

axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebas. saqarTvelo wylis resursis erT-erTi didi

mflobelia, amitom momavalSi wylis msoflio bazarze Cveni adgili unda

movipovoT. dRes ki umTavres prioritetad unda iqces soflis meurneobis‚ mcire

da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba. unda Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi‚ rom xalxi

dasaqmdes da gamovides mZime socialuri pirobebidan. yovelive zemo aRniSnuli

gvidasturebs, rom dasaxelebul problemebsa da prioritetebs patriarqi Tavis

epistoleebSi mravaljer gvimeorebs sxvadasxva konteqstebSi, es ki imas

gvidasturebs, rom maTze orientirebulobas, maT gadaWras qveynisTvis

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs da umTavres materialur faseulobebad

warmogvidgebian.

Cveni didi resursia inteleqtualuri potencialic. Ppostindustriuli

ekonomikis pirobebSi inteleqtualuri resursebis roli ganuxrelad izrdeba,

maTi mopovebisaTvis brZola ki sul ufro mwvavdeba. qveyanam ar unda dakargos is

samecniero monapovari‚ rac mas gaaCnia. srulad unda gamoviyenoT Tundac sabWoTa

periodis samecniero Tu ekonomikuri miRwevebi‚ romlis didi nawili Cven TiTqmis

mTlianad davTmeT da davkargeT. rac Seexeba mecnierebas, unda iTqvas, rom mraval

dargSi saqarTvelos msoflioSi aRiareuli mkvlevarebi hyavs. saerTod‚ nebisimeri

qveynis ganviTarebaSi samecniero sfero gadamwyvet rols asrulebs‚ mis

Camoyalibebas didi Tanxa da didi dro sWirdeba. qveyanam unda gamoiyenos Tavisi

mdidari samecniero potenciali.

aucilebelia vimoqmedoT drois moTxovnebis mixedviT da davicvaT erovnuli

faseulobebi. Cveni winaprebis‚ wina TaobaTa minaRwevris dacva gvmarTebs. amisaTvis

didi Zalisxmeva gvWirdeba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi viTareba kidev ufro rTuldeba

imiT‚ rom kacobriobam Seqmna brZolis axali forma – informaciuli omi. amitom

Cvenc Secvlili viTarebis Sesabamisad unda vimoqmedoT da saTanado alRo avuRoT

am axal movlenas.

2009 wlis saaRdgomo epistoles meSveobiT, uwmindesi da unetaresi, sru-

liad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II yuradRebas amaxvilebs Cveni

114

sulieri da erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, mezobel

saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, kulturaTa Soris dialogis Sesaxeb.

amisaTvis TiToeuli Cvengani unda ecados, gaakeTos masze dakisrebuli

pasuxismgeblobis maqsimumi. xelisufalT, qveynis teritoriuli usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofasTan erTad moeTxovebaT sulieri da erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacva

da ganviTareba, xalxis materialur keTildReobaze zrunva, socialur-ekonomikuri

problemebis mogvareba, jandacvis sistemis uzrunvelyofa, ganaTlebis xelSewyoba.

Cven aucileblad, unda gavaRrmaoT kavSiri mezobel saxelmwifoebTan. Amisi

winapiroba unda iyos kulturaTa Soris dialogi. erTmaneTis sulieri,

mecnieruli da materialuri faseulobebis warmoCena xels Seuwyobs Cvens Soris

arsebuli sxva sakiTxebis gadawyvetas.

erovnul ekonomikur faseulobebs unda efuZneobdes Cveni erovnuli

interesebi, romlebsac niadag unda vicavdeT da vaZlierebdeT. patriarqi qadagebs:

`saerTod, saxelmwifo unda ganviTardes da misi ideologiis ganmsazRvreli unda

iyos ara gare geopolitikuri faqtorebi, aramed erovnuli interesebi. Aam

interesebs umniSvnelovanesad unda miiCnevdes rogorc xelisufleba, ise partiebi,

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da masmedia. igive iTqmis Cven TiToeul moqalaqezec.

Cven Cveni meoba unda davicvaT, raTa ar viqceT sxvaTa miznebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis brma iaraRad. Ees nebismieri saxelmwifos arsebobisa da

ganviTarebis garantiaa...~ (`kviris palitra~, 20-26 aprili, 2009).

zemoT CamoTvlil institutebSi erovnuli mimarTulebis gaZlierebis mizniT,

patriarqi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs qarTuli biznes-seqtoris gafarToebas,

SeZlebuli saSualo fenis Seqmnas, mcire da saSualo biznesis aRorZinebas,

ekologiurad sufTa produqciis warmoebas, risTvisac aucilebelia saxelmwifos

daxmareba subsidiebisa da grZelvadiani kreditebis saxiT.

imis gamo, rom msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi sakmaod mwvaved Seexo qarTul

ekonomikasa da bizness, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis Tavidan acilebis,

moqalaqeTa da mewarmeTa sagadasaxado tvirTis Semsubuqebisa da maTi ekonomikuri

aqtivobis waxalisebis mizniT patriarqi xelisuflebas konkretulad sTavazobs

saqarTveloSi moqmedi yvela iuridiuli da fizikuri piri gaaTavisuflos sanqcia

– sauravebisagan. aseTi nabiji seriozulad Seamsubuqebs rogorc mewarmis, aseve

moqalaqeebis sagadasaxado tvirTs da waaxalisebs maT ekonomikur aqtivobas.

115

da bolos, patriarqi miiCnevs, rom àrsebobs sami didi siwminde: RmerTi,

samSoblo da adamiani~, yvelaze aucilebel pirobad ki, patriarqi miiCnevs

samarTals, simarTlis msaxurebas, samarTlianobas, radgan `RmerTi simarTliT

mcxovrebT madliT mosavs, cruT da TvalTmaqcT ki – ganeSoreba~.

wminda mamebi gvmoZRvraven, rom amqveyniuri cxovreba aris brZola Cvens

codvebTan da rom yvelaferi codvianobidan modis: miwisZvrebi, SimSilobebi,

avadmyofobebi, omebi, xolo am ubedurebaTa Tvidan acilebis mTavari faseuloba

aris siyvaruli. siyvaruli aris swrafva srulyofilobisa da simSvidisaken

(netari avguistine). es aris swrafva iseTisken rogoric macxovaria. amisaTvis

marto eklesiaSi Sesvla da sanTlis danTeba da pirjvris gadawera ar kmara.

saWiroa sistematuri codvebis monanieba, aRsareba, ziareba.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi ilia II siyvarulis cnebas

Semgednairad ganmartavs: `siyvaruli es aris sicocxle sxvebisaTvis, sicocxle

sxva adamianebisaTvis...~ uwmnidesi da unetaresi gvmoZRvravs: `siyvaruli ufro

metia vidre sityva: zrunva – usiyvarulod uSedegoa; pasuxismgebloba –

usiyvarulod sifrTxilea; samarTlianoba – usiyvarulod gulqvaobaa; siWkviane –

usiyvarulod eSmakobaa; megobroba – usiyvarulod mliqvnelobaa; wesrigi –

usiyvarulod mewvrilmaneobaa; pativi – usiyvarulod qedmaRlobaa; qoneba –

usiyvarulod sixarbea; religia – usiyvarulod fanatizmia; izrdeba, siyvaruli

rwmeniT!~ swored siyvaruli da rwmena gadaarCens Cvens qveyanasac da mTels

kacobriobasac.

2.3. erovnuli Rirebulebebis saerTo saTaveebTan

miCneulia, rom faseulobebi gansazRvravs adamianis adgils samyaroSi, Tavad

samyaros aRqmas, damokidebulebebs yvelasa da calkeulis mimarT. swored amas aqvs

ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba qveynis erovnul RirebulebebSi garkvevisaTvis.

saqarTvelos umTavres erovnul RirebulebebSi ufro naTlad gasarkvevad

garkveuli miniSnebebi mocemulia qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi,

romelic 2005 wlis 8 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentma sabolood miiRo. es

koncefcia garkveul Rirebulebebs efuZneba, romelic warmodgenas gvaZlevs

rogoria is umTavresi erovnuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Cveni

qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis mTavar orientirebs da rogoria am mxriv

116

Tanamedrove midgomebi. dasmuli sakiTxi swored am TvalsazrisiT aris

saintereso.

zogadad Tu vityviT, saqarTvelom unda gaagrZelos muSaoba progresisa da

reformebis kuTxiT. mTavari mimarTuleba aris adamianis uflebebis dacva, kanonis

uzenaesoba da demokratiis gaZliereba.

erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia qveynis ZiriTad erovnul Rirebulebebad

acxadebs suverenitets‚ usafrTxoebas‚ mSvidobas‚ demokratiasa da kanonis

uzenaesobas‚ adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemas‚ mosaxleobis

materiaalur keTildReobas...

aRniSnul Rirebulebebs efuZneba qveynis erovnuli interesebi‚ romlebic

Tavis mxriv‚ gulisxmobs: teritoriul da erovnul mTlianobas; regionul

stabilurobas; Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis ganmtkicebas mezobel qveynebsa da

regionebSi; qveynis satranzito funqciis ganmtkicebasa da energiis mowodebis

alternatiuli wyaroebis uzrunvelyofas; qveynis da regionis ekologiur

usafrTxoebas; erovnuli da kulturuli TviTmyofadobis uzrunvelyofas.

qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis mTavar saSiSroebad ki miCneulia

darRveuli teritoriuli mTlianoba‚ romelic Zirs uTxris qarTuli

saxelmwifos politikur‚ ekonomikur da socialur stabilurobas.

zemoaRniSnuli dokumentis dasawyisSive‚ naTlad aris naCvenebi‚ rom

saqarTvelo evro-atlantikur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli qveyanaa. koncefciaSi

es yovelive naTlad aris gamokveTili da dasabuTebulia damajereblad. masSi

calkea gamoyofili: „Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciasa da

evrokavSirSi integracia”. am organizaciebSi gaerTianeba koncefciis mixedviT

saqarTvelos sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis „upirveles prioritets~

warmoadgens. nato-s wevroba saqarTvelos moutans samxedro da politikuri

usafrTxoebis aqamde uprecedento xarisxs. saqarTvelo mTel rig RonisZiebebs

axorcielebs‚ romlebic am organizaciebSi integraciis winapirobas warmoadgens.

nato-sTan individualuri partnioroba; TanamSromloba nato-s wevr

saxelmwifoebTan da wevrobis msurvel qveynebTan „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis~

programisa da evro-atlantikuri partniorobis sabWos farglebSi; evropis

samezoblo politikaSi monawileoba... samxreT kavkasia, da ara marto saqarTvelo

nato-s evro-atlantikuri usafrTxoebis Zalian mniSvnelovan regions warmoadgens.

amisaTvis ki yvelaze mTavaria mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa, demokratiis ganviTareba

117

da adamianis uflebebis dacva. nato Cveni usafrTxoebis mTavari garantia, rogorc

aSS-s prezidentma baraq obamam meore vadiT Tavisi arCevisas aRniSna, Tavisuflebaa

mTavari, mis mopovebas ki usafrTxoeba sWirdebao.

garkveuli gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas‚ rom es aris Rirebulebebis safuZvelze

agebuli dokumenti‚ romelSic naCvenebia‚ Tu romeli Rirebulebebi unda iyos

qarTuli saxelmwifos prioritetebis rangSi ayvanili. amitom erovnuli

usafrTxoebis koncefcia metad mniSvnelovani koncefciaa. misi SemuSaveba qarTveli

sazogadoebis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi RirebulebebisaTvis brZolis erT-erTi

Sedegia. qarTulma saxelmwifom pirveld auwya Tavis xalxs da msoflios

sakuTari msoflmxedveloba‚ Rirebulebebi‚ miznebi‚ socialuri‚ ekonomikuri‚

politikri‚ kulturul-inteleqtualuri problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi‚

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi perspeqtivebi da idealebi.

zemoaRniSnul koncefciaSi daxasiaTebulia saqarTvelos fundamenturi

erovnuli Rirebulebebi. kerZod‚ dokumentis me-2 muxlSi aRniSnulia:

„muxli 2. saqarTvelos fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebi

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba efuZneba mis fundamentur erovnul

Rirebulebebs‚ romelTa dacva aucilebelia saqarTvelos arsebobisa da

usafrTxoebisaTvis‚ misi moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobisaTvis.

saqarTvelo daicavs Tavis fundamentur erovnul Rirebulebebs yvela arsebuli

kanonieri saSualebebiT. saqarTvelos fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebia:

2.1. damoukidebloba: saqarTvelo aris suverenuli‚ damoukidebeli

saxelmwifo‚ romelic pativs scems sxva qveynebis suverenitets‚ teritoriul

mTlianobas da maTganac Sesabamis damokidebulebas moiTxovs. saqarTvelosaTvis

miuRebelia mis saSinao saqmeebSi sxva qveynebis Careva.

2.2. Tavisufleba: adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT da adamianis

uflebebisa da fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis dacvis evropis konvenciiT

gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi fndamenturi erovnuli

Rirebulebebia. saqarTvelo qmnis garantiebs mis teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela

moqalaqisa da jufis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis dasacavad‚ pativs scems maTi Tavisufali arCevanis uflebas da

amkvidrebs xelsayrel garemos TiToeuli moqalaqis SesaZleblobebis

realizaciisaTvis.

118

2.3. demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba: saqarTvelo erTgulia universaluri

demokratiuli Rirebulebebisa da principebisa‚ romelTa safuZvelzedac

amkvidrebs mmarTvelobis demokratiul sistemas‚ sadac saxelmwifos Zalaufleba

kanoniT aris gansazRvruli da ganawilebuli saxelisuflebo Sromebs Soris.

saqarTvelos politikur sistemaSi garantirebulia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

siZliere da damoukidebloba. saqarTvelo xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

ganviTarebas da uzrunvelyofs masmediis damoukideblobas.

2.4. keTildReoba: TiToeuli moqalaqis keTildReobis asamaRleblad da

cxovrebis Rirseuli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad saqarTvelo uzrunvelyofs qveynis

mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebas demokratiuli‚ gamWvirvale wesebis safuZvelze

da efeqtiani socialuri politikis gatarebas. saqarTvelos xelisufleba xels

uwyobs Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebas‚ qmnis xelsayrel garemos

Tavisufali mewarmeobis ganviTarebis‚ sagareo vaWrobis gafarToebisa da

investiciebis mozidvisaTvis.

2.5. mSvidoba: saqarTvelo miznad isaxavs saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul

normebze damyarebuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas yvela saxelmwifosTan.

saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania megobruli urTierTobebis

ganviTareba mezobel qveynebTan. sadavo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad saqarTvelo

gamoiyenebs mSvidobian‚ saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT gaTavliswinebul

meTodebs. Tavisufali‚ damoukidebeli‚ erTiani‚ ganviTarebuli da mSvidobiani

saqarTvelo mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans regionuli usafrTxoebisa da

stabilurobis ganmtkicebaSi.

2.6. usafrTxoeba: saqarTvelos xelisufleba eswrafvis saqarTvelos

saxelmwifos‚ misi institutebisa da moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvrebis farglebSi.

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad saqarTvelo xelmZRvanelobs saerTaSoriso

samarTliT aRiarebuli normebiT~.

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi wina planze wamoweulia

demokratiuli Rirebulebebi. masSi vkiTxulobT‚ rom saqarTvelo mowodebulia

Seasrulos „evrosabWos rekomendaciebi~‚ rogoricaa: „demokratiis ganviTareba

adgilobriv da regionul doneze‚ erovnuli umciresobebis da adamianis uflebebis

dacvisa da kanonis uzenaesobisaTvis aucilebeli meqanizmebis ganmtkiceba

qveyanaSi~.

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koncefciaSi calkea ganxiluli „Rirebulebebi‚ interesebi‚ safrTxeebi da

gamowvevebi~. dokumenti ayalibebs im kategoriebs‚ romlebic fundaments uqmnian

saxelmwifos simtkices‚ uzrunvelyofen damoukideblobas‚ qveynis saSinao

stabilurobas da sazogadoebis‚ mosaxleobis yovelmxriv ganviTarebas. CvenTvis

sainteresoa „Rirebulebebi~‚ romelic „koncefciaSi~ calkea gamoyofili saTauriT

– „saqarTvelos fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebi~. igulisxmeba da

ganmartebulicaa: suvereniteti; qveynis saSinao da sagareo usafrTxoebia;

mSvidoba; demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba; adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi

Tavisuflebebis pativisfema; keTildReoba.

„koncefciis~ mixedviT upirvelesi xarisxi „fundamentur erovnul

Rirebulebebs~ ekuTvnis. swored mas efuZneba erovnuli interesebi. dokumentSi

ganmartebulia‚ rom saqarTvelo‚ rogorc mravalsaukunovani istoriisa da mdidari

kulturuli memkvidreobis mqone saxelmwifo‚ qveynis kulturuli da erovnuli

TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis

mniSvnelovan elementad miiCnevs. rac Seexeba danarCen „erovnul interesebs”‚ isini

Semdegia: teritoriuli mTlianoba; erovnuli erTianoba; regionuli stabiluroba;

Tavisuflebis da demokratiis ganmtkiceba mezobel qveynebsa da regionebSi; qveynis

satranzito funqciis ganmtkiceba da energiis mowodebis alternatiuli wyaroebis

uzrunvelyofa; qveynis da regionis eklogiuri usafrTxoeba.

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi naTladaa warmoCenili‚

rom upirvelesi Rirebuleba aris xalxi. masSi CamoTvlili da ganmartebulia

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis politikis mimarTulebebi: mikroekonomikuri

stabilurobis ganmtkiceba; samuSao adgilebis Seqmna; mrewvelobis tradiciuli

dargebis ganviTareba da xelSewyoba; regionebsa da dedaqalaqs Soris socialuri

da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Semcireba; qveynis SedarebiTi upiratesobebis‚

gansakuTrebiT satranzito‚ satransporto da sakomunikacio potencialis

realizacia; saqarTvelos saeqsporto potencialis xelSewyoba; jansaRi

konkurenciis garemos Seqmna.

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia erTmniSvnelovnad usvams

xazs imas‚ rom saxelmwifom WeSmariti RirebulebebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos. is

gvarwmunebs: „saqarTvelos xalxis da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mizanmimarTuli

ZalisxmeviT da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis xelSewyobiT saqarTvelo SeZlebs

Seqmnas iseTi saxelmwifo‚ romelic siamayes aRuZravs mis moqalaqeebs‚

120

ixelmZRvanelebs mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis da demokratiuli Rirebulebebis

principebiT da Rirseul adgils daikavebs erTa TanamegobrobaSi~.

saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcias udidesi gamoyenebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs. koncefciaSi aRniSnulia: „saqarTvelos xelisufleba erovnul

usafrTxoebis koncefciis safuZvelze atarebs Sesabamis grZelvadian RonisZiebebs‚

romlebic uzrunvelyofs fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacvas da

erovnuli interesebis ganxorcielebas erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe mdgar

safrTxeebze‚ riskebsa da gamowvevebze adekvaturi reagirebiT. erovnuli

usafrTxoebis koncefciis safuZvelze iqmneba sxvadasxva dargobrivi strategiebi

da gegmebi. erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis cvlilebasTan erTad xdeba

calkeuli dargobrivi strategiebisa da gegmebis ganaxlebac~.

Cvens mier ganxilul koncefciaSi bevri ram Zalian sworad aris

Camoyalibebuli, magram mainc migvaCnia, rom Tanamedrove epatze mas gardaqmna da

daxvewa sWirdeba. swored aseTi kursi dasaxa saqarTvelos axalma mTavrobam.

premier-ministrobis kandidat biZina ivaniSvilis sityvaSi aRniSnulia Semdegi:

`saqarTvelos mTavroba SeimuSavebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis strategias da

warmarTavs erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikas dasavluri standarebisa da

meTodebis Sesabamisad.

daixveweba samxedro Zalebis sazogadoebrivi kontrolis meqanizmi.

savaldebulo gaxdeba Tavdacvis saministros mxridan parlamentisaTvis sajaro

angariSebis wardgena, maT Soris finansur sakiTxebzec.

Cveni mTavari amocanaa Tavdacvis saministros sruli depolitizeba,

Camoyalibdeba marTvis, koordinaciisa da kontrolis meqanizmebi Sesabamisi

konkretuli funqciebiTa da movaleobebiT.

qveynis Tavdacvis politikis gansazRvraSi monawileobas miiRebs qveynis

farTo politikuri speqtri, radgan Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba ar aris romelime

politikuri Zalisa Tu partiis viwro valdebuleba an interesi.

SemuSavdeba samoqalaqo Tavdacvis efeqtiani sistema, romelic mTlianad

qveynis Tavdacvis sistemis Semadgeneli nawili iqneba.

Seiqmneba samxedro-saparlamento ombudsmenis instituti, gadaixedeba

samxedro mosamsaxureTa uflebebis darRvevis yvela saqme, gadaisinjeba

pretenziebi pensiebis daniSvnis kanonierebis sakiTxebze.

121

natoSi integraciis prioritetulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, gagrZeldeba da

gaRrmavdeba partnior qveynebTan TanamSromloba~ (`saqarTvelos respublika~,

#206, 26 oqtomberi, 2012, gv. 4).

Tavis erT-erT wignSi cnobil qarTvel emigrant mecniers, profesor mixeil

musxeliSvils, mohyavs didi frangi poetisa da moazrovnis, pol valeris

sityvebi, romelic kargad migvaniSnebs, ra igulisxmeba èvropaSi~? sinamdvileSi

ras warmoadgens evropa? ra xalxebi da erebi moiazrebian evropaSi? pol valeri,

kerZod, aRniSnavda: `yvela rasa, yvela miwa, romelic Tanmimdevrulad iyo

romanizebuli, gaqristianebuli, eqvemdebareba berZnuli disciplinis Segnebas,

absoluturad evropulia~. (ix.: mixeil musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo da evropa,

saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan, Tb., 1992, t. 2. gv.

182). am gamonaTqvamidan naTlad Cans, rom evropa da evropeloba ar ganisazRvreba

arc geografiiT, arc rasiT, arc eniT, arc zne-CveulebebiT, aramed misi sulis

utyuari TvisebebiT, romelic aris sami gavlenis, romanizaciis, qristianobis,

berZnuli disciplinis Segnebis memkvidre.

aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs akademiuri, mecnieruli meTodebi imis

gansazRvrisa, Tu romeli tipis kulturas miekuTvneba esa Tu is eri an

zeerovnuli erToba (Cveulebriv, civilizacias rom uwodeben). amgvari

mikuTvnebulobis gansazRvris meTodologiebi dasavleTSi ukve wina saukunis 50-

iani wlebidan arsebobs. cnobilia ramdenime aseTi meTodologia. erT-erTis

Sesaxeb Cven ukve aRvniSneT.

arsebobs, agreTve, meTodologia, romelic gulisxmobs erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli maCveneblebis (indikatorebis) mTeli rigis gamoyofas da Semdeg

imis dadgenas Tu rogor SeiZleba daxasiaTdes esa-Tu is kultura am maCveneblis

TvalsazrisiT. bunebrivia, erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomni iqnebian is kulturebi,

romlebsac maqsimalurad didi odenobis saerTo an msgavsi maCveneblebSi eqnebaT.

es maCveneblebi moicaven yovelive imas, rac adamianuri kulturis arss Seadgens -

uxsovari droidan vidre dRemde.

cnobili politologi, kaxa kacitaZe am meTodologiis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda

(ix.: misi blogi `rogor gavceT pasuxi kiTxvas - `ras niSnavs qarTveloba~

(blogoteqsti daviT guramiSvilze CanarTiTurT~ saitze: http://www.for.ge),

rom nebismieri kultura SeiZleba daxasiaTdes iseTi maCveneblebis nakrebiT,

romlebic moicaven Semdeg sferoebs

122

• rogor esmoda ama Tu im kulturas buneba da masze zemoqmedebis

saSualebebi: a) magiuri; b) teqnikuri; g) SromiT; d)sxva;

• rogor uyurebda esa Tu is kultura adamianis adgils samyaroSi;

• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura adamianis asakobrivi ganviTarebis

ZiriTad etapebs: a) bavSvobas; b) yrmobas; g) momwifebul asaks; d) siberes; e) maT

Soris gardamaval safexurebs;

• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura drosa da sivrces;

• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura sikvdilsa da avadmyofobas;

• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura Tavad kulturis sxvadasxva saxeebs:

a) mwignobruls; b) zepirsityviers; g) tradiciuls; d) novaciurs. e) sxvas;

• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura ganaTlebis arss da mis nairsaxeobebs;

• rogor afasebdnen ama Tu im kulturis warmomadgenelTa sxvadasxva

socialuri fenebi: a) sakuTrebas; b) Sromas; g) simdidres; d) siRaribes;

• rogor aRiqvavdnen ama Tu im kulturis sxvadasxva jgufebis

warmomadgenlebi amave kulturis sxva jgufebs;

• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura adaTsa da samarTals, raSi xedavda

maTi rogorc socialuri urTierTobebis regulatorebis funqcias;

• rogor uyurebda esa Tu is kultura omsa da mSvidobas;

• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura istoriasa mis doneebs (globaluri,

erovnuli adgilobrivi) da rogor esmoda mas istoriis msvleloba;

• ra dResaswaulebi da koleqtiuri cxovrebis ritmebis sxva regulatorebi

hqonda ama Tu im kulturas.

• rogor aRiqvavda es kultura sxva kulturebs;

• ra fobiebi axasiaTebda ama Tu im kulturas. rogor aRiqvavda imas, rasac

is paTologiad miiCnevda;

• ra xasiaTisaa ama Tu im kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arqiteqtura da

ramdenad imeorebs is am kulturis matarebelTaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv-

geografiul garemos;

• individualuri da koleqtiuri TviTcnobierebis formebi;

• sufra, rogorc socialuri urTierTobebis modelirebis forma; kvebisa da

Wama-smis normebi;

• sqesobrivi cxovrebis aRqma da misi regulirebis formebi;

123

• yvelaze tipuri personaJebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelni arian ama Tu im

kulturisaTvis da aRiqmebian ZiriTadad tipaJebad am kulturis CarCoebSi.

zemoaRniSnuli meTodologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, profesori vaJa SubiTiZe

samarTlianad aRniSnavs: `saqarTveloc iseTive evropuli qveyanaa, rogorc

poloneTi, ungreTi an romelime sxva maTi msgavsi. Tu ar CavTvliT dmanisis

teritoriaze aRmoCenil evropaSi uZvelesi adamianis 1,7 milioni wlis winandel

naSTebs, romlis asaki orjer aRemateba espaneTsa da italiaSi aRmoCenil dRemde

uZveles analogebs (atapuerko da Ceprano, 800 aTasi wlis asaki), maSin

qarTvelTa urTierToba evropul civilizaciasTan (aieti, medea, òqros sawmisi~

da berZenTa eqspedicia iazonis meTaurobiT kolxeTSi) 30 saukunes iTvlis.

diax, saqarTvelo evropuli qveyanaa. gamoCenili arqeologebis azriT swored

aq iwyeba evropa. cnobili mecnieris varaniakis azriT, sinamdvileSi saqarTvelodan

daiZra emigraciis pirveli didi talRa evropisken. mogvianebiT mWidro

urTierTobebi damyarda saqarTvelosa da saberZneTs Soris (Savi zRvis qarTul

sanapiroebze berZnebis mier qalaqebis daarseba da savaWro-kulturuli

urTierTobebi).

pompeusma saqarTveloSi romi Semoiyvana (Zv. w. 65 wlidan) da ukve Cv. w-is

pirvel saukuneSi saqarTveloSi qristianoba SemoiWra, romelmac mesame-meoTxe

saukuneebis mijnaze mTeli qveyana moicva. amrigad, dasavleTis civilizaciis

gariJraJze saqarTvelo masSi monawileobda da misi mzera yovelTvis mimarTuli

iyo dasavleTisken (petre iberi, giorgi mTawmindeli, mefeebi daviT IV

aRmaSenebeli, Tamari, giorgi IV laSa, giorgi V brwyinvale, simon mefe,

Teimuraz, vaxtang VI, erekle II da sxv), vidre saqarTvelo ruseTma motyuebiT da

veragobiT ar SeierTa~. (ix.: misi blogi ,,evrointegracia da saqarTvelo~ saitze:

http://www.for.ge).

1950 wels veneciaSi daarsda evropis kulturuli asociacia. misi mizani iyo

mweralTa‚ SemoqmedTa da mecnierTa gaerTianeba erovnuli warmomavlobisa da

ideologiuri mrwamsis miuxedavad. sazogadoebis damaarsebeli iyo cnobili

italieli filosofosi umberto kompanioli‚ komitetis wevrebi iyvnen Tomas mani‚

mark Sagali‚ fransua moriaki‚ juzepe ungareti da sxvebi. 1983 wlis 7-9

oqtombers eka-s veneciis deklaraciaSi naTqvamia: „evropis kulturuli asociacia

acxadebs: WeSmariti samyaro‚ samyaro‚ romlisTvisac omi ar aris erTaderTi

alternativa‚ moiTxovs saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis axlebur gaazrebas da

124

solidarul pasuxismgeblobas yoveli pirovnebis da eris mxridan. igi

solidarobas ucxadebs adamianis Rirsebas. miaCnia‚ rom solidarobis ideis

matareblebi‚ pirvel rigSi‚ kulturis moRvaweni arian‚ amitomac erTiandebian

isini eka-Si‚ riTic kisruloben pasuxismgeblobas‚ Zala da energia ar daiSuron

imisaTvis‚ rom ipovon gamosavali civilizaciis krizisidan. asociacia amtkicebs‚

rom kulturis politikis safuZveli aris yoveli adamianis pirovnuli sindisi~

(ix. l. RoRoberiZe‚ 800 milioni evropelis evropa. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005

wlis 29 aprili‚ gv. B1).

2005 wlis 5 aprils‚ veneciaSi‚ evropuli kulturuli asociaciis

generaluri asambleis sxdomaze‚ am asociaciis aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevri‚

saqarTvelos elCi evrosabWoSi q-ni lana RoRoberiZe Tavis mier warmoTqmul

sityvaSi xazs usvamda iseT evropul Rirebulebebs‚ rogoricaa: pirovnuli

sindisi‚ Tavisufleba‚ erToba‚ Tanasworoba‚ samarTlianoba. swored am

RirebulebebiT vacnobierebT Cven Tu ra aris CvenTvis evropa. rogorc lana

RoRoberiZe aRniSnavda‚ Tu adre evropasTan miaxloeba misi bavSvobis ocneba iyo‚

axla es realobad iqceva. igi ambobda: „da ai‚ dRes Cven mivediT sadRac iq‚ sadac

gveqmneba STabeWdileba‚ rom vcxovrobT Cveni bavSvobis ocnebaSi.

ra aris CvenTvis‚ sabWoTa sinamdvilidan gamosuli adamianebisTvis‚ evropa?

evropa erTiani‚ evropa gamTiSveli sazRvrebis gareSe‚ sadac yvelas‚ qveyanas‚

iseve‚ rogorc pirovnebas‚ SeuZlia icxovros Tavisi TavisuflebiT. es iseTi

momxibvlelia‚ xedavde‚ rogor iqmneba erToba erebisa‚ romlebic inawileben

saerTo beds; erToba‚ romelic samyaros globaluri moTamaSe xdeba‚ romelic ar

kmayofildeba imiT‚ rom iyos regionuli Zala an supermarketi; sadac yvela

grZnobs Tavis mniSvnelobas sxvebisTvis da Tavis Tanasworobas sxvebTan. es iseTi

momajadoebelia‚ warmoidgino erTianoba erebisa‚ romlebic inawileben saerTo

sindiss‚ erToba‚ sadac yvela inarCunebs da aviTarebs Tavis TviTmyofadobas da

romelsac or materialist gigants – amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da CineTs

Soris – ar eSinia iyos cotaTi idealisti‚ gaaerTianos erebi

Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze‚ gamoiyenos Tavisi kulturuli

mravalferovneba da misces planetas Tavisi simdidreebis samarTlianad

ganawilebis magaliTi”.

lana RoRoberiZe aseve aRniSnavda‚ rom Cveni qveyana aucileblad gaxdeba misi

ocnebis Tanaziari‚ rom igi gaxdeba evropuli erTobis Semadgeneli nawili. amis

125

yovelgvari safuZveli aqvs Cvens qveyanas: istoriuli Rirebulebebis‚

civilizaciuri resursebis‚ eris xasiaTis Rrma gacnobiereba gviCvenebs‚ rom

evropuli Rirebulebebi Cveni Rirebulebebic aris. q-ni lana RoRoberiZe am

yovelives ise STambeWdavad da naTlad gadmoscems‚ rom Tavs uflebas vaZlevT

misi gamosvlis es monakveTi vrclad warmovadginoT:

„Tqven ityviT‚ rom es ocnebaa? SeiZleba. magram es iseTi ocnebaa‚ romelic

erT dRes sinamdviled iqceva. nu gagikvirdebaT‚ rom Cven gvaqvs mZlavri survili‚

gavxdeT am ocnebis Tanaziari.

minda SevaCero Tqveni yuradReba Cemi qveynis aRma da daRma svlebze misi

grZeli istoriis manZilze. rom daviwyoT promeTeTi‚ romelmac mostaca RmerTs

cecxli‚ ramac mTel kacobriobas misca Semoqmedebis biZgi‚ rogorc ambobda guSin

batoni geremeki; promeTe kavkasionis qedze‚ anu saqarTveloSi iyo mijaWvuli; da

vin icis‚ iqneb qarTvelebs imis mtkicebac moundeT‚ rom es pirveli meamboxe

qarTveli iyo? da mere argonavtebi‚ romlebic Camovidnen saberZneTidan kolxeTSi‚

anu saqarTveloSi‚ da Tan waiRes oqros sawmisi‚ sinamdvileSi oqros mopovebisa

da damuSavebis traqtati‚ rac 3000 wlis win am qveynis ganviTarebis maRal

doneze metyvelebs; da rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania – faqti‚ rom saqarTvelo

berZnul-romaul kulturas miekuTvneboda imTaviTve; qristianoba me-4 saukuneSi

oficialur religiad gamocxadda; amave saukuniT (da zogierTi TeoriiT‚ bevrad

adrindeliT)‚ TariRdeba qarTuli anbani; me-12 saukunis oqros xana‚ renesansis

ideebi‚ sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli am dros‚ – maSin saqarTveloSi ukve arsebobda

parlamentis Canasaxi‚ organo‚ sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis warmomadgenlebiT

dakompleqtebuli; sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebuli iyo Tamar mefis dekretiT‚ qalis

da kacis Tanasworoba saxelmwifo politikis qvakuTxedad iyo gamocxadebuli... da

mere‚ darbevebisa da ukusvlis grZeli saukuneebi‚ 200 weli gatarebuli ruseTis

da Semdeg sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi‚ damoukideblobis sami xanmokle wliT;

da bolos‚ sabWoTa kavSiris rRveva da tanjvis fasad mopovebuli

damoukidebloba‚ aseTi nanatri saukuneTa manZilze da mainc savse

winaaRmdegobebiT‚ SecdomebiT‚ bednierebiT‚ marcxiTa da gaWirvebiT. Cven ver

avicileT Tavidan verc erTi safrTxe‚ romelic gvelodeboda damoukideblobis

gzaze‚ da maT Soris yvelaze mZime – sakuTar TavSi Caketvisa da izolacionizmis

safrTxe‚ romelmac‚ sabolood‚ samoqalaqo omamde migviyvana; da Tumca

dapirispirebis wlebma‚ istoriuli TvalsazrisiT‚ sul cota xans gastana‚ omma

126

qaossa da sasowarkveTilebaSi Cagvagdo. da sul bolos‚ am weliwadnaxevris win‚

vardebis revolucia‚ romelmac gaaerTiana eri da daamkvidra WeSmariti imedi‚

rom‚ bolos da bolos‚ namdvili damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba movipoveT‚ da

romelmac dasabami misca mZlavr demokratiul moZraobebs mTel postsabWoTa

sivrceSi.

aris kidev erTi ram‚ rac mTel am – istoriulad determinirebul –

movlenebs Tavisebur elfers aZlevs‚ es aris eris xasiaTi. me vfiqrob

qarTvelebis Tvisebebze‚ romlebic maT xmelTaSua zRvis kulturasTan aaxlovebs‚

sicocxlis‚ siyvarulis‚ drostarebis‚ Rvinisadmi gansakuTrebul ltolvaze‚ –

albaT‚ SemTxveviTi ar aris‚ rom es qveyana Rvinis akvnad aris aRiarebuli; is

simsubuqe‚ garkveuli Tavqarianobac ki‚ romelic mTlad pozitiur Tvisebad ar

SeiZleba CaiTvalos‚ magram romelmac yvela Tavsdatexili qartexili

gadagvatanina; stumarTmoyvareoba‚ romelsac me aRviqvam‚ rogorc gaxsnilobas

sxvis‚ mosulis mimarT; istoriulad cnobili tolerantuloba‚ – TbilisSi Tu

CamoxvalT‚ Tqven aucileblad gaCveneben moedans Zvel qalaqSi‚ sadac saukuneTa

manZilze Tanaarseboben qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia‚ kaTolikuri eklesia‚

meCeTi‚ sinagoga da gregorianuli eklesia.

me Sevecade damerwmunebineT‚ rom evropuli faseulobebi ucxo ar aris

CvenTvis‚ ufro zustad‚ rom isini Cveni faseulobebic aris”. (ix. l. RoRoberiZe‚

800 milioni evropelis evropa. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005 wlis 29 aprili‚ gv.

B1.)

sxdomaze‚ romelTan dakavSirebiTac Cven vsaubrobT‚ b-nma arigo levim

ilaparaka sam ZiriTad gansxvavebaze‚ romelic arsebobs evropul qveynebs Soris

da romelic abrkolebs erTa gaerTianebas. esenia – gansxvavebani cxovrebis dones‚

tradiciebsa da bolos‚ interesebsa da instinqtebs Soris. q-ma lana RoRoberiZem

ki aRniSna‚ rom mas gaerTianebis gzaze realur dabrkolebad mxolod erTi am

problemaTagani miaCnia‚ esaa gansxvaveba cxovrebis doneTa Soris (ix. l.

RoRoberiZe‚ 800 milioni evropelis evropa. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005 wlis 29

aprili‚ gv. B1) da dasZina: „me mgonia‚ rom es bunebrivi daZabuloba mdidrebsa da

Raribebs Soris SeiZleba gadailaxos‚ Tu erTi mxriv‚ axladmosulebi naTlad

gaiazreben‚ rom isini gardamaval periodSi imyofebian da Tavisi qmedebebi am mware

realobas unda Seufardon‚ da meore mxriv‚ solidarobis yovlisSemZle da

127

ukeTilSobilesi politikiT‚ romelic daexmareba axal wevrebs‚ daamarcxon maTi –

istoriuli ukuRmarTobiT ganpirobebuli – CamorCena.

am miznis misaRwevad uaRresad cxovelmyoflad mimaCnia kulturuli

asociaciis ideebi. srulad viziareb am azrs: imisaTvis‚ rom evropis kavSirma

realuri istoriuli wona SeiZinos‚ aucilebelia Seiqmnas evropelebis kavSiri.

erovpelebisa‚ romelTa mentaliteti solidarobaze‚ Semwynareblobaze da sxvisi‚

anu gansxvavebulis aRiarebaze iqneba dafuZnebuli. es erTaderTi gzaa‚

gadavabijoT pirovnul da erovnul egoizms‚ davamarcxoT yvela sikeTis da

bunebrivi faseulobis gamanadgurebeli siZulvili‚ romelic jer kidev arsebobs

erTa Soris. me naTlad vxedav‚ rogor SeiZleba dagvexmaros kulturis politika

am umniSvnelovanesi miznis miRwevaSi”. (ix. l. RoRoberiZe‚ 800 milioni

evropelis evropa. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005 wlis 29 aprili‚ gv. B1.)

lana RoRoberiZem gamoTqva Tavisi dasabuTebuli mosazrebani imis Taobaze‚

rom evropa kidev ufro unda gaZlierdes. mxolod ase iTamaSebs igi Tavis

Sesabamis rols aSS da CineTs Soris. evropis sazRvrebis Semdgomi gafarToeba

evrokavSiris realuri siZlieris multiplikatoris rols Seasrulebs. ai,

konteqsti avtoris sityvisa: „da bolos: me darwmunebuli var‚ rom momavalSi

evropa SeiZleba iqces namdvil Zlevamosil erTobad da iTamaSos Tavisi

mniSvnelovani roli msoflios or gigants Soris mxolod im SemTxvevaSi‚ Tu is

gaaerTianebs 800 milion evropels‚ ruseTis CaTvliT‚ rogorc es xdeba dRes

evropis sabWoSi (Tu dRevandeli ruseTis politika evropul suliskveTebasTan

sruliad Seufereblad mimaCnia‚ – mxedvelobaSi maqvs misi pozicia samxedro

bazebTan dakavSirebiT da‚ yvela saerTaSoriso normis sapirispirod‚

separatistuli regionebis mxardaWera‚ – is mainc rCeba evropul qveynad Tavisi

didi literaturisa da kulturis wyalobiT). me imedi maqvs‚ rom swored es aris

Cveni arc ise Soreuli saerTo momavali: 800 milioni evropelis kavSiri!

Zvirfaso kolegebo‚ neba momeciT‚ mogmarToT aseTi mesijiT: meti gulisyuriT

moekideT axali demokratiebis momarTvebs da survilebs; nu aiZulebT maT‚

Caiketon TavianT TavSi‚ es SeiZleba yvelasaTvis saxifaTo aRmoCndes. damerwmuneT‚

evropuli solidarobiT visargeblebT ara mxolod Cven‚ axali demokratiis

qveynebi‚ aramed Tqvenc‚ dasavlelebi‚ naxavT sulis WeSmariti gamdidrebis

SesaZleblobas: im dRevandel da xvalindel axal wevrebs‚ romelTac uamravi

tanjva gamoiares TavianTi istoriis manZilze‚ aqvT samyarosa da misi momavlis

128

sakuTari‚ Tqvengan gansxvavebuli xedva‚ xolo erTad Sekrebili da gaerTianebuli

sxvadasxvaoba – es realuri siZlierea”. (ix. l. RoRoberiZe‚ 800 milioni

evropelis evropa. ga. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005 wlis 29 aprili‚ gv. B1.)

2012 wlis 18 noembers satelevizio arx `maestroze~ gadacema `pres-pres~-Si

saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma qalbatonma maia fanjikiZem, gaanaliza ra,

qveynis winaSe mdgari amocanebi evrokavSirSi integrirebasTan dakavSirebiT,

aRniSna: `pirvel rigSi is unda vTqva, rom dasavleTze orientacia aris qarTveli

xalxis arCevani, romelic misi ara mxolod damoukideblobis Semdeg aris

gacxadebuli, aramed bevrad ufro istoriulia. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri

xelisufleba saqarTvelosi orientirebuli dasavleTze, radganac asrulebda

sakuTari xalxis nebas. verc erTi xelisufleba ver gaatarebs veranair sxva

politikas saqarTveloSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia is, rom axali

xelisuflebisTvisac dasavleTi aris mTavari orientiri. rac Seexeba

orxelisuflebianobas, mxolod sagareo politika ar gansazRvravs qveynis

cxovrebas. piriqiT, bevrad ufro meti Sexebis wertili, konfrontaciis wertili

Tu Tanxmobis wertili SeiZleba iyos saSinao politikaSi. es saSinao politika

gansazRvravs mere garkveulwilad sagareo politikasac da aris sakmaod mWidro

urTierTkavSirSi. ai, erTi magaliTi giTxariT, is aris, rom evrokavSirSi

integraciisTvis aucilebelia im fundamenturi Rirebulebebis dacva, romelic

emyareba evrokavSiris faseulobebs...

arsebobs raRaca, ris gamoc arafers ar davTmobT. es aris saqarTvelos

integracia, es aris saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, misi

suvereniteti da qveynis gamTlianeba. aseve is Tavisufleba, rom saqarTvelos

SeuZlia TavisiT airCios sad gawevriandeba, xolo Tu sad gawevriandeba

saqarTvelo, esec Zalian cxadad aris naTqvami, es aris evrokavSiri da nato. sxva

aranair kavSirSi saqarTvelo ar gawevriandeba. amitom sul tyuilad epatiJebian

sxvadasxva kavSirSi, xolo rogor moxdeba imisi SeTanxmeba, rom ruseTi aris

saqarTvelos natoSi Sesvlis winaaRmdegi da, amave dros, Cven masTan urTierTobis

dalageba gvinda... garkveuli nabijebis Semdeg, garkveuli urTierTobis Semdeg,

garkveuli wlebis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, aravis ara aqvs imis iluzia, rom es

dRes da xval moxdeba. SeiZleba Seicvalos poziciebi...

es Cemi piradi azria, romelsac me mgoni bevri gaiziarebs, rom is, rom

evrokavSiri ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, xolo nato ar aris

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mxolod samxedro gaerTianeba. me mgoni es sayovelTaod cnobilia. erTic da

meorec aris pirvel rigSi faseulobebze orientirebuli kavSiri... aris

SemTxvevebi, rom romelime qveyanas ise vr Seusrulebia, vTqvaT, samxedro

elementi natoSi gaerTianebis, magram swored imitom, rom erTguleba

daudasturebia am faseulobebis mimarT, aRmoCenila natoSi anda evrokavSirSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, swored es gzaa, romelic Cven unda gaviaroT orive

gaerTianebaSi gawevrianebamde, rac ar unda grZeli iyos, CvenTvis aris Zalian

mniSvnelovani imitom, rom CvenTvis igi progress ukavSirdeba. rac ufro metad

gadmoviRebT Cven am faseulobebs da rac ufro metad gavxdiT maT bunebrivs Cveni

qveynisTvis da rac ufro metad viqnebiT maTi erTguli da cxovrebaSi gavatarebT

amas yvelafers, aRar CamovTvli axla, miT ufro kargi iqneba es qveyana, maT

Soris afxazebisTvis, osebisTvis, miT ufro mimzidveli gavxdebiT yvelasTvis.

ruseTic erT mSvenier dRes mixvdeba, SeiZleba exla vTqvaT, rom es ar aris

realisturi prognozi, rom stabiluri da demokratiuli qveyana ukeTesi

mezobelia, vidre sawinaaRmdego~.

saqarTvelos da evropas saerTo Rirebulebebi aerTianebT. saqarTvelos

SeuZlia bevri ram iswavlos evropisagan. saqarTvelo evropis nawilia.

saqarTvelom unda aiRos is didi pasuxismgebloba‚ rac evropaSi integraciisTvisaa

saWiro. Cven evropisken unda gadavdgaT nabijebi.

Rirebulebebis wyaros‚ misi mravalferovnebis da prioritetebis Sesaxeb‚

moviyvanT gazeT „kviris palitris~ mier Catarebuli saprizo gamokiTxva-reitingis

Sedegebs. (ix.: gaz. „kviris palitra~‚ #18 (531)‚ 2005 wlis 2-8 maisi‚ gv. 35.)

reitingis Tema iyo „Tanamedrove Rirebulebebi~. kiTxvas: „ra aris TqvenTvis

mTavari‚ yvelaze ufro Rirebuli?~ – 539 mkiTxveli gamoexmaura. 7 baraTi

arasworad iyo Sevsebuli. konkursSi 238 qalisa da 310 mamakacis mier Sevsebuli

baraTi monawileobda.

udavoa‚ rom aq CamoTvlili yvela Rirebuleba Tanamedrove adamianisTvis

„sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania”‚ magram... sainteresoa ra aris qarTvelisaTvis

yvelaze Zvirfasi. reitingis Sedegebi Tnamedrove qarTvelis saintereso

fsiqoportrets gvixatavs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ramdenime wlis win mkiTxvelma umTavresi Rirebuleba

daasaxela – samSoblo.

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dRes‚ 21-e saukunis qarTvelTaTvis ki faseulobaTa ierarqias saTaveSi

„ojaxi~ udgas‚ respondentTa 31%-ma Seafasa „ojaxi~ maqsimaluri – 9 quliT.

Semdeg adgilzea „janmrTeloba~‚ romelsac sul mcire sxvaobiT „CamorCeba~

„samSoblo~. sainteresoa‚ rom orive maTgani respondentTa zustad erTnairma

raodenobam 23%-ma Seafasa maqsimaluri SefasebiT.

reitingSi aseve maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva „religia~‚ saSualo qulaa

5‚25.

aseve sagulisxmoa is faqtic‚ rom Cveni mkiTxvelebisaTvis materialuri

faseulobani aq CamoTvlil sulier Tu maradiul RirebulebebTan SedarebiT

umniSvneloa – „materialur keTildReobas” mxolod oTxma mkiTxvelma (0‚7%)

dauwera 9 qula.

yvelaze meti raodenobis minimaluri qula „demokratiul Rirebulebebs”

xvda wilad – mkiTxvelTa 63%-ma misca mas minimaluri Sefaseba.

rogorc vxedavT‚ ojaxi‚ janmrTeloba da samSoblo – Tanamedrove

qarTvelisTvis umniSvnelovanesi Rirebulebebia. es qarTuli sinamdvilea‚

romelsac dro verafers aklebs. Tu winaparTaTvis samSoblo upirvelesi iyo‚ mas

Semdeg ojaxi da janmrTeloba mosdevda. sameuli (mcire saxecvlilebiT)

dRevandeli qarTvelisTvisac igivea.

Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, ganviTarebul da ganuviTarebel qveynebs Soris

mTavari sxvaoba – adamiania. erTSi adamiani aris mTavari Rirebuleba (individis

uflebebi aris xelSeuvali da kanonebiT garantirebuli, mas aseve aqvs

movaleobebi, romelic aseve kanonebiT aris daregulirebuli). meoreSi ki –

mTavari Rirebuleba aris Temi, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebis saWiroebebi. aseT

sazogadoebebSi adamiani mniSvnelovani imdenad, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia am mTavari

Rirebulebis dacva da misi erTguleba.

saqarTveloSi konstituciiT deklarirebulia adamiani, rogorc mTavari

Rirebuleba, realurad ra Rirebulebis matarebelia saqarTvelos sazogadoeba,

romelmac sakuTari Rirebulebebis konstatacia konstituciaSi sajarod moaxdina?

SeiZleba gamoiyos sami tipis sazogadoeba, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari

RirebulebaTa sistema aqvs. esenia:

1. tradiciuli Rirebulebebi, romelic agrarul sazogadoebas Seesabameba da

romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia ojaxi da religia, rogorc mTavari

prioritetebi.

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2. modernuli Rirebulebebi, romelic Seesabameba industrial sazogadoebas.

aseTi sazogadoeba orientirebulia TviTgadarCenaze, ekonomikur mogebaze.

industrializacia xels uwyobs masobrivi politikuri partiebisa da

profkavSirebis Camoyalibebas, rasac sabolood mivyavarT iqiTken, rom sazogadoeba

aviTarebs masebis politikur gadawyvetilebebSi Carevis ufro aqtiur formebs.

modernuli sazogadoeba mxolod maSin SeiZleba funqcionirebdes gamarTulad,

rodesac adamians miaCnia, rom ucxo ar aris mteri. biurokratia da didi

korporaciebi eyrdnoba urTierTmoqmedebis prognozirebad nimuSebs adamianebs

Soris. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi ki ndobisa da moraluri valdebulebebis

grZnoba ar vrceldeba ojaxsa da klans miRma.

3. postmodernuli Rirebulebebi, romelic postindustriul sazogadoebas

Seesabameba, orientirebulia cxovrebis stilis daxvewaze da cxovrebis xarisxis

gaumjobesebaze, anu mas Semdeg, rac uzrunvelyofilia sakvebisa da fizikuri

usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebi, yuradReba gadadis iseT socialur moTxovnebze,

rogoricaa mikuTvnebuloba da pativiscema, TviTganxorcielebis pirovnuli

moTxovnileba. aseTi sazogadoeba orientirebulia samuSao adgilebisa da

politikaSi gavlenis gazrdis, Tavisuflebis uzrunvelmyofi uflebebisa da

pirovnuli TviTformirebis SesaZleblobebis gazrdil moTxovnebze.

sazogadoebis es sami tipi warmoadgens konstruqts, idealistur tips da ar

aris aucilebeli, isini wminda saxiT realobaSi Segvxvdnen. am dayofas

meTodologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs – is ukeT warmoaCens gansxvavebebs sxvadasxva

sazogadoebebs Soris, romelic, cxadia, ar amoiwureba aRniSnuli tipologiiT.

2007 wels aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelo erTdroulad ganviTarebis sam

stadiaze imyofeba – tradiciulze, modernulze da postmodernulzec ki. mokled,

asea – Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, romlis umravlesobac ojaxis wevrebisa da

naTesavebis mets aravis endoba; unda Zlieri lideri, romelic parlamentisTvis

da mTavrobisTvis angariSis gaweviT Tavs ar Seiwuxebs; romlis 81 procenti

marTlmadidebeli qristiania da am 81 procentis 48 procents sjera sikvdilis

Semdeg sicocxlis; 31 procents – mkvdrediT aRdgomis, 26 procents – eSmakis, 13

procents – sulis, 20 procents – jojoxeTis, 14 procents – samoTxis da

romlis mxolod 5-11 procenti monawileobs saeklesio RvTismsaxurebaSi kviraSi

erTxel; romelic ver itans homoseqsualebs, romelic ar endoba Tavis mier

arCeul arc erT institucias (parlamenti, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

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organoebi) da endoba im institutebs, romelTa arCevasa da dakompleqtebaSi

Tavad saerTod ar monawileobs – eklesias, Tavdacvis sistemas da ganaTlebis

sistemas. sazogadoebis mxolod 4 procentisTvis aris mniSvnelovani sityvis

Tavisufleba da Tavisufali piradi arCevani. postmodernuli ganviTarebis etapze

vimyofebiT eklesiis socialuri rolis Sefasebisas, anu mniSvnelovan socialur

rols eklesias Cveni moqalaqeebis mxolod eqvsi procenti aniWebs.

tradiciuli Rirebulebebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia ojaxi da religia,

rogorc prioriteti.

niSandoblivia, rom adamianTa 93 procents RmerTis sjera, magram ukve

mxolod 48,9-s sjera sicocxlis Semdeg sikvdilis. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis 70 procenti ar cxovrobs religiuri cxovrebiT, magram, sakuTar

Tavs religiur pirovnebad miiCnevs.

Cvens `religiur~ sazogadoebaSi sakmaod maRalia procenti im adamianebisa,

vinc amarTlebs magaliTad, mkvlelobas Tavdacvis mizniT, aborts, sxvisi manqanis

dazianebis SemTxvevaSi argamxelas da sxv. amdenad, mniSvnelovania, rom

sazogadoebis umravlesoba aRiarebs ra sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebulobas garkveul

RirebulebaTa sistemisadmi, sinamdvileSi, sruliad sxva realobaSi cxovrobs.

qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Rirebulebaa tradicia,

ojaxi. sxvaTa Soris, kiTxvaze _ àRniSneT qvemoTCamoTvlili punqtis Sesaxeb, Tu

ramdenad mnisvnelovania igi TqenTvis~ _ umravlesoba upiratesobas ojaxs aniWebs.

es bunebrivic aris – sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, sabWoTa sinamdvileSi ojaxi

erTaderTi sazogadoebrivi institucia iyo, romlis ndobac SeiZleboda.

rac Seexeba, tradicias – isic TviTmyofadobis erTaderTi gamovlena iyo.

qarTveloba, somxoba an sxva niSnavda ara awmyoSi sakuTari Tavis ganxorcielebas,

aramed gadmocemas – me var is, rac Cemi mama-papa iyo.

saqarTvelos sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovania samuSao (samsaxuri, posti) da

ara Sroma, rogorc TavisTavadi Rirebuleba. umetesoba aRiarebs, rom urCevnia ar

iSromos, Tu SemosavlebiT uzrunvelyofili iqneba. rac Seexeba, pirovnebis

Tavisuflebas – am Rirebulebis mniSvnelobaze Znelia isaubro iq, sadac

gamokiTxulTa 42 procenti diqtatorze ocnebobs, maT Soris 9 procenti ki

samxedro diqtaturaze.

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2.4. Rirebulebebis gaufasureba

Rirebulebebi erT adgilze gaqvavebuli fenomeni ar aris. isini

cxovrebiseul cvlilebebs ganicdian. zogjer ki TavianT WeSmarit saxes kargaven

da ufasurdebian kidec.

Tavis blogSi ìnteleqtualuri hermetuloba an axali adami(ani)~

(http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=10583&f_cat=&a_title=inteleqtualuri+hermetuloba+anu+axali

+adami(ani)) prof. v. SubiTiZe swored RirebulebaTa gaufasurebas exeba, risTvisac

brwyinvale espaneli moazrovnis xose ortega i gasetis esses iyenebs, romelic

avtorma 1935 wels gamoaqveyna, qarTulad ki baCana bregvaZem Targmna da 1993

wels gamoica.

gadagvarebuli adamianisaTvis, romelsac v. SubiTiZe àxal adams~ uwodebs,

xose ortega i gasetis azriT, damaxasiaTebeli xdeba inteleqtualuri

hermetuloba, sixarbe, upasuxismgebloba da uzneoba. aseTi saxecvlilebis

utyuari mizezi aris faseulobaTa gadafaseba. rogorc v. SubiTiZe aRniSnavs,

axali adami yvelgan Tavis sityvas ambobs: iseTia rogorc yvela, ise fiqrobs

rogorc yvela, fizikuri TvalsazrisiTac Tavs safrTxeSi ar igdebs, guSin es

rigiTi jariskaci dRes generlad iqca, sazogadoeba axla mxolod generlebisgan

Sedgeba, cxovrebis asparezze mihqris Tavisi agresuli energiulobiT, sixistiT,

siTamamiT da utifrobiT, cdilobs Tavisi azri moaxvios sxvebs da rac SeiZleba

meti wahglijos cxovrebas, TviTkmayofilebam gaaCina masSi Sinagani lpobis

bacila, is mxolod dRevandeli dRiT cxovrobs, sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis garda

aRaraferi da aravin adardebs, igi daTqmulia dRevandelobaSi, amitom mas aRar

izidavs warsuli (romelsac specialurad iviwyeben), romelmac interesi dakarga

adamis TvalSi, igi misabaZ nimuSad warsuls ki aRar Tvlis, aramed mxolod

dRevandelobas, mTlianad dakarguli aqvs tradiciulobis suli.

àxal adams~ aRar sWirdeba winaprebis normebi, wesebi da nimuSebi, fulis

mopovebisa da simdidris Sovnisken iswrafvis, samSoblo mxolod sufraze

axsendeba, mas wigni aRar sWirdeba, xandaxan eklesiaSic wava da codvasac

moinaniebs, oRond moCvenebiT, cotaoden qvelmoqmedebasac gaswevs, esec

moCvenebiTia, qedmaRalia da, amasTan, daTrgunvili, xSirad Tavis niWsa da unars

http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=10583&f_cat=&a_title=inteleqtualuri+hermetuloba+anu+axali+adami(ani))

http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=10583&f_cat=&a_title=inteleqtualuri+hermetuloba+anu+axali+adami(ani))

134

saeWvo Rirebulebebs axmars, dakarguli aqvs sakuTari Tavisa da Zalis Sefasebis

unari, iTxovs sul ufro da ufro met keTildReobas, sakuTari Tavis garda

aravis avtoritets ar cnobs, an moCvenebiTad aRiarebs mas. yovelive aman umZimes

mdgomareobaSi Caagdo àxali adami~. yovelive aman umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo

àxali adami~, goneba sul daexura realobis aRqmis da TviTmoqmedebis unari

waerTva.

zemoaRniSnulSi kargad aris gadmocemuli RirebulebaTa gaufasurebis

dialeqtika. swored maSin da iq, rodesac da sadac adamiani moralisa da

movaleobisagan daicleba, RirebulebaTa gaufasurebac iwyeba da adamianuri

samyaros dasasrulic axlovdeba.

RirebulebaTa gaufasurebas, ra Tqma unda, yvelgan aqvs adgili, maT Soris

ekonomikis sferoSic. msoflio finansur krizisamde Camoyalibebuli amerikeli

momxmareblis qceva iqiTken iyo mimarTuli, rom is ufro mets xarjavda, vidre

gamoimuSavebda. erTi mxriv, es xels uwyobda biznesis ganviTarebas, vinaidan qmnida

saTanado moTxovnas. axla ki sxva dro dadga. dRemde Camoyalibebulma qcevam

mkveTri cvlileba ganicada. Rirebulebebis cvlilebis Sedegad amerikelebi

finansur sakiTxebSi uecrad dabrZendnen an warsulis Secdomebze (fulis

xelgaSlilad xarjvis Secdomaze) iswavles. es TviT cxovrebam moiTxova.

amerikelebs fulis dazogvis garda sxva arCevani aRar darCaT. momWirned xarjvam

isini imaze daafiqra, Tu ra aris am cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani da ra aqcevs maT

bednierad. (ketrin rampeli, Rirebulebebis cvlileba, `24 saaTi~, 2009 wlis 19

maisi, `niu-iork Taimsis~ qarTulenovani damateba. gv. 1, 3).

saqarTvelos himnis avtori‚ daviT maRraZe, sainteresod ganixilavs im

umTavres Rirebulebebs‚ romelTa gaTaviseba da msaxureba aris umTavresi –

„madli da marili ama qveynisa~. poetis azriT‚ saqarTvelos arcerT moqalaqes ara

aqvs ufleba wauyruos „raime iseTs‚ rac ar Seuwyobs xels ciskaris varskvlavis

or zRavs Sua gabrwyinebas...~ qveynis realuri mdgomareobis Semxedvare adamiani

aRtkinebuli mexotbe da difirambisti namdvilad ver iqneba... „sxvis

Tavmosawoneblad cxovreba ar varga. – saqmeman Senman gamogaCinos Sen‚ – didebuli

naTqvamia. piriqiT ki uxerxulia‚ rom mudmivad Sen cdilobde amoaCino saqme‚

romelic ukeTes SemTxvevaSi‚ mkafiod ar Cans...~ miuRebelia iseTi simptomebis

gaCena‚ rodesac „mTavari is ki ar aris‚ rom saqme gakeTdes‚ aramed is‚ rom xalxs

egonos‚ rom saqme keTdeba~. da bolos umTavresi mosazreba: „saxelmwifo

135

Secdomebze miTiTebiT‚ maTi aRiarebiTa da gamosworebiT Sendeba da ara ovaciis

SeZaxiliT~. (maRraZe d. sazogadoebis Rirseba da Rirebulebebi. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚

#91‚ 22 aprili 2005 w.‚ gv. 1). rogorc ki ase ar moviqceviT‚ uTuod

davcildebiT WeSmarit Rirebulebebs.

gaz. „24 saaTis~ ombudsmeni nodar ladaria miiCnevs‚ rom RirebulebebTan

mimarTebaSi yvelaferi logikas unda eqvemdebarebodes. ama Tu im sinamdviles misi

adeqvaturi saxelwodeba unda Seesabamebodes. simarTlis ardanaxva‚ Rirebulebis

deficiti ki sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasaxarbielo‚ saeWvo da saxifaTo ramaa.

avtori gmobs siZulvilsa da undoblobas adamianebis mimarT‚ romelsac

nacionaluri SuRlis gaRvivebamde mivyavarT. presombudsmeni aRriSnavs:

„... ara‚ ver Sedis qarTvelis gonebaSi‚ rom ufaso sauzmeebi araTu ar

arsebobs‚ aramed arc unda arsebobdes!

magram aris kidev erTi ram‚ rac ganapirobebs sinamdvilisa da saxelwodebis

Seusabamobas saqarTveloSi: siZulvili da undobloba adamianis mimarT. siZulvili

da undobloba‚ romelsac saguldagulod malaven da niRbaven. amitomac ar

gveubnebian: „Seni vaJkacoba sWireba samSoblos!~ an „modi‚ Tu ginda Tavi mamakacad

igrZno!~. sul sxva rames gveubnebian: kargad SeWam‚ inglisurs da kompiuters

iswavli‚ ping-pongis TamaSiT guls ijereb. ar gvendobian‚ gulis siRrmeSi

darwmunebulni arian‚ rom gaiZverebi da komformistebi varT...

viTareba sakmaod martivia: sazogadoebis SemakavSirebeli Zala RirebulebaTa

erTianobaa. roca adamianTa jgufi RirebulebaTa deficits ganicdis‚ maT eTnikuri

warmoSobis erTianoba Caanacvlebs xolme. nacionalizmis safuZvelic esaa –

RirebulebaTa deficiti~ (ix. gaz. `24 saaTi~‚ # 131‚ 13 ivnisi‚ 2005 w.‚ gv. B8).

avtori aseve SeniSnavs‚ rom Cven „RirebulebaTa deficiti~ gvaqvs

RirebulebaTa siuxvis pirobebSi‚ maSin‚ roca isini „Tavze sayrelad gvaqvs~.

Seqmnilia iseTi viTareba‚ roca Cvenive Tavmosawonebeli Rirebulebani

gamouyenebel‚ fuW‚ cariel ideebad qceulan. brZenis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: „aras

gargebs swavluloba‚ Tu ara iqm brZenTa Tqmulsao~. Cvenc swored aseTi

arasasurveloba dagvmarTnia. batoni nodar ladaria axlaxan moyvanil mis azrs

aseT komentars umatebs:

„vgrZnob‚ ra winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevs es debuleba: rogor‚ gana

Rirebulebebi gvaklia qarTvelebs? – gvaklia ki ara‚ Tavze sayrelad gvaqvs‚

CamoTvlac gauWirdeba kacs. magram saqme isaa‚ rom es Rirebulebebi Zalian

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gagonebs soflis saxlis meore sarTuls – Seremontebuls‚ mowyobils‚ avejiT

(„veSCiT~) gamotenils – meore sarTuls‚ sadac aravin cxovrobs‚ asvliTac aTasSi

erTel Tu adis vinme mosagvelad da xandaxan stumars Tu gaaTevineben Rames...

Cveni Rirebulebebic aseTia~ (ix. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #131‚ 13 ivnisi‚ 2005 w.‚ gv.

B8).

sazogadoebaSi jer kidev fesvgadgmuli ormagi standartebi‚ gulgriloba‚

gaumWvirvaloba‚ araadeqvaturoba‚ realobisagan mowyveta‚ simarTlis damalva,

avtoris azriT, mxolod erTs amtkicebs: „CvenSi sayovelTaod gancxadebuli

Rirebulebebi butaforiaa da meti araferi~.

am Wors swrafad Tu ar mivxedeT‚ cxovreba uazrobad gadaiqceva. saWiroa

droze davubrunoT sityvebs Tavisi mniSvneloba. mxolod ase SeiZleba davinaxoT

da SevimecnoT simarTle. sxvanairad eklesiasTan Cven ver mivalT. aseT azrs

aviTarebs ombudsmeni‚ roca konfuciosis sityvebiT gvmoZRvravs:

„magram es yvelaferi iqiT iyos. axla sxva ramaa sadardebeli. erTxel

konfuciuss hkiTxes: ras izamdi qveynierebis gadasarCenado? brZenma upasuxa:

satyvebs TavianT mniSvnelobas davubrunebdio. rodemde unda arqmevdnen Cvens

sinamdvileSi kaxabers imas‚ rac sul ara hgavs mas?

qveynis prezidenti‚ romelic xulignobas gmirobad ixseniebs‚ popularuli

telearxis mesveurebi‚ romlebic mconarobas amtanobad racxen‚ moZRvari‚

romelsac Tavisive eklesiaSi mokalaTebuli qurdebis dasacavad simarTlis

ardanaxva Rirseul saqcielad miaCnia – saeWvod da saxifaTod gvanan erTmaneTs~

(iqve).

Jurnalisti qeTevan ignatova sainteresod exeba imas‚ rom Rirebulebis

gaufasureba arasaxelmwifoebriv cxovrebas‚ azrovnebas‚ morals niSnavs‚ rac Cvens

yoveldRiurobaSi vlindeba. igi miuTiTebs‚ rom bolo periodSi mas sabolood

samouyalibda mosazreba amis Sesaxeb. avtori statiis dasawyisSi exeba did

gamoxmaurebas‚ romelic Tbilisis meris daniSvnas mohyva da aRniSnavs: „es azri

nel-nela‚ droTa ganmavlobaSi miyalibdeboda da ucnaurad‚ moulodnelad‚ swored

meris daniSvna da amasTan dakavSirebuli komentarebi is bolo wveTi aRmoCnda‚

romelmac Cems mokrZalebul mosazrebas saboloo saxe misca. Cemi azri ki imaSi

mdgomareobs‚ rom iqneba es oseTis‚ afxazeTis‚ korufciis‚ liceumis‚ jaris‚

saxlebis Rebvis‚ universitetis Tu nebismieri sxva sakiTxi‚ yvelgan erTi da igive

problema ixateba. problema‚ romelsac saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis deficiti

137

hqvia. nebismieri samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebuli‚ ukmayofilo‚ opozicioneri

deputati Tu bazrobis garemovaWre‚ xelovani Tu mecnieri‚ mwerali Tu

samarSruto taqsis mZRoli saxelmwifoebrivi xedvidan radikalurad gansxvavebul

zesubieqtur poziciaze dgas da garesamyaros‚ mimdinare movlenebs‚ cvlilebebs‚

warmatebebsa da Secdomebs TiTqos sakuTari pawawina sarkmlidan afasebs~

(ignatova q. mavne Cveva subieqturi minarevebiT. gaz. „24 saaTi~, #160‚ 16 ivlisi

2005 w.‚ gv. 2).

Rirebulebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani isaa‚ rom igi diadi miznisken

mimarTuli‚ mis kalapotSi Cayenebuli swrafvaa. rogorc ki kalapotidan

amovardeba‚ is ufasurdeba‚ sazogadoeba ki gayalbebul pirobebSi gadadis. Cvens

droSi‚ Rirebulebebis gaufasureba konkretulad aravisi brali ar aris. igi

Cvenma saarsebo adgilma‚ garemo pirobebma da drom ganapiroba. q. ignatova wers:

„albaT‚ konkretulad es aravis brali ar aris. samocdaaTi weliwadi Cven

yvelas erTi‚ sakmaod abstraqtuli‚ ukidegano samSoblo unda gvqonoda‚ romelSic

saqarTvelo da‚ magaliTad‚ komis avtonomiuri respublika‚ sakuTari karis

mezobeli an Tanasofleli da Soreuli uralis meSaxte erTnairad unda

gvyvareboda‚ erTnairad gagveTavisebina Wiric da lxinic. ginda Tu ara‚ erTad

unda gagveziarebina. aseTi iyo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yvela CvenganisTvis

kargad nacnobi sabWoTa ideologia‚ romlis msxverpli‚ ramdenic ar unda

vibaqibuqoT‚ umravlesoba aRmovCndiT. „Родина мать” gveZaxda da Cvenc yvelani

erTad vomobdiT‚ vxnavdiT‚ vTesavdiT‚ vaduRebdiT folads‚ vmarTavdiT

koncertebs‚ aRlumebs‚ magram ra iyo es „Родина~‚ ar vicodiT‚ ar gviyvarda.

faqtobrivad araferi gviyvarda‚ sakuTari Tavis garda. Cven cru Rirebulebebis‚

cru-patriorizmis‚ gaufasurebuli faseulobebisa da gayalbebuli istoriis

pirobebSi vizrdebodiT. istoriisa‚ romlis damwerTa nawili Tavisive SeTxzuls

dRes universitetis kibeebze Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTan ase gulmodgined

icavs. icavs imitom‚ rom erTxel naTqvami tyuilis aRiarebisTvis misi

saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba sakmarisi ar aris.

miTiuri‚ amorfuli‚ mogonili didi samSoblo‚ sabWoTa kavSiri‚ rogorc iqna‚

daingra da daiwyo ganukiTxaobis wlebi‚ romlebsac rusuli gamoTqma „cмутные

времена~ Tu mouxdeboda. daiwyo saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis is wlebi‚

rodesac TandaTan‚ mizanmimarTulad Rirebulebebis sruli‚ saboloo gaufasureba‚

moralis, elementaruli zneobis nivelireba mimdinareobda. saqarTveloSi bolo

138

TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi batonobda ideologia‚ romlis mixedviT cudi kargi

gaxda‚ kargi‚ wesieri ki – ubadruki‚ dasacini. wlebi‚ rodesac saxelmwifoebrivi

azrovnebs gaTelva‚ maRali idealebis gaSarJeba‚ kanonis totaluri‚ daufaravi

darRveva‚ cinizmi‚ urwmunoeba‚ nihilizmi‚ skepticizmi da tyuili‚ erTi didi

globaluri tyuili modaSi Semovida da aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoeTis

mier momzadebul niadagze warmoudgenlad iolad damkvidrda~ (ignatova q. mavne

Cveva subieqturi minarevebiT. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #160‚ 16 ivlisi 2005 w.‚ gv. 2).

avtors Rirebulebebis gaufasurebis Sesaxeb yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis

dasabuTebisTvis konkretuli magaliTebic mohyavs da am magaliTebiT Tavis

Teoriul ganzogadebas ufro damajerebels da sarwmunos xdis. q. ignatova wers:

„amisTvis ramdenime konkretul magaliTs mogiyvanT. elementaruliT daviwyeb.

SuqniSanTan wiTelze gavla‚ manqanis uxeSi darRvevebiT‚ maRal siCqareze marTva

kargi biWobis‚ elitarulobis maniSebeli iyo Tu ara? narkotikiT vaWroba‚

narkomania‚ kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli siaruli‚ dausjeli mkvlelobebi‚

gamZvinvarebuli kriminali‚ CamSvebi Zveli biWebi‚ qurduli gagebis policielebi‚

meqrTame biurokratebi Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis bunebriv nawils

warmoadgendnen Tu ara? yovelgvari codnisa da monacemebs gareSe umaRles

saswavlebelSi Cabareba‚ ganaTlebis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara? rodisme

gamogviTqvams aRSfoTeba aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo

sistemis groteskulobis Taobaze? modiT vaRiaroT‚ rom ara. morCilad vixdidiT

qrTamebs da amiT sakuTar Rirsebasa da‚ rac mTavaria‚ saxelmwifoebriv SegrZnebas

gTulavdiT. rodisme davfiqrebulvarT‚ rom inspeqtorisTvis ori laris‚

teqbiuroSi oci laris‚ sapasportoSi asi dolaris an nebismier sxva

dawesebulebaSi elementaruli cnobis asaRebad TiTqosda umniSvnelo qrTamis

gadaxdiT sakTari xeliT swored imas vuTxridiT Zirs‚ SevuracxyofdiT‚ rasac

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo‚ misi Rirseba hqvia? rodesme aRgviqvams‚ rom

eleqtroenergiis `sCotCikSi~ CarWobili mavTuliT‚ gazis inkasatorTan garigebiT‚

gadasaxadebis argadaxdiT Cven Tavsve vpatiobdiT? modiT erTxel mainc

gulaxdilad vaRiaroT‚ rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi TiToeuli CvenganisTvis

uSiSroeba‚ Sinagan saqmeTa saministro‚ saqstandarti‚ meria‚ prokuratura‚

gamgeobebi‚ sasamarTlo‚ rkinigza‚ jari‚ sigaretis‚ benzinis biznesi da a.S.

mxolod da mxolod ukanono fulis kolosalur wyaros niSnavda da mets

arafers. nuTu romelime Cvenganma ar icoda‚ rom nebismieri sawarmos muSaoba

139

mxolod „levze~ iyo awyobili. nuTu erTi iseTi qarTveli moiZebneba‚ romelic

ityvis‚ rom kanonierad‚ kapik-kapik ixdida gadasaxadebs? an ki visTvis‚ an ratom

unda gadaexada‚ Tu gadasaxadis gadaxda mxolod sakuTari jibidan sxvis jibeSi

Cadebas niSnavda da saxelmwifo‚ rogorc aseTi‚ am ormxriv procesSi aranairad ar

figurirebda. nuTu dagvaviwyda‚ rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi policielebi qurdebad‚

kanonieri qurdebi mosamarTleebad‚ mosamarTleebi kriminalebad‚ kriminalebi

gmirebad‚ gmirebi‚ anu arsebuli realobis miuxedavad wesierad mcxovrebni‚

idiotebad iyvnen gamocxadebulni? uamravi amgvari wvril-wvrili‚ wlebis

ganmavlobaSi Cveni yoveldRiurobis Semadgeneli magaliTebis moyvana SemiZlia‚

magram darwmunebuli var‚ rom TiToeul qarTvels es yvelaferi Cemze aranaklebad

kargad axsovs‚ awuxebs da aRar unda~ (ignatova q. mavne Cveva subieqturi

minarevebiT. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #160‚ 16 ivlisi 2005 w.‚ gv. 2).

cxovreba iseT sazogadoebaSi‚ sadac WeSmariti Rirebulebebi gaufasurebulia

da yvelaferi gaukuRmarTebulia‚ adamianebisTvis gausaZlisi da autaneli xdeba.

mis dabrunebas didi Zalisxmeva‚ dauRalavi brZola da dro sWireba. mxolod ase

SeiZleba davamkvidroT TamaSis mxolod erTi wesi – kanoni da saxelmwifoebrivi

azrovneba. q. ignatova Tavis mTavar azrs ase aboloebs:

„piradad me aRar minda yvelasaTvis ucnob‚ upativcemulo‚ msoflios

qveynebis korumpirebulobisa da cxovrebis donis amsaxveli siis bolo adgilze

myof amorful teritoriaze cxovreba. me minda‚ rom am teritorias saxelmwifos

realuri konturi hqondes da me ki misi amayi moqalaqe viyo. dRes amis realuri

Sansi gagviCnda da es albaT yvelasac unda‚ magram erTia survili da meorea Cveva.

samwuxarod‚ arsebobs uamravi iseTi mavne Cveva‚ romelTanac brZola‚ survilis

miuxedavad‚ mainc Zalian Znelia. sigaretis mowevas mTeli guliT minda Tavi

davanebo da ar gamomdis‚ da rogor unda moTxovo calkeul adamianebs‚ rom erT-

or weliwadSi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebul Cvevas –

arasaxelmwifoebriv cxovrebas‚ azrovnebas‚ morals ase iolad‚ erTi xelis mosmiT

Seelion.... Tbilisis axali meris daniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli

komentarebis mosmenisas ratomRac aSkarad davinaxe‚ mivxvdi‚ rom xelisuflebis

daundobeli kritika‚ pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis survili‚ moda‚ kargi

toni ki ar aris‚ rogorc aqamde megona‚ aramed elementaruli TviTgadarCenis

survili‚ subieqturi komfortisTvis brZolaa da meti araferi. brZola‚ romelic‚

samwuxarod‚ Tavis motyuebas ufro waagavs‚ Tumca iseve‚ rogorc is cru

140

simyudrove‚ romelTan ganSoreba ase uWirT‚ magram romelTanac Seleva‚ undaT Tu

ara‚ mainc mouwevT. amis gagebas‚ dajerebas ki dro unda.

saqarTvelo saxelmwifo gaxda da moswons es vinmes Tu ara‚ nebismier

saxelmwifos TamaSis mxolod erTi wesi aqvs – kanoni da mxolod erTi xedva –

saxelmwifoebrivi~ (ignatova q. mavne Cveva subieqturi minarevebiT. gaz. „24

saaTi~‚ #160‚ 16 ivlisi 2005 w.‚ gv. B2).

istoriaSi bevria imis magaliTi, rodesac Rirebulebebi ufasurdeba. aviRoT,

Tundac, iseTi uzarmazari potencialis qveyana, rogoric irania. am qveyanas

yvelaferi aqvs imisaTvis, rom misi moqalaqeebi Tavisuflad da bednierad

cxovrobdnen, Tumca, umeteswilad, yvelaferi piriqiTaa. amis dasadastureblad

SeiZleba davimowmoT nobelis premiis orgzis nominantis, riSard kapuSCinskis

lieraturuli Sedevri `SahinSahi~. es wigni qarTulad Targmna poloneTis

kulturis damsaxurebulma moRvawem, cnobilma mTargmnelma, ekonomistma,

profesorma ambrosi griSikaSvilma, romelic 2012 wels gamoica da, romelic

iranSi gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis miwuruls datrialebul movlenebs exeba.

Cven mogveca saSualeba, rom es didebuli Sedevri mSobliur enazec wvikiTxoT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sazogadoebas imis mixedviT aqmeven Tavis namdvil saxes, ra

Rirebulebebsac is atarebs, rogori RirebulebebiTac misi kultura aris

gamsWvaluli. exeba ra, iranSi damkvidrebul antiRirebulebebs, imas, Tu rogor

ufasurdeba WeSmariti Rireblebani iranis sinamdvileSi, anu rogor xdeba xalxis

interesebidan gandgoma, misi arafrad Cagdeba, piradi egoisturi miswrafebebis win

wamoweva sakuTari moqalaqeebis miwasTan gasworebis, maTi fundamenturi

uflebebis fexqveS gaTelvis gamo, am RirebulebebiT qveynis kulturuli

memkvidreobis gamsWvalvis niadagze, cnobili blogeri, profesori zurab marSania

aRniSnavs: èrTi iraneli meores arafers uTmobs arasodes. mas pirveloba surs,

iswrafvis, Tavisi Sexedulebebi sxvas moaxvios Tavze. me! me! me! me pirveli var,

Sen - meore, Sen ki kvlav mesamed rCebi. is meore da mesame ki, ar kmayofildebian

TavianTi bediT da dauyovnebliv iwyeben intrigebis xlarTvas. swored aseTi

TamaSis wesebis gamo ver xerxdeboda verasodes iranSi soliduri opoziciuri

partiis Seqmna, rameTu partiis SigniT dauyovnebliv iwyeboda erTmaneTs Soris

ZiZgili, brZola liderobisaTvis. am qveyanaSi yvela da yovelTvis sakuTari

partiis Camoyalibebas lamobda.

141

vercerT SemTxvevas ver gaixsenebT istoriaSi, xalxs rom daetirebinos

iranSi Tavisi Sahi da saboloo gansasveneblamde tiriliTa da moTqmiT

gaecilebinos. iranis yvela Sahma Tanamdeboba da sicocxlec ki gaurkvevel

viTarebaSi dakarga. xalxi maT saSinel adamianebad miiCnevda, sulmdablobaSi

adanaSaulebda, maT Tanamdebobidan gadadgomas sixarulis SeZaxilebiTa da wyevliT

xvdeboda. Sahis sikvdili ki, rogorc wesi, qveSevrdomebis zeimis sababi xdeboda.

axalaysaydrebuli Sahi Cveulebriv ase Sedioda xolme iranis dedaqalaqSi -

erT mxares ruseTis elCi umSvenebdagverds, xolo meores ki – britaneTisa. ase

iyo maSinac, rodesac iranis bolo monarqis - muhamed reza fehlevis mama, reza

Sahi Sevida TeiranSi. misma Svilma - muhamed reza fehlevi maciranisaTvis

tradiciad qceul stilSi, 1941 wels, rusul-britanuli „xiStebis“ meSveobiT

daimkvidra Zalaufleba mamis taxtidan gadayenebisa da gadasaxlebis Semdeg.~

(http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=10567&f_cat=&a_title=reminiscencia+riSard+kapuSCin

skis+stilSi)

sazogadoebis Tanamedrove transformaciis procesSi erT-erTi urTulesi

problema is aris, rogor SevinarCunoT, rogor vixsnaT gaufasurebisagan is

Rirebulebebi, romelTa gareSe Cven fons ver gavalT, an ganvsazRvroT, is

fundamenturi Rirebulebebi, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebelia humanuri ganviTareba,

sikeTis zrda sazogadoebaSi. am sakiTxebze saintereso da fuZemdebluri

mosazrebebi aqvs Camoyalibebuli profesor giorgi malaSxias Tavis wignSi

àdamianuri ekonomika~, romelic 2009 wels rusul enaze daibeWda (malaSxia g.

adamianuri ekonomika, sanqt-peterburgi, Tbilisi, 2009).

rogorc prof. g. malaSxia aRniSnavs, obieqturi faqtorebis (Sinagani

wanamZRvrebis) dominirebuli rolis dros sistemis transformacia, rogorc wesi,

mimdinareobs spontanurad, adapturad, gareSe Zalebis mier mkafiod gamovlenili

wabiZgebis da mkveTri cvlilebebis gareSe. igi mimdinareobs mwyobrad, magram,

miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi xdeba mniSvnelovani Zvrebi.

marTlac, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom istoriuli procesi _ sxvadasxva

masStabis transformaciaTa jaWvia socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. Rrma

konservatizmi da xangrZlivi stagnacia miuRebelia civilizaciisTvis, misi

Sinagani kanonebis mixedviT cvlilebebi aucilebelia. magram istoria ar

mimdinareobs ubralo sworxazovani sqemiT. igi rTulia, cxovrebaSi uSvebs

zigzagebs, Sereul da bundovan formebsac ki. transformacia arsebobs sayovelTao

142

da lokaluri masStabis, igi moicavs qveynebis jgufs, calkeul qveynebs an

sazogadoebis cxovrebis mxareebs.

dRes transformacia mimdinareobs mTel msoflioSi, maT Soris mravali

winaaRmdegobriobis gamo, gansakuTrebiT ki axal civilizaciur tendenciebsa da

Zvelebs, aseve konservatiul urTierTobebsa da cxovrebis wess Soris, wamyvan

kapitalisturebSi. socialur-ekonomikur sistemaTa transformacia calkeul

qveynebSi SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos ara marto Sinagani faqtorebiT, aramed am

qveynebSi cxovrebis realiaTa SeusabamobiT civilizaciis globaluri kanonebis

saerTo moTxovnebTan, aseve kacobriobis mowinave nawilis inteleqtualur-

kulturuli ganviTarebis donesTan, Tavisuflebis da demokratiis

zogadsakacobrio idealebTan. mwvave krizisi, romelic gansakuTrebiT mZafrad

exeba adamianTa interesebs, SeiZleba warmoiSvas cxovrebis garkveul sferoebSi.

ase magaliTad, transformaciis mizezi xdeba moqalaqeobriv TavisuflebaTa,

demokratiis SezRudva da a.S.

mimdinare transformaciis da maTi Sedegebis Sefasebis kriteriumia

humanuri ganviTareba _ sikeTis gazrda sazogadoebaSi, anu is, rogor Seesabameba

cxovreba da misi cvlilebebi zogadsakacobrio faseulobebs _ zneobas,

samarTlianobas, Tavisuflebas, WeSmaritebas da sxv. istoriuli procesis analizi

da sazogadoebrivi formebis transformacia unda mimdinareobdes swored im

TvalsazrisiT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba isini zogadsakacobrio faseulobebs,

sayovelTao idealebs da mTeli xalxis interesebs da ara mosaxleobis calkeuli

fenebis miznebsa da moTxovnilebebs. SevniSnavT, rom saubaria am faseulobebis

WeSmarit gagebaze, vinaidan adamianebs da mTel kacobriobas yovelTvis axasiaTebda

am faseulobebis, faqtebis Sefasebisa da cxovrebis procesebis gagebaSi

cdomileba. xSirad yuradRebas amaxvileben movlenis mxolod erT dadebiT mxareze

da duman meoreze, uaryofiTze. araswori warmodgena sagnebze, socialur-

ekonomikur movlenaTa bunebasa da arsze, xdeba didi dabrkoleba, zogjer ki

safrTxec ki cxovrebis progresis gzaze.

es xdeba socialuri movlenebis Sinagani bunebis gaxsnis sirTulis gamo,

zogjer maTi SeniRbulobis gamoc, sirTuliT àwon-dawono~ kargi da cudi,

SeaRwio maT siRrmeebSi. TviT genios adamianebsac ki monoba da batonymoba

eCvenebodaT normalur movlenad, ekonomikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove

warmomadgenlebs ki ganawilebiTi urTierTobebis aRmaSfoTebeli usamarTloba

143

(keinsi), monopoliaTa TviTneboba, spekulacia birJebze, damTrgunveli

daqiravebuli Sroma da a.S. miaCniaT rogorc sruliad normaluri, kanonzomieri

da misaRebi movlena.

prof. g. malaSxia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miapyrobs imas, rom

dResdReobiT, mniSvnelovania gavakeToT swori daskvna sabazro ekonomikis

adgilis, bunebis da perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb zogadsakacobrio faseulobebis

`sarkeSi~. ganzogadebuli saxiT, am faseulobebis TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove

(sabazro) ekonomika SeiZleboda dagvexasiaTebina Semdegi saxiT.

cxrili 1

Tanamedrove ekonomika fundamenturi zogadsakacobrio

faseulobebis `sarkeSi~

kriteriumebi (maradiuli,

fundamenturi faseulobebi)

ZiriTadi naklovanebebi Seviwroveba.

zneobrioba

maradiuli zneobrivi normebisa da

principebidan gadaxveva ekonomikuri

sargeblis misaRebad, adamianur

urTierTobaTa `gaciveba~, agresiis

gaZliereba adamianebs Soris,

patiosnebis, mokrZalebulobis,

sulierebis da a.S

samarTlianoba

dovlaTis usamarTlo ganawileba, qonebrivi

mdgomareobiT mosaxleobis kolosaluri

diferenciacia, romelic ar Seesabameba am

qonebis mflobelebis wvlils sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTis SeqmnaSi; dovlaTis daumsaxurebeli

miTviseba calkeuli adamianebis mier sabazro

meqanizmebis daxmarebiT.

Tavisufleba

adamianebis politikur TavisuflebaTa da

demokratiul uflebaTa pirobiToba

(arasrulfasovneba), am uflebebis da

Tavisuflebebis garkveuli iluzoruloba,

maTi damokidebuleba sabazro wesebze;

mdidarTa yovlisSemZleoba.

WeSmariteba

socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa

WeSmariti bunebis damaxinjeba, upirveles

yovlisa, sabazro da ganmanawilebeli, agreTve

sakuTrebis xasiaTis; materialur dovlaTTa

mniSvnelobis gadafaseba da sulieri da

socialuri dovlaTis daufasebloba.

144

cxovrebis silamaze

(esTetikuroba)

adamianTa faseulobiTi orientaciis da qcevis

simaxinje, urTierToba maT Soris (daundobeli

konkurenciuli brZola, sxva agresiuli

moqmedebebi); sabazro mentalitetis

Seusabamoba humanurobasa da esTetikur

idealebTan; riskiani situaciis dominireba

cxovrebaSi, perspeqtivis gaurkvevloba.

is, rom sabazro urTierTobaTa pirobebSi vamCnevT adamianebs Soris

humanuri damokidebulebis faqtebs, adamianTa interesebis dacvas, adamianebis

urTierTdaxmarebas da isini avlenen solidarulobas, keTilmosurneobas

erTmaneTis mimarT da a.S. _ yovelive es adamianurobis genetikuri resursia,

romelic arasodes qreba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. es aucilebeli pirobaa TviT

kacobriobis arsebobisTvis. sabazro urTierTobebTan ki es Tvisebebi

dakavSirebuli araa.

yovelive zemonaTqvamidan gamomdinare, prof. g. malaSxia akeTebs daskvnas

imis Taobaze, rom im qveynebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi, romlebmac ganicada

postsocialisturi transformacia, unda gaxdes gadasasvleli humanuri

ganviTarebis relsebze, qcevis sabazro wesebis ganurCeveli batonobis uaryofaze,

postsabazro epoqisken. aseTia prof. g. malaSxias ZiriTadi mosazrebani aRniSnul

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

bolos, zemoT ganxilul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdgi

daskvna. `Rirebuleba~ SeiZleba ori mxriv warmovidginoT. mis erT nawils, rac

misaRebia, ramac gaiara gamocda Tavis ganxorcielebis procesSi da adasturebs,

rom swori gziT mivdivarT Tu araswori orientiri agvirCevia, anu rasac ukve

mivaRwieT da ganvaxorcieleT, rac ukve gamocdilia, Zvelia da aprobirebuli,

zogjer konservatiuls uwodeben. XVIII saukunis ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe

edmund burke im cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, romelic kacobriobam mravali

saukunis ganmavlobaSi daagrova, `kacobriobis `gons~ uwodebda (ix.: oT.

fanaskertel-ciciSvili, liberalizmi – samyaros gadamrCeni, Tu _ piriqiT.

`saqarTvelos respublika~, #130, 13 ivlisi, 2010, gv. 3-4), rac is aris, rac

unda gvindodes. amasTan erTad, Rirebulebas meore mxarec aqvs – axali,

cvalebadi, araaprobirebuli, gamoucdeli, ganuxorcielebeli nawili, anu is, rac

unda gvindodes. Rirebulebebi isaa, romelsac adekvaturad, idealurad Cven

verasodes ver vaRwevT. Rirebulebebi erT wertilSi gaCerebuli araa. ase rom

145

iyos, daiZvrebodi misken da odesRac miaRwevdi kidevac. magram dRes rac gvinda,

anu riskenac mivdivarT, vidre mas ganvaxorcielebdeT, misi `koordinatebi~ ukve

Secvlilia da amitomac, Cven ukve es Secvlili unda gvindodes.

2.5. RirebulebaTa gaziarebis istoriuli gakveTilebi

`yoveli Cvengani unda cdilobdes... rom Cveni cxovreba warmoadgendes erTs didebuls denas SeerTebulis Zalisas~.

ilia WavWavaZe

kacobriobisis istoriis daskvnebsa da gakveTilebs didi

mniSvneloba aqvs. isini Cveni swori, swrafi da uSecdomo ganviTarebis

orientirebi arian. daskvnebi warmoadgens ekonomikis ganviTarebis

Sesaxeb SesaZeni istoriuli gamocdilebis sistematizebul

konstatacias. rogorc qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSia

aRniSnuli, daskvna msjelobis Sedegad miRebuli mokled

Camoyalibebuli saboloo azria. daskvna, rogorc wminda ilia marTali

ityoda, aris: `grZlad Tqmulis mokled gamonaskva~. gakveTili ki aris

gamocdileba, romelic sxvas gamoadgeba. cxadia, rom marto daskvnebiT

ar unda SemovifargloT. amis ori mizezi arsebobs. 1. istoriuli

gamocdileba ufro mdidari da mravalferovania, Tumca, daskvnebSi

koncentrirebulia misi Semajamebeli arsi. 2. qveynis yvela mcxovrebi

swavlebis procesSi cxovrebaSi gadis samoqalaqo qmnadobas da

eufleba kidec mas, kerZod, ekonomikis istorias ara imdenad imisaTvis,

rom Caabaros gamocda, ramdenadac imisaTvis, rom gamoitanos zogi

gakveTili, romelic SeiZleba gamoiyenos da gaiTvaliswinon TavianT

Semdgom cxovrebaSi. es gakveTilebi ki daskvnebze ufro mdidaria.

maS ase, albaT jer ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriuli

gamocdilebis daskvnebiT unda daviwyoT.

1. ekonomikuri ganviTareba sam umTavres wanamZRvars efuZneba.

imisaTvis, rom amuSavdes manqana, saxelwodebiT `progresi~ (e. i.

146

erToblivad ganviTardnen mecniereba da ekonomika), unda

dakmayofildes sami piroba.

pirveli piroba _ sazogadoebaSi unda iyos adamianTa sakmao

raodenoba, romlebic dakavebulni iqnebian informaciis damuSavebiT,

axali codnis mopovebiT da teqnologiur inovaciebamde misi miyvaniT.

amisaTvis, ekonomikam unda Seqmnas sakmao produqcia, raTa misi

wevrebis nawili gaTavisufldes dRiuri lukmis mopovebis rutinuli

Sromisagan.

codnis da teqnologiuri inovaciebis warmoeba ganxorcieldeba

avtomaturad, Tuki samecniero da sagamomgoneblo saqmianobisaken

midrekil adamianebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba SemoqmedebiTi Sromisa,

roca SeZleben gamokvlevebisaTvis aucilebel mowyobilobebTan

miRwevas. aqedan gamomdinareobs meore pirobis Sesrulebis

aucilebloba – ekonomika unda iyos imgvarad organizebuli, rom

adamianebs, romelTac bunebiT boZebuli aqvT mecnierebis an

gamomgoneblis talanti, SeeZloT Sroma mecnierebisa da teqnologiuri

inovaciebis SemuSavebisas. amisaTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes

ekonomikuri institutebi, romlebic ise gadaanawileben sazogadoebriv

simdidres, rom uzrunvelyofen mecnierebis ama Tu im dargSi muSaobiT.

eklesiam sakuTari uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi gadawyvita mecnierebamde

didi xniT adre, roca daawesa socialuri sagadasaxado sistema,

magaliTad, saeklesio desetina da gamoyo mRvdel-msaxurebi

gansakuTrebul wodebad, rac ara marto gantkicda kanonebSi, aramed

wes-CveulebebiTac damkvidrda. mecniereba ganaTlebasTan yovelTvis iyo

mWidrod dakavSirebuli, e. i. bazris eniT rom vTqvaT, codnis yidvis

sferosTan. swored saganmanaTleblo institutebi da organizaciebi

aZlevdnen mecnierebas ganviTarebis saSualebas. Sua saukuneebidan

dawyebuli samecniero skolebi viTardebodnen universtetebTan.

samecniero codna mxolod axlandel dros gamovida uSualod

teqnologiuri inovaciebis bazarze. warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis

aucilebelia ekonomikuri institutebis Seqmna, romlebic

uzrunvelyofen warmoebas teqnologiuri inovaciebiT.

istoriaSi Cven araerTxel SevxvedrivarT iseT situaciebs, roca

teqnologiuri inovaciebi sworad tardeboda, hqondaT savsebiT

147

sakmarisi institucionaluri uzrunvelyofa, magram ekonomikuri

ganviTareba praqtikulad ar iyo. rogorc aRmoCnda, aucilebelia kidev

erTi, mesame pirobis Sesruleba: sazogadoebas unda gaaCndes

RirebulebaTa sistema, is mizandasaxulobani, romlebic stimuls

miscemen ekonomikis ganviTarebas. swored gabatonebuli civilizaciuri

ideologia, ganxiluli rogorc Rirebulebebis, qcevis normebis da

msoflio aRqmis saSualebebis sistema, ganasxvavebs erT civilizacias

meorisagan.

2. ekonomikis ganviTarebis safuZvels Seadgens: Sromis danawileba

(es SesaZleblobas iZleva rac SeiZleba produqtiulad iqnes

gamoyenebuli adamianis unari da niWi, ris meoxebiTac xdeba piradi

interesebis Sexameba sazogadoebrivTan; mesaqonleoba, miwaTmoqmedeba,

xelosnoba, vaWroba da mSenebloba warmoiqmna uZveles droSi, magram

Seadgines axali, barbarosulTan SedarebiT, ekonomikuri cxovrebis

safuZveli da warmoSvas civilizaciis ganviTarebis materialuri baza);

Sromis produqtebis warmoeba sxva produqtebze gasacvlelad (rac

qmnis regionur ekonomikur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis safuZvels);

kerZo sakuTrebis arseboba yvela simdidris wyaroze – miwaze, Tavisi

araorganuli da organuli komponentebiTurT (rac iwvevs mesakuTreTa

da mwarmoebelTa ekonomikur urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi

regulirebis saWiroebas);

fulis gamogonebis meoxebiT gacvlidan evolucionizebuli vaWroba

(romelic qmnis wanaZRvrebs msoflio ekonomikuri sivrcis

organizaciisa da funqcionirebisaTvis);

sazogadoebis fenobrivi dayofa (bunebrivi movlenaa adamianTa

cxovrebaSi, romelic ganpirobebulia sakuTrebis warmoSobiT,

arsebobiT, saqmianobiT);

saxelmwifoebrioba (warmoiSva rogorc adamianisa da misi qonebis

dacvis sazogadoebrivi moTxovnileba da gadaiqca yvela sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobis regulirebis saWiro atributad, romelSic moiazreba

religia, ideologia da kultura);

dabegvra (nebismieri saxelmwifos sabaziso elementi, romelic

uzrunvelyofs sawarmoo Zalebze maRla mdgomi misi struqturebis

funqcionirebas);

148

fenobrivi jgufebis profesionalizmi (erTi mxriv, qmnis

samomxmareblo bazarze sakonkurencio brZolaSi Tavis gadarCenis

pirobebs da, meore mxriv, uzrunvelyofs maT garkveul daxSulobasa

da kasturobas; amis bunebrivi pirobaa profesiuli swavleba);

xalxis swavla-ganaTleba (gulisxmobs codnis gadacemas mozardi

TaobebisaTvis cxovrebis Sesaxeb da uzrunvelyofs axalgazrdobis

mier Tavisi SesaZleblobebisa da miswrafebebis adekvaturi saqmianobis

arCevas).

3. kacobriobis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi motivi da mamoZravebeli

Zalaa adamianis, rogorc homo sapiens-is moTxovnilebani, romlebic

Seicavs rogorc materialur, ise sulier komponentebs (antikur

romSic ki plebeebi moiTxovdnen `pursa da sanaxaobas~), romlebic

droTa ganmavlobaSi gadaiqca kulturis cnebad, rogorc sazogadoebis

mier materializebuli garemo, raTa adamians xorci Seesxa Tavisi

niWis realizaciis SesaZleblobebisaTvis materialuri warmoebis

sferos gareSe.

4. mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdis pirobebSi adamianTa moTxovnilebebis

dakmayofilebis saWiroebas mohyva ekonomikuri faqtorebis, resursebis,

teqnikisa da teqnologiebis, adamianis inteleqtualuri

SesaZleblobebis intensiuri (tempiani) ganviTareba; jgufebma,

romlebic uzrunvelyofen am Zalebis ganviTarebas, sazogadoebaSi

didi wona SeiZina, maTma ekonomikurma damoukideblobam ki gamoiwvia im

miswrafebebis inicireba, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes rogorc Tavisi

simdidris (qonebrivi mdgomareobis) dacva-Senaxva da xelSeuxebloba,

ise saxelmwifos marTvis saqmeSi monawileobis uflebaTa politikuri

aRiarebac. TviTmpyrobelobis formula `saxelmwifo – es me var~

sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebasTan Seicvala jer ideiT, Semdeg ki

kanonTa uzenaesobisa da xelisuflebis ganawilebis koncefciiT.

5. sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebisa da sajaroobis uqonloba niSnavs

mis ganuviTareblobas da, rogorc wesi, umaRlesi xelisuflebis

totalurobis niSania. sajarooba – es aris sayovelTao saero

ganaTleba da xalxis informireba maT Soris saxelmwifos arsisa da

miznebis, misi struqturebisa da maTi muSakebis, maTi

àramwarmoebluri~ funqcionirebis Sesaxeb, rac ganapirobebs qveynis

149

mosaxleobis winaSe ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis saWiroebas.

amitomac sazogadoebam unda miiRos da SeaTanxmos misi ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis maCveneblebi, rac XXI saukuneSi civilizaciis Cveulebriv

elementad yalibdeba.

aseTia daskvnebi, romlis Semdegac aucileblad gakveTilebze unda

gadavideT.

gakveTili pirveli. realuri ekonomikuri cxovrebis analizisa da

Sefasebis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT gansaxilveli regionis

mosaxleobis cxovrebis wesi. am faqtorze gavlenas axdenen regionis

bunebriv-klimaturi da socialur-ekonomikuri Taviseburebani, miwis

savargulebis xarisxi da sasargeblo wiaRiseulTa arseboba,

mcxovrebTa tradiciebi da rwmena. SemTxveviT rodi mohyva

miwaTmoqmedebas binadroba. binadrobam xeli Seuwyo xelosnobasa da

mSeneblobas, vaWrobas. warmoiqmna qalaqebi, romlebmac gza gauxsnes

sayofacxovrebo pirobebis Seqmnas, komfortsa da kulturas. da roca

cvilizaciaze vlaparakobT, uneburad vgulisxmobT cxovrebis qalaqur

pirobebs. sazogadoebasTan adamianis ekonomikuri kavSir-urTierTobebis

aRwerisas bibliasa da yuranSic naTlad Cans cxovrebis binadrobisa

Tu momTabareobis wesis gavlena. Tanamedrove politekonomiis

fuZemdebelma petim `traqtatSi gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis

Sesaxeb~ moaTavsa mTeli Tavi `sasjelebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic wers:

`Cveulebrivi sasjelebi, fuladi jarimebis garda, aris sikvdili,

saxiCroba, patimroba, sajaro pativayra, fizikuri tkivilis miyeneba da

wameba. fulad jarimebs Cven ufro mtkiced moviTxovT, xolo danarCenT

mxolod imisaTvis SevexebiT, rom ganvixiloT, SeiZleba Tu ara isini

Seicvalos jarimebiT...~. Tanamedrove msoflio Tanamegobrobis sagangebo

mravalferovneba ganisazRvreba, uwinares yovlisa, gansxvavebebiT

sxvadasxva qveynaSi mosaxle adamianTa cxovrebis wesSi.

gakveTili meore. meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic

mWidrod ukavSirdeba pirvels da arsebiT gavlenas axdens masze, aris

regionis mosaxleobis rwmena, misi religia. msoflioSi arsebobs 6

ZiriTadi religia. ori maTgani (induizmi da budizmi) warmoiSva sami

aTas welze meti xnis winaT (am religiebs misdevs amJamad Sesabamisad

500 da 300 milioni adamiani), ori (zoroastrizmi da konfucianoba) _

150

2,5 aTas welze meti xnis winaT (300 da 200 milioni adamiani), ori aTas

welze meti xnis winaT warmoiSva qristianoba (mas aRiarebs miliardi

adamiani), 1400 wlis winaT – islami (aRiarebs 600 milioni adamiani).

daaxloebiT 50-50 milioni adamiani aRiarebs daoizms, sintoizms,

iudaizms. arsebobs mravali aTasobiT `mcire~ religia da sarwmunoeba

(warmarTobidan aTeizmamde). religiebi, romlebic arsebiTad

gansazRvraven adamianis msoflmxedvelobasa da zneobriobas, bunebriv

zegavlenas axdenen cxovrebis weszec: sakmarisia, gavixsenoT farTod

cnobili magaliTebi SabaTs muSaobis akrZalva (iudaizmi), sakvebad

Roris xorcis gamoyenebis akrZalva (islami), Zroxebis wmindanad

aRiareba (induizmi). istoriaSi bevria saeklesio dogmatebis daZlevis

magaliTi (henrix VIII inglisSi, reformaciis mTeli istoria da sxv.),

magram uqmdeboda ara religia, rogorc aseTi, aramed erTi dogmati

meoriT icvleboda. da Tumca, Tanamedrove civilizacia aviwroebs da

atransformirebs bevr religiur wess, ar SeiZleba ar

gaviTvaliswinoT orTodoqsebisa da religiuri afeTqebebis gavlena,

islamuri `fundamentalizmis~ msgavsad.

gakveTili mesame. meore daskvna sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

gadamwyvet momentad miiCnevs adamianis moTxovnilebebs. maTgan yvelaze

bunebrivi da sayovelTao (misi istoriuli `pirveladobis~ gamo) aris

ekonomikuri interesebi. es mTavari, magram erTaderTi Zala rodia.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi es interesebi SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc

piradi, ise sakuTari ojaxebisaTvis samomxmareblo kalaTis

uzrunvelyofis saWiroeba. adamiani mudam cdilobs gamoavlinos da

xorci Seasxas Tavis unars – esec ganviTarebis erT-erTi

mamoZravebeli Zalaa. da Tu sazogadoebrivi mowyoba aseT

SesaZleblobas iZleva, maSasadame, igi funqcionirebs, ar Trgunavs

pirovnebas da misi àRmzrdelobiTi~ funqciebi SeiZleba

Semoifarglos mxolod adamianTa Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobis

safuZvlebis ganmartebiT, sadac arsebobs konkurencia da

momxmareblisaTvis muSaobis saWiroeba, sadac aravin ar aris

valdebuli cxovrebis gza gagikvalos, _ es piradad Seni sazrunavia.

sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos movaleobaa uzrunvelyon TavianTi

moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianoba: yvela revolucia xdeboda

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TavisuflebisaTvis (Seviwroebis winaaRmdeg) _ sakmarisia gavixsenoT

safrangeTis 1789 wlis didi revoluciis liberte, egalite,

frateznite da a. puSkini, romelmac Tavis `sastik saukuneSi~ àdida

Tavisufleba~ da werda:

`Cemi saxeliT aivseba didi

ruseTi,

yoveli eri Seminaxavs

damaxsovrebiT,

slavTa memkvidre, da fineli

da tunguseli,

kalmiki, tramal velTa mcxovrebi.

moyvarul xalxSi ar

mokvdeba Cemi sufeva,

radgan sikeTes ugalobda

Cemi Conguri,

radgan vadide Cven sastik dros

Tavisufleba,

da Sevivrdome yvela

Cagruli~.

politikuri Tavisufleba SeiZleba `gamocxaddes~ `dekretiTac~;

ekonomikurs ki sWirdeba kanonebic, yoveldRiuri axsna-ganmartebiTi

muSaobac. sazogadoebis funqcionirebis efeqtianoba damokidebulia

imaze, Tu rogor Seasxams xorcs misi yvela wevri Tavis niWsa da

unars. bavSvebi bednierebi arian nebismieri sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis

dros (isini ver Seadareben da Seafaseben Tavisi epoqis

ìstoriulobasa~ da `rols~), axalgazrdoba mudam aqtiurad Semtevia

(man xom unda moawyos Tavisi cxovreba da es aris imis garantia, rom

kacobriobis ganviTareba ar SeCerdeba), `mozrdilTa~ movaleoba ki

isaa, rom gaanaTlos mozardi Taoba am terminis yvelaze `wminda~

gagebiT (arseboba, mravalmxrivoba, obieqturoba, istoriuli da

èkonomikuri~ perspeqtiuloba).

gakveTili meoTxe dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva saxelisuflo

struqturebis rogorc saxelmwifos xerxemlis, formirebis gagebasTan.

xelisuflebis mTavari ekonomikuri funqcia is aris, rom moawesrigos

152

ekonomikuri urTierTobani, maT Soris saxelmwifo sakuTrebasTan

dakavSirebiTac (romelic nebismier xelisuflebas surs rom hqondes).

xelisufleba yovelTvis iyofa umaRles da adgilobriv

xelisuflebad; pirvels imitomac ewodeba umaRlesi, rom igi Tavs

uyris saxelmwifo resursebs. Zalismieri struqturebis mosamsaxureni

(moxeleebi) TiToeuli saxelmwifos ganuyreli atributia da

arsebiTad Seadgenen korporaciul (praqtikulad _ wodebriv) jgufs.

dapirispirebas umaRles da adgilobriv xelisufalTa Soris sakmaod

stabiluri xasiaTi aqvs, rasac gansazRvravs Tavad termini

`xelisufleba~. umaRlesi xelisuflebis urTierToba sazogadoebasTan

(xalxTan) SeiZleba cxadvyoT stalinis ganTqmuli gamonaTqvamiT:

`hitlerebi midian da modian, germaneli xalxi, germaniis saxelmwifo

ki rCebian~. Tu am gamonaTqvamSi `hitlerebs~ SevcvliT `beladebiT~,

`germanel xalxs~ ki nebismieri sxva xalxiT (anda ubralod amoviRebT

am sityvas) _ miviRebT ufro vrcel da samarTlian formulas. swored

es (da amis msgavsi istoriuli eqskursebi) iZleva SesaZleblobas

CamovayaliboT erTi SexedviT paradoqsuli hipoTeza, rom ùbralo

xalxisaTvis~ saerTod sulerTia, Tu ra saxelwodebisaa umaRlesi

xelisufleba da ramden xans imyofebian misi xelmZRvanelebi postze:

mniSvnelovania mxolod is, rom es xelisufleba Tavis qveSevrdomebs

adamianebad miiCnevdes, pativs scemdes maTs ekonomikur interesebs da

uzrunvelyofdes ekonomikis stabilur ganuxrel ganviTarebas

(sakmarisia SevadaroT `Svideulis~ wevri qveynebis politikur da

sazogadoebriv mowyobas). e. w. `saxelmwifo interesebs~ ayalibeben

politikanebi, xalxs amasTan metad arapirdapiri damokidebuleba aqvT.

gakveTili mexuTe. germanelma mkvlevarma, fridrix ratcelma,

ganaviTara ra saxelmwifoebriobis idea, aRniSna, rom saxelmwifo

dedamiwis zurgze aris cxovrebis gavrcelebis erT-erTi forma. sami

mTavari cxovrebiseuli elementis – miwis, niadagis da xalxis

simbioTekuri urTierTkavSiris Sedegad saxelmwifo iRebs Tavis

organizaciul formas, Tavis organikul Sinaarss (amitomac mis

Teorias meorenairad uwodeben òrganikulsac~). ratcelis mosazrebiT:

saxelmwifo aris cocxali organizmi, sadac dedamiwis zedapiris

sakmaod cnobili nawili masSi TamaSobs iseT mniSvnelovan rols, rom

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saxelmwifos yvela Tviseba ganisazRvreba masSi mcxovrebi xalxis

TaviseburebebiT da misi teritoriebiT. aseT teritoriul an namdvil,

bunebriv Taviseburebebs warmoadgens sidide, mdebareoba, zedapiris

formebi, mcenareuloba da morwyvoba, damokidebuleba dedamiwis

zedapiris sxva nawilebTan, magram, rodesac vsaubrobT `Cvens miwaze~,

Cven vakavSirebT Cvens warmodgenaSi aRniSnul Taviseburebebs, aseve

imas, rac Seiqmna am miwisagan adamianis mier sakuTari Sromis fasad. aq

warmoCindeba ukve kargad cnobili miwis sulieri kavSiri CvenTan, mis

sxva mcxovreblebTan da mTel Cvens istoriasTan~. SemdgomSi ratcelma

Tavis Teorias uwoda `biogeografiuli koncefcia~. arsebobs mxolod

ori àbsoluturi~ simdidre: miwa (Tavisi resursebiT) da masze

mcxovrebi adamianebi. es resursebi rom moqmedebdes, miwas amuSaveben,

adamianebs ki aswavlian; kacobriobas jerjerobiT sxva araferi ar

mougonia. erTic da meorec ganuwyvetliv ixveweba, magram erTsac da

meoresac yuradReba da saTuTi damokidebuleba sWirdeba (yvela

danarCeni simdidre xom am ZiriTadisagan aris warmoebuli). adamianebi

qmnian saxelmwifo (erovnul) simdidres, kapitals, maT Soris naklebad

mosavliani niadagis nayofierebas, materialur da sulier

Rirebulebebs, kulturas da mTel civilizacias. da swored es

SeiZleba iyos rogorc sakuTriv dabegvris politikis, ise mTeli

saxelmwifo saSinao socialur-ekonomikuri politikis sabazo

safuZveli. sakuTar saxelmwifoSi ucxoel ostatTa da specialistTa

mowvevis (daqiravebis) praqtikas Soreul (axal eramde didi xniT adre)

warsulSi aqvs fesvi gadgmuli. ucxoel specialistebs iyenebs yvela

saxelmwifo da es msoflio Tanamegobrobis cxovrebis yoveldRiuri

norma gaxda.

gakveTili meeqvse. nebismieri sazogadoeba (nebismieri qveynis

mosaxleoba) warmoadgens mravalwodebriv formats. ukve Zvel egvipteSi

(Cvens eramde sami aTasi wliT adre) mcxovrebni oTx wodebad iyvnen

dayofili, da es faraonisa da `saxelmwifos~ axireba ki ar iyo, aramed

Tu ra adgili ekava adamians ekonomikaSi da tomebis arsebobis

sazogadoebriv struqturaSi, romlebic egviptis xalxad iyvnen

gaerTianebulni. xelosnobisa da qalaqebis ganviTarebam, saokeano

naosnobam da msoflio vaWrobam, samrewvelo revoluciam da

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industrializaciam, samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis brZolam da

mecnierebis CarTvam sawarmoo ZalebSi mravalgzis gazarda profesiis

ricxvi. sawarmoo Zalebis mecnieruli analizis dros cnebaTa

abstrahirebisa da garkveuli gamsxvilebis saWiroebam adam smiTs

gauCina azri, rom SemoeRo politekonomikuri termini `klasi~; termini,

romelsac iyeneben ukve 200 welze met xans da apogeamde miiyvana

marqsizm-leninizmma da jerac ar gamqrala, Tumca TviT e.w. ssr

kavSiris socialur-ekonomikurma cxovrebam uaryo misi praqtikuli

vargisianoba TviT saxelmwifo marTvisaTvis (partiaSi Semsvleli

avsebda grafas `warmoSoba~ Tavis mSoblebis mixedviT, rac

uzrunvelyofda muSaTa saWiro `procents~ partiebSi, romlis himni iyo

internacionali, xolo socialuri dasayrdeni _ `mSierTa da monTa

mTeli msoflio~). ruseTis 1897 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris dros

gamoyofili iyo 8 wodeba, amasTan SedegebSi miTiTebulia, rom

mosaxleobis 0,3 procenti `sxva wodebaTa~ pirebia. mefis ruseTisaTvis

wodebrivi kuTvnileba gansazRvravda saxelmwifosTan adamianis

urTierTobas. sabWoTa `klasobrivma~ midgomam es sakiTxi kidev ufro

gaabundovna, radgan industrializaciam da sawarmoo Zalebis

ganviTarebam realurad warmoSves mravalricxovani wodebrivi jgufebi

(gansakuTrebiT, `gonebrivi Sromis~ muSakTa, egreTwodebul `fenaSi~

or klass Soris). visac amaSi garkveva surs, dae, gaaanalizos

krebulebi: `ssr kavSiris saxalxo meurneoba...~, `xelmZRvanelTa,

specialistTa da mosamsaxureTa sakvalifikacio Tanamdebobani~ (1989)

da `saerTo sakavSiro klasifikatori. muSaTa profesiebi,

mosamsaxureTa Tanamdebobani da satarifo ganakveTebi~ (1991), amasTan

Tavidan yuradReba dauTmon imas, rom maTSi ar aris aRniSnuli

partiuli organoebis Tanamdebobani (romlebic saxelmwifo organoebis

`gareSe~, ufro zustad ki saxelmwifo organoebs Tavze àsxedan~). ssr

kavSiris xelmZRvanelebisaTvis es xelsayreli iyo, radgan adamianTa

mier jgufuri socialuri interesebis dacvis ufleba icvleboda

`mowinave klasisa~ da misi àvangardis~ interesebiT; yvela danarCeni

an `gadmonaSTia~, an `mtris xrikebi~. saxelmwifos amgvarma mowyobam ar

gaamarTla, ris winaswarmetyveleba principulad SeiZleboda Tundac

partiis magaliTiT, romelic yovelgvar organizaciul xrikebsac (maT

155

Soris SeRavaTebsac) mimarTavda, raTa `muSuris~ saxeli gaemarTlebina.

istoriulad analogiuri bedi xvdaT wilad socializmis `moZme~

qveynebis sxva komunistur partiebsac (Tu ruseTis federaciis

kompartia Tanaxmaa miiRos Tavis rigebSi morwmuneni, mas komunisturi

partia veRar ewodeba).

gakveTili meSvide mTeli istoria, romelsac vswavlobT, arsebiTad

reformebis istoriaa da es bunebrivicaa, saxelmwifo mSenebloba,

adamianis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis srulyofa

iseve usasruloa, rogorc Tavad ganviTareba (reformireba imanenturad

damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebisaTvis). bevrni, maT Soris mecnierebic,

xSirad reformaTa periodebs `gardamaval~ periodad naTlaven.

migvaCnia, rom es sakmarisad dasabuTebuli ar aris, radan mmarTvelebi,

romlebic ar axorcieleben reformebs (ese igi ar aumjobeseben)

TavianT saxelisuflo sistemas, maT uZraobisTvis da, bunebrivia,

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempebis SemcirebisaTvis swiraven (amis

Sedegad Semdegi mmarTvelebi iZulebulni xdebian gacdenili dro

aanazRauron da reformebi ufro mkacri meTodebiT warmarTon). amitom

ekonomikuri istoria (yovel SemTxvevaSi, àxali~, kolumbisSemdgomi

drois) SeiZleba warmovidginoT ganuxreli ganviTarebis (ganuwyvetliv

reformirebuli) saxiT calkeuli (mTel rig qveynebSi) uZraobis

`moednebiT~, romlebic fesvgamjdari uqnarobis periodebs axasiaTebs...

amrigad, reformebi:

xorcieldeba konkretuli socialuri jgufebis interesebisaTvis

(Znelia moiZebnos magaliTebi, roca reforma yvelasaTvis

erTnairad iyos sasargeblo); xSirad es garkveulwilad laxavs

mosaxleobis sxva jgufebis interesebs;

warmatebulia maSin, roca isini gamowve-ulia sazogadoebis

Sinagani ganviTarebis moTxovnebiT, warmoadgens socialur

saWiroebas, ese igi, SeuZliaT Seamsubuqon (`gaamartivon~) viRacis

cxovreba da xeli Seuwyon adamianis potencialis ufro pro-

duqtiul gamoyenebas. nebismieri soci-alur-ekonomikuri

reformis Sedegebi sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebaa. Tu igi

daCqarebulia, maSasadame, reforma `Sedga~ da reformatorma

sworad Seafasa viTareba sazogadoebaSi da misi moTxovnilebani;

156

fuli Rirs da xSirad es xarjebi metad mniSvnelovania.

batonymobis gauqmeba ru-seTSi udavod socialur-ekonomikuri re-

formaa, magram man xazinisagan `moiTxova~ 500 milioni maneTi

(rac biujetis Semo-savlis nawilis 20 procentze metia) marto

memamuleebisaTvis gamosasyidi gadasax-delebisaTvis, romlebsac

Tavdapirvelad xalisiT rodi kisrulobda saxelmwifo;

SeZlebisdagvarad kompleqsuri unda iyos da moicavdes

sareformo obieqtis yvela mxares. batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg,

radgan igi kardinalurad cvlida qveynis sazogadoebriv

wyobilebas, aleqsandre meorem ganaxorciela reformaTa mTeli

`paketi~, uromlisodac ubralod SeuZ-lebeli iqneboda

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmna da ùampaketoT~ TviT

batonymobis gauqmebas qanci gamoscloda da Seewyvita arseboba;

umaRlesi xelisuflebis mier ganxorci-elebuli reformebi

gamoricxaven revo-luciebis SesaZleblobas, romelTa dros

uneburad iRupebian adamianebic da materi-aluri faseulobanic,

adamianebma rom Seqmnes (ase rom, Semdeg gamarjvebulebi

iZulebulni arian aRadginon dangreuli da gaCanagebuli).

samarTliania ukuTezisic: nebismieri socialuri revolucia

òrians~ uwers umaRlesi xelisuflebis moqmedebas imis gamo,

rom mas unari ar Seswevs gadaWras Tavisi xalxis problemebi.

umaR-lesi xelisuflebis kraxi sulac ar aris katastrofa

xalxis cxovrebaSi.

ai, ori istoriuli magaliTi. 1768 wlis ivnisSi qristian meSvidis

(daniisa da norvegiis mefe) samefo qirurgad dainiSna 31 wlis eqimi

iohan fridrix struenze; orwlinaxevris Semdeg igi pirveli ministri

da dedoflis favoriti gaxda, rac faqtobrivad mowmobda, rom mis

xelSi iyo mTeli Zalaufleba (radgan mefe mZimed iyo avad; dedofali

ki mxolod 19 wlisa iyo). 4 seqtembers struenzem daiwyo

kanonSemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba. pirveli brZanebuleba acxadebda, rom

Tavadis wodeba eniWebodaT mxolod erTguli samsaxurisa da

damsaxurebisaTvis; meore exeboda presis Tavisuflebasa da cenzuris

gauqmebas. yvelaze `revoluciur~ brZanebulebaTa Soris iyo: saidumlo

sabWos gauqmeba, sasamarTlos reorganizacia (sajarooba da

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damoukidebloba, sasamarTlos winaSe dacva da yvelas Tanasworoba),

qurdobisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba, fizikuri dasjis,

mikerZoebiT wamebisa da dakiTxvebis gauqmeba, kudianTa procesebis

akrZalva, sindisis sruli Tavisuflebis gamocxadeba, uqorwino

Svilebis diskriminaciis akrZalva, alimentebis SemoReba da sxv. Tavisi

marTva-gamgeobis 18 wlis manZilze struenzem gamosca 1069 (!) kanoni.

finali ki rogori iyo? 1772 wlis ianvarSi danielma Tavadaznaurobam

gadatrialeba moawyo. struenzes bralad dasdes kavSiri dedofalTan

da sikvdiliT dasajes. Ees aris idealisturi cdis sagulisxmo

magaliTi, Tu rogor undodaT ganexorcielebinaT `monarqis kavSiri

filosofosTan~ ise, rom ar hqonodaT dasayrdeni romelime socialur

jgufTan.

meore, aranakleb saintereso da Wkuis saswavli `paraleli~.

stolipinis agraruli reformis erT-erTi yvelaze udavo Sefaseba is

aris, rom mas surda Seeqmna sayrdeni TviTmpyrobelobisaTvis soflad

damoukideblad moqmedi SeZlebuli glexebis (mogvianebiT maT

`kulakebi~ ewodaT) saxiT. sabWoTa enciklopedia axasiaTebs maT

rogorc yvelaze `mxec, uxeS da velur~ eqsploatatorebs, amtkicebda,

rom XIX saukunis damlevisaTvis maTi ricxvi ar aRemateboda glexuri

komlebis erT mexudeTs, amasTan awarmoebda sasaqonlo puris 50

procents da flobdnen sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis (warmoebis

iaraRebis) da savaWro-samrewvelo sawarmoebis umravlesobas soflad,

agreTve iuwyeba, rom isini iyvnen, proletaruli revoluciis

Seurigebeli mtrebi~. TiTqosda yvelaferi naTelia. magram Semovida

nepi (axali ekonomikuri politika). leninis winadadebiT, ruseTis

social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiam `mwvane Suqi~ misca sasursaTo

gadasaxads sursaTis ganawilebis nacvlad da Tavisufleba mianiWa

glexebs (maTi 97 procenti ki meurneobriobas eweoda individualurad,

ese igi damoukideblad) sabazro, eseigi Tavisufali fasebisaTvis,

sakuTari produqciT vaWrobisaTvis. 1926-1927 sameurneo wels glexuri

meurneobebis 35 procenti, rogorc `Raribebi~, gaaTavisufles

sasoflo-sameurneo gadasaxadisagan. ras niSnavda es? es niSnavda, rom

axalgazrda sabWoTa (`proletarul~) saxelmwifos apurebda glexuri

komlebis mxolod ori mesamedi, rom es ori mesamedi damoukideblad

158

meurne glexebi gaxdnen `Zlierebi~. maS, raRa iyo saWiro, rom maTTvis

kulakebi ewodebinaT?..

amrigad, socialuri wyobilebiT ori sxvadasxva saxelmwifos

(TviTmyrobeluri ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris) ori

sxvadasxva mTavrobis orma meTaurma sasoflo-sameurneo problemis

gadasaWrelad qveynisaTvis Znel dros airCia erTi da igive gza –

saxelmwifosTan mwarmoeblis sabazro urTierTobis gza.

gakveTili merve. XIX saukuneSi mkveTrad gaizarda mecnierebis

roli. didma napoleonma aqac gamoiCina Tavi. 1809 wels man gadawyvita,

rom saWiro iyo Sapis telegrafze ufro swrafi da ufro saidumlo

kavSiris sistema. amitomac mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis germanel mecnier-

gamomgonebels s. t. fon ziomerings; man ki gamoigona

eleqtrotelegrafi (es aris pirveli dokumenturad dafiqsirebuli

SemTxveva, roca Sesrulda kvleviTi samuSao dasaxul Temaze,

SekveTiT). SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aman dasabami misca egreT wodebul

`gamoyenebiT~ mecnierebas (àkademiurisagan~ gansxvavebiT). saukunis

bolomde arc erTi msxvili firma ar darCenila, rom ar hqonoda

samecniero-kvleviTi qveganayofebi. XX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis ki

mecniereba gadaiqca uSualo sawarmoo Zalad: mecnierTa aRmoCenebi

qmnidnen bazas axali warmoebebisa da mTeli dargebis

ganviTarebisaTvis, samomxmareblo bazarma ki miiRo uamravi

moulodneli saqoneli da momsaxureba, romlebzec prognozistebsa da

mweral-fantastebsac ki ar uocnebiaT. magram mecniereba, mis

SemoqmedTa maRali ganaTlebisa da maTi didi inteleqtualuri

potencialis gamo, inarCunebs sazogadoebis sulieri cxovrebis

(ubralod kulturisac) Semadgeneli komponentis rols; misi

ganviTareba savaraudo iqneba, Tu ar ganxorcieldeba da

uzrunvelyofili mTeli xalxis ganaTleba. Cven kvlav vubrundebiT

maT Soris ganaTlebis socialur-ekonomikur rolsac: moqalaqeebma

unda iswavlon (iyvnen ganswavluli) saxelmwifo struqturebis

moqmedebisa da ganzraxvis gageba da fxizeli Sefaseba, _ ganaTleba ki

skolidan iwyeba. sazogadoebaSi urTierTgagebis ganviTarebis mizniT

saWiroa, rom stabilurad qveyndebodes oficialuri statistikuri

monacemebi ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb – im pirobiT, Tu

159

maCveneblebi da kriteriumebi SeTanxmebuli da gasagebi iqneba

adamianebisaTvis. magaliTad: samomxmareblo kalaTa, saqmiani

aqtiuroba, erovnuli Semosavali da sxv. (maT Soris sazogadoebis

yvela wevrisaTvis `kulturis~ xelmisawvdomobac). naTqvami

SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs viocneboT saxelmwifo biujetis gasavlis

nawilis formirebisadmi principulad axal midgomaze: jer

uzrunvelyofili unda iyos sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri

moTxovnilebani (bavSvebi, ganaTleba, janmrTeloba da a.S.), Semdeg ki

(`narCenebis principis” mixedviT dagegmili Semosavlis darCenili

nawili) _ saxelmwifo àparatis,~ SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, sagareo-

politikuri da sxva organoebis Sesanaxad.

gakveTili mecxre _ socialuri mSvidobis Sesaxeb ekonomikis

reformirebam (mecxramete saukunis Semdgomi movlenebi) cxadyo, rom

omebi da revoluciebi (romlebic angreven damkvidrebul

sazogadoebriv wyobilebas saxelmwifoSi) xels rodi uwyobs

ekonomikis ganviTarebas. magram yvelaze mTavari, rac am ganvlilma

periodma daamtkica, is aris, rom socialuri mSvidoba sazogadoebaSi

saWiroa da aris lamis ZiriTadi mastabilizebeli faqtori,

gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri krizisebidan gamosvlis periodSi.

gavixsenoT Tundac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, iaponiisa da

germaniis ekonomikuri istoria.

kongresi iRebda f. ruzveltis mier SemoTavazebul kanonebs

ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi: raki ekonomika krizisSia da xalxmac xma

misca àxali kursis~ programas, modiT, aRvadginoT ekonomika,

uzrunvelvyoT keTildReoba, Semdeg ki davubrundeT politikur

bataliebs. ruzveltis sagangebo kanonebiT marto amerikelTa Cveuli

piradi uflebebi rodi ilaxeboda, _ kanonebi mrewvelobisa da soflis

meurneobis Sesaxeb saerTod arakonstituciuri iyo (rac aRiara kidec

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ori wlis

Semdeg; magram isini gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ori wlisaTvis, raTa

adgilidan `daeZraT~ uremi, _ Semdeg ki procesi damoukideblad

`ganviTarda~). da aravin ar usyvedurebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

am prezidents imis gamo, rom daarRvia qveynis konstitucia, radgan

160

moqalaqeTaTvis normaluri cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa yvela daweril

qaRaldze ufro Zvirfasia.

roca iaponiis ekonomikis reformas axorcielebda, amerikis

SeerTebulma Statebma ar dauSva Secdoma imperatoris

xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT (mis likvidacias SeiZleboda mZime da

ganuWvreteli socialuri Sedegebi mohyoloda). imperatori mxolod

Camoaciles qveynis marTvaSi pirdapir monawileobas, skolebSi ki

gauqmda yvela sagani (rogorc wesi, samxedro ganxrisa), romlebic

dakavSirebuli iyo mikadosa da misi kultis `gaRmerTebis~, iseve

rogorc samuraelTa qcevis kultis danergvasTan. òbivatelebisaTvis~

imperatori darCa; eris socialuri afeTqebis safuZveli ar Seqmnila,

iaponelTa mozardi Taoba ki aRiqvamda ekonomikuri da politikuri

cxovrebis axal realiebs. ufro metic, Seqmna ra, profkavSirebi,

makarturis samxedro administraciam mSromelTa mTeli energia

waremarTa maTi uflebebis dasacavad kanonieri gziT, romelic ar

angrevda ekonomikas. ekonomikur problemaTa gadaWris araZaladuri

xerxi ufro produqtiuli gamodga, vidre Zaladuri (organizebuli

evolucia revoluciis nacvlad).

ludvig erhardi SesamCnevi figura gaxda mas Semdeg, rac gazeTma

`noie caituingma~ gamoaqveyna (1946 wlis 14 oqtombers) statia

`Tavisufali ekonomika da gegmiani meurneoba~. saxelmwifos amocanaa

èkonomikas dausaxos miznebi da SeimuSaos sameurneo politikis

xelmZRvaneli principebi, ...Tvali adevnos imas, rom arc

sazogadoebrivi privilegiebi, arc xelovnuri monopoliebi ar

arRvevdes ekonomikuri Zalebis bunebriv wonasworobas, rom rCebodes

adgili moTxovnisa da miwodebis TamaSisaTvis~. gaxda ra ekonomikis

sammarTvelos direqtori, erhardi yovel kviras gamodioda radioTi,

mosaxleobas ganumartavda ekonomikur RonisZiebebs, romlebic

muSavdeboda da xorcieldeboda. `kanoni sameurneo struqturis

principebisa da fasebis politikis Sesaxeb fulis reformis Semdeg~

gaitanes 1948 wlis 17 ivniss ekonomikuri sabWos meSveobiT, romelsac

xma misca 52 kacma, xolo winaaRmdeg _ 37 (winaaRmdegi iyo social-

dekokratTa mTeli fraqcia; germaniis social-demokratiulma partiam

Tavisi pozicia mxoldo 1959 wels gadasinja). `kapitalisturi

161

anarqiis~ winaaRmdeg profkavSirebmac gailaSqres. 1949 wlis

martisaTvis saqonlis fasebis zrda Sewyda, daiwyo ekonomikuri

stabilizacia, erhards daujeres (germaniisaTvis kargi gamodga is, rom

saokupacio xelisuflebma erhards mxari dauWires). axla `socialurad

orientirebuli ekonomika~ Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis erT-

erTi anbanuri WeSmaritebaa.

gakveTili meaTe. erisa da qveynis warmateba, misi ekonomikuri da

sulieri winsvla mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac eri cal-

calke, jgufebad da wodebaTa dauyoflad, erTiani mecadineobiT

cdilobs cxovrebis gzis gakvalvas, misi sawinaaRmdego gza ki aris

momakvdinebeli.

sazogadoeba, romelSic yoveli individi, jgufi an wodeba cdilobs

mxolod Tavisi interesebiT Semoifarglos, myarad ver viTardeba.

aseTi wyoba, aseTi agebulebis sazogadoeba qviSaze agebul saxls

emsgavseba, romelic mcire winaaRmdegobasac ver gauZlebs da pirveli

qaris SebervisTanave daifuSeba. rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

istoriis gamocdileba mowmobs, qveyanaze marto im ers gauZlia,

warmateba moupovebia da gaZlierebula, romelsac moumarjvebia

`moZRvreba marTali da WeSmariti~. ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda: èxla

sul sxva droa da am sxva drom sxva moZRvrebac moitana, moZRvreba

marTali da WeSmariti. exla calke kacia, Tu calke wodeba, marto amas

unda iZaxdes da marto amisaTvis unda erjodes guli, rom Tu sxvani

kargad arian, mec kargad viqnebio. vinc dRes amas iviwyebs, is iviwyebs

sakuTars Tavsa, sakuTars bednierebas suliersa da xorciels~ (i.

WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, p. ingoroyvas

redaqtorobiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, Tb., 1957. gv.

313).

is sazogadoebrivi jgufi, romelic `daiqadebs~, rom `Tu me kargad

var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano~, e.i. saerTo interesebTan SedarebiT wina

planze Tavisas wamoswevs da Tavis qonebriv da gonebriv Rones imis

cdas Sealevs, rom `calke viyo da calke vbednierdebodeo~, amaod

daSvreba, radgan aseTi ram SeuZlebelia. amas adasturebs xangrZlivi

istoriuli gamocdileba. aqedan Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT yvelaze

mTavari gakveTili. `yvelam erTad da TiToeulma calke unda icodnen,

162

rom igi ganuyofeli nawilia mTelis erisa da amitomac Tavis

keTildReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildReobaSi da ara

calke. aragonierma kacma, ra wodebisac gind iyos, es ar unda

daiviwyos, Tu unda Tavisi sikeTe mkvidrs safuZvelze daamyaros~ (iqve,

gv. 314).

imisaTvis, rom ekonomikuri progresi Seuqcevadi gavxadoT,

aucilebelia `Cveni cxovreba warmoadgendes erTs didebuls denas

SeerTebulis Zalisas~, rom `sikeTe erTobisa da yvelasaTvis saxeirod

gaiSalos~.

kari III. Tanamedroveoba da Rirebulebebi

3.1. demokratiis liberaluri Rirebulebebi

iseve rogorc tranzituli anu gardamavali qveynebis umravlesobas

saqarTvelosac jer kidev bevri aklia rogorc demokratiis, ise, liberaluri

demokratiis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, demokratiis amosavali

principi samarTliani saarCevno garemos da Tavisufali arCevnebis uzrunvelyofaa.

ganaxlebul saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas amisken Cven sakmaod didi nabiji ukve

gadavdgiT. liberaluri demokratiis arsi ki is aris rom upiratesoba eniWeba ara

umravlesobis gadawyvetilebebs, aramed individebisa da calkeuli jgufebis

interesebs. ufro martivad rom vTqvaT liberaluri demokratiis pirobebSi

dasaSvebi da misaRebia yvelaferi, rac ar Seicavs socialur saSiSroebas anu ar

emuqreba sxvis usafrTxoebas. am mimarTulebiTac winsvla ukve daiwyo. Tumca,

aseTi liberaluri cnobierebis Camoyalibebis sakmaod rTul gzas jer mxolod

davadeqiT.

demokratia (Democracy) mmarTvelobis erT-erTi SesaZlo forma, xalxis

mmarTvelobis sinonimia da, rogorc aseTi, gansxvavdeba erTi (monarqia,

avtokratia), an ramdenime piris (aristokratia, oligarqia) mmarTvelobisagan.

demokratiulia is qveynebi, sadac kanonmdeblobiTaa dadgenili, rom mmarTvelTa

uflebamosilebani marTulTa Tanxmobis Sedegia. warmomadgenlobiT demokratiis

pirobebSi amomrCevlebi periodulad irCeven Tavis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic

163

pasuxs ageben maT mier miRebul politikur gadawyvetilebebze. nebismieri

demokratiis damaxasiaTebeli niSania arCevanis Tavisuflebis pativiscema, romelic

gulisxmobs iseTi samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis arsebobas, rogoricaa sityvis da

Sekrebebis Tavisufleba. demokratia Semdegi pirobebis dacvas gulisxmobs:

1. xelisuflebis dayofa;

2. xelisuflebis Zalauflebis SezRudva;

3. Semwynarebloba uTanxmoebaTa mimarT;

4. informacis xelmisawvdomoba;

5. sazogadoebaSi ganxeTqilebis ararseboba;

6. warmatebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

demokratias xSirad aigiveben umravlesobis mmarTvelobasTan, risi

damadasturebelic, TiTqosda, Tavisufali, samarTliani arCevnebia. Tumca, rogorc

istoria gviCvenebs, umravlesobis mmarTveloba SesaZlebelia Zalian sastiki

aRmoCndes calkeuli adamianebisa da sxvadasxva saxis umciresobaTa mimarT.

swored umravlesobam gamoutana sasikvdilo ganaCeni sokrates, rac aTenis

politikur wyobas dadebiTad ar axasiaTebs. umravlesobas, rogorc wesi, aviwydeba

umciresobaTa problemebi, xolo zogierTi problema mtrul damokidebulebas

iwvevs umravlesobis mxridan. es imas niSnavs, rom umravlesobis ganusazRvreli

Zalaufleba safrTxes warmoadgens calkeuli pirebis, an jgufebis mimarT. swored

amitom, Tanamedrove gagebiT, demokratia umravlesobis SezRuduli Zalauflebaa,

SezRuduli yvela im uflebiTa da TavisuflebiT, romlebic calkeul adamianebs

ekuTvniT. umravlesobas ara aqvs am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis

ufleba. amrigad, adamianis uflebani da Tavisuflebani zRudaven umravlesobis

Zalauflebas.

SezRuduli Zalauflebis pr

incipi xSirad warmogvidgeba, rogorc konstituciurobis principi. Cvens

droSi es principi asaxulia konstituciis TavebSi – es is Tavebia, romlebSic

mocemulia adamianis uflebani da Tavisuflebani. isini pirvel rigSi

kanonmdeblebis Zalauflebas zRudaven, vinaidan ar aZlevs maT saSualebas gaauqmon

azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, an sakanonmdeblo wesiT dauSvan adamianis pativisa

da Rirsebis Selaxva. amrigad, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi adamianis uflebani da

Tavisuflebani umravlesobis Zalauflebis zRvars aweseben. demokratiis done miT

164

ufro maRalia, rac ufro SezRudulia elitis politikuri Zalaufleba da rac

ufro maRalia farTo socialuri fenebis gavlena.

demokratiuli uflebebi (Democratic rights) niSnavs Semdegs:

1. yovel adamians aqvs sakuTari qveynis marTvaSi pirdapir, an arCeuli

warmomadgeblebis meSveobiT monawileobis ufleba;

2. yovel adamians aqvs Tanaswori ufleba, iyos saxelmwifo samsaxurSi

sakuTar qveyanaSi.

xalxis neba xelisuflebis Zalauflebis safuZvelia: es neba gamoxatuli

unda iqnes periodul da samarTlian arCevnebSi, romlebic tardeba faruli

kenWisyriT sayovelTao da Tanabari saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze, an

ekvivalenturi saarCevno proceduriT.

Tanamedroveobis umTavres liberalur Rirebulebebad, romelTac demokratia

efuZneba, miiCneven sicocxles, sakuTrebas da Rirsebas, romelTac aRniSnulis

gamo sam burjs, sam veSaps uwodeben. ra Tqma unda, sxva Rirebulebebic arsebobs,

magaliTad, rogoricaa tolerantuli sivrcis Seqmna, adamianis uflebebisa da

sityvis Tavisuflebis xarisxis amaRleba, eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis

xelSewyoba da mravali sxva, magram yvelaze ufro fundamenturad, zemoaRniSnuli

sami mTavari faseuloba iTvleba.

aSS-is konstituciaSi sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba mTavar

demokratiul Rirebulebebad iTvleba (ix. magaliTad: aSS konstitucia:

kompromisis xelovneba anu marTulTa mmarTveloba. samecniero redaqtori mindia

ugrexeliZe, gamomcemloba `jisiai~, Tb., 1997). isini pirovnebis ZiriTad,

TanabarmniSvnelovan uflebebadaa miCneuli. demokratiis fundamenturi

kategoriebiT azrovneba mis saTanado gaazrebas saWiroebs, magram gza idealuri

demokratiisaken ia-vardiT mofenili rodia. igi TviT aSS-ic ar iyo yovelTvis

srulyofili. SeuZlebelia iTqvas, rom umciresobebis uflebebi amerikaSi

yovelTvis daculi iyo. es, miT umetes, iTqmis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelic

demokratiis sawyis, misTvis fundamentis Cayris stadiaze imyofeba.

Tu msoflio konstitucionalizmis praqtikas gadavxedavT, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom umravlesi qveynebis konstituciebSi demokratiuli weswyobilebis

fundamentur Rirebulebebad, romliskenac dReniadag unda viswrafvodeT da

romelic saqarTvelos konstituciiTac aris gacxadebuli, miCneulia:

165

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi. saxelmwifo xelisufleba

xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi.

xalxi Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs referendumis, uSualo

demokratiis sxva formebisa da Tavisi warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT.

aravis ara aqvs ufleba miiTvisos an ukanonod moipovos xelisufleba.

saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisufleba danawilebis

principze dayrdnobiT.

saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela sxva

samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias.

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis

sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. saqarTvelos

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba

saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas aqvs upiratesi

iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.

saxelmwifo acxadebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas,

amasTan erTad aRiarebs saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi

da mis damoukideblobas saxelmwifosagan.

yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia

ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa da

politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri

kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa,

sacxovrebeli adgilisa.

sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni.

yvelas aqvs sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba.

adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia.

adamianis Tavisufleba xelSeuvalia.

yovel adamians aqvs sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis

Tavisufleba.

yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili, piradi

Canaweri, mimowera, saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri

saSualebiT, agreTve teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani

xelSeuxebelia. aRniSnuli uflebebis SezRudva daiSveba sasamarTlos

166

gadawyvetilelbiT an mis gareSec, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

gadaudebeli aucileblobisas.

sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia.

dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT

miRebis sayovelTao uflebis gauqmeba.

yvelas, vinc kanonierad imyofeba saqarTveloSi, aqvs qveynis mTel

teritoriaze Tavisufali mimosvlisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis

Tavisufali arCevis ufleba.

inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofilia.

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ufleba xelSeuvalia.

yovel adamians aqvs ufleba Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos

informacia, gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos Tavisi azri zepirad, werilobiT an

sxvagvari saSualebiT.

yvelas, garda im pirebisa, romlebic arian samxedro Zalebis, policiisa

da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis SemadgenlobaSi, ufleba aqvs winaswari

nebarTvis gareSe Seikribos sajarod da uiaraRod rogorc WerqveS, ise

gareT.

yvelas aqvs sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis, maT Soris profesiuli

kavSirebis Seqmnisa da maTSi gaerTianebis ufleba.

saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes 18 wlis asakidan aqvs referendumSi,

saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis arCevnebSi monawileobis

ufleba. uzrunvelyofilia amomrCevelTa nebis Tavisufali gamovlineba.

saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs daikavos nebismieri

saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, Tu igi akmayofilebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil

moTxovnebs.

Sroma Tavisufalia.

saxelmwifo zrunavs qveynis mTeli teritoriis Tanabari socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. maRalmTiania regionebis socialur-

ekonomikuri progresis uzrunvelsayofad kanoni adgens SeRavaTebs.

gaficvis ufleba aRiarebulia. am uflebis ganxorcielebis wesi

ganisazRvreba kanoniT. adgens agreTve sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani

samsaxurebis saqmianobis garantiebs.

167

saxelmwifo xels uwyobs kulturis ganviTarebas, kulturul

cxovrebaSi moqalaqeTa SeuzRudav monawileobas, kulturuli

TviTmyofobis gamovlinebasa da gamdidrebas, erovnul da

zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa aRiarebas da saerTaSoriso kulturul

urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebas.

yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis miRebisa da misi formis arCevis ufleba.

qorwineba emyareba meuRleTa uflebriv Tanasworobasa da nebayoflobas.

yvelas aqvs ufleba isargeblos janmrTelobis dazRveviT, rogorc

xelmisawvdomi samedicino daxmarebis saSualebiT. kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT gansazRvrul pirobebSi uzrunvelyofilia ufaso samedicino

daxmareba.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeni Tanasworni arian socialur, ekonomikur,

kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi ganurCevlad maTi erovnuli,

eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad maT

ufleba aqvT Tavisuflad, yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe

ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon dedaeniT pirad cxovrebaSi

da sajarod.

saqarTvelos konstitucia ar uaryofs adamianisa da moqalaqis sxva

sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebs, Tavisuflebebsa da garantiebs,

romlebic aq aris moxseniebuli, magram TavisTavad gamomdinareoben

konstituciis principebidan.

saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT

gaecnos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi masze arsebul informacias, agreTve

iq arsebul oficialur dokumentebs, Tu isini ar Seicaven saxelmwifo,

profesiul an komerciul saidumloebas.

yovel adamians ufleba aqvs uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad

mimarTos sasamarTlos.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yoveli piri valdebulia asrlebdes

saqarTvelos konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs.

adamianis uflebebi demokratiuli saxelmwifosa da demokratiuli

sazogadoebis arsebobis mniSvnelovani pirobaa. adamianis yvela uflebis dacva

aris saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis upirvelesi amocana. mis Sesaxeb politologi

168

paata zaqareiSvili gaz. `24 saaTis~ korespondentTan saubrisas Semdegs

aRniSnavda: `yvelaze didi saSineleba sazogadoebisaTvis aris akrZaluli Temebi.

sxva sakiTxia, sad da rodis unda ilaparako am Temebze – yvelgan da yovelTvis

ar SeiZleba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi swori aris ara TviTon pozicia, aramed

poziciis dafiqsireba. adamians ufleba aqvs, Tavisi simarTliT icxovros da ar

eSinodes Tavisi simarTlis dafiqsirebisa da am simarTlis dacvisa. sazogadoeba

valdebulia da mzad unda iyos nebismieri poziciis gaTvaliswinebisa da

msjelobisaTvis. kargia, roca sazogadoebaSi viRaca fiqrobs sxvanairad da es

sazogadoeba mzad aris es sxvanairi azrovneba gaiTvaliswinos, miiRos da pativi

sces kidevac. sazogadoeba aris is, sadac yvelas mosazrebebi erT sivrceSi

arsebobs da mimdinareobs diskusia~ (nana sajaia, `me – adamiani~, `24 saaTi~, 13

ivnisi, 2007, #129, gv. A5).

yvela qveyana individualuri da gansxvavebulia. yvela mTavroba unda

asaxavdes Tavisi qveynis kulturasa da istorias. magram yvela demokratia unda

asaxavdes xalxis nebas. demokratia movaleobebis gareSe ar arsebobs. is bevr

valdebulebas gulisxmobs – kanonis uzenaesobas, gamWvirvalobas da umciresobaTa

uflebebis dacvas. pasuxismgebloba niSnavs samarTlianobas, niSnavs imas, rom

adamianebs vuTxraT mTeli simarTle da sajarod vaRiaroT daSvebuli Secdomebi.

pasuxismgebloba didi miznebisaTvis yvelas erTad dgomis da tiraniis winaaRmdeg

gabedul brZolasac niSnavs.

demokratiuli sazogadoebis zefaseulobebi aris misi liberaluri

Rirebulebebi. swored isini gansazRvraven qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis

paToss. saxelmwifo unda qadagebdes da amkvidrebdes liberalur, memarjvene

models, roca saxelmwifo ar ereva bevr mniSvnelovan procesSi da procesebi

bunebrivad viTardeba. amaSi igulisxmeba kerZo mewarmeoba, ganaTleba,

janmrTelobis dacva. aravis ara aqvs ufleba SezRudos sxvisi ufleba. memarjvene

modelis mixedviT saxelmwifo bevr mniSvnelovan procesSi ar unda ereodes.

amasTan arsebobs uamravi sikeTe, romelTa uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos Carevis

gareSe SeuZlebelia, es ki niSnavs, rom SeiZleba vinme SeizRudos kidec.

araviTari Rirebuleba ar arsebobs `Tavisuflebis~ gareSe. amitom Cven

qvemoT, ZiriTadad am kategoriiT SemovifarglebiT. Tavisufleba – msoflioSi

yvelaze liberaluri saxelmwifos – amerikuli civilizaciis sakvanZo sityvaa.

Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis Tanaxmad, amerikelTa 72%-ma kiTxvaze: ra aris maTTvis

169

mniSvnelovani – Tavisufleba Tu Tanasworoba? _ upasuxa `Tavisufleba~.

Sesadareblad igive kiTxvaze igive pasuxi iaponelTa 43%-ma gasca. liberalizmi

(liberty – Tavisufleba) gaxda aSS-s gabatonebuli filosofia da TandaTanobiT

aRiqmeba mTeli danarCeni msoflios mier. igi gaxda transnacionalizaciis

filosofiis da Tanamedrove megaekonomikis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili (a.

g. movsesiani, s. b. ognivcevi, msoflio ekonomika, me-2 tomi, 2004 w. gv. 39).

Tavisufleba (Freedom) individualuri, an koleqtiuri mdgomareobaa,

romelic sxvadasxva moqmedebas Soris arCevanis saSualebas gulisxmobs.

Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis SesaZleblobas imoqmedos Tavisi nebis Sesabamisad,

vinmes mier, an visime saxeliT dawesebuli yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe. amave

dros Tavisufleba adamianis xelSeuxeblobasac gulisxmobs (aramarTlzomieri

dakavebis, an dapatimrebisagan Tavisufleba, deportaciisa da monobisagan

Tavisufleba).

`Tavisufleba~ niSnavs imas, rom xelisufleba pirobebs ar karnaxobs da

Tavis nebas ar axvevs xalxs. xelisufleba xalxis moTxovnebs da saWiroebebs

unda pasuxobdes. Tavisufleba aris iq, sadac xalxs SeuZlia Secvalos lideri,

Tu is ar moswons~. aSS-s eqsprezidenti jorj buSi umcrosi miiCnevda, rom

Tavisufleba universaluria, anu is aris sazogado, yovlismomcveli, sayovelTao.

swored amaze metyvelebs misi sityvebi: `me idealisti var da mjera imis, risi

gakeTebac SesaZlebelia. mjera, Tavisufleba universaluria da mjera, rom Tu

adamianebs Sansi miecemaT, isini aucileblad airCeven mas~ (eka kvesitaZe.

`Tavisufleba universaluria~ interviu aSS prezident jorj buSTan. gaz. `24

saaTi~, #102, 2005 wlis 9 mais, gv. 3) es brZola ki aucileblad unda iyos

mSvidobiani. TavisuflebisaTvis unda vibrZoloT. mxolod ase SeiZleba mivaRwioT

imas, rom xalxi TviTmmarTvelobaze gadavides.

`Tavisuflebis~ ufro safuZvlianad gasacnobiereblad misi cneba

filosofiurad unda gaviazroT.

Tavisufleba _ SesaZlebloba, moiqce ise, rogorc gsurs. neba Tavisi

arsiT yovelTvis Tavisufalia. Tavisuflebis problema filosofiis istoriaSi

rTuldeba imiT, rom bevri moazrovne cdilobda Tavisuflebis arsidan gamoeyvana

adamianis movaleoba, iswrafodnen an saerTod ar iyenebdnen Tavisuflebis cnebas,

an Tu iyenebdnen mas, garkveulwilad zRudavdnen. magram movaleoba arasodes ar

SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes Tavad Tavisuflebidan, mxolod eTikuri

170

Sexedulebebidan. aris ra SeuzRudveli Tavisi arsiT, Tavisufleba sworedac unda

gulisxmobdes eTikas, raTa gaxados adamianebi ganusazRvrelad pasuxismgeblobis

mqoneni yvelafer imaze, rasac isini sCadian da ris nebasac sxvebs rTaven;

Tavisuflebis realurobis, rogorc aseTis, mtkiceba moyvanilia onTologiis mier

fenebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi, fsiqologiaSi _ normaluri adamianisTvis

Seuracxmyofeli daxasiaTebis misi rogorc `Seuracxadis~ analiziT, anu rogorc

iseTi adamianisa, romelsac ar SeuZlia pasuxi agos Tavis moqmedebebze, vinaidam

igi Tavisufali araa.

cneba Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis

cneba TandaTan devnis dabrkolebebisgan (iZuleba, kazualuroba, bediwera)

Tavisuflebis cnebas. Zvel filosofiaSi (sokrates da platons) upirvelesad

saubaria Tavisuflebasa da bedisweraze, Semdeg politikuri despotizmisgan

Tavisuflebaze (aristotelesa da epikuresTan) da adamianuri yofis ubedurebebze

(epikuresTan, stoikosebTan, neoplatonizmSi). Sua saukuneebSi Tavisuflebad

igulisxmeboda codvisgan Tavisufleba da eklesiis mier SeCveneba, amasTan

Cndeboda uTanxmoeba adamianis mier zneobrivad moTxovnad Tavisuflebasa da

religiis mier moTxovnad RmerTis yovlisSemZleobas Soris. renesansis epoqasa da

momdevno periodSi TavisuflebaSi gulisxmobdnen adamianuri pirovnebis

daubrkolebel yovelmxriv ganfenas. ganmanaTleblobis droidan Cndeba

Tavisuflebis cneba, romelic nasesxebia sabunebismetyvelo samarTlis

liberalizmidan da filosofiidan (altuzia, hobsi, grociusi, pefendorfi; 1689

wels inglisSi _ uflebebis bili), mas akavebda sul ufro gaRrmavebuli

samecniero Sexeduleba, romelic aRiarebda yovlisSemZle bunebrivi mizezobriobis

da kanonzomierebis batonobas. germanul religiasa da filosofiaSi, dawyebuli

meister ekxartidan, leibnicis, kantis, goeTes da Sileris CaTvliT, agreTve

germanul idializmSi Sopenhaueramde da nicSemde, dasmulia sakiTxi

Tavisuflebaze, rogorc arsis da misi ganviTarebis zneobriv-SemoqmedebiTi

Sesabamisobis postulatis sakiTxi. marqsizmi Tavisuflebas fiqciad miiCnevs:

adamiani azrovnebs da iqceva zraxvebidan da garemodan gamomdinare, amasTan

ZiriTad rols mis garemoSi asrulebs ekonomikuri urTierToba da klasobrivi

brZola. haidegeris egzistencializmis Tanaxmad, yofierebis ZiriTadi Semadgenelia

SiSi _ SiSi aryofnis SesaZleblobis winaSe, SiSi, romelic aTavisuflebs adamians

sinamdvilis yvela pirobiTobisgan da aseTi safuZveli saSualebas aZlevs mas,

171

miaRwios garkveulwilad Tavisuflebas, romelic damyarebulia araferze, airCios

Tavisi Tavi Tavis gardauval pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebaSi Tavis Tavze, anu

airCio Seni Tavi rogorc sakuTari, faseulobis mqone arseboba. iaspersis

egzistencializmis Tanaxmad, adamiani Tavisufalia daZlios samyaros yofiereba

Tavisi Tavis arCevisas da miaRwios yovlismomcvelis transcendencias. Tavisufali

yofierebaa niSnavs SesaZleblobas, ganaxorcielo keTili an boroti neba. keTil

nebas aqvs RvTaebrivi upirobo sarwmunooba; igi Semoifargleba ubralo garkveuli

yofierebis da WeSmariti yofierebis aracnobieri cxovrebiseuli sijiutiT.

sartris egzistencializmis Tanaxmad, Tavisufleba ara adamianis, aramed misi

substanciis Tvisebaa. adamiani ar SeiZleba ganirCeodes Tavisi TavisuflebiT,

Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba ganirCeodes misi gamovlenisgan. adamians, vinaidan igi

Tavisufalia, Tavisuflad SeuZlia arCeul mizanze Tavisi Tavis proecireba da es

mizani gansazRvravs, ras warmoadgens igi. mizandasaxulobasTan erTad warmoiSoba

sxva faseulobebic, sagnebi gamodis TavianTi aradiferencirebulobisgan da

organizebas axdens situaciis, romelic asrulebs adamians da romelsac igi Tavad

miekuTvneba. Sesabamisad, adamiani yovelTvis imis Rirsia, rac emarTeba. mas ar aqvs

Tavis marTlebis safuZveli;

transcendentuli Tavisufleba _ kantis mixedviT, nebis

TviTgamorkvevis piroba sakuTari kanoniT, romlis wyalobiTac iwyeba axali

kazualuri gvari movlenaTa samyaroSi. transcendentuli Tavisufleba praqtikul

Tvisuflebas SesaZlebels xdis, kerZod ki, nebis damoukideblobas grZnobiTi

zraxvebis mxridan iZulebiT.

cxovrebas ver Seicnob, Tu Seni epoqis Sinaarss ar (an ver) Seimecneb.

amisaTvis ki, upirveles yovlisa, mTavari epoqaluri orientirebi unda

gaicnobiero. unda icode ra aris is mTavari maxasiaTebeli, RirsSesaniSnavi, didad

mniSvnelovani movlena, rac epoqas qmnis. axla ukve yvela Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom

Cveni drois mTavari damaxasiaTebeli TavisuflebisaTvis globaluri brZolaa. misi

daxasiaTeba aSS-Si 2001 w. 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teraqtidan aiTvleba,

mTavari niSan-Tviseba ki saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa Zireuli Secvlis dasawyisSi

mdgomareobs.

Cven unda vaSenoT Tavisufali da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT gamsWvaluli

sazogadoeba. mxolod ase SeiZleba davutovoT Cvens momaval Taobebs naTeli

momavali: `Tavisufali da mSvidobiani msoflio~. es ki demokratiisa da mSvidobis

172

aucileblobaze metyvelebs. mSvidobiani msoflio planetis xalxebis sanimuSo

Tanacxovrebas, maTs karg mezoblobas niSnavs. kargi mezoblebi ki mxolod Zlieri

demokratebi arian.

imisaTvis, rom icode rogor moiqce Sens mezobelTan, isic unda icode,

rogor afaseben mas sxvebi da ras gvirCeven isini Cven. unda icode, rogor

afaseben mis rols msoflio asparezze isini, vinc mas gansazRvraven. aSS-s

eqsprezidenti jorj buSi(umcrosi) saqarTveloSi vizitis dros amis Sesaxeb

saintereso Sefasebebs iZleoda. moviyvanT fragmentebs misi mosazrebebidan:

`ruseTi msoflio politikaSi Zalian did rols asrulebs. is im kvartetis

nawilia, romelic axlo aRmosavleTSi mSvidobisaTvis ibrZvis~.

`Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam konstruqciulad

iTanamSromlos ruseTTan...~.

`mimaCnia, rom Cveni TanamSromloba (aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris _ avt.)

gadamwyvetia msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis~.

`ruseTi mniSvnelovani moTamaSea msoflio politikis scenaze da me Zalian

minda, rom yvela sakiTxebze, razec Cven gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi gvaqvs,

mSvidobianad movilaparakoT da problemebi diplomatiis gziT gadavWraT~.

imisaTvis, rom zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebi ufro kargad gavigoT, SevexoT

Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili politologis, aSS strategiisa da

saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis centris direqtoris zbignev bzeJinskis

intervius (ix. gaz. `24 saaTi~, #108 (968), 2005 wlis 17 maisi, gv. 1, 3),

romelsac wiTel zolad gasdevs azri imis Taobaze, rom Tavisufleba Tavis TavSi

uzarmazar valdebulebasac moicavs da es valdebuleba, upirveles yovlisa,

institutebiT gamagrebuli, kanonis uzenaesobaze damyarebuli demokratiis Seqmnas

gulisxmobs.

z. bzeJinski miiCnevda, rom Sors aRaraa is dro, rodesac ruseTis

xelisufleba gaacnobierebs, rom demokratizaciis procesi, romelic daiwyo,

Seuqcevadia. aTwleulebis Semdeg es qveyana sul sxva Rirebulebebis matarebeli

gaxdeba, rac msflio mniSvnelobis did sasikeTo cvlilebebs moitans. z. bzeJinski

aRniSnavs: `me darwmunebuli var, rom aTwleulebis Semdeg ruseTis politikuri

elitis axali Taoba arsebiTad gansxvavebuli iqneba axlandeli mmarTveli

wrisagan. me vfiqrob, rom cvlilebebis dro aucileblad dadgeba. ruseTis

173

axalgazrda Taobas, romelTagan bevri mogzaurobs da swavlobs sazRvargareT,

sul sxva msoflmxedveloba aqvT.~

intervius bolos, korespondentma zbignev bzeJinskis konkretuli kiTxva

dausva: `ra cvlilebebs da warmatebebs xedavT revoluciis Semdeg, SevardnaZidan

– saakaSvilamde? rogor fiqrobT, ra aris yvelaze didi gamowveva axali qarTuli

demokratiisaTvis da rogor SeiZleba am gamowvevebTan gamklaveba?~

am kiTxvaze Tavis pasuxSi politologi mkafiod ayalibebda Tavis rCevebs

saqarTvelos xelisuflebisadmi, misi prezidentisadmi da xazs usvamda

Tanamedrove etapze maTi moqmedebis fundamenturi RirebulebebiT orientirebas.

kerZod, igi aRniSnavs: `yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic moxda,

xelisuflebaSi axali Taobis mosvlaa. axali politikuri liderebi gacilebiT

naklebad arian sabWoTa periodis produqtebi, vidre maTi winamorbedebi.

axla ki saWiroa, gamarTuli sistemis Seqmna da praqtikuli politikis gziT

imis demonstrireba, rom saqarTveloSi demokratia moqmedi realobaa. saqarTvelos

axalma demokratiam unda daarwmunos saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rom mas Seswevs

unari, moagvaros is problemebi, romelic sabWoTa kavSirma dautova. warsulis

narCenebi, maT Soris separatizmi, ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc normaluri

movlena. am konteqstSi, saqarTvelom aseve unda daarwmunos saerTaSoriso

Tanamegobroba, rom misi demokratia mtkicea, rom is emyareba ara emociebs, aramed

konstituciiT gamyarebul kanonmorCil sistemas. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam unda

aCvenos, rom rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao politikaSi misi gadawyvetilebebi

momwifebul, pasuxismgeblobiT savse, kargad gaazrebul politikas eyrdnoba da

ara emociur atmosferoSi gakeTebul mkveTr da radikalur Jestebs~. es aris

friad mniSvnelovani, sasargeblo rCevebi, romlis ueWveli gaTvalswinebis gareSe

Cveni qveyana liberalur Rirebulebebs warmatebiT ver daamkvidrebs, amitom aseTi

orientirebiT ueWvelad unda vxelmZRvanelobdeT. am gzis siswores cxovreba Cven

yovel fexis nabijze gvidasturebs.

axla, rac Seexeba sakuTrebas. sakuTrebis ufleba (The right of property) niSnavs

yoveli fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris uflebas flobdes da gankargavdes qonebas.

dauSvebelia sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis TviTneburad CamorTmeva. es ufleba

SesaZlebelia SeizRudos sazogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinare da mxolod

kanoniT da saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebiT. sakuTrebis

uflebis gauqmeba dauSvebelia.

174

sakuTrebas yovelTvis eniWeboda gansakuTrebuli, absoluturi xasiaTi.

mxolod bolo dros sakuTrebis didebulma cnebam daiwyo TandaTanobiT

gafermkrTaleba, Semcireba da gaqroba mravali pirobiTa da ganmartebiT. axla

sayovelTaod miRebulia Sexeduleba sakuTrebaze, rogorc raRac ùflebaTa

konaze~. Tanamedrove ùniversaluri metaTeoriis~ saTaveebTan dganan cnobili

institucionalistebi _ 1991 wlis nobelis premiis laureati r. kouzi da los-

anJelesis universitetis profesori a. alCiani. sruli ùflebaTa kona~, maTi

ingliseli mimdevris a. onores gansazRvrebiT, Sedgeba Semdegi 11 elementisagan:

1. flobis ufleba, gagebuli rogorc nivTze gansakuTrebuli fizikuri

kontroli, an, rogorc wesi, misi gansakuTrebuli gamoyenebis ufleba;

2. nivTis gamoyenebis ufleba, roca igi ar moicavs or Semdgom

uflebamosilebas;

3. marTvis ufleba, e.i. ufleba gadawyvitos – rogor da vis SeuZlia

nivTis gamoyeneba;

4. ufleba Semosavalze, anu im dovlaTze, romelsac iZleva wina ori

uflebamosilebis realizacia;

5. gasxvisebis, moxmarebis, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr xarjvis, nivTis

Secvlis an misi ganadgurebis ufleba;

6. garantia eqspropriaciisagan an usafrTxoebis ufleba;

7. nivTis gadacemis ufleba;

8. uvadoba;

9. sxvaTa sazianod nivTis gamoyenebis akrZalva;

10. nivTis CamorTmevis SesaZlebloba valis dasafarad;

11. narCeni xasiaTi, e.i. wesebis arseboba, romelic uzrunvelyofs

darRveuli uflebamosilebis aRdgenas.

sakuTrebis konkretulma uflebam SeiZleba moicvas mxolod ramdenime

aRniSnuli elementi, Sesabamisad, erTsa da imave qonebaze SeiZleba arsebobdes

sakuTrebis ramdenime ufleba.

saqarTveloSi, bolo aTwleulSi Ria sazogadoeba institutis adamianis

uflebebisa da mmarTvelobis grantebis programis (OSI HRGGP) mxardaWeriT

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ramdenime gamokiTxva Catarda (2002, 2003, 2006),

romelic miznad isaxavda mosaxleobis damokidebulebebis dadgenas xelisuflebis

mier ganxorcielebuli politikis mimarT siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri

175

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis, socialuri dacvis, janmrTelobis, ganaTlebisa da

korufciis Semcirebis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, masmediis Tavisuflebisa da

infrastruqturis ganviTarebis sferoebSi. gamokvlevis yuradRebis centrSi iyo

saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi mosaxleobis

CarTvis da sxvadasxva socialuri institutebisadmi ndobis xarisxis dadgena,

aseve moqmedi politikosebis Sefaseba. Seswavlis sagans warmoadgenda

demokratiisadmi damokidebuleba, qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri situacia da

qveynis sagareo orientacia, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da molodinebi.

imis gasarkvevad Tu, rogor aris saqarTveloSi demokratiis liberaluri

Rirebulebebis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis saqme, SeiZleba daveyrdnoT

sazogadoebrivi azris aRniSnul gamokiTxvebs Cvens qveyanaSi 2006 wels

Catarebulma gamokiTxvam asaxa mosaxleobis damokidebuleba qveyanaSi mimdinare

movlenebis, xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis mimarT, warmoaCina

arsebuli problemebi da warmatebebi. aseve cvlilebebi, romlebic aisaxa

mosaxleobis damokidebulebaSi aRniSnul periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis

Sedegad.

rogorc demokratiis liberalur RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT dafiqsirda,

2006 wlis `gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom liberaluri demokratia

ganviTarebis jer kidev sawyis etapzea. mosaxleobis didi nawili saqarTvelos

demokratiul qveyanad ar miiCnevs. demokratiis bevri principi irRveva, iseTi

rogoricaa kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba, moqalaqeebis CarTva gadawyvetilebis

miRebis procesSi, adamianis uflebebis dacva da sasamarTlo sistemis

damoukidebloba. amasTan erTad politikuri kulturac ganviTarebis adreul

stadiazea. partiisadmi mxardaWera ganpirobebulia ara partiis ideologiiT,

aramed partiis liderebis mowonebiT. lideris, gansakuTrebiT ki qveynis

prezidentis pirovneba warmoadgens im wertils, romlis garSemoc xdeba

politikuri mxardaWeris Camoyalibeba.

zogadad dabalia adamianebisa da saxelmwifo struqturebisadmi ndoba.

sagangaSod dabalia sasamarTlisa da parlamentisadmi ndobis done.

mosaxleobisaTvis erT-erT ZiriTad problemas adamianis uflebebis darRveva

warmoadgens~. (nana sumbaZe, barometri 2006 – saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

gamokiTxva. sazogadoebrivi politikis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 81).

176

am gamokvlevis Catarebis Semdeg sakmao periodi gavida da midgomebi da

Sefasebebic, ra Tqma unda, Seicvala, romlis Sesaxebac Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT.

3.2 evropul-qarTuli Rirebulebebis sinTezisken

evropuli Rirebulebebi universaluri xasiaTisaa da yvela epoqas,

sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifos erTnairad miesadageba, iseT maradiul

faseulobaTa universalurobidan gamomdinare, rogorebicaa: pirovnebis

Tavisufleba, adamianuri Rirseba, kanonis uzenaesoba, erovnuli da kulturuli

TviTmyofadoba.

saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom wminda saxiT raime Rirebulebani ar arsebobs,

magram nebismieri qveynis RirebulebebSi aris raRac iseTi maradiuli,

tradiciuli, romlis gamoc maT uwodeben èvropul~, `transatlantikur~,

àziur~, `rusul~, `qarTul~ da a.S. Rirebulebebs.

erovnuli Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs

gamoTqmuli profesor giorgi mWedliSvils Tavis SesaniSnav blogebSi,

romelTagan gansakuTrebiT unda aRvniSnoT `civilizaciur konfliqtSi Tu

kulturaTa dialogSi?~ (sam nawilad).

(ix.:http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=18513&f_cat=&a_title=++++civilizaciur+

konfliqtSi +Tu+kulturaTa+ dialogSi?+(nawili+pirveli);

http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=18735&f_cat=&a_title=civilizaciur+konfliqtSi+Tu+kultu

raTa+dialogSi?+(nawili+meore);

http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=18819&f_cat=&a_title=civilizaciur+konfliqtSi+Tu+kultu

raTa+dialogSi?+(nawili++mesame)).

profesori dasabuTebulad aRniSnavs, rom Seiqmna aRmosavleTisa da

dasavleTis ori gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri paradigma, romelic Cvens

dromde azrobrivi antonimiT ase vlindeba: Tu dasavleTi aris demokratia,

aRmosavleTi despotizmi; dasavleTi – mecnieruli codna, racionaluroba,

aRmosavleTi – intuicia, samyaros Sesisxlxorceba; dasavleTi – dinamizmi,

ganviTareba, moZraoba, aRmosavleTi – uZraoba, stabiluroba; dasavleTi –

modernizacia, inovaciuroba, aRmosavleTi – tradiciuloba, rituali; dasavleTi –

individualizmi, pirovneba, aRmosavleTi – koleqtivizmi da a.S. dRes msoflioSi,

rodesac demokratia, pluralizmi miiCneva yvela kulturisTvis universalur da

http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=18513&f_cat=&a_title=++++civilizaciur

177

absolutur Rirebulebad, dasavluri kulturis bevrma elementma zedapirul

doneze marTlac moicva danarCeni samyaro, Tumca siRrmiseul doneze dasavluri

warmodgenebi da ideebi kvlavac Zireulad gansxvavdeba imaTgan, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia sxva civilizaciebisaTvis. amas ki Tavad dasavleTSi

gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT ase xsnian, rom: “islamur, konfuciur, iaponur,

induistur, budistur da marTlmadideblur kulturaSi, Cven xazs vusvamT

marTlmadideblur kulturaSi, TiTqmis ver poulobs gamoZaxils iseTi dasavluri

ideebi, rogorebicaa individualizmi, liberalizmi, konstitucionalizmi, adamianis

uflebebi, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba, demokratia, Tavisufali

bazari, eklesiis gamoyofa saxelmwifosagan da a.S.

qarTuli Rirebulebebis WeSmariti saxis warmoCenis mizniT blogeri

erovnuli kulturisa da civilizaciis safuZvlebs msoflio konteqstSi

ganixilavs, romlis safuZvelzec samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi, gvsurda Tu ara saqarTvelos aziaSi ufro didxans edga fexi, vidre

evropaSi. swored geografiuli da istoriuli pirobebis gamo iyo, rom mas

urTierToba hqonda islamur civilizaciasTan da ara marto islamur

civilizaciasTan. arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom Cveni qveynis istoriuli da

kulturuli ganviTareba, pirvel rigSi, misma geografiulma mdebareobam

gansazRvra. did savaWro gzebis gasayarze mdebare qveyana ori kontinentis –

evropisa da aziis da, Sesabamisad, ori didi kulturuli samyaros – dasavlurisa

da aRmosavluris – mijnaze iyo ganfenili. kavkasiis yelze mdebare, igi

xmelTaSuazRvisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis udidesi centrebis arealSi iyo

moqceuli. amis gamo saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidanve kontaqtSi iyo mraval

qveyanasTan da xalxTan. saqarTveloSi, misi geopolitikuri realobis gamo,

ZvelTaganve erTmaneTs sxvadasxva Sinaarsis kultura da religia xvdeboda.

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis bunebiTi rwmena warmodgenebis paralelurad aq

berZnul-romauli da qanaanur-mesopotamiuri poliTeizmi, e.i. mezobeli qveynebis

kerpebi da ritualebi ikafavda gzas. XX s-is vanis, noqalaqevis, mcxeTa-armazisa

da sxva arqeologiurma aRmoCenebma daadastura qarTlisa da kolxeTis

teritoriebze rogorc dasavluri, ise aRmosavluri kultebis arseboba. Cveni

winaprebis nawili qristes Sobamde monoTeistur da dualistur Teologiasac

eziara iudaizmisa da zoroastrizmis saxiT. savaraudebelia, rom mosaxleobis

garkveuli raodenoba, elitaruli sazogadoeba mainc, induizmsa da budizmsac

178

icnobda. Cveni winaprebi rom indur-tibetur samyarosac icnobdnen, amis Taobaze

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis rogorc naTargmni, ise originaluri Zeglebic

metyvelebs. amis nimuSad „balavarianis” dasaxelebac ikmarebs. saerTo qarTuli

kulturis qmnadobaSi wvlili ebraul sinagogebsac SehqondaT. Sumeruli da

xeTuri civilizaciebi, aqemeniduri da sasanuri irani, elinisturi aRmosavleTi

da romi, arabuli samyaro da bizantia – ai qarTuli kulturis masazrdoebeli

wyaroebi.

saqarTvelos axasiaTebs is, rac sruliad bunebrivia yvela kulturuli

saxelmwifosTvis: mas ar SeuZlia sxvaTagan izolirebulad cxovreba, piruku,

aqtiur urTierTobaTa da kulturul faseulobaTa gacvla-gamocvliT mudam

imaRlebs sakuTar kulturul dones, adgilobriv niadagze gadaxarSavs yvelafers,

rasac sxvaTagan iRebs da qmnis sakuTars, qmnis iseT kulturul fenomens,

romelsac aSkarad gansxvavebuli, qarTuli hqvia.

rac Seexeba qarTuli kulturis mikuTvnebas romelime kulturis tipTan

siaxlovis TvalsazrisiT, gasagebia, rom qarTuli kultura tipologiur

msgavsebas amJRavnebs rogorc muslimur kulturasTan, ise evropulTan,

romelTanac sulieri siaxlove bevrad ufro gamokveTilad Cans.

is, rom saqarTvelo evropis Tanamegobrobis msgavsad, istoriuli faqtebiT

emyareba kulturisa da civilizaciis saerTo safuZvlebs, amis Tqmis uflebas

qveynis istoria, uwinares yovlisa, ki genialuri rusTavelis „vefxistyaosani”

gvaZlevs.

kacobriobis siyvarulis, megobrobis, moyvasisadmi Tavganwirvis,

qvelmoqmedebis saocari nimuSebiT gajerebuli es maRalmxatvruli qmnileba

TvalsaCinoo axsnaa adamianis, rogorc msoflio moqalaqis arsebobisa da

daniSnulebisa qveyanaze. pirovnebis TavisuflebisaTvis, konstituciuri

uflebebisaTvis brZolis Tvalsazrisi udevs safuZvlad aRorZinebis xanis

saqarTveloSi Seqmnil am udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone nawarmoebis erovnul da

saxelmwifoebriv msoflmxedvelobas. aqedan gamomdinare, „vefxistyaosani“, rogorc

saero kodeqsi, SesaZloa gaxdes is gansakuTrebuli gasaRebi, romelic gaaRebs

saqarTvelosTvis Tanamedrove evropuli kulturisa da sxva civilizaciaTa karebs.

rogorc profesori giorgi mWedliSvili aRniSnavs, qarTuli kulturis

istoria, misi Tundac zedapiruli mimoxilvac ki mkafiod gviCvenebs, rom

dasavluri Rirebulebebi da faseulobani maT Soris fundamenturi - adamianis

179

ufleba ar iyo ucxo qarTuli samyarosaTvis da rom am mxriv maT Soris

konfliqti arasdros arsebobda. zogierTi am RirebulebaTagani saqarTveloSi

uZvelesi droidan mkvidrdeba da mniSvnelovnad win uswrebs Sesabamisi drois

dasavlur evropuls, zogic bevrad CamorCeba droSi. mTavari ki is aris, rom Cven

bevri saerTo gvaqvs da Zlier vgavarT erTmaneTs. Tundac is, rom dasavluri

Rirebulebebi da faseulobani istoriulad ar iyo ucxo, ara marto qarTul,

danarCeni samyarosaTvis, ukve SeuZlebels xdis mis miCnevas martooden dasavluri

civilizaciis monapovrad. es ki TavisTavad usafuZvlos xdis im miTis arsebobas,

rom „ganyenebuli” azrovnebis unari, midrekileba faseuli damokidebulebisadmi,

movlenebisadmi, sakuTari „sulieri stili” warmoadgendes mxolod evropelTa

gamorCeul damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas. dRes, rodesac qarTveli eri ibrZvis,

raTa daikavos Tavisi kuTvnili adgili msoflios civilizebul xalxTa

TanamegobrobaSi, qarTuli kulturis istoriis warmoCenas, misi specifikis

Cvenebas, aris Tu ara kulturis sxva formebisgan absoluturad damoukidebeli

tipi, Tu SeiZleba mivakuTnoT ama Tu im zogad kulturul tips,

pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba. radgan kulturis yoveli tipis

safuZvelia RirebulebaTa sistema, romelic istoriulad Camoyalibda da qmnis

adamianTa cxovrebis principebs, vfiqrob, im mimoxilviTac ki, romelic

warmovadgine naTelia Cveni erovnuli kulturis msoflio masStabis, maradiuli

siaxlisa da siRrmis safuZveli, rac gvaZlevs uflebas ganvacxado, rom:

mravalsaukunovani istoriis mqone qarTvelma xalxma ara marto gauZlo

istoriul qartexilebs da SeinarCuna arseboba mtrebTan uTanasworo brZolebSi,

aramed Seqmna TviTmyofadi kultura, romelic Camoyalibda kulturis sxva

formebisgan absoluturad damoukidebel tipad. swored amitomac qarTuli

kultura da qarTuli mentaliteti arasodes yofila da, albaT, arc arasodes

iqneba wmindad evropuli, an wmindad aziuri.

genialuri niko nikolaZe evropuli Rirebulebebidan, romelTa

ganxorcielebiTac evropelebi dawinaurdnen, upirvelesTa Soris asaxelebda

qveynisaTvis msaxurebas, yovelTvis eris interesebis wina planze wamowevas,

CvenTvis ucxo pragmatulobasa da realizms, ganviTarebis erovnuli modelis

Seqmnas da, amasTan, ucxouri dadebiTi gamocdilebis ueWvel gaTvaliswinebas.

swored am sakiTxebs miuZRvna saintereso statia prof. v. SubiTiZem _ `niko

nikolaZe da noe Jordania evropuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb~.

180

niko nikolaZes miaCnda, rom ucxoeli, Tundac geniosi, romelmac qarTuli

specifika ar icis, qveynisTvis zustad misadagebul ganviTarebis recepts ver

moZebnis. evropuli tradiciiT, igi qveynis Sinagani saqmeebis pirvel rigSi

mogvarebas miiCnevda mTavr prioritetad. amasTan, am prioritetebis

ganxorcielebisas Cven TviTon unda gamovZebnoT gzebi, Cveni sakuTari interesebis

dacviT. igi damRupvelad miiCnevda gadaWarbebul radikalizms, gulgrilobas,

TaobaTa metismet dapirispirebas da memkvidreobiTobis naklebad daculobas.

miuReblad miaCnda qarTuli mentalitetis, tradiciebis da cxovrebis wesis

ukugdeba, ucxouris ukritikod da uniadagod miRebis xarjze, erovnul quraSi

gautareblad. qveynis evropeizaciisaTvis aucileblad miaCnda Sromis

mizandasaxuoloba, misi swori organizacia, aziuri inertulobisa da iluziebis,

sxvisi moimedeobis da ioli gamdidrebis ganwyobilebis daZleva. gmobda mxolod

ucxoelTa finansuri da ekonomikuri daxmarebis imedad yofnas da amocanad

gvisaxavda evropuli wesisamebr mecadineobas, Cveni qveynisaTvis zrunvas, marto

Cveni Tavis imedad yofnas, marto gaZlierebaze da ganaTlebaze muSaobas.

sxvagvarad Cven perspeqtiva ar gvaqvs. saqarTvelos aRorZinebis umTavres pirobad

n. nikolaZe ekonomikur ganviTarebas miiCnevda da amis misaRwevad aucileblad

miaCnda evropuli swavla, TavCauxreli Sroma, pasuxismgebloba da TviTganviTareba,

Sinagani Tanxmoba.

yvelaze umTavres evropul Rirebulebebs miekuTvneba adamianis uflebebi da

misi Rirsebis dacva. adamianis uflebebis (Human Rights) koncefcia

gamomdinareobs bunebiTi koncefciis doqtrinidan, romlisTvisac ZiriTadia

ganuyofeli, Tandayolili adamianuri Rirsebis cneba. am koncefciis mixedviT

sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs, kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebis garda, aqvs ZiriTadi

uflebebi – swored imitom, rom isini adamianebad daibadnen. sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, xelisuflebas imdeni ufleba aqvs, ramdensac mas kanoni aniWebs,

(SezRuduli Zalauflebis principi), xolo adamians aqvs yvela is ufleba,

romelsac ar ukrZalavs kanoni.

adamianis uflebebSi or ZiriTad jgufs gamoyofen: materialur da saproceso

uflebebs.

materialuri uflebebi moicaven pirad, anu samoqalaqo uflebebsa da

Tavisuflebebs, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebs.

181

pirad anu samoqalaqo uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs miekuTvneba: yvela

adamianis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, moqalaqeobis ufleba, sicocxlis, pativisa

da Rirsebis, Tavisuflebis xelSeuvali uflebebi, sityvis, azris, sindisis da

religiis Tavisufleba da a.S.

politikur uflebebs miekuTvneba: xelisuflebis mier gadawyvetilebis

miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba, saarCevno ufleba, politikuri partiis,

profesiuli kavSiris Seqmnis da masSi monawileobis ufleba, mitingebisa da

manifestaciebis Catarebis ufleba da a.S.

ekonomikur da socialur uflebebs miekuTvneba: Sromis samarTliani da

xelsayreli pirobebis ufleba, profkavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba, gaficvis ufleba;

ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis uflebebi da a.S. kulturul uflebebs miekuTvneba:

sazogadoebis kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba, samecniero progresis

SedegebiT sargeblobis ufleba da a.S.

saproceso uflebebi ki adamianisaTvis mikuTvnebuli moqmedebis meTodebi da

maTTan dakavSirebuli institutebia, romelTa daxmarebiTac adamiani daculia

xelisuflebis TviTnebobisagan. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saproceso garantiebs

miekuTvneba, agreTve, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, ombudsmenis (saxalxo

damcvelis) instituti, referendumis mowyobis ufleba da a.S. adamianis uflebaTa

zogadi principebia:

adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mxolod da mxolod adamianisa da

saxelmwifos urTierTobis sferos ganekuTvneba;

adamianis uflebebi individualuria da ara koleqtiuri. am wesidan

erTaderTi gamonaklisia xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba;

adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi ar aris saxelmwifos mier naboZebi

wyaloba, isini saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad arseboben, vinaidan Cven

adamianebad davibadeT;

araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs dafiqsirebulia Tu ara yvela es ufleba

da Tavisufleba saxelmwifoTa konstituciebsa da sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi,

vinaidan adamianis kuTvnili uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi yvela

konstituciasa da kanonmdeblobaze maRla dgas;

adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa wyaro ar aris saxelmwifo. es

uflebebi saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad arsebobs, saxelmwifo ki

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aRiarebs maT arsebobas; saxelmwifos movaleobaa adamianis uflebaTa da

TavisuflebaTa dacva, radganac is arsebobs xalxisagan da xalxisaTvis;

adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi waruvali da uzenaesi adamianuri

Rirebulebebia. am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa arseboba ar SeiZleba

Semoifarglos drois romelime monakveTiT da ar SeiZleba Seilaxos sxva

RirebulebebiT;

adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, rogorc waruvali da uzenaesi

adamianuri Rirebulebebi, zRudavs saxelmwifos xelisuflebis

ganxorcielebisas, e.i. xelisufleba SezRudulia adamianis uflebebiTa da

TavisuflebebiT.

adamianuri Rirseba (Human dignity). erT-erTi fuZemdebluri koncefciaa

(Tanaswor da ganuyofel koncefciasTan erTad), romelsac adamianis uflebaTa

dacva eyrdnoba.

adamianuri Rirseba yvelas moepoveba da aravis aqvs misi Selaxvis ufleba. am

koncefciisaTvis ZiriTadia ganuyofeli, dadebiTi adamianuri Rirsebis cneba

(gansxvaveba pirovnuli Rirsebisagan), romelic Tavad kacobriobis bunebidan

gamomdinareobs da erTnairad aqvs yvela adamians – iqneba es axalSobili, amqveynad

jer rom araferi Seuqmnia, Tu Camoyalibebuli damnaSave. adamianis uflebaTa

sayovelTao deklaraciis preambulaSi Tandayolili Rirseba da Tanaswori da

ganuyofeli uflebebi Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobis da sayovelTao mSvidobis

safuZvladaa miCneuli.

RirebulebaTa sistema, romelmac axali sazogadoebis Seqmnas unda Seuwyos

xeli, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli formiT jer kidev ar arsebobs. evropulma

qveynebma, gaiares ra sakmaod xangrZlivi da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gza

qristianobaze dafuZnebuli RirebulebaTa sistemis dasamkvidreblad, SeZles misi

Camoyalibeba. amiT maT SeZles SedarebiT umtkivneulod gaeZloT yvela

sirTulisaTvis da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi da ufro adrec mowinave poziciebze

pirvelebi da yvelaze adre damkvidrdnen. es maT upirveles yovlisa RirebulebaTa

mwyobri sistemis Camoyalibebam moutana. vinaidan am qveynebma yvelaze ufro adre

SeZles RirebulebaTa yvelaze Rirseuli, humanuri da samarTliani sistemis

damkvidreba, am Rirebulebebs SeiZleba evropuli an evro-atlantikuri

Rirebulebebi vuwodoT. swored saerTo Rirebulebebs efuZneba msoflios yvelaze

unikaluri integraciuli gaerTianeba – evropuli kavSiri, swored saerTo

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Rirbulebebma Cauyara safuZveli erTian evropas, rac 1952 wlis 25 marts romis

deklaraciiT gaformda. evropuli Rirebulebebi naklebadaa dakavSirebuli

kulturul memkvidreobasTan (mcirediTac ar ugulebelyofs, ar xelyofs maT) da

cxovrebisa da Sromis yvelaze efeqtur modelad gvevlineba, upirvelesi,

umTavresi evropuli Rirebulebebi ki demokratiaa, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da

sityvis Tavisuflebaa. igive Rirebulebebze da wesebze dgas aSS-c. natos

sainformacio centris direqtori, `jipas~ saerTaSoriso politikis programis

koordinatori, Tornike SaraSeniZe èvropuli faseulobebis~ Sesaxeb

samarTlianad aRniSnavda: èvropuli faseulobebi naklebadaa dakavSirebuli

kulturul memkvidreobasTan (es memkvidreoba metismetad mravalferovania). es

ufro pragmatuli wesebis paketia, romelic kulturulad sakmaod gansxvavebul

erebs aerTianebs. es wesebi da procedurebi ara imitomaa sayovelTaod miRebuli,

rom maT `civilizaciur~ unikalurobebs exmianeba, aramed imitom, rom es

cxovrebisa da Sromis yvelaze efeqturi modelia, romelic ki praqtikaSi

gamoicada. racionaluri arCevania da aq naklebadaa SuaSi suliereba, ezoterika da

civilizaciuroba.

demokratia politikuri procesis marTvis meqanizmia. samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifo marTlmsajulebis sxva saxelmwifo institutebTan urTierTqmedebis

sqemaa. sityvis Tavisulfeba xelisuflebis kontrolis meqanizmi da sainformacio

sivrcis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgenelia. ase SeiZleba mivyveT yvela evropul

faseulobas. isev da isev, aranairi ezoterika.

ruseTs igive TamaSis wesebis miReba arasodes surda. Tavis droze man

komunizmi arCia, romelmac ar gaamarTla. axla gaugebaria ras arCevs. èrTiani

interesebi~ evropasTan, albaT, isev da isev energetikis sferoSi TanamSromlobas

gulisxmobs.~ (T. SaraSeniZe, interesebi da faseulobebi, `24 saaTi~, 2 aprili,

2007, #71, gv. B1,2).

evropuli Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb saintereso azrebs gvawvdis gaz. `24

saaTis~ mmarTveli redaqtori paata veSapiZe (ix. paata veSapiZe, Tavisufali

presis ararseboba tiraniaa, gaz. `24 saaTi~, #121 (670), 24 maisi, 2004). avtori

exeba fondi `caiti da herd buceriusis~ da norvegiis sityvis Tavisuflebis

fondis mier aRmosavleT evropis saukeTeso gazeTebisa da Jurnalistebis

gamosavlenad Catarebuli konkuris Sedegebs. maSin Jiurim gamarjvebulad cno `24

saaTi~ da masTan erTad kidev oTxi gazeTi, romelTac wamaxalisebeli premiebic

184

(30000 evro) ergoT. statiaSi avtori aRniSnavs, rom mTavari evropuli

Rirebulebebia Tavisufali presa da Zlieri xelisufleba. aq umTavresi

prioriteti liberaluri Rirebulebebisadmi erTgulebas eniWeba. statiaSi

vkiTxulobT: `19 maiss, gazeT `caitis~ damfuZneblisa da fondis damaarseblis,

herd buceriusis dabadebis dRes, hamburgis ratuSaSi, swored am gamarjvebulTa

dajildoebis ceremoniali gaimarTa.

`romeli sjobs – xelisufleba Tavisufali presis gareSe, Tu Tavisufali

presa _ xelisuflebis gareSe? aseTi alternativis arsebobac ki dauSvebelia

normaluri qveynisaTvis, radgan xelisuflebis ararseboba anarqiaa, Tavisufali

presis ararseboba ki – tirania. amitomacaa Tavisufali presa da Zlieri

xelisufleba mTavari evropuli Rirebulebebi~ _ warmoTqva gaunter ferhoigenma

da amiT xazgasmiT erT simaRleze daayena presisa da xelisuflebis mniSvneloba

saxelmwifos ganviTarebisTvis. im qveynebSi, sadac xelisufleba ukontrolo

diqtaturisken miiswrafvis, presa umZimes mdgomareobaSia Cavardnili.

evrokomisarma daasaxela magaliTebi, Tu rogor uswordebian Tavisufali

sityvisaTvis gamocemebsa da Jurnalistebs: ukrainasa da ruseTSi presis

mdgomareoba man sagangaSod miiCnia, beloruss ki saerTod evropis Savi xvreli

uwoda. sabednierod, am CamonaTvalSi ar moxvedrila saqarTvelo~.

sistemuri saxiT, srulyofilad Camoyalibebuli Rirebulebebisgan

saqarTvelo jer kidev sakmaod Sorsaa. garkveuli gagebiT SeiZleba davsvaT aseTi

kiTxva: evropam qristianobaze dafuZnebuli RirebulebaTa sistema daamkvidra, gana

saqarTveloc am Rirebulebebs ar efuZneba? maS, raSia saqme? riT gansxvavdeba

RirebulebaTa qarTuli sistema evropulisgan, romliskenac Cven niadag

miviswrafviT? es dakavSirebulia RirebulebaTa sistemis ganxorcielebasTan,

masTan miaxloebis simwifesTan, misi sisrulis miRwevasTan, rasac saqarTveloSi

win mravali garemoeba eRobeba. amitom saWiroa, upirveles yovlisa, es

xelisSemSleli garemoebebi davZlioT.

3.3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis RirebulebiTi safuZvlebi

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi‚ qveynis winsvla erovnuli

ekonomikuri faseulobebis gareSe‚ romelsac xSirad Rirebulebebsac uwodeben‚

warmoudgenelic aris da mizanSeuwonelic.

185

civilizaciis miRweuli done axal azrovnebas moiTxovs. yvelaze ufro

mokled Tu vityviT‚ garduvali gaxda èris saerTo keTildReobis” uTuod

globalur konteqstSi ganxilva da liberaluri ekonomikuri orientirebis

gonivnuli gansazRvra. amisaTvis ki‚ Tanamedrove ekonomikuri azrovnebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos Rrma mecnieruloba, realisturoba, masStaburoba,

sistemuroba da moqniloba. axali azrovneba unda dafuZndes obieqtur kanonzomie-

rebaTa Rrmad Semecnebaze, romelic axlandel realobebs iTvaliswinebs. unda

SegveZlos warsulis samarTliani Sefaseba. saWiroa gonivrulad mivudgeT saqmes,

ar SemovifargloT amwuTieri amocanebiT. yoveli sakiTxi kompleqsurad unda

gadavwyvitoT. gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa da realizaciis msvlelobisas

droulad unda gaviTvaliswinoT axlad warmoSobili garemoebebi, axali movlenebi

da procesebi. aseTia mecnieruli azrovnebis logika. ilia WavWavaZis moZRvreba,

misi traqtatebi samarTlis da filosofiis, ekonimikis da sociologiis,

politikis da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, istoriis da bibliologiis,

marTlmadidebluri qristianobis da saerTod, cxovrebis yovelgvari ,,kuTxe-

kunWulis’’ Sesaxeb, swored aseT axal, Tanamedrove azrovnebas gvixsnis,

ganmartavs, ayalibebs mis principebs da amiT gvexmareba Cveni yoveldRiuri

praqtikuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi. M

mainc ra aris is umTavresi Rirebulebani, romliskenac dReniadag unda

viswrafvodeT da rogoria is meTodebi, gzebi da umTavresi principebi, romlebsac

Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi unda viyenebdeT Cveni miznebis misaRwevad?

aRniSnulis Sesaxeb winamdebare naSromSi Cven ukve avRniSneT, romelsac aq kvlav

gavimeorebT.

yvelaze umTavresi CvenTvis is unda iyos, romlis gareSec ,,Cven’’, ,,Cven’’ ar

viqnebodiT. aseTebad ilia WavWavaZes mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba miaCnda,

romlebsac ,,sam RvTaebriv saunjes’’ uwodebda. maTi maradiuli dacva TviToeuli

Cveni Tanamoqalaqis wmidaTa wmida valia. STambeWdavad werda ilia WavWavaZe: ,,sami

RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu

amaTac ar upatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?’’ (i.

WavWavaZe, Txz., t. 3, gv. 26-27).

am maradiul Rirebulebebs TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT, rom Cveni

mTlianoba da TviTmyofadoba ar davkargoT. mTavaria aseve vicodeT rogor, ra

gzebiT unda davicvaT Cveni mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba.

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ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevda, rom qveyanam ise unda gamoiyenos Tavisi absoluturi

da SefardebiTi upiratesobani, misi ekonomikis mdgradobas safrTxe ar daemuqros

da xalxisTvis, arsebobisTvis saWiro saxsrebi advilad da iafad mosapovebeli

gaxados. aseTi naazrevi yoveli xelisuflebisagan did dakvirvebas moiTxovs.

Gglobalizaciis, liberaluri sabazro ekonomikis, sayovelTaod ganvrcobis

pirobebSi absoluturi da SefardebiTi upiratesobebis zomis zustad migneba,

ganviTarebis misaRwevad, misi gonivruli eris saerTo interesebis dacviT

gadawyveta, xelisuflebis, sazogadoebis yvelaze prioritetuli, sayoveldReo

amocanaa.

ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri midgomebidan Cveni epoqisTvis umniSvnelovanesia

agreTve, rom mis mier yvelaferi, yovelgvari movlena fardobiTobaSi anu

relativurobaSi ganixileba. misi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli

Tavisebureba is aris, rom ilia yvelafers sakuTari qveynisadmi, misi adgilis

(geostrategiuli mdgomareoba), garemo pirobebis da istoriuli viTarebis

(drois) niSniT, masze damokidebulebis mixedviT ganixilavda. misi Teoria

ekonomikur cxovrebas warmogvidgens ara rogorc movlenaTa, aramed rogorc

Tanafardobis gagebas (axsnas). Tavis TxzulebebSi ilia sul am Tanafardobis

dadgenis ZiebaSia.

swored aseTi Tanafardobis dadgenis safuZvelze miiCnevs ilia SesaZleblad

WeSmariti, optimaluri, mTeli sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi urTierTobebis

Camoyalibebas. es ki universalur meTods warmoadgens zogadkacobriuli da

erovnuli Rirebulebebis optimaluri sinTezis misagnebad, Cveni „me~-s,

„adgilobrivi wvrilmanebis~, tradiciebis da zne-CveulebaTa SenarCunebis gziT sa-

erTo winsvlis misaRwevad. yovelive zemo aRniSnuls, Tanamedrove globalizaciis

epoqaSi TviToeuli qveynisTvis fasdaudebeli, gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba aqvs.

msoflio gamocdilebam dagvanaxa, rom liberaluri ekonomikis gzis arCeva

yvelaze swori pasuxia nebismieri ekonomikuri krizisis da sirTulis dasaZlevad.

Amis dadasturebad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Tundac aSS da CineTis magaliTebi,

romlebic yovelgvar problemas imiT Wrian, rom sul ufro met liberalizms

amkvidreben. Tu SedegebiT vimsjelebT, saqarTvelosTvisac sxva arcerTi

ekonomikuri politika, arcerTi ekonomikuri recepti Tu moZRvreba ar iqneba

iseTi gamarTlebuli da warmatebisa da zrdis momtani, rogorc maqsimalurad

liberaluri ekonomikis Senebis kursi.

187

liberaluri, gaxsnili da Tavisufali ekonomika aris ara marto winsvlis

garanti, aramed swored isaa yvelaze swori da erTaderTi pasuxi nebismier

ekonomikur krizissa Tu politikur Znelbedobaze. Ees kursi ar aris CvenTvis

ucxo, gamomdinareobs Cvenive tradiciebidan, pasuxobs Cveni xalxis miswrafebebs.

Mmisi wyaroc gagvaCnia pirveli qarTveli libertarianelis ilia WavWavaZis

liberaluri ekonomikuri ideologiis saxiT.

zogijer amboben, rom liberalizmi CvenTvis zedmetad ucxo sityvaa.

SeiZleba raRac sakiTxebSi Cven marTlac gviwevs aviRoT is, rac sxva kulturebs

SeuqmniaT warmatebisTvis da amiT kidev ufro gavamdidroT Cveni didi kultura

da codna.

magram rodesac saqme ekonomikur liberalisms exeba, Cven aravisgan araferi

ara gvaqvs gadmosaRebi. Cveni ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideologias ra Tqma unda

amyareben milton fridmani da murei roTbardi, haieki da fon mizesi, magram

maTTan erTad da uwinaresad yovelTa, CemTvis mTavari aRmafrebis wyaro

mecxramete saukunis udidesi qarTveli moazrovne da Cveni dRevandeli

saxelmwifoebrivi Segnebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli ilia WavWavaZea. ilia iyo

pirveli qarTveli libertarianeli Tavisi ekonomikuri filosofiiT. ilia iyo

pirveli qarTveli, vinc qadagebda Tavisufal vaWrobas, gaxsnil ekonomikas,

mTavrobis mcire Carevas ekonomikaSi da dabal, liberalur gadasaxadebs.

ekonomikur liberalizms igi `fritreiderobas~ eZaxda da ganmartavda, rogorc

aReb-micemobis Tvisuflebas.

jer kidev grigol robaqiZe miiCnevda, rom ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos geniaa,

misi simboloa, maradiul RirebulebaTa sawindari, marad Cveni Tanamedrovea. es

aris sruli WeSmariteba. Cveni lideri, Cveni ideologi da etaloni aris ilia

WavWavaZe. Tavis droze ilia WavWavaZe dadga yovelgvar qiSpze, yovelgvar

mtrobaze, yovelgvar urTierTdapirispirebaze maRla da Tqva: mTavaria

saqarTvelo, mTavaria erTianoba, mTavaria qarTveli eri da misi erTiani

mentaliteti, mTavaria erTiani saqarTvelos idea.

ilia QWavWavaZis libertarianuli ekonomikuri filosofia eris

fundamenturi, materialuri interesebis xorcSesxmas emsaxureba, vinaidan, rogorc

ilia miiCnevda, Tavisufali gacvlis pirobebSi, roca saqoneli ar aris fasaweuli

baJis an raime sxva formalobis gamo, is yvelasaTvis advilad xelmisawvdomia.

adamiani ki ekonomikurad miT ufro bednieria, rac ufro srulad, advilad da

188

gaWirvebis gareSe ikmayofilebs Tavis gonivrul moTxovnilebebs. gvixsnida ra

`fritrederobas~, ilia WavWavaZe ambobda: `fritrederoba warmomdgaria

inglisuris sityvisagan free trade da sityva-sityviT rom iTargmnos, hniSnavs:

aReb-micemobis Tavisuflebasa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saaReb-micemo saqoneli,

Sinauri Tu garedam Semosuli, yovelis baJisa da gadasaxadisagan daxsnili iyos

da ara romelimesame kanonmdeblobisagan SexuTuli ar unda iqmnas. es moZRvreba

imazea dafuZnebuli, rom Tavisuflad moaruli saqoneli, ar-SexuTuli arc baJisa

da arc raime formalobisagan, yvelasaTvis advilad mosapovebelia da misawvdeni,

_ jer imis gamo, rom gaxSirebulia, da mere iefia, radganac baJisa da an raime

Seviwroebisagan gangeb fasaweuli ar aris. marTalic aris. baJi, didia Tu mcire.

gangeb zedSekecili gadasaxadia, da ramodenadac igi didia, imodenad gangeb

aZvirebs saqonelsa da am gziT saqonlis fasi, romelic Tavis sakuTaris arsebis

kanonebisagan ganisazRvreba da daidgineba xolme, baJisa da sxva raime Seviwroebis

metnaklebobasac unda eqvemdebarebodes da ekiTxebodes. saxelmwifo, romlis

mizezi da sabuTi arsebobisa sxva ara aris ra, Tu ar mkvidrTa

keTildReobisaTvis mzrunveloba, unda imasa hcdilobdeso, amboben fritrederobis

momxreni, rom cxovrebisaTvis saWiro saqoneli advilad da iefad mosapoebeli

iyos yovelis mkvidrisaTviso, radganac mkvidri kaci miT ufro ekonomiurad

bednieria, ramodenadac ufro savsed, ufro mTlad hSoulobs sarCo-sabadebelsa

da ramodenadac ufro bevrs saWiroebas cxovrebisas ikmayofilebs advilad da

gauWireblado~ (WavWavaZe i., satamoJno politika evropaSi, fritrederoba da

proteqcionoba, Txz; t. 7). werda ra am striqonebs, ilia WavWavaZe aqve (ix. gv.

318-320) moixseniebda aRniSnuli moZRvrebis Semqmnel did mecnierebs adam smits,

`saxelovan inglisel politiko-ekonoms~, romelic `mamamTavrad iTvleba

sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebisa~; `saxelovan ingliselebs kobdensa da braits~;

inglisis `mTavarministrs~ robert pils, romelmac `1846 wels gaauqma purzed

dadebuli baJi, puri sul mTlad gaanTavisufla baJisagan RaribTa mcxovrebTa

saoxad da sakeTildReod~; àm moZRvrebas mosarCeleni gamouCndnen ara marto

inglisSi, safrangeTSiac, bevri cotad Tu bevrad saxelganTqmulni mecnierni

miemxrnen am moZRvrebasa, magaliTebr, bastia, Sevalie, garnie paJes da sxvani~.

rogorc avtori aqve dasZenda: `droTa mimavlobaSi am moZRvrebam iseTi saxeli

gaiTqva, rom erTaSorisma kanonmdeblobamac ki Seiwynara da saTaved daudva

yovels Tvismoqmedebasa. am moZRvrebis safuZvlad Sesdga 1861 w. aReb-micemobis

189

konvencia (xelSekruleba) inglissa da safrangeTs Soris da 1865 w. germaniasa da

safrangeTs Soris~ (WavWavaZe i., satamoJno politika evropaSi, fritrederoba da

proteqcionoba, Txz; t. 7).

imisaTvis, rom xalxis cxovreba gavaumjobesoT, saWiroa TiToeuli moqalaqe

CavayenoT qveynis samsaxurSi da viSromoT Tavdauzogavad. yvelaze ufro

prioritetuli is aris, rom vemsaxuroT samyaros yvelaze mTavar, unikalur

Rirebulebas _ TiToeul adamians. am mizniT saqarTvelos premier-ministrobis

kandidatma biZina ivaniSvilma qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe

Tavisi saprogramo sityviT gamosvlisas xalxisa da mTavrobis upirveles

amocanebs Soris gansazRvra: 1. vinaidan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, TiToeuli

adamiani aris ganumeorebeli, unikaluri umaRlesi Rirebuleba, upirveles

yovlisa, swored xalxis umravlesobis ukidures gaWirvebas unda davaRwioT Tavi;

2. saWiroa demokratiuli institutiebis ganviTareba. unda davamkvidroT kanonis

uzenaesoba da aRvadginoT samarTlianoba qveyanaSi. arc erTi danaSauli, Tu is

mtkicebulebebiT iqneba gamyarebuli, ar unda darCes dausjeli. yvelam, visac

ukanonobaSi eqneba monawileoba miRebuli, pasuxi unda agos kanonis winaSe _

mxolod kanonisa da sasamarTlos ZaliT. Seswavlili unda iqnes sakuTrebis

uflebis totaluri darRvevis Sedegad Seqmnili viTareba, agreTve, saqarTveloSi

bolo wlebSi gavrcelebuli èlitaruli korufciis~ masStabebi da unda

SemuSavdes maTi aRmofxvris meqanizmebi; 3. qveyanam unda ganaxorcielos

farTomasStabiani reformebi yvela strategiuli mimarTulebiT da mTavrobis

politika unda daefuZnos saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mkafiod gamoxatul

interesebs. amisaTvis samTavrobo politikis dagegmvis procesSi aqtiurad unda

iqnen Cambuli moqalaqeebi da swored es unda gaxdes mTavrobis muSaobis

safuZveli (`saqarTvelos respublika~, #206 (7082), paraskevi, 26 oqtomberi,

2012, gv. 2-3).

Camoayaliba ra liberalizmis qarTuli nairsaxeobis ideologia da moZRvreba

saqarTveloSi evropis da sxvaTa mowinave gamocdilebis danergvis Sesaxeb ise, rom

ar davkargoT Cveni tradiciebi, adaT-wesebi da Cveulebebi da Tan, amasTan erTad,

sxvisi mowinave gamocdilebac gaviTvalsiwinoT, e.i. mivaRwioT mis optimalur

sinTezss, ilia WavWavaZem amiT safuZveli daudo Tavis sakuTar doqtrinas

liberalizmisa da, unda iTqvas, rom igi aris avtori da Semoqmedi aseTi

doqtrinebisa aramarto ekonomikis, aramed sxva mraval sferoSi: filosofiaSi,

190

samarTalSi, religiaSi, istoriaSi da a.S. misi TiToeuli sityva magaliTi da

anderZia CvenTvis imisaTvis, Tu rogor movawyoT Cveni cxovreba WeSmariti

adamianuri Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc ekonomisti, romlis kalams

ekuTvnis TiTqmis ToTxmet tomze meti ekonomikuri xasiaTis naSromebi da

publikaciebi, ilia WavWavaZe Tavisave mier `saxelovan inglisel politiko-

ekonomad~ da `sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebis mamamTavrad~ moxseniebuli adam

smiTiviT didia mTeli msofliosaTvis, Cveni qveynisaTvis ki kidev ufro didia.

ubralod, istoriuli Znelbedobis da Seqmnili viTarebis gamo Cven ver SevZeliT

ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis, gansakuTrebiT misi ekonomikuri doqtrinis

nawilobriv mainc warmoCena civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis, Torem am Cveni azrebis

sisworeSi mTeli msoflio darwmuneboda, rom ilia msoflio maradfaseuli

kulturuli saganZuris TviTmyofadi burjia. amitomac Cveni amocana dReniadag

unda iyos, rom es bumberazi Semoqmedi Tavisi ekonomikuri ideologiis mTeli

peripetiebiT sxva erebsa da xalxebsac gavacnoT.

ilia WavWavaZem Camoayaliba ekonomikuri liberalizmis mTavari RirebulebiTi

safuZvlebi, romelTagan upirvelesi aris SesaZleblobebis Seqmna, ufro zustad,

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis Seqmna. imisaTvis, rom

ganvaxorcieloT da Seuqcevadi gavxadoT liberaluri ekonomikuri kursi da

davicvaT Cveni monapovari, saWiroa SevuqmnaT instituciuri safuZveli Cveni

ekonomikis Tavisuflebas. es safuZveli ki aris ekonomikis mTavari RirebulebiTi

orientirebi, romliskenac dReniadag unda viswrafvodeT.

swored liberaluri ekonomikuri politika mogvcems saSualebas, raTa

warmatebiT davaRwioT Tavi Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikur kriziss,

izolacionalizmis gzis arCeviT ki, Cven mas Tavs ver davaRwevT. amisaTvis ki

saWiroa fexi auwyoT msoflio globalizaciis mimdinare procesebs da ar

CaviketoT Cvens naWuWSi, viswavloT globalizaciis Sesaferisi, masStaburi

ekonomikuri azrovneba.

Tavisufleba pasuxismgeblobis gareSe warmoudgenelia. warmatebas mxolod

maSin movipovebT, Tu Cvens Rirebulebebs instituciur da ekonomikur sistemebad

CamovayalibebT da Cveni ojaxebis keTildReobamde da Rirseul dasaqmebamde

miviyvanT saqmes. aseTia Cveni gza, radgan martooden enTuziazmiT win ver wavalT.

Cven gvWirdeba Cveni Rirebulebebis instituciur da ekonomikur sistemebad

gardasaxva da, rac aseve mTavaria, Cven gvWirdeba TiToeuli moqalaqis mier

191

gacnobierebuli pasuxismgebloba, mondomeba da Sromismoyvareoba. saWiroa SevikraT

rogorc erTi organizmi, rogorc erTi kompania da aviRoT saerTo

pasuxismgebloba qveynis gasaZliereblad da gadasarCenad. liberaluri ekonomikis

Senebis Cven gzaze Cveni mTavari Rirseba unda iyos TiToeuli adamianis

pasuxismgebloba samSoblos winaSe.

aq ar SeiZleba nawilobriv mainc ar SevexoT iseT mniSvnelovan socialuri

sakiTxs, rogoricaa biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, misi problemebi da

gadaWris gzebi. imisaTvis, rom aRniSnulis Taobaze warmodgena Segveqmnas, ufro

davakonkretoT Tema da davsvaT kiTxva: miuxedavad yvela SesaZleblobisa, arsebobs

Tu ara praqtikaSi barierebi, problemebi, romlebic xels uSlian biznesis

ganviTarebas? xom ar xdeba ise, rom sityviT marTlac vuSvebT biznesis

Tavisuflebas, saqmiT ki vzRudavT mas? cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom es kiTxvebi aris

aqtualuri. rogorc axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciis mier mcire, saSualo da

msxvili biznesis warmomadgenelTa gamokiTxviT dadginda, biznesis ganviTarebas

saqarTveloSi, jer kidev mravali dabrkolebis gadalaxva uwevs (ix. maia miSelaZe:

qarTuli biznesis 9 `qileri~). asociaciam gamokiTxvis Sedegad aTamde barieri da

xelisSemSleli momenti gamoavlina. SevexoT am problemebs. kanonmdeblobis

problema: yvelaze mTavar problemas, gansakuTrebiT mcire biznesisaTvis

kanonmdeblobis xSiri qmnis.

biznesis Sesaxeb kanonebis arcodnis problema: rogorc gamokiTxviT dadginda,

mcire mewarmeTa 23%-ma saerTod ar icoda, rom bizness sagadasaxado kodeqsi

aregulirebs. problema – kanonis ena: kanonebs aTjer ufro didi zomis

ganmartebebi da instruqciebi mosdevs, xSiria òrmagi~ Canawerebic, romlis gamo

mewarme da sagadasaxado inspeqtori sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvamen kanons. gamosavali

ki is aris, rom kanoni martivad unda ikiTxebodes, ganmartebebi da instruqciebi

unda axldes. problema – dabali samewarmeo unarebi: mewarmeebs uWirT finansebisa

da partniorebis moZieba. maT mcire biznesis warmarTvis elementaruli codnac ki

ar gaaCniaT. konkurenciis mimarT damokidebulebis problema: biznesmenebi saqmes

zereled udgebian. gamokiTxulTa 20%-ma upasuxa, rom mas dargSi (vaWroba,

mSenebloba) konkurenti ar hyavs, rac vaWrobasa da mSeneblobaSi mainc, vfiqrobT,

warmoudgenelia. informirebulobis problema: aq igulisxmeba rogorc

kanonmdeblobis xSiri cvalebadoba, aseve naklebi informacia imis Sesaxeb, sad

imarTeba esa Tu is savaWro gamofena? aseve igulisxmeba informacia axali

192

teqnologiebis Sesaxeb. mewarmeebma gamoTqves survili, rom maTi problemebi ufro

aqtualurad Suqdebodes media-saSualebebSi. profesiuli gadamzadebis problema:

igulisxmeba konsultaciebi da sainformacio masala, saidanac isini biznesis

keTebis elementarul wesebs Seityoben. sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs evropuli

gamocdileba, sadac saxelmwifo da arasamTavrobo seqtori TanamSromlos da

bizneskonsultaciebs uwevs dainteresebul pirebs. problema – sasurveli kadris

daqiraveba: aRmoCnda, rom dRes saqarTveloSi didi moTxovnaa profesional

eleqtrikosze, mSenebelze, SemduRebelze da mlesavze. erTi SexedviT, qveyanaSi

umuSevrobis problemaa da TiTqos, bevria aseTi profesiis adamiani. Tumca, Sromis

bazris kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom umravlesobas esa Tu is saSualo profesia ara

specialur saswavlebelSi, aramed _ `memkvidreobiT~ aqvs naswavli: mamisgan,

babuisgan, naTesavisgan da ase Semdeg. marTalia, saxelmwifom daiwyo profesiuli

saswavleblebis aRdgena, magram aman Tu seriozuli masStabebia ar SeiZina da ar

momravlda egreT wodebuli profebi, bizness seriozuli dabrkolebas Seuqmnis.

ganaTlebis uamravi, axali teqnologiaa Semosuli da profesionali eleqtrikosis

daqiraveba Znelia, romelic am yvelaferSi erkveva. problema – Sromis bazris

kvleva: sasurvelia, rom vidre umaRlesi saswavleblebi ama Tu im specialobebze

abiturientTa miRebas gamoacxadeben, maT Sromis bazari Seiswavlon da

damsaqmeblebi gamokiTxon. kvlevis Sedegad unda dadgindes, romel specialobaze

iqneba moTxovna 5 wlis Semdeg da swored amis gaTvalsiwinebiT gamocxaddes

miReba sxvadasxva specialobaze.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis globaluri konkurentunarianobis angariSis

mixedviT 2011-2012 wlebisTvis finansebze xelmisawvdomoba saqarTvelos

biznesisTvis upirveles problematur faqtorad dasaxelda. es kargad Cans qvemoT

moyvanili cxrilidan (3.3.1.).

cxrili 3.3.1

yvelaze problematuri faqtorebi biznesis warmoebaSi (%)

193

wyaro: `kviris palitra~, 11-17 ivnisi, 2012, gv. 27

iseve rogorc mTel msoflioSi, saqarTveloSi finansebisadmi

xelmisawvdomoba problemuri sakiTxia. spredi depozitebis saprocento ganakveTsa

da sakredito resursebis Rirebulebas Soris Zalian maRalia da 3-4-jer

aRemateba saerToevropul maCveneblebs. TviTon sabanko seqtorSi SarSan

sayuradRebo is iyo, rom maT gauormagdaT mogeba (323 milionamde), maSin roca

ekonomikaze gacemuli sesxebis moculoba 12-13%-iT gaizarda, dasakuTrebuli

qonebis sididem ki ukve gadaaWarba vadagadacilebuli sesxebisa da kreditebis

Rirebulebas. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ipoTekiT datvirTuli qonebis

Sefasebisas fasi, rogorc wesi, sabazrosTan 2-3-jer dabalia, maT xelSi SarSan

gadasuli qoneba, sul cota, naxevari miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis mainc aris.

gamodis, arasabanko saqmianobiTa da wminda iuridiuli kazuistikiT sabanko

seqtorma meti qoneba iSova, vidre sabanko operaciebiT gziT. amas SeiZleba Zalian

uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyves. bankebi SeiZleba klientebis gareSe darCnen.

xelisuflebam unda izrunos, rom es SiSi da SfoTi mouxsnas kerZo seqtors da

daarwmunos, rom saxelmwifo aris ara mxolod warmoebiTi urTierTobebis

194

regulatori, aramed garanti stabilurobisa, xvalindel dRes normaluri

saqmianobisa. aseT pirobebSi sabanko seqtori Tavad gadawyvets saprocento

ganakveTebis Semcirebas.

aRniSnulis garda, qveyanaSi biznesis ganviTarebas sxva garemoebebic aferxebs.

rogorc qarTveli ekonomistebi amtkiceben, 2011 wlidan saqarTvelos ukve

sagareo valebis gadaxdis periodi udgeba da qveyana SesaZloa rTul viTarebaSi

aRmoCndes. amitom Cven gvWirdeba investiciebis mozidva, rac Tavis mxriv,

stabiluri da xelsayreli ekonomikuri garemos gareSe SeuZlebelia. rogorc

Jurnalisti eliso CafiZe xelisuflebasTan daaxloebuli ekonomistebis

mtkicebebze dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs: `rogor SeiZleba, xelsayreli ekonomikuri

garemo iyos qveyanaSi, sadac prezidenti yovel meore dRes acxadebs, rom

SesaZloa, ruseTi Tavs dagvesxas, sadac sabanko gadmoricxvebis procenti

msoflioSi, mgoni yvelaze maRalia, sadac bankis sesxi mxolod axloblebze

gaicema da isic – uprecedento procentebiT da sadac yvela Rirebuli da

mniSvnelovani biznesi monopoliaa da Tan, mas xelisuflebis maRalCinosnebi da

maTi ojaxis wevrebi akontroleben. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom mediaSic ki, Tuki

prezidentis favoriti anda ministris moadgilis coli ara xar, cota xanSi

muSaoba gagiWirdeba. (irma CafiZe, gvelodeba Tu ara daWerebis axali talRa da

socialuri protesti? `rezonansi~, 6 agvisto, 2010, #207, gv. 1, 9).

`saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika emyareba Tavisufali sabazro

ekonomikis sayovelTao principebs da im Tanamedrove midgomebs, romlebic

gansazRvravs saxelmwifos rols socialuri keTildReobisa da socialuri

usafrTxoebis saqmeSi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis moxdeba

ekonomikis struqturuli modernizeba, ganxorcieldeba eqsportis stimulireba da

importis Canacvleba.

saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs samarTliani, Tavisufali da konkurentuli

sabazro garemos Seqmnas da xels Seuwyobs Tanamedrove infrastruqturis

Camoyalibebas.

Cveni ekonomikuri politikis Sedegad gaizrdeba sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba.

es Cveni qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils stabilur Semosavals moutans,

gazrdis saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebasa da qveynis saeqsporto

potencials.

195

mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba gamoiyvans qveyanas ekonomikuri

krizisidan, Seamcirebs umuSevrobas, xels Seuwyobs siRaribis daZlevas da

socialuri fonis gaumjobesebas, mravalricxovani da Zlieri saSualo fenis

Camoyalibebas.

sajaro finansebis marTvaSi damkvidrdeba efeqtianobisa da gamWvirvalobis

Tanamedrove standartebi. mosaxleobis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebi daixar,jeba

miznobrivad da gamWvirvaled. daiZleva Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi arsebuli

maRali uTanabroba da yvela ojaxi sakuTar Tavze igrZnobs ekonomikur winsvlas.

Cveni mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis prioritetebia: soflis meurneoba,

mcire da saSualo mewarmeoba, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gadamamuSavebeli

warmoeba, agreTve, socialur sferoSi _ sapensio reforma, janmrTelobis dacvis

reforma da umweo mdgomareobaSi myofTa daxmarebis sistemis mowesrigeba

(premier-ministrobis kandidat biZina ivaniSvilis mier 2012 wlis 25 oqtombers

saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe warmoTqmuli sityva. `saqarTvelos respublika~,

#206, 26 oqtomberi, 2012, gv. 4).

3.4. globalizacia da sazogadoebriv faseulobaTa

transformacia

msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia rTuli, mravaletapiani problemaa,

romlis Taobazec imarTeba mravali samecniero diskusia da sadReisod sakmaod ar

aris gamokveTili, raTa ubralod da erTmniSvnelovnad iyos ganmartebuli.

rogorc `msoflio ekonomikis~ erT-erTi SesaniSnavi saxelmZRvanelos

cnobili avtorebi – galina gatina, vladimer merzliaki da natalia SCukina

aRniSnaven, miuxedavad imisa, rom termini `globalizacia~ ukve 2 aTeul welze

metia, rac gamoiyeneba, dRemde am terminis erTiani ganmarteba ar arsebobs.

aRniSnuli mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom avtorTa umravlesoba solidarulia

msoflio sistemis globalizaciis, rogorc procesis gansazRvraSi, romelsac aqvs

gamovlenisa da ganviTarebis sami mimarTuleba:

1. globalizacia – istoriuli procesia, romelic viTardeba amqveyniuri

(miwieri) civilizaciis damkvidrebis mravali aswleulis manZilze,

196

romelic winaswar gansazRvravs msoflioSi (zogadsakacobrio)

kulturul-ekonomikuri tendenciebis gamovlinebas da moqmedebas.

2. globalizacia niSnavs msoflios homogenizacias, romelic cxovrebas

uqvemdebarebs erTian principebs, erTiani Rirebulebebisadmi erTgulebas,

qcevis erTiani modelebisa da normebis miyolas, universalizaciisaken

swrafvas.

3. globalizacia aris erovnul meurneobaTa urTierTSeRwevisa da

urTierTdamokidebulebis aRiareba, romelTa mTavari Sedegia erovnuli

saxelmwifo suverenitetebis Seryeva, ngreva axali zeerovnuli

struqturebis – globaluri ekonomikuri ganaTlebis, transerovnuli

mmarTvelobiT-finansuri struqturebis, religiur-kulturul

gaerTianebaTa zemoqmedebis Sedegad, romlebic ara marto erTmaneTs

Soris urTierTqmedeben, aramed TviT saxelmwifoebTanac.

axali socialur-ekonomikuri kategoriis gansazRvra namdvilad ar aris

martivi. globalizaciis procesi yovlismomcvel xasiaTs atarebs da misi

sxvadasxva mimarTulebani da aspeqtebi praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove

sazogadoebriv-samecniero disciplinaTa Seswavlis obieqtia, romelTagan

TiToeuls Tavisi sagani, meTodologia da cnebiTi aparati aqvs.

termini `globalizacia~ pirvelad gamoCnda aSS-Si T. levitis statiaSi,

romelic 1983 w. `harvard biznes reviu~-Si gamoqveynda. avtori am cnebiT

aRniSnavda calkeuli produqtebis bazrebis Serwymis fenomens, romlebsac msxvili

transerovnuli korporaciebi (tek) awarmoebdnen. axal termins (cnebas) ufro

farTo mniSvneloba mieniWa biznesis harvardis skolaSi da am periodSi

globalizaciis ideologiis mTavari popularizatori gaxda am skolis

konsultanti – iaponeli k. ome, romelmac 1990 wels gamoaqveyna wigni `msoflio

sazRvrebis gareSe~.

Tvlida ra, rom msoflio ekonomika amieridan sami geoekonomikuri centris

`triadis~ (evrokavSiri, aSS, iaponia) urTierTdamokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba,

avtori amtkicebda, rom calkeul saxelmwifoTa ekonomikuri nacionalizmi uazro

xdeba. ZiriTadi àqtorebis~ rangSi ekonomikur scenaze gamodian tek-ebi.

k. omes mosazrebebisadmi yvela wamyvani ekonomisti rodia solidaruli, da

miuxedavad amisa, k. omes pozicia globalizaciis Temaze praqtikulad yvela

diskusiis amosavali punqti gaxda.

197

T. levitis da k. omes mier gansazRvrul orive moments aerTianebs m.

uotersis mier Camoyalibebuli globalizaciis gansazRvreba: `globalizacia aris

procesi, romlis msvlelobaSi ixsneba socialuri da kulturuli sistemebis

geografiuli sazRvrebi da mosaxleoba sul ufro da ufro acnobierebs am

sazRvrebis qrobas~.

qarTveli politologi, gela Carkviani globalizaciis `samuSao formulas~

gvTavazobs. igi wers: `termini globalizacia imdenad uzustoa, rom misi srulad

gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. am saubris farglebSi SegviZlia Semdegi samuSao

formuliT davkmayofildeT: globalizacia aris mimdinare procesi, romelsac,

rogorc miiCneven, planeta mihyavs politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli

homogenizaciisaken qveynebs Soris mzardi urTierTqmedebis saSualebiT, romelsac

minimalurad aferxebs manZilebi da saxelmwifo sazRvrebi~. avtori miiCnevs, rom

manZilebisa da sazRvrebis barierebis daZlevis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT

qmediTia ori faqtori – axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebi da liberalizmis

filosofia.

2003 wels saqarTveloSi Catarda saerTaSoriso diskusia globalizaciis

problemebze. am diskusiaze, romelic saqarTvelos biznesis mecnierebaTa akademiis

sadiskusio klubSi gaimarTa, oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi Catarda 8 sxdoma.

globalizaciis arsisa da misi Tanamedrove problemebis Sesaxeb saintereso

mosazrebebi Camoayalibes qarTvelma mecnierebma: prof. b. lutiZem, prof. n.

WiTanavam, prof. l. Ciqavam, prof. d. RaRaniZem, prof. al. kuWuxiZem, prof. d.

qeburiam da sxv. imis gamo, rom yvelas mosazrebaTa gadmocema amJamad Cveni mizani

ar aris, SemovifarglebiT mxolod prof. b. lutiZis mosazrebiT termin

`globalizaciis~ definiciis Sesaxeb. rogorc qarTveli filosofosi miiCnevs,

`globalizacia aris yvelas monawileoba yvelas cxovrebaSi~. Tavis wignSi avtori

wers: `globalizacia Cveni cxovrebis realobaa. Tanamedrove TaobaTa Tvalwin

msoflioSi mimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis daCqarebuli globalizaciis

procesi~.

termini `globalizacia~, laTinuri sityvidan _ `globusidan~ warmodgeba.

etimologiuri mnisvnelobiT igi dedamiwas, mis mTlianobas aRniSnavs.

globalizaciis cneba, uwinares yovlisa, asaxavs msoflio regionebisa da

zonebis, qveynebis, xalxebis da TviT calkeuli adamianebis urTierTkavSirs,

urTierTdamokidebulebas da urTierTzegavlenas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela

198

sferoSi. globalizacia im faqtis konstataciaa, rom nebismieri qveynis

mdgomareoba dRes mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba imiT, rac mis farglebs gareT,

saerTaSoriso masStabiT xdeba. erTianobis pulsacia Cveni planetis yovel

nawilSi igrZnoba. prof. b. lutiZe ase warmogvidgens globalizaciis mTavari

mdgenelebis klasifikacias, romlis Tanaxmadac, globalizaciis maxasiaTeblebia:

sayovelTao urTierTkavSiri;

sayovelTao urTierTganpirobebuloba da damokidebuleba;

urTierTzegavlena;

RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaveba da unifikacia;

msoflios gadaqceva erTian mTlianad.

globalizaciis cnebiT aisaxeba mravali movlena da erTdroulad mimdinare

procesebi. misi mravali ganzomilebidan gamovyofT ors:

1. msoflio ekonomikis internacionalizacis zogadplanetarul

masStabs, rogorc erovnul ekonomikaTa mzardi urTierTmoqmedebis

logikur Sedegs, roca am urTierTmoqmedebam SeiZina

transnacionalizaciis, e.i. maTi urTierTSeRwevisa da gadaWdobis

saxe.

2. ekonomikuri cxovrebis universalizaciasa da homogenizacias,

romelic codnis, adamianTa, saqonlis, kulturul faseulobaTa da

sxvaTa gacvlis zegavleniT sul ufro eltvis erTian struqturebs,

principebsa da Rirebulebebs.

globalizaciis dargSi bolo dros erT-erTi uaxlesi tendenciaa finansuri

globalizacia, msoflio ekonomikis Taviseburi `finansizacia~.

rogorc viciT, internacionalizaciis procesebis transnacionalizaciis

etapze warmoiqmneba kompleqsebi, romelTa erovnuli warmomavloba iwyebs

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis daZlevas. es kompleqsebi erTiandebian mZlavr savaWro-

industriul transerovnul sistemad, romelSic savaWro da samrewvelo

kapitalisgan lideris roli gadadis finansur kapitalze. iReben ra mogebas

msoflios yvela qveynidan, transerovnulma korporaciebma sakmaod daagroves

valutaTa rezervebi, romlebic dRes ramdenjerme aRemateba msoflios yvela

centraluri bankis rezervebs erTad aRebuls.

amrigad, msoflio ekonomika XX s-is bolo meoTxedidan moyolebuli,

viTardeba globaluri anu zogadmsoflio problemaTa mzardi gavleniT. am

199

problemaTa warmoqmna msoflio meurneobis globalizaciis cxadi gamovlinebaa,

romelic mimdinareobs konfliqturi, problemuri, winaaRmdegobrivi formiT. da

mainc, globalizacia, rogorc termini, miuTiTebs msoflio sazogadoebis

Seqmnisaken mimarTul moZraobaze.

msoflioSi mogzaurobis gaiolebam da gaiafebam dedamiwis masStabebze

warsulSi arsebuli warmodgenebi TiTqmis mTlianad Secvala. gaadvilebulma

gadaadgilebis unarma dedamiwis zomaze metad `dapataravebis~ efeqti iqonia.

xalxi Seudareblad ufro mobiluri, xolo ucxo kulturebi da qveynebi ki

naklebad ucxoni gaxdnen. komunikaciebis gaiolebis faqtorma msoflio

kulturaTa ganvrcoba gamoiwvia. am procesebze sami umTavresi zegavlena iqonia

Semdegma movlenebma:

1. kompiuterulma ganviTareba, romelmac 1990-ian wlebSi Cveulebriv

xalxs internetis zrdis saSualebiT informaciisa da mesijebis

saerTaSoriso doneze gacvlis unari mianiWa.

2. meore faqtori satelituri televiziis ganviTarebaSi mdgomareobs.

3. mesame adgilze e.w. `pop-kulturis~ internacionalizaciis faqtia,

rac msoflios axalgazrdobas, maT Soris arsebul msgavsebebze

miuTiTebs.

globalizaciis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori mainc ekonomikis

globalizaciaa. generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb _ GATT-i

(romelic 1995 wlidan gardaiqmna vaWrobis msoflio organizaciad, WTO)

erTiani msoflio ekonomikis Seqmnisaken gadadgmuli nabijia. finansuri kapitali

Zlier mobiluri gaxda da mravalerovnul korporaciebs saxelmwifodan

saxelmwifoSi gadaadgileba aRar uZneldebaT. xSirad es ama Tu im saxiT

muSaxelis interesebis xarjze xdeba. am movlenis logikur damabalansebel Zalas

saerTaSoriso profesiuli kavSirebi warmoadgenen. globaluri politorganizeba

ki sakuTari ganviTarebis tempiT am movlenebs mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba.

Tanamedrove etapze msoflioSi mimdinare globaluri finansuri krizisis

fonze globalizaciis procesebSi bevri ram Seicvala. amitom saWiroa am

siaxleebis warmoCena, am procesebis axleburi xedva.

axla, roca msoflio politika da msoflios ekonomika Rrma krizisSi arian

Caflulni, mravldebian avis momaswavebeli niSnebis socialuri, politikuri da

sameurneo sferoebidan. hans kiungi iZleva mimdinare procesebis mZafr kritikas da

200

gvarwmunebs, rom msoflio politika da msoflio ekonomika uTuod saWiroeben

yvelasaTvis savaldebulo, konsensusze damyarebul erTian zneobas, rac ufro

mSvidobians, ufro samarTlians da ufro humanurs gaxdis msoflios. Teologiis

profesori ubralo receptebs ki ara, aramed konkretul impulsebs gvTavazobs da

cdilobs ipovos pasuxi konkretul kiTxvebze: arsebobs Tu ara Sualeduri gza

realur politikasa da idealur politikas Soris? SesaZloa Tu ara

Camoyalibdes msoflio ekonomikuri politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs

saxelmwifos keTildReobas wminda wylis kapitalizmis arsebobis viTarebaSi? ra

rols TamaSoben religiebi Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi? hans kiungi damajereblad,

popularuli eniT gadmoscems saTqmels da gvTavazobs Tamam, magram mainc

realistur, vizionerul msoflxats momavlisa, romelsac safuZvlad unda daedos

globaluri zneoba.

1998 wels, cnobilma mTargmnelma zurab abaSiZem, qarTulad Targmna hans

kiungis `msoflio zneoba~, romelSic igi aRniSnavda: `hans kiungma, tiubingenis

universitetis emiritirebulma profesorma, romelmac Tavisi Teologiuri

naSromebiT msoflioSi gaiTqva saxeli (daibada 1928 w.), SeZlo saeklesio da

sekularuli `modernisSemdgomi paradigma~ da damajereblad dagvimtkica, rom

kacobriobisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia erTiani zneoba, rom dedamiwaze aRar

arsebobdes `gansxvavebuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da erTmaneTis wnaaRmdeg mebrZoli

eTnosis regionebi~. zneobis uTuo maqsimebi kiungs mxolod upirobo fenomenis,

absolutis, RmerTis cnebidan gamohyavs da gvTavazobs originalursa da sarwmuno

`proeqts~ msoflios zneobisa:

àr gviweria gadarCena Tvinier msoflio zneobisa~;

àr daivanebs qveynad sayovelTao mSvidoba Tvinier religiaTa dazavebisa~;

àr egebis religiaTa dazaveba Tvinier religiaTa dialogisa~.

es sami postulati warmoadgens kiungiseuli msoflios zneobis monaxazis

kvintesencias~.

winamdebare opusi warmoadgens `msoflio zneobis~ ideaTa ganvrcobasa da

misadagebas msoflio politikisa da ekonomikisadmi da vfiqrob, igi Zalian

waadgeba Cveni patara, amJamad friadi siZneleebis daZlevis stadiaze myofi qveynis

sikeTisaken warmarTvis saqmes~. (hans kiungi, msoflio zneoba msoflio politikisa

da msoflio ekonomikisaTvis, germanulidan qarTulad Targmna zurab abaSiZem,

1998, gv. 5).

201

hans kiungis wignSi saukuneTa mijnaze Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi

orientaciis krizisis fonze gamarTulia urTierTgagebis suliskveTebiT

aRbeWdili dialogi sapolitiko da sameurneo mecnierebebTan, moniSnulia

principuli zogadi orientacia realisturi winaswarmetyvelebisa, raTa Seiqmnas

konturebi ufro mSvidobiani, ufro samarTliani, ufro humanuri samyarosi.

amasTan yuradRebis centrSi araa raime maregulirebeli principi – saxelmwifo,

bazari an eklesia, ramac xiluli Tu uxilavi xeliT unda moagvaros yvelaferi.

arsebuli viTarebis analizisaTvis araa agebuli viwro ekonomikuri, anda

partiuli politikiT SemozRuduli ideologiis cnebaTa konstruqcia. rac

gazrdida problemaTa raodenobas da Seqmnida maTi gadawyvetis iluzias. magram

gabedulad aris moxazuli momavlis sarwmuno suraTi sazogadoebrivi

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, suraTi, romelic amJamindel sazogadoebriv

sinamdvileze dafuZnebuli da imavdroulad masze aRmatebulia (SedarebiT) ukeTes

msoflio wesrigze damyarebuli perspeqtivis wyalobiT. wignis mTargmneli

aRniSnavs: ùdavoa, rom globaluri TvalsazrisiT Cvens winaSe dgas uamravi

axali problema, magram ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT isini, viT gadaulaxavi

winaaRmdegobani, ranic samomavlo gzas gviketaven. matulobs ricxvi ubedurebis

mauwybeli winaswarmetyvelebisa. saWiroa problemebs miudgeT, rogorc didsa da

seriozul gamowvevas, rac axalgazrda Taobas ise mZime tvirTad hkidia, rogorc

im Taobebs, romlebmac gamoiares pirveli msoflio omis, diqtaturebis, meore

msoflio omis momdevno periodis gasaWiri. xSirad xdeba – rac xanmokle

periodisaTvis SeuZlebeli gveCveneba, igi SeiZleba xangrZlivi periodis

ganmavlobaSi gulmodginebisa da moTminebis wyalobiT gavxadoT SesaZlebeli~.

(iqve, gv. 13-14)

dedamiwis civilizaciis binadarni erTi samyaros Svilebi varT. es erTianoba

ver ganxorcieldeba, Tu raime saerTo, zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebs ar

davefuZnebiT. hans kiungi miiCnevs, rom msoflio Rirebulebebis gareSe Cveni

gadarCena SeuZlebelia. uamisod erebs Soris mSvidoba ver damyardeba. hans kiungi

aRniSnavs:

èrebs Soris mSvidoba ar iarsebebs, Tu ar iarsebebs mSvidoba religiebs

Soris; religiebs Soris mSvidoba ar iarsebebs, Tu ar iarsebebs dialogi;

dialogi ar iarsebebs, Tu ar iarsebebs zneobis msoflio sazomi; zneobis gareSe

msoflio ver gadarCeba~. mxolod aseT saerTo Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT

202

SeiZleba davZlioT iseT RirebulebaTa deficiti, rogoricaa sxvisi azris

mosmenis kultura, gaxsniloba, urTierTSemwynarebloba.

aseTi sazomi, aseTi Rirebulebebi msoflios yvela erSi, yvela religiaSi

arsebobs, romelsac hans kiungi humanurobis oqros wess uwodebs (hans kiungi,

msoflio zneoba msoflio politikisa da msoflio ekonomikisaTvis. 1998, gv. 134)

da, romelic yovel religiur Tu eTikur tradiciaSi gvxvdeba. amis

dasadastureblad sakmarisia moviyvanoT msoflio Svidi religiis erTi oqros

kanoni:

`Seni mTavari movaleobaa araferi gaukeTo sxvas iseTi, rac Tavad tkivils

moganiWebda~ (induizmi – Mahabharata XIII:14.8); àdamiani yvela sxva arsebas ise

unda moeqces, rogorc mas Tavad surs rom eqceodnen~ (iainizmi – sutrakritanga

1.11.33) àr gaukeTo sxva is, rac ar ginda rom sxvam Sen gagikeTos~ (Cinuri

religia – konfuci 15.23); `mdgomareoba, romelic ar aris CemTvis sasiamovno da

aRmafrTovanebeli, aseTive iqneba sxvisTvisac~ (budizmi – samuata nikaia V,

353.35-354.2); `nu gaukeTeb sxva imas, rac Tavad ar gendomeboda rom gagikeTon~

(iudaizmi – Sabbat 31a); `moeqeci yvelaferSi ise sxvas, rogorc Tavad ginda rom

geqceodnen~ (qristianoba – maTe 7.12; luka 6.31); verc erTi Tqvengani ver gaxdeba

morwmune, sanam sakuTar Zmas igives ar usurvebs, rasac sakuTar Tavs (islami –

40 hadiTi, muhamedi 13).

ocdameerTe saukunemde saqarTvelom urTulesi gza gamoiara. qveyana bevrjer

saswaulebrivad gadarCa. am xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis

brZolaSi erma Tavisi gadarCenis maradiuli Rirebulebani Camoayaliba. Cveni

gadarCenis erTaderTi swori gza, rogorc xangrZlivi istoriuli gamocdilebiT

dasturdeba, aris erovnuli, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis gaZliereba. amasTan,

globaluri faqtoris gaTvaliswinebac ar unda dagvaviwydes. gare samyarosTan

srulfasovani integrireba Cveni da saerTod yvelas ganviTarebis aucilebel

pirobad iqca. amitom Cven gvWirdeba RirebulebaTa zomieri cvlileba. es ki erTi

mxriv SeuZlebelia saTanado erovnul fundamentze dafuZnebis gareSe, meore mxriv

ki es fundamenti globalizaciiT ganpirobebuli aucilebeli cvlilebis gareSe

yovelTvis myarad ver iqneba. Cven gvWirdeba erovnul faseulobaTa homogenizacia.

socialuri politikis doqtori, giorgi SaqariSvili, 2008 wlis 2 Tebervals

Jenevidan gamogzavnil werilSi samarTlianad aRniSnavda: `saqarTvelos istoriis

erTi Tvalis gadavlebac sakmarisia imis dasanaxavad, Tu raoden mravalferovania

203

sxvadasxva ideologiebis, civilizaciebis da kulturebis zegavlena qarTul

sazogadoebaze. bizantiuri wiaRidan aRmocenebuli marTlmadidebluri

qristianuli bazisi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida arabul da mongolur,

Semdgom islamistur zegavlenas, rasac mohyva caristuli ruseTis saSualebiT

evropul kulturasTan ziareba, romelic mogvianebiT Seicvala istoriuli

TvalsazrisiT xanmokle, magram Zlierad Tavsmoxveuli sabWoTa ideologiiT.

bunebrivia, zegavlenaTa amgvar dinamizms ar SeeZlo ar gamoewvia sazogadoebriv

faseulobaTa heterogenizacia, ris Sedegadac dRevandeli rigiTi qarTveli, Tavisi

kulturuli, tradiciuli Tu zneobrivi faseulobebis mixedviT, aris erTgvari

hibridi, romelSic tradiciuli qarTuli znebunebrivi Tvisebebi sxvadasxva doziT

aris Sezavebuli aRmosavluri konservatizmiT, evropuli liberalizmiT da

sabWoTa vertikalizmiT. yovel am faseulobas Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi qceviTi

gamoxatuleba axasiaTebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebriv faseulobaTa sxvadasxva

tipebi erTmaneTTan ukuqmedebiT damokidebulebaSi imyofeba, rac sazogadoebriv

qceviT gamosavals araprognozirebad da rTulad sainteresos xdis. yovelive amis

fonze, albaT, sasurvelia am faseulobaTa met-naklebi harmonizacia, romlis

erTaderTi swori gza erovnuli, tradiciuli faseulobebis gaZliereba iqneboda.

amave dros, warmovadgenT ra dRevandeli Tanamedrove samyaros ganuyofel nawils,

albaT aseve mniSvnelovania, Cvens tradiciul sazogadoebriv faseulobaSi

arsebuli romantiul-emociuri dominantis zomieri dabalanseba Tanamedrove

globalistur-pragmatuli komponentiTac, rac dagvexmareba gare-samyarosTan

srulfasovan integrirebaSi da TanamSromlobaSi, es ki qveynis ganviTarebis da

warmatebis erT-erT gadamwyvet faqtors warmoadgens. (giorgi SaqariSvili,

sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis reforma: masmediis roli erovnul mSeneblobaSi `24

saaTi~, 12 Tebervali, 2008 w., #31, gv. A4).

imisaTvis, rom aRniSnul amocanas warmatebiT gavarTvaT Tavi, Cven gvWirdeba

rogorc calkeul individebs, aseve individebsa da sazogadoebas da sazogadoebasa

da xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobis iseTi formebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa

solidaroba, tolerantoba, ndoba, urTierTgatana, TanamSromloba, anu Cven

gvWirdeba socialuri kapitalis ganviTareba, rac, upirveles yovlisa

saganmanaTleblo sistemis prerogativaa. amasTan erTad unda davZlioT erTgvari

`fiqris deficiti~. unda davZliTo spontanuroba, emociuroba, axlomxedveloba

sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas da davamkvidroT analizi da

204

SorsmWvreteloba. myisieri efeqtis nacvlad xangrZliv Sedegebze orientirebulni

unda gavxdeT. Cven unda mivaRwioT qveynis WeSmarit demokratiulobas, romelic

ganisazRvreba ara imiT, Tu ramdenad Tavisufalia protestis gamoxatvis

saSualeba, aramed imiT, Tu ramdenad aqtiuria mmarTvelobis procesSi

mosaxleobis Tanamonawileoba. Cven gvWirdeba mosaxloebasa da xelisuflebas

Soris aqtiuri dialogis asparezis Seqmna.

didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri devid milibendi 2009 wlis 15

ianvars `gardianSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi _ `terorTan omi Secdoma iyo~ jorj

buSis administraciis mier damkvidrebul ideas - `terorTan oms~ Secdomad

miiCnevs. misi azriT `problema is ki ar aris, unda SevutioT Tu ara fesvebSive

terorizms yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT. ra Tqma unda, unda SevutioT. sakiTxavia –

rogor?~ saqme is aris, rom teroristuli dajgufebebi da maTi motivaciebi

sruliad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. amitom `teroristul dajgufebebTan

brZolisaTvis maTi fesvebis amoZirkvaa saWiro, rac maTTvis iaraRisa da

dafinansebis arxebis gadaketvas, maTi gancxadebebis uSinaarsobaSi mxilebas da

maTi momxreebis demokratiul politikur procesebSi CarTvas iTvaliswinebs~. am

procesSi, rogorc devid milibendi acxadebs, gadamwyveti rolis Sesruleba

SeuZlia kanonis uzenaesobas, solidarobas saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg da im saerTo

faseulobebs, rac gvaerTianebs. da es imitom, rom samxedro Zalebs amboxebasTan

da samoqalaqo dapirispirebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis `cecxliTa da

maxviliT~ mogvareba ar SeuZliaT. ai, ra rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia Rirebulebebs

aRniSnul da ara marto aRniSnul saqmeSi. `terorizmis winaaRmdeg Cveni pasuxi

unda iyos kanonis uzenaesobis dacva da ara sxva sakiTxebze misi daqvemdebareba,

radgan kanonis uzenaesoba demokratiuli sazogadoebis qvakuTxedi gaxlavT. Cven

unda davicvaT adamianis uflebebi da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi rogorc qveyanaSi,

ise sazRvargareT. swored amgvari gakveTili unda viswavloT guantanamos

cixesTan dakavSirebuli istoriidan da swored amitom mivesalmebiT misi daxurvis

Sesaxeb prezident obamas danapirebs.

mowodeba `terorTan omisken~ gaxldaT mowodeba iaraRisken, mcdeloba

solidarobis Seqmnisa erTi saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Tumca, erebsa

da qveynebs Soris solidaroba unda emyarebodes ara imas, vis winaaRmdeg vibrZviT,

aramed warmodgenas imisa, rogorebi varT Tavad Cven da ra faseulobebi

gvaerTianebs. teroristebi warmatebas aRweven, rodesac msoflioSi SiSsa da

205

SurisZiebas, ganxeTqilebas da SuRls sTesen, rodesac qveynebs aiZuleben, rom maT

qmedebebs ZaladobiTa da represiebiT upasuxon. Tumca, saukeTeso pasuxia, ar

mivceT maT daSinebis saSualeba~ (devid milibendi, `terorTan omi~ Secdoma iyo.

gaz. `24 saaTi~, 16 ianvari, 2009, #7, (2045), gv. A7).

CvenTvis sasargeblo Rirebulebebis moZieba xSirad imaSic SeiZleba, rac Cven

mTlianobaSi arc ki mogvwons. am bolo xans dasavleTis presaSi daibeWda

saintereso interviu oqsfordisa da harvardis universitetebis profesor nil

fergiusonTan, romelic msoflioSi aRiarebul istorikosad iTvleba. igi

pirdapir acxadebs, rom politikuri Tu ekonomikuri sakiTxebis warmatebuli

gadawyvetis praqtikidan gamomdinare igi bevr sasargeblo gakveTils xedavs

ìmperiaSi~. igi konkretulad Semdegs aRniSnavs: ùbralod, me imperia momwons. es

ueWvelad is institutia, romelic dominirebda kacobriobis istoriis yvelaze

grZeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. ufro metic: rodesac istoriaze vsaubrobT, Cven

Cvenda uneburad imperiis istoriaze gvaqvs saubari. erovnuli saxelmwifoebi xom

mxolod XIX saukuneSi warmoiSvnen. aravis xelewifeba Cvens cxovrebaze imperiis

gavlenis waSla, amitom umjobesia misi arsis ukeT gageba. da es maSin, rodesac

arseboben iseTi mecnieruli skolebi, romlebic am problemebs ar ikvleven da

apriori akritikeben mas. rac namdvilad dauSvebelia.~ (nil fergiusoni, imperia

yovelTvis kritikas ar imsaxurebda. `24 saaTi~, 2008 wlis 26 marti, #69, gv.

B6).

mainc ra moswons imperiaSi nil fergiunsons? rogorc is aRniSnavs misi

mowonebiT sargeblobs liberaluri imperia da imitom, rom mas adamianTa

umravlesobisaTvis sikeTis motana SeuZlia. Tumca samwuxarod, xSirad borotebis

imperia gadawonis xolme sikeTis imperias, amasTan yvelaze mosawoni imperiaSi

aris is, rom imperia did teritoriebze milionobiT adaminisaTvis simSvides

uzrunvelyofs, xSirad ki ufro metsac. n. fergiusoni exeba ra am TvalsazrisiT

britaneTis imperias, Semdegs aRniSnavs: `Tuki virwmunebT, rom Tavisufali

vaWroba adamianisaTvis sikeTis momtania, Tuki virwmunebT, rom namdvilad sikeTea

korufciis aRmofxvra da kanonebisaTvis umaRlesi Zalauflebis miniWeba, maSin

unda vaRiaroT, rom britaneTis imperia sulac ar yofila kritikis Rirsi.

swored misi arsebobis wyalobiT sargeblobdnen XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis

dasawyisSi adamianebi vaWrobis Tavisuflebis sikeTiT, dabali inflaciiT,

korufciis dabali doniT, mdidari qveynebidan Raribebisaken kapitalis

206

gadaadgilebis TavisuflebiT da sxv. Tumca, es imas rodi niSnavs, rom amgvar

sikeTeebs Tavisi fasi ar hqonia: koloniur qveynebSi SezRuduli iyo adamianTa

politikuri uflebebi, Savbneli periodebis naklebobac ar yofila, magaliTad,

vaWroba adamianebiT da sxv.

nu ifiqrebT, rom ar viTvaliswinebde am yovelives da nostalgiiT

Sepyrobili erTi rigiTi britaneli imperialisti viyo. ubralod yoveli

istoriuli procesi da dawesebuleba, gamokvleuli unda iyos pro I contra

argumentebis gaTvaliswinebiT. da es maSin, rodesac ukanaskneli asi wlis

ganmavlobaSi istorikosebi imperiis Sesaxeb mxolod uaryofiT mxareebs weven wina

planze~ (nil fergiusoni, imperia yovelTvis kritikas ar imsaxurebda. `24 saaTi~,

2008 wlis 26 marti, #69, gv. B6).

nil fergiusoni aseve miiCnevs, rom pirveli da meore msoflio omis

saSinelebebi ZiriTadad samma faqtorma gamoiwvia: imperiebis damxobam,

mravaleTnikuri sazogadoebebis daSlam da ekonomikurma krizisma. imperiebis, anu

XIX saukune sulac ar yofila idealuri, magram man SeZlo globaluri

sisxlisRvrebisagan msoflios dacva. misive azriT erovnuli saxelmwifoebi

evropaSi imitom amarTleben, rom 1945 wlis Semdeg aq TiTqmis aRar darCa

mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifo. erovnuli saxelmwifo amarTlebs iq, sadac

sazogadoeba monogamiuria; mravalerovnul sazogadoebaSi igi gacilebiT uaresia,

vidre imperia. aSS-s _ Segnebuli imperia msofliosTvis gacilebiT ukeTesi

iqneboda, vidre qaosi Tu sxva alternativa. Tumca am qveyanam es Sansi 2003 wlis

11 seqtembris Semdeg xelidan gauSva. amerikelebi arasodes miiswrafvodnen

mZlavri imperiis Seqmnisaken. msoflios yvelaze saSiS safrTxed dRes

energetikuli saxelmwifoebis – ruseTisa da iranis mxridan mosalodneli raime

saxis SantaJi SeiZleba CaiTvalos. metad saSiS formebs iRebs radikaluri islami,

Zlierdeba CineTi. saxifaToa aseve milionobiT imigrantis evropul sazogadoebaSi

integraciis modelis marcxic. asi wlis winaT dasavleTis qalaqebis getoebi

ebraelebbiT iyo dakavebuli. dRes masSi islamistebi cxovroben. mTavari problema

imaSia, rom isini ebraelebisagan gansxvavebiT, aq sruliadac ar Camosulan

imisaTvis, rom imuSaon anda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi airion. yovelive es ki,

momavlisadmi pesimisturad gangvawyobs.

Sveicariis qarTuli saTvistomos Tavmjdomare giorgi kavkasiZe aRniSnavs,

rom didi gansxvaveba arsebobs dasavlur da Cvens RirebulebaTa sistemasa da

207

azrovnebaSi. gansxvaveba is aris, rom dasavleTSi yoveli moqmedeba aris Sedegze

orientirebuli, CvenTan ki principze, Cven negatiurebi varT, dasavlelebi ki

pozitiurebi arian. CvenTan SedarebiT dasavlelebi ufro pirdapirebi da

gulaxdilebi arian; CvenSi kanonis upativcemuloba da udisciplinobaa,

dasavleTSi ki kanonisadmi Rrma mowiweba da morCileba. vinaidan amis ZiriTadi

mizezi aris gansxvaveba faseulobebSi, unda moxdes dasavluri faseulobebis

sinTezireba Cvens kulturasTan, yofasTan, cxovrebis wesTan. g. kavkasiZe

samarTlianad aRniSnavs: `me ar maqvs survili, rom vamtkico dasavleTSi

yvelaferi kargia da aRmosavleTSi, saqarTvelos CaTvliT – yvelaferi cudi. me

imis Tqma minda, rom Tu gvinda, mokle droSi gaviaroT is manZili, ris gavlasac

dasavleTis qveynebma aTwleulebi da saukuneebi moandomes, unda moxdes dasavluri

faseulobebis sinTezireba Cvens kulturasTan. yofasTan da cxovrebis wesTan.

saqarTvelo TiTqmis orasi weli imyofeboda `bneleTSi~, es im dros, rodesac

dasavleTi viTardeboda.

imisTvis, rom es sinTezi moxdes, Cven, pirvel rigSi, gulaxdilebi unda

viyoT. sajarod unda vaRiaroT is uaryofiTi, rac gvaqvs. mxolod amis Semdeg

iqneba SesaZlebeli axlis da ukeTesis gaTaviseba~. (giorgi kavkasiZe, ra unda

Seicvalos saqarTveloSi? `24 saaTi~, 2009 wlis 15 aprili, #83 (2121), gv. A4).

saqarTvelo evroatlantikur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli qveyanaa.

qarTuli sazogadoeba TiTqmis erTxmad eTanxmeba qveynis dasavlur kurss. amitom,

amasTan erTad, bunebrivia, gviCndeba kiTxva: xom ar davkargavT amiT Cvens

Rirebulebebs? rogorc ia anTaZe aRniSnavs: `sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi yvelaze

xSirad eWvebi erovnul TviTmyofadobasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba: xom ar emuqreba

safrTxe qarTul tradiciebs? xom ar knindeba mravali Taobis mier aRiarebuli

Rirebulebebi? gansakuTrebiT xSirad ismis protesti teleproduqciasTan

dakavSirebiT: àmdeni sisxlis Cveneba SeuZlebelia!~, `serialebis morali Rupavs

axalgazrdebs!~, `holivudis filmebi Zaladobis kults amkvidrebs!~ (anTaZe i. ra

manZilia evropamde? `24 saaTi~, #123 (1567), 2007, gv. A5).

am kiTxvebze gonivruli pasuxi is aris, rom `Tu saqarTveloSi Rirebulebebi

icvleba, agresiis done izrdeba, an tradiciebi ikargeba, amis mizezi sakuTar

ojaxebsa da garemoSi unda moviZioT; Tu kulturis roli dakninebulia, an

mecnierebi Tavs zedmetad grZnoben, pasuxi Cvensave sazogadoebas da xelisuflebas

unda movkiTxoT. evropuli integracia qveynis TviTmyofadobas safrTxes ar

208

uqmnis, amas evrokavSiris Zveli Tu axali wevri – saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba

adasturebs. erovnuli identobis dakargvis SiSs Tu rame safuZveli aqvs, es

safuZveli sakuTar TavSia saZiebeli da ara evropaSi~ (i. anTaZe. ra manZilia

evropamde? `24 saaTi~, #123 (1567), 2007, gv. A5).

es samarTliani miniSneba moiTxovs imas, rom Tu gaqvs evrokavSirsa da

natoSi integraciis ambiciebi, unda SeiZino saTanado amuniiebic, anu Secvalo Seni

Rirebulebebi, ise, rogorc evrokavSiris qveynebma Secvales. isini ise amaRldnen

saerTo evropul Rirebulebebemade, ise moaxdines erTmaneTTan integracia, rom

TavianTi TviTmyofadoba, maradiuli Rirebulebani da tradiciebi ki ar

daukargavT, aramed swored am integraciis safuZvelze SeinarCunes da ganamtkices

kidevac isini. xolo imisaTvis, rom evropul Rirebulebebamde avmaRldeT, gavxdeT

misi organuli nawili, mxolod iuridiulad evrokavSirSi an natoSi miRebiT amas

ver mivaRwevT, ver gavxdebiT misi realuri nawili. rogorc ityvian: `yofiTi

kulturiT dawyebuli – rac sul mcire, sakuTari nagvis movlaSi unda

gamoixatos da politikuri kulturiT damTavrebuli – rac xelisuflebis

mSvidobiani cvlis Tundac erTi precedentiT unda dadasturdes - evropamde,

Cans, Sori da rTuli gza gvaqvs gasavleli...~ (anTaZe i. ra manZilia evropamde?

`24 saaTi~, #123 (1567), 2007, gv. A5). amitom umTavresi amocana imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom rac SeiZleba swrafad SevusabamoT Cveni yofiTi da politikuri

kultura da, saerTod, misi yvela aspeqti, Tanamedrove civilizebuli samyaros

standartebs. swored es aris Cveni gadarCenis umTavresi amocana Tanamedrove

globalizaciis etapze.

mainc sad unda veZioT saTave RirebulebaTa gasrulyofilebisa? zogadad Tu

vityviT, saWiroa RirebulebaTa swori sistema Camoyalibdes, magram konkretulad

rogor unda gakeTdes es, ai, esaa mTavari. amisaTvis ki mza receptebi namdvilad

ar arsebobs. SevexoT, magaliTad, ganaTlebis sistemas. imis gamo, rom dairRva,

gaufasurda skolis mTavari RirebulebiTi safuZveli, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis

sistema rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. skolaSi gakveTili Tavis funqcias ver

asrulebs. ia anTaZe 2007 wels aRniSnavda: àTi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi

vaswavlidi skolaSi da vfiqrob, rom yvelaze mTavari, rac skolaSi xdeba –

gakveTilia. rodesac gakveTili sainteresoa, rodesac moswavleebi da

maswavlebeli erTmaneTs usmenen, erTmaneTisgan swavloben da kmayofilebi arian

imiT, rac gakveTilze xdeba. skola Tavis funqcias asrulebs, magram skolis

209

amJamindeli problemebis saTave isaa, rom xSirad gakveTili an saerTod ar

tardeba, an ise ar tardeba, rom moswavle da maswavlebeli erTmaneTisken

miizidos.

bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi skolis cxovreba mkveTrad Seicvala. erTis

mxriv, Tavisufalma azrovnebam da didma informaciulma nakadma moswavleebSi

dabada gacilebiT maRali moTxovna maswavleblebis profesionalizmis mimarT;

meore mxriv – saskolo atestatis rolis dakninebam da dabalma xelfasma

pedagogebs sruliad gauqro maRali standartis SenarCunebis motivacia.

Sesabamisad, moswavleebma moixsnes skolaSi yoveldRe wasvlis da yvela

gakveTilze daswrebis valdebuleba, xolo maswavleblebma moixsnes

pasuxismgebloba gakveTilis Catarebisa da mis xarisxze.

Rirebulebebis araswori sistemis Camoyalibebis, misi aRrevis Sedegad skola

agresiis bude gaxda. ia anTaZe dasZens: `sakuTriv skolis problemebma ki Tavi

iCina ganaTlebis dabal xarisxSi, Sesabamisad, Rirebulebebis yiralama sistemis

CamoyalibebaSi da, amis Sesabamisad mozardTa masobriv agresiaSi. imis gamo, rom

gaunaTlebloba da Rirebulebis aRreva ise ar `yviris~, rogorc daniT Tu

iaraRiT miyenebuli sasikvdilo Wrilobebi, skolis problemebi wlebis

ganmavlobaSi saojaxo ganxilvis Temad rCeboda. dRes ki sazogadoeba SiSiT da

ZrwoliT Seimcnebs, ramdenad gaufasurebulia adamianis sicocxle Cveni mozardi

Taobis TvalSi~.

raki analiziT dadginda, rom skolaSi Seqmnili miRebuli viTarebis mTavari

mizezi RirebulebaTa araswori sistemaa, gamosavalic SeiZleba moiZebnos. agresias

agresiiT ver amoSanTav. es gza kidev ufro met agresias dabadebs. amitom

gamosavali SeiZleba iyos maswavleblebisa da moswavlis motivacia, rom gakveTili

gaxdes saintereso da sasargeblo, raTa skolaSi RirebulebaTa swori sistema

Camoyalibdes. ia anTaZe samarTlianad aRniSnavda: `saministrom, skolam, ojaxma da

sazogadoebam, pirvel rigSi unda ifiqros ara imaze, Tu ra xdeba derefanebSi,

tualetebSi, ezos bnel kunWulebsa da sadarbazoebSi, aramed imaze, Tu ra xdeba

gakveTilze; unda vifiqroT maswavleblisa da moswavlis motivaciaze, rom

gakveTili gaxdes saintereso da sasargeblo informaciis miRebis adgili, agreTve

rac yvelaze mTavaria, sadac adamianebis cnobierebaSi Rirebulebebis swori

sistema yalibdeba.~ (anTaZe ia, ras mogvitans ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministros mkacri politika? `24 saaTi~, 13 ivnisi, 2007, #129, gv. A4).

210

gamocdebis erovnuli centris warmomagdeneli ia kutalaZe, ajamebda ra amave

centris saSualebiT Catarebul oTx saerTaSoriso kvlevis Sedegebs. aRniSnavda,

rom 45 qveynis monawile moswavleTa mixedviT Sedga reitinguli sia, romelmac

uCvena, rom wignebis mixedviT saqarTvelo am retinguli siis bolo oTxeulSia.

anu qarTvelma moswavleebma sakmaod mokrZalebuli Sedegebi aCvenes. gamokvlevam

Seamowma agreTve moswavleTa codna-unarebi maTematikisa da sabunebismetyvelo

sagnebSi. es Zalian mniSvnelovania. maTematika xels uwyobs moswavleTa azrovnebis

ganviTarebas, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebi ki (fizika, qimia, biologia) _ samyaros

Semecnebas. Tanamedrove bavSvi am yvelafris gareSe absoluturad warmoudgenelia.

masSi monawileoba miiRo samocdaaTamde qveyanam. saqarTvelo am kvlevis

reitingSic bolo meoTxedSia. gamokvlevaSi somxeTic monawileobda da man

saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli aCvena. ia kutalaZe aanalizebs ra am mZime Sedegebs,

arsebuli mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis mizniT saintereso mosazrebebs ayalibebs,

romelic metad mnisvnelvania skolis swori RirebulebiTi orientaciisTvis. is

konkretulad aRniSnavs: `mZime Sedegebi ganapiroba qveyanaSi arsebulma viTarebam.

is qveynebi, romlebic reitinguli siis saTaveSi arian, ganaTlebaze Zalian bevrs

xarjaven. anu investiciebi, romlebic ganaTlebis sistemaSi ideba. biblioTekis

srulyofa, saskolo resursebi, saswavlo procesisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania;

dRes Cvens qveyanas ara aqvs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom ganaTlebis sistemaSi bevrad

meti investiciebi Caidos. amitom mniSvnelovania, maqsimalurad racionalurad

gamoviyenoT es resursebi.

SevecadoT zustad ganvsazRvroT prioritetebi, ra aris mniSvnelovani, ra

gziT unda wavideT, daigegmos mizanmimarTuli aqtivobebi. Zalian sayuradRebo

resursia saxelmZRvaneloebi, aseve maswavleblebi ramdenad kvalificiuria. yvelam

kargad viciT, rom kargi maswavlebeli moswavlis integrirebas yovelTvis

axerxebda. maSin roca maswavlebelTa xelfasebi Zalian dabalia da maTi

motiviaciac Sesabamisad arc ise maRali unda iyos. arsebobs kvalifikaciis

problemebic (yvelaze, ra Tqma unda, ar vambob), yovelive amis fonze gvaqvs aseTi

Sedegebi. amdenad Zalian bevri da kompleqsuri faqtori ganapirobebs Cveni

moswavleebis dabal da mokrZalebul Sedegebs.

es pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Cven maT saTanadod ver

vexmarebiT. `Cven~-Si Sedis yvela – saxelmwifo, romelic dRes, arsebuli

realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro met investicias ver debs ganaTlebis sistemaSi,

211

ganaTlebis sistema, romelmac unda gansazRvros prioritetebi da amisaTvis

sWirdeba kvlevebiT miRebuli suraTi, ojaxi, garemo sadac izrdeba bavSvi da

sxva...~ (mari oTaraSvili, qarTveli moswavleebi... `rezonansi~, 2010 wlis 29

ianvari, gv. 4).

Tu rogori Sedegebi miviReT ganaTlebis aseTi politikis Sedegad,

dResdReobiT, misi garkveuli TvalsazrisiT Sefasebas iZleva lana beriZis

publikacia (l. beriZe. gamocdebis Sedegebi samarcxvinoa, saskolo ganaTlebis

done – katastrofuli. `rezonansi~, 5 agvisto, 2010, #206 (6431), gv. 1,4).

avtori aRniSnavs, rom CaWrili abiturientebis ricxvma yvela rekordi moxsna.

yvelaze meti abiturienti sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi CaiWra. kerZod, gamocdebis

erovnuli centris monacemebiT, sam arCeviT saganSi yvelaze meti abiturienti

CaiWra. 14 000 abiturientidan, romelTac maTematika airCies, minimaluri

kompetenciis zRvari abiturientTa 34%-mac ver gadalaxa, fizika mxolod 81-ma

abiturientma airCia, Tumca maTgan gamocda 58%-ma ver Caabara. qimiis gamocdaSi

monawile 465 abiturientidan minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari ki 38%-ma ver

gadalaxa. abiturientTa ucodinroba, maswavleblebis dabali kompetenciisa da

susti xelmZRvanelobis Sedegia. amitom am kuTxiT ganaTlebis sistemaSi jer

kidev bevri sakiTxia mosagvarebeli. aRniSnul mosazrebas iziarebs gamocdebis

erovnuli centris xelmZRvaneli maia miminoSvili, romelic miiCnevs, rom

ganaTlebis saministrom yvelaferi unda gaakeTos, raTa gaumjobesdes skolaSi

teqnikuri sagnebis swavlebis done.

èqspertebi da ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgenlebi abiturientebis CaWris

maRal maCvenebels ZiriTadad skolis dabali doniT xsnian, rasac abiturientebis

dabali ganaTleba TavisTavad mohyveba~ (maia miminiSvili, `rezonansi~, 5 agvisto,

2010).

àrasamTavrobo organizacia `solidaroba ganaTlebuli saqarTvelosTvis~

gamgeobis Tavmjdomare, profesorebi Tengiz sanaZe sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi

abiturientebis CaWras, iseve rogorc sxva sagnebSi, skolaSi miRebuli dabali

ganaTlebis doniT xsnis~.

kerZod igi aRniSnavs: es Sedegebi imis bralia, rom skolebSi swavlebis done

aris Zalian dabali. aRar aswavlian skolebSi qimias, fizikas, maTematikas da

ukeTes Sedegs rogor miviRebT?! Cveulebrivi moTxovnasac veRar akmayofileben

maswavleblebi da bunebrivia, rom moswavleebic ar arian saTanadod momzadebulni.

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teqnikuri sagnebi rom ar iswavleba skolebSi, es faqtia da erovnuli gamocdebis

Sedegebic amas adasturebs.

`wina wlebSi bevrad ukeTesi Sedegebi iyo, Tundac is, rom wina wlebSi

olimpiadebze gasvlisas qarTveli bavSvebi fizika, qimia, maTematikaSi erT-erTi

yvelaze mowinave iyvnen. axla rom gavides qarTveli bavSvi olimpiadaze, bolodan

pirvel adgils aviRebT mxolod~. misive gancxadebiT, es yvelaferi ganaTlebis

araswori reformiT aris gamowveuli.

fizika-maTematikosi, profesori merab jiblaZec teqnikur sagnebSi

abiturientebis CaWris maRal maCvenebels araswori saswavlo programiTa da

susti pedagogebiT xsnis.

igi aRniSnavs: ès Sedegebi Zalian advili asaxsnelia. es imis bralia, rom is

programa, romliTac bavSvebi teqnikur sagnebs swavloben, aris gonabasusti

pedagogebis mier Sedgenili da ar akmayofilebs aranair moTxovnebs. sabWoTa

kavSiris droundeli programebi aqvT, mecnierebi da profesionali adamianebi amaT

ar undaT, yvela `Carecxes~ da Sedegic saxezea.

ar esmiT, rom Tu teqnikuri sagnebis specialirebi ar arian qveyanaSi, Tu

qimia, fizika da biologia ar ician abiturientebma, es imas niSnavs, rom momavalSi

arc eqimi gveyoleba normaluri da arc inJineri.

imdenad gonebasusti adamianebis mier aris es programebi da sagnebi

Sedgenili, rom bavSvebi ver igeben, ras swavloben. anu, rodesac sagans aswavli

bavSvs da im sagans daskvna da analizi ar aqvs, ra unda gaigos moswavlem. rogor

unda Cawvdes im saganis arss?! amas emateba is, rom Zalian cota saaTi iswavleba

fizikac, qimiac da biologiac skolebSi, rac sakmarisi ar aris. mTlianobaSi

yvela faqtori erTad moqmedebs Sedegebze da Sedegebi rogoric miviReT, yvela

xedavs.~ misive gancxadebiT, maSin, rodesac Tavad maswavleblebi ver erkvevian

teqnikur sagnebSi saTanadod, moswavleebs TavisTavad aRar uCndebaT swavlis

survili~.

swored amitom aris, rom ganaTlebis sferos gardaqmna saqarTvelos axal

mTavrobas prioritetul mimarTulebad miaCnia (saqarTvelos premier-ministrobis

kandidat biZina ivaniSvilis mier warmoTqmuli sityva 2012 wlis 25 oqtombers

qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe, `saqarTvelos respublika~,

#206, 26 oqtomberi, 2012 weli, gv. 6). am mizniT ki es sistema mTlianad unda

gaTavisufldes politikuri wnexisagan. aucilebelia ganaTlebis sistema

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daefuZnos sayovelTaod aRiarebul Tanamedrove standartebs. sasurvelia yvela

umaRles da profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas mieces akademiuri,

administraciuli da finansuri avtonomiis garantia. saWiroa Seiqmnas ganaTlebis

sistemis efeqtiani marTvis meqanizmebi, rac niSnavs imas, rom ganaTlebis sistemis

marTva unda gaxdes Tanmimdevruli da Sedegebze orientirebuli. saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebSi kvalificiuri kadrebis SesanarCuneblad da mosazidad

aucilebelia Seiqmnas obieqturi, gamWvirvale da efeqtiani meqanizmebi. upirveles

yovlisa, daculi unda iyos maswavleblis, profesoris, mecnieris Sromis ufleba.

skolis cxovrebaSi, misi saqmianobis angariSis ganxilvasa da SefasebaSi

monawileoba unda miiRon mSoblebma, aucilebelia gaizardos saxelmwifo xarjebi

ganaTlebaze mTlian SidaproduqtTan mimarTebiT da mecniereba gaxdes codnaze

dafuZnebuli ekonomikis safuZveli.

3.5. kultura da ekonomikuri ganviTareba

kaliforniis universitetis (los anjelesi) profesoris, dipak lalis

monografia `kultura da ekonomikuri ganviTareba an Sedegebi, romlebzec

winaswar ar ufiqriaT. warmoebis, kulturis da politikis uzrunvelyofis

faqtorebiT grZelvadian ekonomikur Sedegebze gavlena~ eZRvneba evraziuli

erovnuli kulturebis formirebas, politikur mowyobasa da ekonomikur

politikas, agreTve maT rols ekonomikur zrdaSi istoriis sxvadasxva etapze:

Zveli da Suasaukunovani civilizaciebidan Cvens dromde.

avtori cdilobs axsnas, ratom SeZlo maincdamainc dasavleTevropulma

civilizaciam mieRwia ekonomikuri zrdis intensifikaciisTvis samrewvelo

revoluciebis epoqaSi, Cadga ra dagrovebisa da mecnierul-teqnikuri potencialis

avangardSi. amasTan, d. lali varaudobs, rom qveynebs, romlebic sxva

civilizaciebs miekuTvneba, Tanamedrove pirobebSi damwevi ganviTarebis

traeqtoriiT moZraobaSi warmatebisTvis ar sWirdeba erovnul kulturaTa sruli

gardaqmna dasavleTevropulis msgavsad, radgan modernizacia vesternizaciis

gareSec SesaZlebelia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom d. lals kvlevisTvis originaluri midgoma gamouyenebia.

avtori, upirveles yovlisa, anTropologiis, socialuri fsiqologiis,

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evoluciuri biologiis, nevrologiis, makrosociologiis, agreTve evraziis

Semqmneli religiis da kulturis socialur-ekonomikuri istoriis specialistTa

Sromebs eyrdnoba.

wignSi iSviaTadaa damowmebuli ekonomistebis Sromebi da saerTod araa

warmodgenili mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis kanonzomierebebisadmi miZRvnili

publikaciebi. es SesaZloa dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom, rogorc avtori

varaudobs, sakiTxi kulturisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb `bevr

ekonomists warmoudgeba gaurkvevlad, areul-dareulad da uTavbolod~.

imavdroulad praqtikosebi, romlebic dakavebuli arian ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

programaTa SemuSavebiTa da realizaciiT, xazgasmiT aRniSnaven kulturis

mniSvnelobas. avtori emyareba lourens harisonis, saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis

saagentos (aSS) pasuxismgebeli muSakis, wigns, romelic gamoaqveyna saxelwodebiT

`vin yvavis. rogor ayalibebs kulturuli faseulobebi ekonomikur da politikur

warmatebas~.

d. lalis kvlevis amosavali wertilia debuleba, romlis mixedviTac

èkonomistebi mniSvnelovanwilad eTanxmebian erTmaneTs~. saubaria imaze, rom

ekonomikuri zrdis ùSualo~ an ùaxloesi~ mizezebia investiciaTa efeqtianoba

da norma. maTematikuri sizustiT es debuleba SeiZleba gamoixatos Semdegi

formuliT:

aq:

_ namatis tempi procentebSi;

_ saangariSo periodi (weli);

( ) _ wina periodi (weli);

_ mTliani Sida produqti;

_ damatebuli Rirebuleba (mSp-is namati);

_ dabandeba ZiriTad kapitalSi;

/ _ ukugeba dabandebul kapitalze;

/ _ mSp-is danaxarjis norma ZiriTad kapitalSi dabandebulze.

kapitalis namatze ukugeba da dabandebaTa norma kapitalSi

urTierTdakavSirebulia. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, rac ufro maRalia ukugeba

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kapitalis namatze, miT metia stimuli kapitaldabandebaTa zrdisTvis. rac ufro

meti resursi miemarTeba kapitalis formirebisTvis, miT mZafria konkurencia

mewarmeebs Soris, miT metad arian gawafulebi warmoebis efeqtianobis zrdis

ZiebaSi.

monografiaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba ekonomikuri zrdis intensifikaciis

or ZiriTad process. pirveli _ esaa specializaciis ganviTareba da resursebis

gadanawileba saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gavleniT. meore _ samecniero-teqnikuri

progresi. pirvel mimarTulebas avtori uwidebs smitiseuli tipis zrdas adam

smitis pativsacemad, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara Sromis saerTaSoriso

ganawilebis gaRrmavebis progresul rols. meore ki, misi azriT, aris

promeTeseuli zrdis tipis, miTiuri gmiris promeTes pativsacemad, romelmac

adamianebs cecxli aCuqa.

sazogadoebaSi obieqturi procesebi warmoiSoba da viTardeba ìm uamrav

individTa damoukidebeli moqmedebebis Sedegad, romlebic sxvadasxva mizans

isaxaven, xolo am moqmedebaTa saboloo Sedegebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba imaTgan,

romlebic mxedvelobaSi hqondaT miRebuli~. a. smitis droidan ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi miRebul swored am postulats ukavSirdeba wignis saxelwodebac

`ganuWvreteli (?)Sedegebi~.

ara marto obieqtur procesebs, aramed èkonomikur politikasac aqvs

mniSvneloba~. Tu mivmarTavT adre moyvanil formulas, SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom

sainvesticio klimati da ekonomikuri zrda damokidebulia imaze, mogebis romel

nawils iReben gadasaxadebis daxmarebiT saxelmwifo biujetis Sesavsebad.

cnobilia imis magaliTebi, Tu rogor moaxdina samewarmeo da da SromiTi

saqmianobis stimulireba mogebasa da SromiT Semosavlebze gadasaxadebis dabali

brtyeli skalis SemoRebam, ramac daaCqara ekonomikuri zrda da uzrunvelyo

mosaxleobis maRali dasaqmeba. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos

`mtacebluri qceva~ aqvs, anu axdens danazogTa amoRebas, rac damaxasiaTebelia

avtokratiuli reJimebisTvis, es mas Semoubrundeba ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi

CamorCeniT, ekonomikis degradaciiTa da saxelmwifos kraxiT.

problema, romelsac eZRvneba recenzirebuli monografia, isaa, Tu rogoraa

obieqturi socialuri da politikuri procesebi dakavSirebuli kulturis

Camoyalibebis TavisebulebebTan da ra warmoadgens kulturis cneba ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis TemasTan mimarTebaSi.

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ingliseli sociologis da anTropologis, ernest gelneris, gansazRvriT,

`kultura aris saqmis warmoebis gansakuTrebuli saxe, rimelic axasiaTebs ama Tu

im sazogadoebas~. ekonomikis dargSi nobelis premiis laureatis, duglas nortis,

ganmartebis Tanaxmad, kultura safuZvelia àma Tu im sazogadoebaSi TamaSis

wesebis da uzrunvelyofs adamianTa urTierTqmedebis araformalur SezRudvebs~.

urTierTqmedebis normebi gadadis socialurad. gadacemis aseTi forma

genetikurisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom, rogorc e. gelneri acxadebs, àmtkicebs

SeZenil niSnebs~.

d. lali Tavisi kvlevis amocanebTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas amaxvilebs

imaze, rom kultura adamianis Segnebuli moRvaweobis procesSi garemos

cvlilebis da axal garemoSi gadarCenis xerxebis SemuSavebis Sedegia. SeZenili

unarebi fiqsirdeba `socialuri Cvevis saxiT~.

Tuki am debulebas filosofiuridan gadavitanT ufro konkretul

ekonomikur enaze, maSin saubari SeiZleba iyos Semdegze: warmoebis srulyofis

dargSi miRwevebi aisaxeba axal teqnikaSi da Zvelis modernizaciaSi, adamianTa

saqmianobis organizaciis axal sqemebSi, agreTve ganaTlebis sistemasa da

profesiul swavlebaSi, ris wyalobiTac Seqmnis teqnologiis, teqnikis

eqsploataciis da mTlianobaSi warmoebis organizaciis gadacema da srulyofa

xdeba.

avtori gamoyofs kulturis or fenas. pirvelia kulturis materialuri

formebi (gamomuSavebis formebi cxovrebisTvis), anu, Tu visargeblebT

marqsistuli terminologiiT, sawarmoo urTierTobebi. meore fenas Seadgens

msoflmxedveloba, e.i. samyaros gageba da adamianis adgili masSi. d. lali

amjobinebs mas uwodos kosmologiuri warmodgena. igi aseT gansazRvras

neitralurad miiCnevs, amjobinebs ra termin ìdeologias~.

profesori amasTan dakavSirebiT ixsenebs marqsistul moZRvrebas bazissa da

zednaSenze, romlis Tanaxmadac, bazisi pirveladia, zednaSeni ki _ meoradi. igi

aRniSnavs, rom `darvinizmiT dasnebovanebuli~ socialur mecnierebaTa bevri

warmomadgeneli marqsistuli moZRvrebis am debulebas eTanxmeba. imavdroulad

anTropologTa da sociologTa didi odenoba, avtoris azriT, iziarebs

idealistur Sexedulebebs. Tavisi pozicia avtorma gamoxata Semdegnairad: `me,

rogorc keTili indusi, bunebrivia, vTvli, rom WeSmariteba sadRac SuaSia~.

217

sinamdvileSi, rogorc mkvlevari, d. lali iziarebs materialistur pozicias.

igi eTanxmeba evoluciur fsiqologebs imaSi, rom adamianebi ar arian moraluri

cxovelebi dabadebidanve. morali gamomuSavdeba kacobriobis evoluciis procesSi

da moqmedebs misi moRvaweobis yvela aspeqtze, sawarmoos CaTvliT. adamians

ZaluZs icxovros sindisis karnaxiT, vinaidan, rogorc Carlz darvini werda,

misTvis damaxasiaTebelia `Seupirispiros Tavisi warsuli da momavali moqmedebebi

an zraxvebi maTi mowonebiT an dawunebiT~.

adarebs ra kulturis or fenas, avtori aRniSnavs kulturis materialuri

aspeqtebis swraf misadagebas garemos cvlilebebTan, maSin, roca kosmologiuri

warmodgenebi didxans rCeba praqtikulad ucvleli, Tumca isini SeiZleba

radikalurad Seicvalos garkveul pirobebSi. miuxedavad sxvaobisa, kulturis

orive fena moqmedebs sazogadoebaSi adamianis qcevaze. àdamianuri moRvaweoba

imarTeba rogorc materialuri, ise kosmologiuri warmodgenebiT~. es exeba

gavlenasac politikur mowyobaze, magram, am TvalsazrisiT, `Sexeduleba samyaroze

iqneba, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi~.

d. lalis koncefciaSi principulad mniSvnelovania erovnul kulturebsa da

civilizaciebSi individualizmis da komunalizmis Tanafardobis gamoyofa.

komunalizmSi avtori gulisxmobs arakomerciul safuZvelze TanamSromlobis da

urTierTdaxmarebis unars. `dasavleTi ufro individualisturia, vidre danarCeni

msoflio~ _ konstatacias axdens igi _ da amas ukavSirebs dasavleTevropuli

civilizaciebis upiratesobebs sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.

Zvel civilizaciaTa materialuri baza mdinareebis tigrosisa da evfratis,

nilosis, indisa da ianZis dablobebSi iyo intensiurad sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba.

miwaTmoqmedebis aseTi forma saWiroebda SromiT TanamSromlobas arxebis

gaTxrisas da kaSxlebis agebisas, rac xels uwyobda komunalizmis tradiciaTa

ganviTarebas. amave safuZvelze viTardeboda sazogadoebis stratifikacia, mis

wveroSi ki idga absoluturi monarqi, romlis Zalaufleba Semoifargleboda wes-

CveulebebiT.

Zvel egvipteSi monarqi iyo RmerTi, romelsac ar SeeZlo emoqmeda

TviTneburad da Tavisi axirebis mixedviT, mas Tavisi moqmedeba unda SeeTanxmebina

maatTan _ `swor wesrigTan~. mesopotamiaSi monarqad iTvleboda msaxurebis

aRsasruleblad rCeuli piri RvTiuri Zalis CareviT. mas unda `Seemecna imis

arsi, Tu rogor Seesrulebina monarqis vali~.

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Zvel imperiaTa ayvaveba dakavSirebuli iyo imasTan, Tu ramdenad uwyobdnen

xels isini saerTaSoriso vawrobis ganviTarebas da ekonomikis efeqtianobis

amaRlebas Sromis sazogadoebrivi ganawilebis gaRrmavebis safuZvelze (smitiseuli

ganviTarebis tipi). avtori imperiaTa dasasruls xsnis `saxelmwifos mtacebluri

xasiaTiT~. Sinagani wesrigis SesanarCuneblad da gareSe safrTxis Tavidan

asacileblad sagadasaxado sistemis meSveobiT igi amoiRebda danazogTa did

nawils, romelic aucilebeli iyo sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebaSi dasabandeblad.

gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa adreuli Sua saukuneebis Cinuri civilizacia.

wignSi vkiTxulobT, rom XI saukunis CineTSi `warmodgenili iyo yvela teqnikuri

komponenti im teqnologiur miRwevaTa SesamuSaveblad, romlebic gaxda dasavluri

samrewvelo revoluciis simbolo da promeTes tipis zrdis safuZveli. man

organuli ekonomika gadaaqcia mineralur nedleulze damyarebul ekonomikad~.

Cinuri ekonomikis stagnacia Sua saukuneebis periodis bolosTvis, `miuxedavad

boboqari Suasaukuneobrivi Semoqmedebisa, erT-erTi udidesi istoriuli gamocanaa~

_ miiCnevs d. lali.

uZraobis SesaZlo mizezTa saxiT wamoweulia Cinuri politikuri

administraciis Tavisebureba, romlis ZalisxmeviTac, konfucianuri warmodgenebis

Sesabamisad, imperiis fizikuri mTlianobis SesanarCunebel zomebSi `CaSenda

sistemuri SezRudvebi~ yovelgvari saxis eqspansiaze: iqneboda es samrewvelo,

komerciuli Tu samxedro.

meore mizezad avtori miiCnevs imas, rom ` vaWrobiTa da mrewvelobiT

uzarmazari kerZo simdidris dagroveba CinelTa umravlesobas miaCnda

amoralurad~. saboloo jamSi, òficialuri ideologia da xalxuri fsiqologia

erTdroulad moqmedebda im upiratesobaTa gansamtkiceblad, romlebic moxeleebs

hqondaT nebismieri Sejaxebisas mxolod mdidar kerZo pirebTan~.

dasavleTi evropis aRorZinebas profesori ukavSirebs promeTes tipis

intensiur zrdas, uwodebs ra am movlenas èvropul saswauls~. ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis RirsSesaniSnavi Sedegebi da intensiuri zrdis mizezTa rTuli

xasiaTi safuZvels iZleva visaubroT saswaulze. d. lalis kvlevaTa mniSvnelovani

nawili eZRvneba am `saswaulis~ gaSifvras.

dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis adreul stadiaze smitiseuli tipis

intensiuri zrdis lokomotivad iqca xmelTaSua zRvispira qveynebis vaWroba,

romelic ganpirobebuli iyo maTi sxvadasxvaobiT warmoebis faqtorebiT

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uzrunvelyofaSi. amasTan erTad, mas safuZveli unda Caeyara promeTeseuli tipis

progresisTvis.

dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis pirveli instituciuri Tavisebureba iyo

qalaq-saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. maTSi iqmneboda sasurveli klimati vaWrebisa

da komerciisTvis _ es iyo maTi ayvavebis safuZveli. `vaWrebi uciloblad did

rols asrulebdnen iq, vidre indoeTis da CineTis imperiul saxelmwifoebSi~.

samoqalaqo mowyobis meore Tavisebureba iyo komerciuli saxelSekrulebo

samarTlis ganviTareba da samoqalaqo kodifikacia romis samarTlis institutis

bazaze. aman saSualeba miscaT gadasuliyvnen im `rwmunebiT saojaxo kavSirebze~

damyarebuli garigebebidan, romlebsac efuZneboda vaWroba Zvel agrarul

imperiebSi, `damoukidebel mxareebs Soris~ garigebebze.

mesame Tavisebureba gamoixateboda `saxelmwifos mier kerZo sakuTrebis

uflebebis aRiarebaSi~. arsebiTad, es niSnavda `mtacebeli mTavrobebisTvis xelis

Sekvras~ formulis Sesabamisad: àr arsebobs dabegvra warmomadgenlobebis

gareSe~.

mTlianobaSi TviTmarTvadi qalaq-saxelmwifoebis centraluri saorganizacio

principi iyo `moqalaqeobis uzenaesoba adaminTa gaerTianebis yvela formaze~.

swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis uzenaesoba ganasxvavebda dasavleTevropul

civilizacias Zveli civilizaciebisgan.

gansakuTrebuli roli kulturuli erTianobis uzrunvelyofaSi

politikurad dayofil dasavleTevropul kontigentSi eniWeboda qristianul

eklesias. aq Cven vawydebiT ganuWvretel Sedegebs, romlebmac ganapiroba

qristianuli eklesiis moqmedeba saojaxo samarTlis sferoSi. eklesiam es nabiji

gadadga Tavisi qonebrivi interesebis uzrunvelsayofad.

VI saukuneSi papma grigori I-lma akrZala axlo naTesavebTan da moyvrebTan

qorwineba, Tanacxovreba, agreTve _ bavSvebis gadacema gaSvilebis gziT. es

akrZalva ojaxebs, romelTac ar hyavdaT mamrobiTi sqesis pirdapiri memkvidre,

SesaZleblobas arTmevda SeenarCunebinaT saojaxo memkvidreoba da xels uwyobda

mis CamorTmevas eklesiis sasargeblod. ukve VII saukunis bolosTvis safrangeTSi

mwarmoebluri miwebis erTi mesamedi eklesiis xelSi aRmoCnda. Semdgomi ori

saukunis ganmavlobaSi saeklesio sakuTrebis zrdis procesi miwaze grZeldeboda

ara marto safrangeTSi, aramed italiasa da germaniaSic.

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papebis akrZalvebma xeli Seuwyo dasavluri nuklearuli ojaxebis Seqmnas, es

ojaxebi nergavda individualizms gafarToebuli ojaxisgan gansxvavebiT (saojaxo

klani); isini gamsWvaluli iyo komunalizmis suliT da axasiaTebda sxva

civilizaciebsac. Crdilo-dasavluri evropa ojaxebis Seqmnis axali sistemis

wyalobiT ascda malTusianur gaRatakebas. axal sistemas ganasxvavebda gviani

qorwinebebi, saojaxo meurneobebis gareT dauojaxebelTa (qalebis, kacebis)

dasaqmeba da cxovreba samuSao adgilis mixedviT; qorwineba ki niSnavda saojaxo

meurneobaTa dayofas.

nuklearuli ojaxi xels uwyobda Sobadobis Semcirebas, mozrdili

mosaxleobis srul dasaqmebas, fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, namatis

Seqmnas, romelic SeiZleba mimarTuliyo investiciebze. axali sistema aseve xels

uwyobda axalgazrdebis damoukideblobas, vinaidan cxovrebaSi warmateba

upirvelesad maTze iyo damokidebuli da ara axlo naTesavebis daxmarebaze. aseTi

ojaxebi emyareboda ufro saxelSekrulebo, vidre emociur urTierTobebs.

`dasavluri sistema ar emyareboda (mozrdilebi) bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobas

TavianT mSoblebze an piriqiT, rac ganasxvavebda mas sxva evroaziuri

sistemebisgan~.

xandazmulebs daxmarebas uwevdnen memkvidreobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebiT an

qonebis ijariT, an fasian safuZvelze. garda amisa, ukve XIII saukuneSi da ufro

adrec viTardeba arasaojaxo mfarveloba. pasuxismgeblobas yvela asakis Ratakze

Tavis Tavze iRebda eklesia, gildia da manoriuli sistema.

individualizmis da racionalizmis sulis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda

dasavluri qristianobis reformaciac, ramac ganapiroba sazogadoebisa da

saxelmwifos, aseve sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis Teoriis da praqtikis gamijvna.

amasTan erTad, es niSnavda Semdgom SeuTanxmeblobas qristianobis aRmosavlur

StosTan. kievis ruseTma airCia qristianobis bizantiuri varianti, dainaxa ra

masSi avtokratiuli mmarTvelobis sayrdeni. aman gamoiwvia ruseTis SedarebiTi

izolacia danarCeni evropisgan, `rusuli eWvianobis ganviTareba dasavleTis

mimarT~.

ruseTis geografiuli mdebareobis Tavisebureba da mosaxleobis dabali

sixSire xels uwyobda iseT garemos, `romelSic saxelmwifos SeuZlia iolad

Camoyalibdes, gadarCes brZolaSi, magram iSviaTad ayvavdes~. aseTi garemo xels

uwyobs vrcel da myife (sust) imperiebs, romlebic mowyvladia garedan

221

Tavdasxmisa da SigniT amboxebebisTvis~. d. lali am ganzogadebis, romelamdec

mivida istorikosi felipe fernandes-armesto abasidebis xalifatis istoriis

Seswavlis safuZvelze, ruseTze gavrcelebas SesaZleblad miiCnevs, miT umetes,

rom f. fernandes-armestom mas èvropis araevropuli imperia~ uwoda.

ruseTis mcdelobebs gadaelaxa CamorCena, romelic warmoiqmna laTinur

qristianul samyarosTan daSorebis gamo, da èTamaSa met-naklebad mniSvnelovani

roli msoflioSi, enacvleboda SedarebiTi dacemis periodebi~ _ miiCnevs avtori,

emyareba ra petre didis, aleqsandres II-isa da i. stalinis mier Catarebuli

reformebis gamocdilebas.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ukve naxsenebi d. lalis daskvna, romelic efuZneba rigi

qveynebis damwevi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove gamocdilebas _ modernizaciis

SesaZleblobas vesternizaciis gareSe, eqvemdebareba kritikul Sefasebas.

3.6. Rirebulebis roli ekonomikis modernizaciis saqmeSi

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi civilizaciaTaSorisi brZola

ZiriTadad ekonomikur sferoSi viTaredeba. civilizacias aqvs unari sxva

civilizaciuri sistemebisgan isesxos ideologiis institutebi da elementebi,

romlebic maT aZlevs konkretul upiratesobas evoluciur brZolaSi.

imisaTvis, rom sxvaTa gamocdilebas eziaro, unda icode maTi Rirebulebebis

sistema da msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlebi, romlebic erovnul kulturaSi,

civilizaciur ideologiasa da religiaSi aisaxeba. maTgan umTavresi aris religia.

swored religiuri sistemebi warmoadgens ideologiis ZiriTad elements

arsebuli civilizaciebis umetesobisTvis. amJamad moqmedi civilizaciuri

religiebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania: induizmi, budizmi, daosizmi,

konfucianeloba, sintoizmi, iudaizmi, muslimanoba, qristianoba (kaTolicizmi,

marTlmadidebloba, protestantoba). arsebobs arareligiuri ideologiebic,

magaliTad, wminda amerikul filosofiad iqca u. jeimsis pragmatizmi.

profesorebis a. movsesianis da s. ognivcevis mosazrebiT `Tu dasavleTis

yvela msoflio religiebs saxelmwifoebriobis rolis klebis da bazris da kerZo

TavisuflebaTa rolis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT ganvalagebT, maSin isini

gamwkrivdeba Semdegi saxiT: muslimanoba, marTlmadidebloba, kaTolikoba,

222

protestantoba~. (movsesiani a.g., ognivcevi s.b. msoflio ekonomika,

saxelmZRvanelo, tomi I, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 310.).

mbrZaneblur-administraciulidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis periodSi,

anu e.w. gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi, AAbunebrivia‚ gviCndeba kiTxva: ra roli

unda Seasrulos ekonomikis modernizaciis saqmeSi Rirebulebebma‚ maTma sistemam?

bevr qveyanaSi es sakiTxi mecnieruli kvlevis mniSvnelovan sferos ganekuTvneba.

misi fundamenturi analizi mocemulia profesor e. iasinis erT-erT statiaSi,

romlis dasawyisSi avtori aRniSnavs: „bevrs gauCnda azri‚ rom Cven araferi

gviSvelis‚ ayvaveba Cveni xvedri ar aris: aseTi erovnuli xasiaTi gvaqvs‚ aseTia

ruseTis kultura‚ romelsac verafers mouxerxeb‚ ver gadaakeTeb. sxvagvaradac

laparakoben: reformebi unda CavataroT ise‚ rom gaviTvaliswinoT kulturis

Taviseburebebi‚ erovnuli Rirebulebebi”. (Ясин Е. Модернизация экономики и

система ценностей, "ВЭ", #4. – 2003, с. 5).

marTlac‚ eWvs gareSea‚ rom ekonomikis warmateba gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebSi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze‚ moxdeba Tu ara aucilebeli

cvlilebebi kulturaSi‚ RirebulebaTa sistemaSi da Tu moxdeba‚ rogori tempebiT

da ra mimarTulebebiT. es cvlilebebi arsebiTad warmoqmnis ara marto

modernizaciis warmatebis pirobas‚ mis socialur konteqsts‚ aramed‚ Tuki

davfiqrdebiT‚ mis yvelaze siRrmiseul Sinaars: Cven Tavad unda gavxdeT

sxvanairebi‚ raTa qveyana avayvavoT.

e. iasini ruseTis ekonomikuri modernizaciis saqmeSi Rirebulebebis rolis

SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: „mTlianobaSi unda vaRiaroT‚ rom didi

dadebiTi Zvrebi araa. rac meti dro gadis‚ miT ufro naTeli xdeba‚ rom

modernizacia adgilidan ar daiZvreba‚ sanam ar daiwyeba realuri cvlilebebi

RirebulebaTa sistemaSi‚ araformalur institutebSi‚ kulturaSi. SeiZleba imis

Tqma‚ rom esaa Semdgomi‚ transformaciis III etapis amocanebi? naTelia erTi ram:

es marto mTavrobis saqme ar aris‚ yovel SemTxvevaSi‚ mxolod misi ki ara‚ aramed

mTeli sazogadoebis saqmea.

g. grefis programis damuSaveba 2000 wels daiwyo RirebulebaTa sistemis

ganxilviT. iniciativa gamoavlina „klub 2015”-ma da piradad v. lopuxinma‚

romelmac gamoaqveyna statia‚ romlidanac gamomdinareobda‚ rom ekonomikuri

zrdisaTvis aucilebelia nayofieri RirebulebaTa sistema‚ da rom Cven

istoriuli mizezebis gamo amgvar rames ar vflobT (Лопухин В. Почему мы

223

бедны?, Эксперт, #1-2 – 2000. (Проблемы влияния национальных и религиозных

традиций на поведение экономических агентов неоднократно поднимались на

страницах нашего журнала. См., например: Вопросы Экономики, 1993, #8; 1994,

#7; 1996, #9. – avt.). protestantebs gaumarTlaT‚ maT protestantuli eTika

aqvT. strategiuli damuSavebis centrSi‚ erT-erT seminarze mitropolitma

kirilma daadastura‚ rom protestantuli sistema da‚ saerTod‚ liberaluri

Rirebulebebi gansxvavdeba marTlmadidebluri Rirebulebebisagan. a. konCalovskim

Tavisi winasityvaoba l. harisonis wignis „vin yvavis?~ rusuli TargmanisaTvis ase

daasaTaura: „kultura – es bedia. maS‚ ra vqnaT Cven‚ SeveguoT beds?~ (Ясин Е.

Модернизация экономики и система ценностей, "ВЭ", #4. – 2003, с. 7).

avtoritetTa azri institutebis‚ Rirebulebebis‚ kulturis mdgradobis

Sesaxeb‚ ukidures SemTxvevaSi‚ adamianis cxovrebis periodTan mimarTebaSi gaiyo.

umravlesoba maT ucvlelad, an naklebad cvalebadad miiCnevs; isini‚ misi azriT‚

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mraval mxareze (Вебер

М. Протестантская этика и дух капитализма. М.: Прогресс, 1990; Норт Д.

Институты. институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики. М.:

Начала, 1997; Харрисон Л. Кто процветает? Препринт, 1992; Huntington S. The

Clash of Cikilirations and the Remaking of the World Order. N. Y. Simon and

Shuster, 1996). sxvebi fiqroben‚ rom isini sakmaod cvladia ama Tu im

faqtorisda mixedviT‚ magaliTad – ekonomikuri‚ TumcaRa didi lagiT. (Инглхарт

Р. Культура и демократия. В кн.: Культура имеет значение. М.: Московская

школа политических исследований. – 2002).

meoreTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian upitaresad isini‚ vinc Tavis daskvnebs

afuZnebda dasavluri sazogadoebis Seswavlaze. m. veberis naSromTa Semdeg

ganmtkicda warmodgena protestantuli Rirebulebebis da maTi mniSvnelovani

rolis produqtiulobis Sesaxeb dasavleT evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis

qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis warmatebaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi‚ mravalnairi

mizezis gamo aq ekonomika da RirebulebaTa sistema aRmoCnda ufro dinamiuri.

puritanuli momWirneoba‚ romelic XVIII saukunisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli‚

cudad esadageboda dRes ganviTarebul qveynebSi gavrcelebul normas – „bevris

gamomuSaveba da bevris xarjva~. magram protestantuli Rirebulebebi‚ roca es iyo

saWiro‚ xels uwyobda Tavdapirvel dagrovebas‚ xolo puritanuli momWirneoba

dResac saWiroa. cxadia ekonomikis kavSiri obieqtur da cvalebad moTxovnebTan.

224

r. inglharti SeniSnavs: „ekonomikuri ganviTareba‚ rogorc warmogvidgenia‚

namdviladaa dakavSirebuli absoluturi socialuri normebisgan

nawinaswarmetyvelebi daSorebis sindromTan sul ufro racionaluri‚ moqnili‚

ndobiT mosargeble postmodernistuli Rirebulebebis sasargeblod~ (Инглхарт Р.

Культура и демократия. В кн.: Культура имеет значение. М.: Московская школа

политических исследований. – 2002‚ с. 108.)

miuxedavad amisa‚ dasavluri sistemis liberaluri Rirebulebebis raRac

zogadi safuZveli rCeba ucvleli. l. harisoni kulturis oTx faqtors gamoyofs‚

romelTa xasiaTzea damokidebuli sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba. esenia: „ndobis

radiusi” anu erTobis grZnoba; eTikuri sistemis simkacre; xelisuflebis

realizaciis wesi; damokidebuleba Sromis‚ inovaciebis‚ momWirneobis da mogebis

mimarT (Харрисон Л. Кто процветает? Препринт, 1992). nayofieria ndobis

maRali done‚ eTikuri sistema‚ romelic‚ Cveulebriv‚ dakavSirebulia religiasTan

(ufro protestantulTan‚ vidre kaTolikurTan)‚ demokratia rogorc

xelisuflebis realizaciis saSualeba‚ Sromis moyvareoba‚ ganaTleba‚ midrekileba

inovaciebis‚ danazogebis mimarT‚ mogebis mowoneba rogorc warmatebis

gamoxatuleba.

v. lopuxini gamoyofs ndobas‚ pasuxismgeblobasa da pirovnebas. pirovneba

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania‚ vinaidan dasavlur RirebulebaTa sistemaSi

individualizmi‚ adamianis Tavisuflebebi da uflebebi waxalisebulia‚ maSin roca

sxva eTikur sistemebSi‚ maT Soris marTlmadideblurSi‚ anTropocentrizmi

gakicxulia rogorc religiuri msoflmxedvelobis sapirispiro. individualizmi

aseve asocirdeba egoizmTan‚ sisastikesTan sxvebis mimarT‚ izolaciasTan‚ brboSi

martoobasTan. Tumca gamocdileba gviCvenebs‚ rom damoukidebeli pirovneba cudad

rodi eTviseba humanizmsa da solidarobis maRal xarisxs‚ Tavisufleba

gulisxmobs socialur pasuxismgeblobas da SesaZlebelia mxolod im adamianTa

garemoSi‚ sadac pativs scemen Tavis msgavsTa uflebebs.

asea Tu ise‚ dasavluri ekonomika da dasavluri kultura‚ mudmivad rom

kritikis qveS iyo‚ maT Soris Signidanac‚ ukve 400 welia‚ rac Tavis

upiratesobas gvimtkicebs moqalaqeTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaSic‚

axalSemoRebul wesebSic da sulieri Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSic.

CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT Tu ra kavSiri arsebobs sxvadasxva

civilizaciebsa da maT ekonomikur ganviTarebaTa Soris. a. toinbi civilizaciebs

225

gansazRvravs‚ rogorc qveynebis da xalxebis erTobas‚ romelic gaerTianebulia

saerTo kulturiT‚ RirebulebebT‚ institutebiT (Тойнби А. Постижение истории.

М.: Айрис-Пресс, 2002). civilizaciaTa zrda aris gamowvevebze pasuxebis Sedegi:

es pasuxebi qmnian daZabulobas‚ rac ganviTarebis impulsi xdeba. civilizaciaTa

dacema ki ganpirobebulia gamowvevebze pasuxis gacemis uunarobiTa da Sinagani

winaaRmdegobebriobebiT. axlandeli civilizaciebis umravlesoba kavSirs avlens

tradiciul raligiur konfesiebTan.

sqema warmodgenilia Tanamedrove civilizaciaTa gamoyofis sami varianti‚

romlebic agebulia statistikuri analizis safuZvelze cnobili Tanamedrove

mkvlevarebis mier. eseni arian: s. Svarci (1990 w.)‚ g. hofstedi (1988 w.)‚ r.

inglharti (2000 w.).

a. toinbi gamoyofda kidev rusul marTlmadideblur civilizacias‚ romelSic

mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs xedavda aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebTan

SedarebiT.

sqema #1.

Tanamedrove civilizaciebi

s. Svarci

g. hofstedi

r. inglharti

dasavleTevropuli

inglisurenovani

aRmosavleTevropuli

islamuri

aRmosavleTaziuri

laTinoamerikuli

Crdilouri

inglisurenovani

germanuli

axloaRmosavluri

ganviTarebadi azia

ganviTarebuli azia

(iaponia)

ganviTarebadi

laTinuri amerika

ganviTarebuli

protestantuli

inglisurenovani

kaTolikuri evropa

aRmosavleTi evropa

(postkomunisturi

marTlmadidebluri)

konfucianuri samxreT

azia

afrika

226

laTinuri amerika

marTlac‚ arsebobs ki kavSiri civilizaciaTa kulturul-RirebulebiT

sxvaobebsa da maT ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris? ramdenad cvalebadia

civilizaciaTa kulturul-RirebulebiTi Taviseburebebi da ra zomiT SeiZleba

iyos isini ganviTarebisTvis dauZleveli winaaRmdegoba? an‚ iqneb piriqiT‚ isini

Tavad Seicvleba‚ Tumca dagvianebiT‚ ekonomikasa da sxva sferoebSi momxdar

cvlilebaTa gavleniT? SesaZlebelia‚ mxolod arapirdapir ganisazRvros

upiratesi Rirebulebebi da miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT‚ moxerxdes ama Tu im

civilizaciis Rirebulebebsa da maT ganviTarebas Soris kavSiris dadgena. isic

gasagebia‚ rom amgvarad miRebuli daskvnebi pirobiTia.

r. inglharti warmogvidgens RirebulebaTa msoflio mimoxilvas (World

Values Surway), romelic ukve 25 welia tardeba da moicavs 65 sazogadoebaze

mets. am mimoxilvaSi qveynebi lagdeba jer erT RerZze – „gadarCena –

TviTgamoxatva~ da mere ki _ meoreze – „tradiciuli faseulobebi – sekularul-

racionaluri Rirebulebebi~. (Inglehart R. Modernization and Postmodernization:

Cultural, Economic and Political Change in Forty-Three Societies. Princeton

University Press, 1997.)

gararCenis Rirebulebebi – esaa ekonomikuri da fizikuri usafrTxoeba;

materialuri Rirebulebebi, sxvagvarad azrovnebis Seuwynarebloba‚ qsenofobia;

adamianis Tavisuflebebis da uflebebis dabali Sefaseba, mzaoba avtoritarizmis‚

morCilebis‚ mecnierebis da teqnikis mimarT yovlisSemZleobis rwmenis

midrekilebis miRebaze.

TviTgamoxatva‚ piriqiT‚ gulisxmobs pirovnebis maRal Sefasebas,

Tavisuflebas, adamianis uflebebs; aramaterialur Rirebulebebs; warmatebas,

ekonomiiT dafiqrebulobas; sqesTa Tanasworobas. gadarCenis polusTan axlosaa

postkomunisturi aRmosavleTevropuli‚ aseve – aziis da afrikis qveynebi‚

TviTgamoxatvis polusTan ki – dasavleT evropa da inglisurenovani qveynebi.

yvela pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT gadarCenis Rirebulebebi axlosaa Rarib

qveynebTan‚ xolo TviTgamoxatvis Rirebulebebi – mdidrebTan.

227

tradiciuli Rirebulebebi – esaa religia; ojaxi, qveyana; mowiweba

xelisuflebis mimarT, absoluturi standartebi; socialuri konformizmi,

Tanxmoba‚ vidre Ria‚ politikuri konfliqtebi.

sekularul-racionaluri Rirebulebebi – racionaluri qceva, warmatebis

miRweva; upiratesobis miniWeba saerTo saxelmwifosaTvis, religiis mcire roli.

meore midgoma gadmocemulia s. Svarcis kvlevebSi (kiTxvari 57 Rirebulebis

dasaxelebiT vrceldeboda maswavleblebsa da studentebs Soris 54 qveyanaSi‚

aRmosavleT evropis 10 qveynis CaTvliT). eyrdnoboda ra Rirebulebebs‚ romlebic

sxvadasxva kulturis religiuri da filosofiuri Sromebis analizisas

gamovlinda‚ man isini blokebad daajgufa motivaciis tipebis mixedviT da

warmoadgina polusebis saxiT sam RerZze: 1) konservatizmi – avtonomia; 2)

ierarqia – Tanabaruflebianoba; 3) ostatoba – harmonia.

konservatizmi moicavs iseT RirebulebaTa areebs‚ rogoricaa usafrTxoeba‚

konformizmi‚ tradiciebi; pirovneba ganixileba mikuTvnebul jgufze

(koleqtivizmi). dafasebulia socialuri wesrigi.

Aavtonomiis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis centrSia pirovneba‚ romelic iswrafvis

gamoacxados Tavisi Sinagani Tvisebebi da igi amiskenaa waqezebuli. ganasxvaveben

inteleqturalur (damoukideblobas‚ gonebagaxsnilobas‚ gamomgoneblobas) da

afeqtur (siamovnebisken swrafvas‚ gedonizms) avtonomias.

ierarqia varaudobs socialuri pasuxismgeblobis maRal Sefasebas‚ romelic

ierarqiul sistemaSi pirovnebis mniSvnelobiTaa gansazRvrvruli; ierarqiiT

ufrosisaTvis daqvemdebarebas da valdebulebebis Sesrulebas‚ rac Seesabameba

ierarqiis wesebsa da poziciebs; ieraqia xalisuflebis da simdidris ganawilebaSi

uTanasworobis legitimacias axdens.

Tanabaruflebianoba – gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela individi Tanabaria

moralisa da kanonis winaSe‚ romelic dadgenilia saerTo TanxmobiT socialuri

pasuxismgebloba miiRweva sxvaTa uflebebis aRiarebiT‚ aseve – saerTo

SexedulebaTa aTvisebiT samarTlianobis‚ Tavisuflebis‚ Tanasworobis‚ patiosnebis

da valdebulebebis Sesaxeb.

ostatoba – ara ubralod profesionalizmis da codnis maRali Sefasebaa‚

aramed sakuTari da sazogado interesebis aqtiuri cvlilebebisaken swrafvacaa

(ambiciebi‚ warmateba‚ gambedaoba‚ miRwevadoba).

228

harmonia niSnavs samyaros aRqmas ise‚ rogoru is aris, swrafvas ufro

SeinarCunos‚ vidre gadaakeTos arsebuli (erTianoba bunebasTan‚ mSvenierebis

maRali Sefaseba).

am kvlevis daskvnebi amgvaria: qveynebi‚ sadac Sefasebebi – avtonomia‚

Tanasworuflebianoba‚ ostatoba – maRalia‚ yvelaze metadaa ganviTarebuli‚ rac

mosalodnelic iyo. da piriqiT‚ qveynebi‚ sadac sWarbobs iseTi Rirebulebebi‚

rogoricaa konservatizmi‚ ierarqia da harmonia – umeteswilad Raribia‚ maTi

ganviTareba siZneleebs awydeba. amgvarad‚ kavSiri Rirebulebebsa da ekonomikis

ganviTarebis Soris‚ am da sxva kvlevebis daskvnebiT‚ SeiZleba damtkicebulad

CaiTvalos‚ Tumca yovelTvis naTeli rodia‚ ra aris mizezi da ra – Sedegi.

yvelaze ufro savaraudoa rogorc erTi‚ ise meore.

rogorc 1992-1994 wlebSi s. Svarcis da a. Bardis (Schwartz S., Bardi A.

Influences of daptation to Communist Rule on Value Priorities in Eastern Europe, _

Political sychology, vol. 18, #2.) mier Catarebulma gamokvlevam gviCvena‚

aRmosavleT evropaSi ierarqiis da konservatizmis Rirebulebebi ufro

mniSvnelovania‚ vidre dasavleT evropaSi. es axsnil iqna komunizmis

memkvidreobiT‚ rasac emateba cxovrebis siviwrove‚ ganpirobebuli ierarqiiT‚ an

pirovnebis da qonebis usafrTxoebis problemebis gamZafreba gardamaval periodSi.

msgavsi Rirebulebebi agreTve Zlieria marTlmadideblur qveynebSi.

Tanamedrove etapze kacobrioba sul ufro metad aRiqvams Tavis Tavs erTian

organizmad. evropa, amerika da azia, sul ufro metad uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs,

TandaTan qmnian erTian kulturas, biznesis saerTo wesebs, qcevis da ganaTlebis

standartebs. am qveynebis xalxebi erTianobasTan erTad inarCuneben sakuTari

kulturis tradiciebs da amasTanave ufro met identificirebas axdenen raRac

axali civilizaciuri erTianobis doneze damkvidrebuli da SemuSavebuli `TamaSis

wesebiT~, romelic saSualebas iZleva Tavisuflad da TviTdajerebulad imoqmedon

planetis TiTqmis nebismier msxvil qalaqSi. saqarTvelos aqvs mravalsaukunovani

gamocdileba sxvadasxva erebis Tanacxovrebisa romlebic qmian ra erTian

socialur organizms aseve inarCuneben Tavis tradiciebs, kulturas, wes-

Cveulebebs da zogierT institutebs. aseTi unikaluri viTareba gansazRvruli

ideologiuri uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze ueWvelad moutans qveyanas warmatebebs

da uzrunvelyofs mis usafrTxoebas.

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daskvna

yvelaze umTavresi daskvna Rirebulebebis TemasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro

zustad ki, Cven mier gamorkveuli masalebidan miRebuli daskvna SemdegSi

gamoixateba: Rirebulebebi yvelasaTvis erTnairad misaRebi unda iyos, anu es iseTi

idealuri fenomenia, romliskenac, aRniSnulis gamo, yvela unda iltvodes.

swored am miswrafebaTa gzaze yvelaze metad dawinaurda evropa da yvelaze

swori da yvelasaTvis misaRebi gzac evropam gakvala, miagno mas, rac Cvenc

wagvadgeba iseve, rogorc mTel kacobriobas. amiT saSualeba gveZleva, Secdomebis

gareSe, ufro swrafad gaviziaroT is evropuli da evroatlantikuri

Rirebulebebi, romlis gareSec Cvens planetaze xangrZlivi mSvidoba da qveynebs

Soris keTilmezobluri urTierToba ver damyardeba da ver SenarCundeba. amitom

kacobriobis warmatebis mTavari sawindari am faseulobebis gavrcelebasa da

damkvidrebaSi Zevs. es aris demokratiis, adamianTa uflebebis da samarTlianobis

Rirebulebebi.

Documents

kacobriuli Rirebulebebi da ekonomikis RirebulebiTi orientirebi