kf:;f ;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsf nflu ;xeflutfdns cjwf/0ff - Shelter … · /]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfh x¿sf] cGt /f{li6«o dxf;+3;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff;'/lIft

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff

kf:;f;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff

yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu cfO{Pkmcf/;L klAns];g;Dkss{sf nflu M

cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3/]8qm; tyf /]8–q]m;]G6 ;dfh

u|fxfd ;f}G8;{cfjf; tyf j:tL ljefuOd]n M [email protected]]g M ±$! @@ &#) $@ $!ˆofS; M ±$! @@ &## )# (%

International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

www.ifrc.orgSavinglives, changingminds.

Prin�ng and Transla�on Supported by :


;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff

/0fgLlt @)@) n] cfufdL bzsdf cfO{kg{] dfgj ;Eotfsf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{sf nflu cfO{Pkmcf/;Lsf ;fd"lxs k|ltj4tfx¿nfO{ d'vl/t ub{5 . xfdLn] sfo{ ug{ ljleGg ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf / gfh'stf Pj+ ;a}n] kfpg'kg{] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ / :jtGqtfaf6 ;"lrt of] /0fgLlt /]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6df e/ kg{] ;a}nfO{ ce}m dfgjLo, g}ltsjfg / zfGt ljZj lgdf{0fdf

;xof]u k'¥ofpg rfxG5 .cfufdL bz jif{df cfO{Pkmcf/;L ;fd"lxs?kdf lgDglnlvt /0fgLlts nIok|fKt ug{df s]lGb|t /xg]5 M!= hLjgsf] jrfp, hLjg lgjf{xsf]

;'/If0f / ljklQ Pj+ ;+s6sf] k'gp{Tyfgsf] dha'lt

@= :j:y Pj+ ;'/lIft a;fO{sf] ;alns/0f

#= ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ clx+;f / zfGt ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{g


/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3ljifo ;"rL ;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsfnflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff

3

ljifo;"rL

!= kf:;fsf] k|:t'tLs/0f !#!=! kf:;f s] xf] < !#!=@ kf:;fn] s;/L sfd u5{ < !$!=# kf:;fdf k|of]u ePsf ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿ !^!=$ kf:;fsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ !& @= /]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6sf sfo{qmdx¿df kf:;f s;/L ldn]sf] x'G5 @)@=! cfO{Pkmcf/;Lsf ljBdfg ;xeflutfd"ns ;fwgx¿;Fu

kf:;f s;/L PsLs[t x'Fb} k"/ssf] sfd u5{ < @)@=@ ljklQ Jo:yfkg rqmdf kf:;f sxfF ;dfj]z x'G5 < @!@=# ljQLo of]hgfx¿df kf:;fnfO{ s;/L PsLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < @@@=$ kf:;fsf] k|of]u u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qx¿df ug{ ;lsG5 < @#@=% ;fd'bflos:t/df kf:;f slt lbuf] x'G5 < @% #= k'l:tsfsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L @^#=! k'l:tsf s;sf nflu < @^#=@ k'l:tsfnfO{ s;/L ;+of]hg ul/Psf] 5 < @^

efu ! ÷ kf:;f lqmofsnfk

kl/ro #@lqmofsnfk PS;M lqmofsnfksf] gfd #@lqmofsnfk ! M P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f #^lqmofsnfk @M ;d'bfo gS;fª\sg / e|d0f $@lqmofsnfk #M vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/ $(lqmofsnfk $M ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cfjf; %^lqmofsnfk % M ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ^$lqmofsnfk ^M kl/jt{sf] of]hgf &)lqmofsnfk &M ;d:ofsf] afs; &*lqmofsnfk *M cg'udg of]hgf *!


/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3ljifo ;"rL ;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsfnflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff

4 5

efu @÷ Joj:yfksx¿sf nflu lgb{]zg != k|j]z ljGb' ($ @= d"Nofª\sg (^ #= ;d'bfosf] 5gf]6 (* $= lrq / 6'nsL6 lgdf{0f !))$=! lrqx¿ lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ !))$=@ 6'nsL6 agfpg] r/0fx¿ !)!$=# snfsf/sf] z'Ns / nfut !)!$=$ snfsf/sf] 5gf]6 !)@$=% snfsf/nfO{ sfdsf af/]df atfpg] !)#$=^ ;d'bfo e|d0f !)#$=& lrqsf c¿ ;|f]tx¿ !)$$=* snfsf/sf] sfdsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f !)$$=( lrqx¿sf] u'0f:t/ !)%$=!) lrqx¿sf] k"j{–k/LIf0f !)%$=!! sfof{Gjogsf qmddf lrqx¿sf] ;+zf]wg !)^$=!@ 6'nsL6sf] Joj:yfkg / e08f/ !)^ %= kf:;fsf lglDt Joj:yfks / :jo+;]jLsf] 5gf]6 !)*%=! Joj:yfks !)*%=@ :jo+;]jLx¿ !)( ^= :jo+;]jL / Joj:yfkssf] tflnd !!)^=! :jo+;]jL !!)^=@ Joj:yfksx¿ !!! &= sfof{Gjog, ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg !!@&=! of]hgf lgdf{0f !!@&=@ kf:;f :jo+;]jLx¿sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f !!#&=# c¿ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;dGjo !!^&=$ cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfg'gL / ;fdflhs ca/f]wsf] ;fdgf !!^&=% åGå Joj:yfkg !!&&=^ cg'udg / k|ltj]bg !!&&=& kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ / 6'nsL6sf] ;+zf]wg / ;'wf/ !!*

efu #÷ kf:;f k|of]u;DaGwL :jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z

!= kl/ro !@@ @= kf:;f sfof{Gjogsf] tof/L !@$@=! cfkm\g} tof/L !@$@=@ kf:;f 6'nsL6sf] tof/L !@$@=# kf:;f ;d"x ;b:osf] 5gf]6 !@%@=$ kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L !@&@=% kf:;f a}7ssf lglDt :yfg / ;do lgwf{/0f !@* #= kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;~rfng !@(#=! lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df atfpg] !@(#=@ pk;d"xdf sfo{ !@(#=# ;xhstf{sf ?kdf :jo+;]jLx¿sf] e"ldsf !#)#=$ ;xhstf{x¿sf] 6f]nLsf] ?kdf sfo{ !#@#=% /fd|f] ;xhLs/0fsf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/L !###=^ lqmofsnfk / ;xhLs/0fsf] d"Nofª\sg !#&#=& cg'udg / k|ltj]bg !#*#=* kf:;f lqmofsnfk dfkm{t cl3 a9\bf !#(#=( /]s8{ /fVg] !$)#=!) kf:;f ;d"xdf lg/Gt/tfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg !$!#=!! ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿sf lgb]{zgsf] ;f/+z !$@ $= kf:;fkl5sf] cg'udg !$%$=! :jo+;]jLsf] lg/Gt/sf] e"ldsf !$%$=@ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg !$%

efu $÷ kf:;f snfsf/sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z !$(


k|fSsygk|fs[lts k|sf]ksf k|j[lQx¿, df};dL kl/jt{g, a9\bf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s l;dfGtLs/0f Pj+ zx/Ls/0fh:tf sf/0fx¿n] cfjf; tyf j:tLsf hf]lvd Pj+ gfh'stfx¿ a9\b} hfg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL ;dodf, ljZjdf b]lvPsf] ljQLo sl7gfO{, ;fgf] Pj+ sd x:tIf]kd'vL ;/sf/tkm{sf] e'msfjsf ;fy} r'gf}tLsf] :t/ a9\b} hfFbf ;'/lIft Pj+ kof{Kt cfjf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;+:yfut ;fwgx¿df sdL cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . cfkm";Fu ePsf ;fwg tyf k|fljlws 1fg Pj+ ;Lksf e/df vt/fsf ;|f]taf6 cfˆgf] hLjg tyf ;DklQx¿sf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;Sg] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfox¿;d]t clxn] lg/Lx;/x ePsf 5g\ . vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|sf/, :t/ Pj+ af/Daf/tfsf sf/0f pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iff tyf ;DkGgtfdf s8f r'gf}tL cfPsf] xf] .

clwsf+z 7"nf ljklQn] k'g;{+/rgf Pj+ k'gp{Tyfgsf nflu cfjZos cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpF5g\ . o;n] “build back be�er” cyf{t\ cem} pQd lgdf{0f eGg] plQmnfO{ a9fjf lbg;Sg] eP tfklg of] ckjfb xf] . ljklQsf] k|j[lQ ;fgf tyf dWodvfnsf cfsl:dstftkm{ al9/xFbf :yfgLo:t/df c;/ kfg{] o:tf ljklQaf6 k|efljt kl/jf/n] cfk"m;Fu ePsf ;Lldt ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug'{kg{] x'G5 . o;} sf/0fn] pgLx¿n] k'gM pxL gfh'stfx¿sf] l;h{gf u5{g\ . hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf /fd|f cEof;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{] ;lqmo k|of; 5}g eg] klxn]s} cj:yfdf kms{g ;Sg] Ifdtf lbuf] kfg{] cjwf/0ffx¿ ;dfj]z ug{ rflxg] ljQLo Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u ;Lldt jf z"Go a/fa/ 5 . o:tf] c;Lldt cfjZostf t/ Go"g afXo ;|f]t ePsf] kl/l:yltdf s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsf nflu ;fd'bflos cjwf/0ff (PASSA) n] kl/jf/

6 7

cg';"rL !÷ lqmofsnfksf lglDt gd'gf lrqx¿sf] ;"rL !%$ lrq ;d"x sM lqmofsnfk !, #, $ / % df k|of]u ul/Psf !%% lrq ;d"x vM lqmofsnfk $, % / ^ df k|of]u ul/Psf !%^ lrq ;d"x uM lqmofsnfk ^ / * df k|of]u ul/Psf !^)

cg';"rL @÷ ph{s !^@

;|f]t–;fdfu|Lx¿ !^^

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3k|fSsyg ;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsfnflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff


jf ;d'bfosf] jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt …b}lgs hf]lvdx¿Ú sf] …b}lgs gfh'Stsf af/]df r]tgf j[l4 ub{} :yfgLo jftfj/0f ;'xfpFbf ;'/lIft cfjf; tyf j:tL;DaGwL cEof;nfO{ a9fjf lbg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;/n k|lqmof 5 h;nfO{ /]8qm; /]8–qm];]G6sf :jo+;]jL tyf k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/x¿n] ;xhLs/0f u5{g\ . o;sf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfon] cfˆg} a'emfO{, ;Lk / g]t[TjnfO{ ljsf; ub{} ;'wfl/Psf] jf; cj:yf tyf ;'/lIft jf;:yfg k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

r/0fj4 ljlw k|of]u x'g] kf:;fdf tLg kl/k"/s k|lqmof 5g\ . klxnf] r/0fdf o;n] ;d'bfosf] g]t[Tj tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfdf cfwfl/t ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu /fli6«o ;dfhx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ pkof]u u5{ . bf];|f] r/0fdf o;n] ;d'bfodf /x]sf cglulGt ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu pgLx¿s} pkfo tyf jf:tljs Pj+ lj:t[t /0fgLltx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . o:tf /0fgLltleq :yfgsf] cfsfzLo tyf jftfj/0fLo of]hgf, :yfgLo ejg ;+:s[ltx¿ / :yfgLo lgdf{0f k|ljlwx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf kb5{g\ . t];|f] r/0fdf o;n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿, ;d'bfox¿ tyf ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿aLr ljklQx¿af6 hf]lug] tof/L ug{, ;fdgf ug{ / ljklQkl5sf] pTyfg sfo{df ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .

o;sf x/]s r/0fdf lgdf{0f ljz]if1x¿sf] bIftf cfjZos x'G5 . ;d'bfoåf/f pTyfg ug]{ k|fljlws ljifox¿ Pj+ 3/ tyf j/k/sf] jl:t ;'wf/ sfo{df ;d'bfox¿n] u/]sf] ck]Iff k"/f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ ljz]if1x¿ g} rflxG5 . ljz]if1x¿n] ;r]tgf k|j4{g ug]{, hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf ;fwgx¿aLr tfnd]n Nofpg] / cfjf; tyf j:tLx¿ ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu lbOPsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] k|fljlws Ifdtf klxrfg eP÷gePsf]

olsg ug{] sfo{df ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u5{g\ .

kf:;f ;fd'lbos sfo{of]hgfsf ;'Jojl:yt cEof; tyf w]/} /fli6«o ;dfhx¿n] k|of]udf Nofpg] ;xeflutfd"ns cf/f]Uo Pj+ ;/;kmfO{ kl/jt{g (PHAST) ljlw;Fu ;dflxt x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf Pj+ ;DklQx¿sf] ;du| ljZn]if0f ug{ IFRC sf] gfh'stf / Ifdtf d"Nofª\sg (VCA) ;Fu} cfjf; tyf j:tLsf hf]lvdx¿ lj:t[t?kdf klxrfg ub{} tLaf6 ;'/lIft x'gsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns ;fwg PASSA 5 .

kf:;fsf] k|of]un] lgdf{0f ug{] jftfj/0f;Fu hf]l8Psf gfh'stfaf/] JolQm tyf ;d'bfo b'a}vfnsf] a'emfOsf af/]df plrt tl/sfn] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g'sf ;fy} ;'/lIft cfjf; tyf j:tL lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos :yfgLo?kdf ;'xfpFbf pkfox¿ klxrfg tyf k|j4{gtkm{ 8f]¥ofpF5 .

u|fxfd ;f}G8;{

cfjf; tyf j:tL ljefu/]8qm; tyf /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3

clk|n @)!!

8 9 10 11

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3k|fSsyg ;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsfnflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff


/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3efu @= cfjf;sf] gfh'stf / vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿

8 9 10 11

wGojfb 1fkg

kl/of]hgf ;+of]hgM ;f08«f 8'hf{, sf]l/g /]x]g{] / efNn] unfg -cfjf; tyf j:tL ;'/Iff ljefu÷cfO{Pkmcf/;L_

d'Vo n]vgM hf]g P8D;\

d'Vo of]ubfg M ;f08«f 8'hf{, sf]l/g /]x]g{] -cfO{Pkmcf/;L_, d]lNeg 6]Aa'6 -la|l6; /]8qm;_, en]/O{ e/f}U:t]|Ot, cuf]l:6gf] kflSSoflg / ;f08«fO{g 8]nfTq]

of] lgb{]lzsf k|sfzg la|l6; /]8qm;sf] pbf/ ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xfotfaf6 ;Dej ePsf] xf] .

lgb{]lzsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf ;fwgx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{] sfo{sf qmddf dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] o'ufG8f /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / a+unfb]z /]8–qm];]G6 ;f];fO6Lsf sd{rf/L tyf :jo+;]jsx¿k|lt cfef/ .

d"Nojfg of]ubfg lbg'x'g] /]8qm; g];gn ;f];fO6Lx¿, cfO{Pkmcf/;L ;lrjfno / cGo ;+:yfsf dxfg'efjx¿ M xfl;a'n af/L, ljlnod sf6{/, lnj6f{8 uf]Ghfn]h, /]j]Ssf sf/a'/f, of]ef]Gg] nLgDofg, /f]g ;o]/ / d]lnª l;Dk;g–x]j6{nfO{ ljz]if wGojfb .


12 13 14 15

!= kf:;fsf] k|:t'tLs/0f (Presenta�on of PASSA)!=! kf:;f s] xf] <

;'/lIft cfjf; hgr]tgfsf nflu ;fd'bflos cjwf/0ff -kf:;f_ ljklQaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f 8Lcf/cf/ -DDR_ ;DaGwL ;xeflutfd"ns ljlw xf] h'g cfjf; ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . of] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿df /]8qm; tyf /]8–qm];]G6 g];gn ;f];fO6Lx¿n] ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv g} ckgfpFb} cfPsf] ;xeflutfd"ns cf/f]Uo Pj+ ;/;kmfO{ kl/jt{g -PHAST_ sf] Ps kl/dflh{t ?k xf] .

kf:;fsf] nIo :yfgLox¿sf] Ifdtf a[l4 u/L cfjf;;DaGwL hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu o;n] ;d'bfodf x'g] ;+o'Qm ljZn]if0f, l;sfO{ Pj+ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf r]tgf clej[l4 Pj+ ;Lk ljsf; ug{] sfd u5{ .

kf:;f Ps k|lqmof xf] . o;df vl6Psf :j+o;]jsx¿n] ;fd'bflos ;d"xx¿ -o; k'l:tsfdf kf:;f ;d"xx¿ elgPsf]_ nfO{ cf7 k|sf/sf ;fd'bflos lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ ;xof]u u5{g\ . o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿n] qmlds?kdf pgLx¿nfO{ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5g\ M

• cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf ePsf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf d'2fsf af/]df r]tgf ljsf; ug{]Ù

• cfjf;;Fu ;DalGwt hf]lvdx¿ l;h{gf ug{] vt/f Pj+ sdhf]/Lx¿ klxrfg ug{]Ù

• cfjf;nfO{ gfh's agfpg] sf/0fx¿ klxrfg u/L ljZn]if0f ug{]Ù

• cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/ ug{] ;DefJo pkfox¿ kQf nufO{ k|fyldsLs/0f

kl/ro(Introduc�on)

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3kl/ro ;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsfnflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff


12 13 14 15

ug{]Ù

• ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf pkfox¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos Ifdtfaf6} sfof{Gjog ug{] of]hgf agfpg]Ù

• k|ultsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug{] .

x]Ssf /fVg'kg{] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] kf:;f ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{, of]hgf agfpg tyf cg'udg ug{ ;xof]u ug{] ;fwg xf] . /]8qm; tyf /]8–qm];]G6 ;f];fO6LnfO{ dfly pNn]lvt sfo{ ug{ ;3fpg] ;fwg eg] xf]Og . oBlk, kf:;f cjwf/0ffsf] kl/0ffd:j?k l;h{gf ePsf cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/;DaGwL ;fd'bflos of]hgfx¿nfO{ cfjf; sfo{qmddf eg] /fVg ;lsG5 .

kf:;fnfO{ cfjf;sf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{] ;fwgsf] ?kdf tof/ ul/Psf] eP klg of]eGbf cl3 a9\b} cem} nfdf] ;do Pj+ bL3{sfn;Ddsf k'glg{df{0fsf pkfox¿df, dflg;x¿nfO{ cfˆgf dfu /fVg ;fdy{ agfpg] tyf cfˆgf x/]s 5gf}6sf] k|efj a'‰g ;Ifd agfpg] ;fwgsf ?kdf klg lng ;lsG5 .

ljklQ cl3 jf kl5 b'a} cj:yfdf k|fljlws ;xof]u cfjZos x'G5 . ljklQcl3 ;'/lIft /xg]vfnsf lgdf{0fsf pkfo l;kmf/L; ug{ tyf ljklQkl5 o:tf pkfox¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s Pj+ lbuf] agfpg;d]t k|fljlws ;xof]u rflxg] x'G5 .

!=@ kf:;fn] s;/L sfd u5{ <

klxnf] gDa/df kf:;f ;d"xaf6 OR5's ;b:ox¿ 5gf}6 ul/G5 / pgLx¿nfO{ k|lqmofsf cfjZos s'/fx¿, k"/f x'g nfUg] ;do / pgLx¿sf]

bfloTjsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbOG5 . To;kl5, ;a} ;b:o k6s–k6s u/L cf7 a}7sdf ;xefuL x'G5g\ . a}7ssf qmddf pgLx¿n] kf:;fsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug'{k5{ . o;df /]8qm; jf qm];]G6sf :jo+;]jsn] ;xof]u u5{g\ . oL a}7sx¿n] pgLx¿df ;d"xdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] cfTdljZjf; / Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} cfjf; ;'/Iffsf d'2fx¿ klxrfg tyf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Ifd kf5{ . kf:;f a}7sx¿ ;fKtflxs jf kflIfs?kdf a:5 . a}7sx¿sf] aLrdf kf:;f ;d"x cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿;Fu lg/Gt/ 5nkmn Pj+ cGtlqm{of ul//xG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfonfO{ g} o; k|lqmofsf af/]df hfgsf/L x'G5 tyf ;"rgf Pj+ /fo k|bfg ug{] cj;/k|fKt x'G5 . ha kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿df ;r]tgf, cfTdljZjf; tyf ;Lkx¿ ljsl;t x'G5g\ ta cGtlqm{ofsf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfodf oL u'0fx¿ k|;fl/t eO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfo g} nfeflGjt x'gk'U5 . of] k|lqmofsf] cGTo;Dddf kf:;f ;d"xn] cfˆgf ;f]r tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfosf lrGtfsf ljifox¿ emNsg] sfo{of]hgf / tL sfo{sf] c'gudg of]hgf tof/ ul/;Sg'k5{ .

k|lqmofcGtu{tsf k|To]s sfo{x¿ ;fKtflxs jf ;ftfdf b'O{ k6s a:g] a}7sx¿df ;DkGg ul/g] x'gfn] k|To]s ;d'bfodf o:tf] k|lqmof ;DkGg x'g $ b]lv * xKtf;Dd nfU5 . of] ;do cg'dflgtdfq} ePsfn] ljleGg kl/l:ytLcg';f/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ;/f]sf/fjfnf kIfx¿;Fu nfUg] ;dosf] af/]df cu|Ld?kdf ;xdlt sfod ug'{k5{ . ;fd'bflos:t/df kf:;f sfof{Gjog ug{'cl3 of] ljlw sfof{Gjog u/fpgsf nflu cfjZos Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{sf nflu w]/} sfo{ ug'{kg{] x'G5 . o;af/]df k'l:tsfsf] efu–@ df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .



!=# kf:;fdf k|of]u ePsf ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿

;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿ ;d"xdf ePsf ;a} JolQm;Fu 1fg tyf pkfo x'G5 / ;a} ldn]/ Ps};fy k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfd ubf{ ;femfvfnsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg;d]t k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ljZjf;df cfwfl/t 5g\ . o:tf ljlwx¿ ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs lrGtf jf lxtsf ljifonfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ tyf l;h{gfTds?kn] ;f]Rg clek|]l/t ug{]vfnsf tl:j/, syf tyf j:t'x¿h:tf ;~rf/sf ;fwg k|of]u x'g] sfo{x¿tkm{ s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . o:tf] sfo{sf nflu Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L g} ;xhstf{ rflxg ;S5 . o:tf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf ;d"xnfO{ sfd lbg] tyf tyf ;b:ox¿aLr ;lqmo Pj+ kmnbfoL ;xsfo{sf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] x'G5 . ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df k'l:tsfsf] efu–# df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿ k|of]u ubf{ w]/} kmfO{bf x'G5 M

• oL ljlwx¿n] ;d'bfodf /x]sf h'g;'s} pd]/, lnË, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs:t/ ePsf JolQmnfO{ ljZn]if0f tyf of]hgf agfpg] sfo{df ;dfg?kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Ifd agfpF5g\ .

• oL ljlwx¿n] JolQmdf cfTdljZjf;, cGo ;b:ok|ltsf] cfb/ tyf lg0f{ox¿sf] j}olQms Pj+ ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/fpF5g\ . o:tf s'/fn] cfjf; ;'/Iffafx]s cGo klg kmfObf k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .

• o:tf ljlwn] :yfgLo Ifdtf tyf 1fg tyf ;Ddfgk|ltsf] ;Ddfg a'‰g ;xof]u ub{} plrt gofF cGj]if0fx¿ km}nfpg ;xof]u u5{g\ .

• o:tf ljlwx¿ ;xhstf{x¿sf nflu /dfOnf Pj+ kmnbfoL x'G5g\ . o;}u/L, /]8qm; tyf qm];]G6sf :jo+;]jsx¿sf] ;Gbe{df klg pgLx¿n] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿;Fu gjLg Pj+ ;sf/fTds ;DaGw agfpF5g\ .

16 17 18 19


;d'bfo

;d'bfosf ;b:ox?af6 ag]sf] kf:;f

;d"x

/fli6«o ;dfh -g];gn ;f];fO{6L_ zfvf÷PsfO{ tyf

d'Vofno

:yfgLo lgsfox? tyf cGo :yfgLo

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

zfvf÷PsfO{sf:jo+;]jsx¿

!=$ kf:;fsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

kf:;f k|lqmofsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ tnsf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L, pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjsf] af/]df tn JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

;d'bfo

• ;d'bfosf] /fo tyf 1fgsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{]Ù

• kf:;f ;d"xsf nflu ;b:o pknAw u/fpg]Ù

• kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu ljrf/ tyf k|:tfjx¿ ;f6f;f6 ug]{Ù

• kf:;f ;d"xsf] ljrf/ tyf k|:tfjx¿sf af/]df k[i7kf]if0f lbg]Ù

• cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/df ;xefuL x'g]Ù

• :yfgLo lgsfox¿ tyf cGo :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] .


16 17 18 19

kf:;f ;d"x

• ;d'bfosf] /fo tyf 1fgsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{]Ù

• ;'wfl/Psf] cfjf; ;'/Iffsf nflu ljZn]if0f ug]{ tyf of]hgf agfpg] sfo{ ug{]Ù

• ljrf/ tyf of]hgfx¿sf] af/]df ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:o;Fu 5nkmn ug{]Ù

• ljrf/ tyf of]hgfx¿sf] af/]df /]8qm; tyf /]8–qm];]G6 zfvfsf :jo+;]jsx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{]Ù

• ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ l;sfpgsf nflu cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ ug{]Ù

• cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf nflu ;d'bfonfO{ kl/rfng Pj+ k|f]T;fxg ug{] .

/]8qm; tyf /]8–qm];]G6 zfvfsf :jo+;]jsx¿

• kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{{df ;xhLs/0f ug{]Ù

• kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ ljin]z0f tyf of]hgfx¿ ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{]Ù

• kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ pgLx¿sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo kQf nufpg ;xof]u ug{]Ù

• kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;DaGwdf zfvf÷cfjf; sfof{nodf hfgsf/L k'¥ofpg] .

/fli6«o ;dfh÷cfjf; sfo{qmd

• zfvfsf :jo+;]jsnfO{ tflnd lbg], ;'kl/j]If0f ug{] tyf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]Ù

• :yfgLo snfsf/;Fu ldn]/ kf:;fsf sfo{x¿nfO{ /]vflrqsf ?kdf ljsf; ug{]Ù

• kf:;f sfof{Gjog tyf kl/0ffdsf k|ltj]bgdfly 5nkmn ug{] tyf k|ltlqmof lbg]Ù

• kf:;f k|lqmofsf af/]sf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg]Ù

• ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfdf ;xfotf k'¥ofpg :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿ tyf cGo :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;dGjo ug{]Ù

• :jo+;]jx¿sf] IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf ;d:of l;h{gf ePdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;dfwfgdf ;fd]n x'g]Ù

• cfjf; ;'/Iffdf cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

:yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿ tyf cGo :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

• ;d'bfosf cu'jf tyf kf:;f ;d"xsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;d'bfosf dfu÷k|:tfjsf jf/]df k|ltlqmof b]vfpg]Ù

• ;d'bfosf dfusf af/]df /]8qm; jf /]8–qm];]G6sf] zfvf sfof{nfo jf cfO{Pkmcf/;L ;lrjfno;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt ug{] .



20 21 22 23

@= /]8qm; /]8–qm];]G6sf sfo{qmdx¿df kf:;f s;/L ldn]sf] x'G5 (How PASSA fits into Red Cross Red Crescent Programmes)

@=! cfO{Pkmcf/;Lsf ljBdfg ;xeflutfd"ns ;fwgx¿;Fu kf:;f s;/L PsLs[t x'Fb} k"/ssf] sfd u5{ <

kf:;fnfO{ cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/dfk{mt\ ljklQsf] hf]lvd sd u/L d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xfotf lbg] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] of] gfh'stf / Ifdtf d"Nofª\sg -eL;LP_ ;Fu glhsaf6 hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . o;}u/L, cfjf; g} hf]lvdsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf klxrfg ePsf] cj:yfdf kf:;f g} lel;Pdf cfwfl/t eP/ agfpg'kg{] x'G5 .

kf:;fn] k|of]u u/sf] cjwf/0ffn] klg o;nfO{ PHAST tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo tyf k|fylds pkrf/ (CBHFA) cjwf/0ff;Fu hf]85 . o;}u/L, oL ;a} cjwf/0ffx¿ Ps–csf{sf k"/s Pj+ 6]jf lbg]vfnsf x'g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;DalGwt d'n'ssf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t /x]/ ljsf; ul/Psf k'/fgf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n] k'/fgf sfo{qmdx¿sf] lg/Gt/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{]5 / ;xeflutfd"ns ;fwg k|of]udf tflndk|fKt (VCA, PHAST cflbsf] dfWodaf6_ sd{rf/L tyf :jo+;]jsx¿df lgxLt IfdtfnfO{ kmqmg] df}sf lbg]5 . VCA df e/ ug'{ eg]sf] ;dosf] jrt ug'{ klg xf] . o;n] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf b'O{ sfo{x¿nfO{ Pslqt u5{ / cgfjZos?kdf sfo{x¿ bf]xf]¥ofpFb}g .

kf:;fsf] sfof{Gjog Psn k|of;sf ?kdf ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;}u/L, cfjf; lgdf{0f

Pj+ ;'wf/ sfo{df ;Ifd kfg{] cGo cfjf;;GaGwL sfo{qmdsf] cg'kl:yltdf klg sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' x'Fb}g . kof{Kt k|fljlws ;xof]u geO{ kf:;fnfO{ Psn?kdf sfof{Gjog ubf{ cj;/x¿ u'Dg], xtf]T;fxL x'g]h:tf c;/ kg{'sf ;fy} c;'/lIft lgdf{0f cEof;x¿ ;d]t x'g ;S5g\ .

@=@ ljklQ Jo:yfkg rqmdf kf:;f sxfF ;dfj]z x'G5 <

kf:;fnfO{ ljklQ Joj:yfkg rqmsf w]/} r/0fdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5M

• k"j{tof/L tyf ;fDoLs/0fM VCA n] jf;:yfg tyf lgld{t jftfj/0f;DaGwL hf]lvdx¿ klxrfg u/]kZrft\ cfjf; hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] ;fwgsf ?kdf kf:;fsf] k|of]u x'G5 .

• /fxtb]lv k'gp{Tyfg;DdM cfktsfnLg cfjf; r/0fsf] ;dflKtkl5 kf:;fn] ;d'bfo;Fu ePsf] hf]lvd;DaGwL 1fg -lgdf{0f If]qdf /x]sf]


ljklQ nIoM;d'bfosf] k"j{jt\

cj:yfdf kms{g ;Sg] Ifdtf tyf hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0fk"j{ tof/L tyf ;fDoLs/0f

;d'bfosf] tyf ;+:yfut k"j{tof/L,

ljklQ, of]hgf agfpg], kIfkf]if0f ug{]

k'gp{T

yfg

hLjg

lgjf{x,

cfjf;, kfgL t

yf

;/;k

mfO{, h

g:jf:Yo, kIfkf]if0

f

ljklQsf] k|ltlqmofcf/fd, cfjf;, :jf:Yo, kflg /

;/;kmfO{, cf/f]Uo, ;"rgf Joj:yfkg, kIfkf]if0f


20 21 22 23

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿, ljklQnfO{ e]mNg;Sg] pkfox¿ cflb_ nfO{ ;dflxt ub{} nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sg]vfnsf cf>o lgdf{0f ug{] pkfox¿ l;sfpF5 .

• k'gp{Tyfg r/0fM k'gp{Tyfg r/0fsf] cGTodf kf:;fn] ;du| sfo{qmdn] g} ;'Nemfpg g;s]sf] cfjf; tyf j:tL;DaGwL d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] sfo{ u5{ / cflh{t Ifdtfx¿nfO{ lbuf] agfpF5 -kf:;fn] ;d'bfonfO{ ;femf nfesf ljifox¿ cGo kIf;dIf k'¥ofpg / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;d'bfosf] kIf lng pTk|]/Lt ug{ ;Ifd kf5{_ .

@=# ljQLo of]hgfx¿df kf:;fnfO{ s;/L PsLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

cfO{Pkmcf/;L (RFRC) n] ljsf; u/]sf jf xfn k|rngdf NofPsf sfo{qmd tyf ljQLo ;+oGqx¿nfO{ ljrf/ ug{}kg{] x'G5 . ljZjJofkL, If]qLo tyf d'n''s:t/Lo ;a}vfn] of]hgf tof/ ubf{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ kf:;fsf nflu æk|:yfgljGb'Æ sf] ?kdf x]g'{k5{ .

DRR k|of;x¿sf] ;xof]ufy{ ljZjJofkL sf]ifsf] pknAwtf M hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf ;fwgx¿sf] k|j4{gsf nflu rflnPsf ljZj jf If]qLo:t/sf k|of;x¿sf nflu afXo bft[ lgsfox¿sf] ljz]if k|s[ltsf] Pj+ of]hgf afx]ssf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf . o:tfvfnsf sf]ifx¿dfly yf]/}dfq} lgoGq0f x'G5 t/ klg o:tf ;fwgx¿n] æDRR sf j[xt\ k|of;x¿Æ nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5g\ . kf:;f klg DRR sf] Ps efu xf] .

sf]if pknAw u/fpg] If]qLo of]hgfx¿M o:tf of]hgfx¿ jflif{s?kdf cfO{Pkmcf/;Lsf] c~rn jf If]qLo:t/Lo sfof{nox¿n] ljsf; u5{g\ . o:tf of]hgfx¿n] DRR sf sfo{x¿ tyf s'g} ljif]z k|fljlws If]qnfO{

;xfotf k'¥ofpF5g\ .

/fli6«o:t/sf of]hgfx¿ tyf cfXjfgx¿M kf:;fnfO{ ljQLo of]hgfx¿df PsLs/0f ug{] ;f]emf] tl/sf eg]sf] cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfkZrft\ ul/g] /fli6«o:t/sf cfXjfgx¿sf] cfjf; v08df o;nfO{ ;dflxt ug'{ xf] . o:tf] ubf{ cfjf; hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{sf] ;'?jft k|f/Deb]lv g} x'G5 eGg]df ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .

;fd'bflos sf]if ;+sngM kf:;f Ps k|lqmof xf] h;n] Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g Pj+ sfo{of]hgf agfpg]tkm{ 8f]¥ofpF5 . ;d'bfox¿ tyf /]8qm;sf /fli6«o ;dfhx¿n] :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿ jf ;dsIfL ;+:yfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 sf]if ;+sng u5{g\ . of] b'a} kIfnfO{ kmfObf x'g] cj:yf xf] lsgeg] o;af6 ;d'bfox¿n] cf>o;DaGwL hf]lvd a'‰g Pj+ ltgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5g\ eg] ;/sf/nfO{ klg jf:tljs cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t 5gf}6x¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf lgdf{0f Pj+ ah]6 th'{dfsf] dfWodaf6 sfo{ tyf bfloTjx¿ ;a} kIfdf afFl8G5 .

@=$ kf:;fsf] k|of]u u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qx¿df ug{ ;lsG5 <

kf:;fsf] ljsf; d'Votof u|fdL0f kl/j]znfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ g} ul/Psf] xf] hxfF ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ef}uf]lns ?kdf ufpFx¿n] 5'6ØfpF5g\, ;fdflhs Pstf alnof] x'G5 / cfk"m a;]sf] 3/sf] dflns ;fdfGotof pgLx¿ g} x'G5g\ . o'uf08f tyf a+funfb]zdf ePsf k/LIf0fx¿n] klg o:tf ;fwgx¿n] To:t} jftfj/0fdf rfxLF /fd|/L sfd ug{ ;Sg] b]vfPsf] 5 . :yfgLox¿sf] lgdf{0f Ifdtf tTsfn k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] / cfjf; ;xeflutf :yfgLo Ifdtfx¿ ;'xfpFbf] x'g] ePsfn] klg o:tf pkfox¿ u|fdL0f kl/l:yltdf



24 25 26 27

ldNg] ePsf x'g\ .

oBlk, ;d'bfo kx'Frof]Uo x'g] tyf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg tTk/ x'g] xf] eg] jf:tljs ;fd'bflos cjwf/0ffx¿ ;fdfGotof ljleGg k|sf/sf km/s jftfj/0fdf klg ;xh} nfu" x'G5g\ . kf:;fsf nflu ;d'bfox¿ 5gf}6 ug{] cfwf/;DaGwL ;'emfjsf nflu o; k'l:tsfsf] efu–@ sf] v08 #=! x]g'{xf];\ . zx/df a:g] dflg;x¿sf] cfjZostf;Fu} xfnsf lbgx¿df hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, ljklQaf6 aRg] k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltlqmof;DaGwL cg'ejx¿df a[l4 x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . cw{–zx/L If]qx¿ tyf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df tLj| ultdf ljsf; eO/x]sf zx/;Fu hf]l8Psf gu/x¿df cfjf; ;'/IffnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;Daf]wg ug{] of]hgf agfpg] ;fwg tyf ;+oGqsf] cefj x'G5 . o:tf If]qx¿df ;d'bfosf] efjgf gx'g] x'gfn] l5d]s klxrfg ug{ ;xh gx'g] eP klg kf:;fn] zx/L If]qdf ;d]t r/0fj4?kdf cfjf;:ynsf] ;'wf/ ug{] dfu{ vf]Ng;S5 .

zx/L If]q l5d]sdf ePsf Ifdtf tyf cj;/x¿ klxrfg ug{ :jo+;]jsx¿ klg l;kfn' x'g'k5{ . lgdf{0fsf d'2fsf af/]df lg0f{o lng lgs} h6Ln Pj+ lgolGqt x'g] x'gfn] :yfgLo ;/sf/ / afXo zlQmx¿;Fu l5d]sL tyf ;fd'bflos b'a}:t/df alnof] ;DaGw x'g'k5{ . o:tf cj:yfx¿df /]8qm; tyf /]8–qm];]G6n] cfjf; ;'wf/ sfo{nfO{ ;xh kfg{ ;Sg] eP klg j:tLx¿sf ;a} cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;Sg] x'G5g\ . To;}n] VCA, PHAST,

PASSA / CBHFA d"Nofª\sgh:tf km/s ;fwgx¿nfO{ PsLs[t?kdf k|of]u ug{]vfnsf] Pp6f /fd|f] Pj+ PsLs[t ug{]vfnsf] ;fd'bflos kl/rfng k|lqmof cfjZos x'G5 .

@=% ;fd'bflos:t/df kf:;f slt lbuf] x'G5 <

kf:;fnfO{ k|0ffnLut Pj+ ;xL?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] v08df o;n] Jojxf/ut kl/jt{g Nofpg]5 . of] k|lqmofnfO{ lbuf] agfpg k|of]ustf{x¿n] o;sf cGo dxTjnfO{ a'‰b} kl/0ffdx¿sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj lnG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfjf; tyf j:tLx¿sf] x]/ljrf/ tyf ;Def/ of]hgfx¿ JolQmut Pj+ ;fd"lxs b'a}:t/df :jLsfl/Psf] 5 / cfjZos ;|f]t tyf ;fwgx¿ jflif{s?kdf afF8kmfF8 ePsf 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt x'G5 .

/]8qm; tyf /]8–qm];]G6leq kf:;fnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu :yfgLo tyf gu/:t/sf cfkt\sfnLg of]hgfh:tf ljklQsf] k"j{tof/Lsf ;fwgn] kf:;fnfO{ cfjf; ;'/Iff / ;d'bfoåf/f ;~rflnt ;'wf/x¿sf] cfwf/e"t dfkb08sf] ?kdf lng'k5{ .

kf:;fsf] sfof{Gjogkl5 ;d'bfo tyf /fli6«o ;dfhn] cfjf; ;'/Iffsf nflu ;d'bfo cfk}mFn] s] ug{ ;S5 / /fli6«o ;dfhaf6 s:tf]vfnsf] cltl/Qm ;xfotf cfjZos x'g;S5 eGg] af/]df :ki6?kdf a'‰5g\ . kf:;fnfO{ ;ˆ6j]o/ tyf xf8{j]o/ b'a}vfnsf] ;fwgsf ?kdf lng'kg{] x'G5 . ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ?kdf o;n] ;d'bfoleq 1fg tyf ;Lk ljsf;nfO{ dha"t kf5{ eg] xf8{j]o/sf] ?kdf cfjf; tyf k"jf{wf/x¿ ;'wf/ u5{ .



24 25 26 27

#= k'l:tsfsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L (Overview of the manual)#=! k'l:tsf s;sf nflu <

of] k'l:tsf cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿df kf:;f k|of]u ug{ rfxg] /fli6«o ;dfhx¿sf nflu xf] . o; k'l:tsfdf ljleGg efux¿ 5g\ / h'g;'s} klg efunfO{ /fli6«o ;dfhsf pRrkb:y sd{rf/L, cfjf; sfo{qmd Joj:yfks, zfvfsf sd{rf/L / :jo+;]jsx¿n] cfjZostfcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

#=@ k'l:tsfnfO{ s;/L ;+of]hg ul/Psf] 5 <

k'l:tsfsf] klxnf] efudf ;d'bfosf ;d"xx¿nfO{ kf:;fsf cf7 lqmofsnfk ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xh kfg{] lgb{]zgx¿ 5g\ . :jo+;]js / Joj:yfksnufot kf:;f k|lqmof lj:t[tdf hfGg rfxg] ;a}n] of] efusf] cWoog ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ :jo+;]js tflndsf] d'Vo ;fdfu|Lsf ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . kf:;fsf x/]s lqmofsnfkx¿ s;/L ;Dkfbg ug{] eGg] lgb{]zgx¿ lgDg lnlvt zLif{sdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 M

• p2]Zo

• ;do

• ;fdfu|Lx¿

• s] ug{]

• l6Kk0fLx¿

kf:;fsf w]/} h;f] sfo{ ;Dkfbgaf/] ;xhLs/0f ug{ lrq jf rf6{x¿sf] k|of]u ug'{kg{] x'G5 . kf:;fsf cf7 sfo{x¿nfO{ ;f/f+zdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

sfo{ p2]ZoP]ltxfl;s ljj/0f • vt/fx¿h:tf k'/fgf 36gfx¿ Pj+ ;do;Fu ePsf

kl/jt{gsf af/]df yfxf kfpg

• ;d'bfosf] jt{dfg cj:yfaf/] a'‰g -:jf:Yo;DaGwL d'2fx¿ jf vt/fx¿ Pj+ gfh'stfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ljut tyf jt{dfgaLr ;fdfGo ;DaGw_

• eljiodf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] lg/Gt/tfaf/]sf] a'emfO{ -k|j[lQx¿_

vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/

• ;d'bfon] ef]Ub}cfPsf vt/fx¿af/] ;"lrt x'g] / oL;Fu ;DalGwt gfh'stf Pj+ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfaf/] hfGg]

• kf:;f ;d"xn] Wofg lbg'kg{] clt dxTjk"0f{ :yfgLo vt/fx¿ klxrfg ug{

;d'bfo gS;fª\sg / e|d0f

• ;d'bfosf] cfjf; cj:yf gS;fª\sg u/L JolQmut ejg tyf ;du| j:tLs} ;Defljt vt/fx¿ / gfh'stfx¿ klxrfg ug{

• of]hgf tof/ tyf cg'udg Pj+ d"Nofª\sg k|of]hgsf nflu cfwf/e"t gS;f tof/ ug{

• ;d'bfo / o;sf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwdf ;femf b"/b[li6 Pj+ a'emfO{ ljsf; ug{

• ;d'bfonfO{ gS;f tof/ ug{ ;Ifd kf/L ;d"xsf] cfTd–;Ddfg / o;;Fu hf]l8Psf cGo zlQm ljsf; ug{



28 29 30 31

;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cfjf;

• ;d'bfonfO{ kf:;f ;d"xn] klxrfg u/]sf k|fylds vt/fx¿k|lt gfh's kfg{] JolQmut cfjf; Pj+ ;du| j:tLsf ljleGg kIfx¿ klxrfg ug{

• ;d'bfoleqsf cfjf;x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{sf nflu ug{ ;lsg] sfo{x¿ klxrfg ug{

cfjf; ;'/Iffsf ljsNkx¿

• cfjf;sf] ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf nflu pknAw ljsNkx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf, ;DefJotf cyjf sfof{Gjogdf x'g] ;xhtfsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{]

• ;d'bfo jf o;sf] s'g} efudf xfn;Dd klg ;'/Iffsf k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ ckgfpg] sfo{sf] ;'?jft x'g g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{]

kl/jt{gsf] of]hgf • cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ of]hgf tof/ ug{

• of]hgfsf] k|To]s efusf] g]t[Tj lng] ljifodf ;xdlt ug{

;d:ofsf] afs; • of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfO{kg{] ;Defljt ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ;dfwfgdf pkfox¿ to ug{

cg'udg of]hgf • k|ult hFfr ug{] k|lqmof :yflkt ug{ -cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ePsf ;'wf/x¿_

• k|lqmofsf] cg'udg slt k6s / s;n] ug{] to ug{

• d"Nofª\sg sfo{sf] lbg tf]Sg

efu @ n] /fli6«o ;dfhx¿ / ;fe]mbf/x¿nfO{ kf:;fsf] kl/ro lbFb} cfjf; ;'/Iff sfo{qmddf ;xeflutfd"ns wf/0ffsf ?kdf o;nfO{ k|of]u ug{ cfjZos Ifdtf l;h{gf ug{sf nflu cfjZos hfgsf/L k|bfg u5{ .

of] efu ljklQ Joj:yfkg tyf cf>o sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt;lxt Joj:yfksLo sd{rf/L nlIft 5 .

efu # n] :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ kf:;f sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d'bfo:t/df sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos lgb{]zg k|bfg u5{ . of] efun] kf:;f k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf nflu cfwf/ tof/ u5{ . Joj:yfksx¿n] o;sf] k|of]u :jo+;]jsnfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f ug{] sfo{sf nflu k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

efu $ df kf:;fsf sfo{x¿sf] lrq tof/ ug{] snfsf/sf nflu cfjZos lgb{]zg 5 . Joj:yfksx¿n] snfsf/nfO{ of] efusf] Psk|lt pknAw u/fpg'k5{ / o;df lbOPsf lgb{]zgx¿ k"0f{?kdf a'e]m÷ga'e]msf] olsg ug'{k5{ .

cg';"rL–! df lrqsf] ;"rL 5 . o;nfO{ s'g} ljz]if kl/l:yltdf kf:;f k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfdf tof/ ul/g] lrqx¿df cfwf/sf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cg';"rL–@ n] :jo+;]jsx¿n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] k'gtf{huLsf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . o;nfO{ pgLx¿n] kf:;f sfo{x¿sf] ;xhLs/0fsf avtdf cfjZos k/]sf] v08df k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

cfjf; tyf ;'/Iff xft]lstfa Pp6f 5'§} ;fdfu|L xf] h;n] cfjf; ;'/Iffsf af/]df s]xL cfjZos ;"rgf k|bfg u5{ . kf:;f k|lzIf0fsf nflu k|fljlws ljifoj:t' tof/ ug{] k|of]hgdf o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .



28 29 30 31

efu ! ÷kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿

ljifo;"rL

kl/ro #@

lqmofsnfk PS;M lqmofsnfksf] gfd #@lqmofsnfk ! M P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f #^lqmofsnfk @M ;d'bfo gS;fª\sg / e|d0f $@lqmofsnfk #M vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/ $(lqmofsnfk $M ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cfjf; %^lqmofsnfk % M ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ^$lqmofsnfk ^M kl/jt{sf] of]hgf &)lqmofsnfk &M ;d:ofsf] afs; &*lqmofsnfk *M cg'udg of]hgf *!

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3efu != kf:;f lqmofsnfk


32 33 34 35

kl/ro (Introduc�on)

k'l:tsfsf] o; v08df ;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsfnflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff -kf:;f_ cGtu{tsf x/]s lqmofsnfkaf/] lj:t[t lgb{]zgx¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ . kf:;f ;'? ug'{cl3 tkfO{+n] kf:;f tflnd lng'sf ;fy} o; k'l:tsfsf] efu tLg -:jo+;]jssf nflu lgb{]zg_ cWoog ug'{k5{ .

;a} lqmofsnfksf] ;+/rgf ;dfg 5 . ;+/rgfaf/]df tn AofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

lqmofsnfk PS;M lqmofsnfksf] gfd(Ac�vity X: Title of the ac�vity)

p2]Zo

o;cGtu{t lqmofsnfkaf6 kf:;f ;d"xx¿n] s'g pknlAw xfl;n ug{] eGg]af/] tkfO{+nfO{ :ki6 kfg{sf nflu p2]Zosf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . pNn]lvt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ plrt tl/sfn] ;xhLs/0f sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tyf kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ ;f] lqmofsnfk ug{sf sf/0faf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg p2]Zosf af/]df :ki6 kfl/Psf] xf] .

;do

of] ;dosf] glhssf] cg'dfgdfq} xf] . tfkfO{+n] x/]s ;qsf nflu cfwf lbg;Ddsf] ;do lbg'k5{ . kf:;f ;d"xdf x'g] 5nkmnsf] :t/cg';f/ nfUg] ;do cg'dflgt ;doeGbf w]/} jf yf]/} x'g;S5 . tkfO{+n] sfo{x¿af/]

:ki6 lgb{]zg tyf 5nkmnsf nflu ;xhLs/0f ub{} ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

;fdfu|Lx¿

o;df tkfOF{n] ;d'bfodf nUg] ;fdfu|Lx¿ tyf pks/0fx¿sf] ;"rL lbOPsf] x'G5 . lxF8\g'cl3 cfk"m;Fu ;a} lrh eP gePsf] hfFr ug{'k5{ . s]xL lrhx¿ cGo ;d"xdf grflxg] eP kf:;f ;d"xs} Ps ;b:onfO{ lhDdf nufpg ;lsG5 . kf:;f ;d"xsf] rf6{, gS;f tyf cGo ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] t:jL/ lngsf nflu l8lh6n Sofd/f jf Sofd/f ePsf] df]afOn nUg gla;{g';\ .

dflysf] lrq lqmofsnfk tyf d'2f klxrfg ug{] tl/sfsf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] .



32 33 34 35

s] ug{] <

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xefuLdfem kl/ro u/fpg];DaGwL lgb{]zgx¿ of] zLif{scGtu{t /xG5g\ . lqmofsnfk ;'? ug'{cl3 s]xL ;do lnP/ kf:;fsf ;b:ox¿df pgLx¿n] ug{] sfo{af/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lsf ;fy} ;d"xnfO{ kf:;f k|lqmofdf ;f] lqmofsnfk hf]l8g] tl/sf yfxf ePsf] olsg ug'{k5{ . ;b:ox¿n] sfd ub}{ hfFbf w]/} s'/f a'‰b} hfg'sf ;fy} ;'?d} atfpFbf a'‰g;d]t sl7g x'g] x'gfn] lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbg' x'Fb}g . s'g} klg sfo{ ;? ug'{cl3 ;d"xsf sf]xL ;b:onfO{ cl3Nnf] sfo{af6 ;+lIfKtdf eGg nufpg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ;a} ;b:ox¿df cl3Nnf] k|lqmofsf lgisif{af/] ;femf ;xdlt geP÷gePsf] yfxf x'g'sf ;fy} To;kl5sf] csf{] lqmofsnfk ;'? ug{] cj:yfsf] ;d]t l;h{gf x'G5 .

To;kl5 ToxfF s]xL lgb]{zgx¿ x'G5g\ h'g kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ lbg, sfo{ ;'? ug{ tyf pk;d"xx¿sf] sfo{nfO{ ;+of]hg ug{df k|of]u ug'{k5{ . sfo{ ;'? ug{] lgb{]zgx¿ ;fdfGotof pk–;d"xdf lbOG5 .

5nkmn

of] zLif{sdf kf:;f ;d"xn] ev{/} ;DkGg u/]sf] lqmofsnfkaf/]sf] 5nkmnnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{];DaGwL lgb{]zg x'G5 . x/]s sfo{sf nflu 5nkmnssf] ljifo km/s x'G5 .

lqmofsnfksf] ;dflKt

o; zLif{scGtu{t lqmofsnfk ;dfkg;DaGwL lgb{]zgx¿ x'G5g\ . h;leq tn pNn]lvt lgb{]zg klg k5{g\ M

• kl/of]hgsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu gS;fsf] tl:j/ lng] .• Ps ;xefuLnfO{ ;d"xsf] sfo{sf] d"nk|lt agfpg nufpg] . • cfufdL lqmofsnfksf] ljifoaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] .• sfo{ cjlwsf] l;sfO{ tyf ;f] lqmofsnfksf dg k/]sf / dg

gk/]sf s'/faf/] ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn ug{] Pj+ ;'wf/sf a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ug{] .

• ;d"xsf] Ps ;b:onfO{ jt{dfg lqmofsnfksf] hfgsf/L /fVg nufpg] / csf{] lqmofsnfk ;'? x'g'cl3 ;a}nfO{ 5f]6f] hfgsf/L lbg] .

l6Kk0fLx¿

l6Kk0fLx¿n] lqmofsnfk Joj:yfkgdf cfjZos kg{ ;Sg] tyf cfOk/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ rflxg] ;'emfj k|bfg u5{g\ .



36 37 38 39

lqmofsnfk ! M P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f(Ac�vity 1: Historical profile)

p2]Zo M vt/fx¿h:tf k'/fgf 36gfx¿ Pj+ ;do;Fu ePsf kl/jt{gsf af/]df yfxf kfpg

• ;d'bfosf] jt{dfg cj:yfaf/] a'‰g -:jf:Yo;DaGwL d'2fx¿ jf vt/fx¿ Pj+ gfh'stfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ljut tyf jt{dfgaLr ;fdfGo ;DaGw_

• eljiodf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] lg/Gt/tf af/]sf] a'emfO{ -k|j[lQx¿_

nfUg] ;do !=% b]lv @ 306f

;fdfu|Lx¿

• ˆnLkrf6{ k]k/, dfs{/ k]gx¿Ù

• To; If]qsf d'Vo vt/fx¿ b]vfpg rflxg] lrqx¿ -;d"x Psf lrqx¿_Ù

• cltl/Qm 36gfx¿ n]Vgsf nflu sf8{ jf sfuh / sndx¿Ù

• 6fF:g] 6]k .

s] ug{] <

;'? ug'{cl3

of] kf:;fsf] klxnf] lqmofsnfk ePsf] x'gfn] pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg h?/L x'G5 . o:tf] jftfj/0f h;df ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] ;xh dx;"; u?g\ / of]ubfg lbg ;s"g\ . o;sf pkfox¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

;xefuLx¿ ;a}n] Ps–csf{nfO{ lrGg] eP klg cfˆgf] kl/ro lbg nufpg';\ . kl/ro sfo{qmdnfO{ /dfOnf] Pj+ ;xefuLnfO{ kl/ro ;f6f;f6 ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] vfnsf] agfpg klg ;Sg'x'G5 .

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kf:;f k|lqmofaf6 u/]sf] ck]Iff tyf ;d"xdf pxfFx¿n] k'¥ofpg ;Sg] of]ubfgaf/] eGg nufpg';\ .

• kf:;f tyf o;df ;dfj]z x'g] cGo lrhsf af/]df s;}nfO{ zª\sf, 8/ cyjf åLljwf eP÷gePsf] hfFr ug'{;\ / eP ;dfwfg ug'{;\ .



36 37 38 39

• ;xefuLx¿ cfk;df v'Nnf Pj+ cgf}krf/Ls?kdf 5nkmn ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu tkfO{+n] klxn] g} hfg]sf jf kf:;f tflnddf l;s]sf pkfo -cfO{;a|]s/_ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

;d"xn] ;b:ox¿sf] :d/0fsf] cfwf/df ;d'bfosf ;Demgfof]Uo jf dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx¿ klxrfg ug{] tyf tL 36gfnfO{ lrqfª\sg ug{] sfo{ ug{]5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbFb} o; lqmofsnfksf] ;'?jft ug'{xf];\ . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;dosf] cGt/fndf ;d'bfodf ePsf kl/jt{g b]Vgsf ;fy} cfjf;;DGwL vt/f Pj+ gfh'stfx¿sf] c;/ klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

!= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] :d/0fdf /lx/x]sf jf c;/ kf/]sf tLg jf rf/ d'Vo 36gfx¿ nfO{ ;Demg nufpg';\ . o:tf 36gfx¿df d'n'sdf ePsf 7"nf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g, ljBfnosf] :yfkgf, cyjf s'g} ljklQ x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf 36gfx¿nfO{ vt/fx¿sf] lrq k|of]u u/]/, lrq agfP/ cyjf sfuhdf n]Vg]dWo] s'g} Ps pkfoaf6 clen]v ug'{;\ .

@= ;xefuLx¿sf] d2tdf tL lrqx¿nfO{ 7"nf] sfuhdf 6fF;]/ e'O{Fdf /fVg'xf];\ jf leQfdf 6fF:g';\ . o;}u/L, o;sf] 5]j}df ;do/]vf klg /fVg';\ . o;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fdf k|d'v ljGb'x¿ l;h{gf ug{' xf] . oL ljGb'x¿nfO{ kl5 dfks -:s]n_ agfpg] sfo{df klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

#= dfly pNn]v ul/Psf d'Vo 36gfx¿sf] qmd tyf cg'dflgt :yfgsf] af/]df ;xdlt alg;s]kl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tLg pk–;d"xdf afF8\g';\ / x/]s ;d"xnfO{ sfuhsf] 7"nf] 6'qmf / sndx¿ lbg';\ . pk–;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ r/0f @ df tof/ ul/Psf] P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f sfuhsf] 7"nf] 6'qmfdf ;fg{ nufpg';\ . To;kl5 ;d'bfosf 36gf tyf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ Pp6f 5'§} sfuhdf zJb jf lrqsf] ?kdf gf]6 ug{ eGg';\ / tL gf]6x¿nfO{ k|f]kmfOnsf] vfnL efudf ;doqmd ldnfP/ /fVg nufpg';\ . 36gfx¿ tyf k|j[lQx¿df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ M

• d'Vo vt/fx¿ tyf tLgsf] c;/Ù

• e"ld k|of]udf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿ -afnLx¿, jgIf]q, 3/x¿ cflb_Ù

• e"ld k|of]usf] clwsf/df cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿Ù

• hg;ª\Vofdf cfPsf d'Vo kl/jt{gx¿ -a;fO{–;/fO{, lj:yfkg jf hg;ª\Vof j[l4_Ù

• vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0fdf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿Ù

• ;+u7g / k|zf;gdf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿Ù

• d'Vo /fhgLlts 36gfx¿Ù

• d'Vo ;'/Iff tyf åGåsf 36gfx¿ .

$= pNn]lvt sfo{ ;DkGg u/]kZrft\ ;a} pk–;d"xnfO{ cf–cfˆgf] P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fnfO{ 5f]6f] syf cyjf gf6ssf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg';\ . ;d"xdf ePsf kfsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|:t'lt ug{ lbg' /fd|f] x'g;S5 .



40 41 42 43

l6Kk0fLx¿

!= of] klxnf] kf:;f lqmofsnfk ePsfn] w]/} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ o:tf] lqmofsnfknfO{ c;fdfGo nfUg ;S5 . s]xL ;b:ox¿n] ;d"xdf ;xeflutfd"ns wf/0ffsf] k|of]udf c;xhtf dx;"; ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}n] lqmofsnfknfO{ kof{Kt ;do lnP/ :ki6?kdf a'emfpg';\ / ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] a'e]msf 5g\ eGg]df 9'Ss x'g';\ . k|To]s ;b:onfO{ ;xefuL x'g pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ t/ pgLx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f zfGt :jefjsf ;xefuLdf x'g glbg';\ . o:tf ;xefuLx¿ cfk}mFdf ljZj:t gx'g ;S5g\ / lj:tf/} pgLx¿df klg cfTdljZjf; knfpF5 .

@= pk–;d"xx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] sfo{nfO{ l;h{gfTds ?j+ /dfOnf] tl/sfn] k|:t't ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{;\ . ;du| k|lqmofsf] of] Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu xf] h;sf] dfWodaf6 ;d"xn] ;sf/fTds jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .

#= lqmofsnfkn] cfˆgf] p2]Zok|fKt ul/;s]sf] x'gfn] pk–;d"xx¿nfO{ Pp6} P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f tof/ ug{ sl7gfO{ eP hjh{:tL gug'{;\ .

$= pk–;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ s'g} 36gf jf k|j[lQsf af/]df c:ki6 5g\ jf ;xdt x'g ;ls/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;Nnfx glbg';\ . a?, ;xdlt sfoddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg]vfnsf k|Zg ;f]Wg';\ .

5nkmn

;a} pk–;d"xn] P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 lgDg ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpg';\ M

• ;d"xsf] cg'ejdf s:tf 36gfx¿ tyf k|j[lQx¿ k|ToIf -pbfx/0fsf nflu vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf_ jf ck|ToIf -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;'/lIft 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fwgx¿sf] cefj / a9\bf] a]/f]huf/L_ ?kdf cfjf; ;'/Iffdf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\

• o:tf k|j[lQ tyf 36gfx¿ lsg 36\5g\

• cfufdL lbgdf cfjf; ;'/Iff;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf ;DalGwt s:tf kl/jt{g x'g] ;Defjgf 5 <

%= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;a} pk–;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fnfO{ ldnfP/ Psdfq ljj/0f tof/ ug{] k|of; ug{ nufpg';\ .

lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg• kl/of]hgsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu gS;fsf] t:jL/ lng] .

• sfo{ cjlwsf] l;sfO{ ;DaGwdf ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn ug{] .

• ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lqmofsnfksf dg k/]sf / dg gk/]sf s'/f ;f]Wg] tyf ;'wf/sf a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ug{] .

• ;d"xsf] Ps ;b:onfO{ lqmofsnfksf] ;f/f+z agfpg nufpg] / csf{] lqmofsnfk ;'? x'g'cl3 ;a}nfO{ 5f]6f] hfgsf/L lbg nufpg] .

• o;kl5sf] lqmofsnfkdf pgLx¿n] ;d'bfosf] gS;f agfpg'kg{]af/] hfgsf/L lbg] . ;d"xsf ;b:onfO{ csf{] sfo{ ;'? x'g'cl3 s]xL ;do ;d'bfosf ljleGg efu 3'd]/ cfpg eGg] .



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lqmofsnfk @M ;d'bfo gS;fª\sg / e|d0f(Ac�vity 2: Community mapping and visit)

p2]Zo

• ;d'bfosf] cfjf; cj:yf gS;fª\sg u/L JolQmut ejg tyf ;du| j:tLs} ;Defljt vt/fx¿ / gfh'stfx¿ klxrfg ug{Ù

• of]hgf tof/ tyf cg'udg Pj+ d"Nofª\sg k|of]hgsf nflu cfwf/e"t gS;f tof/ ug{Ù

• ;d'bfo / o;sf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwdf ;femf b"/b[li6 Pj+ a'emfO{ ljsf; ug{Ù

• ;d'bfonfO{ gS;f tof/ ug{ ;Ifd kf/L ;d"xsf] cfTd–;Ddfg / o;;Fu hf]l8Psf cGo zlQm ljsf; ug{ .

nfUg] ;do

j:tLsf] cfsf/ tyf cfjZos gS;fsf] h6Lntfsf] cfwf/df # b]lv $ 306f

;fdfu|Lx¿

• ˆnLkrf6{ k]k/, k/dfg]G6 dfs{/ k]gÙ

• 6fFsx¿, 9'ª\ufx¿, u]8fx¿, sfd gnfUg] 6'qmf–6fqmLx¿, nf}/f]h:tf gS;f agfpg

rflxg] ;fdfu|LÙ

• /ª\uLg :6Ls/x¿Ù

• ;]tf] sk8f jf 9fSg k'Ug] Knfli6s;lxtsf] ;]tf sfuhsf] 7"nf] 6'qmf .

s] ug]{

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

o; lqmofsnfksf] ;'?df cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf] ljj/0f /fVg] ;b:onfO{ af]nfP/ ;f] lqmofsnfksf af/]df ;+lIfKt ljj/0f lbg nufpg';\ . To;kl5 cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfkdf l;s]sf s'/fx¿, ljz]ifu/L ljklQsf cg'ejx¿ / cjf;df ltgsf] c;/ tyf ;d'bfodf ePsf] k"jf{wf/sf ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ 5nkmn u/fpg';\ .

;d"xsf] casf] sfo{ ;d'bfosf] gS;f tof/ ug{] xf] eGg] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ . o;}u/L, cGo sfo{x¿df ;d'bfosf] e|d0f u/L ;d'bfosf] cfjf; ;'/Iff tyf hLjgsf cGo dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf d'2fx¿ klxrfg ug{] / xfnsf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L /fVg] xf] .

!= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tLg pk–;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ;d'bfosf] gS;f tof/ ug{ nufpg';\ . ;d"xn] cfk"mn] rfx]sf] tl/sfn] gS;f agfpg ;S5g\ . s]xLn] sfuhdf gS;f agfpg vf]Hnfg\ t/ j/k/ pknAw j:t'sf] ;xfotfn] e"O{+df g} agfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . cfjZos k/]sf] v08df ;'? ug{sf nflu s]xL ;fdfu|L lbg';\ . ;d"xn] oLafx]s cGo OR5fcg';f/sf ;fdfu|L k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] gS;fdf lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ M



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• dxTjk"0f{ ef}lts ljz]iftfx¿ Pj+ ;Ldfgfx¿Ù

• ;8sx¿ tyf uf]/]6f]x¿ Pj+ cfjf; If]qx¿Ù

• v]tL ul/Psf] hdLg, jg Pj+ cGo v'Nnf :yfgx¿Ù

• vf]nf, kf]v/L Pj+ kfgL ePsf cGo If]qx¿Ù

• vf]nf tyf gbLx¿sf] au]sf] lbzfÙ

• cUnf] tyf xf]rf] e"–efux¿Ù

• vt/fx¿af6 k|efljt If]qx¿Ù

• clt gfh's cfjf; ePsf If]qx¿Ù

• cfjf;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ s'g} klg ;|f]tsf] :yfgÙ

• p4f/ dfu{x¿ .

@= pk–;d"xx¿n] sfo{ ;DkGg u/]kl5 tof/ ePsf gS;fx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf :ki6 /÷jf ;d'bfonfO{ emNsfpg] gS;f 5fGg nufpg';\ . of] gS;f ;a}n] b]Vg ;Vg] u/L /fVg'k5{ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pk–;d"xleqsf] sfo{sf cfwf/df ;f] gS;fdf yKg'kg{] s'/fx¿ tyf cGo kl/jt{x¿af/] ;'emfj lbg eGg';\ / s;}nfO{ ;'emfjcg';f/sf] kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg';\ .

#= gS;f tof/ ePkl5, ;xefuLx¿nfO{ b'O{ efudf afFl8g eGg';\ . Pp6f pk–;d"x gS;fdf lrlqt ul/Psf cfjf;DaGwL vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿k|lt ;d'bfonfO{ gfh's agfpg] c;'/lIft 3/x¿ ePsf :yfg tyf vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿k|lt v'Nnf b]lvPsf If]qx¿h:tf ljz]iftfx¿ klxrfg ug{sf nflu xf] . o;}u/L, csf{] pk–;d"x j:tLsf /fd|/L ;'/lIft If]qx¿, ;xg Ifdtfo'Qm 3/x¿ ePsf :yfgx¿, p4f/ cf>ox¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu cfFwLaf6 aRg] cf>ox¿_, lgdf{0fsf nflu

;fwgx¿h:tf cfjf;;DaGwLsf vt/fnfO{ ;xg ;Sg] ljz]iftfx¿ klxrfg ug{sf nflu xf] .

o;kl5 b'O{ ;d"x¿n] 5nkmn ub{} cfjf; ;'/Iffsf d'2fx¿nfO{ lj:t[t?kdf x]g{sf nflu e|d0f ug{] ;d'bfosf rfvnfUbf efux¿af/] ;xdlt sfod ug'{k5{ .

$= ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfk"mn] 5fg]sf efux¿df 3'Db} 5nkmn ul/Psf ljz]iftfx¿ Pj+ ;f]Rb} g;f]r]sf cGo ljz]iftfx¿;d]t vf]Hg eGg';\ . o;sf nflu Ps 306f jf s]xL tn–dflysf] ;do lbg'k5{ . e|d0fsf qmddf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ vf]hL sfo{df s]lGb|t Pj+ 5nkmn u/fpgsf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg';\ .

%= e|d0fkZrft\ ;d"xnfO{ cl3 tof/ ul/Psf] gS;fdf cfjZs kg{] s'g} kl/jt{g eP ug{ eGg';\ . o:tf kl/jt{gx¿ ljz]ifu/L vt/faf6 k|efljt jf vt/fk|lt gfh's b]lvPsf j:tLsf efux¿df x'g ;S5g\ .

5nkmn

cfjf; ;'/Iffsf af/]sf] 5nkmndf ;xhLs/0fsf nflu lqmofsnfksf] qmddf p7]sf a'Fbfx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{;\ . ;d"xnfO{ pNn]lvt ljifox¿sf] JofVof ug{ eGg';\ M

• t]h xfjf, af9L, e"sDk, cfunfuLh:tf xfn} 36]sf vt/fsf 36gfx¿ Pj+ lsl;dx¿ . s] 36Øf], slxn], s:tf] Iflt eof], s;nfO{ w]/} c;/ k¥of]

• ;xg Ifdtf w]/} ePsf 3/ tyf cGo ejgx¿ . vt/fsf 36gfsf]



44 45 46 47

c;/ gk/]sf jf eljiodf cfO{kg{] vt/fsf] klg c;/ gkg{] vfnsf alnof ejgx¿ o;cGtu{t k5{g\ . o;}u/L, tL 3/x¿ s:tf 5g, tL 3/x¿nfO{ olt alnof] x'g] u/L s;/L agfOof] .

• ;d'bfoleqsf JolQm jf ;d"x h;sf 3/df ;xg;Sg] Ifdtf Go"g 5 .

oL 5nkmnx¿nfO{ gS;fdf yk]/ /÷jf a'Fbf l6kf]6 u/]/ /fVg'';\ .

o; r/0fdf ;d:ofsf ;dfwfgx¿ cfP eg] klg tLgsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{ x'Fb}g t/ o;kl5sf cGo r/0fdf rflxg] x'gfn] l6kf]6 ug'{k5{ .

lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg

• kl/of]hgsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu gS;fsf] t:jL/ lng] .

• ;d"xsf] Ps OR5's ;b:onfO{ gS;fnfO{ ;]tf] sk8f -jf Knfli6ssf] 6'qmf jf sfuh_ df k/dfg]G6 dfs{/n] ;fg{ eGg';\ . ;d'bfosf] dWo–efudf ;a}n] x]g{ ;Sg] u/L k|bz{g ug{sf nflu gS;fnfO{ ˆn]S;df lk|G6 u/fpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

• gS;fnfO{ kl5 klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;'/lIft Pj+ ;d'bfosf ;a}n] b]Vg;Sg] :yfgdf /fVg nufpg';\ . ;d'bfosf] dWo–efudf ;a}n] x]g{ ;Sg] u/L k|bz{g ug{sf nflu gS;fnfO{ ˆn]S;df lk|G6 u/fpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

• o;kl5sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] cfjf;nfO{ yk ;'/lIft kfg{] pkfox¿ klxrfg ug{]5g\ eGg] atfOlbg';\ .

• lqmofsnfksf qmddf l;s]sf s'/fx¿af/] ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{';\ Pj+ lqmofsnfksf dg k/]sf / dg gk/]sf s'/f ;f]Wg] tyf ;'wf/sf a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ug{] .

• ;d"xsf] Ps ;b:onfO{ lqmofsnfksf] ;f/f+z tof/ ug{ nufpg';\ / csf{] lqmofsnfk ;'? x'g'cl3 ;a}nfO{ 5f]6f] hfgsf/L lbg eGg';\ .

l6Kk0fLx¿

!= pgLx¿n] rrf{ ul//x]sf] ;d'bfo pgLx¿s} ePsfn] gS;f klg pgLx¿nfO{ g} agfpg lbg';\ .

@= o; lqmofsnfksf nflu k|z:t ;do lbg';\ . of] lqmofsnfk cfufdL lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/ x'g'sf ;fy} ;d"xnfO{ ldn]/ sfd ug{] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

#= ;d'bfon] gS;fnfO{ lgDg lnlvt sfo{df klg k|of]u ug{]5 M • ;d:ofx¿ / ;Defljt ;dfwfgx¿nfO{ ljrf/ ug{ -lqmofsnfk

$ / %_• of]hgf agfpg] -lqmofsnfk ^_• k|ultsf] cg'udsf] Pj+ d"Nofª\sg

$= ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] ;d"xn] cfˆgf] 3/ x]/]sf] / To;af/]df 5nkmn u/]sf] dg gk/fpg klg ;S5g\ . of] af/]df ;d"xdf e|d0fcl3 g} s'/f ug'{;\ / ldn]/ ;dfwfg vf]Hg';\ . Pp6f pkfo eg]sf] kf:;fsf ;b:odfqsf] 3/ e|d0f ug'{ xf] eg] csf{] pkfo eg]sf] kf:;fsf ;b:ox¿n] lqmofsnfk gePsf lbg 3/x¿df cgf}krfl/s e|d0f ug'{ xf] .



48 49 50 51

%= ldl6ªsf] cjlwdf g} ;d'bfosf] e|d0f ug{ ;do gePsf] v08df ;xefuLx¿n] ldl6ªkl5sf lbgx¿df klg ;d'bfosf] e|d0f ug{ ;S5g\ . o;}u/L, gS;fdf ug'{kg{] kl/jt{gx¿ klg cfufdL lqmofsnfk ;'? ug'{cl3 s]xL ;do lnP/ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 .

^= kf:;f k|lqmofkl5sf r/0fx¿sf] af/]df s'/fx¿ p7]df ltgLx¿nfO{ l6kf]6 ub{} tL ljifonfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] cj;/ kl5 cfpg] s'/fdf k'gM cfZj:t kfg'{k5{ .

lqmofsnfk #M vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/(Ac�vity 3: Frequency and impact of hazards)

p2]Zo

• ;d'bfon] ef]Ub}cfPsf vt/fx¿af/] ;"lrt x'g] / oL;Fu ;DalGwt gfh'stf Pj+ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfaf/] hfGg]Ù

• kf:;f ;d"xn] Wofg lbg'kg{] clt dxTjk"0f{ :yfgLo vt/fx¿ klxrfg ug{ .

nfUg] ;do ! b]lv !=% 306f

;fdfu|Lx¿

• af9L, t]h xfjfx¿, e"sDk, cfunfuLh:tf ljleGg k|sf/sf vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿af6 k|efljt cfjf;sf ;d"xx¿sf] lrq . -lrq ;d"x s_

• vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/x¿sf] tn b]vfOPh:t} rf6{ .

• sf8{ jf sfuh / cltl/Qm lrq tof/ ug{sf nflu dfs{/ k]g .



48 49 50 51

s] ug]{

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

o; lqmofsnfksf] ;'?df cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf] ljj/0f /fVg] ;b:onfO{ af]nfP/ ;f] lqmofsnfksf af/]df ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f lbg nufpg';\ . To;kl5 cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfkdf l;s]sf s'/fsf ljifodf ;ldIff ug{ 5nkmn u/fpg';\ .

o; lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] cfˆgf ;d'bfodf ePsf cfjf; ;'/Iff;DaGwL clt dxTjk"0f{ vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿ klxrfg ug{]5 eGg] s'/f atfOlbg';\ . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfjf; ;'/lIft kfg{] pkfox¿ kQf nufpg ;lhnf] kfg{]5 .

!= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kfFrb]lv cf7 pk–;d"xx¿df ljefhg ug'{;\ . k|To]s pk–;d"xnfO{ ljleGgvfn] vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿ b]vfpg] lrqx¿sf] ;d"x lbg'xf];\ . tL ;a} lrqx¿n] lqmofsnfk ! Pj+ @ -P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f Pj+ ;d'bfo gS;fª\sg / e|d0f_ df 5nkmn u/]h:t} ;d'bfodf ePsf cfjf;nfO{ c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] ljleGg k|sf/sf vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿ b]vfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfl/lbg';\ . ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] lrqn] b]vfPsf] s'/f klxrfg ug{ ;s]sf] tyf cfjZos k/]sf] v08df JofVof ug{ ;Sg] eP gePsf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

@= pk–;d"xx¿nfO{ tn pNn]lvt cfwf/df k|To]s lrqnfO{ rf6{df sxfF /fVg] eGg] ljifodf ;xdlt ug{ eGg';\ .

• ;d'bfo jf glhs}sf] ;d'bfodf ;f] ;Defljt vt/f slt k6s cfpF5 jf pgLx¿nfO{ ;f] vt/f cfpg] ;Defjg slt 5 h:tf] nfU5 .

• Tof] 36gf 36]df jf 36]sf] a]nfdf slt 7"nf] c;/ k5{ .

cfjZos k/]sf] v08df pbfx/0f:j?k Pp6f sf8{nfO{ rf6{df plrt :yfgdf /fv]/ b]vfOlbg';\ / lgsfNg';\ . pk–;d"xx¿n] cfjZos k/]sf] v08df yk vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿sf] lrq tof/ ug{ ;s"g\ eGgnfO{ s]xL sf8{ jf sfuh / sndx¿ lbg'xf];\ . pk–;d"xx¿nfO{ o; sfo{;DkGg ug{ !% ldg]6dfq} ;do ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg';\ . sfo{nfO{ JofVof ug{] af/]df yk hfGgnfO{ gf]6 @ x]g'{;\ .

#= ;a} pk–;d"xx¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]kl5 rf6{x¿ k|:t't ug{ eGg';\ .



5nkmn

;a} pk–;d"xx¿n] cfˆgf rf6{x¿ k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 pNn]lvt ljifox¿df 5nkmn u/fpg';\ M

• ;d'bfodf /x]sf cfjf;x¿sf nflu clt dxTjk"0f{ vt/fx¿ s'g s'g x'g -af/Daf/ cfO/xg], w]/} c;/ kfg{] tyf af/Daf/ cfO/xg] Pj+ pRr c;/ b'a} x'g]]_

• ;d'bfodf o:tf vt/fx¿af6 sf] w]/} k|efljt 5

• o:tf vt/fx¿sf] c;/ s:tf] 5 M rf]6 nfUg], hLjg u'Dg] tyf ;DklQsf] gf]S;fg x'g]

• o:tf vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿sf] c;/ jf vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf sd ug{] k|of;:j?k klxn] g} s:tf pkfox¿ ckgfO{ ;lsPsf 5g\ .

To;kl5 ;d"xnfO{ 5nkmn u/L ;d'bfodf ePsf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf ;Defljt vt/fx¿ s'g x'g eGg]df ;xdt x'g eGg';\ . ;d"xnfO{ b'O{b]lv rf/j6f vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿ 5fGg nufpg';\ . oL ;|f]tx¿ kf:;fsf casf lqmofsnfksf] s]Gb|ljGb' x'g]5g\ .

lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg

• kl/of]hgfsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu gS;fsf] tl:j/ lng';\ .

• ;d"xsf] Ps OR5's ;b:onfO{ rf6sf] gSsn sfuhdf ptfg{ eGg';\ .

• lqmofsnfksf qmddf l;s]sf s'/fx¿af/] ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu

5nkmn ug{';\ Pj+ lqmofsnfksf dg k/]sf Pj+ dg gk/]sf s'/f ;f]Wg';\ / ;'wf/sf a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ug'{;\ .


• o;kl5sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] klxrfg u/]sf ;Defljt vt/fx¿sf] c;/ sd ug{] pkfox¿nfO{ ljrf/k"j{s ljZn]if0f ub{} cfjf; ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ 5gf}6 ug{]5 eGg] s'/f atfOlbg';\ .

l6Kk0fLx¿

!= ;xefuLx¿sf nflu o:tf]vfnsf] rf6{ gofF x'g] ePsfn] ;do nufP/ r/0fj4?kdf cfjZos k/]sf] 7fpFdf sf8{x¿ /fVb} :ki6 JofVof ug'{;\ . tkfO{+n] b]vfpgsf nflu dfq} sf8{ /fv]sf] xf] eGb} lqmofsnfksf qmddf sf8{ sxfF /fVg] xf] Tof] ljifodf ;xefuLx¿n] g} lg0f{o lng'kg{] atfpg';\ .

@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ rf6{sf] k|of]uaf/] a'‰gdf s7Lg ePsf] v08df tkfO{+n] lgDg pkfoaf6 a'emfpg ;lsG5M

pkfo !M lqmofsnfknfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug'{;\ . klxnf], ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tL lrqx¿sf] tLgj6f rfË agfpg nufpg';\ M s_ af/Daf/ cfO/xg]÷;Defjgf pRr ePsf vt/fx¿, v_ w]/} gcfpg]÷;Defjg sd ePsf vt/fx¿ / u_ clt Go"g k6s cfpg]÷;Defjgf gePsf vt/fx¿ . ltg}vfnsf sf8{x¿ rf6{sf] ;DalGwt v08 -sf]nd_ sf] tn /fVg'k5{ . bf];|f], ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tL vt/fx¿n] kfg{] c;/;Fu ldNg]

52 53 54 55



52 53 54 55

u/L ;f]xL v08df tL lrqx¿ /fVg eGg';\\ .

pkfo @M rf6{sf] k|To]s sf]7fdf c;/ tyf af/Daf/tfnfO{ tn b]vfOPh:t} ul//fVg';\ / ;d"xnfO{ o;af/] atfpg';\ . o;sf nflu Ps ;xefuLnfO{ ToxfF b]lvPsf zAbx¿ k9\g nufpg';\ / ltgsf] cy{ ;a}n] a'e]msf 5g\ eGg] hfFRg';\ .

w]/} 7"nf] c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf sd ePsf

w]/} 7"nf] c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf dWod ePsf

w]/} 7"nf] c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf w]/} ePsf

dWod c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf sd ePsf

dWod c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf dWod ePsf

dWod c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf w]/} ePsf

w]/} sd c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf sd ePsf

w]/} sd c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf dWod ePsf

w]/} s d c;/ kg]{af/Daf/tf w]/} ePsf

#= ;xefuLx¿n] lj:tf/} a'emfpFbf klg rf6{df sfd ug{ s7Lg dfg]sf] v08df vt/fx¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{sf nflu tn pNn]lvt pkfo klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

x/]s pk–;d"xnfO{ b'O{ km/s /Ësf 6f]sg jf u]8fx¿sf lbg';\ / tL b'O{ /ËdWo] Psn] vt/fsf] af/Daf/tf / csf{]n] vt/fsf] c;/ b]vfpg] atfpg';\ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ljleGg vt/fx¿sf] lrq agfpg eGg';\ . To;kl5 6f]sg jf u]8fx¿nfO{ lrqx¿df /fVg eGg''\;\ . o;/L /fVbf vt/fsf] tyf vt/fsf] k|efjcg';f/ /fVg'k5{ . h;cg';f/ w]/} sd vt/fdf !, dWod af/Daf/tf ePsfdf @ af/Daf/tf w]/} ePsfdf # a6f 6f]sg jf u]8f /fVg'k5{ . o;}u/L, w]/} sd c;/ kfg{]df !, dWod c;/ kfg{]df @ / w]/} 7"nf] c;/ kfg{]df # 6f]sg jf u]8f /fVg'k5{ . To;kl5 pk–;d"x¿nfO{ lrqdf /flvPsf] u]8f jf 6f]sgsf] ;ª\Vofsf]

cfwf/df cfˆgf lrqx¿ ldnfpg eGg';\ .

$= ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ s'g} k|sf/sf] vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿sf] af/]df c:ki6 jf c;xdt ePdf ;Nnfx glbg';\ . a? pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{]vfnsf] k|Zg ;f]Wg';\ . ;d"xn] s'g} vt/fsf] af/Daf/tf jf c;/ s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f /fd|/L 7Dofpg g;s]sf] h:tf] nfu] klg jf:tf gug'{;\ . of] lqmofsnfksf] p2]Zo clt dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ /fd|/L kl/lrt vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg' xf] . ;d"xn] of] lqmofsnfk jf o;kl5 csf{] lqmofsnfk ;'? x'g'cl3sf] ;dodf klg cGo s'g} vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿ kQf nufpg ;S5g\ .

%= ;d"xn] ;xdlt sfod ug{] vt/fx¿ af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/sf cfwf/df clt dxTjk"0f{ x'g\ / ltgnfO{ o;kl5sf kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿df cfwf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 eg] log}sf] hudf cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wfg{] of]hgf;d]t tof/ x'G5 .



lqmofsnfk $M ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cfjf;Ac�vity 4: Safe and unsafe shelter

p2]Zo

• ;d'bfonfO{ kf:;f ;d"xn] klxrfg u/]sf k|fylds vt/fx¿k|lt gfh's kfg{] JolQmut cfjf; Pj+ ;du| j:tLsf ljleGg kIfx¿ klxrfg ug{Ù

• ;d'bfoleqsf cfjf;x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{sf nflu ug{ ;lsg] sfo{x¿ klxrfg ug{ .

;do@ b]lv # 306f

;fdfu|Lx¿

• ;d"xn] lqmofsnfk # -;Defljt vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/_ df klxrfg u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ ;Defljt vt/fx¿sf] lrq ;d"x s df ePsf lrqx¿

• @) b]lv #) a6f tLgj6f rfª nufP/ /fVg ldNg] sf8{x¿ ePsf lrqx¿sf] # jf $ j6f k"0f{ ;d"x -lrq ;d"x v_

• x]l8ª sf8{sf # jf $ ;d"xx¿ . Pp6f sf8{df …;'/lIftÚ, csf{]df …c;'/lIftÚ / t];|f]df …aLrsf]Ú n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ .

s] ug{]

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

o; lqmofsnfksf] ;'?df cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf] ljj/0f /fVg] ;b:onfO{ af]nfP/ ;f] lqmofsnfksf af/]df ;+lIfKt ljj/0f lbg nufpg';\ . To;kl5 cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfkdf l;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] af/]df ;d"xut 5nkmn u/fpg';\ . ;d"xnfO{ cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu s]lGb|t x'g'kg{] clt dxTjk"0f{ ;Defljt vt/fx¿sf af/]df ;xdlt eP gePsf] ;f]Wg';\ .

;b:ox¿n] klxn] cfjf;nfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{] -vt/fx¿nfO{ y]Ug ;Sg] cyjf vt/fsf ;|f]tjf6 ;'/lIft_ s'/fx¿ tyf cfjf;nfO{ c;'/lIft kfg{] -vt/fx¿nfO{ y]Ug] Ifdtf sd ePsf] cyjf vt/fx¿k|lt pbf/ ePsf_ s'/fx¿ klxrfg ug{]5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lbg';\ . To;kl5

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56 57 58 59

pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf cfjf;nfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{ s] ug'{kg{] xf] To;af/] lg0f{o ug{]5g\ .

;a} ;xefuLx¿n] ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cfjf;sf] cy{ /fd|/L a'em]sf 5g\ eGg] hfFr ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos k/]sf] v08df o; af/]df Ps 5nkmn u/fpg';\ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf qmddf ;d'bfodf e|d0f ubf{ b]lvPsf pbfx/0fx¿ lbg eGg';\ .

!= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lqmofsnfk @ -vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/_ df klxrfg ePsf k|To]s k|fylds vt/fsf ;|f]tx¿sf nflu Ps ;d"x x'g] u/L kfFrb]lv cf7 ;b:ox¿ /xg] u/L pk–;d"x agfpg nufpg';\ . x/]s pk–;d"xnfO{ lgDglnlvt ;fdfu|Lx¿ lbg';\ M

• tLgj6f x]l8ª sf8{x¿ – Pp6f sf8{df …;'/lIftÚ, csf{]df …c;'/lIftÚ n]lvPsf] / …aLrsf]Ú n]lvPsf] t];|f]

• lqmofsnfk @ df klxrfg ul/Psf] ;Defljt k|fylds vt/f jf vt/fsf] ;|f]t b]vfpg] Pp6f lrq -lrq ;d"x v af6_

• @) b]lv #) j6f tLga6f rfª nufP/ /fVg ldNg] sf8{x¿ ePsf lrqx¿sf] Pp6f b'?:t ;d"x -lrq ;d"x aL_

@= ;a} pk–;d"xnfO{ cfk"m;Fu ePsf sf8{x¿sf] tn pNn]lvt tl/sfsf tLgj6f la6f agfpg eGg';\ M

• ;'/lIft M cfjf;nfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] lrqx¿Ù

• c;'/lIft M cfjf;nfO{ c;'/lIft agfpg] lrqx¿Ù

• aLrsf M cfjf;nfO{ g ;'/lIft g t c;'/lIft g} agfpg] lrqx¿ .

o;df s]xL ;'/lIft / s]xL c;'/lIft cyjf s:tfvfnsf x'g eGg] olsg gePsf lrqx¿ k5{g\ .

pk–;d"xx¿nfO{ cfk"mx¿n] lrq 5gf}6 ubf{ cfk"mn] ljrf/ ug{ nfu]sf] ;Defljt vt/fnfO{ Vofn /fv]/ dfq} 5gf}6 ug'{kg{] s'/f ;DemfOlbg';\ .

#= of] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]kl5 pk–;d"xx¿nfO{ cfjf;nfO{ c;'/lIft kfg{] cltl/Qm cj:yf jf ljz]iftfx¿ -pgLx¿n] ljrf/ ug{ nfu]sf vt/fsf] ;Dbe{df_ ;s];Dd w]/} klxrfg ug{ eGg';\ / tL x/]s cj:yf jf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ …;'/lIft cfjf;Ú df kl/0ft ug{] pkfox¿ klxrfg ug{ eGg';\ . pk–;d"xx¿n] cltl/Qm …;'/lIftÚ / …c;'/lIftÚ cj:yfx¿nfO{ lrlqt ug{ ;s"g\ eGgsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ vfnL sf8{x¿ lbg';\ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] cj:yf ;'xfpg]vfnsf b]v]sf jf ;'g]sf h'g} klg ;d:of jf ;dfwfgnfO{ ljrf/ ug{ eGg';\ . o;}u/L, x/]s pk–;d"xx¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;DkGg u/];s]kl5 pgLx¿n] klxrfg u/]sf cltl/Qm sf8{x¿ x]l/g]5g\ eGg] atfOlbg';\ .

%= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ yKg ;lsg] …;'/lIftÚ / …c;'/lIftÚ sf8{x¿ ;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg eGg';\ / o;sf nflu sfuh / snd pknAw u/fOlbg';\ . ;d"xsf ;b:onfO{ sNkgfzlQmsf] k|of]u ug{ / …;'/lIftÚ cj:yf k|fKt ug{ x'g] sl7gfOaf/] ;f]r]/ cfˆgf] ;f]Rg]zlQmnfO{ oxL r/0fdf ;Lldt gkfg{ pTk|]l/t ug'{;\ . o;}u/L, ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{ efG5fdf Ps afN6L afn'jf /fVg] cyjf wld/fx¿ jf cf];n] 3/df c;/ kf/]÷gkf/]sf] lgoldt?kdf lg/LIf0f ul//fVg]h:tf ;fdfGo sfo{x¿af/] ;f]Rg pTk|]l/t ug'{;\ .



^= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrqx¿ leQfdf jf cGo b]lvg] 7fpFdf lgDgfg';f/ /fVg eGg';\ -tnsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{;\_ M ;Defljt vt/fsf lrqx¿ Psdfly csf{] ub{} b]a|]kl§ /fVg] . …c;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿ jt{dfg cjf; gfh'stfx¿ b]vfpgsf nflu ;Defljt vt/fsf lrqx¿sf] bfofFkl§ /fVg] . o;}u/L, …;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿ eg] cfjf; ;'/Iff a9fpg] pkfox¿ b]vfpgsf nflu ;a}eGbf bfofFkl§ /fVg] .

5nkmn

b]vfOPsf lrqx¿n] ;d'bfon] ef]lu/x]sf] cjf; ;'/Iffsf vt/fx¿, gfh'stf a9fpg] cfjf;;DaGwL d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ / cfjf; ;'/Iff cj:yf ;'wfg{] ;Defljt pkfox¿ b]vfpF5g\ eGg]df ;xdt eP÷gePsf] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg';\ .

PseGbf w]/} ;Defljt vt/f;Fu hf]l8Psf cfjf; ;'/Iff ;d:ofx¿ eP÷gePsf] klg ;f]Wg';\ .

;d'bfonfO{ w/} ;Defljt vt/faf6 h]fufpg ;Sg]vfnsf] cfjf; ;'/Iffsf] Pp6fdfq pkfo eP÷gePsf] klg ;f]Wg';\ .

;d'bfodf ePsf] s'g} cfjf; ;'/Iffsf] ljifo tkfO{+ cfk"mn] b]v]sf] t/ lrqx¿sf] ;+u|xdf gePsf] 5 eg] ;xefuLx¿n] To; ljifoaf/] ;f]r]÷g;f]r]sf] ;f]Wg';\ / To; ljifonfO{ lrqx¿sf] ;+u|xdf yKg]af/]sf] lg0f{o pgLx¿nfO{ g} lng lbg'';\ .

lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg

• kl/of]hgfsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu lqmofsnfksf] cGtdf tof/ ul/Psf] tLgrfË] lrqdWo] ;Defljt vt/fx¿sf] lrq b]lvg] u/L tl:j/ lng';\ .

• ;d"xsf] Ps OR5's ;b:onfO{ k|bz{gsf nflu /flvPsf] rf6{sf] gSsn sfuhdf ptfg{ eGg';\ .

• lqmofsnfksf qmddf l;s]sf s'/fx¿af/] ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{';\ Pj+ lqmofsnfksf dg k/]sf Pj+ dg gk/]sf s'/f ;f]Wg';\ / ;'wf/sf a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ug'{;\ .


• o;kl5sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] klxrfg u/]sf ;Defljt vt/fx¿sf]

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c;/ sd ug{] pkfox¿nfO{ ljrf/k"j{s ljZn]if0f ub{} cfjf; ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ 5gf}6nfO{ k'gM ljrf/ ul/g]5 eGg] s'/f atfOlbg';\ .

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ csf{] lqmofsnfk ;'? x'g'cl3sf] s]xL ;do lnP/ cfˆgf 3/ tyf ;du| ;d'bfonfO{ g} x]g{ / yk ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cj:yfx¿ klxrfg ug{ eGb} lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg ug'{;\ .

l6Kk0fLx¿

!= of] lqmofsnfknfO{ yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ kfg{ Pj+ 5nkmnnfO{ lhjGt kfg{sf nflu …aLrsfÚ lrqx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o:tf lrqx¿nfO{ dflg;x¿sf] 1fg jf cfjf;;DaGwL pgLx¿sf] 5gf}6nfO{ k|Zg ug{ geO{ cfjf; ;'/Iffsf :yfgLo cj:yfx¿af/]sf] 5nkmn ;'? ug{df k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

@= ;xefuLx¿ 5nkmn ug{ :jtGq 5fl8lbg'\;\ / lrqx¿ klg plgx¿s} v'zLdf 5fGg lbg';\ . s'g} klg hfgsf/L glbg';\ .

#= ;d"xn] clt dxTjk"0f{ ;Defljt vt/fx¿af/]sf] ljZn]if0f kl/jt{g ug{ vf]h]sf] v08df o;af/] 5nkmn ug{ s]xL ;do lng';\ / cfjZos k/]sf] v08df k|fylds ;Defljt vt/fx¿nfO{ g} kl/jt{g ug'{;\ . lqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0f ;d"xn] g} u5{ / kf:;f k|lqmofn] ljrf/df cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg Pj+ :jLsf/ u5{ eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

$= cfufdL lqmofsnfk -;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿_ sf nflu ;a} lrqx¿ o; lqmofsnfksf] cGtdf ePh:t} cj:yfdf pknAw x'G5g\ eGg]df 9'Ss x'g';\ . o;sf nflu lrqx¿sf] w]/}j6f ;d"xx¿ tof/ ug'{k5{ .

%= ;d"xn] cfˆgf] ;f]rnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf lrqx¿df dfq} ;Lldt gu?g\ eGg] s'/f clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n] cfufdL lqmofsnfkdf ljrf/ ul/g] cfjf;nfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{] ljleGgyl/sf pkfox¿sf] w]/}nfO{ ;fgf] kf5{ .

^= ;Dej eP;Dd snfsf/nfO{ o; lqmofsnfkaf6 k|fKt x'g] clt dxTjk"0f{ …;'/lIftÚ / …c;'/lIftÚ ;'emfjx¿sf] klg lrq agfpg eGg';\ . o:tf lrqx¿nfO{ cGo ;d'bfodf k|of]u ug{sf nflu lrq ;d"xdf /fVg ;lsG5 .

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lqmofsnfk % M ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ Ac�vity 5: Op�ons for solu�ons

p2]Zo

• cfjf;sf] ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf nflu pknAw ljsNkx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf, ;DefJotf cyjf sfof{Gjogdf x'g] ;xhtfsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{]Ù

• ;d'bfo jf o;sf] s'g} efudf xfn;Dd klg ;'/Iffsf k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ ckgfpg] sfo{sf] ;'?jft x'g g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{]Ù

• kl/jt{gsf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;antf Pj+ Ifdtfx¿ klxrfg ug{] .

;do@ b]lv # 306f

;fdfu|Lx¿• lqmofsnfk # -vt/fx¿sf] af/Daf/tf Pj+ c;/_ df 5flgPsf tLgj6f

k|fylds vt/f;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfk $ -;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cfjf;_ df tof/ ePsf] …;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿sf] rfª

• ;Defljt vt/fx¿sf] lrqx¿ -8«O{ª ;d"x aL_

• 6fF:g] 6]k, lkgx¿, ylDkg

• sfuh tyf sndx¿

s] ug{]

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

o; lqmofsnfksf] ;'?df cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf] ljj/0f /fVg] ;b:onfO{ af]nfP/ ;f] lqmofsnfksf af/]df ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f lbg nufpg';\ . To;kl5 cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfkdf l;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] af/]df ;d"xut 5nkmn u/fpg';\ .

cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkgkl5 klg ;'/lIft tyf c;'/lIft cfjf;sf af/]df yk s]xL ljrf/x¿ cfPsf 5g\ ls ;f]Wg';\ . cfPsf eP tL ljrf/x¿nfO{ of] lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u ug{sf nflu sf8{df n]lv/fVg jf lrq tof/ ug{ nufpg';\ .

;d"xn] o; lqmofsnfksf bf}/fg cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfkdf klxrfg

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ul/Psf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf ;dfwfgdWo] cl3 a9fpg rfx]sf ;dfwfgaf/] lg0f{o ug{] hfgsf/L u/fpg';\ .

!= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lqmofsnfk $ -;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cfjf;_ df 5nkmn ul/Psf k|To]s k|fylds vt/fx¿sf nflu Ps–Ps ;d"x x'g] u/L pk–;d"xx¿ agfpg eGg';\ . x/]s pk–;d"xnfO{ ltgLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;Defljt vt/fnfO{ b]vfpg] sf8{sf] ;d"x lbg';\ -;d"xdf ;Defljt vt/fsf lrqx¿ / ;DalGwt ;Defljt vt/fnfO{ b]vfpg] lqmofsnfk $ df klxrfg ePsf …;'/lIftÚ cfjf;sf lrqx¿ k5{g\_ .

@= pk–;d"xx¿nfO{ …;'/lIftÚ sf8{x¿sf] rfªaf6 sf8{ lng / cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf{gsf nflu ;f] ljsNk slt /fd|f] -slt k|efjsf/L 5_ Pj+ ;xh 5 eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/df rf6{df ltgnfO{ sxfF /fVg'kg{] xf] ToxLF /fVg eGg';\ . cfjZos k/]sf] v08df rf6{df Pp6f sf8{ /fv]/ b]vfOlbg';\ / lgsfNg';\ . pk–;dx"x¿nfO{ !% ldg]6df of] sfd ;sfpg eGg';\ . o; sfo{nfO{ JofVof ug{]af/] yk hfGgsf nflu l6Kk0fL $ x]g'{;\ .

#= ;a} pk;d"x¿n] sfd ;sfPkl5 cf–cfˆgf] rf6{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg';\ .

5nkmn

;a} pk;d"x¿n] cf–cfˆgf] rf6{ k|:t't ul/;s]kl5 lgDg ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpg';\M

• x/]s pk–;d"xn] sf8{x¿ s;/L /fv] . of] r/0fdf ;d"xn] ;f] pk–

;d"xsf] rf6{df s]xL kl/jt{g;d]t ug{ ;S5g\Ù

• ;d"xn] JolQmut 3/dflnssf] ?kdf jf ;fd'bflos:t/df cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/ ug{] s'g pkfo k|of]u ug{ rfxfG5Ù

• cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;d'bfodf ePsf Ifdtfx¿Ù

• ;d"xn] klxrfg u/]sf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf k|efjsf/L pkfox¿sf] ;d'bfodf cefj x'gfsf sf/0fx¿Ù

• ;'wf/x¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ubf{sf Jofjxfl/stfx¿ .

;dfwfgsf ljleGg pkfox¿sf] slt k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;DefJo 5g\ eGg]]df ;a} ;xefuLx¿ :ki6 5g\ eGg] hfFr ug'{;\ .

lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg

• kl/of]hgfsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu lqmofsnfksf] cGtdf tof/ ePsf] ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿sf] rf6{sf] lrq;d]t b]lvg] u/L tl:j/ lng';\ .

• ;d"xnfO{ clen]vsf nflu ;f] k|bz{gsf] gSsn sfuhdf ptfg{{ eGg';\ .



• o;kl5sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] cfjf; ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf ;'wfg{sf

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nflu 5gf}6 u/]sf ljsNkx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] of]hgf agfpg]5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg';\ .

l6Kk0fLx¿

!= ;d"xn] 5gf}6 u/]sf] ljsNkx¿ slt ;xh jf sl7g 5g\ eGg] s'/f afXo ;xof]u rflxg] jf grflxg]h:tf w]/} s'/fx¿df e/ k5{ . olb pk–;dx"sf ;b:ox¿ s]xL ;'/lIft ljsNkx¿sf af/]df c:ki6 5g\ jf ;xdt x'g ;ls/x]sf 5|}gg\ eg] ;Nnfx glbg';\ . a? pgLx¿nfO{ lg0f{o lng ;xof]u ug{]vfnsf] k|Zg ug'{;\ .

@= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ rf6{ k|of]u ug{ sl7g ePsf] v08df lgDglnlvt pkfoaf6 AofVof ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 M

pkfo !M lqmofsnfknfO{ b'O{ r/0fdf jfF8\g';\ . klxnf], ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lrqx¿sf] tLg rfª agfpg nufpg';\M s_ cfjf; ;'/Iffdf clt k|efjsf/L ljsNkx¿, v_ sd k|efjsf/L ljsNkx¿ / u_ w]/} k|efj gx'g] ljsNkx¿ . oL rfªx¿ ;DalGwt zLif{s;Fu ldNg] u/L rf6{sf] afofFkl§ /fVg'k5{ . bf];|f], ;xefuLx¿nfO{ x/]s lrqx¿nfO{ nfu" ug{df x'g] ;xhtfsf] cfwf/df ldNg] v08df /fVg nufpg';\ .

pkfo @M rf6{sf x/]s v08df k|efjsfl/tf / sl7gtfsf] :t/ -tn b]vfOPadf]lhd_ /fVg nufpg';\ / o;af/] ;d"xnfO{ AofVof ug'{;\ . o;sf nflu ;d"xsf] Ps OR5's ;b:onfO{ k9\g nufg';\ / ;a}n] o;sf] cy{ a'em]sf 5g\ eGg] hfFr ug'{;\ .

clt k|efjLclt sl7g

clt k|efjLdWod sl7g

clt k|efjLclt ;xh

dWod k|efjLclt sl7g

dWod k|efjLdWod sl7g

dWod k|efjLclt ;xh

lgik|efjLclt sl7g

lgik|efjLdWod sl7g

lgik|efjclt ;xh

#= lj:tf/k"j{s JofVof ubf{ klg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ rf6{df sfd ug{ sl7g ePsf] v08df ;Defljt vt/fx¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ lgDg lnlvt pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

x/]s pk–;d"xnfO{ b'O{ km/s /+usf 6f]sg jf u]8fx¿sf lbg';\ / tL b'O{ /+udWo] Psn] cfjf; ;'/Iff ;dfwfgsf ljleGg pkfox¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] :t/ / csf{]n] x/]s ;dfwfg k|fKt ug{df x'g] sl7gfO{sf] :t/ b]vfpg] atfpg';\ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;dfwfgsf ljleGg pkfox¿sf] lrq agfpg eGg';\ / tL lrqx¿df rflxP hlt 6f]sg jf u]8fx¿ /fVg eGg''\;\ . u]8f jf 6f]sg /fVbf ;dfwfgsf] k|efjsfl/tf jf sl7gfO{sf] :t/ ldNg] u/L /fVg'k5{ . h;cg';f/ lgik|efjL ;dfwfgdf !, dWod k|efjLdf @ / clt k|efljtdf # j6f 6f]sg jf u]8f /fVg'k5{ . o;}u/L, k|fKt ug{ clt sl7g ;dfwfgdf !, dWod sl7gdf @ / clt ;xhdf # 6f]sg jf u]8f /fVg'k5{ . To;kl5 pk–;d"x¿nfO{ k|To]s lrqdf /flvPsf] u]8f jf 6f]sgsf] s'n ;ª\Vofcg';f/ qmd ldnfP/ lrqx¿ /fVg eGg';\ .

$= cfjZos k/]sf] v08df cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfkkl5 k|fKt ;dfwfgsf ljsNk;DaGwL ljrf/x¿sf nflu yk lrqx¿ tof/ ug'{kg{] klg x'g;S5 .

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lqmofsnfk ^M kl/jt{sf] of]hgfAc�vity 6: Planning for change

p2]Zo

• cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ of]hgf tof/ ug{Ù

• of]hgf sfof{Gjgsf nflu ;d'bfoleq / jflx/af6 cfjZos kg{] ;|f]tx¿ klxrfg ug{Ù

• of]hgfsf] k|To]s efusf] g]t[Tj lng] ljifodf ;xdlt ug{Ù

;do# b]lv $ 306f

;fdfu|Lx¿

• Knflgª sf8{x¿ -lrq ;d"x ;L_

• lqmofsnfk $ -;'/lIft / c;'/lIft cfjf;x¿_ af6 NofOg] …c;'/lIftÚ / …;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿ -lrq ;d"x aLaf6_

• of] k|lqmof;Dd cfOk'Ubf tof/ ePsf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf ;fGble{s ljifox¿ b]vfpg] cltl/Qm lrqx¿

• sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿ cyjf sf8{

• 6fF:g] 6]k• sfuh / sndx¿

s] ug{]

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

o; lqmofsnfksf] ;'?df cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf] ljj/0f /fVg] ;b:onfO{ af]nfP/ ;f] lqmofsnfksf af/]df ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f lbg nufpg';\ . To;kl5 cfjf; ;'/IffnfO{ ;'wfg{sf nflu 5flgPsf clt k|efjsf/L tyf ;xh pkfox¿nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf nflu ;d"xut 5nkmn u/fpg';\ .

;d"xn] o; lqmofsnfkdf ;d'bfonfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfjf6 ;'/lIft cfjf; ePsf] cj:yfdf n}hfgsf nflu s] ug'{k5{ eGg] vfsf tof/ ug{] hfgsf/L lbg';\ . o;sf nflu ;d"n] Pp6f of]hgf tof/ ug'{k5{ / of]hgfsf x/]s efusf] lhDd]jf/L s;n] lng] eGg] lg0f{o klg ug'{k5{ .

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!= ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfk"mn] k|fKt ug{ rfx]sf] cj:yf b]vfpgsf nflu s:tf …;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿ k|of]u ug{] xf] kSsf ug{ eGg';\ -;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ lqmofsnfkdf klxrfg ePsf s]xL clt k|eflj / ;xh pkfo k|ltlglwTj ug{] u/L_ . …;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿n] ;dfwfg ug{] 7flgPsf …c;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿ klxrfg ug{ eGg';\ -lqmofsnfk $ af6_ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ x/]s …c;'/lIftÚ cj:yfsf PseGbf w]/} …;'/lIftÚ ;dfwfg x'g;Sg] tyf w/} …c;'/lIftÚ cj:yfsf nflu Psdfq …;'/lIftÚ ;dfwfg x'g ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f ;DemfOlbg';\ .

@= sfo{sf] JofVof lj:tf/} ug'{;\ . …c;'/lIftÚ / …;'/lIftÚ sf8{x¿sf] Ps hf]8LnfO{ leQf jf e"O{+df aLrdf w]/} 7fpF /xg] u/L /fVg';\ . Knflgª sf8{x¿af6 s]xL sf8{ lng';\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ …c;'/lIftÚ Pj+ …;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿sf] aLrdf s;/L /fVg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f b]vfOlbg';\ . of] sfo{ of]hgfsf r/0fx¿ b]vfpgsf nflu ul/G5 . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pNn]lvt sfo{ cfk"mn] k|bz{gsf nflu dfq} u/]sf] eGb} s'g r/0f s:tf] qmddf rflxg] xf] Tof] pgLx¿n] g} to ug'{kg{] atfOlbg';\ .

#= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ …c;'/lIftÚ / …;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿sf] Ps hf]8LnfO{ Ps pk–;d"x x'g] u/L ;d"x ljefhg ug{ eGg';\ . x/]s pk–;d"xnfO{ Ps hf]8L lrq, Knflgª sf8{sf] Ps ;d"x Pj+ sfuhsf 6''qmfx¿ / snd lbg';\ . pgLx¿nfO{ Knflgª sf8{df x]b}}{ cfjf;x¿nfO{ …c;'/lIftÚ af6 …;'/lIftÚ cj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug{] qmdcg';f/ tL sf8{x¿ ldnfpg leGg';\ . pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} cltl/Qm r/0f ;dfj]z ug]{ OR5f eP vfnL sfuhdf lrq tof/ ug{ jf n]Vg ;S5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lbg';\ . s]xL r/0fx¿ cGoh:t} Ps} ;dodf ;'? x'g ;Sg]5g\ / s]xL eg] Pskl5 csf{] ub{} x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug'{;\ .

$= x/]s pk–;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf] Knflgª sf8{x¿ ldnfpgsf nflu #) b]lv $% ldg]6 ;do lbg';\ / x/]s pk–;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf] of]hgfsf] af/]df cGo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ atfpg eGg';\ . x/]s pk–;d"x cfˆgf] k|:t'ltaf/] p7\g ;Sg] ;Defljt k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg tof/ x'g'k5{ eg] x/]s pk–;d"xn] cfˆgf] k|:t'lts/0f gu?~h]n;Dd ;femf ljifodf 5nkmn x'g lbg'xF'b}g .

%= ;a} pk–;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf k|:t'lts/0fx¿ Psdfly csf{] x'g] u/L tyf ;a} k|:t'lts/0f b]lvg] u/L ldnfpg eGg';\ . w]/} kmfObf k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf ePsf / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xh x'g]vfnsf of]hgfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} ;a}eGbf dfly /fVg'k5{ .

5nkmn !

k|:t'lts/0fkl5 ;femf of]hgf tof/ ug{sf nflu ;fd"lxs 5nkmn ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{;\ . 5nkmndf lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ M

• of]hgf ul/Psf kl/jt{gsf] ;ª\Vof . pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb Pp6f …;'/lIftÚ cj:yfn] 3/nfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{] Pp6f ljz]if ;'wf/nfO{ hgfpF5 eg]] o:tf ;'wf/x¿ sltj6f ug{] xf] To;af/] ;d"xn] lg0f{o ug'{k5{ . ;'wf/sf ;ª\Vof …;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿df g} n]Vg'k5{ . ;d"xnfO{ o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] ;ª\Vof lgs} sd jf w]/} nfu]sf] v08df kl5 kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] hfgsf/L lbg';\Ù

• ljleGg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf ;fy} ;du| of]hgfsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf nfUg] ;doÙ

• of]hgfsf ljleGg efux¿aLr s'g} ;DaGw eP tL klg . pbfx/0fsf

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nfluM ;du| of]hgfsf] Ps jf a9L efudf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]vfnsf ;fd'bflos 5nkmnh:tf sfo{x¿ jf vf; JolQmx¿sf nflu pknAw ;doh:t} ;Lldt ;fwgsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ub}{ cfk;df ljjflbt x'g] sfo{x¿Ù

• pNn]lvt txx¿ kf/ ubf{ cfpg ;Sg] sl7gfO{x¿Ù

• pNn]lvt txx¿ kf/ ug{ nfUg] ;+zfwgx¿ tyf ;+zfwgx¿ pknAw x'g'kg{] ;do .

^= ca ;d"xnfO{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf k|To]s txx¿ s;n] ;DkGg ug'{kg{] xf] tf]Sg eGg';\ . o;sf nflu ;d"xn] of]hgfsf x/]s txx¿ tyf tL txx¿ kf/ ug{sf nflu cfjZos JolQmut u'0f Pj+ ljz]iftfx¿af/] ;fd"lxs 5nkmn ub{} lhDd]af/L tf]Sg'k5{ . x/]s txsf nflu sf] lhDd]af/ x'g] eGg] to ePkl5 pgLx¿n] ltgsf] gfd sfuhdf n]v]/ / ;DalGwt txsf] tn 6fF:g'k5{ .

&= sfo{ ljefhg eO;s]kl5 ;d"xnfO{ ljleGg txx¿ kf/ ug{] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ s;n] ;+of]hg ug{] xf] Tof] lgwf{/0f ug{ eGg';\ . of]hgfdf w]/}j6f …;'/lIft cfjf;Ú cj:yfx¿ 5g\ eg] x/]snfO{ Pp6f 5'§} ;+of]hs rflxg] x'g;S5 . ;+of]hssf] gfd Knflgª sf8{x¿sf] dfly n]Vg'xf];\ . kf:;f ;d"xleq ;+of]hsx¿ 5gf}6 ug{] sfo{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] / o;n] of]hgfsf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;d"xn] lnPsf] b]vfpF5 eGg] s'/f atfpg';\ . o;}u/L, 5flgPs ;+of]hgx¿n] of]hgf a'‰g ;Sg] / k|ult cg'udg ug{ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f klg :ki6 kfg'{;\ .

*= ldl6Ë afFsL efusf] ;+of]hgsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/Psf JolQmx¿dWo]af6

af]nfpg';\ . o;n] of]hgfsf] x/]s efu ;DkGg ug{ nfUg] ;dofjl3 ljsf; ug{ nfUg] ;donfO{ arfpF5 . ;+of]hsx¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/sf] ;xfotf k|bfg ug'{;\ / pgLx¿ lhDdfdf cfPsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Ifd eP gePsf] ljrf/ ug'{;\ .

(= of]hgfsf x/]s tx kf/ ug{ nfUg] ;do k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ eGg';\ / o;nfO{ Pp6f sfuhdf n]lv/fVg';\ jf n]v]/ Knflgª sf8{x¿eGbf dfly 6fFl;lbg';\ . ;d"xn] cfˆgf] of]hgfdf kf:;fsf lgoldt ldl6ªx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{;\ .

5nkmn @

lgDglnlvt ljifosf] 5nkmn u/fpg'\;\ M

• of]hgfsf x/]s efudf ;DefJotf . of]hgfsf] s'g} klg kIf k|fKt ug{sf nflu jfXo ;+zfwgx¿ cfjZos 5g\ ls ;f]Wg';\ . o;}u/L, of]hgfdf tL ;+zfwgx¿ klxrfg tyf kl/rfng ug{sf nflu vf; sfo{x¿ eP÷gePsf] ;f]Wg';\ .

• of]hgfsf nflu lhDd]af/ dflg;x¿df rflxg] cltl/Qm ;Lkx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu ljQLo Joj:yfkg_ tyf cfjZos kg{] tflndx¿ . o:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .

• ;d"xn] lhDd]jf/ dflg;x¿n] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]÷gu/]sf] hfFr s;/L ug{ ;S5 .

• sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg gePdf cyjf w]/} l9nf ePdf ;d"xn] s] ug{ ;S5 <

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lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg

• ;d"xsf] Ps ;b:onfO{ of]hgfsf] gSsn sfuhdf ptfg{{ eGg';\ . o;nfO{ ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:o;Fu afF8\g / o;kl5sf lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

• kl/of]hgfsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu of]hgfsf] tl:j/ lng';\ .



• o;kl5sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf] of]hgfdf s'g} q'6Lx¿ 5g\ ls eg]/ x]g{] / To;kl5 of]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|ultnfO{ kfng s;/L ug{] eGg]af/]df lg0f{o ug{]5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg';\ .

l6Kk0fLx¿

!= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pknAw ;+zfwgx¿af/]sf] hfgsf/L / ;d"xleq Pj+ ;du| ;d'bfoaf6 g} k|fKt x'g] of]hgfk|ltsf] ;+efljt k|ltj4tfaf/] ;s];Dd jf:tljs x'g pTk|]l/t ug'{;\ . o;}u/L, ;d"xnfO{ of]hgfsf af/]df ;Nnfx lbg] jf of]hgfsf] Ps lbzfjf6 csf{] lbzfdf lgb]{lzt ug{] sfo{ gug'{;\ .

@= of]hgfdf kf:;f ;d"x jf ;d"x;Fu sfo{ ug{ k|ltj4 ;d'bfosf cGo

;b:ox¿ dfqn] klg ug{ ;Sg] sfo{x¿ pNn]v ul/g'k5{ . ;d"xn] of]hgfsf s]xL c+z k"/f ug{ afXo ;xfotf rflxg] eP To;sf] klxrfg ug{ klg ;S5 . o:tf] ePdf ;d"xn] afXo ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{ / ;f] sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{sf nflu 5flgPsf] JolQmaf6} sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{] u/L of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug{ s:tf vf; sfo{x¿ ug'{kg{] xf] To;sf] klxrfg ug'{k5{ . /]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;f];fO{6L jf cGo ;+u7gx¿n] of]hgfsf] To:tf efu k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug{] OR5f b]vfPsf eP ;d"xnfO{ Tof] hfgsf/L s'g r/0fdf lbg] xf] tkfO{+n] klxn] g} yfxf kfpg'k5{ .

#= olb ;d"x kl/jt{gdf lhDd]jf/ x'g gvf]h]sf] b]lvof] eg] -clwsf+z sfo{x¿ afXo kIfnfO{ efu nufPaf6 of] k|:6 x'G5_ pgLx¿ ;f] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{af6 lsg klG5Psf] eGg]af/] a'‰g 5nkmn ug'{;\ . o;}u/L, pgLx¿n] cfjf; ;'/IffnfO{ Ps ;d:ofs} ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < 5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf] of]hgfn] ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{ jf ub{}g < o;af/] pgLx¿sf] ;f]r s] 5 < ;a} s'/f a'‰g';\ .

$= of]hgfdf ePsf lhDd]afl/x¿ n}lËs ?kdf c;dfg ePsf jf of]hgfn] ;d'bfosf ;fdfGo n}lËs l;4fGt ;d]t kfng gu/]sf] b]lvof] eg] o:tf] s'/f p7fpg';\ . pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ ljrf/ u/]÷gu/]sf] ;f]Wg';\ . o;n] dlxnf jf k'?ifnfO{ czlQms/0f ug{] ;d:of Nofpg ;Sg] cyjf dlxnf jf k'''/ifdfly cg'lrt sfo{af]em yf]kg{] u/L ;d:of l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g < ;f]Wg';\ . ;d:of l;h{gf ug{] ePdf ;dfwfgsf pkfo kQf nufpg pTk|]l/t ug'{;\ .

%= ;du| sfo{nfO{ Ps} ;qdf ;dfkg ug{ g;lsg] ePdf 5nkmn ! cl3 / kl5 u/L b'O{ r/0fdf afF8\g ;lsG5 . oBlk, ;Dej eP;Dd ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk Ps} ;qdf ;sfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

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lqmofsnfk &M ;d:ofsf] afs;Ac�vity 7: Problem box

p2]Zo

• cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfO{kg{] ;Defljt ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ;dfwfgdf pkfox¿ to ug{Ù

• o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgx¿ vf]HgÙ

• of]hgfdf cfjZos kg{] ;+efljt kl/jt{gx¿ klxrfg ug{ .

;do! b]lv !=% 306f

;fdfu|Lx¿

• sfuh / sndx¿Ù

• /fVg] efF8f] -6f]kL, 6f]s/L, afs; cflb_Ù

• cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfkdf tof/ ul/Psf] ;'/lIft cfjf; sfo{ of]hgf .

s] ug{]

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

o; lqmofsnfksf] ;'?df cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf] ljj/0f /fVg] ;b:onfO{ af]nfP/ ;f] lqmofsnfksf af/]df ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f lbg nufpg';\ . To;kl5 sfo{of]hgfsf d'Vo a'Fbfx¿nfO{ ;ldIff ug{sf nflu ;d"xut 5nkmn u/fpg';\ .

o; lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] sfo{of]hgfdf cfO{ kg{ ;Sg] x'g] ;Defljt ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{] / ltgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] pkfox¿ kQf nufpg] hfgsf/L lbg';\ . o;}u/L, of] r/0fdf hlt w]/} ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u¥of] / ;dfwfg;d]t ug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} sfo{of]hgf ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf a9\g] hfgsf/L klg lbg';\ .

sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;xh} b]lvg] 7fpFdf /fVg nufpg';\ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps–csf{nfO{ b]Vg / ;'Gg ;Sg] u/L uf]nf] 3]/fdf a:g eGg';\ .

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!= ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ljrf/ ub{} o;df l;h{gf x'g] ;d:ofx¿ sfuhdf n]Vg eGg';\ . pgLx¿nfO{ o:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ k|Zgsf ?kdf n]Vg jf lrq agfP/ b]vfpg eGg';\ . pbfx/0fsf nfluM l;sdL{n] ;d'bfo g} 5f]8]/ uof] eg] xfdL s] ug{] xf]nf < s'g} ;xefuLnfO{ n]Vg jf lrq agfpg sl7g ePdf glhs}sf] ;xsdL{nfO{ nufpg ;S5 .

@= ;d"xsf] Ps ;b:onfO{ tL ;d:ofx¿ s'g} efF8f]df /fVg eGg';\ . ToxL efF8f] g} ;d:ofsf] afs; xf] .

#= ;a} ;d:ofx¿ ;ª\sng eO;s]kl5, ;d:ofsf] afs; Ps ;xefuLnfO{ lbg';\ / To;af6 Pp6f sfuh lgsfNg clg To;sf] hjfkm lbg eGg';\ . ;a} k|Zgsf] hjfkm gcfp~h]n;Dd of] qmd hf/L /fVg';\ . cfˆg} k|Zg lgsfNg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f] k|Zgsf] ;f6f] csf{] k|Zg lgsfNg eGg'k5{ . olb s'g} ;b:on] cfk"mn] lgsfn]sf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg ;Sb}g eg] To;sf] hjfkm ;d"xs} cGo s'g} ;b:on] lbg ;S5g\ .

$= o;kl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ rf/ ju{df ljefhg ug{ eGg';\ .

rfª ! M ;d"xn] of]hgfdf s'g} kl/jt{g gu/L cfk}mF ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿

rfª @ M ;d"xn] cfk}m ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] t/ of]hgfdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg{] ;d:ofx¿ . ;d"xnfO{ cfjZos kg{] kl/jt{gx¿ n]Vg eGg';\ tf ls of]hgf kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsof];\ .

rfª #M ;d"xn] ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg] t/ afXo ;xof]uaf6 ;dfwfg x'g] ;d:ofx¿ . ;d"xnfO{ afXo ;xof]usf] ;|f]t tyf To:tf] ;xof]u k|fKt s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/] ;d:ofsf] 5]pdf Ps 6'qmf sfuhdf n]Vg eGg]

rfª $ M ;d"xn] ;dfwfg -afXo ;xof]u lng];d]t_ kQf nufpg g;s]sf ;d:ofx¿ . ;d"xnfO{ o;af/]d 5nkmn ug{ / o:tf ;d:ofx¿ pNn]v ug{sf nflu of]hgfdf cfjZos kg{] kl/jt{gx¿sf] clen]v /fVg eGg';\ .

%= of]hgfsf] x/]s efusf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?nfO{ of] lqmofsnfkaf6 s'g} kl/jt{g cfPsf] eP ;dfj]z ug{ nufpg] . of]hgfdf ePsf kl/jt{gx?nfO{ ;a}n] b]Vg;Sg] u/L lrGx nufpg' k5{ .

lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg

• sfo{of]hgfdf kl/dfh{g ePsf] eP Ps ;xefuLnfO{ kl/dflh{t of]hgfsf] gSsn sfuhdf ptf{g eGg';\ .

• kl/of]hgfsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu of]hgfsf] tl:j/ lng';\ .

• lqmofsnfksf qmddf l;s]sf s'/fx¿af/] ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu

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5nkmn ug{';\ Pj+ lqmofsnfksf dg k/]sf Pj+ dg gk/]sf s'/f ;f]Wg';\ / ;'wf/sf a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ug'{;\ .


• o;kl5sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf] of]hgfdf ePsf sfo{x¿sf] k|ultnfO{ s;/L kfng ug{] eGg]af/]df lg0f{o ug{] hfgsf/L lbg';\ .

l6Kk0fLx¿

!= o; lqmofsnfkdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿n] oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;d"xdf /x]sf 8/ tyf ck]Iffx¿nfO{ b]vfpF5g\ . o;/L p7]sf d'2fx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu rflxP hlt ;do lbg';\ .

@= klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu sfo{of]hgfdf cfjZos kg{] kl/jt{gx¿n] o;nfO{{ cem} jf:tljs agfpg ;S5g\ . oL cGtu{t of]hgfsf] sfo{ :t/ 36fpg] -h:t}M @)) sf] 7fpFdf !)) 3/dfq} ;'wfg{]_, Jofkstf 36fpg] -h:t}M Ps jf w]/} sfo{x¿ Ps} k6s x6fpg]_, k|ljlwx¿ kl/jt{g ug{] -h:t}M pTkflbteGbf :yfgLo ;fdfu|L k|of]u ug{]_ / ;dofjlw a9fpg] -h:t}M 9n lgsf; k|0ffnLnfO{ ;kmf ug{ Pssf] 7fpFdf tLg dlxgfsf] ;do lbg]_ .

lqmofsnfk *M cg'udg of]hgfAc�vity 8: Monitoring plan

p2]Zo

• k|ult hfFr ug{] k|lqmof :yflkt ug{ -cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ePsf ;'wf/x¿_Ù

• k|lqmofsf] cg'udg slt k6s / s;n] ug{] to ug{Ù

• d"Nofª\sg sfo{sf] lbg tf]Sg .

;do@ b]lv # 306f

;fdfu|Lx¿

• ;fwg M cg'udg rf6{ -To:tf] of]hgf tkfO{+n] ;d'bfosf] e|d0f ug'{cl3 tkfO{+n] b'O{j6f ˆnLk rf6{ k]k/df tn b]vfOPcg';f/ agfpg'k5{_Ù

• sfuh / sndx¿Ù

• kl/jt{gsf] of]hgf cEof; -lqmofsnfk ̂ _ af6 ;'/lIft cfjf; 5gf}6sf lrqx¿ .

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s] ug{]

lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro

o; lqmofsnfksf] ;'?df cl3Nnf] lqmofsnfksf] ljj/0f /fVg] ;b:onfO{ af]nfP/ lqmofsnfk & -;d:ofsf] afs;_ sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f lbg nufpg';\ . To;kl5 of]hgfdf ePsf kl/jt{gnfO{ ;ldIff ug{ / of]hgfsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ clGtd ?k lbgsf nflu ;d"xut 5nkmn u/fpg';\ .

;d"xn] lqmofsnfk ̂ -kl/jt{gsf] of]hgf_ df 5gf}6 ul/Psf nIox¿df

ePsf] k|ultnfO{ s;/L dfkg ug{] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug{]5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lbFb} lqmofsnfknfO{ kl/ro u/fpg';\ .

!= cg'udg rf6{ tof/ ul//fVg';\ -cl3Nnf] kfgfdf ePsf] pbfx/0f x]g'{;\_ . of] rfxLF lqmofsnfk ^ -kl/jt{gsf] of]hgf_ df ;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf] of]hgfsf] lj:t[t ?kdfq} xf] h'g of]hgfsf] …;'/lIft -eljio_Ú v08af6 ;'? x'G5 . rf6{df ^ j6f sf]nd -v08_ x'g'k5{M

• nIox¿ M kl/jt{gsf] of]hgf lqmofsnfkdf ;d"xn] 5fg]sf …;'/lIft -eljio_Ú lrqx¿ – h:t}M ;'/lIft 3/x¿Ù

• slt j6f M pbfx/0fsf nflu M slt j6f 3/x¿ ;'wf/ ul/Fb}5g\Ù

• ;"rsM s] dfkg ug{] – pbfx/0fsf nlfu ;'wfl/Psf 3/x/sf] ;ª\Vof . ;"rsx¿ dfkg ug{ ;xh / ;d"xnfO{ of]hgfn] /fd|f] k|ult u/]÷gu/]sf] k|ToIf?kdf b]vfpg]vfnsf ;"rgfx¿ lbg;Sg] x'g'k5{Ù

• s;/L dfkg ug{] M k|ultnfO{ s;/L dfkg ug{] – pbfx/0fsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf 3/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof s;/L hFfr ug{] -3/wlgx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn, 3/ e|d0f cflb_Ù

• af/Daf/tfM ;"rsnfO{ slt ;dofGt/df dfkg ug{] -x/]s xKtf, x/]s dlxgf cflb_Ù

• s;n] dfkg ug{]M k|ult dfkg ug{] lhDd]jf/L s;sf] x'g] – h:t}M s;n] uP/ ;'wfl/Psf 3/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof uGg] / kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu clen]v /fVg]Ù

@= ;xefuLx¿ ;a}nfO{ Ps} ;d"xdf sfo{ ug{ nufpg';\ . lqmofsnfk ^ -kl/jt{gsf] of]hgf_ df ;+of]hssf ?kdf 5gf}6 ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{

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of] lqmofsnfkdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ eGg';\ . cl3Nnf] ldl6ªdf tof/ ePsf] of]hgf s;/L cl3 a9\b}5 eGg] s'/f hfFRg] tl/sfaf/] ;d"xdf ;xdlt sfod ug{{df ;+of]hsx¿n] ;xof]u ug{]5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lbg';\ . pgLx¿sf] nIosf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] lrqx¿ -…;'/lIftÚ lrqx¿_ rf6{sf] afofF efudf 6fF:g eGg';\ .

#= ;+of]hsx¿ s'g v08df s] /fVg] eGg]df :ki6 ePsf] olsg ug'{;\ clg rf6{sf v08x¿ eb{} hfg eGg';\ -! gDa/ a'Fbf x]g'{;\_ . k|lqmof b]vfpgsf nflu tkfO{+n] Pp6f pbfx/0f lbg'kg{] x'g;S5, t/ pgLx¿sf] lg0f{odf k|efj kg{ glbg';\ . cfjZos k/]sf] v08df ;+of]hsx¿nfO{ s]xL ;do nufP/ sfdsf] af/]df a'emfpg';\ / pgLx¿n] k"0f{?kdf a'e]msf 5g\ eGg]df 9'Ss x'g';\ .

5nkmn

rf6{ k"0f{?kdf el/Pkl5 To;df pNn]lvt JolQmx¿ cfk"mn] kfPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;Sg]df 9'Ss 5g\ / o;sf nflu s] s] ug'{k5{ eGg] /fd|/L a'em]sf 5g\ eGg] hfFr ug{ Pp6f 5nkmn ug'{;\ .

;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg kl/of]hgfsf nIox¿df ePsf] k|ult tyf k|flKtsf] hfFr ug{df ;dfj]z ug{] pkfox¿af/] ;d"xnfO{ ;f]Wg';\ .

;d"xnfO{ cg'udgaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx¿ /flvg] tyf afF8\g] pkfoaf/] Pj++ kl/of]hgf sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ cl3 ga9]df s] ug{] eGg]af/]df ;d"xn] s;/L lg0f{o ug{]5 eGg] ljifodf klg lg0f{o ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{;\ .

of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{cl3 ;d"xnfO{ of] lqmofsnfk clGtd xf] eGg]

;DemfOlbg';\ . kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ lg/Gt/?kdf ;xfotf lbg] Joj:yfaf/] 5nkmn ug'{;\ . o;sf nflu k|ult cg'udg Pj+ d"Nofª\sg ug{] Ps jf w]/} sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xfotfdf ;dfj]z ug{ nufpg';\ .

lqmofsnfksf] ;dfkg

• ;d"xsf] Ps OR5's ;xefuLnfO{ cg'udg of]hgfsf] gSsn sfuhdf ptfg{ eGg';\ . kl/of]hgfsf] clen]v;Fu} /fVgsf nflu of]hgfsf] tl:j/ lng';\ .


• ;d"xn] xfn;Dd k|fKt u/]sf pknAwLx¿sf] v'zL dgfpgsf nflu s'g} k|sf/sf] sfo{ ub{} ;qsf] ;dflKt ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . cfk"mn] sfo{ ug{] ;d'bfosf] kl/l:ylt ;'xfpg]vfnsf] sfo{ u/]/ v'lzofnL dgfpg'kg]{ x'gfn] o; ljifodf cfˆgf] ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu ;xdt x'g';\ .

l6Kk0fLx¿

!= cg'udg ug{] sfo{df kf:;f ;d"xleqsf dlxnf tyf k'?if Pj+ ljleGg ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;d"xnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{;\ .

@= of]hgfsf] ljleGg efusf ;+of]hsx¿n] g} cg'udssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ;'xfpFbf] x'g;S5 . o;n] cg'udg sfo{nfO{ ;xh t agfpF5 t/ k};f jf cGo ;+zfwg k|of]u x'g] sfo{x¿df eg] kf/blz{tf u'Dg] /

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lgikIftfsf] af/]df ;Gb]x pTkGg x'g] ;d:of l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yf cfPdf cg'udg ug{] sfo{ ;+of]hs gePsf JolQmnfO{ lbg'kg{] x'G5 .

#= of] lqmofsnfkdf n]vgsfo{ k|z:t dfqfdf x'G5 . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ n]Vg tyf k9\gdf sl7gfO{ eP, lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cGo j}slNks pkfo ckgfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu M

• rf6{df nIox¿ zAbdf n]Vg'sf] ;f6f] …nIoÚ zLif{sdf pgLx¿n] k|fKt ug{ rfx]sf] cfjf; ;'/Iffsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] lrqx¿ klg /fVg ;S5g\ .

• ljrf/x¿ tyf zAbx¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ Pj+ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{] tyf k|ult cg'udg ug{] JolQmx¿ klxrfg ug{ lrq /fVg ;lsG5 .

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88 89 90 91

ljifo;"rLefu @÷ Joj:yfksx¿sf nflu lgb{]zg != k|j]z ljGb' ($ @= d"Nofª\sg (^ #= ;d'bfosf] 5gf]6 (* $= lrq / 6'nsL6 lgdf{0f !))$=! lrqx¿ lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ !))$=@ 6'nsL6 agfpg] r/0fx¿ !)!$=# snfsf/sf] z'Ns / nfut !)!$=$ snfsf/sf] 5gf]6 !)@$=% snfsf/nfO{ sfdsf af/]df atfpg] !)#$=^ ;d'bfo e|d0f !)# $=& lrqsf c¿ ;|f]tx¿ !)$$=* snfsf/sf] sfdsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f !)$$=( lrqx¿sf] u'0f:t/ !)%$=!) lrqx¿sf] k"j{–k/LIf0f !)%$=!! sfof{Gjogsf qmddf lrqx¿sf] ;+zf]wg !)^$=!@ 6'nsL6sf] k|aGw / e08f/ !)^ %= kf:;fsf lglDt Joj:yfks / :jo+;]jLsf] 5gf]6 !)*%=! Joj:yfks !)*%=@ :jo+;]jLx¿ !)( ^= :jo+;]jL / Joj:yfkssf] tflnd !!)^=! :jo+;]jL !!)^=@ Joj:yfksx¿ !!! &= sfof{Gjog, ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg !!@&=! of]hgf lgdf{0f !!@&=@ kf:;f :jo+;]jLx¿sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f !!#&=# c¿ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;dGjo !!^&=$ cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfg'gL / ;fdflhs ca/f]wsf] ;fdgf !!^&=% åGå Joj:yfkg !!&&=^ cg'udg / k|ltj]bg !!&&=& kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ / 6'nsL6sf] ;+zf]wg / ;'wf/ !!*

efu @÷Joj:yfksx¿sfnflu lgb{]zg

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3efu @= Joj:yfksx¿sf nflu lgb{]zg


of] v08n] kf:;f k|of]u ug{ rfxg] /fli6«o ;dfhx¿ -g];gn ;f];fO{l6h\_ nfO{ dfgj ;+zfwfg tyf cf}hf/x¿ ;'xfpFbf] /fli6«o Ifdtf l;h{gf ug{] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{] x]t'n] lgb{]zg k|bfg u5{ . o;sf] tof/Ldf lgDg r/0fx¿ k5{g\M d"Nofª\sg -eL;LP;Fu} jf geOsg_, d"Nofª\sgaf6 klxrfg ePsf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf ljifox¿sf] cfwf/df cfjZos kg{] lrqx¿ tyf cGo ;fwgx¿sf] 6'nls6 -lrq tyf cGo ;fwgx¿ ePsf] efF8f]_ sf] ljsf; tyf pTkfbg, :jo+;]jsx¿sf] 5gf}6, :jo+;]jsx¿sf nflu tflndsf] ljsf; tyf k|bfg ug{] -xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ b'j}_, ;d'bfox¿;Fu k|f/lDes k/LIf0f / 6'nls6x¿sf] ck8]6 ug{] tyf kf::ffsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{] . kf:;fsf] sfof{Gjogdf To;kl5 :jo+;]jsx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{] tyf kl/0ffdx¿sf] cg'udg ug{];lxt Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{ kb{5 . pNn]lvt r/0fx¿nfO{ tnsf] ˆnf]rf6{df b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] o;kl5sf v08x¿df lj:t[t?kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

Psb]lv ;ft r/0f;Ddsf sfo{nfO{ Psb]lv b'O{ dlxgfsf] ;do lbg'k5{ . cf7f}+ r/0fdf /x]sf] sfof{Gjog sfo{nfO{ klg Ps ;d'bfosf nflu Psb]lv b'O{ dlxgf;Dd nfUg ;S5 .

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!= k|j]z ljGb'

@= d"Nofª\sg

#= ;d'bfosf] 5gf]6

$= lrq / 6'nls6 lgdf{0f

%= kf:;fsf lglDt Joj:yfks / :jo+;]jLsf] 5gf]6

^= :jo+;]jL / Joj:yfkssf] tflnd

&= sfof{Gjog, ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg



!= k|j]z ljGb'

tn ;"rLs[t ul/Padf]lhd kf:;f (PASSA) sf ;DefJo k|j]z ljGb'x¿ w]/}j6f 5g\ . ltgLx¿ Ps–csf{;Fu laNs'n} cnu eg] xf]Ogg\ .

• eL;LPM s'g} Ps eL;LPaf6 k|fyldstfsf ?kdf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf] klxrfg ul/g]5 . kf:;fn] eL;LPaf6 Hofb} ts{;+ut lsl;daf6 g]t[Tj k|bfg ub{5, / ;d:of klxrfg tyf ljZn]if0fsf lglDt sltko ;fwgx¿ cfbfg–k|bfg ub{5 .

• k'gp{Tyfg sfo{qmdM kf:;fnfO{ /fxtsf sfo{qmd ;dfKt ePkl5 cfjf; k'gp{Tyfg sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf ;xof]usf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5, / cfjf; ;'/IffnfO{ lbuf] agfpg] u/L ;d'bfodf ;+oGq :yfkgfdf d2t k'¥ofpg cfjf; sfo{qmdsf] cGTokl5 klg kf:;fnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

• cGo ;xeflutfd"ns jf ;fd'bflos ljlwx¿M ;xeflutfd"ns :jR5tf tyf ;/;kmfO{ ?kfGt/0f -kmf:6_ jf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo tyf k|fylds ;xof]u -;LaLPrPkmP_ ;Fu :jo+;]jLn] sfo{ u/]sf a]nf cfjf; ;'/Iff ;d'bfosf lglDt rf;f]sf] ljifo x'g;S5 .

k|j]z ljGb' h];'s} eP klg kf:;fnfO{ PSNofP/ k|of]u ul/g' x'Fb}g, a? o;nfO{ /]8qm; /]8–lqm;]G6sf sfo{x¿ / ;fd'bflos cleofgx¿df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] lsl;daf6 k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 .

eL;LP-;fdfGo a];nfOg, cGtlg{lxt

hf]lvd kIfx¿sf] vf]hL_

kf:;f kmf:6 ;LaLPrPkmP÷;fd'bflos 8Lcf/cf/

k|fKt glthfx¿sf] Ps–csf{aLr ;Gbe{

;fd'bflossfo{

kf:;fn] xfnsf] cfO{Pkmcf/;L ;fwgnfO{ PsLs[t / kl/k"/0f ub{5

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tYofª\s ;ª\sng / k|:t'ltsf ;Gbe{df a9L cfjZos x'G5 hxfF lg0f{o–lgdf{0fsf lglDt t'ngfTds hfgsf/L /xg' h?/L 7flgG5 . d"Nofª\sgsf] l8hfOg / Joj:yfkg ug{ tyf k|fKt glthfsf] JofVof ug{sf lglDt cfjf; ljz]if1 / ;fdflhs zf:q ljz]if1 cTofjZos x'G5g\ .

@= d"Nofª\sg

kf:;fsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{cl3 b]xfoadf]lhd ljlzi6 d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof ;~rfng ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 M

• dxTjk"0f{ vt/fx¿, Ifdtfx¿ / gfh'stfx¿sf] gS;fª\sgÙ

• cfjf;sf lsl;dx¿, lgdf{0f k|lqmof, cfjf;sf ljz]iftfx¿ / ;d'bfon] ;fdgf u/]sf k|fljlws r'gf}tLx¿sf] gS;fª\sgÙ

• kxnsf lglDt If]qx¿sf] 5gf]6, kxnsf lsl;dsf] kl/efiff / cfjZos /x]sf ;|f]t–;fwgÙ

• ;d'bfosf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / ;+:yfut ljz]iftfx¿ tyf åGå / n}+lus e"ldsf Pj+ ;DaGw;d]tsf If]qdf pgLx¿sf] klxrfgÙ

• :jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt pko'Qm 6'nsL6 / tflnd ;qx¿sf] lgdf{0f .

of] d"Nofª\sg ;fdfGotof cfjf; sfo{qmdsf] cfwf/sf ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5, h;df kf:;f Ps cª\usf ?kdf /xg]5 .

eL;LP o;cl3 g} ;~rfng ul/;s]sf] eP cfjf;;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL hfgsf/L pknAw eO;s]sf] x'g]5 . olb To:tf] xf] eg], o;nfO{ k|f/lDes ljGb'sf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . eL;LPaf6 k|fKt x'g] c¿ ;fGble{s hfgsf/LnfO{ ;Gbe{ a'‰gsf lglDt klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{ ubf{ vf;u/L tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf bIf ax'ljwfut 6f]nLdfkm{t\ :jLs[t dfkb08adf]lhdsf] ljlwnfO{ k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 / o;qmddf k|ltj]bg tyf tYofª\s k|:t'tLs/0fsf lglDt :jLs[t dfkb08sf 9fFrfx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . of] vf;u/L 7"nf] / ljljwtfk"0f{

96 97 98 99



#= ;d'bfosf] 5gf]6

#=! 5gf]6sf] dfkb08

kf:;fdf cfwfl/t cfjf; ;'/Iff cleofgsf lglDt If]q / ;d'bfosf] 5gf]6 ubf{ lgDg ;DefJo dfkb08 ckgfOg]5M

• ;d'bfosf lglDt cfjf; ;'/Iff lgs} rf;f] ePsf If]qÙ

• cfjf; / a;f]af;sf] :jfldTjsf af/]df s]xL dxTj a'em]sf ljj]szLn l:y/ ;d'bfox¿Ù

• ;fdflhs Pstfsf] Pp6f ju{ hxfF ;fgf] ;fd'bflos ;d"xn] ;du| ;d'bfodf k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5Ù

• cfˆgf] 3/ / jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f / dd{tsf] k/Dk/f /x]sf 3/kl/jf/ a;f]af; ug]{ ;d'bfox¿Ù

• /fd|f] ;'/Iff cj:yfÙ

• ;sf/fTds sfg'gL Joj:yfÙ

• ;xof]uL :yfgLo lgsfox¿ .

#=@ 5gf]6 k|lqmof

kf:;fsf lglDt ;d'bfosf] 5gf]6 ubf{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf r/0fx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ dfly v08 @ df JofVof ul/Psf] d"Nofª\sgkl5 k"/f ul/g]5 .

• lhNnf:t/df :yfgLo lgsfox¿ / ;fGble{s dGqfnox¿ -s[lif / jg,

;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f, of]hgf, OToflb_ nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / kf:;fsf lglDt k|of]u ug]{ u/L ;DefJo ;d'bfox¿ klxrfg ug]{Ù

• kf:;fsf] k|of]u ug{ ;DefJo ;d'bfo;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{ tyf 5gf]6 dfkb08df ;jf{lws ldNg]x¿ / pRr cle?rL ePsfx¿ klxrfg ug]{ .

;d'bfox¿ eL;LPdfkm{t\ klg ;f]e}m 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsG5 . :jo+;]jL / Joj:yfksx¿sf] 5gf]6 / tflndkl5 clGtd 6'ª\uf] nufpg tyf kf:;f 6'nsL6 lgdf{0f ug{ s]xL ;Gbe{df of] pko'Qm x'g;S5 .

96 97 98 99



$= lrq / 6'nsL6 lgdf{0f

of] v08n] cfjZos ;fwgx¿sf] ;d"x tof/ kfg{ tyf cfjZos x'g] lrqsf lsl;dsf] gd'gf ;"rL agfpg lgb]{zg lbG5 . oL ;"rLx¿ dfu{bz{ssf ?kdf dfq /x]sf 5g\– 6'nsL6x¿ lrq;lxt tof/ kfl/g' kb{5 h'g :yfgLo k/Dk/f, wd{, ju{, kf]zfs, cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw / hLjgz}nL;Fu ;'xfpg] lsl;dsf] x'g' kb{5 . lrqx¿df kf:;f sfof{Gjog ePsf If]qsf lqmofsnfksf lsl;dx¿, ejgx¿, ;'ljwfx¿, v]tLkftL / kz'x¿ ToxL If]qdf kfOg] lsl;dsf x'g' kb{5 .

$=! lrqx¿ lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5g\

of] lgb]{lzsfsf k|To]s lqmofsnfksf lglDt ;'emfOPsf lrqx¿ kf:;f k|lqmofsf cleGg cª\ux¿ x'g\ . o;n] 5nkmnnfO{ hLjGt t'NofpF5 / ;d"xut ;qx¿df ;fIf/ / lg/If/ b'j} lsl;dsf dflg;nfO{ af]Ngsf lglDt ;zQmLs[t ub{5 . oxL sf/0f, lrqx¿ agfpFbf snfsf/n] lgs} xf]lzof/Lk"j{s sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

;a} lrqx¿sf] ;ª\sng / To;nfO{ juL{s[t u/L lqmofsnfkcg'?k 5'6ØfOPsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ 6'nsL6 elgG5 . oxfF lrqx¿sf] s'/f ubf{ tl:j/x¿ / gd'gfh:tf b[ZofTds ;xof]u klg lnOg' kb{5 .

$=@ 6'nsL6 agfpg] r/0fx¿

kf:;f 6'nsL6 agfpFbf tn lbOPadf]lhdsf r/0fx¿ ckgfpg' kb{5M

• snfsf/sf] 5gf]6Ù

• kf:;fsf cGtlg{xLt ljlwx¿sf af/]df JofVof ug]{ tfls lrq agfpg'sf] p2]Zo :ki6 xf];\Ù

• :yfgLo kl/j]z;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg snfsf/nfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] e|d0fdf n}hfg] h;af6 lrqx¿ oyfy{k/s x'g ;s"g\Ù

• lrqx¿sf] cEof; ;d"x pTkfbgÙ

• :yfgLo ;d'bfodf / kf:;f tflndsf cjlwdf lrqx¿sf] k"j{–k/LIf0fÙ

• lrqx¿sf] clGtd ;d"xsf] pTkfbgÙ

• ;d'bfodf k|of]u ug{sf lglDt Nofldg]6 ul/Psf lrqsf k|ltx¿sf ;d"xsf] pTkfbg .

of] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofsf lglDt Ps dlxgf;Dd nfUg ;S5 .

$=# snfsf/sf] z'Ns / nfut

6'nsL6 agfpgsf lglDt nfut cg'dfg ubf{ tnsf a'Fbfx¿nfO{ Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

snfsf/sf] z'Nsaf/]df sfd ;'? x'g'cl3 g} ;xdlt hgfOg' kb{5 . ;jf{lws /fd|f] kIf eg]s} nrstfk"0f{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ xf]– pbfx/0fsf nflu, lrqx¿sf] ;d"x tof/ kfg{ nfUg] ;dosf] u0fgf ug]{, ;d'bfosf] e|d0f ug{ nfUg] ;dosf] u0fgf ug]{ tyf tflnd sfo{zfnfdf pkl:ylt . of] ;a} b}lgs kfl/>ldssf cfwf/df lx;fa ul/g' kb{5 . To;kl5 s'g} lrqx¿df kl/jt{g ug'{k/]df, jf k/Dk/fut lrqx¿ cfjZos ePdf, jf ;d'bfosf] cltl/Qm e|d0f ug'{ h?/L ePdf s'g b/df e'QmfgL ug]{ xf] :ki6 ug'{ kb{5 / o;n] /sd;DaGwL tgfjnfO{ x6fpF5 . cfjZostfcg'?ksf] lrq pTkfbg ul/lbPsf] v08df /fd|f snfsf/nfO{ s]xL cltl/Qm nufgL

100 101 102 103



ug'{ klg 7Ls} x'G5 . kf:;fdf pgLx¿sf sfo{x¿ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿ x'g\ / t'ngfTds?kdf of] /sd sfof{Gjogsf] s"n nfutsf] ;fgf] c+zdfq xf] .

;d'bfosf] e|d0f ubf{ / kf:;f tflnd sfo{zfnfsf lglDt e|d0f / lgjf{x vr{x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 .

sfuh / /Ë, lrqx¿sf] 5fofFk|lt, ltgLx¿sf] Nofldg];g / To;nfO{ Jojl:yt lsl;daf6 /fVgsf lglDt kmf]N8/sf] cfjZostf;d]tsf ;fdu|Lsf] vr{sf af/]df klg Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

$=$ snfsf/sf] 5gf]6

6f9fsf snfsf/nfO{ k|of]u ug'{sf] ;f6f] kf:;f k|of]u ul/Psf If]qdf g} a;f]af; ug]{ snfsf/nfO{ k|of]u ul/g' /fd|f] xf] . pgLx¿n] :yfgLo kl/j]z /fd|f];Fu a'‰g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 / lrq agfpgsf lglDt pgLx¿ a9L ;xh lsl;daf6 ;d'bfosf] e|d0fdf k'Ug ;S5g\ tyf s]xL kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿df cfk}mF pkl:yt x'g ;S5g\ .

w]/}hgf snfsf/nfO{ cf–cfˆgf sfd b]vfpg cfdGq0f ul/g' pkof]uL x'g;S5 tfls k|f/lDes r/0fsf] 5gf]6 sfo{df ljljwtf Nofpg ;lsG5 . 5gf]6 hfFrsf ?kdf pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} b[Zo, hLjg, dflg; / ejg;d]tsf /]vflrqx¿ tof/ kfg{ nufpFbf ;xof]u k'U5 . o;n] pgLx¿ slt l56f] sfd ug{ ;S5g\ / pgLx¿n] slt /fd|f];Fu dflg;, e"b[Zo / ejgx¿ ldlxg lsl;daf6 agfpg ;S5g\ eGg] x]g{ ;lsG5 . oL ;a} sfo{x¿ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .

;'?jftL lrqx¿sf] pTkfbgsf lglDt cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf snfsf/

pknAw x'g'kb{5, tflnd sfo{zfnfdf ;xefuL x'g'kb{5 / sfof{Gjog cf/De eO;s]kl5 s'g} cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx¿ nrs x'g'kb{5 / cfjZos k/]sf] v08df pgLx¿ cfˆgf sfo{sf] k'gM lrq agfpg tof/ x'g' kb{5 .

$=% snfsf/nfO{ sfdsf af/]df atfpg]

snfsf/n] kf:;f ljlw / ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltsf af/]df /fd|/L a'‰g'kb{5 . o;af6 k|jfx ug{ vf]lhPsf vf; ;Gb]zsf af/]df pgLx¿n] a'‰g ;Sg]5g\ / hgtfn] ;f]Rg tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ d2t ug]{ / gofF wf/0ffx¿ k|jflxt ug{ ;3fpg] lsl;dsf pbfx/0f;lxtsf lrqx¿ tof/ ul/g' kb{5 . snfsf/n] lrqsf] z}nLnfO{ :yfgLo hgtfn] hlt;Sbf] ;/n, :ki6 / a'‰g] lsl;dn] tof/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f ;Demg' kb{5 . cfjZos /x]sf lrqx¿sf ;DaGwdf k|i6?kdf a'‰gsf lglDt snfsf/nfO{ lrqx¿sf s]xL gd'gfx¿ b]vfpFbf pkof]uL x'g;S5 . s]xL pbfx/0fx¿sf lglDt v08 $ -kf:;f snfsf/sf nflu lgb]{lzsf_ x]g'{xf];\ . o;n] kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ dfkm{t\ s'/fsfgL ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ d2t ug]{5, vf;u/L lrqx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{x¿sf lglDt .

$=^ ;d'bfo e|d0f

snfsf/n] dflg;x¿n] nufpg] kf]zfs, a;fO{, cfjf;sf] lsl;d, pgLx¿;Fu /x]sf cfjf; / ;'ljwf, jftfj/0fLo cj:yf, ;'/lIft cfjf;sf ;Gbe{df vf;u/L ;d'bfosf s'g} ;d:ofu|:t If]q;Fu /fd|f];Fu kl/lrt x'gsf nflu cfjf; lj1 / :jo+;]jL;Fu} ;d'bfosf] cjnf]sg e|d0f ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx¿n] v];|f gS;f -:s]r_ agfpg ;S5g\ / cfkm"n] b]v]sf s'/fx¿sf af/]df l6kf]6 n]Vg / kmf]6f] lvRg ;S5g\ . of] sfo{af6 cfjZos kg{ ;Sg]

100 101 102 103



lrqx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ ;xh x'g]5 .

e|d0f ;DkGg u/]nuQ} cfjZos k/]sf lrqx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{ kb{5 tfls snfsf/n] lrqx¿ agfpg cf/De ug{ ;S5g\ .

$=& lrqsf c¿ ;|f]tx¿

snfsf/n] cfˆgf sfddf cfjf; ;'/Iffaf/]df ;~rf/ ug{sf nflu ljBdfg ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . oL ;fdu|Lx¿df kmf]6f], kf]:6/ / ˆnLkrf6{ jf lgdf{0f /]vflrqsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . o; lsl;daf6 xfn k|of]u ul/Psf s'g} klg ;fdu|LnfO{ k'gM agfpg' kb{5 h;af6 z}nLdf Ps?ktf cfpg]5 / cfjZos k/]sf] v08df To;sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

$=* snfsf/sf] sfdsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f

snfsf/n] sfd ug]{ ;dodf cfjf; lj1n] To;nfO{ glhsaf6 ;'k/Lj]If0f ug'{ kb{5 . of] sfo{af6 lrqx¿df k|fljlws ljj/0fx¿ ;xL /x]sf] / dflg; tyf e"b[Zo;d]tsf lrqx¿ :ki6?kdf b]vfOPsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ d2t k'Ug]5 .

snfsf/x¿sf] k[i7e"ld k|fljlws lrq sf]g]{df eGbf klg kmfOg cf6{df /fd|f] bVvn x'g' h?/L x'G5 . lrqx¿nfO{ ;f]em} clGtd:j?k k|bfg ug'{cl3 ;j{k|yd v];|f] -:s]r_ tof/ ug'{kg]{df ;xdlt hgfpg' kg]{5 .

$=( lrqx¿sf] u'0f:t/

kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿sf lglDt agfOPsf lrqx¿ ;fdfGotof ;fwf/0f /]vfTds x'g] ub{5g\ . k|f/Dedf sfnf]÷;]tf] /]vfTds lrqx¿ tof/ ug'{ g} ;jf]{Qd x'g]5 . oL lrqx¿nfO{ :yfgLo If]qLo kl/l:yltnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{u/L cg's"ng ug{ ;lsG5 / k|of]usf lglDt 5fofFk|lt agfpg'cl3 oL lrqdf /Ë eg{ ;lsG5 h;af6 dflg;n] o;nfO{ ;xh lsl;dn] a'em\g ;S5g\ . lj:t[t ljj/0fsf lglDt v08 $ -kf:;f snfsf/sf lglDt lgb]{lzsf_ x]g'{xf];\ .

$=!) lrqx¿sf] k"j{–k/LIf0f

6'nsL6df ;dfj]z ug]{ nIo /flvPsf lrqx¿nfO{ Ps jf b'O{j6f ;d'bfodf k"j{–k/LIf0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . tn lbOPsf ;d]t :ki6 d"Nofª\sg dfkb08 cjnDag ug'{ kb{5M

• s] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt / afgL Jojxf/ tyf a;fOsf] cj:yfsf af/]df lrqx¿n] k|ltlalDat u/]sf] cg'e"lt u/]sf 5g\ <

• s] lrqx¿sf ;d"xdf ;xL lsl;dn] lgdf{0fsf lsl;d, lgdf{0fsf] ljj/0f / a;f]af;sf ljj/0fx¿ :ki6?kdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ <

• s] lrqsf] z}nL kof{Kt 5– s] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] ;f]r]adf]lhd g} lrqx¿n] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ <

6'nsL6nfO{ kf:;f tflnd sfo{zfnfsf cjlwdf klg k"j{–k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] kf:;f lqmofsnfksf] ;xhLs/0f u/]sf a]nf :jo+;]jLx¿n] o;nfO{ k|of]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . /fd|f];Fu tof/ gul/Psf lrqx¿ / s'g} yk lrq rflxPsf] ;DaGwdf :jo+;]jL / k|lzIfsx¿n] ;'emfj lbg ;S5g\ .

104 105 106 107



$=!! sfof{Gjogsf qmddf lrqx¿sf] ;+zf]wg

sfof{Gjogsf] k|f/lDes r/0fsf cjlwdf vf;u/L v08 $=!) df ;"rLa4 ul/Psf dfkb08sf] k|of]u u/L 6'nsL6sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5, tfls snfsf/n] lrqdf cfjZostf ePadf]lhd s'g} ;+zf]wg / yk36 ug{ ;S5g\ . To;kl5, kf:;f ;d"x jf :jo+;]jLaf6 6'nsL6sf ;DaGwdf s'g} dxTjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ePsf] v08df To;nfO{ Wofg lbOg' kb{5 . To;sf/0f snfsf/nfO{ ;+nUg u/fOg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

$=!@ 6'nsL6sf] k|aGw / e08f/

;a} lrqx¿sf] d'Vok|lt (Master Copy) sfnf] / ;]tf] /]vfTds:j?kdf tof/ ul/g' kb{5 / ;'/lIft :yfgdf e08f/ ul/g' kb{5 . oL lrqx¿nfO{ :Sofg u/L ljB'tLo ;fwgaf6 klg e08f/ ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . xf8{skL / ljB'tLo k|ltnfO{ k|To]s lqmofsnfkcg'?k kmf]N8/df ldnfP/ /fVg' kb{5 tfls ltgLx¿nfO{ rflxPsf avt ;xh} e]6\g / kmf]6f]skL ug{ jf cfjZostfcg';f/ lk|G6 ug{ ;lsG5 . To;kl5 of] 6'nsL6nfO{ :jo+;]jLn] k|of]u ug{ ;xh x'g]u/L Nofldg];g ug{' kb{5 .

k|To]s :jo+;]jL;Fu cfkm"n] sfd ug]{ ;d'bfosf nflu Ps–Ps yfg 6'nsL6 x'g'kb{5 . k|To]s 6'nsL6df pk;d"xdf k|of]u ug{ ldNg]u/L tLgk|lt lrqx¿ x'g'kb{5 . lrqx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ /fVg / e08f/ ug{ tLgj6f v08 ePsf] kmf]N8/ kmfOn x'g' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . lrqx¿nfO{ lqmofsnfksf cfwf/df ljefhg u/L ldnfP/ /fVg' kb{5 . kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cGTodf kf:;f ;d"xdf cfa4 ;d'bfon] cfˆgf 6'nsL6 cfk}mF;Fu /fVg rfx]sf] v08df kf:;f sfof{Gjog ul/g] k|To]s gofF ;d'bfonfO{ gofF 6'nsL6sf] cfjZostf kg]{5 .

kf:;fsf] k|of]usf ;dofjlwdf gofF lrqx¿ agfpg] ;Defjgf klg x'G5, vf;u/L klxnf] r/0fdf s]xL ;d'bfodf ;xof]u ul/Pkl5 . olb ;Dej eP, Ps} snfsf/nfO{ oL yk lrqx¿ agfpg nufpg' kb{5 / To;kl5 oL lrqx¿sf yk k|lt agfO Nofldg];g u/L qmd;+Vof lbg'kb{5 . oL lrqnfO{ cGTodf 6'nsL6df /fVg' kb{5 .

104 105 106 107



%= kf:;fsf lglDt Joj:yfks / :jo+;]jLsf] 5gf]6

%=! Joj:yfks

kf:;f k|lqmofsf Joj:yfksx¿sf] d'Vo sfo{ g} ;xeflutfd"ns k4lt sfof{Gjog u/fpg] :jo+;]jLx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug]{, tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ / ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ xf] . Joj:yfksx¿df of] If]qdf /fd|f] cg'ej x'g' kb{5 / kf:;f k4ltk|lt k|lta4 x'g' kb{5 . sfo{qmd lgdf{0fsf dxTjk"0f{ ;a} kIfx¿ -k|:tfj n]vg, k|ltj]bg, ;Demf}tf, OToflb_ sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd x'g' kb{5 / :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ (Authorities) ;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ k|d'v e"ldsf klg /xG5 .

o;afx]s, kf:;f Joj:yfksdf :jo+;]jLnfO{ k|lzIf0f / ;xof]u ug]{ Ifdtfsf lglDt kof{Kt k|fljlws k[i7e"ld cfjZos kg]{5 . s]xL cj:yfdf, pgLx¿n] k|fljlws ;Nnfx klg lbg ;Sg' kb{5 . kf:;f sfof{Gjog ul/g] If]qdf k|fljlws ljifox¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf Tolt sl7gfO g/x] klg sltko cj:yfdf a9L hl6n ;+/rgf jf a;f]af;sf ljifox¿df a;f]af; tyf lgdf{0f;DaGwL ljz]if1sf] ;]jf cfjZos x'g ;S5 .

;fgf kl/of]hgfx¿df kf:;f Joj:yfksx¿ g} ;Dk"0f{ cfjf; ;'/Iff kl/of]hgfsf Joj:yfks x'g ;S5g\ . 7"nf kl/of]hgfdf kf:;f Joj:yfkgsf lglDt ;fdflhs zf:q k[i7e"ldsf Ps JolQm / k|fljlws kIfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjf; k[i7e"ldsf] csf]{ JolQm cfjZos x'G5 . oL b'j} Joj:yfksn] Pscsf{;Fu cToGt lgs6 /x]/ sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .

%=@ :jo+;]jLx¿

kf:;f ;xhstf{ x'gsf lglDt ;xL :jo+;]jL 5gf]6 Hofb} cfjZos x'G5 . kf:;f :jo+;]jLx¿sf] 5gf]6 dfkb08 tn l;kmfl/; u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 .

kf:;f :jo+;]jLsf] 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿M

• ljBfno lzIff jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sf]

• /fd|f];Fu ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sg]

• ;d"x sfo{df ljZjf; ePsf]

• c¿nfO{ cfkm\gf egfO cleJoQm u/fpg d2t ug{ ;Ifd

• ;d'bfo / /fli6«o ;dfh aLr alnof] ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ ;Ifd

• cfjf; ;d:ofsf] l;h{gfTds / pko'Qm ;dfwfg kQf nufpg dflg;sf] Ifdtfdf ljZjf; /x]sf] .

:jo+;]jLx¿ xf]lzof/Lk"j{s 5gf]6 ul/g' kb{5 / To;kl5 kf:;f ;xhstf{ x'g cfjZos ;Lk / efjgf /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ kf:;f tflndsf ;dofjlwdf glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 .

108 109 110 111



^= :jo+;]jL / Joj:yfkssf] tflnd

^=! :jo+;]jL

:jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt kf:;f tflnd kfFr lbgsf] x'g]5 / o;df ;xefuL ;a}n] ;xhLs/0f ;Lk l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt ug]{5g\ . ;fy}, pgLx¿n] kf:;f ;d"x ;b:osf] b[li6af6 lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'ej xfl;n ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . lj:t[t kf:;f tflnd Kofs]hnfO{ cnu v08df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnd sfo{qmd kf:;f lgb]{lzsfdf cfwfl/t 5 / sfo{qmdsf lglDt k|f/lDes ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 6'nsL6 -dfly v08 $ x]g'{xf];\_ nfO{ :yfgLo?kdf cg's"ng ul/g' kb{5 . kf:;f k|lzIfs / :jo+;]jLsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sDtLdf csf]{ Ps JolQm /x]sf] tflnd ;~rfng 6f]nLaf6 sf];{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Nnfx lbOG5 . tflnd sfo{qmdsf] Ps efusf ?kdf cfjf; ljz]if1 /xg' cfjZos x'G5 .

:jo+;]jLnfO{ tflnd / kl5sf c¿ k|of]usf lglDt /fli6«o efiffdf lgDg v08x¿ ;lxtsf] kf:;f lgb]{lzsf pknAw u/fpg' kb{5M

• kl/ro

• v08 ! – kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿

• v08 @ – :jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z

• v08 # – kf:;f snfsf/sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z

• v08 $ – :km"lt{s/0f (Energizers)

^=@ Joj:yfksx¿

Joj:yfx¿sf] egf{sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePnuQ} pgLx¿nfO{ ;j{k|yd tflnd lbOg]5 . k|lzlIft Joj:yfksx¿n] :jo+;]jLsf] Joj:yfkg / tflnd lbg d2t k'¥ofpg]5g\ . Joj:yfksx¿sf] tflndsf] ;dofjlw / kf7\o;fdu|L pgLx¿sf] tx / cg'ejsf cfwf/df km/s x'g]5 . pgLx¿sf] tflnddf v08 %=! df lbOPadf]lhdsf ;Lkx¿ /xg]5g\ .

108 109 110 111



&= sfof{Gjog, ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg

&=! of]hgf lgdf{0f

sfof{Gjogsf lglDt k"/} 6'nsL6sf] pTkfbg -dfly v08 $ x]g'{xf];\_, d;nGb tyf :jo+;]jL, Joj:yfks / tflnddf ;xefuL :yfgLo zfvfsf sd{rf/Lsf lglDt oftfoft / b}lgs eQf cfjZos kg]{5 . :jo+]jLx¿nfO{ l8lh6n Sofd/f jf Sofd/f ;lxtsf] df]afOn kmf]g pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 h;af6 pgLx¿n] kf:;f ;d"xsf rf6{x¿, gS;fx¿ / c¿ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] tl:a/ lvRg ;S5g\ .

:jo+;]jLn] b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"x agfO sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 h;df ;Dej eP;Dd Ps hgf k'?if / Ps hgf dlxnf x'g' kb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkdf ltg} :jo+;]jL k|To]s kf:;f ;d"xdf /xg ;S5g\ . of] sfo{af6 pgLx¿aLr ljZjf; / ;dembf/Lsf] lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg]5 . k|To]s :jo+;]jL hf]8Ln] x/]s lbg Pp6f kf:;f a}7s ;~rfng ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ . x/]s ;d'bfodf a9Ldf b'O{j6f a}7s ug{ ;Nnfx lbOG5 . Ps k6sdf k|To]s hf]8L :jo+;]jLn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;d'bfosf] ;+Vof :jo+;]jLsf] pknAwtf / :jo+;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf sfo{sf] k|lt xKtfsf] sfo{sf] :jLsfo{ ;+Vofsf cfwf/df ;Lldt x'g ;Sg]5 .

kf:;f sfof{Gjogsf] tLj|tf / ef/, cfjf; sfo{qmdsf] ef/, o;sf] ;dotflnsf / sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{ cg';f/ Hofb} leGg x'g]5 . sltko cj:yfdf, kf:;fnfO{ cfjf; sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf Ps} b]zsf ljleGg efudf w]/} jif{;Dd sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg]5 . cGo sltko kl/l:yltdf,

cfjf;sf af/]df of] Psk6s dfq ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 / of] Psb]lv b'O{ dlxgf;Dd rNg ;S5 .

&=@ kf:;f :jo+;]jLx¿sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f

/fd|f] ;'k/Lj]If0f ;kmntfsf] ;"q xf], vf;u/L klxnf] k6s ;d'bfo :t/df kf:;f ;xhLs/0f ;Lksf] cEof; ul//x]sf :jo+;]jLnfO{ tflndkl5sf] cjlwdf ;'k/Lj]If0f ul/P ;kmntf ldN5 .

kf:;f Joj:yfksx¿n] gofF tflndk|fKt :jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt cg'ejL ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx¿n] ;xhLs/0fsf qmddf ug{ ;Sg] s'g} lsl;dsf uNtL sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Rofpg / cfTdljZjf; hfu[t u/fpg klg ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .

kf:;f Joj:yfksn] kf:;f tflnd / ;Dej eP …k|lzIfs k|lzIf0fÚ sf];{ lnPsf] x'g' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] :jo+;]jLn] cfkm\gf lqmofsnfksf] l/kf]6{ ug]{ qmddf p7fpg ;Sg] ljifox¿nfO{ yfxf kfpg] ;fwg / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;Lk a'em\g ;Sg' kb{5 . :jo+;]jLsf l/kf]6{sf cfwf/df ;d:of klxrfg ug{ / ;dfwfg kQf nufpg pgLx¿n] d2t k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . s'g} lqmofsnfk ;xhLs/0f ubf{ :jo+;]jLn] uNtL u/] lqmofsnfknfO{ k'gM atfpg'eGbf ;Fu} a;]/ ;d:of a'em\g] / ;dfwfg kQf nufpg r/0fa4?kdf cl3 a9\g' kb{5 .

kf:;f Joj:yfksx¿n] kf:;f ;d"xx¿af6 ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿ / of]hgfx¿sf ;DaGwdf :jo+;]jLx¿nfO{ d2t ug'{ klg cfjZos 5 . :jo+;]jLx¿n] lgoldt lsl;daf6 hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 tfls Joj:yfksx¿n] k|To]s ;d'bfodf k|ultsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ / ;d"xn] lgdf{0f ug]{ s'g} cleofgnfO{ s;/L cfjf; sfo{qmdn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 egL of]hgf agfpg ;s"g\ .

112 113 114 115



:jo+;]jLx¿nfO{ kf:;f sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg ;a} ;d"xnfO{ /fv]/ ul/g] lgoldt a}7sdfkm{t\ klg ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . of] sfo{ ;fKtflxs jf k|To]s kf:;f lqmofsnfk kl5 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy}, :jo+;]jLn] kf:;f lqmofsnfknfO{ s;/L ;xhLs/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ egL lgoldt lsl;daf6 ul/g] cjnf]sg e|d0fn] klg ;'k/Lj]If0fdf d2t ub{5 .

:jo+;]jLsf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf yk ;xof]u cfjZos /x]sf] v08df v08 # – kf:;fsf] k|of]udf :jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z x]g'{xf];\ .

lgoldt ;'k/Lj]If0f a}7sx¿

lgoldt a}7sx¿ cg'ej cfbfgk|bfgsf lglDt :jo+;]jLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] cj;/ xf] / o;n] kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ / kf:;f ;d"x tyf ;du|df ;d'bfoleq} eO/fv]sf ljsf;sf af/]df k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub{5 . oL a}7sx¿nfO{ cg'ej cfbfgk|bfgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ lsl;daf6 Joj:yfkg ul/g' kb{5 / o;n] cEof;df ;'wf/ Nofpg :jo+;]jLx¿sf of]ubfgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . oL a}7sx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg 5f]6f] cg'udg kmf/d jf hfFr;"rL -r]sln:6_ pkof]uL x'g ;S5 .

;'k/Lj]If0f e|d0f

sfo{If]qdf vl6Psf :jo+;]jLx¿sf] cWoog ug{]u/L x'g] e|d0fnfO{ xf]l;of/Lk"j{s Joj:yfkg ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . of] sfo{af6 :jo+;]jLsf] cfTdljZjf;df sdL cfpg' x'Fb}g . ;fy}, a}7ssf] ;xhLs/0fsf lglDt :jo+;]jLx¿ lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] kf:;f ;d"xx¿nfO{ :ki6 ug'{ kb{5 . kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ :jo+;]jLx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug]{qmddf lgDg hfFr;"rL k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5M

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xL lsl;daf6 cl3 a9]]sf 5g\ <

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] 5nkmndf ;xhtf Nofpg ;xefuLx¿sf] a:g] 7fpFnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ldnfPsf 5g\ <

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] lqmofsnfksf af/]df :ki6 lgb]{zg lbPsf 5g\ <

• s] ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ lqmofsnfksf af/]df af]Ng] / ;xefuL x'g] u/]sf 5g\ <

• s] lbOPsf] sfo{nfO{ ;d"xn] ;f]r]adf]lhd g} ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 <

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] hLjGt Pj+ ljifos]lGb|t 5nkmn u/fpg ;xhLs/0f u/]sf 5g\ <

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ;xL lsl;daf6 k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ <

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] ;d"xnfO{ cfkmF} lgrf]8df k'Ug k|f]T;flxt u/]sf 5g\ <

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] ;qnfO{ ;xL lsl;daf6 cGTo u/]sf 5g\ <

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] ;do / pmhf{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf Joj:yfkg u/]sf 5g\ <

• s] :jo+;]jLx¿n] ;d"xsf] ?kdf /fd|f];Fu sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ <

s'g} lqmofsnfksf] cjnf]sg kZrft :jo+;]jLx¿nfO{ tTsfn} k[i7kf]if0f lbg' kb{5 . o;qmddf s] /fd|f] eof], / s] /fd|f];Fu ;DkGg ePg egL atfOlbg' kb{5 . k[i7kf]if0f a}7snfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ljifosf af/]df Joj:yfks / :jo+;]jLaLr ;xdlt u/L cGTo ul/g' kb{5 . ;fy}, s'g} klg ;sf/fTds l;sfO{nfO{ c¿ :jo+;]jL;Fu cfbfgk|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .

112 113 114 115



&=# c¿ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;dGjo

:yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu of] lqmofsnfksf] sfof{Gjogsf] cjlwe/ ;dGjo :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;df kf:;f ;d"xsf] k|ult / cleofg ;DaGwL cBfjlws hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{ tyf cfjf; ;'/Iffdf d2t ug{ g];gn ;f];fO6Ln] k|bfg ug]{ s'g} ;xfotfsf] ;dGjo ug]{ s'/f ;dfj]z 5g\ . olb kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿sf lglDt :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / c¿ ljsf;sf kIfx¿af6 ;xof]u cfjZos /x]sf] sfo{ of]hgfnfO{ g]t[Tj ug'{kbf{ :yfgLo k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . t/, kf:;f ;d"xsf] kIfdf cofy{k/s ck]Iffx¿ l;h{gf ug{ gx'g]df Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

&=$ cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfg'gL / ;fdflhs ca/f]wsf] ;fdgf

w]/} cj:yfdf c;'/lIft cfjf;sf] k|d'v sf/0f k|fljlws geO sfg'gL jf ;fdflhs /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;d'bfodf sfg'gL x}l;ot gePsf cgf}krfl/s, cw{–zx/L cfjf; /x]sf kfOG5g\ / :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] cfjf; ;'wf/ jf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ c:jLs[t u/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . c¿ sltko cj:yfdf, ;fdflhs åGå klg lhDd]jf/ x'G5 h;sf sf/0f ;d'bfodf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ c;fWo} sl7g ePsf] x'G5 . o:t}, cfjf; ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] jf:tjd} k|efjsf/L / lbuf]?kdf dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'g ;S5 t/ nufgL cfslif{t ug'{ ;d'bfosf] ;fdYo{eGbf aflx/sf] s'/f x'g;S5 . :jo+;]jLx¿n] k|fl/Des r/0fdf ;d"x;Fu /x]/ oL ;d:of klxrfg ug{ k|of; ug'{ kb{5 / cfjf; lj1af6 dfu{lgb]{z k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 . kf:;f k|lqmof dfkm{t lgdf{0f ul/Psf sfo{ of]hgf oyfy{k/s x'g' kb{5 / cfjf; ;'/Iffsf lglDt Jofjxfl/s Pj+ wfGg

;Sg] lsl;dsf ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . 5f]6f] cjlwdf 7"nf ;d:of ;'Nemfpg g;lsg] cj:yf /x] klg oL pkfox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g' a'l4dfgL x'G5 .

&=% åGå Joj:yfkg

kf:;f sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf, kf:;f;Fu s'g} g s'g} ?kdf hf]l8Psf jf cfjf; cleofg ;~rfng eO/x]sf s'g} klg ;d'bfodf åGå /x]sf] jf åGå pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . oL åGåx¿ JolQmx¿ jf ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿aLr x'g ;S5g\ / ;d'bfosf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr klg o:tf] åGå x'g ;Sb5 . kf:;fn] åGå lgDTofpg] jf cem v/fa l:yltdf k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 lsgeg] o;n] ;d'bfoleq pknAw x'g] ;|f]t–;fwg, zlQm jf x}l;otdf k|lt:kwf{ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb5 . åGås} sf/0f kf:;fdfkm{t\ ;sf/fTds k|efj l;h{gf ug{ sl7gfO x'g ;Sb5 jf ljNs'n} c;Dej x'g ;Sb5 . Joj:yfksx¿ ;hu x'g' kb{5 / :jo+;]jLx¿nfO{ åGå;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ;/f]sf/ eP lgoldt cg'udg a}7sdf atfpg k|f]T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 .

åGå Joj:yfkgsf af/]df cem a9L hfgsf/L rflxPdf cfO{Pkmcf/;Lsf] /fd|f] sfo{qmd lgdf{0f cleofg ;DaGwL ;fdu|L x]g'{xf];\ .

&=^ cg'udg / k|ltj]bg

kf:;f sfof{Gjog;DaGwL cg'udg / k|ltj]bgsf lglDt ljlzi6 cfjZostfx¿ o;n] ;xof]u ug]{ cfjf; sfo{qmddf lge{/ x'G5 . sDtLdf, b]xfoadf]lhdsf hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ª\sng ul/g' kb{5M

• k|lt lhNnfM kf:;f lqmofsnfksf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult, ca/f]w / pknlAwx¿

116 117 118 119



• k|lt ;d'bfoM k|d'v lg0f{ox¿, ;d"xdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ;xefuLx¿sf] pkl:ylt, afFsL ;d'bfo / afXo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu cGtlqm{of

• k|lt ;d'bfoM kf:;fsf] kl/0ffd:j?k cfjf; ;'/Iffsf lglDt ;fdu|Lsf] kl/jt{g, g];gn ;f];fO6L÷cfjf; sfof{qmdaf6 cg'/f]w ul/Psf] ;xof]u, g];gn ;f];fO6L÷cfjf; sfo{qmd jf c¿ kIfaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] ;xof]u .

:jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt dfkb08 ckgfO{ tof/ kfl/Psf cg'udg kmf/d / ;f/+z kmf/dx¿nfO{ cg'udgsf ljj/0fx¿ ;+sng / ;~rf/ ug{sf lglDt lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 . kf:;f lqmofsnfksf tl:a/x¿df klg pkof]uL gePsfnfO{ xf]l;of/Lk"j{s x6fpg' kb{5 / ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{ egL 5gf]6 ul/Psfx¿nfO{ k|To]s ;d'bfosf] cnu cnu kmfOndf ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg' kb{5 .

&=& kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ / 6'nsL6sf] ;+zf]wg / ;'wf/

cg'ejsf cfwf/df :jo+;]jLx¿n] kf:;f lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xhLs/0f u/]emF} cfjZosLo kl/jt{g ug{ cf/De ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . s'g} klg ;'wf/nfO{ c¿ :jo+;]jL;Fu cfbfgk|bfg ul/g' kb{5 / lqmofsnfkx¿sf lglDt lbOPsf lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, s'g} klg kl/jt{gn] lqmofsnfk jf cfkm\gf p2]ZonfO{ sdhf]/ gkf/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

6'nsL6nfO{ cfjlws?kdf ;dLIff ul/g' klg kb{5, cfjZostf adf]lhd lrqx¿nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ jf kl/jt{g ug'{ kb{5 tyf of] sfo{ :jo+;]jLx¿sf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 . k|To]s k6s s'g} kl/jt{g ugf{;fy :jo+;]jLsf ;a} 6'nsL6nfO{ cBfjlws ul/g' kb{5 . ;Dej eP;Dd, ;'?df lrq tof/ ug]{ snfsf/nfO{ g} ;+zf]wgsf lglDt cfu|x ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 .

116 117 118 119


efu #÷kf:;f k|of]u;DaGwL:jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt

dfu{lgb]{z

ljifo;"rL != kl/ro !@@ @= kf:;f sfof{Gjogsf] tof/L !@$@=! cfkm\g} tof/L !@$@=@ kf:;f 6'nsL6sf] tof/L !@$@=# kf:;f ;d"x ;b:osf] 5gf]6 !@%@=$ kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L !@&@=% kf:;f a}7ssf lglDt :yfg / ;do lgwf{/0f !@* #= kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;~rfng !@(#=! lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df atfpg] !@(#=@ pk;d"xdf sfo{ !@(#=# ;xhstf{sf ?kdf :jo+;]jLx¿sf] e"ldsf !#)#=$ ;xhstf{x¿sf] 6f]nLsf] ?kdf sfo{ !#@#=% /fd|f] ;xhLs/0fsf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/L !###=^ lqmofsnfk / ;xhLs/0fsf] d"Nofª\sg !#&#=& cg'udg / k|ltj]bg !#*#=* kf:;f lqmofsnfk dfkm{t cl3 a9\bf !#(#=( /]s8{ /fVg] !$)#=!) kf:;f ;d"xdf lg/Gt/tfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg !$!#=!! ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿sf lgb]{zgsf] ;f/+z !$@ $= kf:;fkl5sf] cg'udg !$%$=! :jo+;]jLsf] lg/Gt/sf] e"ldsf !$%$=@ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg !$%

120 121 122 123

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3efu #= kf:;f k|of]u;DaGwL :jo+;]jLx¿sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z


!= kl/ro

kf:;f lgb]{lzsfsf] of] v08df kf:;f sfof{Gjog ug{, kf:;f lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ tyf kmnf]ck pknAw u/fpg]u/L :jo+;]jLnfO{ tof/Ldf d2t k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf hfgsf/L / ;Nnfx /x]sf 5g\ .

s'g} vf; If]q jf s'g} vf; zfvfaf6 kf:;f ;~rfngsf lglDt lg0f{o x'gf;fy tyf kf:;f tflnd ;q ;~rfng ul/;s]kl5 kf:;f k|lqmof ;fdfGotof tn lbOPadf]lhdsf] r/0faf6 u'h|G5 .

zfvf÷6f]nL :t/df lqmofsnfk / ;fdu|Lsf] of]hgf agfpg]

kf:;f sfof{Gjogsf lglDt ;d'bfosf] 5gf]6

kf:;fsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg 5gf]6df k/]sf ;d'bfodf a}7s cfof]hgf ug]{ / kf:;f ;d"x ;b:ox¿ 5gf]6 ug]{

kf:;f ;d"xsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg 5flgPsf ;d'bfox¿dfa}7s cfof]hgf ug]{

cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/sf] d"Nofª\sgsf lglDt kf:;f ;d"xsf nflu lqmofsnfksf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{

cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg tyf kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ d2t ug{ lqmofsnfksf] cg'udg ug]{

kf:;f 6'nsL6sflrqx¿ / c¿

;d'bfonfO{ efux¿sf] 6'ª\uf] u/fpg]÷nufpg]

kf:;fsf af/]df:yfgLo hfgsf/L

kf:;fsf af/]df :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿, u};; / c¿ dxTjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L

k|To]s ;d'bfodf cf7j6f kf:;f lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{

kf:;f lqmofsnfksf] k|ultsf] cg'udg ug]{ / Joj:yfks tyf c¿ :jo+;]jLx¿;Fu 5nkmn ug]{

120 121 122 123



@= kf:;f sfof{Gjogsf] tof/L

@=! cfkm\g} tof/L

kf:;f sfof{Gjogsf] tof/L ug'{cl3 tkfO{+n] tflnd lnPsf] x'g' kb{5 h;n] tLgj6f d'Vo If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g' kb{5M

• kf:;f sfo{k4lt, ;xhLs/0f ;Lk / :jo+;]jLx¿sf] e"ldsf

• kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿

• cfjf; ;'/Iffsf lglDt dxTjk"0f{ k|fljlws ljifox¿ .

tflnd kZrft / ;d'bfosf ;d"x;Fu sfd ug{ yfNg'cl3 tkfO{+n]M

• lgb]{lzsfsf] of] v08sf] ;a} efu / v08 ! -kf:;f lqmofsnfk_ nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s cWoog ug'{ kb{5 / k|To]s lqmofsnfksf] p2]Zo tyf ck]lIft glthfsf af/]df /fd|f];Fu a'em]sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .

• lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf cWoog ug'{ kb{5 / s'g} s'/f c:ki6 eP c¿ :jo+;]jLx¿ jf Joj:yfksnfO{ ;f]Wg' kb{5 .

• k|To]s lqmofsnfknfO{ P% (A5) cfsf/sf] sfuhdf ;xh} ;Demg ;Sg]u/L ;f/+z tof/ kb{5 h;nfO{ kf:;f ;d"xdf /x]sf a]nf k|of]u ug{ ;lsof];\ .

• c¿ :jo+;]jLx¿;Fu lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cEof; ug'{ kb{5 / pgLx¿sf] k[i7kf]if0f lng' kb{5 .

@=@ kf:;f 6'nsL6sf] tof/L

kf:;f 6'nsL6 lglZrt lqmofsnfkx¿df k|To]s kf:;f ;d"xn] k|of]u

ug]{u/L lrqx¿sf] ;+sng xf] . k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ sDtLdf tLg ;d"x lrqx¿ cfjZos kb{5, lsgeg] pgLx¿n] oL lrqnfO{ sDtLdf tLg pk;d"xdf k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . clGtd :j?k k|bfg ul/Psf lrqx¿nfO{ Nofldg]6 ug'{ kb{5 tfls ltgLx¿ gf]S;fgL x'gaf6 hf]lug ;S5g\ .

lrqx¿ kf:;f sfo{ljlwsf Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ efux¿ x'g\, To;}n] tkfO{+ oL ;a};Fu glhsaf6 kl/lrt x'g' kb{5 . snfsf/n] k|fKt u/]sf lgb]{zgx¿sf ;DaGwdf yfxf kfpg lgb]{lzsfsf] v08 $ -kf:;f snfsf/sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z_ k9\g'xf];\ tyf cj;/ h'6]sf] v08df snfsf/;Fu s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\ .

kf:;f lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ cf/De ugf{;fy tkfO{+nfO{ yk lrqx¿sf] cfjZostf ePsf] cg'ej ePdf Joj:yfksnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 tfls To:tf lrq agfpgsf lglDt pgLx¿n] snfsf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5g\ .

kf:;f ;d"x sfo{sf lglDt lqmofsnfk lgb]{zgdf pNn]v ul/Padf]lhd tkfO{+n] klg sfuh, dfs{/ snd / sk8f jf Knfl:6s l;6 lng' kb{5 . tkfO{+nfO{ l8lh6n Sofd/f jf Sofd/f ;lxtsf] df]afOn kmf]g pknAw x'g' kb{5 h;af6 tkfO{+n] kf:;f ;d"xsf rf6{x¿, gS;fx¿ / c¿ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] tl:a/ lvRg ;Sg'x'G5 . k|To]s k6s ;d'bfodf e|d0f ug'{cl3 oL ;a} ;fdu|L cfkm";Fu 5 5}g hfFr ug'{ kb{5 .

@=# kf:;f ;d"x ;b:osf] 5gf]6

kf:;fnfO{ ;a} cf7j6f lqmofsnfkdf :j]lR5s?kdf ;xeflutf hgfpg] u/L !% b]lv $) hgf dflg;sf] ;d"xdf k|of]u ug]{ lsl;daf6 lgdf{0f

124 125 126 127



ul/Psf] 5 . cfkm\gf 3/ / ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff a9fpg] u/L c¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ tyf ;d'bfosf c¿ ;b:o;Fu ljrf/x¿ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ldNg]u/L kf:;f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . ;d"x 5gf]6 ug]{qmddf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s]xL a'Fbfx¿ oxfF lbOPsf 5g\M

• ;d"xdf /x]sf dflg;nfO{ pgLx¿sf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿af6 ;Ddfg lbOPsf] x'g' kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ pgLx¿ clwsf/sf] kbdf /x]sf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] xf]Og, t/ pgLx¿sf ljrf/nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnOg' kb{5 . of] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] lsgeg] kf:;f k|lqmofsf r/0fdf ;d"xaf6 ul/g] sfo{x¿nfO{ ;du|df ;d'bfon] cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .

• ;d"xdf /x]sf dflg;x¿ cfjf; ;'/Iff;Fu w]/} lsl;daf6 hf]l8Psfx¿ x'g' kb{5 . o;df ;d'bfosf ljleGg If]qsf ;fdfGo 3/kl/jf/ -;'/lIft cfjf;sf ljljw tx;Fu cfa4 JolQm ;d]t_, cfjf;sf ;DaGwdf s]xL lj1tf /x]sf dflg;x¿, h:t} laN8;{, l;sdL{x¿, tyf hldgsf] k|of]u ;d]tsf ;fd'bflos lg0f{odf k|efj kfg]{ cflwsfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s g]tfx¿ ;dfj]z x'g' kb{5 . :yfgLo g]tfx¿n] ;fGble{s :yfgLo ;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu ;DaGw hf]8\g]u/L d2t k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .

• n}+lus b[li6af6 ;d"xx¿ ;Gt'lnt x'g' kb{5 . cfjf;sf ;Gbe{df k'?if / dlxnfsf e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ leGg x'g ;S5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ kof{Kt?kdf k|ltlglwTj u/fOg' kb{5 . w]/}h;f] ;d'bfodf dlxnfx¿n] 3/d} a9L ;do Joltt u/]sf x'G5g\ / pgLx¿ 3/leqsf b}lgs sfdd} ;+nUg x'G5g\ . ;d"xdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+Vof ;'lglZrt ug{ slxn]sflxF r'gf}tL b]vf kb{5 . hf]8 lbg'kb{5 ls ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f ;dfg ;+Vofsf dlxnf / k'?ifaf6 aGg' g} kof{Kt x'Fb}g, a? b'j} lnª\usf JolQmnfO{ k"0f{?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] u/L kof{Kt cj;/ lbOg' kb{5 .

• kf:;f ;d"xsf Ps jf b'O{ ;b:osf] k|ltlglwTj ;d'bfosf k|To]s efuaf6 x'g' /fd|f] xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, #)) kl/jf/ /x]sf] s'g} ;d'bfodf @) kl/jf/ /x]sf] k|To]s ;d"xdf Ps hgf k'?if / Ps hgf dlxnfn] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5g\ h;n] cfkm\gf 5/l5d]s ;a}nfO{ ;DejtM lrg]sf x'G5g\ . o;n] kf:;f ;d"x / Jofks ;d'bfoaLr cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug{ tyf Jofks k|ltlglwTjnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;xhLs/0f ub{5 .

• olb ;d'bfodf klxNo} s'g} ;d"x h:t} :jf:Yo ;ldlt jf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ePsf] eP tkfO{+n] of] ;d"x;Fu klg sfd ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+n] of] sfo{ ubf{ s'g} 7"nf] ca/f]w 5 jf 5}g egL a'em\g' pko'Qm x'G5 – h:t}M ;d"xdf åGå, ;d"x / ;d'bfoaLr åGå, jf ;d'bfodf n}+lus jf leGg ;fdflhs ;d"xsf cfwf/df ;Gt'ng .

@=$ kf:;f ;d"xaf/] hfgsf/L

kf:;f ;d"x 5gf]6sf] k|lqmofsf qmddf / klxnf] lqmofsnfk cf/De ug'{cl3 kf:;f k|lqmofsf af/]df atfpg ;do lng'xf];\ / ;xefuL tyf ;d'bfosf lglDt o;sf] s] cy{ 5 egL atfpg'xf];\ . o;sf lglDt kf:;f ;d"x;Fu ljz]if a}7s ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 jf lqmofsnfk ! -P]ltxfl;s kl/ro_ cf/De ug'{ 7Ls cl3 of] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] x'g ;Sb5 . ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿;Fu x'g ;Sg] s'g} lsl;dsf ck]Iffx¿nfO{ xf]lzof/Lk"j{s ;fdgf ug'{xf];\ / oL cfsfFIffx¿ oyfy{k/s /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] kf:;f Pp6f k|lqmof xf] / o;n] cfˆgf] lgs} a9L ;do lnG5 eGg] s'/f a'em\g' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf nflu gofF /x]sf oL lqmofsnfk / lhDd]jf/Ldf cfa4 u/fpg' kg]{ s'/f yfxf kfpg' kb{5 . kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;du| ;d'bfoleq ;'/lIft cfjf;nfO{ a9fjf

124 125 126 127



lbg] sfo{ of]hgf tof/L / sfof{Gjog ug{ pgLx¿;Fu} ldn]/ sfo{ ug]{u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] egL atfpg' kb{5 .

of] ljGb'df tkfO{+sf] e"ldsf ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf :yflkt ul/g' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5M cfjf; ;'/Iffsf af/]df kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ s'g} klg s'/f clxNo} k9fpg] xf]Og, t/ pgLx¿sf cfkm\g} 1fg / ;Lksf] k|of]u u/L ldn]/ sfdx¿ l;Sg / lg0f{odf k'Ug pgLx¿nfO{ d2t ug'{ tkfO{+sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .

tkfO{+sf Joj:yfks / kf:;f ;d"x ;b:ox¿aLr g];gn ;f];fO6L gLltsf] kl/ro -6f]kL jf 6L;6{_ sf ;fy} ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ l/k|m];d]G6 pknAw x'g] ;Demf}tf /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .

@=% kf:;f a}7ssf lglDt :yfg / ;do lgwf{/0f

kf:;f lqmofsnfksf lglDt a}7s ug]{ :yfg ;kmf, /fd|f];Fu k|sfz k'Ug] / ;'ljwfhgs x'g'kb{5 h;n] ;sf/fTds / pTkfbgzLn sfo{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ub{5 . rf6{ / lrqx¿ em'08\ofpg leQf jf af]8{df 7fpF x'g'kb{5 / ;d"x sfo{sf cjlwdf lrqx¿nfO{ lkmFhfpg e"OFnfO{ ;kmf ug'{ kb{5 .

kf:;f ;qsf lglDt a}7s ug]{ :yfg / ;don] klg k"0f{ ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ kb{5 / s'g} vf; ;fdflhs jf wfld{s ;d"xsf] pkl:yltnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{' x'Fb}g . kf:;f ;q ;~rfngsf] tLj|tfsf af/]df 5nkmn u/L ;xdltdf k'Ug' kb{5 -h:t}, ;fKtflxs jf xKtfsf] b'O{k6s_ / a}7s s'g ;dodf cf/De ul/g] xf] lgSof}{n ug'{ kb{5 . ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;Dks{ ljj/0f cfkm";Fu /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 tfls o;af6 tkfO{+n] cfkm" tf]lsPsf] ;dodf cfpg g;Sg] hfgsf/L ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lbg ;lhnf] xf];\ .

#= kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;~rfng

#=! lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df atfpg]

of] lgb]{lzsfsf] v08 ! df lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df lj:t[t lgb]{zgx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . olb tkfO{+n] ;fjwfgLk"j{s of] lgb]{lzsf k9\g'eof] / klxNo} lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;xhLs/0f;DaGwL cEof; ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] lgb]{lzsf g} gk9L klg kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ o;sf af/]df atfpg ;Ifd x'g'x'g]5 . cfjZos k/]sf] v08df ;Demgfsf lglDt lqmofsnfk ;f/f+znfO{ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . Ps k6sdf Pp6fdfq lqmofsnfksf af/]df atfpg'kb{5 . Ps} k6s Hofb} a9L hfgsf/L lbOP To;n] e|d l;h{gf ub{5 . ;xefuLx¿ ;a}n] s'g} sfo{sf nflu tkfO{+n] cg'/f]w ug'{cl3 g} To;;DaGwL lgb]{zgx¿ /fd|f];Fu a'em]sf] ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . olb, xf]lzof/Lk"j{s JofVof / k|bz{gkZrft\ klg s]xL dflg;n] ljifonfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'‰g g;s]sf] b]lvP To;}sf] ;dfwfg ug]{tkm{ a9L ;do v]/ kmfNg' x'Fb}gM lqmofsnfk k'gM cf/De ug'{xf];\ / k'gM JofVof ul/lbg'xf];\ cyjf ljifonfO{ a'e]msf csf{ ;xefuLnfO{ JofVof ug{ cfu|x ug'{xf];\ .

#=@ pk;d"xdf sfo{

kf:;f lqmofsnfksf cjlwdf ;DkGg ul/g] clwsf+z sfo{ kfFrb]lv bz hgfsf] pk;d"xdf x'g] ub{5, lsgeg] o;n] /fd|f] ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ h'6fpF5 / ToxL ;dodf ljleGg kIfx¿df sfo{ ug{ ;xefuLn] df}sf kfpF5g\ . ljleGg lqmofsnfkdf pk;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ otfptf km]/abn

128 129 130 131



ug'{ kb{5 h;af6 csf]{ ;d"xsf ;b:o;Fu sfd ug]{ cj;/ h'6\b5 . åGå pTkGg ePsf] jf pTk|]/0ffsf] sdL ePsf] sf/0f s'g} ;d"xsf sfddf sl7gfO{ pTkGg ePsf] 5 ls Wofg lbg'xf];\ .

k"0f{ ;xeflutf / dlxnf tyf k'?ifaf6 k|ltlglwd"ns lsl;daf6 wf/0ff /fVg] sfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf dlxnf dfq / k'?if dfqsf sDtLdf PsPs pk;d"x agfpg ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug{'xf];\ .

kf:;f lqmofsnfksf k|To]s pk;d"xnfO{ sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOFbf k|To]s ;d"xn] cfˆgf sfdsf] clen]v /fVg / k|:t't ug{ pk;d"xsf ;b:o jf ;b:ox¿nfO{ 5gf]6 ug'{ kb{5 . pk;d"xnfO{ sfd ;DkGg ug{ a9L ;do v]/ gkmfNg k|f]T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 / pgLx¿sf] 5nkmn ljifo–s]lGb|t tyf pTkfbgzLn ePsf] lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .

pk;d"xx¿ cf–cfˆgf k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ tof/ ePkl5 tkfO{+n] c¿ ;xefuLn] klg Tof] k|:t'lt ;xh?kdf b]Vg kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg d2t ug'{ kb{5 / k|ltj]bgnfO{ leQfdf jf af]8{df jf e"OFdf /fd|f];Fu b]lvg]u/L /fVg' kb{5 . ;a} pk;d"xsf k|ltj]bgk|lt kf:;f ;d"xsf afFsL ;b:oaf6 k"0f{?kdf Wofg lbOPsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 / k|:t'ltsf r/0fdf cfpg] k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds lsl;daf6 hjfkm lbOg' kb{5 . pk;d"xn] cfˆgf] k|:t'lt ;DkGg u/]kl5 k|To]s lqmofsnfksf lgb]{zgx¿df ;ª\s]t ul/Padf]lhd 5nkmnnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{kb{5 .

#=# ;xhstf{sf ?kdf :jo+;]jLx¿sf] e"ldsf

kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ cfjf; ;'/Iffsf ljifodf kf:;f ;d"x :jo+n]

ljZn]if0f / ;dfwfgsf] of]hgf agfpg] u/L l8hfOg ul/Psf 5g\ . of] k|lqmofnfO{ ;xhLs[t ug{ tkfO{+sf] e"ldsf cfjZos kb{5 / tkfO{+sf] e"ldsf lzIfssf] h:tf] x'g' x'Fb}g . To;y{, tkfO{+n] lgDg sfo{ ug'{ x'Fb}gM

• ;d"xnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{]Ù

• ;d"x cfk}mFn] k|oTg u/L yfxf kfpg'sf] ;f6f] hfgsf/L lbg]Ù

• ;d"xn] s] ug'{k5{ egL ;Nnfx jf ;'emfj lbg]Ù

• s'g} lqmofsnfksf] pko'Qm ;dfwfgsf af/]df cg'dfg ug]{Ù

• ;d"xn] u/]sf sfo{nfO{ ;Rofpg] jf 7Ls ug]{ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb tkfO{+n] ;d:of klxrfgsf] ;'?jftL r/0fd} hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg yfNg'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] ;d"xnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ vt/f x'G5 . t/ ckjfbsf] ?kdf ;d"xn] s'g} ljz]if k|fljlws hfgsf/Lsf nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf] jf pgLx¿n] /fv]sf hfgsf/L 7Ls gePsf] cg'e"lt ePdf dfq ;'emfj lbg ;lsG5 . of] ljZn]if0f jf of]hgf lgdf{0f r/0fsf] sfo{ x'g ;Sb5 . of] cj:yfdf, cfkm"n] /fd|f];Fu yfxf kfPsf] ljlzi6 k|fljlws ;Nnfx pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . olb zª\sf nfu]df, Joj:yfks jf ;Da4 :yfgLo ;]jfk|bfos;Fu ;f]Wg' kb{5 . olb tkfO{+n] ;Nnfx lbg}k/]sf] cj:yfdf kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:onfO{ pT;flxt ug]{ lsl;dn] lbg] sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ / o;qmddf k|Zg ;f]Wg jf ljleGg ljsNkdf ljrf/ ug{sf nflu ;xefuLnfO{ cfu|x ug{ ;lsG5 .

kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;b}j ;lqmo cj:yfdf /fVg sf]lz; ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx¿ cfk}m+Fn] l;s]sf s'/fdf cfwfl/t /x]/ hfgsf/L vf]Hg, ljrf/x¿ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ / lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd x'g' kb{5 . tkfO{+n] kf:;f lqmofsnfk cl3 a9\b} hfFbf Ps–csf{sf s'/f w}o{k"j{s ;'Gg]u/L pgLx¿sf]

128 129 130 131



cfTdljZjf;, cfTd;Ddfg / Ifdtf lgdf{0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sg'x'G5 . ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] ;Dejt ljutdf yfxf gkfPsf 1fg / Ifdtfsf] vf]hL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

;'?s} cj:yfb]lv kf:;f ;d"xn] tkfO{+sf] e"ldsf ;xof]uL /x]sf af/]df /fd|f];Fu a'em]sf] x'g'kb{5 . ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] kf:;f k|lqmofsf pknlAwx¿ tkfO{+sf] JolQmut geO ;xefuLsf cfˆg} wf/0ff / 1fgdf cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ eGg] a'‰g' kb{5 / To;/L lgdf{0f ul/g] s'g} klg lg0f{o / of]hgfsf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L pgLx¿d} lgxLt x'g]5 . ;d'bfosf c¿ ;b:o;Fu 5nkmn ug{sf nflu tkfO{+nfO{ s]xL yk ;do cfjZos kg{ ;S5 .

#=$ ;xhstf{x¿sf] 6f]nLsf] ?kdf sfo{

kf:;f ;xhLs/0f ubf{ b'O{hgf :jo+;]jLsf] 6f]nLdf sfo{ ug'{ ;jf{lws pko'Qm x'G5 . /fd|f];Fu sfo{ ug'{kbf{ lgDg ;NnfxnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'kb{5M

• a}7ssf] tof/L ldn]/ ug'{ kb{5 .

• k|To]s lqmofsnfksf lglDt d'Vo ;xhstf{ sf] x'g] egL lg0f{o ug'{ kb{5 .

• cfkm"x¿aLr af/Daf/ ;xhLs/0fsf af/]df cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .

• kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ cfkm"x¿n] ;Fu} /x]/ sfd ul//x]sf] s'/f atfpg' kb{5 .

• tkfO{+sf] ;fyLn] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf avt s] eO/x]sf] 5 Wofg lbg' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] gu/]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5 / pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u cfjZos eP tkfO{n] d2t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

• kf:;f a}7ssf ;dofjlwdf ;fyLnfO{ /f]Sg], cNdNofpg] jf c;xdlt /fVg] sfo{ TofUg' kb{5 . s]xL s'/fdf tkfO{+sf] ;xdlt geP To; ljifodf kl5 5nkmn ug'{ plrt x'G5 .

• k|To]s lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ePkl5 ;d"xsf ?kdf k'gM JofVof ug'{ kb{5 h;af6 sltko s'/fx¿ l;Sg ;lsg]5 / csf]{ k6s cem /fd|f] ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=% /fd|f] ;xhLs/0fsf nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/L

;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f

lqmofsnfk;DaGwL k|fyldstfdf ;xdltnfO{ k"/f ug{ tyf cfjf; ;'/Iffsf] ;'wf/sf nflu of]hgf agfpg kf:;f ;d"x ;b:ox¿n] /fd|f];Fu ldn]/ sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g} kb{5 . tkfO{+sf] e"ldsfsf] Ps efusf] ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ kf:;f k|lqmofdfkm{t\ ;xh / /rgfTds kl/l:ylt lgdf{0fdf d2t ug'{ x'g]5 .

k|To]s kf:;f ;qx¿ /dfOnf lqmofsnfkaf6 cf/De ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5, dflg;nfO{ xF;fpg' kb{5 / cgf}krfl/s lsl;daf6 cGtlqm{of ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 . tkfO{+n] k/Dk/fut uLtx¿ jf g[Tox¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5, cyjf kf:;f tflndsf cjlwdf tkfO{+n] yfxf kfPsf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfknfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . -s]xL pbfx/0fsf lglDt cg';"rL–@ x]g'{xf];\ ._

klxnf] lqmofsnfkdf vf;u/L ;sf/fTds jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{' tyf ;a} ;xefuLaLr s'/fsfgL u/fpg k|f]T;flxt ug'{ cfjZos 5 . sfo{qmddf pkl:yt kf:;f ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ kl/lrt g} /x]sf eP klg Ps–

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csf{aLr /dfOnf] lsl;daf6 kl/ro u/fpg' lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 .

;xefuLx¿n] lqmofsnfksf af/]df a'em]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{

kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] k|To]s lqmofsnfksf lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ a'‰g' cTofjZos x'G5 tfls pgLx¿n] k|efjsf/L?kdf / cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy kl5 To;nfO{ sfo{?kdf kl/0ft ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] ;fyLx¿;Fu cEof; ug'{ kb{5 / kf:;f ;d"xaf6 k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug'{kb{5 . o;qmddf /fd|f] tl/sfaf6 a'emfpg :yfgLo dflg;n] a'‰g]u/L :yfgLo efiffsf pko'Qm zAbsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} lgb]{zgnfO{ :yfgLo dflg;n] /fd|f];Fu a'em]gg\ eGb}df pgLx¿ d"v{ x'g\ eGg] lsl;dsf] cg'e"lt x'g]u/L Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . dflg;n] s'g} lgb]{zgnfO{ a'‰g sl7gfO{ dx;"; u/]sf] kfOP Tof] pgLx¿sf] ;d:of ljNs'n} xf]Og . ;d:of t lgb]{lzsfdf x'g;S5 jf tkfO{+n] ljifo k|sfz kfbf{ g} ;d:of /x]sf] x'g;S5 . tkfO{+n] JofVof u/]sf ljifonfO{ k'gM eGg pgLx¿nfO{ nufpg'xf];\ . pk;d"xsf sfo{x¿ yfngL ug'{cl3 o:tf] cEof; ubf{ pgLx¿n] ljifoj:t'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'em]÷ga'em]sf] k|:6 ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . pk;d"xn] sfd yfNgf;fy pgLx¿n] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;fFlRrs} /fd|f];Fu a'em]–ga'em]sf] tyf lqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf k|of]u u/]÷gu/]sf] yfxf kfpg cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .

;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg k|f]T;fxgx/]s kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] s]xL g s]xL of]ubfg ug'{ kb{5 / tkfO{+n] o;sf lglDt d2t ug'{ kb{5 . sltko ;d'bfodf ;xof]usf] h?/t g/x] klg ljifos]lGb|t ;xof]u cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . klxnf], kf:;f ;d"xs} ;b:osf] xf/fxf/Ldf cfkm" /x]sf] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ atfpg' kb{5 / dflyNnf] lgsfosf]

kbdf /x]sf] jf a9L 1fg ePsf] eGg]h:tf s'/f b]vfpg' x'Fb}g . ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿af6 l;Sg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ w]/} /x]sf] bzf{pg'xf];\ . x/]s ;xefuLsf] of]ubfgnfO{ a'‰g] k|oTg ug'{xf];\ / o:t} ug{ cGo ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . dflg;n] lbPsf l6Kk0fLdfly cfnf]rgf gug'{xf];\ / c¿nfO{ klg o:t} ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . bf];|f], tkfO{+n] ;'gfO / cjnf]sgnfO{ lg/Gt/ hf/L /fVg' kb{5 . o;af6 5nkmndf of]ubfg gug]{x¿ cyjf c¿ ;xefuLn] pgLx¿sf of]ubfgnfO{ vf;} dxTj glbPsf] af/]df tkfO{+n] yfxf kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 cyjf o:tf] eO/x]sf] tkfO{+n] b]Vg'eof] eg] ;d"xdf o;nfO{ p7fpg'xf];\ / o;nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

;do / pmhf{sf] Joj:yfkg

kf:;f lqmofsnfksf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ tkfO{+n] ;donfO{ xf]lzof/Lk"j{s Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ;qx¿ lbSbf/Lk"0f{ jf lbUe|ldt x'g] vt/fx¿nfO{ x6fpg klg ;do Joj:yfkgsf] ljz]if dxTj /xg] ub{5 . 5nkmndf nfdf] ;do Joltt ePsf] t/ s'g} k|ult gePsf] kfOP tkfO{+n] To:tf] ljifonfO{ v'6Øfpg / ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfjZos d'2fdf dfq s]lGb|t x'g cfu|x ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . pk;d"xdf /x]/ sfd ug]{ tl/sfsf af/]df tkfO{+ ;r]i6 /xg' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] lqmofsnfknfO{ a'em]sf] kfOPg eg] ;do / pmhf{ b'j}sf] gf]S;fgL x'gaf6 hf]ufpgsf lglDt pgLx¿nfO{ a'emfpg ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 . l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ ;+lIfKt lsl;daf6 atfpg dflg;x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ / To;kl5 hLjGt tyf 5f]6f] 5nkmnsf] ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ . of] 5nkmn nfdf] x'g' x'Fb}g . tkfO{+n] olb dflg;x¿ ylst cj:yfdf kfpg'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] s]xL gofF sfdx¿ lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 -x]g'{xf];\ cg';"rL–@_ .

tkfO{+n] l56f]l56f] lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ aLr–aLrdf 5f8\b} cufl8 a9\g' 7Ls

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x'Fb}g, lsgeg] kf:;f k|lqmofsf k|To]s lqmofsnfkx¿ cl3Nnf] ;qsf hudf lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . tkfO{+n] slxn]sflxF lgwf{l/t lqmofsnfkx¿ ;DkGg x'g'cl3 g} ;qsf] ;dfkg ug{ ;d"x;Fu ;xdlt hgfpg ;Sg'x'G5, / csf]{ a}7ssf] k|f/Dedf 5'6]sf] ;qnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;do / pmhf{sf] Joj:yfkgsf af/]df ;xhLs/0f;DaGwL ljutsf] cg'ej tkfO{+;Fu /x]sf] eP Tof] /fd|f] x'G5 .

leGg–leGg lsl;dsf JolQmTjsf] Joj:yfkg

kf:;fsf] ;kmntf eg]s} ;a} ;d"x ;b:ox¿af6 k"0f{ / :jtGq ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ePdf dfq ;Dej x'G5, / P;Pcf/Pcf/@ ljlwsf] k|of]un] o;nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . t/, Ps jf Tof]eGbf a9L JolQmn] ;d"xdf k|e'Tj sfod /fVg tyf ;f]rfO{ / lg0f{odf lgoGq0fsf nflu sf]lz; ug{ ;S5g\ cyjf k|lqmofd} cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf] :jefjsf JolQmnfO{ lrGg] / o:tf] tl/sfaf6 lsg pgLx¿n] Jojxf/ k|bz{g ul//x]sf 5g\ egL yfxf kfpg] sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ . k|lt:kwf{Tds jf cfqmfds dflg;nfO{ cnUofpg / ;d"x k|lqmofsf] dxTjsf af/]df cfZj:t agfpg ;lsG5, cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ Jo:t /fVg cnUu} sfd lbg ;lsG5 / ;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf sfo{df lg/Gt/tfsf nflu cg'dlt k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . tkfO{+n] a9L dxTj lbPsf] s'/f yfxf kfPdf pgLx¿n] cfˆgf 1fg / k|efjnfO{ b]vfpg] h?/t 7fGb}gg\ . ;/f]sf/ /x]sf JolQmx¿ ;d'bfosf cu'jfx¿ x'g\ eg] hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] pgLx¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'xf];\, k|lqmofsf af/]df

atfpg'xf];\ / pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lng] k|oTg ug'{xf];\ . c¿ kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k"0f{ / ;dfg ?kaf6 ;xefuL u/fpFbf ;a}sf lglDt nfebfoL kl/0ffd cfpg] ;DaGwdf tkfO{+n] pgLx¿nfO{ ljZj:t t'Nofpg' x'g]5 .

;d"xsf c¿ sltko ;b:ox¿n] s'/fsfgL ubf{ nHhfaf]w ul//x]sf x'g ;S5g\ jf c¿ ;xefuLx¿af6 To;nfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/Psf] x'g;S5 . zfGt;Fu /x]sf dflg;x¿ klxrfg ug{sf lglDt ;do lng'xf];\ / pgLx¿sf] df}gtfsf] sf/0f kQf nufpg] sf]lz; ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg of]ubfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\, t/ pgLx¿nfO{ bafadf eg] gkfg'{xf];\ .

;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] dfGotf / k|f]T;fxg

kf:;f ;d"x ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿dfkm{t\ cl3 a9\b} hfFbf tkfO{+n] b'O{ lsl;dsf kl/jt{gx¿ b]Vg yfNg'x'g]5 . klxnf], kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] a9L k|efjsf/L?kdf ldn]/ sfd ug{] ;Defjgf x'G5, cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] x'G5 / k|lqmofdf a9L ;lqmo ;fem]bf/ x'g ;S5g\ . bf];|f], ;d"xn] cfjf; ;'/Iffsf lglDt ;fwf/0f ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ ug{ yfNg]5, / of] sfo{ cfˆg} 3/df kl/jt{g NofP/ x'g]5 cyjf kl/jt{gnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{sf lglDt ;d'bfosf c¿ ;b:ox¿;Fu pgLx¿n] 5nkmn ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] JoQm ul/Psf b'j} lsl;dsf kl/jt{gnfO{ cf}FNofP/ kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ d2t ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

#=^ lqmofsnfk / ;xhLs/0fsf] d"Nofª\sgk|To]s kf:;f a}7ssf] cGTodf kf:;f ;d"x ;b:ox¿af6 k[i7kf]if0f lng]u/L ;do 5'6Øfpg' kb{5 . o;qmddf ;xefuLn] lqmofsnfksf af/]df ?rfPsf / g?rfPsf ljifo tyf s] s'/fdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsGYof] eGg] s'/f l6kf]6 ug'{ kb{5 . of] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ cfˆgf Joj:yfks / c¿ :jod;]jL;Fu lgoldt

-@kmf:6 P;Pcf/Pcf/ elgg] ;xeflutfd"ns k4ltdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 h'g cfTd;Ddfg, ;xof]ufTds Ifdtf, ;|f]t–;fwgo'Qm, sfo{ of]hgf tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf] hudf cl8Psf] 5 ._

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lsl;daf6 5nkmn ul/g'kb{5 tfls cfjZos b]lvPsf s'g} kl/jt{gsf af/]df ;a}n] ldn]/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] To;kl5 nuQ} of] ljifodf csf]{ lqmofsnfksf] k|f/Dedf ;d"x;Fu 5nkmn ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] ubf{ ;xefuLn] lbPsf k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] / To;nfO{ sfo{?kdf kl/0ft ul/Psf] b]lvg]5 .

tkfO{+n] k|To]s lqmofsnfksf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ tl/sfsf af/]df klg ;d"xsf] wf/0ff lng ;Sg'x'G5, / of] k[i7kf]if0f cfkm\gf] sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg pkof]uL x'g;S5 . ;do–;dodf tkfO{+sf Joj:yfks kf:;f ;qsf ;dofjlwdf a:g'k5{ / tkfO{+sf] ;xhLs/0f ;LknfO{ cem ;'wf/ ug{]u/L tkfO{+nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f / ;Nnfx lbg ;S5g\ .

#=& cg'udg / k|ltj]bg

s'g} klg ;d'bfodf k|To]s kf:;f ;qkl5 tkfO{+ Joj:yfks / c¿ :jo+;]jLx¿;Fu a:g ;do ldnfpg'xf];\ . of] a;fO{+df s;/L lqmofsnfksf] sfo{ cl3 a9\of] / cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . olb tkfO{+;Fu s'g} lqmofsnfk jf s'g} kf:;f ;d"x ;b:o;Fu s'g} ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ eg] tkfO{+n] 6f]nLsf ;b:ox¿af6 cfjZos ;Nnfx lng ;Sg'x'G5 . olb tkfO+{n] lqmofsnfknfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ tl/sf yfxf kfpg'eof] eg] tkfO{+sf] ;kmntfaf6 6f]nLsf c¿ ;b:ox¿nfO{ yfxf lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .

tkfO{+n] kf:;f ;d"xaf6 s'g} /fd|f] ljrf/ / lg0f{o cfPsf] 5 tyf ;d'bfoleq s'g} dxTjk"0f{ 5nkmn jf sfo{ ePsf 5g\ eg] To;af/]df cfˆgf Joj:yfksnfO{ ;"lrt klg ug'{ kb{5 .

kf:;f ;d"x jf ;d'bfoleq} olb s'g} 7"nf] åGå pTkGg ePsf] 5, cyjf

kf:;fnfO{ c;kmn agfpg] lsl;dsf olb s'g} åGå /x]sf 5g\ cyjf s'g} ;sf/fTds c;/ kfg{af6 kf:;fnfO{ /f]Sg vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{+n] cfˆgf Joj:yfks;Fu 5nkmn ug'{kb{5 . tkfO{+n] o:tf] hl6n ljifonfO{ PSn} ;dfwfg ug]{ sf]lz; ug'{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g .

of] lgoldt a}7ssf cnfjf tkfO{+n] k|To]s lqmofsnfk ;DaGwdf 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kb{5 . k|ltj]bgsf af/]df cfˆgf Joj:yfks;Fu 5nkmn ul/g'kb{5 .

#=* kf:;f lqmofsnfkdfkm{t\ cl3 a9\bf

kf:;f lqmofsnfknfO{ l;nl;nfa4 agfpg]

kf:;f lqmofsnfk l;nl;nfa4 /x]sf] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ lsgeg] k|To]s lqmofsnfkn] ;xefuLn] ug'{kg]{ cjfZostfsf af/]df a'‰g jf csf]{ ;qnfO{ k"/f ug]{ af/]df yfxf kfpg] 5g\ . olb s'g} lqmofsnfk 5'6]sf] v08df ;d"xnfO{ cl3 a9\g ;d:of k}bf x'G5 .

kf:;f k"/f ug{sf lglDt kof{Kt ;do lbg]

;d"xdf cf7j6f kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ rf/b]lv cf7 xKtfsf] ;do cfjZos x'G5 . kf:;f ;qx¿sf k|lqmofsf] ultnfO{ sdL x'g glbg cToGt lgs6 /x]/ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . t/, ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] bf]xf]¥ofpg / l;Sg ;qx¿aLr kof{Kt ;do pknAw x'g' kb{5, / ;d'bfosf afFsL ;b:ox¿;Fu hfgsf/L / wf/0ffx¿ cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . k|lt xKtf Ps jf b'O{j6f ;q ;fdfGotof /fd|f];Fu ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5, t/ o;sf] tLj|tfsf af/]df lg0f{o ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;d'bfonfO{ g} lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

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lqmofsnfkx¿ Pscfk;df hf]l8Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{

k|To]s kf:;f lqmofsnfksf] cGTodf Pshgf ;xefuLnfO{ ;DkGg ul/Psf sfo{, l;s]sf s'/f tyf lg0f{o ul/Psf ljifosf] l6kf]6 ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbg' kb{5 . Tof] JolQmn] To;kl5 csf]{ ;q cf/De ug'{cl3 cl3Nnf] ;qsf] ;f/f+z k|:t't ug]{5 . o;af6 ut ;qsf af/]df ;a}sf] :d/0fnfO{ k'gtf{huL k|fKt x'G5 .

cfjZos k/]sf] v08df lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg's"ng

P;Pcf/Pcf/ ljlwdf cfwfl/t /x]/ agfOPsf] kf:;f lqmofsnfk l;h{gfTds / nrstfk"0f{ /x]sf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . tkfO{+n] kof{Kt cg'ej / ljZjf; xfl;n u/]nuQ} / lqmofsnfksf af/]df kf:;f ;d"xaf6 k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt u/]kl5 cfˆgf Joj:yfks / :jo+;]jLx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ vf]lhPsf ljifodf ;'emfj lbg :jtGq /x]sf] cg'e"lt ug'{x'g]5 . o;af6 :yfgLo kl/j]zdf lqmofsnfkx¿ cem a9L pko'Qm / ;fGble{s aGg]5g\ .

#=( /]s8{ /fVg]

kf:;f ;d"xn] k|To]s lqmofsnfksf glthf / lg0f{ox¿sf] /]s8{ /fVg' kb{5, tfls cfjZos k/]sf ;dodf o;nfO{ ;dLIff ug{ / c¿ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿;Fu o;sf sfo{nfO{ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotf, of] sfo{ ug{sf lglDt ;d"xn] Ps jf a9L :jod;]jLx¿ 5gf]6 ug'{ ;jf]{Qd x'g]5 . kf:;f 6'nsL6df ;f]tf] sk8fsf] 6'qmf / gS;f tyf rf6{sf] /]s8{nfO{ lbuf]?kdf Jojl:yt ug{ kdf{g]G6 dfs{/ /fVg' kb{5 . ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ ls

ljutsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf /]s8{x¿nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf kf:;f ;qx¿df NofOg' kb{5 .

kf:;f ;d"xn] kf:;f k|lqmofsf] cGTo ePkl5 cfˆgf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L lrq -lrq_ ;d"xsf /]s8{x¿nfO{ /fVg] rfxgf ug{ ;S5g\ . olb o:tf] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf eP, c¿ ;d'bfodf k|of]u ug{sf nflu yk ;d"xx¿ agfOPsf] 5÷5}g lglZrt ug{ Joj:yfks;Fu ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\ .

tkfO{+n] kl/of]hgf kmfOndf /fVg lqmofsnfkx¿, l;sfO{x¿ / lg0f{ox¿sf /]s8{x¿ klg /fVg' kb{5 tfls rflxPsf] cj:yfdf kf:;f ;d"xsf lglDt o;nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} klg rf6{, gS;f / lrqsf] k|bz{gsf] tl:j/ lvRg' Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ vf;u/L Ps} k6s w]/}j6f ;d'bfodf sfo{ ubf{ ;d"xsf glthfx¿nfO{ zL3| k'gM:d/0f ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . ;d'bfodf kf:;f ;fdu|Lx¿ x/fP jf Iflt eP oL tl:j/x¿ lgs} /fd|f] ;|f]t aGg ;S5g\ .

#=!) kf:;f ;d"xdf lg/Gt/tfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg

kf:;f k|lqmofsf qmddf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] Ps–csf{;Fu cem /fd|f] lsl;daf6 3'nldn x'g kfpg]5g\, cfTdljZjf; lgdf{0f ug]{5g\ / l6dsf ?kdf cem a9L k|efjsf/L?kdf sfd ug{ l;Sg]5g\ . oL Ifdtfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ kf:;f ;d"xdf lg/Gt/tf cfjZos x'G5 . k|lqmofsf] qmddf sltko ;b:on] 5f8\g] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5g\ / ;Lk, n}+lus, pd]/ OToflbsf cfwf/df ;xL ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg c¿x¿nfO{ Nofpg' cfjZos x'G5 . k|To]s a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g] JolQm sf] xf] yfxf kfpg'xf];\ . olb tkfO{+n] w]/} dflg; cg'kl:yt x'gyfn]sf 5g\ eGg] b]Vg'eof] eg] o;sf ljifodf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ldn]/

140 141 142 143



;dfwfgsf] af6f] klxNofpg'xf];\ . o:tf] klg x'g ;Sb5 ls ;b:ox¿n] w]/} ;do lng] lsl;dsf] ePsf] u'gf;f] ug{ ;Sb5g\ jf pgLx¿sf lglDt tflnd sfo{qmd cg'ko'Qm ;dodf /x]sf] x'g ;Sb5 cyjf ;xefuL x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;d'bfosf c¿ ;b:ox¿af6} bafa cfPsf] x'g ;Sb5 . ;Demg'xf];\M kf:;f k|lqmof ;d'bfodf hah{:tL nfb\gsf lglDt xf]Og .

#=!! ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿sf lgb]{zgsf] ;f/f+z

k|To]s kf:;f lqmofsnfksf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿sf] ;f/f+z oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

!= cfkm" :jo+ / ;fdu|Lsf]] tof/L ug]{M ;q cf/De ug'{cl3 k|To]s lqmofsnfksf lglDt ;a} ;fdu|L tof/L cj:yfdf x'g'kb{5 . lqmofsnfknfO{ ;'?b]lv cGt;Dd k9\g'xf];\ / :d/0fsf lglDt ;f/f+znfO{ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . ;fyL :jo+;]jL;Fu cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

@= ;xL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{M ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ ls dflg;x¿n] Pscsf{;Fu ;xh?kdf s'/fsfgL ug{ ;S5g\ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cª\u|]hL cIf/ U–cfs[ltdf jf ;Dej eP;Dd j[Q agfP/ a:g cfu|x ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s gofF ;q v]n jf uLth:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 cf/De ug'{xf];\ .

#= lqmofsnfksf lglDt :ki6 lgb]{zg lbg]M lqmofsnfksf] JofVof ug]{, o;sf p2]Zo / of] s;/L ;~rfng ug]{ xf] eGg]af/]df atfpg] . lqmofsnfkdf k|o'Qm k|To]s r/0fsf af/]df atfpg s]xL ;do lng'xf];\ . ;fy}, oL r/0fx¿sf af/]df ;a}n] /fd|f];Fu a'em]sf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

$= pk;d"xnfO{ xf]lzof/Lk"j{s k|of]u ug]{M pk;d"xn] sfo{ ul//x]sf ;dodf ;a}n] cfˆgf ljifoj:t'sf af/]df /fd|f];Fu a'e]msf] s'/f hfFr ug'{xf];\ . pk;d"xnfO{ hLjGt / ;+lIfKt lsl;daf6 l/kf]6{ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . dflg;x¿ pk;d"xdf km]/abn eO/xg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 lsgeg] of] sfo{af6 pgLx¿n] Ps–csf{nfO{ cem glhsaf6 a'‰g] cj;/ k|fKt ug]{5g\ .

%= ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\, k9fpg] xf]OgM tkfO{+ cfkm\gf] e"ldsf hfgsf/L lbg] geO c¿x¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs lsl;daf6 vf]hL / lg0f{odf d2t ug]{ xf] eGg] s'/f slxNo} gla;{g'xf];\ . tkfO{+sf] 1fg / tkfO{+sf] ljrf/ dxTjk"0f{ xf]Ogg\ . ;s];Dd tkfO{+ zfGt;Fu a:g'xf];\ . cfjf; ;'/Iffsf af/]df cfpg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;s];Dd 6fg'{xf];\, a? pgLx¿nfO{ g} cfˆgf ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{ eGg'xf];\ .

^= ;do / pmhf{sf] Joj:yfkgM olb tkfO{+n] ;xefuLx¿ ylst ePsf, lbSbf/L jf lg/fz ePsf kfpg'eof] eg] 5f]6f] lj>fd lbg'xf];\ jf s]xL cltl/Qm /dfOnf sfddf nufpg'xf];\ . olb ;qnfO{ ca cl3 a9fpg ;lsFb}g eGg] nfu]sf] eP a}7s 6'ª\Uofpg ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ / csf]{ e]6df afFsL lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . olb lqmofsnfksf lglDt tkfO{+n] ;f]r]eGbf a9L nfu]sf] 5 t/ dflg;x¿n] /fd|};Fu sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] cfjZostf ePadf]lhd Tof] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\ .

&= JolQmn] lbg] ;'emfjnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / :jfut ug]{M ;Demg'xf];\, ToxfF s'g} lsl;dsf] uNtL hjfkm lbOPsf] 5}g . ;d"xsf k|To]s ;b:osf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ .

140 141 142 143



dflg;sf k|Zgsf] hjfkm kmsf{pg] qmddf s'g} uNtL gug{ jf ltvf l6Kk0fL gug{ ;r]t x'g'xf];\ .

*= kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg]M ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lqmofsnfksf qmddf cfpg] ;a} ljrf/ / lg0f{ox¿ pgLx¿s} lghL x'g\ egL k'gM :d/0f u/fpg'xf];\ . tL ljrf/ / lg0f{o oyfy{k/s gePsf] tkfO{+nfO{ nfu]df pgLx¿nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg'xf];\ cyjf cfjZos b]lvPsf ljifodf c¿ dflg;sf of]hgf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xn] s] ;a} ;fdu|L / /]s8{x¿ ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fv]sf 5g\ <

(= lqmofsnfkx¿aLr lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{M k|To]s a}7ssf] cf/Dedf ut lqmofsnfksf af/]df ;+lIfKt lsl;daf6 k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . a}7ssf] cGTodf, ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf cfˆgf k|oTgsf lglDt awfO lbg'xf];\ / csf]{ lqmofsnfkdf s] s'/f ;d]l6g]5 egL ;+lIfKt lsl;daf6 JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

!)= kf7x¿ l;Sg] / ;'wf/ ug]{M k|To]s lqmofsnfksf] cGTodf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ pgLx¿ cfkm"n] l;s]sf cfwf/df lqmofsnfksf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ cfu|x ug'{xf];\ . ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] ?rfPsf / g?rfPsf ljifodf atfpg cfu|x ug'{xf];\ . cfufdL a}7sdf cem /fd|f] tl/sfaf6 ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;fyL :jod;]jLx¿;Fu k|To]s lqmofsnfksf af/]df lrGtg dgg u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

of] ;"rLdf tkfO+{sf s'g} c¿ yk pkof]uL ljrf/x¿ eP yKg / cfkm"n] a'‰g] efiffdf sfuhdf n]v]/ /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 . kf:;f lqmofsnfk ;~rfngsf x/]s ;dodf o;nfO{ tkfO{+n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

$= kf:;fkl5sf] cg'udg

$=! :jo+;]jLsf] lg/Gt/sf] e"ldsf

kf:;f ;d"x lqmofsnfk * df k'u]nuQ} cfjf; ;'/Iffsf] ;'wf/, cfjZos ;|f]t–;fwgsf] Joj:yf, ;do tyf e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy} k|ultsf] cg'udgnfO{ ;d]6]/ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . of] ljGb'af6 kf:;f k|lqmof nueu k"/f x'G5 . t/, cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ;d'bfonfO{ d2t ug]{ sfo{df tkfO{+sf] ;xof]usf] lg/Gttf x'g ;Sg]5 . olb kf:;fnfO{ /]8qm; /]8–q]m;]G6 cfjf; kl/of]hgfaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf] eP tkfO{+ / kf:;f ;d"xn] klxrfg ul/Psf k|fyldstfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ kl/of]hgfn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] cj:yfdf cem a9L dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf kf:;f ;d"xnfO{ tkfO{+n] Hofb} a9L ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ vfFrf] kg{ ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb kf:;f ;d"xn] /sd ;+sng ug]{ / To;nfO{ ;d'bfosf kl/of]hgfdf k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{o ub{5g\ eg] g];gn ;f];fO6Ldfkm{t\ ljQLo Joj:yfkg;DaGwL tflnd pknAw u/fpg tkfO{+sf] ;xof]u h?/L kg{ ;S5 .

$=@ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg

kf:;fsf] glthfsf ?kdf cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 3/kl/jf/ / ;fd'bflos k|oTgaf6 jf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f jf k'gMk|flKtsf nflu g];gn ;f];fO6Lsf] cfjf; sfof{qmdaf6 d2t lnP/ ug{ ;lsG5 . b'j} cj:yfdf, g];gn ;f];fO6LnfO{ k|ultsf af/]df hfgsf/L

144 145 146 147



u/fpg' kb{5 . Joj:yfks;Fu cg'udg ug'{kg]{ kl/jt{gsf If]q, slxn] / kl/jt{g s;/L cfof] eGg]af/]df ;xdlt sfod ug'{kb{5 . 3/kl/jf/ / ;fd'bflos txaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf hfgsf/LnfO{ /]s8{ ug{ / cfbfg–k|bfg ug{sf nflu g];gn ;f];fO6Laf6 Pp6f cg'udg kmf/d pknAw u/fOg' kb{5 . tkfO{+n] cfjf; ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] nIo;lxt lqmofsnfkx¿ / glthfx¿nfO{ cg'udg ug'{kb{5 / s'g} klg ;fdflhs ljifox¿ -h:t} kf:;f ;d"xx¿n] cfˆgf sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] of glbg]_ sf ;fy} kf:;f ;d"x / Jofks ;d'bfoaLr x'g ;Sg] s'g} lsl;dsf] cGtlqm{ofnfO{ cg'udg klg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .

;d'bfodf cfjf; ;'/Iff ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿;DaGwL k|d'v lqmofsnfkx¿ cf/De x'gf;fy cg'udgsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu kf:;f ;d"xn] ;dotflnsf agfpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{tkm{ tkfO{+n] d2t ug{'kb{5 . of] sfo{ 5nkmnkl5 lgDg Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;xhLs/0faf6 ug{ ;lsG5M

• kl/jt{gsf nflu of]hgf÷cg'udg of]hgfM ;d"xn] cfk}mFn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf nIosf] ;dLIff ug{ sfo{ of]hgf / cg'udg of]hgfdf Wofg lbPsf] 5 . ;d"xn] tof/ kfl/Psf of]hgf / xfl;n ePsf pknlAw aLrsf leGgtfsf] /]s8{ /fVg' kb{5 .

• ;fd'bflos gS;fM ;d'bfodf cfPsf ef}lts kl/jt{gnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug{ ;d'bfosf] csf]{ gS;f agfpg] . k|f/lDes r/0fsf] gS;f / of]hgf sfof{Gjog kl5sf] gS;faLr t'ngf u/]/ ;d'bfosf] ef}lts :j?kdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ x]g{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

• 3/kl/jf/ e|d0f÷;fd'bflos lxF8fO{M Jojl:yt lsl;daf6 ;d'bfosf] jl/kl/ lxF8\bf klg ;d'bfodf cfPsf s'g} klg ef}lts kl/jt{gnfO{ x]g{

;lsG5 . ;fy}, dflg;sf cfjf; lgdf{0fsf ljz]iftfx¿ cjnf]sgsf lglDt klg o:tf] lxF8fO{n] d2t k'Ub5 .

oL lqmofsnfkx¿kZrft\ s] s'/fdf ;kmntf xfl;n eof] / s'g} ;d:of pTkGg ePsf 5g\ ls egL x]g{ 5nkmnnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{kb{5 . olb ;d:ofx¿ ToxfF w]/} b]lvPsf eP ;d"xn] ljZn]if0f ug{, ;dfwfg vf]Hg / cfˆgf of]hgfdf ;DefJo kl/jt{g Nofpgsf lglDt tkfO{+n] ;d:of aS; -lqmofsnfk &_ sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

tkfO{+n] kf:;f ;d"xsf] ljZn]if0fsf kl/0ffd / tkfO{+sf] l/kf]6{df plNnlvt s'g} lg0f{onfO{ cfˆgf Joj:yfks;dIf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 .

144 145 146 147



148 149 150 151

efu $÷kf:;f snfsf/sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z


!= kf:;fsf lglDt k|of]u ul/Psf lrqx¿ kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{, ljrf/ lgdf{0f ug{ tyf 3/ / ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff clej[l4 ug{ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . kf:;fsf] ;kmntfsf lglDt tkfO{+sf sfox¿ cTofjZos 5g\ .

@= kf:;fdf cfa4 ;d"x ;b:ox¿n] lrqdf k|:t't kl/l:ylt pgLx¿sf :yfgLo kl/j]z;Fu ldNbf] /x]sf] cg'e"lt ug{' klg cfjZos 5 . To;sf/0f, lrqdf b]vfOPsf dflg;x¿, 3/x¿, e"b[Zo tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ kf:;f k|of]u ul/g] ;d'bfodf /x]s} lsl;dsf x'g'kb{5 .

#= /]8qm; /]8–q]m;]G6sf :jod;]jLx¿sf] ;fydf /x]/ :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿sf] e|d0f ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+n] lgDg s'/fsf] l6kf]6 ug{ ;Sg'x'G5M dflg;x¿ s;/L a;]sf 5g\, n'uf s:tf] nufpF5g\, s'/fsfgL u5{g\, sfd u5{g\ / v]N5g\, pgLx¿sf ;d:of s] s:tf 5g\ / tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt pgLx¿n] s] ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{+n] vf;u/L z}nL / 3/ lgdf{0fsf s'/fx¿sf ;fy} ;8s, ?vla?jf, ;fj{hlgs ejg OToflbh:tf ;femf ljz]iftfx¿dfly ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 . 3/x¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] tl/sf tyf s;/L cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eGg] af/]df lj:t[t s'/f a'em\gfsf lglDt cfjf; ljz]if1;Fu ldn]/ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo kl/j]znfO{ oyfy{k/s lsl;daf6 lrqdf ptfl/Psf] 5 5}g eGg] lgSof}{n ug{ pgLx¿;Fu k'gM a:g' kb{5 . tl:a/ lvRg'xf];\ jf klxNo} lvlrPsf tl:j/sf] ;xfotf lnP/ lrq agfpg ;lsG5 .

$= ljleGg kf:;f lqmofsnfksf lglDt :s]rsf] ;d"x tof/ kfg{ kf:;f Joj:yfks jf cfjf; lj1;Fu sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy}, pgn] cg';"rL–! df lbOPsf] ;"rLnfO{ klg x]g{ ;S5g\ / ;d'bfodf e|d0f ubf{ b]lvPsf s'/fn] lrq agfpg d2t ug]{5 .

%= kf:;f tflnd sfo{zfnfdf pkl:yt x'g'xf];\ / oL ;qsf cjlwdf cfkm"n] tof/ u/]sf :s]r lrqx¿nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 egL x]g'{xf];\ . :jo+;]jL / k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf :s]r lrqx¿sf ;DaGwdf k[i7kf]if0f pknAw u/fpgsf lglDt cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . lrqsf] ;d"xdfly ;xdlt hgfpgf;fy To;nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] v08df /Ë eg{ ;lsG5 . t/, /Ë eg}{k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g .

^= lrqx¿ hlt;Sbf] ;/n x'g'kb{5 lsgeg] hlta9L lj:t[t ljj/0f lrqdf /flvof] Tof] Tolt a9L e|fds x'g;S5 . tkfO{n] k"0f{ lrq agfpg' kb}{g . 7f]; nfOgdf :ki6 :s]r eP k'U5 . kf:;f 6'nsL6sf lglDt %) j6f;Dd lrq cfjZos kg{;S5, To;y{ tkfO{+n] k|To]ssf nflu Tolt w]/} ;do Joltt ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg .

&= kf:;f ljlwdf k|o'Qm lrqx¿n] ;b}j Pp6} lglb{i6 ;Gb]z lbFb}gg\ . a?, dflg;x¿nfO{ 5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpgsf nflu oL lrqx¿n] Pp6f kl/l:ylt jf cj:yfnfO{ k|ltlalDat dfq ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . lrqsf ;d"xx¿ leGgleGg dflg;sf lglDt leGg–leGg cy{ ;dfj]z x'g] lsl;sf x'g'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, kf:;f ;d"xsf dflg;n] tnsf]

lrq x]bf{ pgLx¿n] leGgleGg lsl;dsf s'/fx¿ b]Vg ;S5g\ . sltkon] a]Rgsf lglDt dflg;n] sf7 sfl6/x]sf] xf]nf eGg] 7fG5g\ eg] c¿x¿n] ;d'bfodf s'g} JolQmn] 3/ lgdf{0f jf dd{t ul//x]sf] xf]nf egL ;f]Rg ;Sb5 . cem sltkon] ToxfF jg

148 149 150 151

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3efu $= kf:;f snfsf/sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z


ljgf;sf] ;d:of /x]sf] b]Vg ;S5g\ . lrqdf ;xefuLx¿n] leGgleGg s'/fx¿ b]Vg] ePs} sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf leGg JofVofdfly 5nkmn ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;lsG5 tyf o;n] a9L v'nf / /rgfTds 5nkmn u/fpg d2t k'Ub5 .

*= kf:;f Joj:yfks;Fu ;xdlt ePadf]lhd k|To]s lrq A5 sf] cfsf/ tyf gDa/ lbOPsf 5'§f5'§} sfuhdf agfpg' kb{5 tfls x/]s :s]rnfO{ ToxL gDa/sf cfwf/df klxrfg ug{ ;lsg]5 . lrqx¿ kf:;f Joj:yfksnfO{ lbg'xf];\, t/ sy+–sbflrt gf]S;fgL x'g] s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L cfkm";Fu klg Psk|lt ;'/lIft ug'{xf];\ .

(= ;'?df agfOPsf lrqn] kf:;f ;d"xsf ;a} ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]sf] :jo+;]jLx¿n] cg'ej u/]df tkfO{+n] yk lrqx¿ agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . Ps jf b'O{j6f ;d'bfodf kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿s} cjlwdf :jo+;]jLx¿;Fu ;fydf hfg' g} a'l4dfgL x'g]5 tfls tkfO{+n] agfpg'kg]{ ;DefJo cltl/Qm lrqx¿sf] ljifoj:t' af/]df yfxf x'g]5 . cfkm\gf] sfdsf lglDt kf:;f Joj:yfks;Fu ;Demf}tf eP/ cg'dltk|fKt eO;s]sf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

a+unfb]zdf kf:;f lrq k|of]u ul/Psf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ tn b]vfOPsf 5g\ . oL lrqn] z}nL / cfjZos lj:t[t ljj/0fsf af/]df Pp6f b[li6sf]0f k|bfg ub{5g\ . oL lrqx¿ dfu{bz{s k|:t't ug{ pknAw u/fOPsf dfq x'g\ . k|To]s ;Gbe{df :yfgLo kl/j]zdf lge{/ /xL lglZrt z}nLdf tof/ kfl/g] ljlzi6 lrq ;d"xx¿ x'G5g\ .

000 000 000 000

152 153 154 155

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3efu $= kf:;f snfsf/sf lglDt dfu{lgb]{z


lrq ;d"x sM lqmofsnfk !, #, $ / % df k|of]u ul/Psf

lrqsf] cfsf/M P% (A5)

lrqsf] ;ª\Vof / lsl;d

• sl/a kfFrj6f lrq

• lrqn] If]qdf b]vfk/]sf jf b]vf kg{;Sg] ljljw lsl;dsf vt/faf6 k|efljt a;f]af; tyf cfjf;nfO{ b]vfpg' kb{5M e"sDk, t]h xfjfx¿, af9L, cfunfuL OToflb .

cg';"rL !÷lqmofsnfksf lglDt gd'gf lrqx¿sf] ;"rL

000 000 000 000

152 153 154 155

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3cg';"rL !÷ lqmofsnfksf lglDt gd'gf lrqx¿sf] ;"rL


lrq ;d"x vM lqmofsnfk $, % / ^ df k|of]u ul/Psf



• sl/a #) j6f lrq

• lrqx¿n] kl/lrt ejgx¿, ;fdu|L / lgdf{0f cEof;sf cfwf/df ;d'bfonfO{ rf;f] /x]sf ejgx¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tyf a;f]af;sf ;femf ljz]iftfx¿ -;8s, 9n, ?v OToflb_ b]vfpg' kb{5 . :yfgLo cj:yf, lgdf{0fsf] ljlw / cfjf;sf] hf]lvdkgfsf cfwf/df oL lrqx¿ tof/ ul/g' kb{5 . of] sfo{ kf:;f sfof{Gjog x'g] If]qdf lj:t[t d"Nofª\sgkZrft\ ug'{kb{5 .

• sltko lrqn] ;'/lIft lgdf{0f / a;f]af;sf ljz]iftfx¿ b]vfpg' kb{5 eg] c¿x¿n] c;'/lIft cj:yfnfO{ b]vfpg' kb{5 . Pshf]8f lrq x'g' klg cfjZos kb{5 / b'j}n] Ps} kl/l:yltnfO{ b]vfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 t/ o;df ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft ljz]iftf ;lxtsf ljlzi6 leGgtfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fgf] ;ª\Vofsf] cf8df l;6d]6n 5fgf / ;xL ;ª\Vofsf] cf8df agfOPsf] 5fgf lbg ;lsG5 . b'O{aLrsf] leGgtf eg]sf] hf]8\g] j:t'sf] ;ª\Vof dfq xf] . hf]8L lrq;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿ tnsf] ;"rLdf lbOPsf 5g\ .

• sltko lrqx¿df hfgfhfg sd cy{k"0f{ x'g]5 jf o;df ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft ljz]iftfsf] ld>0f x'g]5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, glhsdf 7"nf] ?v ePsf] 3/ ;'/lIft dfGg ;lsG5 lsgeg] ?vn] cfFwLnfO{ s]xL g

s]xL /f]Sb5 . t/ 7"nf] cfFwL cfPdf Tof] ?v 9n]/ 3/dfly alh|g ;S5 / To:tf] cj:yfdf Tof] ?v g} c;'/lIft xf] . ;xefuLx¿n] oxLsf/0f xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 / lrqx¿ …;'/lIftÚ, …c;'/lIftÚ jf …b'j}Ú s] xf] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug'{cl3 wf/0ffx¿ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ .

lrqsf pbfx/0fx¿M s'g} vf; ;Gbe{sf lglDt lgdf{0f ul/Psf lrqx¿n] :yfgLo lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ / ljlw, a;f]af;sf] :j?k / cfjf; ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ;fGble{s hf]lvdx¿nfO{ k|ltlalDat ug'{ kb}{g .

3/glhs} Hofb} cUnf] ?v /x]sf] 3/

s]xL 6f9f ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf] cUnf] ?v;lxtsf] 3/

Hofb} le/fnf] :yfgdf agfOPsf] 3/

7Ls} le/fnf]df agfOPsf] 3/

:yfgLo ;fdu|L k|of]u u/]/ t/ 7fpF g5f8L agfOPsf 3/x¿

:yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ 7fpF 5f8]/ agfOPsf 3/x¿

9nsf] Joj:yf /fd|f] 5}g 9n /fd|f] cj:yfdf 5

;fgf ?v / 5f8L k|z:t /x]sf] ufpF

?v jf emf8L ljNs'n} g/x]sf] ufpF

k'm;sf] 5fgf] ePsf] 3/ / To;}leq vfgf ksfpg] 7fpF

k'm;sf] 5fgf] ePsf] 3/ / s]xL 6f9f ;'/lIft :yfgdf vfgf ksfpg] 7fpF

7"nf] gbLsf] glhs} ufpF 7"nf] gbLeGbf s]xL 6f9f ufpF, / cUnf] 7fpFdf

e"O{+ s]xL prfn]/ agfOPsf] 3/ e"O{+ prfn]/ gagfOPsf] 3/

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c;fWo} 7"nf] ‰ofn / 9f]sf ePsf] 3/

;fgf] ‰ofn / 9f]sf ePsf] 3/

u6/;lxtsf] 6Lgsf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/

u6/ a]u/sf] 6Lgsf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/

c;fWo} sd le/fnf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/

7f8f] le/fnf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/

ckof{Kt ;'ljwfo'Qm :yfgLo 3/sf] ;+/rgf

alnof] ;'ljwfo'Qm :yfgLo 3/sf] ;+/rgf

3/sf] leQf;Dd 5fgf c8Øfpg] aLd c8ØfO/x]sf] JolQm

3/ 5f8\b} u/]sf dflg;, ;fdfg cfk}mF;Fu n}hfFb}

/]l8of] ;'Gb} u/]sf dflg;

3/sf] jl/kl/ afn'jf el/Psf af]/f /fVb}

?v sf6\b} u/]sf JolQm

hu vGb} u/]sf] JolQm

kvf{n agfpg O{+§f /fVb} u/]sf] JolQm

O{+§f agfpFb} u/]sf] JolQm

vfN8f]df vDaf /fVb} u/]sf dflg;

6Lgsf] 5fgfsf] leqkl§ k|z:t afFlwPsf]÷g6x¿sf] k|of]u

6Lgsf] 5fgfsf] leqkl§ Hofb} sd afFlwPsf]÷g6x¿sf] k|of]u

kfgLn] 3]l/Psf] 3/

kfgLn] gf]S;fg k'¥ofPsf] df6f]sf] kvf{n;Fu}sf] 3/

6Lgsf] 5fgf ePsf] sª\lqm6 Ansn] agfOPsf] 3/

3/dflysf] le/fnf] 7fpFdf 9n vGb} u/]sf dflg;

ufpF glhs}sf] pRrf d}bfgdf :s'n ejgx¿

ufpF glhs} kª\lQma4 ?vx¿

?v /f]Kb} u/]sf dflg;x¿

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lrq ;d"x uM lqmofsnfk ^ / * df k|of]u ul/Psf



• sl/a #) j6f lrq


• kf]:6/sf] Ps ;d"x h;n] ;d:ofsf] Pp6f kl/l:yltaf6 csf]{ /fd|f] cj:yfdf n}hfg] sltko ;DefJo sbdnfO{ b]vfpF5 . dflg;x¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt ug{ ;Sg] ljleGg lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ tyf c¿ ;d"x / ;+:yf;Fusf] l6ddfkm{t\ cfjZos kg{ ;Sg] yk afXo ;xof]udfly ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ .

lrqsf pbfx/0fx¿

• ;fd'bflos a}7sÙ

• /sd ;Íng ub}{Ù

• :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿;Fu a}7sÙ

• /]8qm; /]8–q]m;]G6;Fu a}7sÙ

• a}Ídf hfFb}Ù

• :yfgLo lgdf{0f ;fdu|L ;Íng ub}{Ù

• lgdf{0f ;fdu|L 9'jfgL ub}{ 9'jfgLstf{x¿Ù

• ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfkx¿ -?v /f]Kg], 9n ;kmf ug]{, afFw agfpg], OToflb_ df ;+nUg ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿Ù

• 5fgf x6fpFb}Ù

• hu vGb}Ù

• pRrf] e"O{+ agfpFb}Ù

• kvf{n agfpFb}Ù

• 5fgf agfpFb}Ù

• kvf{nsf] dd{t ub{}Ù

• 5fgfsf] dd{t ub}{ .

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cg';"rL @÷ph{s

160 161 162 163

oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf ph{s -pmhf{ k|bfg ug{] sfo{x¿_ x¿nfO{ kf:;f lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{] qmddf cfjZostfcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . kf:;f ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿df hfFu/ sd x'Fb} uPdf, 5nkmnx¿ ljifoj:t'jf6 cGt} df]l8Pdf jf w]/} nfdf] ;qnfO{ ljleGg efudf ljefhg ug{] sfo{df ;xof]uL x'g;S5g\ . o:tf ph{sx¿nfO{ w]/} k6s k|of]u ug'{x'Gg ;fy} hah{:tL nfb\g' x'Fb}g . o:tf lqmofsnfksf cGo ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . kf:;fsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;f]w]/ pgLx¿n] ?rfpg]vfnsf gfrufgh:tf sfo{ klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= qmdzM ahfpg] tfnLx¿

• Pp6f xftsf] cf}+nfn] csf{] xTs]nfdf tfnL dfb} Ps cf}+nfn] dfq} tfnL ahfpg ;'? ug'{;\ / lj:tf/} b'O{–tLg cf}+nf x'Fb} kfFr} cf}+nfsf] k|of]u ug'{;\ .

• tfnL l56f] l56f] ahfpg';\ .

@= rnfpg';\

;d"xnfO{ p7fP/ cfk"mn] eg]h:t} u/L lxF8\g eGg'\;\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M

• afofF xftnfO{ bfofF 3'F8fdf /fVg';\ .

• k}tfnf prfNg';\ .

• OToflb .

#= gf/fx¿

• lqmofsnfksf] d'Vo ljrf/nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{]vfnsf / ;xefuLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ jf bf]Aa/ cIf/ ePsf gf/fx¿ 5gf}6 ug'{;\ .

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3cg';"rL @÷ ph{s


• sfuhsf] 6'qmfdf Pp6f cIf/ n]Vg''';\

• ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] efudf kg{] Ps jf b'O{ 6'qmf lbg';\ .

• ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ hDdf ePsf tL 6'qmfx¿nfO{ ;xL?kdf ;s];Dd l56f] ldnfP/ /fVg eGg';\ -nfu]sf] ;do l6Kg';\ tfls csf{] k6sdf ;f] ;doeGbf l56f] ug{ ;lsof];\_

$= JolQmsf] gfd n]Vg] cEof;;d"xnfO{ sf]7fsf] aLr efudf hDdf ug'{;\ . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] gfd 6fpsf], k'¶f To;kl5 k}+tfnf / cGTodf xft -e"O{+df ;dfgfGt/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfv'/f_ n] xfjfdf n]Vg eGg';\ .

%= dfln;-;+:s[lt ;'xfpFbf] ePdfq k|of]u ug{]_

;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ nx/} pleG5g\ -Ps nx/df rf/ hgfhlt x'g] u/L_ . cfk"meGbf cufl8 plePsf] JolQmsf] ub{g dfln; u5{g / To;kl5 k5fl8 kms{]/ cfk"mnfO{ dfln; ug{] JolQmsf] ub{g dfln; u5{g\ .

^= ;d"x÷nx/ -nfO{g_ OToflb ;s];Dd l56f] agfpg] ;d"xnfO{ aLrdf hDdf ug'{;\ . pgLx¿nfO{ tn lbOPcg';f/ ;d"x agfpg eGg';\ M• Ps} /Ësf h'Qf ePsf dflg;x¿Ù

• dlxnf / k'?ifÙ• r:df nufpg] / gnufpg] dflg;x¿Ù

• ;Gtfg ePsf / gePsf dflg;x¿Ù

• skfnsf] /Ë Pp6} ePsf dflg;x¿ .

pgLx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ nfOg agfpg eGg';\ M

• pgLx¿ hlGdPsf] dlxgfcg';f/

• cfˆgf] gfdsf] klxnf] cIf/cg';f/ -j0ff{g'qmdcg';f/_

&= bf]xf]¥ofpg';\ ;d"xnfO{ tkfO{+sf zAb tyf rfnx¿ bf]xf]¥ofpg eGg';\ -cfjfh tyf rfn Ps} ;dodf kfg'{;\_ . pbfx/0fsf nflu …xft dflyÚ eGb} xftdfly nfg';\ . dflg;x¿ Ps} k6s af]n'g / rfn rn'g eGgsf nflu Pskl5 csf{] ub{} w]/} rfn rNg';\ .

• k'¶fdf xft /fVg]Ù

• xftdfly ug{]Ù

• bfofF 3'Dg]Ù

• afofF 3'Dg]Ù

• pk|mg]Ù

• OToflb .

*= hgfj/x¿laR5L, ;k{ / Eofu'tf ;ª\s]t ug{]vfnsf lrGxx¿ vf]Hg';\ . ;k{n] Eofu'tf, Eofu'tfn] laR5L / laR5Ln] ;k{nfO{ df5{ .

;xefuLx¿ b'O{ nfO{gdf 9f8kl5 kfg{] u/L a:5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfk}mFn] lrGx 5fG5g\ / ;xhstf{n] 3'Dg eg]kl5 3'D5g\ . 3'd]kl5 cfˆgf] ;fd'Gg]df ePsf] JolQmsf] lrGx x]5{g\ / lht–xf/sf] lg0f{o u5{g\ . lhTg] v]ndf /xG5 / xfg{] aflxl/G5 . of] k|lqmof Pshgf afFsL /x''~h]n;Dd rln/xG5 .

164 165 166 167

/]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3cg';"rL @÷ ph{s


;|f]t–;fdfu|Lx¿

• OG6/g];gn km]8/];g ckm /]8 qm; P08 /]8–qm];]G6 ;f];fO{l6h\ -@))*_, lel;P tflnd lgb{]lzsfM sIffsf]7f tflnd Pj+ sfo{ut{ l;sfO{, h]g]ef

• p8 P;= ;o/ cf/ tyf l;Dk;g x]j6{ Pd -!((*(, PHAST sf] r/0fj4 lgb{]lzsfM emf8fafGtf Nofpg] /f]ux¿ lgoGq0fsf] ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff, ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -ck|sflzt ;fdfu|L WHO/EOS/98.3, h]g]ef

• l;Dk;g x]j6{ Pd -@))#_, xfdL dn]l/of lgoGq0f u5f{}+M Olyof]lkofsf nflu ;fd'bflos l;sfO{ tyf sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f, clb; cafjf, Sofyf]lns l/lnkm ;le{;]h, Olyof]lkof slG6« clkm;

• >Llgjf;g Pn -!(()_, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf nflu ;fwgx¿ M ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿af/] k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{ljlw, PROWESS/UNDP, Go"of]s{

• dfgjLo sfo{x¿df lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lsf ?kdf sf7 -@))(_, UN Ocha,

IFRC, s]o/ OG6/g];gn

• ;+qmd0fsfnLg j:tL, lj:yflkt hg;ª\Vof -@))%_ cS;kmfd, ;]N6/ ;]G6/

• ;'gfdLkl5 blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofsf nflu lbuf] lgdf{0fsf lgb{]zgx¿ -@))&_, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd / SKAT

• /fd|f] ejg 9fFrf tof/ ug{] tyf lgdf{0fsf af/]df xft]k'l:tsf, P]r tyf lgof; 6fk'x¿ -@))&_, ljklQ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt

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Documents

kf:;f ;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsf nflu ;xeflutfdns cjwf/0ff - Shelter … · /]8qm; / /]8–qm];]G6 ;dfh x¿sf] cGt /f{li6«o dxf;+3;'/lIft cfjf; ;r]tgfsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff;'/lIft