Khari Disease

An review on Khari An review on Khari diseasedisease

buffalo in Remote buffalo in Remote Mountains of Far Mountains of Far

West NepalWest NepalDr.Kedar KarkiDr.Kedar Karki

Senior Veterinary OfficerSenior Veterinary OfficerCentral Veterinary Laboratory Central Veterinary Laboratory

Kathmandu NepalKathmandu Nepal

BackgroundBackground

► In the remote mountain districts of far In the remote mountain districts of far west Nepal, an unidentified chronic west Nepal, an unidentified chronic debilitating disease has been recorded debilitating disease has been recorded primarily in adult buffalo population primarily in adult buffalo population since last 20-25 years. since last 20-25 years.


►The disease locally known as “Khari The disease locally known as “Khari disease” is characterized by weak, thin disease” is characterized by weak, thin and porous hooves with chalky dust and porous hooves with chalky dust powder formation associated with powder formation associated with general weakness, anorexia, dry and general weakness, anorexia, dry and scaly skin with white patches, fatigue scaly skin with white patches, fatigue of brachial and major skeletal muscle.of brachial and major skeletal muscle.


►The symptoms are mostly evident in The symptoms are mostly evident in the lactating buffaloes particularly the lactating buffaloes particularly during dry winter months. during dry winter months.

►The other symptoms are pruritus, The other symptoms are pruritus, emaciation, low production and dermal emaciation, low production and dermal lesion above the hoof. lesion above the hoof.

►The disease is recorded more in stall The disease is recorded more in stall fed animal, which becomes lame and fed animal, which becomes lame and unable to walk.unable to walk.


►Although, accurate prevalence figures Although, accurate prevalence figures are unavailable, about 4-5% of the are unavailable, about 4-5% of the adult buffalo population is regarded to adult buffalo population is regarded to be affected with annual mortality of be affected with annual mortality of about 2% in clinically affected animals. about 2% in clinically affected animals.

►Some therapeutic attempts with Some therapeutic attempts with ivermectin injection and mineral ivermectin injection and mineral supplementation have shown only supplementation have shown only temporary relief.temporary relief.

ReviewReview

►Nirmal Nirmal et alet al., (2000) recorded number of ., (2000) recorded number of cases treated by veterinary hospitals and cases treated by veterinary hospitals and service centres of the two districts during service centres of the two districts during different seasons (Table 1), which shows different seasons (Table 1), which shows that the number of cases increased that the number of cases increased during the autumn and winter months during the autumn and winter months (October-May), and decreased during wet (October-May), and decreased during wet rainy season (June-September), yet with rainy season (June-September), yet with high case fatality rate in rainy season.high case fatality rate in rainy season.

Khari disease infected buffaloes Khari disease infected buffaloes between June 1996 and between June 1996 and

December 1998.December 1998.PeriodPeriod Number of Number of

casescasesAnimals Animals dieddied

Case Case fatality %fatality %

June-June-SeptembeSeptemberr

342342 77 2.042.04

October-October-JanuaryJanuary

30673067 99 0.290.29

February -February -MayMay

17561756 1212 0.680.68

►Mostly these animals were found Mostly these animals were found feeding rice straw along with hey feeding rice straw along with hey made from Astragallus ,Thakaila ,and made from Astragallus ,Thakaila ,and Oak leaves. Of which Oak leaves. Of which Astragallus ,Thakaila plants are being Astragallus ,Thakaila plants are being considered as passive Selenium considered as passive Selenium accumulator. Due to which there seem accumulator. Due to which there seem to occurring of chronic selenosis in to occurring of chronic selenosis in these animalsthese animals

ReviewReview

►Laboratory examination of skin Laboratory examination of skin samples showed the presence of samples showed the presence of Psoroptes Psoroptes and and Sarcoptes Sarcoptes mites and mites and hoof powder cultured on selective hoof powder cultured on selective media showed no bacterial growth but media showed no bacterial growth but some fungus of some fungus of Candida Candida and and Blastomyces,Aspergillus Blastomyces,Aspergillus species species (Shrestha (Shrestha et alet al., 2005).., 2005).

ReviewReview

►Nail invasion by Nail invasion by CandidaCandida is not is not common because the yeast needs an common because the yeast needs an altered immune response as a altered immune response as a predisposing factor to be able to predisposing factor to be able to penetrate the nails. In penetrate the nails. In chronic chronic mucocutaneousmucocutaneous candidiasiscandidiasis, the yeast , the yeast infects the nail plate and eventually infects the nail plate and eventually the proximal and lateral nail folds.the proximal and lateral nail folds.

ReviewReview

►White superficial onychomycosis is White superficial onychomycosis is confined to the toenails and manifests confined to the toenails and manifests as small, white, speckled or powdery as small, white, speckled or powdery patches on the surface of the nail patches on the surface of the nail plate. The nail becomes roughened plate. The nail becomes roughened and crumbles easily. Molds produce a and crumbles easily. Molds produce a deep variety of white superficial deep variety of white superficial onychomycosis characterized by a onychomycosis characterized by a larger and deeper nail plate invasion. larger and deeper nail plate invasion.

ReviewReview

►Onychomycosis is caused by 3 main Onychomycosis is caused by 3 main classes of fungi: dermatophytes, yeasts, classes of fungi: dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophyte molds. and nondermatophyte molds. Dermatophytes are by far the most Dermatophytes are by far the most common cause of onychomycosis. Two common cause of onychomycosis. Two major pathogens are responsible for major pathogens are responsible for approximately 90% of all onychomycosis approximately 90% of all onychomycosis cases. cases. Trichophyton rubrumTrichophyton rubrum accounts for accounts for 70% and 70% and Trichophyton mentagrophytesTrichophyton mentagrophytes accounts for 20% of all cases. accounts for 20% of all cases.

ReviewReview

►Onychomycosis caused by Onychomycosis caused by nondermatophyte molds nondermatophyte molds ((FusariumFusarium species, species, Scopulariopsis Scopulariopsis brevicaulis,brevicaulis, AspergillusAspergillus species) is species) is becoming more common worldwide, becoming more common worldwide, accounting for up to 15% of cases in accounting for up to 15% of cases in some countries. some countries.

ReviewReview

►Dermatophytosis of the scalp, glabrous Dermatophytosis of the scalp, glabrous skin, and nails is caused by a closely skin, and nails is caused by a closely related group of fungi known as related group of fungi known as dermatophytes which have the ability dermatophytes which have the ability to utilize keratin as a nutrient source, to utilize keratin as a nutrient source, i.e. they have a unique enzymatic i.e. they have a unique enzymatic capacity [keratinase]. capacity [keratinase].

ReviewReview

►The disease process in dermatophytosis The disease process in dermatophytosis is unique for two reasons: Firstly, no is unique for two reasons: Firstly, no living tissue is invaded the keratinised living tissue is invaded the keratinised stratum corneum is simply colonised. stratum corneum is simply colonised. However, the presence of the fungus However, the presence of the fungus and its metabolic products usually and its metabolic products usually induces an allergic and inflammatory induces an allergic and inflammatory eczematous response in the host eczematous response in the host Antonella Tosti,2007Antonella Tosti,2007. .

ReviewReview

►The haematological and biochemical The haematological and biochemical parameters of clinically ill and healthy parameters of clinically ill and healthy buffaloes from the same locality did buffaloes from the same locality did not show any characteristic differences not show any characteristic differences between clinically ill and normal between clinically ill and normal animals except high eosinophil percent animals except high eosinophil percent and low phosphorus level in sick and low phosphorus level in sick animals (Singh animals (Singh et alet al., 1996).., 1996).

REFERENCES –REFERENCES –

►Nirmal, B.KNirmal, B.K., Thaguna, P.S. and Chaudhary, ., Thaguna, P.S. and Chaudhary, D.P.(2000). A retrospective study on Khari D.P.(2000). A retrospective study on Khari disease in Darchula and Baitadi districts of disease in Darchula and Baitadi districts of Nepal. Nepalese Veterinary Journal, Nepal. Nepalese Veterinary Journal, 2626, 107-, 107-109.109.

► Shrestha, R. MShrestha, R. M., Gautam, R. and Sharma, ., Gautam, R. and Sharma, K. (2005). Khari diseaseK. (2005). Khari disease

investigation-a report. Annual Technical Report, investigation-a report. Annual Technical Report, 061/62. Central Veterinary laboratory 061/62. Central Veterinary laboratory Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, pp. 124-130. Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, pp. 124-130.


►Singh, U.MSingh, U.M., Shrestha, S. P. and Pant, ., Shrestha, S. P. and Pant, G.R. (1996). Study of Khari disease in G.R. (1996). Study of Khari disease in buffaloes of Baitadi and Dharcula buffaloes of Baitadi and Dharcula districts of Nepal. Proceedings of first districts of Nepal. Proceedings of first National livestock fishery research National livestock fishery research workshop, pp 179-184.workshop, pp 179-184.


1.1. Onychomycosis:Antonella Tosti, MD, Onychomycosis:Antonella Tosti, MD, Professor, Department of Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Bologna, Dermatology, University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Dermatology & Italy; Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Miller Medical Cutaneous Surgery, Miller Medical School, University of Miami, Florida School, University of Miami, Florida www.emedicine.medscape.com/articlwww.emedicine.medscape.com/article/110582.e/110582.

► 25-12-201025-12-2010

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Khari Disease