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KARYA TULIS AKHIR
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK STRAWBERRY
(FRAGARIA X ANANASSA VAR DUCHESNE) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI
PADA TIKUS PUTIH STRAIN WISTAR (RATTUS NOVERGICUS)
YANG DIINDUKSI KARAGENAN 1%
Oleh :
DEVI DEWANTI
201010330311023
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2015
ii
HASIL PENELITIAN
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK STRAWBERRY
(FRAGARIA X ANANASSA VAR DUCHESNE) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI
PADA TIKUS PUTIH STRAIN WISTAR (RATTUS NOVERGICUS)
YANG DIINDUKSI KARAGENAN 1%
KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Diajukan kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang untuk memenuhi
salah satu persyaratan dalam menyelesaikan
Program Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh :
DEVI DEWANTI
201010330311023
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2015
iii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN
Telah disetujui sebagai hasil penelitian
untuk memenuhi persyaratan
Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Tanggal : 17 Februari 2015
Pembimbing I
dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M.Kes
Pembimbing II
dr. Gita Sekar Prihanti, MPdKed
Mengetahui,
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Dekan,
Dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes
iv
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN
Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Devi Dewanti
telah di uji dan dipertahankan di depan Tim Penguji
pada tanggal 17 Februari 2015
Tim Penguji
dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M.Kes , Ketua
dr. Sri Adila Nurainiwati Sp.KK , Anggota
dr. Gita Sekar Prihanti, MPdKed , Anggota
v
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas kasih dan cinta-Nya sehingga penulisan
tugas akhir yang berjudul “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Strawberry (Fragaria X
Ananassa Var Duchesne) Sebagai Antiinflamasi Pada Tikus Putih Strain Wistar
(Rattus Novergicus) Yang Diinduksi Karagenan 1%” ini dapat diselesaikan dengan
baik. Tugas akhir ini diajukan untuk memenuhi persyaratan Pendidikan Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Pada kesempatan ini, penulis menyampaikan terima kasih kepada :
1. Allah SWT, Berkat rahmat dan petunjuk-Nya sehingga penulis dapat
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
2. dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes., selaku dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang atas bimbingannya selama di FK-UMM.
3. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M.Kes., selaku pembimbing I, atas bimbingan dan
kesabarannya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini dengan
baik.
4. dr. Gita Sekar Prihanti, MPdKed, selaku pembimbing II, atas bimbingan
dan semangatnya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini
dengan baik.
5. dr. Sri Adila Nurainiwati Sp.KK, selaku penguji tugas akhir ini, atas
masukan-masukannya yang sangat membantu dalam penyelesaian tugas
akhir ini.
vi
6. H.Pitoyo dan Hj. Rusmiyati, selaku orang tua penulis yang telah bekerja
keras untuk memberikan semua yang terbaik, dan selalu memberikan doa,
mengarahkan, membimbing, serta memberikan semangat kepada penulis
sehingga bisa menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
7. drg. Lia Puspita selaku kakak penulis, terima kasih atas doa, semangat,
saran, dan idenya dalam membantu kelancaran tugas akhir ini.
8. Tantia Devi Iralawati, Farahiya Nabila, Fika Taslim, Intan Ayu Islami,
Iwana Anni Rakhmawati, Rezky Ami Cahyaharnita, selaku sahabat terbaik
dan orang terdekat yang selalu setia menemani, memberi semangat, dan
membantu memperbaiki kekurangan dalam setiap proses pengerjaan tugas
akhir ini dan teman-teman FK UMM 2010 lainnya.
9. Kakak-kakak 2008 dan 2009, adik-adik 2011 dan 2012 dan teman-teman
BEM FK UMM 2010.
10. Mas Miftah, Pak Kus, dan tim laboratorium biomedik lainnya, tim
laboratorium skill, serta para staff dan karyawan TU.
11. Pak Yono, Bu Endah, Mas Didit, Mbak Citra, Mbak Nuke, selaku pegawai
TU FK UMM yang telah membantu dalam setiap proses demi kelancaran
pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.
12. Semua pihak yang terlibat langsung maupun tidak langsung yang tidak
mampu penulis sebutkan satu-persatu.
Penulis menyadari bahwa tugas akhir ini masih belum sempurna, untuk itu
penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun. Semoga karya tulis ini
dapat bermanfaat.
Malang, Februari 2015
Penulis
vii
ABSTRAK
Dewanti, Devi. 2015, Efek Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa
Duchesne) terhadap Tikus Strain Wistar (Rattus Novergicus) yang Diinjeksi
Karagenan 1%, Tugas Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang. Pembimbing: (1) Fathiyah Safithri*), (2) Gita Sekar
Prihanti**).
Latar Belakang : Inflamasi merupakan respon protektif untuk menyingkirkan stimulus
berbahaya. Untuk mengobati inflamasi biasa digunakan obat golongan NSAID yang
memiliki efek samping merugikan bagi pasien. Strawberry mengandung flavonoid yang
dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim cyclooxygenase, sehingga dapat mengurangi dan
menurunkan inflamasi.
Tujuan : Untuk membuktikan ekstrak strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne)
berpengaruh sebagai anti inflamasi terhadap tikus strain wistar (Rattus novergicus) yang
diinjeksi karagenan 1%.
Metode : Penelitian eksperimental dengan The Pre and Post Test Control Group
Design, menggunakan 4 kelompok: (1) kontrol positif, (2) perlakuan dosis 150
mg/kgBB, (3) perlakuan dosis 300 mg/kgBB, dan (4) perlakuan dosis 450
mg/kgBB. Analisis data menggunakan uji normalitas, homogenitas, uji korelasi
regresi, HSD Tukey 5% dan One Way ANOVA
Hasil dan Diskusi : Uji One Way ANOVA pada jam ke-3 didapatkan nillai sig = 0,005
(p
viii
ABSTRACT
Dewanti, Devi. 2015, Anti Inflammatory Effect of Strawberry Extract (Fragaria x
ananassa Duchesne) to Carrageenan Injected Strain Wistar Rats (Rattus
novergicus) . Final Assignment, Faculty of Medicine University of
Muhammadiyah Malang. Supervisors: (1) Fathiyah Safithri*), (2) Gita Sekar
Prihanti **).
Background : Inflammation is a protective response of the harmful stimulus. To reduce
inflammation, people used NSAID which caused many adverse effect. Strawberry
contains flavonoid which can inhibit cyclooxygenase enzym, so can reduce inflammation.
Objective : To explore out that strawberry extract take anti inflammatory effect to
carrageenan injected strain wistar rats.
Method : This study was an experimental study with the Pre and Post Test Control Group
Design and using 4 groups: (1) control, (2) treatment dose of 150 mg / kg, (3) treatment
dose of 300 mg / kg, and (4) treatment dose of 450 mg / kg. Data analysis was using
normality, homogeneity test, correlation and linear regression, Tukey HSD 5% and One-
Way ANOVA.
Result and Discussion : One Way ANOVA test on the third hour (ANOVA p
ix
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
JUDUL ....................................................................................................................i
HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ........................................................................................ iv
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ v
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN .................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ xv
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ........................................................................................ 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah................................................................................... 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus .............................................................................. 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ........................................................................ 4
1.4.2 Manfaat Klinis ............................................................................... 4
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 5
2.1 Strawberry ............................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Taksonomi Buah Strawberry ........................................................ 5
2.1.2 Morfologi Buah Strawberry .......................................................... 6
2.1.3 Kandungan Strawberry.................................................................. 8
2.2 Inflamasi Akut ...................................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Definisi Inflamasi Akut ............................................................... 14
2.2.2 Patofisiologi Inflamasi ................................................................ 15
2.2.3 Mediator Inflamasi ...................................................................... 18
x
2.2.4 Manifestasi Klinis Inflamasi akut ............................................... 19
2.3 Karagenan ............................................................................................. 20
2.3.1 Definisi Karagenan...................................................................... 20
2.3.2 Mekanisme Karagenan sebagai Penginduksi Inflamasi .............. 21
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN .................... 22
3.1 Kerangka Konsep ................................................................................. 22
3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian .............................................................................. 23
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN.......................................................................... 24
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian ........................................................................... 24
4.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ............................................................... 24
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian ............................................................ 24
4.3.1 Populasi Penelitian ................................................................... 24
4.3.2 Sampel Penelitian .................................................................... 24
4.3.3 Teknik Sampling ...................................................................... 24
4.3.4 Estimasi Besar Sampel ............................................................. 25
4.3.5 Kriteria Sampel Penelitian ....................................................... 25
4.3.5.1 Kriteria Inklusi ............................................................ 25
4.3.5.2 Kriteria Eksklusi .......................................................... 26
4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................... 26
4.3.6.1 Variabel Bebas ............................................................ 26
4.3.6.2 Variabel Tergantung .................................................... 26
4.3.7 Definisi Operasional ................................................................ 26
4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................................... 27
4.4.1 Alat ........................................................................................... 27
4.4.2 Bahan ....................................................................................... 28
4.5 Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................................... 28
4.5.1 Dasar Penentuan Dosis Ekstrak Strawberry ............................ 28
4.5.2 Pembagian Kelompok Tikus .................................................... 28
4.5.3 Adaptasi Hewan Coba ............................................................. 29
4.5.4 Induksi Karagenan ................................................................... 29
4.5.5 Pemberian Ekstrak Strawberry ............................................... 29
4.5.6 Pembuatan Ekstrak Strawberry ............................................... 30
xi
4.5.7 Pembuatan Larutan Karagenan 1% ......................................... 31
4.5.8 Prosedur Pelaksanaan dan Pengumpulan Data ....................... 31
4.6 Alur Penelitian ...................................................................................... 33
4.7 Analisis Data......................................................................................... 34
BAB 5 HASIL DAN ANALISIS DATA PENELITIAN ..................................... 35
5.1 Hasil Penelitian ..................................................................................... 35
5.2 Analisis Data Penelitian ........................................................................ 38
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ....................................................................................... 43
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................................ 45
7.1 Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 45
7.2 Saran ..................................................................................................... 45
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 46
LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 50
xii
DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
Tabel 2.1 Kandungan Nutrisi Strawberry .............................................................. 8
Tabel 2.2 Kandungan Asam Amino Strawberry ..................................................... 8
Tabel 2.3 Kandungan Mineral Strawberry .............................................................. 9
Tabel 2.4 Kandungan Vitamin Strawberry ............................................................. 9
Tabel 2.5 Kandungan Flavonoid Strawberry .......................................................... 9
xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman
Gambar 2.1 Strawberry (Fragaria x Ananassa Var Duchesne) .............................. 6
Gambar 2.2 Rumus Bangun Kimia Flavonoid ...................................................... 10
Gambar 2.3 Rumus Bangun Kimia Antosianin .................................................... 11
xiv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
C/EBP : CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein
CAT : Catalase
COX : Cyclooxygenase
COX-1 : Cyclooxygenase-1
COX-2 : Cyclooxygenase-2
Na : Natrium
NF-κB : Nuclear Factor-kappa B
NO : Nitrite Oxide
TNF : Tumor Necrosis Factor- α
IL-1 : Interleukin 1
PG : Prostaglandin
PGI1 : Prostasiklin
PGE2 : Prostaglandin E2
xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
Lampiran 1: Hasil Penelitian Pendahuluan ............................................. 50
Lampiran 2: Data Hasil Penelitian .......................................................... 52
Lampiran 3: Tabel Konversi Dosis..........................................................55
Lampiran 4: Analisis Data ...................................................................... 56
Lampiran 5: Dokumentasi Penelitian ...................................................... 66
Lampiran 6: Determinasi Tanaman Strawberry ...................................... 68
Lampiran 7: Surat Keterangan Penelitian ............................................... 69
Lampiran 8: Kartu Konsultasi Tugas Akhir.............................................70
xvi
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