ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis

hans kelzeni

Targmna dimitri gegenavam

mTxoves, TqvenTan samarTlis wminda Teoriis Sesaxeb mesaubra. Tumca, vinaidan aseT mcire droSi SeuZlebelia am Teoriis yvela aspeqtis ganxilva, gTavazobT, vimsjeloT xsenebuli Teo-riis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel problemaze: ZiriTadi norma.

samarTlis wminda Teoriis, rogorc nebismieri sxva samar-Tlebrivi Teoriis amosavali debuleba samarTlis gagebis gan-sazRvreba gaxlavT. wminda Teoria samarTals ganmartavs ro-gorc normaTa sistemis mTlianobas, normatiul wesrigs. ra aris norma? norma specifikuri mnISvnelobaa, azri, rom raRac unda iyos, unda an piriqiT, ar unda Sesruldes. arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis norma: azrobrivi (mosazrebiTi), romlebic logikuri normebia da qceviTi, romlebic moralur da samar-Tlebriv normaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba.

samarTlLis normis Tanaxmad, adamianebi Sesabamis garemoSi Se-sabamisad unda moiqcnen. Sesabamisad moqcevaSi igulisxmeba, rom qceva savaldebuloa, nebadarTulia an akrZalulia. am SemTxveva-Si samarTlis norma mavaldebulebeli, nebadamrTveli (aRmWur-veli) an amkrZalavia. msgavsi norma SesaZloa erTi piris mier meoris mimarT nebelobiTi aqtis mniSvneloba gaxldeT. gadata-niTi mniSvnelobiT, norma iqmneba, yalibdeba nebelobiTi qmede-bis Sedegad, mis safuZvelze; es gaxlavT pozitiuri neba. samar-Tali, rogorc normaTa sistema, Seqmnili adamianuri nebiT (ne-belobiTi qmedebiT) aris pozitiuri samarTali. samarTlis wminda Teoria aris pozitiuri samarTlis Teoria.

qmedeba (Aaqti), romliTac norma iqmneba, unda ganvasxvavoT normisgan, romelsac aqti qmnis. magaliTad: sakanonmdeblo aqti da kanoni an statuti, romelic mis mier (safuZvelze) iqmneba.aqti (qmedeba) warmoadgens faqts, norma ki am faqtis mniSvnelo-bas. aqti, romliTac norma iqmneba, arsebobs (moqmedebs) drosa da sivrceSi, da mizezobriobis samarTlis mixedviT, warmoad-gens udavo garemoebaTa Sedegs (efeqts). misi arseboba bunebrivi faqtis arsebobaa. normis Semqmneli aqtis formulireba arsis kategoriaa. vinaidan norma ara faqti, aramed Tavad am faqtis mniSvnelobaa, misi moqmedeba (arseboba) gansxvavdeba faqtis moq-medebisagan. misi arseboba misi namdvilobaa. is garemoeba, rom norma avaldebulebs, nebas rTavs an krZalavs raime qcevas, ar gulisxmobs, rom xsenebuli qceva praqtikaSi arsebobs an moma-valSi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes; igi niSnavs, rom unda iyos,

Targmani Sesrulebulia gamocemidan: Hans Kelsen, On the Basic Norm, California Law Review, Vol. 47, 1959, 107-110.

adamianebi ise unda moiqcnen, rogorc norma adgens, aRWuravs an krZalavs adamianebis mxridan raimes ganxorcielebas. normis namdviloba, qmediToba jerarsuli kategoriaa.

ibadeba kiTxva: ra ganapirobebs gansazRvruli normis namd-vilobas? ratom unda moviqceT gansazRvruli normis Sesabami-sad? am kiTxvaze pasuxi arasdros iqneba arsis kategoria, is SesaZlebelia iyos mxolod jerarsuli movlena. sxvagvarad, normis namdvilobis safuZveli ver iqneba faqti da verc nebe-lobiTi qmedeba, romliTac norma iqmneba, safuZveli mxolod norma an zemdgomi (ierarqiulad ufro maRali) normaa. funda-menturi logikuri principia, rom mtkiceba `arsidan~ ar da ver gamomdinareobs jerarsuli mtkiceba, iseve, rogorc mtkicebidan `unda iyos~ ar da ver gamomdinareobs mocemuloba - rom ra-Rac `aris~. am principis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, moviyvanoT maga-liTi: Tu mama ubranebs bavSvs - Sen unda waxvide skolaSi -bavSvma SesaZloa ikiTxos, Tu ratomaa igi valdebuli, iaros skolaSi. Tuki mama upasuxebs - imitom, rom mamaSenma giTxra ase moqceuliyavi, am SemTxvevaSi mama mimarTavs (moixmobs) skolaSi siarulis normad dadenis faqts, Tumca ar pasuxobs Svilis Se-kIiTxvas. swori pasuxia: radgan Sen valdebuli xar Seasrulo mamis brZaneba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom mamis mier miRebuli nor-mis namdvilobis safuZveli ar gaxlavT mis mier normis SemuSa-vebis faqti, aramed Tavad norma - bavSvi valdebulia Seasru-los mamis miTiTeba, radgan es norma aRWuravs mamas uflebiT, gamosces norma, romelic zustad aRwers bavSvis mier gansaxor-cielebel qmedebas (qcevas). am normis safuZveli ki RmerTis mier sinas mTaze dadgenili aTi mcnebidan erT-erTia. Tuki Ta-vad aTi mcnebis namdvilobaze davfiqrdebiT, unda vikiTxoT, ratom unda SevasruloT aTi mcneba, razec uCveulo pasuxia: radgan isini RmerTma Seqmna; Tumca es pasuxi faqtTan mimarTe-biT arasworia. normasTan mimarTebiT swori pasuxi gaxlavT: Cven unda SevasruloT uflis brZaneba, radgan norma `gamar-Tlebulia~, saWiro araa misi namdvilobis safuZvlis Zieba, Cven mas viRebT rogorc savaldebulos, TavisTavad gonivruls. mas Semdeg, rac RmerTs umaRles normaTSemoqmedad moviazrebT,norma, romelic RmerTis mier normaTa miRebis normatiul sa-fuZvels warmoadgens, ver iqneba romelime nebelobiTi qmedebiT Seqmnili qcevis wesi, romelic SesaZlebelia mxolod RmerTs aRmatebuli arsobis mier iyos Seqmnili. amitomac is warmoad-gens ara pozitiur, aramed Cvens azrovnebaSi navaraudeb normas,Tuki RmerTis mier Seqmnil normebs miviCnevT moralur-religiuri sistemis sxva normaTa namdvilobis mizezad (safuZ-vlad). swored aRniSnuli warmoadgens am moralur-religiuri wesrigis ZiriTad normas.

Tuki pozitiuri marTlwesrigis mizezs vikiTxavT, sabolood, istoriulad pirvel konstituciamde mivalT, romelmac Cveule-

ba an sakanonmdeblo organo aRWurva zogadi normebis Seqmnis uflebamosilebiT, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo da admi-nistraciul organoebs darTo individualuri normebis Semu-Savebis ufleba. am normaTa namdvilobis varaudi moiazrebs im normis arsebobas, romlis safuZvelze konstituciis mamebma Seqmnes norma, romelmac Camoayaliba kanonmdebloba da Cveule-ba, rogorc yvela sxva samarTlebrivi funqciis safuZveli. es norma gaxlavT konstituciis namdvilobis mizezi da aqedan ga-momdinare, konstituciis Sesabamisad dafuZnebuli marTlwe-srigic ZiriTadi normaa, romelic Cvens samarTlebriv azrovne-baSi moazrebulia da warmoudgenelia is gansazRvruli piris (individis) nebelobiTi aqtis Sedegad Seqmnili norma iyos: Tu-ki konstituciis mamebs umaRles samarTlebriv xelisuflad mi-viCnevT, Tuki Cven, samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis TvalTaxedviT, - ar moviazrebT raime ufro maRal, zeadamianur xelisufals, magaliTad, RmerTs an bunebas, romelic mogviwodebs davemor-CiloT konstituciis mamebis mier gamocemul normebs.

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom samarTlLis wminda Teoriis Ziri-Tadi norma, romelic pozitiuri samarTlis namdvilobis sa-fuZvels warmoadgens, Tavad ar aris pozitiuri samarTlis norma, - samarTlis wminda Teoria arasworad ganimarta ro-gorc bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis erT-erTi saxesxvaoba.bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis Tanaxmad, pozitiuri, e.w. `ada-mianis mier Seqmnili~ samarTlis namdvilobis safuZvels bune-biT samarTalTan Sesabamisoba warmoadgens, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ar gaxlavT adamianis mier Seqmnili, aramed gamomdina-reobs bunebidan, bunebiTIi yofa mokvdav (adamian) kanonmdebelze aRmatebuli xelisufalia. samarTlis wminda Teorias, romelic pozitiuri samarTLlis Teoriaa, da bunebiTsamarTlebriv doq-trinas Soris, romelic samarTlebrivi pozitivizmisagan gansxvavebuli, sawinaaRmdego kategoriaa, arsebiTi gansxvaveba arsebobs. bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis mixedviT, bunebiTi, ara-adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTali aramxolod pozitiuri, adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTlis namdvilobis safuZvelia, aramed, aseve gansazRvravs pozitiuri samarTlis Sinaarss, Sesa-bamisad, pozitiuri samarTali, romlis Sinaarsi ar Seesabameba bunebiT samarTals, ar moqmedebs, saerTod ar miiCneva samar-Tlad. faqtobrivad, arsebobs ara erTi, aramed bevri gansxvave-buli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doq-trinac ki. Sedegad, ar arsebobs pozitiuri marTlwesrigi, ro-melic romelime maTganTan mainc ar iyos winaaRmdegobaSi da

Sesabamisad, ar acxadebdes mas aranamdvilad. lokis (Locke) bu-nebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, mxolod mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma aris `bunebiTi~, amitomac marTlwesrigi, romelsac avtoritaruli xasiaTi gaaCnia, usamarTlo da ara-

namdvili samarTalia. filmeris (Filmer) bunebiTsamarTlebrivi

doqtrinis mixedviT