klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi

amiran berZeniSvili

klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi

(sociologiuri TeoriebisganviTarebis adreuli wlebi)

Tbilisi 2013

anotacia

saleqcio kursi moicavs klasikuri sociologiis ganviTare-bis adreuli wlebis iseT damfuZnebelTa da klasikosTa koncef-ciebs, rogorebicaa: ogiust konti, Tavisi socialuri statiki-Ta da socialuri dinamikiT, herbert spenseri, sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis dafuZnebis angariS gasawevi mcdelobiT da struqturul - funqcionaluri midgomis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis gamovleniT, karl marqsi istoriis materialisturi gagebiTa da socialuri sistemebis TeoriiT, emil diurkemi socialu-ri solidarobis, anomiis, sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebis, sakralurisa da profanulis kategoriebiT; maqs veberi social-uri moqmedebis tipologiiT, verstehen - iTa da racionalobis “rkinis galiiT”, georg zimeli adamianTaSorisi urTierTobebis, interaqciebis, “sociaciis” formebiTa da kulturis tragediiT, vilfredo pareto “naSTebis (residui) da warmoebulebis (derivacioni) klasifikaciiT, logikur - eqsperimentaluri meTodiTa da eli-taTa wrebrunvis koncefciiT, dabolos ferdinand tionisi Tav-isi arsobrivi (Wesenvile) da Tavisufal - arCeviTi (Wilkühr) nebiT, erTobiTa (Gemainschaft) da sazogadoebiT (Geselschaft). saleqcio kursi eyrdnoba, rogorc klasikosTa fundamentur, ise klasiku-ri sociologiuri koncefciebis istoriis qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarTa Sromebs.

vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare saleqcio kursi garkveul wvlils Seitans qarTveli profesionali sociologebis momza-debaSi da arc sazogadoebis socialuri, ekonomikuri, politi-kuri Tu kulturuli problemebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels datovebs gulgrils.

saleqcio kursi Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebisTvis aucilebeli (damaxasiaTebeli) meTodikiTaa Sesrulebuli.

samecniero redaqtori: sociologiis doqtori, flora esebua

recenzentebi: valerian ramiSvili, filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtorilia wulaZe, sociologiis doqtori

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s a r C e v i

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

leqcia pirveli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba . . . . . . . 131. sociologiis warmoSobis socialuriwanamZRvrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132. inteleqtualuri Zalebis gavlena sociologiuriTeoriebis ganviTarebaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

leqcia meore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19ogiust konti da mecnieruli sociologiis . . . . . . . . 19warmoSoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191. o. konti: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi; . . . . . . 192. mecnierebaTa klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223. sociologiis sagani da amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254. sociologiis meTodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275. socialuri statika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306. socialuri dinamika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337. pozitiuri politika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368. kontis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi. . . . . . . . . . 38mokle Sinaarsi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42kiTxvebi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

leqcia mesame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51herbert spenseri sociologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511. herbert spenseri: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebisetapebi; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512. sociologia rogorc mecniereba - sociologiissagani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533. sazogadoebis spenseriseuli gageba - organicizmi . . 59da evolucionizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594. sazogadoebis spenseruli tipologia . . . . . . . . . . . 665. spenseris politikuri Sexedulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 69mokle Sinaarsi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76kiTxvebi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

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leqcia meoTxe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81karl marqsis sociologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811. karl marqsi, pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia . . . . . 873. ideur - Teoriuli wyaroebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani dasazogadoeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935. istoriis materialisturi gageba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966. meTodologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997. socialur sistemaTa Teoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1048. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialurirevolucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1099. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria . . . . . . . .11410. Semecnebis sociologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119mokle Sinaarsi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121kiTxvebi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

leqcia mexuTe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129emil diurkemis sociologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1291. emil diurkemi: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis wlebi. . . .1292. sociologiis sagani da misi adgili sxva . . . . . . . . . .132sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sistemaSi. . . . . . . . . . . .1323. “sociologizmi” rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria . . . .1394. sociologiuri meTodis wesebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1425. sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da Sromisdanawileba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1486. ,,sociologizmis” principebis gamoyeneba TviTmkvlelobis mizezTa sakvlevad . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1607. moralis sociologiuri koncefcia . . . . . . . . . . . . .1698. religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi. . . . . . .1739. diurkemis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi. . . . . . . .181mokle Sinaarsi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183kiTxvebi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

leqcia meeqvse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190maqs veberis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi . . . . . .1901. maqs veberi: pirovneba da mecnieri (frenk parkinis

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da jorj ritceris mixedviT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1902. kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa meTodologiuri problemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1953. idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqcia . . . .2004. gagebis problema da “socialuri moqmedebis” kategoria Verstehen 2085. socialuri moqmedeba da “ganwyoba sxvaze”“molodini” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2156. socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2217. formaluri racionaluroba rogorc veberiseuli sociologiis kategoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2248. veberis moZRvreba batonobis tipebis Sesaxeb . . . . . .23210. “protestantuli eTikis” Temebi: kapitalizmi, socialuri moqmedeba da rwmena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23811. religiis sociologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248mokle Sinaarsi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259kiTxvebi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

leqcia meSvide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268georg zimelis sociologia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268formaluri sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi . . . . . .2681. georg zimeli: pirovneba da mecnieri . . . . . . . . . . . .2692. sazogadoeba rogorc urTierTqmedebaTa(interaqciaTa) erToblioba: interaqciis formebi . . . .2724. filosofiuri sociologia da gagebis meTodi . . . . .2955. socialuri filosofia da kulturis sociologia. obieqturi kultura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2976. kulturis tragedia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2997. individualuri (subieqturi) kultura da obieqturi kultura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3028. socialuri geometria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3049. “fulis filosofia”, fuli da Rirebuleba, fuli, materializacia da racionalizacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . .31010. saidumlo, sociologiuri kvleva zimelismoZRvrebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31311. saidumlooba da socialuri urTierTobebi . . . . . .315mokle Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318kiTxvebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325

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leqcia merve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326vilfredo paretos sociologiuri koncefcia . . . . . .3261. vilfredo pareto: cxovreba da mecnierulimoRvaweoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3262. ideuri wyaroebi da msoflmxedvelobis Tavisebureba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3303. meTodologia: logikur - eqsperimentuli meTodi . . .3334. logikuri da aralogikuri qcevebi (qmedebebi) . . . . .3395. fsiqologiuri reduqcionizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3456. warmoebulebi (derivacioni) - ideologiiskoncefcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3557. sazogadoeba, rogorc individTa urTierTqmedebis sistema - sociologiuri sinTezi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3588. elitaTa wrebrunvis koncefcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362mokle Sinaarsi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373kiTxvebi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378

leqcia mecxre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379ferdinand tionisis sociologiuri koncefcia . . . . . .3791. ferdinad tionisi: cxovreba da moRvaweoba . . . . . . .3792. sociologiis ZiriTadi problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3803. erToba (Temi) (gemeinschaft) da sazogadoeba (gesellschaft). 3824. formaTa sociologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3845. formalizmi da istorizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3876. sociologia da politika. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3897. tionisis sistemis kritika. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3928. tionisis sociologiis mecnieruli mniSvneloba. . . . .395mokle Sinaarsi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398kiTxvebi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura: . . . . . . . . .402

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,,sociologia - Zalian axalgazrda mecnierebaaSeswavlis Zalian Zvel saganze.”

robert mertoni

Sesavali

ra pirobebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba, ra socialurma da inteleqtualurma xdomilebebma Seuwyves xeli sociologiuri azrovnebisa da Sesa-bamisad sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSobasa da ganvi-Tarebas? rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi jer kidev uZveles droSi gaCnda da seriozuli msoflmxedvelobrivi da meTodologiuri mniSvnelobac hqondaT sazogadoebrivi Tu socialuri problemebis gadaWrisa da daregulirebis SemTx-vevebSi; magram es iyo genialuri mignebebi, romlebic sistemuri da mkacrad mecnieruli formiT ar iyvnen mocemulni. socialur mecnierebaTa istoriis ubralo Tvalis gadavlebac ki sakmarisia naTlad davinaxoT, rom yoveli didi filosofosi Tu moazrovne TavianT moZRvrebebSi cdilobda sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis gzebi da kanonebi ekvlia, socialur sistemaSi adamianis adgili da roli daedgina - sazogadoebrivi yofierebis mTliani sura-Ti eCvenebina. aseTi mignebebi da moZRvrebebi, Cven ukve “winaso-ciologiur TeoriebSi” SeviswavleT.

unda momxdariyo radikaluri cvlilebebi, rogorc social-uri cxovrebis, ise inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis sferoebSi, Secvliliyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis dinamika, individTa qmedebani ki nakleb winaswarganWvretadni gamxdariyo, rom ma-Sinve dRis wesrigSi sazogadoebrivi, koleqtiuri da individ-ualuri qmedebebis reglamentaciis axali wesebisa Tu norme-bis SemuSavebisa da moZiebis problemebi damdgariyo. rodesac tradiciebi, Zveli koleqtiuri warmodgenebi, Rirebulebebi, normebi, ritualebi da tabuTa sistemebi mareglamentirebel da amxsnel Zalas kargavs, maSin mecnieruli azrovneba iZulebulia Zvel socialur wesrigs, dadgenil rutinas,Zalauflebisa da

xelisuflebis tips, ,,sakralurs’’, yovelive wmindas, rac tradiciuli sazogadoebis socialur safuZvels Seadgenda, ga-mowveva esrolos.

axal droSi, gansakuTrebiT XVIII-e saukuneSi, dasavleT evro-pis qveynebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi iseTi fundamenturi cvlilebebi xdeba, romlebic aiZulebs aqtorebs TavianTi cx-ovrebis safuZvlebis uryeobaSi daeWvdnen, sazogadoebrivi gan-

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viTarebis principulad axali faqtorebi, adamianur qmedebaTa axali interpretaciebi eZion; istoriuli cvlilebebis Sedegad axali realoba gaCnda, Zveli socialuri Rirebulebebi, normebi Tu wesebi meryevni da safuZvelgamoclilni aRmoCndnen, gani-Zarcvnen sinamdvilisagan, axali realoba ki Semecnebisa

da analizis axal midgomebs iTxovs; axal realiebTan erTad men-talobac icvleba. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis socialur-ekono-mikuri da politikuri pirobebis Semecnebis gansakuTrebuli moTxovnileba swored XVIII-e saukunis gonebaWvretiTi/raciona-luri/Teoriebis kraxis Semdeg gaCnda, romelic franguli revo-luciis tragikulma xdomilebebma da Sedegebma moitana. swored am dros gaCnda sazogadoebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis zogadi re-formis da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Seswavlis axali meTodebis Ziebis aucilebloba. pirveli, vinc gaacnobiera bunebis

mecnieruli principebis primatis roli sazogadoebrivi cx-ovrebis SeswavlaSi frangi filosofosi da “utopiuri social-izmis” erTerTi fuZemdebeli klod anri de sen-simoni [1768-1825] iyo. swored masTan muSaobda 1817-1824 wlebSi o.konti, romel-ic Semdgom sociologiis damfuZneblad da Tavad termin “so-ciologiis” SemomRebad mogvevlina.

o. konti sociologiis mxolod “naTlia” ki ar aris, romelmac mxolod saxeli SeurCia sazogadoebis Semswavlel axal disci-

plinas, aramed fuZemdebelicaa, rameTu, pirvelad sociologiis istoriaSi man SemosazRvra socialuri problemebis is areali [socialuri wesrigi, socialuri progresi], romlebic dResac so-ciologiis Zireul sakiTxebad rCeba; manve daadgina, rom social-uri movlenebi analitikuri amocanis TvalsazrisiT Tvisebrivad bunebrivi procesebis igiveobrivia; rom bunebismecnierebebSi gamoyenebuli analizis meTodebi sociologiur gamokvlevebSi savsebiT misaRebi da gamosadegia; rom sociologiis umaRlesi mizani iseTi zogadi, empiriulad dafuZnebuli Teoriuli

debulebebis sistemis SemuSavebaa, romelic socialuri mov-lenebis prognozirebis saSualebas mogvcems.

pirveli sociologebi - o.konti da spenseri - cdilobdnen Se-eqmnaT sazogadoebis Sesaxeb iseTi mecniereba, romelic fizikis an biologiis msgavsad sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonebis aRmoCenas da dafuZnebas SeZlebda. am kanonebis safuZvelze ki sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis harmonizacia SesaZlebeli gax-deboda, rameTu swored am kanonebis codna aZlevs mmarTvelebsa da mmarTulebs imis WeSmarit orientirebs, Tu rogor unda imo-qmedon adamianebma, raTa sazogadoebaSi wesrigi da keTildReoba damyardes.

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marTalia, sociologiis rogorc damoukidebeli mecniere-bis fuZemdeblad frangi o. konti da ingliseli h. spenseri iT-vlebian, magram arsebobs sakmaod argumentirebuli azri imis Taobaze, rom isini ufro protosociologebi arian, romlebmac ara mxolod saxeli daarqves axal disciplinas, aramed misi kv-levis arealic moxazes, magram damoukidebeli da avtonomiuri mecnierebis Semqmnelebad ver CaiTvlebian. sociologia rogorc damoukidebeli, avtonomiuri mecniereba, romelsac naTlad mox-azuli kvlevis obieqti, sagani da kvlevis sakuTari meTodebi aqvs, mxolod e. diurkemis, m. veberis, g.zimelis da sxvaTa ZalisxmeviT Camoyalibda. marTalia, o. kontma, h. spenserma da gansakuTrebiT k. marqsma sociumis specifikurad sociologiuri sfero gam-oyves da misi kvlevis mecnieruli meTodebis Sesaxebac miuTiTes, xolo maTma gamokvlevebma didad gansazRvres sociologiis mo-mavali ganviTareba, miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis Sesasvlel karibWesTan dganan. maSasadame, isini socialuri filosofosebi ufro iyvnen, vidre sakuTriv sociologebi.

o. konti pozitivizmis mimdevari iyo filosofiaSi da mecnierul azrovnebas, cdiseul codnas did da upirates mniS-vnelobas aniWebda. amitom igi cdilobda sazogadoebrivi, gan-sakuTrebiT socialur wesrigTan da socialur progresTan da-kavSirebuli, problemebi mecnierulad e.i. sayovelTaobiTa da obieqturobiT ekvlia. misi azriT, sociologia zust, bunebi-smecnierebis msgavs mecnierebad unda iqces, daeyrdnos iseT meTodebs, romlebic erT mkvlevars saSualebas miscems Seamow-mos, daadasturos an uaryos meore mkvlevaris mier kvlevis Sede-gad miRebuli rezultatebi, rogorc es bunebismecnierebebSia.

amitom, ar aris gasakviri, rom socialuri problemebis kvle-visas, man uwinares yovlisa, bunebismecnierebebisaTvis damaxasi-aTebel empiriul meTodebs: dakvirvebas, eqsperiments da Sedare-bas mimarTa. kontis pozitivisturi sociologia, gvevlineba rogorc empiriuli kvlevisa da misi Teoriuli ganzogadebis sin-Tezi. cdiseuli, empiriuli kvleva da Teoretizireba (Teoriuli analizi) socialuri samyaros Semecnebis ori wesi da saSualebaa. Tumca, kontic sxva Tanamoazreebis msgavsad upiratesobas em-piriul kvlevasTan SedarebiT Teoriul analizs aniWebs. misi azriT, fizikis msgavsad, romelic materiis, bunebis moZraobis kanonebs aRmoaCens da ikvlevs, sociologiac mowodebulia so-cialur cvlilebaTa kanonebi aRmoaCinos. swored, sazogadoe-bis obieqturi, aucilebeli da sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone

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kanonebis aRmoCenaSi xedavdnen sociologiis fuZemdeblebi: o.konti, k.marqsi da h.spenseri TavianT mowodebas. samive Tvli-da, rom am kanonebis aRmoCena SeZles.

sociologiis, rogorc sazogadoebisa da masSi mcxovreb (mo-saqme) adamianTa Sesaxeb mecnierebis amocanebia:

1. mocemuli sazogadoebis niSnebis aRwera; 2. socialuri progresis an socialuri stagnaciis mizezTa dadgenada gamosavlis povna;3. sociumis Semadgenel aqtorTa moqmedebebis analizi;4. individTa da socialur jgufTa moqmedebebis sazogadoebriv struqturebTan mimarTebaSi dayeneba da ganxilva.aseTi zogadi analiziT sociologiuri Teoriaa dainterese-

buli. misi mizani sazogadoebis mdgomareobisa da ganviTare-bis Sesaxeb zogadi debulebebis SeimuSavebaa. amasTanaa agreTve samuSao meTodur cneba - instrumentTa ganviTarebac dakavSire-buli. gamoyenebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic mraval e.w. spe-cialur an dargobriv sociologiebSi wina planze dgas, aq uka-na planze inacvlebs. sociologiuri Teoriebi safuZvelmdebel principebzea orientirebuli, magram amave dros mudmivad im is-toriul momentsa da erovnul konteqstzea damokidebuli, ro-melSic igi warmoiqmna. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis problemebi da ganviTareba pirvel rigSi axal cnebebs, kategoriebs, instru-mentebs da Teoriebs moiTxovs. amitom sociologiis klasikosTa Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis analizisaTvis mxolod pirobiTad Tu SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. rodesac k.marqsi Tavis ’’ka-pitals” XIX - is 50-60-ian wleebSi werda, inglisuri meurneobis da socialuri sistemis, industriuli gadatrialebebis, agreTve muSaTa klasis pauperizaciis STabeWdilebebis qveS iyo. magram 150 wlis Semdeg dasavlurma sazogadoebebma - da ara mxolod maT - teqnikuri, politikuri revoluciebi da gadatrialebebi gani-cada. msoflio sazogadoeba da msoflios sazogadoebebi Semd-gom diferenciacias ganicdian, magram erTmaneTis msgavsebasac inarCuneben. amitom, sociologiuri Teoriebi, imdenad arian sociologiuri, ramdenadac aqtualur socialuri cvlilebebis obieqtur kvlevaze acxadeben pretenzias.

magram zemoTaRniSnuli imas ar niSnavs, rom klasikosTa Te-oriebi rogorc Tanamedrove situaciisaTvis gamousadegi da Seuferebeli ganvixiloT. mecnierebis WeSmarit da moqmed prin-cipebs - igive mecnierul produqcias sociologiisaTvis spe-

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cialuri da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs: sociologebi samuSaos iwyeben ara nulidan, aramed mudam romeliRac tradi-ciaze dganan da icaven - xSirad Segnebulad, rodesac romelime klasikosidan amodian da xSirad Seugneblad da gaucnobiereb-lad, rodesac argumentebi da meTodologiuri principebi maTs gonebasa da azrovnebaSi avtomaturad iWrebian.

klasikur da Tanamedrove sociologiis saxelwodebiT cno-bili sociologiis wyalgamyofi 1968 welia. Tanamedrove so-ciologiis periodi 1967 wlidan dRemde arsebul monakveTs moicavs; xolo monakveTi, romelic sociologiis rogorc avtono-miuri mecnierebis kontiseuli dafuZnebidan 1968 wlis studen-tur moZraobamde periods moicavs - da romelic daaxloebiT 140 wels Seadgens - SeiZleba sociologiis ganviTarebis klasikur periodad iwodos. Tu istoriuli TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT, ma-Sin drois es monakveTi marTlac rom moklea, magram imis sakmao safuZvels gvaZlevs, raTa gadavwyvitoT Tu romelma sociolo-gebma iqonies gavlena sociologiuri codnis ganviTarebaze da romeli sociologebi “klasikosebad” da romeli Tanamedrove sociologiuri azrovnebis “metrebad” miviCnioT. sociologiaSi rogorc akademiur disciplinaSi arsebobs Tanxmoba imis Taobaze Tu vin “miekuTvneba” sociologiis istorias da visi Teoriebi da koncefciebi unda SeviswavloT. aseT klasikosTa ricxvs pirvel rigSi ganekuTvnebian: karl marqsi, emil diurkemi, maqs veberi, georg zimeli, vilfredo pareto, ferdinand tionisi, pitirim sorokini, tolkot parsonsi, robert mertoni, karl manhaimi da sxvebi. amitom upriani iqneba Tu klasikuri sociologiis Te-oriebis gadmocemasa da analizs ogiust kontis, herbert spens-eris da karl marqsis sociologiuri sistemis dalagebiT davi-wyebT, manamde ki im socialur da inteleqtualur faqtorebs gavaanalizebT, romlebmac sociologiis mecnierebad Camoyal-ibebaSi gzamkvlevis roli Seasrules.

amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom XVIII-e saukunis dasas-rulisa da XIX-e saukunis dasawyisis dasavleT evropis qveynebis socialur, ekonomikur, politikur da inteleqtualur cx-ovrebaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mecnierul SeswavlasTan migviyvana, rac sabolood XIX-e sauku-nis dasasruls sociologiis rogorc mecnieruli disciplinis CamoyalibebiT dagvirgvinda. j. ritceris swori SeniSvniT: “nebi-smieri inteleqtualuri sfero socialuri garemos gavleniT yalibdeba; es gansakuTrebiT sworia sociologiis mimarT, rome-lic ara mxolod iSva socialuri garemodan, aramed am socialur

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garemos Tavisi kvlevis ZiriTad obieqtad irCevs”. [53, gv. 19].mkvlevarTa umravlesoba sociologiis warmoSobaze gavlenis

mqone iseT socialur faqtorebs da inteleqtualur Zalebs us-vams xazs rogorebicaa: politikuri revoluciebi, samrewvelo gadatrialebebi, socializmis aRmasvla, feminizmi, urbanizacia, cvlilebebi religiasa da mecnierebaSi; inteleqtualuri Za-lebidan, gansakuTrebiT ganmnaTleblobis gavlenas aRniSnaven, romelmac sociologiuri Teoriebi inteleqtualuri safuZ-vliT uzrunvelyo. swored, ganmanaTleblobaa is Zala, romelmac yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTare-baze safrangeTSi.

amitom sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSobasa da gan-viTarebaSi maTi rolis gaanalizeba aucilebelia.

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leqcia pirveli

sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba

1. sociologiis warmoSobis socialuri wanamZRvrebi2. inteleqtualuri Zalebis gavlena sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi: politikuri revolucia, samrewvelo revoluciebi da kapi-

talizmis aRmasvla, socializmi da socialuri Teoriebi, femi-nizmi, urbanizacia, cvlilebebi religiaSi, mecnierebis rolis zrda, inteleqtualuri Zalebis gavlena, ganmanaTlebloba, kon-servatiuli reaqcia.

1. sociologiis warmoSobis socialuri wanamZRvrebi

a) politikuri revoluciebi. XVIII-e da XIX-e saukuneebSi momx-darma revoluciurma gadatrialebebma, romlebmac didi Zvrebi da cvlilebebi moitanes dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, gansakuTre-buli daintereseba gamoiwvia socialur moazrovneebs Soris. am revoluciebs dadebiT cvlilebebTan erTad bevri uaryofiTic mohyva sazogadoebaSi. moazrovneebi gaaogna revoluciebis mier datrialebulma uwesrigobebma da qaosma. yvela maTgani sazoga-doebaSi wesrigis da stabilurobis aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebis survilma gaaerTiana. zogi warsulisaken (SuasaukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesrigisadmi nostalgia) ixedeba da misi Rire-bulebebis da faseulobebis aRdgenaze ocnebobs; zogi ki acno-bierebs, rom momxdari cvlilebebi aseT dabrunebas SeuZlebels xdis da cdiloben sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali safuZvlebi moiZion. swored stabilurobis, socialuri wesrigisa da pro-gresis ideebi gaxda kidec klasikos sociologTa kvlevisa da Ziebis ZiriTadi sagani.

b) samrewvelo revoluciebi da kapitalizmis aRmasvla. sam-rewvelo gadatrialebebma dasavluri sazogadoebebis agraruli - sasoflo meurneobidan upiratesad industriul sistemaze gad-asvla gamoiwvia. axalma sistemam adamianTa soflidan qalaqad mi-gracia, qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi teqnologiuri srulyofis mTe-li seriebi da kapitalisturi ekonomikuri sistemis damkvidreba moitana, xolo am sistemis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebam

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ki marTvis axali sistema - biurokratia, kapitalizmze reaqci-am ki muSaTa moZraobebi warmoSva, romlebic ukve kapitalizmis damxobaze fiqrobdnen. swored samrewvelo gadatrialebebma, ka-pitalizmma da mis winaaRmdeg reaqciam dasavluri sazogadoebis wyobaSi

kolosaluri gadatrialeba gamoiwvia, ramac Tavis mxriv se-riozuli gavlena sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba-sa da ganviTarebaze iqonia. j. ritceris swori SeniSvniT, “so-ciologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebis gariJraJze iseTi gamoCenili moRvaweebi, rogorebic k. marqsi, m. veberi, e. diurkemi da g.zime-li iyvnen…,, aqtiurad swavlobdnen cvlilebebis monacemebs, aseve am cvlilebebis mier sazogadoebaSi gamowveul problemebs. es moazrovneebi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze dakavebulni iyvnen socialuri… problemebiT da bevr SemTxvevaSi cdilobdnen maTi gadaWris gzebi SeemuSavebinaT” (53 gv. 20).

g) socializmi da socialuri Teoriebi. Tumca zogierTi so-ciologi qeba - didebas socializms, rogorc industriuli problemebis gadaWris saSualebas asxamda, magram maTi umravle-soba mas,rogorc mecnieruli, ise adamianur - humanuri Tvalsaz-risiT upirispirdeboda. erTis mxriv, k. marqsi aqtiurad gamodis kapitalisturi sistemis damxobisa da misi socializmis Secvlis ideiT. meores mxriv, adrindeli sociologebis umravlesoba: m. veberi, e. diurkemi, socializmis mowinaaRmdegeebi iyvnen. kapi-talisturi sistemis SigniT problemebis arsebobis aRiarebisas, isini upiratesobas socialur reformebs da ara revolucias aniWebdnen, romliskenac k. marqsi mouwodebda. sazogadoebis in-teleqtualur Zalebs “socializmis ufro eSinodaT,vidre kap-italizmisa. am SiSma meti gavlena iqonia sociologiis Teoriis ganviTarebaze... SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sociologiuri Teo-ria, rogorc marqsizmis sawinaaRmdego reaqcia Camoyalibda” (53, gv. 20).

d) feminizmi da sociologiuri Teoria. sociologiuri Te-oriebis ganviTarebaze gavlena agreTve feministurma moZrao-bamac iqonia, romelmac organizebuli xasiaTi XIX saukunis 50 - ian wleebSi miiRo. feminizmma imiT, rom qalebisaTvis sayov-elTao saarCevno uflebebis mosapoveblad da XX - is dasawyisSi samoqalaqo da samrewvelo kanonmdeblobis Sesacvlelad maso-brivi mobilizacia SeZlo, sociologebs sazogadoebrivi cx-ovrebis axali plastebis da urTierTobebis gamovlenasa da Ses-wavlaSi Seuwyo xeli.

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e) urbanizacia da sociologiuri Teoria. sociologiuri Te-oriebis ganviTarebaze seriozuli da mniSvnelovani gavlena ur-banizaciulma procesebma da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis analizisa da gadaWris aucileblobamac iqonia.

v) cvlilebebi religiaSi da sociologiuri Teoria. cvli-lebebma religiur sferoSi, Tavad mosaxleobis religiuro-bis xasiaTis Secvlam, romlebic Rrma socialuri cvlilebebiT iyo gamowveuli, sociologiuri midgomis ganviTarebas mZlavri stimuli misca. TiTqmis yvela sociologiuri Teoria atarebda religiurobis beWeds,zogisTvis ki Tavad sociologia iqca re-ligiad (o. konti).

z) mecnierebis rolis zrda da sociologiuri Teoria. XVIII-e saukunis dasasruls mecnierebis rolis zrdam ara mxolod kolejebsa da universitetebSi, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebaSi, mecnierul - teqnikuri Sromis produqtebis SeRwevam cxoovrebis yvela sferoSi, mecnierebis prestiJi gazarda. sociologTa um-ravlesoba dainteresebulni iyvnen mecnierebiT da sociologi-is modelirebac bunebismecnierebis analogiiT undodaT. Tumca, arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom jer kidev m. veberi aRniSnavda, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebi mecnieruli modelebisadmi brmad mibaZvis saSualebas ar iZle-vian.

2. inteleqtualuri Zalebis gavlena sociologiuri Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi.

inteleqtualuri Zalebidan, romlebmac sociologiuri Te-oriebis ganviTarebaSi centraluri roli iTamaSes, aRsaniS-navia ori: ganmanaTlebloba da konservatiuli reaqcia ganmanaT-leblobaze; rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, ganmanaTlebloba mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri zrdisa da filosofiuri azris cvlilebebis periodi iyo. ganmanaTleblobis dros didi raode-nobis uZvelesi ideebi da Sexedulebebi, romelTa Soris bevri socialur cxovreba exeboda, uaryofili iqna da axliT Seicva-la. magram ganmanaTleblobis gavlena sociologiur Teoriebze ufro iribi da negatiuri iyo, vidre pirdapiri da pozitiuri. adrindeli sociologia viTardeboda rogorc ganmanaTleblo-bis ideebisadmi dapirispireba.

ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebi (S. monteskie, Jan - Jak ruso da sxvebi) cdilobdnen TavianTi ideebi, Tundac nawilobriv, realuri samyarodan aeRoT,isini aseve miiswrafvodnen, rom es

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ideebi socialuri samyaros samsaxurSi CaeyenebinaT da mis kri-tikul analizSi daxmarebodnen.

garda amisa, ganmanaTleblobas axasiaTebs rwmena, rom ada-mianebs samyaros arsis gageba da empiriuli gamokvlevebisa da gonebis safuZvelze misi marTva ZaluZT. sxva sityvebiT, radgan fizikur samyaros marTavs bunebis kanonebi, maSin, savaraudoa, rom socialur samyarosac misive kanonebi marTavdes. amgvarad, Semecnebis amocanaa gonebiTa da empiriuli gamokvlevebiT so-cialuri samyaros kanonebi daadginos; socialuri samyaros kanonebis dadgenis safuZvelze ganmanaTleblebi savsebiT praq-tikul miznebs isaxaven - ,,ukeTesi”, ufro racionaluri samyaro Seqmnan. gonebis rolis aRniSvnisas, ganmanaTleblebs tradi-ciul ZalauflebaSi eWvi SehqondaT. ikvlevdnen tradiciul Rirebulebebsa da institutebs, romlebic adamianis zrdasa ganviTarebas amuxruWebdnen “TavianTi ideebis praqtikul ganx-orcielebasa da sazogadoebis realur cvlilebebze orientire-buli ganmanaTleblobis filosofosebi, Tavis misias am arago-nivruli sistemebis gardaqmnaSi xedavdnen” (53 gv. 24).

ganmanaTleblobam yvelaze didi gavlena frangul socio-logiasa da marqsis Sexedulebebze moaxdina. franguli socio-logia racionaluri, empiriuli, mecnieruli da cvlilebebze orientirebuli gaxda. magram sociologiuri Teoriebis ganvi-Tarebaze ganmanaTleblobis sawinaaRmdego ideebmac aranakleb imoqmeda, romlebic franguli kaTolikuri kontrevoluciuri filosofosebis: lui de bonaldisa (1794-1840) da Jozef de mes-tris (1753-1821) SexedulebebiT iyo warmodgenili. isini ara mx-olod ganmanaTleblobas, aramed frangul revoluciasac ewi-naaRmdegebodnen, romelic nawilobriv ganmanaTleblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis wesis Sedegad miaCndaT.

bonaldi SeZrwunebuli iyo revoluciuri cvlilebebiT da Suasaukuneebis mSvidi harmoniuli sinamdvilisaken dabruneba swyuroda. misi azriT, sazogadoeba RvTiuri warmoSobisaa, maSa-sadame, goneba tradiciul religiur warmodgenebsaa daqvemde-barebuli. ufro metic, Tvlida ramdenadac sazogadoeba Seqmna RmerTma, adamianebi ar unda Caerion arsebul wesrigSi da Rv-Tiur qmnilebebSi cvlilebebis Setanas ar unda Seecadon. amave dros, bonaldi ewinaaRmdegeba iseTi tradiciuli institutebis ngrevas, rogorebicaa: patriarqati, monogamiuri qorwineba, monarqia, kaTolikuri eklesia.

konservatiulma moazrovneebma ganmanaTleblobis “gulu-bryvilo” racionalizms uari uTxres. isini ara mxolod aRiare-ben socialuri cxovrebis iracionalur aspeqtebs, aramed maT dadebiT sazrisac ki miaweren. iseT fenomenebs, rogorebicaa

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tradicia, amaRlebuli emociuroba, warmosaxva da religia, ro-gorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis sasargeblo da aucileb-el komponentebs ganixilavdnen. isini uaryofen revoluciur gadatrialebebs da iswrafvian SeinarCunon arsebuli wesrigi, kicxaven ganviTarebis iseT formebs, rogorebicaa franguli revolucia, samrewvelo gadatrialeba, da maT gamanadgurebel ZalebTan aigiveben. konservatiuli moazrovneebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebelia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis xazgasma. es ki Teoretikos sociologTa SromebSi wamyvani Temaa.

mkvlevarebi (ceitlini, j.ritceri da sxvebi) gamoyofen aT ZiriTaddebulebas, romelic konservatiul moazrovneTa

Sexedu-lebebidan gamomdinareobs da franguli da ara mxolod fran-

guli, aramed klasikuri sociologiis Teoriul safuZvels Sead-genen.

1. maSin rodesac ganmanaTleblobis moazrovneebi xazs indi-vidualurobis mniSvnelobas usvamdnen, konservatiuli reaqcio-nerebis interesebi ufro socialur xasiaTs atarebda: aqcenti sazogadoebisa da sxva ufro maStaburi fenomenebis rolze keT-deboda. sazogadoeba ganixileboda, rogorc individTa ubralo erTobaze ufro meti ram. iTvleboda, rom sazogadoebas ganvi-Tarebis sakuTari kanonebi aqvs, rolebic saTaves Soreul war-sulSi iReben.

2. sazogadoeba analizis mTavar erTeulad gadaiqca; is ganix-ileboda, rogorc ufro mniSvnelovani vidre individi. swored sazogadoeba qmnis individs, upiratesad socializaciis proces-Si.

3. individumi TviT sazogadoebis SigniTac ar ganixileba ro-gorc ZiriTadi elementi. sazogadoebis Semadgenel komponente-bad roli, statusi(mdgomareoba), struqtura da institutebi iTvleboda. individis roli odnav ufro metia vidre am kompo-nentebis ujredebis ubralod Sevseba.

4. sazogadoebis nawilebi urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTda-mokidebulebaSi arseboben. ra Tqma unda es urTierTdamok-

idebuleba sazogadoebis safuZvelia. am Tvalsazriss konserva-tiul politikur orientaciamde mivyavarT. radgan sazogadoe-bis yvela nawili urTierTdamokidebulia, TiToeuli maTganis dasusteba meoreze da sabolood mTel sistemaze zemoqmedebs. es ki niSnavs, rom socialuri sistemis yvela cvlileba udidesi sifrTxiliT unda tardebodes.

5. cvlilebebi ganixileboda rogorc saSiSroeba ara mxolod sazogadoebisa da misi komponentebisaTvis, aramed aq myofi indi-vidumebisaTvisac. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva komponentebi adami-

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anebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad iyvnen mowodebul-ni. varaudobdnen, rom institutebis ngreva adamianebs tanjvas miayenebs, rac Tavis mxriv, socialur uwesrigobas gamoiwvevs.

6. zogadi tendenciis Tanaxmad sazogadoebis msxvili Semad-geneli nawilebi sasargebloa individumebisa da sazogadoebi-saTvis. Sedegad arsebuli socialuri institutebis saqmianobis negatiuri Sefasebebis araviTari motivacia ar arsebobda.

7. SedarebiT wvrili komponentebi, rogorebicaa ojaxi, me-zobloba, religiuri an dasaqmebis mixedviT Sedgenili jgufebi, aseve iTvleboda sasargeblod sazogadoebisa da individebisaT-vis, radgan aq axlo da Tbili atmosfero iqmneboda, rac Tana-medrove sazogadoebaSi Tavis SesanarCuneblad Zalian saWiroa.

8. miiCnevdnen, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli cvlilebebi, rogorebicaa industrializacia, ur-banizacia da biurokratizacia socialur uwesrigobas iwveven. maT SiSiT da gangaSiT Sehyurebdnen, maTi damangreveli Zalebis neitralizebis mizniT RonisZiebebis gatarebis aucileblobaze miuTiTebdnen.

9. maSin, rodesac am SiSismomgvrel cvlilebebs sazogadoeba ufro racionaluri wyobisaken miyavda, konservatiuli opozi-cia sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi iracionaluri faqtorebis (mag-aliTad, ritualebs, ceremoniebs, RvTismsaxurebas) mniSvnelo-bas usvamda xazs.

10. da bolos, konservatorebi icavdnen sazogadoebis ierarqi-ul sistemas, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da waxalisebis dif-erencirebuli sistemis arsebobas mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen. (ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ixile: jorj ritceris Sroma “ Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi”, rusul enaze 2002 w.)

amgvarad, pirveli sociologebi - o. konti da h. spenseri - cdi-lobdnen SeeqmnaT sazogadoebis Sesaxeb iseTi mecniereba, rome-lic fizikis an biologiis msgavsad sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonebis aRmoCenas da dafuZnebas SeZlebda. am kanonebis safuZ-velze ki sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis harmonizacia Sesa-Zlebeli gaxdeboda, rameTu swored am kanonebis codna aZlevs mmarTvelebsa da mmarTulebs imis WeSmarit orientirebs, Tu rogor unda imoqmedon adamianebma, raTa sazogadoebaSi wesrigi da keTildReoba damyardes.sociologiis mecnierebad Camoyal-ibebis procesi o. kontidan da h. spenseridan iwyeba da k. marqsis gavliT e. diurkemTan, m. veberTan, g. zimelTan da v. paretosTan srulyofil socialuri tipis mecnierebad gvevlineba, romel-sac myarad gansazRvruli kvlevis obieqti da misi Semecnebis WeSmariti - validuri meTodologia da mecnieruli analizis meTodebi aqvs.

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leqcia meore

ogiust konti da mecnieruli sociologiis warmoSoba

1. cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;2. mecnierebaTa klasifikacia;3. sociologiis sagani da amocanebi;4. sociologiis meTodebi;5. socialuri statika;6. socialuri dinamika;7. pozitiuri politika;8. kontis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:pozitiuri, pozitivizmi, mecnierebaTa klasifikacia, social-

uri organizmi, socialuri sistema, socialuri wesrigi da pro-gresi, socialuri statika, socialuri dinamika, sami stadiis kanoni, kacobriobis religia, sociokratia - sociolatria (so-ciumisadmi Tayvaniscema).

1. o. konti: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;

ogiust konti safrangeTSi, q.monpelieSi. 1798 wlis 19 ianvars, saSualo klasis ojaxSi daibada. mamam adgilobrivi gadasaxa-debis amkrefis oficialur posts miaRwia. konti adre gaxda stu-denti, magram kolejis damTavrebis diplomi ver miiRo, radgan is da mTeli misi klasi politeqnikuri skolidan politikuri Sexedulebebisa da meamboxuri qcevebis gamo garicxul iqnen. am faqtma uaryofiTad imoqmeda kontis mecnierul karieraze. 1817 wels is gaxda anri klod sen-simonis mdivani, romelmac is ,,iSvi-la”, konti masze 40 wliT umcrosi iyo. wlebis ganmavlobaSi isi-ni warmatebiT muSaobdnen erTad da konti aRniSnavda kidec, Tu ra didadaa is davalebuli sen-simonisagan: ,,me, udavoa, intele-qtualurad Zalian var davalebuli; is Zlier mexmareboda Cems filosofiur winsvlaSi, romelic me avirCie da mTeli sicocxle ar vuRalateb,” magram 1824 wels maT Soris moxda ganxeTqileba, rodesac gaigo, rom sen-simoni kontis saxelis amoRebas romeli-Rac statiidan apirebda. mogvianebiT konti Tavis urTierTobas

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sen-simonTan, rogorc ,,katastrofuls”, mas, rogorc ,,gafu-Webul matyuaras” axasiaTebs. 1852 wels konti sen-simonze ityvis: ,,me am personisagan arafriT ar var davalebuli“.

hailbroni gvaZlevs kontis daxasiaTebas - maRali araa, albaT 5futi da 2 duimi (1 futi - 30,48 sm; 1 duimi - 2,54 sm), odnav ela-mi da urTierTobebSi, gansakuTrebiT qalebTan Zalze gaubedavi, sazogadoebisagan mTlianad gaucxoebuli. es faqtebi dagvex-mareba gavigoT kontis daqorwineba karolina masanze (gagrZelda 1825 - 1842). karolina arakanonieri Svili iyo, mogvianebiT konti mas meZavs uwodebs, Tumca es darqmeva am cota xnis winaT eWvqveS iqna dayenebuli. kontis sakuTar TavSi daujerebloba sakuTari inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis rwmenasTan absolutur wi-naaRmdegobaSia, da, rogorc Cans, aseTi TviTSefaseba safuZvels araa moklebuli.

kargadaa cnobili kontis brwyinvale mexsiereba. fotografi-uli mexsierebiT dajildoebuls Tavisuflad SeeZlo erTxel wakiTxuli nebismieri gverdis citireba. koncentraciis aseTi unari saSualebas aZlevda mTeli wigni zepirad gadmoeca. le-qciebze konspeqtebs ar iyenebda. wignis weris dros mxolod mex-sierebas eyrdnoboda. 1826 w. kontma sakuTar filosofiur idee-bze 72 sajaro leqciis sakuTar binaSi Catareba ganizraxa. kursma mniSvnelovani auditoria miizida, magram sami leqciis Semdeg Sewyda, radgan konts nervuli Seteva daemarTa. fsiqikuri moS-liloba Semdegac tanjavs da erTxel 1827 wels Tavis mokvlas Seecada, mdinare senaSi gadaxta (sabednierod warumateblad).

konts politeqnikur skolaSi mudmivi Tanamdebobis dakave-ba ar SeeZlo, magram 1832 wels asistentis umniSvnelo Tanamde-boba mainc miiRo. 1837 wels misaRebi gamocdebis egzamenatoris damatebiTi Tanamdeboba miiRo da pirvel xanebSi garkveuli Semo-savali qonda (aqamde materialurad ojaxi exmareboda). am period-Si kontma Seqmna Sromebi, romlebmac mas uzarmazari avtoriteti da popularoba SesZina - ,,pozitiuri filosofiis kursis” eqvs-tomeuli, daibeWda 1830-1842 ww. aq man xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom sociologia mTavar mecnierebad unda aRiaron. konti aqve akri-tikebda politeqnikur skolas, ramac Sedegad misi asistento-bidan ganTavisufleba gamoiRo. 1851 w. man ,,pozitiuri politikis sistemis” oTxtomeuli daasrula, romelsac ufro praqtikuli miznebi qonda, vinaidan sazogadoebis globaluri reorganizaci-is gegmas sTavazobda.

hailbroni amtkicebs, rom 1838 wels kontma Zlieri dartyma miiRo, swored maSin dakarga man imedi, rom vinme, rodisme mis naS-

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romebs mTlianad mecnierebisa da kerZod sociologiis Sesaxeb, seriozulad aRiqvamda. am periodSi man gonis higienis Sesaxeb ga-nacxada. man sxva avtorebis kiTxvas Tavi aarida da kavSiri epoq-is inteleqtualur cvlilebebTan mTlianad gawyvita. 1838 wlis Semdeg konti sazogadoebis reformis Sesaxeb Tavis ideas anvi-Tarebs, rac ,,pozitiuri politikis sistemaSi” gamoixata. konti iqamde mivida, rom sakuTari Tavi kacobriobis axali religiis moZRvrad warmoidgina: mas sjeroda samyarosi, romelsac bo-los da bolos moZRvari - sociologi Caudgeba saTaveSi (kontze misma kaTolikurma fesvebma Zlier imoqmeda). sainteresoa, rom misi skandaluri ideebis miuxedavad, kontma, saboloo jamSi, mim-devrebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, rogorc safrangeTSi aseve sxva qveynebSi SeiZina. o.konti 1857 wlis 5 seqtembers gardaicvala.

Tavis TeoriaSi konti aqcents inteleqtualur faqtorebze akeTebs. is amtkicebda, rom socialuri uwesrigobis mizezi in-teleqtualuri uwesrigobaa. am uwesrigobis wyaro adrindeli epoqebis (Teologiuri an metafizikuri) ideebia, romlebic pozi-tiur (mecnierul) epoqaSic agrZeleben arsebobas. mxolod maSin, rodesac pozitivizmi mTlianad aiRebs kontrols sakuTar xel-Si, socialuri gadatrialebebi da revoluciebi Sewydeba kidec. ramdenadac es procesi evoluciuria, aRar iarsebebs gadatri-alebebisa da revoluciebis aucilebloba. magram SesaZlebelia pozitivizmis era arc ise male dadges, rogorc es zogierTebs surs. aq socialuri reformizmi da kontis sociologia urT-ierTTanxmdebian. sociologias SeeZlo daeCqarebina pozitiv-izmis gabatoneba da, maSasadame, socialur samyaroSi wesrigi See-tana. upirveles yovlisa, konts ar surs is revoluciis momxred CaTvalon. misi azriT, samyaroSi ukve sakmaod iyo uwesrigoba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kontis azriT, inteleqtualuri cvlile-bebi aucilebeli iyo, ase, rom socialuri da politikuri revo-luciebisaTvis sababi cotaa.

Cven ukve Segvxvda kontis zogierTi mosazrebebi, romelTac didi mniSvneloba qonda klasikuri sociologiis ganviTarebi-saTvis: misi sabazo konservatizmi, reformizmi da scientizmi, aseve misi evoluciuri Sexedulebebi samyaroze. aris kidev misi Semoqmedebis sxva aspeqtebic, romlebic imsaxureben gaxsenebas, imitom, rom mowodebulni iyvnen SeesrulebinaT mniSvnelovani roli sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSi. magaliTad, misi sociologia ar fokusirdeba pirovnebaze, analizis sawyis er-Teulad ufro msxvil organizmebs iRebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxi. konti aseve moiTxovda yuradReba, rogorc

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socialur struqturaze, aseve socialur dinamizmze mieqciaT. Semdgomi drois sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebaze, gansa-kuTebiT spenserisa da parsonsis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani roli sazogadoebis agebisas sistemurobis aucileblobaze, mis sxvadasxva komponentebs Soris kavSirze kontis aqcentma Seasru-la. man aseve didi mniSvneloba sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis rols mianiWa. konts unayofod miaCnda muSebisa da kapitalistebs So-ris konfliqtis aucileblobis idea. garda amisa, is xazs usvams, rom aucilebelia abstraqtuli Teoriebis Txzva da sociologi-uri gamokvlevebis Catareba. is arwmunebda sociologebs gamoey-enebinaT iseTi meTodebi, rogorebicaa dakvirveba, eqsperimenti, SedarebiTi istoriuli analizi da bolos, konti darwmunebulia, rom sociologia sazogadoebis Sida problemebis gadasaWrelad socialuri kanonebis dadgenis da refomrebis SemuSavebis un-ariT sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani mecnieruli Zala gaxdeba.

konti pozitiuri sociologiis ganviTarebis wina xazze idga. jonaTan terneris mixedviT kontis pozitivizmi xazs usvamda, rom ,,socialuri samyaro valdebulia ganaviTaros abstraqtuli kanonebi, romelTa Semowmeba SesaZlebelia monacemTa mondomebu-li SekrebiT” da ,,es abstraqtuli kanonebi socialuri samyaros mTavar da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan Tvisebebze migvaniSneben da isini maT ,,bunebriv kavSirebs” zustad gansazRvraven. Semdeg davinaxavT, rom zogierTi klasikosi (gansakuTrebiT spenseri da diurkemi) socialuri cxovrebis kanonebis dadgenisadmi kon-tiseul interess iziareben. pozitivizmi Tanamedrove socio-logiaSic inarCunebs mniSvnelobas da amave dros mas sxvadasxva poziciebidan esxmian Tavs.

Tavisi sociologiuri Teoriis skolis dasafuZneblad konts ar hqonda sakmaod Zlieri akademiuri baza, magram man sociolo-giuri Teoriis mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas Cauyara safuZveli. kontis roli momavali TaobebisaTvis franguli sociologiis misma mimdevarma da misi SemoqmedebiTi ideebis erT-erTma mem-kvidrem-emil diurkemma daaknina.

2. mecnierebaTa klasifikacia

Teologiisa da metafizikisgan mecnierebis gamoyofa kontis pozitiuri meTodis ZiriTadi idea iyo. igi gvixsnis, rom ter-min “pozitiurs mravali mniSvneloba aqvs: 1. realuri qimerulis sapirispirod; 2. sasargeblo - usargeblos sawinaaRndegod; 3. namdvili, ueWveli saeWvos sapirispirod; 4. zusti bundovanis

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sawinaaRmdegod; 5. dadebiTi - uaryofiTis sawinaaRmdegod. am SemTxvevaSi igi miuTiTebs axali filosofiis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan Tvisebaze romelic warmoadgens mas rogorc Tavi-si bunebiT mowodebuls ara ngrevisadmi, aramed upiratesad or-ganizebisadmi”. termini ‘pozitiuri”, “organulis, gansazRvru-lis, zustis” mniSvnelobiT Semotanil iqna sen-simonis mier da gvxvdeba mis qmnilebebSi. misi azriT, WeSmariti mevniereba xasi-aTdeba imiT, rom uars ambobs “gadauWrel sakiTxebze” e.i. iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWraze, romelTa arc damtkiceba da arc uaryo-fa ar SeiZleba, dakvirvebiT dadgenil faqtebze dayrdnobiT, aseT “metafizikur”, aramecnierul sakiTxebad konti Tvlida sakiTxebs nivTTa arsebisa da maTi warmoSobis mizezebis Sesax-eb”. (34, gv. 27) misi azriT, mecnierebis amocanaa kanonebis aRmo-Cena, kanonebisa, romlebic gagebulia, rogorc movlenebs Soris myari da ganmeorebadi kavSiri. mecnierebaTa amocanebis aseTi SezRudva gamarTlebuli iyo zusti, gansazRvruli codnis miR-wevis surviliT, romelsac momavlis winaswarxedvisaTvis sakmao safuZveli SeeZleboda Seeqmna.

konti filosofiis tradiciuli gagebis gamauqmeblad gvevlineba, filosofias ara aqvs arc Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sagani, arc Tavisi meTodi, romelic mecnierebaTa meTodebi-sagan gansxvavebuli iqneboda. pozitiuri filosofia, saWiroa gadmovceT rogorc mecnierebaTa yovlis momcveli sistema, ro-melic amave dros maTi sagnebis, meTodebis, kanonebis, msgavse-ba-gansxvavebis analizs moicavs.

mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis damuSavebisas, konti maT obieq-tur niSnebsa da maxasiaTeblebs eyrdnoboda. upirveles yovli-sa, man mecnierebebi abstraqtul da konkretuli saxis mecnier-ebebad dayo, pirvelnimovlenaTa gansazRvruli kategoriebis kanonebs swavloben, meoreni ki am kanonebs kerZo sferoebSi iyeneben. anu kerZo sferoebs miuyeneben am kanonebs. mag: biolo-gia aris zogadi, abstraqtuli mecniereba sicocxlis Sesaxeb. me-dicina ki - konkretuli mecnierebaa romelic iyenebs biologi-is zogad kanonebs. konti gamoyofs xuT abstraqtul-Teoriul mecnierebas: astronomias, fizikas, qimias, biologias da socio-logias. bunebiseuli movlenebis - astronomiulis, fizikuris, qimiuris da biologiuris - ZiriTad kategoriebs man sazoga-doebriv movlenaTa kategorebi daumata, riTac mecnierebaTa Tavis klasifikacias “saboloo konstruirebisa da agebisaTvis sayovelTao da aucilebeli xasiaTi” misca. kontis mecnierebaTa “enciklopediuri kibe” Sesabamisi mecnierebebis mier Sesaswav-

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li movlenebis sirTulis zrdis principis mixedviT Seiqmna. so-cialuri movlenebi sxvebisagan yvelaze didi sirTuliT gansx-vavdebian da amave dros yvela danarCenze arian damokidebulni, rac sociologiis yvelaze gviandel warmoSobas gvixsnis. miuxe-davad amisa, esenia - bunebrivi movlenebi, romlebic mocemuli sferosaTvis specifikur bunebriv kanonebs eqvemdebarebian. sazogadoebis Sesaxeb pozitiur mecnierebas kontma Tavdapirve-lad socialuri fizika, xolo mogvianebiT sociologia uwoda. axali terminis Semotanas ara neologizmebisadmi midrekilebiT, aramed specialuri disciplinis Seqmnis aucileblobiT gvixsnis, romelic sazogadoebrivi fenomenebisadmi damaxasiaTebeli fun-damenturi kanonebis pozitiur gamokvlevebs mieZRvneboda. igi xazs usvamda, rom sociologia a. ketles aRweriTi “socialuri fizikisagan” gansxvavebiT Teoriuli disciplina unda iyos. so-ciologiis pozitiur mecnierebad qceva pozitiuri filosofi-is sistemas asrulebs, riTac adamianuri gonebisa da adamianuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pozitiuri stadiis dadgomas gvau-wyebs. es iqneboda kontis azriT, namdvili “pozitiuri revolu-cia”, mecnierebis gamarjveba warsul saukuneTa sqolastikaze”. (aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom kontma Tavis klasifikaciaSi ver monaxa adgili fsiqologiisaTvis, riTac milis kritika daimsaxura).

kontiseuli mecnierebaTa klasifikaciisaTvis azrovnebis metafizikuri meTodis gamoyenebaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac gan-pirobebulia imiT, rom konti mecnierebaTa rogorc Tanabari mniSvnelobis mqone, erTi-meoris gverdiT myofi movlenebis klasifikacias axdens ise, rom erTi mecnierebis meorisgan war-moSobas adgili ar aqvs. kontma mecnierebebs Soris mxolod struqturuli da ara genetikuri kavSirebi aRmoaCina. mecniere-baTa klasifikaciis safuZveli koordinaciis da ara subordi-naciis principia.

erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli calkeuli funqciebis Semec-nebis SesaZleblobis uaryofisas igi maTi urTierTkavSirebis kvlevis aucileblobaze miuTiTebda da maTi funqcionirebis Seswavlas im didi mTlianobebisa da erTianobebis CarCoebSi moiTxovda, ra CarCoebSic isini Sedian. mag: calkeul organoTa moqmedebis kvlevisas, saWiroa mxedvelobaSi mTliani organizmis agebuleba da Tvisebrioba gvqondes, xolo sazogadoebrivi cx-ovrebis TiToeuli movlenis Seswavlisas igi iseT mTlianobebs SevufardoT, rogorebicaa epoqa, civilizacia, kacobrioba.

mTlianobiTi midgoma kontis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri pos-tulati iyo, romlis poziciidanac igi mis Tanamedrove fsiqo-

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logiasa da politikur ekonomias akritikebda. konts miaCnda, rom mTlianoba (organizmi, sazogadoeba) ufro metad eqvemde-bareba uSualo kvlevas, vidre masSi funqcionirebadi movlenebi. amasTanave Tu bunebis Semswavlel mecnierebebSi, romlebic Zir-iTadad aracocxal bunebas swavloben, Semecneba mudam Sefar-debiTia da SeuZlebelia iyos sruli, maSin biologiur da sazo-gadoebriv mecnierebebSi igi SeiZleba ufro srulyofili iyos, rameTu Semecneba aq zogierT Sesaswavlad misadgom mTlianobas exeba. iseTi mTlianoba, rogoricaa kacobrioba, yvelaze metad adamians exeba, misi Semecneba yvelaze ufro misTvisaa misadgomi da misaRwevi, amitom aRwevs igi yvelaze srul logikur sisrules da absoluturi xdeba.

kontiseuli meTodologia sxvadasxva tendenciebs aerTianeb-da. marTalia, Tavis droze man garkveuli progresuli roli iTamaSa, magram SemdegSi is ukve mecnierebis ganviTarebis da-mamuxruWebel Zalad iqca, ramdenadac mecnierebis araswor is-toriulad SezRudul gagebaze iyo dafuZnebuli, mecnierebis frangi istorikosis a.kressonis azriT, rogor Cans “mecniereba yvelgan adasturebda: kontma Zlierad daaWra mas frTebi; mas (mecnierebas) SeuZlia meti, vidre amas igi fiqrobda da ambobda”. (cit: 34, gv. 30)

3. sociologiis sagani da amocanebi

konti sociologias, rogorc pozitiur mecnierebas sazoga-doebisa da adamianis Sesaxeb Teologiur da metafizikur speku-laciebs upirispirebda. erTis mxriv, igi akritikebda Teologebs, romlebic adamians ganixilavdnen rogorc arsebas, romelic cx-ovelisgan principulad gansxvavdeba, da mas RmerTis an gangebis qmnilebad Tvlidnen. meore mxriv, mis winamorbed “metafizikoss” filosofosebs akritikebda , igi maT sayvedurobda imas, rom maT sazogadoeba rogorc adamianuri gonebis qmnileba, rogorc in-dividTa gonieri nebis produqti esmiT. sociologia kontis mixedviT - erTaderTi mecnierebaa, romelic Seiswavlis imas Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gavleniT adamianis goneba da misi fsiqika srulyofili rogor xdeba. es azri kontTan mTlian kon-cefciad yalibdeba, romlis Tanaxmadac individi warmoadgens abstraqcias, xolo sazogadoeba - sinamdviles, romelic bune-briv kanonebs eqvemdebareba. gansxvavebiT biologiurisagan sazogadoebrivi movlenebi mudam cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi, gardaqmnis viTarebaSi imyofebian, viTardebian droSi, maTi arse-

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ba - istoriulobaa, amitom konti gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT ekideboda kondorses, romelic sazogadoebas istoriuli Tval-sazrisiT ganixilavda.

sazogadoebrivi movlenebis bunebrivi kanonzomieri xasiaTis dafiqsirebisas konti voluntarizmisa da “didi gamoCenili ada-mianebis” rolis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda da politikuri reJimis civilizaciis ganviTarebis donesTan Sesatyvisobaze miuTiTebda. marTalia, ekonomikuri faqtoris rols ar uaryofda, magram igi uwinares yovlisa, civilizacias mainc goniT - fsiqologiur erTobad, ideaTa erTobad Tvlida. “ideebi, werda igi, marTaven da atrialeben samyaros... bolos da bolos mTeli socialuri meqanizmi Sexedulebebs - azrebs eyrd-noba”. ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi procesis mTavari Sinaarsi mecnieruli azris, “mecnieruli sulis - gonis” progresia, amis Sesatyvisad igeba sazogadoebis istoriis ganviTarebis suraTi.

kontis ganazrebani sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, misi sagnis da problemaTa wris Sesaxeb abstraqtuli xasiaTisani arian. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis sfero kontis mier Zalian farTod da ganusazRvrelad aris moxazuli. igi yvela im gamokv-levebs moicavs, romlebic mecnierebaTa mis klasifikaciaSi mocemul sxvadsxva mecnierebaTa kompetenciis farglebs scil-debian. ZiriTadi da pirveladi sinamdvile, romlidanac unda amovides sociologi, aris sazogadoeba, aRebuli mis mTliano-baSi. konts amis qveS mTeli kacobriobis an romelime misi didi nawilis organuli erTianoba esmoda, romelic “sayovelTao TanxmobiT” (consensus omnium) dakavSirebulia da romelsac misi struqturuli elementebis harmoniuli funqcionireba axasi-aTebs. sazogadoebis metismeti sirTule aixsneba imiT, rom masSi moqmedi Tanamedrove faqtorebi istoriuls erwymian, warsuli Taobebi Tanamedrove Taobebze axdenen gavlenas. sazogadoeba, anu rogorc mas konti uwodebs kacobrioba - esaa umaRlesi sinam-dvile (sui generis), umaRlesi arsebaa. Tumca konti emijneba so-ciologiur realizms, miaCnia, rom Sua saukuneebSi realistebsa da nominalistebs Soris arsebuli kamaTi anaqronizmia da kvlav wamoyenebis Rirsi araa. realistebis Tvalsazriss igi empiri-ulad dausabuTebel raimed Tvlida da masa da sazogadoebisadmi miseul mTlianobiT midgomas Soris veraviTar saerTos ver xeda-vda.

kontis SexedulebebSi SeiZleba imis Canasaxi davinaxoT, rac SemdegSi sazogadoebrivi movlenebisadmi - cxovrebisadmi sistemuri midgomis saxeliT moinaTla. magram kontma social-

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uri elementebisa da struqturebis namdvili urTierTdamok-idebuleba ver gaigo da socialuri cxovrebis elementebs, rogorc martiv, maradiul da ucvlel, xolo sazogadoebriv ganviTarebas, rogorc erTi da imave elementebis sxvadasxva kom-binaciebis rezultats ganixilavda. adamianuri saqmianobis obi-eqtivirebuli produqtebis Sesaxeb nayofieri azrebi, romlebic SeiZleba sociologiis Seswavlis sagnad iqcnen, masTan kacobri-obis, rogorc umaRlesi, didi arsebis Sesaxeb msjelobebSi in-Tqmeba, kontis sociologia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli istoriis idealistur filosofiasTan da mraval metafizikur da speku-latiur elementebs Seicavs. (34, gv, 31)

4. sociologiis meTodebi

kontis sociologiis arsebiTi nawili erTis mxriv gonebaWvre-tiTobis, xolo meores mxriv empirizmis ukiduresobaTa

winaRmdeg brZolis fonze sazogadoebis kvlevaSi gamoyenebul meTodTa Seswavla - damuSavebaa. konti asabuTebs dakvirvebis, agreTve eqsperimentuli, SedarebiTi da istoriuli meTodebis gamosadegobas sociologiaSi. (Tvlida ra maTematikas mecniere-baTa logikad, konti amave dros winaaRmdegi iyo maTematikur meTodTa metismet da yvelaferSi gamoyenebisa. misi azriT, maTem-atika aris mxolod errT - erTi saSualeba kvlevisa sxva mraval meTodTa Soris da Tumca, yvela movlena SeiZleba iqces princip-Si maTematikuri analizis obieqtad, magram (qimiis, biologiis, sociologiis) fenomenebisadmi, romlebic gamoirCevian didi sirTuliT, maTematikuri midgoma miuRebelia.

dakvirveba, amtkicebs konti, warmoadgens kvelevis ZiriTad meTods sociologiaSi, igi ukuagdebs eWvebs imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos sociologiaSi am meTodiT SeuZlebelia zusti monacemebis miReba istoriul xdomileba - movlenaTa damkvirvebelTa mier mowodebul cnobaTa aSkara uzustobis gamo. yvela sxva mecniere-baTa gamocdileba, romlebic sargebloben ucxo dakvirvebebiT anu sxvaTa dakvirvebiT, laparakobs Znelad Sesamowmebeli da mi-axloebiTi cnobebisa da monacemebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. magram kontma ver SeZlo, ganesazRvra is, Tu rogor moTx-ovnebs unda akmayofilebdes socialuri dakvirveba, raTa misi ueWvel da zust raimed CaTvla SeiZlebodes. socialuri faqtTa dakvirvebam sociologia mecnierebis rangSi unda aiyvanos, xolo masalas, romliTac operirebs sociologi, obieqturi xasiaTi misces. empiriuli masalis dakvirveba Teoriis xelmZRvanelobiT

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unda moxdes, sxvagvarad sociologi ver miaRwevs verafers, gar-da SemTxveviTi da izolirebuli faqtebis Tavmoyras, romelic TavisTavad arafers gveubneba. “cxadia rom yoveli socialuri dakvirveba, statistikuri iqneba is Tu dinamikuri, fundamentur TeoriaTa mudmiv gamoyenebas unda gulisxmobdes”. (cit: 34, gv 32)

sworeed pozitiuri Teoriis ararseboba, romelze dayrdno-biTac faqtebis Sekreba da ganzogadeba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, kontis azriT, sociologiis ZiriTad siZneles warmoadgens, ro-melic biwier wreSi vardeba, ramdenadac dakvirvebis Casatareb-lad saWiroa Teoria, xolo Teoriis Sesaqmnelad ki dakvirvebebi.

dakvirvebasTan dakavSirebul ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis siZneled konti aucilebeli mecnieruli momzadebis sirTules miiCnevs, romelmac mkvlevaris aramecnieruli xasiaTis - cru-rwmenebis, gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebis - dabrkolebebisagan ganTavisufleba unda uzrunvelyos. aqac namdvili mecnieruli Teoria unda dagvexmaros, romelic spekulaciebs Tavidan agvac-ilebda da mkvlevars aucilebeli cnebebiT uzrunvelyofda.

konti ara mxolod uSualo dakvirvebaTa, aramed arapirdapi-ri cnobebis, monacemebis mniSvnelobasac aRniSnavda. mag: isto-riuli da kulturuli Zeglebis Seswavlas, Cveulebebis - wesebis gagebas, enaTa analizs da Sedarebas “SeuZlia sociologias pozi-tiuri kvlevisaTvis mudmivi sasargeblo saSualebebi misces.“

sociologiis mniSvnelobiT meore meTodad konti eqsper-iments Tvlida. sociologiaSi uSualo eqsperimenti kvlevis miznebisaTvis specialurad Seqmnili pirobebis sakvlevi mov-lenis cvalebadobaze dakvirvebaSi mdgomareobs. arapirdapiri gaSualebuli eqsperimenti konts esmoda rogorc sazogadoeba-Si arsebul paTologiur gadaxraTa kvleva, romeli gadaxrebic sazogadoebriv SeryevaTa, ZiriTadad revoluciuri xasiaTis ryevaTa gavleniT iyo gamowveuli. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis arev - dareva, perturbaciebi, romlebic socialuri organizms ar-yeven, kontis azriT, individualuri organizmis avadmyofobaTa analogias warmoadgenen. maTSi naTlad vlindeba sazogadoebrivi organizmis ZiriTadi kanonebi ramdenadac avadmyofoba saSuale-bas gvaZlevs ukeT SevicnoT norma.

pozitiur mecnierebaTa mesame meTodi romelsac sociologia iyenebs esaa SedarebiTi meTodi, romlis daxmarebiTac erTmaneTs udareben xalxTa cxovrebas, romlebic erTdroulad cxovroben dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi raTa sazogadoebaTa arsebobis da ganviTarebis zogadi kanonebi daadginon.

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kontis azriT, mecnierebisaTvis aseve sasargeblo SeiZleba cxovelTa gaerTianebebis adamianTa sazogadoebasTan Sedare-ba iyos, raTa vaCvenoT maTi msgavseba da gansxvaveba. bolos Sei-Zleba erTmaneTs erTi da imave sazogadoebis sxvadasxva klasTa sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba SevadaroT, magram maTze civili-zaciis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi fazebis gavlenis xarisxis Sesaxeb daskvnas epoqis saerTo-zogadi sulis gavlena abnelebs da zRu-davs, romelic gansxvavebebs Slis da asworebs.

SedarebiTi meTodis sisuste kontis azriT, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi socialuri mdgomareoba - viTarebaTa Tanmim-devrulobas ki ar gviCvenebs, aramed maT rogorc Tanaarsebuls warmogvidgens. aman SeiZleba evoluciis stadiaze araswori war-modgena mogvces. amitom SedarebiTi meTodiT warmatebiT sarge-bloba SesaZlebelia mxolod im pirobiT Tu igi kacobriobis gan-viTarebis gansazRvrul Teorias daeqvemdebareba.

socialuri movlenebisadmi yvelaze Sesatyvis, sociologiis specifikur meTodad konti istoriul meTods - “kacobriobis gansxvavebul Tanmimdevrul mdgomareoba - viTarebaTa istori-uli Sedarebis” - meTods Tvlis. mxolod socialuri movlenebis mTeli seriebis Sepirispirebisas, rodesac socialuri movlene-bi maT TanmimdevrulobaSia aRebuli, mecniers SeuZlia romelime fizikuri, inteleqtualuri, moraluri an politikuri niSan - Tvisebis an tendenciis warmoSoba da sapirispiro tendenciis Sesabamisi Sesusteba SeniSnos da am safuZvelze saboloo rezu-ltati mecnierulad iwinaswarmetyvelos. “Tuki igi adamianTa ganviTarebis zogad kanonTa sistemas savsebiT Seesatyviseba“. (cit: 34, gv 33)

konti xazs usvams, rom istoriuli meTodiT miRebuli yvela induqciuri daskvna”adamianis biologiuri Teoriis cnebebis” Suqze unda aiwonos da Semowmdes. amgvarad, sociologia kontis mixedviT aris mecniereba, romelic biologiazea damokidebuli, Tumca isic marTalia, rom igi gadaWriT ilaSqrebs imis winaaRm-deg, raTa sociologia”adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebis ubralo ganyofilebad CaiTvalos, romelic istoriul dakvirvebebs mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs“. (iqve)

istoriul meTodSi yvelaze ufro gamoxatulia sociologiis iseTi Tavisebureba, rogoricaa “mTelisagan nawilisken aRmasv-lis aucilebloba”. kontis Tanaxmad istoriasa da sociologias romelsac igi zogjer “politikur mecnierebasac” ki uwodebs, gansxvaveba ar arsebobs. saerTod istoriuli Tvalsazrisis ba-tonobas konti Tavisi epoqis - niSnad - pozitivizmis umniSvnelo-vanes niSnad da amave droulad mis ZiriTad Sedegad Tvlida.

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sociologiis meTodTa Sesaxeb bWoba kontis sistemis yvelaze racionalur nawils exeba. konti sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis bunebrivi kanonebis arsebobis varaudidan amodis, romelTa aRmoCenamac sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis Seqmnis Sesa-Zlebloba unda uzrunvelyos. amasTanave konts bunebasTan Se-darebiT sazogadoebis Tavisebureba ar uaryvia da misi kvlevis specifikur meTodebsac eZebda. sazogadoebriv kanonzomiere-baTa bunebriv - istoriuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb azris nayofiereba gansakuTrebiT cxadi gaxdeba Tu gavixsenebT, rom im dros Te-ologiuri da spiritualisturi koncefciebi iyo gabatonebuli, romlebic sazogadoebis mecnieruli Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uaryofdnen;sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Catarebisas myar Te-oriul fundamentze dayrdnobis aucileblobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dayeneba aseve mniSvnelovani iyo. kontis ubedureba iyo is, rom mas ar SeeZlo amgvari fundamentis saxiT sxva ram garda social-uri statikis da socialuri dinamikis Tavisi Teoriebi moeca, romelTa kanonebic gonebaWvretiT spekulaciur xasiaTs at-arebdnen, da misive sakuTar amosaval ganwyobebsa da debulebebs savsebiT Seesabamisebodnen.

5. socialuri statika

kontma sociologia or did ganyofilebad: socialur sta-tikad da socialur dinamikad gayo. pirveli sazogadoebrivi sistemis funqcionirebis kanonebsa da arsebobis pirobebs, meore ki - socialur sistemaTa cvalebadobis da ganviTarebis kanonebs Seiswavlis. socialuri statika - esaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, organizaciis, harmoniis Teoria. sazogadoebas konti ganixi-lavs rogorc organul mTlianobas, romlis nawilebi urTier-dakavSirebulia da SeiZleba gagebul mxolod erTianobaSi iqnes. es koncefcia pirdapir individualisturi Teoriebis, sazo-gadoebis rogorc individTa Soris dadebul xelSekrulebaTa produqtis gagebis mcdelobaTa winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. sazo-gadoebis struqturis ganmsazRvreli, harmoniisa da wesrigis uz-runvelmyofeli principebis kvleva kontis mier mWidrodaa da-kavSirebuli socialuri politikasTan, romelmac am principebis realizeba unda moaxdinos. igi pirvel rigSi ZiriTad sazogadoe-briv institutebs - ojaxs, saxelmwifos, religias maTi sazoga-doebrivi funqciebis da socialuri integraciis saqmeSi rolis TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs; amave dros kontis ganazrebanikonser-vatiulad idealizebuli warsulis ferebiTaa Seferadebuli.

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ojaxur urTierTobebs konti gansazRvravs rogorc zneobriv - emocionalur kavSirs, romelic urTierTsimpaTiasa da siyvar-ulzea (erTgulebazea) dafuZnebuli. ojaxis roli individsa da gvars (modgmas) Soris Suamavlis rolis SesrulebaSi mdgomare-obs. misi ZiriTadi funqciaa aRzardos axalgazrdoba altru-izmis suliT, aswavlos Tandayolili egoizmis gadalaxva. ojaxi, kontTan gvevlineba “xan rogorc Cveni moraluri aRzrdis spon-tanur wyarod, xan rogorc Cveni politikuri organizaciis bune-briv bazad. Tavisi pirveli aspeqtiT yoveli Tanamedrove ojaxi amzadebs momavlis sazogadoebas, Tavisi meore aspeqtiT yoveli axali ojaxi agrZelebs arsebuli sazogadoebis cxovrebas”. (34, gv. 34)

sqesTa da TaobaTa Soris ZiriTadi ojaxuri urTierTobebis ganxilvisas konti ar uaryofs ojaxis istoriul cvalebado-bas, magram igi arsebiTad misi Tanamedrove burJuaziuli ojaxis Sesaxeb bWobs da aidealebs ise, rom mis analizs sakuTrebis, mem-kvidreobis, fulis da a.S. problemebs ar ukavSirebs.

konti patriarqaluri poziciebidan qalTa da mamakacTa Ta-nasworobis winaaRmdegia da mamakacis - mamisa da qmris Zalau-flebisa da avtoritetis ganmtkicebis aucileblobas usvams xazs. qali, misi azriT rogorc inteleqtualur mimarTebaSi, ise nebisyofis Zalis gamovlenaSi mamakacze dabla dgas. qalis sazogadoebrivi roli misi moralur-emocionaluri TvisebebiT - adamianTa darazmvis, SekavSirebis da maTi zneobrivi ganaT-lebis unariT ganisazRvreba. qalebis amocanaa - uxeSi mamakacuri naturebi gaakeTilSobilos, maTSi solidarobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi grZnobebi gaaRvivos. aqedan “ojaxis pozitiuri Teoria da bolos da bolos mamakacur aqtivobaze qalur grZno-baTa spontanuri zegavlenis sistematizaciaze daiyvaneba”. (iqve)

aseve didia qalTa roli axali Taobis aRzrdaSi. ojaxi - esaa warsul TaobaTa gamocdilebis, tradiciebis gadamcemi da mcve-li, maTi SemanarCunebeli. ojaxSi individi socializirdeba, iZens Tvisebebs, romlebic kacobriobisadmi warmatebuli samsax-urisaTvis aucilebelia, Zlevs bunebriv individualizms, swav-lobs “sxvebisTvis cxovrebas.” TaobaTa Soris keTili urTier-Tobani sazogadoebriv wonasworobas, tradiciebsa da siaxlebs Soris balanss xels uwyoben, romelTa matarebelni moxucebi da axalgazrdebi arian.

ojaxuri urTierTobebis ufro farTo sazogadoebrivi pla-nis analogia kooperaciaa, romelic Sromis danawilebazea da-fuZnebuli. TiToeuli aq imas akeTebs, risi keTebis niWic yvelaze

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metad aqvs momadlebuli. yvela dainteresebulia erTmaneTiT. ase warmoiSoba “sayovelTao Tanxmoba” (consesus omnium) da indi-vidTa spontanuri urTierTzemoqmedeba.

emocionaluri da moraluri kavSirebisadmi xazgasmisas “Tanx-moba - SeTanxmebis” momentze aqcentirebiT, kontma ukana planze gadaswia ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da kavSirebi, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba ar uaryvia. igi Tavisufali mewarmeobis princips iseT raimed Tvlida, romelic adamianuri naturis yvelaze cudi, egoisturi mxareebis gamovlenas uwyobs xels. sazogadoebrivi harmonia SeuZlebelia damyardes iq, sadac konkurencia da eqsp-loatacia batonobs.

kontma agreTve Sromis danawilebis uaryofiTi mxareebic dainaxa, marTalia, igi TiToeuli unaris ganviTarebas xels uwyobs, magram saerTo

- zogad midrekilebebs da niWs axSobs. specializacia ada-mianis Tvalsawiers, TvalTaxedvis horizonts aviwrovebs. so-cialuri grZnobebi mxolod erTnairi profesiis mqone pirebs aerTianeben,sxva profesiebisadmi ki mtrobas badeben da a.S. Sromis metismet danawilebas SeiZleba sazogadoebis calkeul korporaciebad daSla moyves, misi erTianobis darRvevas moyves konkurencia, romelic TviT yvelaze mdabal instiqtebs aRvivebs adamianebSi.

imis dadgenisagan, rom sazogadoebis daSlis, misi organuli erTianobis rRvevis tendencia arsebobs, kontma mTavrobis ro-gorc “saerTo gonis - sulis” gamomxatveli politikuri Zalau-flebis aucilebloba gamoiyvana. mTavrobis socialuri dan-iSnuleba, kontis mixedviT isaa, rom Tavidan agvacilos “ideebSi grZnobebsa da interesebSi Zireuli gansxvavebulobisadmi es fataluri midrekileba, romelsac, warmoadgens ra adamianuri ganviTarebis principis garduval Sedegs, SeeZleba, Tu Tavis gzaze dabrkolebebi ar Sexvdeba, socialuri progresis gaCe-rebasTan migviyvanos“. (cit: 34, gv. 36) amgvarad saxelmwifo es aris solidarobis organo, xolo misdami daqvemdebareba ki in-dividis wmidaTa wminda movaleobaa. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damcveli - saxelmwifo - ekonomikur, politikur da moralur funqciebs asrulebs, romelTagan ZiriTad funqciebad, konti, bolo ors miiCnevs. moraluri da politikuri Zalauflebis gay-ofis aucileblobis dasabuTebisas, inteleqtualuri da moral-uri teroris Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelsac SeuZlia azris ganviTareba daamuxruWos da igi mmarTvelTa viwro praqtikul interesebs dauqvemdebaros, konti maRal Sefasebas aZlevs Sua-

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saukuneebs imisaTvis, rom iq saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris Zalauflebis dayofa arsebobda. SuasaukuneebSi eklesiis mier ganxorcilebuli sulieri diqtaturis Rirsebebis qeba - didebi-sas, konti masSi pozitivizmis - rogorc ideebis, principebisa da koncefciebis analogias xedavs, romelsac Taviseburi kulti - samoqalaqo wes - Cveulebebis seria aqvs damatebuli da, romel-ic mowodebulia Zveli, tradiciuli, eklesiuri wes - Cveulebebi Secvalos.

kontis sulieri cxovrebis damuSavebam, “icxovre sxvebisaT-vis” lozungma, movaleobaTa eTikam mravali momxre ver miizida. kontma ver SeZlo sworad daesva da miT ufro gadaeWra mniS-vnelovani socialuri problemebi. igi ver xedavs ekonomikuri faqtorebis rols da gadaWarbebiT afasebs socialur faqtorTa rols. Sromas, ganaTlebas igi ara imdenad rogorc ekonomikur instituts, aramed rogorc moralur fsiqologiuri kavSiris saxes ganixilavs, ar ufardebs ra mas sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTare-bis gansazRvrul dones da miT ufro warmoebiTi urTierTobebis xasiaTs. socialuri jgufebis, uwinares yovlisa profesional-uris warmoqmnas igi abstraqtulad ganixilavs, da sakuTrebis urTierTobebisagan ar gamohyavs. aqedan ki arsebuli socialuri struqturis aucileblobis gamarTleba da aRiareba logikurad gamodis. (34, gv. 36)

6. socialuri dinamika

,,sazogadoebrivi progresis pozitiur Teorias” kontma so-cialuri dinamika uwoda, es iyo ,,abstraqtuli istoria”, istoria saxelTa, pirovnebaTa da TviT xalxTa saxelwodebebis gareSe”. istoriuli ganviTarebis konkretuli formebis mravalgvaro-bis gaazrebuli da gacnobierebuli ugulvelyofis da ganyenebis fonze, kontma “yvelaze civilizebuli evropuli” xalxebis is-toriidan aRebul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT sazogadoebis ganvi-Tarebis sqema Seqmna.

progresi kontis mixedviT niSnavs ganviTarebas aRmavali xaz-iT, Tumca progresis cnebis “metafizikur” RirebulebebTan kav-Sirisagan gaaTavisuflebisas, konti xazs usvams, rom am cnebaSi ubralod ganviTarebas - yovelgvari srulyofilebis elferis - ieris gareSe - debs. mecnierebas, werda igi ar SeuZlia gadaWras sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb warmoadgens Tu ara sazogadoebrivi progre-si agreTve moralur progress, Tumca TviTon darwmunebuli iyo rom es asea. rom sazogadoebrivi progresi amave dros moraluri progresia.

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sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaze zemoqmed sxvadasxva faqtore-bis analizisas, konti, maT pirvelad da meorad faqtorebad yofs. pirveladi, gadamwyveti faqtoria sulieri, gonebrivi gan-viTareba, meoradia klimati, rasa, adamianTa sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba, mosaxleobis zrda, romelic Sromis danawilebas, adamianis inteleqtualuri da moraluri Tvisebebis ganviTare-bas ganapirobebs. meorad faqtorebs SeuZliaT mxolod Seanelon an daaCqaron sazogadoebis progresi, romelic kanonzomierad mimdinareobs da romlis stadiebic SeuZlebelia Secvlil iqnes.

progresis materialur (cxovrebis garegani pirobebis gaum-jobeseba), fizikur (adamianuri bunebis srulyofa), inteleqtu-aluri (inteleqtis ganviTareba), religiur (Teologiuri da metafizikuri msoflmxedvelobidan pozitiurze gadasvla) da moralur (koleqtiurobisa da zneobrivi grZnobebis ganviTare-ba) qveganyofilebad dayofisas, konti ZiriTad mniSvnelobas or ukanasknel sferos aniWebs. igi werda, rom socialuri organizmi SexedulebaTa, ,,azrTa” erTobliobas efuZneba, romlebic Tan-daTanobiT cvalebadobisas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sxva danarCen mxareebze axdenen zegavlenas. xolo radgan es asea - maSin socialuri dinamikis safuZvelSi adamianuri gonis isto-ria unda iqnes Cadebuli.

gonebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebeli, kontis azriT, yvelaze zogadi, absrtaqtuli cnebebis arsebobaa. ami-tom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis donisa xarisxis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Sesatyvisi filosofiuri sistemebis mixedviT vimsjeloT. ada-mianuri gonebis ganviTarebis yovel etaps romelic kanonzom-ierad gaivlis sam ZiriTad stadias Teologiurs, metafizikurs da pozitiurs xelovnebis, meurneobis, politikis da sazogadoe-brivi wyobis gansazRvruli formebi Seesatyvisebian.

kontis sociologiis qvakuTxedi - ganviTarebis sami stadiis kanoni - erTdroulad istoriul da logikur kanons warmoad-gens. adamianuri gonebis ganviTarebis sami stadias istoriis gan-viTarebis sami analogiuri stadia Seesatyviseba.

Teologiur anu fiqciur stadias, romelic Zvel samyarosa da adreul Suasaukuneebs moicavs, konti sam periodad: fetiSizmad, poliTeizmad da monoTeizmad yofs. fetiSizmis dros adamiane-bi sicocxles miawerdnen garegan sagnebs da maTSi RmerTebs xe-davdnen, poliTeizmis dros, romelmac didi gavrceleba Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi hpova, sicocxles aniWebdnen “fiqciur arsebebs”, romelTa CareviTac xsnidnen yvela movlenas, Seiqmna am periodSi “poeturi msoflmxedveloba”, romelic mxatvruli

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Semoqmedebis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda, magram unari ar Seswev-da praqtikis saxelmZRvanelod gamomdgariyo, ar SeeZlo praqti-kuli saqmianobis xelmZRvaneloba gaewia. amaSi konti samyaroSi materialuri kulturis susti ganviTarebis mizezs xedavda.

monoTeizmis epoqa - esaa qristianobis epoqa, erTi RmerTis religia cvlis samyaros saxes, politikur da sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs, Cveulebebsa da morals gardaqmnis. konti far-Tod aRwers im araCveulebriv harmonias, romelic TiTqosda Suasaukuneebriv saxelmwifosa da religias Soris arsebobda da kaTolicizms “adamianuri sibrZnis dRemde arsebuli politiku-ri Sedevris” Semoqmedad Tvlis. swored SeuasaukuneebSi unda veZioT zogierTi socialuri dawesebulebis nimuSebi.

metafizikuri stadia, romelic 1300-1800 wlebs moicavs konts gardamaval periodad miaCnda, romlisTvisac Zveli rwmenebis - sazogadoebrivi wesrigis fundamentis - daSla da gaufasurebaa, damaxasiaTebeli. reformacia, ganmanaTleblobis filosofia, revolucia (,,metafizikosebisa da samarTalmcodneebis politi-kuri triumfi”) - aseTia am epoqis umniSvnelovanesi xdomilebani. ,,negatiurma”, kritikulma filosofiam yvela avtoritetis, gaba-tonebuli klasebis Zalauflebis, religiis dacema gamoiwvia, ma-gram moaxdina ra pirovnebis da daCagruli klasebis emansipacia, revoluciam kontis azriT, ver Seqmna doqtrina, romelic adami-anebis gonebas gaaerTianebda. frang revolucionerTa koncef-ciebi, kontis azriT,istoriisa da misi kanonebis ar codnaze iyo dafuZnebuli. iswrafvode revoluciuri cvlilebebisa da gar-daqmnebisaken, niSnavs midiode istoriis kanonebis winaaRmdeg, ugulvebelyofde mis kanonzomier msvlelobas, sazogadoebas avadmyofur mdgomareobaSi agdebde da a.S. am epoqaSi dabadebul-ma “metafizikurma gonma” filosofiur eWvebs, moralur simax-injes da politikur areulobasa da uwesrigobas sanqciebi misca. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, romelic CaZirulia anarqiaSi, axali ideologiis moTxovnilebas ganicdis, romelic yalb, fiqti-ur doqtrinebs Secvlis da maintrigebel sazogadoebriv rols Seasrulebs.

imis dasturad, rom sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT ukanasknel pozitiur epoqaSi Sedis, mecnierebaTa farTod gavrceleba, maTi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis zrda da pozitivizmis Teoriis Seqmna gvevlineba. samrewvelo wyoba samxedro wyobas cvlis, ro-melic Teologiuri epoqisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, cxovrebi-sa da sicocxlis yvela elementis harmoniuli da Tanabari gan-viTareba garantias iZleva, rom mecnieruli aRmoCenebi mTeli

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kacobriobis sakeTildReod iqneba gamoyenebuli. pozitiuri epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: egoizmze altruizmis gamar-jveba, socialur grZnobaTa zrda, materialuri kulturis swra-fi zrda, romelic yvelaze ufro iol da sasiamovno cxovrebas, samarTlianobas da mSvidobas uzrunvelyofs.

mis winamorbed socialur TeoriebTan SedarebiT kontis so-cialuri dinamika garkveul Rirsebebs ar aris moklebuli. igi cdilobda socialuri evoluciis kanonzomiereba aRmoeCina, ro-melsac voluntaristi istorikosebi ver amCnevdnen. bunebrivi samarTlisa da sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriebs man istoriuli midgoma, xolo liberalur individualizms - sazo-gadoebis, rogorc mTelis Tvalsazrisi daupirispira. religi-isadmi misi istoriul - evoluciuri midgomac nayofieri iyo. re-ligiisadmi, romlis ganviTarebasac konti social - politikur urTierTobaTa farTo wresTan akavSirebda, Tumca sazogadoebis erTianoba, religiis gansazRvrul formebsa da social - poli-tikur organizaciebs Soris kavSiri mas ara ekonomikuri struq-turidan, aramed ideuri erTobisagan gamoyavda.

daudo ra Tavis socialur dinamikas safuZvlad sami stadi-is kanoni, kontma uari Tqva xalxTa istoriuli ganviTarebis konkretul formaTa mravalsaxeobis analizze, ilustraciis saxiT moyavda mxolod is faqtebi, romlebic mis mierve Seqmnil sqemas adasturebdnen. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Teoria ki sxva araferi iyo Tu ara metasfizikuri, gonebaWvretiTi sqema, man ver SesZlo ganesazRvra sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WeSmari-ti specifika, istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalebic ver gansazRvra da miTumetes ver mogvca sazogadoebis momavali ganviTarebis mimarTuleba.

7. pozitiuri politika

kontis Teoriis principuli sisuste gansakuTrebiT Tvalsa-Cino xdeba, rodesac igi socialuri dinamikis zogadi Rirebule-bebidan Tavisi dadebiTi programis ,,socialuri politikis” dasabuTebaze gadadis. Tavisis Sromis am nawils konti did mniS-vnelobas aniWebda. obieqturi meTodisagan gansxvavebiT, ro-melic mimarTulia WeSmaritebis aRmoCenaze, pozitiuri poli-tikis RerZi unda iyos subieqturi Rirebulebebi, adamianuri interesebi da ideebi. amis Sesabamisad konti qadagebs subieqtur meTods politikaSi.” erTma Sromam (,,pozitiuri filosofiis kursi”) mecniereba filosofiidan gamoiyvana, meorem (,,pozitiu-

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ri politika”) ki filosofia gadaaqcia saboloo da srulyofil religiad”.

RmerTis adgils am axal religiaSi sazogadoeba iWers, ro-melsac individi pativs unda scemdes rogorc umaRles arsebas, romlisganacaa igi yvelaferSi davalebuli da Sesabamisad yve-laferSi movalea.

pozitivizmi, rogorc ,,kacobriobis religia” qadagebda sazo-gadoebaSi pirovnebis srul gaTqvefas, sayovelTao siyvarulsa da Zmobas. grZnobebsa da gonebis erTianobis ideisagan konts gam-oyavda mecnierTa da xelovanTa didi sazogadoebrivi roli, rom-lebic axali religiuri kultis msaxurni, pozitivisturi dogme-bisa da kultebis mcvelni xdebian. man daamuSava wes - CveulebaTa mTeli sistema, romlebic aSuqebdnen mamobas, Zmobas, daqorwine-bas da adamianis sicocxlis sxva mniSvnelovan xdomilebebs, Tvi-Ton naTlavda da aqorwinebda Tavis mowafeebs. kontisaTvis ar iyo agreTve ucxo pozitivisturi eklesiis idea, romlis miza-ni jer erTmorwmuneTa, xolo Semdeg mTeli msoflios xalxebis gaerTianebaa. xalxTa pozitivisturi federacia StabiT parizSi mowodebuli iyo uzrunveleyo maradiuli mSvidoba dedamiwaze.

am programis ganxorcielebaSi konti gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas proletariats aniWebda. “mxolod Cveni proletarebi SeiZleba axali filosofiis namdvil damxmareebad iqcnen”. magram prole-tariati mTlianad unda gaTavisufldes socialisturi moZRvre-bebisagan, romlebic sakuTrebis instituts xelyofen, romelsac Tavad pozitivistebi xelSeuxebel institutad miiCneven. konti komunizmis ideasa da Teziss imis Sesaxeb, rom “sakuTrebis for-mazea damokidebuli adamianuri saqmianobis regulacia” mkacrad akritikebda. pozitivistur sazogadoebSi sakuTreba rogorc sazogadoebrivi simdidris akumulacia unda ganixilebodes, xolo adamianebi, romlebmac sakuTrebis Seqmna da gamravleba SeZles -kacobriobis msaxurebad unda miviCnioT. “pozitivizmis mTlianobis Sesaxeb ganazrebebSi” kontma samrewvelo patricia-tis Sesaxeb idea wamoayena, romelic mrewvelobisa da teqnikuri dargis specialistebisagan Sedgeba da romelTagan sami diqta-tori (triumvirati) unda iqnes arCeuli, romlebic mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobisa da finansebis saqmeebs warmarTaven da amave dros TavianT xelSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli Zalau-flebis mTel sisrules akumulirebas ukeTeben. moraluri Za-laufleba ki sameurneo da politikuri mmarTvelobisagan unda gamoiyos da specialurad misi ganxorcielebisaTvis daniSnul adamianebis - filosofosebisa da xelovanTa xelSi unda imyofe-

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bodes. konti muSaTa “spontanur socializms” Tavis “sistemur socializms” upirispirebda, romelic garkveuli saxis utopia Tavad iyo. mis mier SemuSavebuli gardaqmnebis programa adami-anTa Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis Secvlaze, cnobierebis in-teleqtualur - emocionaluri reformis Catarebaze iyo mimar-Tuli.

8. kontis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi.

mecnierul sityvaTxmarebaSi termini “sociologia” pirve-lad kontma 1838 wels Semoitana, riTac istoriis tradiciuli filosofiis gonebaWvretiTi konstruqciebisagan gansxvavebiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis diaqronul (droSi Tanamimdevroba) da sinqronul (statistikuri, erTdrouli mdgomareoba) aspeqt-Si mecnierul Seswavlas gausva xazi. me-17 saukunidan momdinare da gansakuTrebiT me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi sen -simonis mier xaz-gasmuli “socialuri fizikis” idea mTeli sisruliT, sistemur-obiTa da argumentirebulad o. kontis mier iqna ganviTarebuli. misi azriT ,,socialuri fizika” anu sociologia sazogadoebrivi movlenebis fizikurze dayvanas ar gulisxmobs. socialuris specifikas igi ,,pozitiuri sinTezis” CarCoebSi - mecnieruli codnis Tavisebur enciklopediaSi iTvaliswinebs, romlis sa-fuZvelSi mecnierebaTa guldasmiT damuSavebuli klasifikacia Zevs, da romelsac garkveuli mniSvneloba dResac ki aqvs Senar-Cunebuli.

mecnierebaTa sistema, kontis mixedviT, warmoadgens ierarqias, romelic codnis martividan rTulisken, dablidan maRlisken, zogadidan specifikurisken ganviTarebis istoriul process logikur formaSi gamoxatavs. codnis - mecnierebis ganviTareba-Si yoveli momdevno, ufro maRali safexuri - wina, dabal safex-urs rogorc Tavis aucilebel wanamZRvars gulisxmobs, magram igi ufro maRali rangis mecnierebis specifikuri Sinaarsis asax-snelad sakmarisi ar aris. ZiriTadad mecnierebaTa ierarqia ase gamoiyureba: maTematika - astronomia - fizika - qimia - biologia (es terminic misi Semotanilia) - sociologia. zogadi sqemidan gamodis, rom sociologia biologiis kanonebs efuZneba da maT gareSe SeuZlebelia, magram sociologias maT zeviT aqvs raRac Tavisebureba, romelic individTa urTierTqmedebisgan gamom-dinareobs da am kanonTa gavlenas saxes ucvlis. “es urTierTq-medeba adamianur gvarSi yoveli Taobis mier mis momdevno Tao-baze zemoqmedebis Sedegad gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba “. sakiTxis

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ase dayeneba iseve rogorc sociologiisadmi wayenebuli moTx-ovna Seiswavlos dakvirvebad movlenaTa kanonebi da nu ecdeba transcendenturi (cdis miRma arsebuli, miRmuri) mizezebis Zie-bas,Tavisi daskvnebis ueWveloba daafuZnos ara istoriis sazri-sis filosofiur interpretaciaze, aramed faqtebze da faqtTa Soris kavSirebze, novatoruli iyo. maSasadame sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis movlenebisadmi sociologiuri midgomis specifika isaa, rom igi socialuri movlenebis kanonebs zogadmecnieruli meTodis da ara filosofiuri refleqsiis daxmarebiT ikvlevs. kontis azriT, sazogadoebrivi movlenebi erTobliobaSi or-ganizms qmnian. kontis es idea struqturul - funqcionaluri analizis meTodologiur miTiTebebsa da normebs win uswrebs. pirovnebis problemis gadaWrisas, konti, adamianSi “egois-tur-piradulis” gverdiT agreTve “socialuri” instiqtis arse-bobas usvams xazs da Tvlis, rom ojaxi da ara individi Seadgens im umartives mTlianobas romelTa jamic sazogadoebas qmnis, ra-meTu mis warmoqmnaSi mTvar rols materialuri aucilebloba Ta-maSobs, romelic iseT institutebSi xorcieldeba, rogoricaa: mrewveloba, vaWroba, armia da a.S. ojaxur da socialur kavSirebs Soris gansxvavebaSi f. tionisis ,,erTobisa” da “sazogadoebis”, “organuli da meqanikuri solidarobis” (diurkemis) gviandeli dixotomia (orad gayofa) SeimCneva. socialuri kavSirebis buneba aris swored “socialuri statikis” ZiriTadi sakiTxi, “social-uri statikisa”, romlis sagani socialuri organizmis element-Ta is urTierTobania, romlebic yvela istoriul pirobebSi ar-seboben (inarCuneben arsebobas) e.i. is urTierTobani, romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTeli cvalebadobis manZilze mudam erTi da igiveni rCebian. aq konti wina planze “sistemis” cnebas wamowevs, romelic sociologiaSi dRemde erT - erT central-ur problemad rCeba. evoluciis ideasTan igi organulad aris dakavSirebuli. konti pretenzias acxadebda imaze, rom “ormagi evoluciis”, erTdroulad socialuri da inteleqtualuri evo-luciis Teoriuli kanoni aRmoaCina. bWoba e.w. ,,sami stadiis kan-ons” exeba, romlis Tanaxmadac: ”yvela Cveni azri sam erTmaneTis Semcvlel mdgomareobas aucileblobiT gadis: Tavidan Teolo-giurs, sadac spontanurad warmoqmnili fiqciebi batonobs, ro-melTac damamtkicebeli sabuTebi (argumentebi) ar aqvT. Semdeg metafizikuri mdgomareoba misTvis Cveuli abstraqciebis da ar-sebebis siWarbiT, romlebsac realobad miiCneven da bolos pozi-tiuri mdgomareoba, romelic garegani realobis zust Sefasebas ucvlelad efuZneba.” TiToeuli am sami mdgomareobidan qmnis

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safuZvels da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mxares gamsWva-lavs, ase magaliTad: gonebis Teologiur mdgomareobas samxe-dro-avtoritarul reJimTan mivyavarT, ramdenadac RmerTebis Sesaxeb warmodgena asociaciis meSveobiT im gmirebis Sesaxeb warmoadgenebs badebs, romelTaganac gvarovnul-tomobrivi be-ladebi, xolo Semdeg aristokratiac momdinareobs. Teologiu-ri stadia Tavis dasrulebas “kaTolikur da feodalur” reJimSi povebs. Tvlis ra biologias sociologiis fundamentad, konti Semdeg instiqtebs: “saomar - samxedros”,”mwarmoeblurs”, “ga-momgoneblurs” da a.S. asaxelebs da maT “harmonizacias” usvams xazs, raTa socialuri sistema ar daiSalos. swored am funqcias asrulebda kidec sazogadoebis istoriaSi “Teologiuri sinT-ezi: romlis ukanaskneli istoriuli forma qristianuli mono-Teizmi iyo. magram rogoric ar unda iyos nivTTa Teologiu-ri wesrigis simyare mas mainc Seubraleblad aryevs socialuri progresi, sadac adamianis inteleqtis ganviTareba xelosnobis, vaWrobisa da zRvaosnobis teqnikur srulyofis zrdas fexdafex miyveba.

inteleqtis ganviTarebis kvalobaze iRviZebs kriticizmi, romelic religiur rwmenasa da Sexedulebebs Zirs uTxris, rom-lebic Tavis mxriv mTeli socialuri wesrigis sasicocxlo nervs qmnian. rwmenis dacemasTan erTad socialuri kavSirebis daSlac iwyeba. es daSla Tavis apogeas revoluciuri krizisebis epoqaSi aRwevs, romelTac konti sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis savse-biT aucileblad miiCnevs. maSin iwyeba kidec “metafizikuri epo-qa”, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia damangrevel SexedulebaTa batonoba, vinaidan metafizikuri gonebis abstraqtebi istori-ulad Camoyalibebul realobas upirispirdebian da arsebuli socialuri wesrigis mimarT adamianTa aRSfoTebas iwveven.

revolucis memkvidreobas “gonebis anarqia” warmoadgens, ro-melic mecnieruli codnis “pozitiurma sinTezma” unda aRmofx-vras. am sinTezis Suaguls ki sociologia warmoadgens. igi Teo-riulad asabuTebs “wesrigsa” da “progresis” organul kavSirs da amiT”anarqistTa” unayofo kinklaobasa da davas bolos uRebs, romlebic wesrigs da progresis uarmyofel “retrogradebs” ar aRiareben. am mimarTulebiT midis istoriuli evoluciis mTe-li msvleloba me-13 saukunidan (konts mxedvelobaSi hqonda mx-olod evropis wamyvani xalxebi, romelTac igi “kacobriobis elitas” uwodebda). am evoluciis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba axali “samrewvelo da mSvidobis moyvaruli sazogadoebis” el-ementTa ganuxreli zrda-matebiT. konti Tavisi epoqis yvelaze

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damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebad yvela sazogadoebriv procesze mrewvelobis upirates gavlenas miiCnevs. kontis am debulebaSi Cans tiurgos, kondorses, sen-simonis ideebis sistematizacia da axali faqtobrivi masaliT misi gamdidreba. 40-iani wlebis SuaSi, kontis SexedulebebSi gardatexa xdeba, igi gadawyvets gaafar-Tovos sociologia “subieqturi meTodis xarjze da sociolo-gia “sociolatriis” (sazogadoebis Tayvaniscemis) safuZvelze sazogadoebis gardaqmnis “praqtikul mecnierebad” aqcios. ro-melic kacobriobis rogorc erTiani didebuli arsebis kults. konti amtkicebs, rom TavisTavad aRebuli adamiani - mxolod “zoologiuri saxea”, misi WeSmariti buneba mxolod kacobrio-bis rogorc warsul, awmyo da momaval TaobaTa erTobliobis-agan Semdgar uzarmazar organizmSi ixsneba. “pozitiuri poli-tikis sistemis anu traqtati kacobriobis religiis damdgeni sociologiis Sesaxeb”, gamosvlam mravali SokSi Caagdo da kon-tis mimdevrebis gaTiSva gamoiwvia. pozitiuri religis Seqmnis mcdeloba kontis ganmanaTlebluri iluziebis kraxs mowmobs, romelmac socialuri gardaqmnebis gansaxorcieleblad realu-ri Zala ver ipova. kontis azriT: “mecnierebaTa sistemis” TviT yvelaze srulyofil gadmocemasac ki ar SeuZlia raime Secvalos realur cxovrebaSi, vinaidan xalxi mxolod mecnierebebisagan ar Sedgeba da TviT mecnierTac ar ZaluZT mividnen aseT azrTan da gaerTiandnen, amitom “meore Teologiuri sinTezis” rogorc axali sazogadoebis sulieri sayrdenis gakeTeba aucilebelia. socialuri azris Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom axali re-ligiis, RvTiuri mSeneblobis epizodi ar iyo SemTxveviTi kont-Tan. misi “meore sociologia” axla dasavleTSi popularuli... fenomenologiuri tipis e.w. “humanisturi sociologiis” pirvel saxed da prototipad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.

kontis sicocxleSi misi social - filosofiuri ideebis gav-lena susti iyo, magram me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebu-li pozitivizmis rogorc filosofiuri doqtrinisadmi intere-si gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda imas, rom pozitivizmi spekulaciur - metafizikuri saxis codnasTan Se-darebiT mkacri, dadebiTi, empiriuli saxis codnis prioritets icavda, es ki mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sinagan moTxovnilebebs pasuxobda. p. bokli, i. teni, e. renani da sxvebi Tavs pozitiviste-bad acxadebdnen.

kontis roli sociologiis istoriaSi friad winaaRmdego-brivia. man Tavisi drois sazogadoebaTmcodneobis mravali Zir-iTadi idea TiTqmis mTlianad gaaerTiana, da is sazogadoebrivi

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cxovrebisadmi spekulatur - gonebaWvretiTi midgomebisa da Teologiuri koncefciebis winaaRmdeg warmarTa. dadebiTi cod-nis apelaciam, istoriuli procesis kanonzomierebis aRiarebam, sazogadoebis struqturisa da socialuri institutebisadmi yuradRebam - Tavis droze sazogadoebaTmcodneobis ganviTare-baze Zalian didi zegavlena iqonia. mSvidobis msoflio sabWos gadawyvetilebiT kontis gardacvalebis 100 wlis Tavi aRiniS-na. sociologiis istorikosebi kontis SemoqmedebiT gonebas, mis enciklopediurobas aRniSnaven, zogierTi avtori massa da hegels Soris paralelsac ki atarebs. erT - erTi Tanamedrove frangi mkvlevaris azriT “kontis Txzulebebis kiTxva Cveni Ta-namedrovis kiTxvis STabeWdilebas tovebs.... misi nawarmoebebi dResac aqtualurni arian”. da namdviladac kontis mier wamoy-enebuli mravali idea da cneba sociologiuri azris istoriaSi myarad damkvidrda. aseT ideebs ganekuTvneba misi Sexedulebebi sazogadoebaze rogorc organul mTelze, romelic Semdgom or-ganicistul TeoriebSi, diurkemis koleqtivistur TeoriebSi da t. parsonsis struqturul funqcionalizmSi ganviTarda. sazo-gadoebis ganviTarebisa da funqcionirebis kanonTa gamijvna, im faqtorTa Zieba, romlebic istoriul ganviTarebas, social-ur integracias da socialur sistemaTa stabilurobas gansaz-Rvraven, nayofieri aRmoCnda. es Tema sociologiis frangul sko-laSi wamyvani gaxda. agreTve kontis ideam sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis obieqturobis Sesaxeb, romelic bunebismecnieruli codnis principebis mixedviT viTardeba, didi gavlena iqonia.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom kontis mier wamoyenebuli mrava-li debuleba ukve sen - simonTan gvxvdeba. garda amisa, misi sistemisTvis: idealisturoba da metafizikuroba - antidiale-qtikurobaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac misi Teoriis gonebaWvreti-TobaSi vlindeba. misi Teoria savsea Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom, sazogadoebis pozitiur codnaze damyare-bul reformebs moiTxovs, igi amave dros istoriul procesSi Carevis SesaZleblobas faqtobrivad uaryofs.

mokle Sinaarsi:1. o. konti da misi winamorbedebi. sazogadoebis meqanisturi Teoriis winaaRmdeg reaqcia

yvelaze adre inglisSi daiwyo, sadac sazogadoebis gagebaSi ax-ali tendenciebis gamomxatvelad XVIII-e saukuneSi adam fergiu-soni mogvevlina, romelmac saxelmwifos warmoSobis hobsiseuli da rusoseuli xelSekrulebiTi Teoria safuZvlianad gaakriti-

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ka. fergiusoni amtkicebs, rom adamiani Tavidanve Tavisi bunebiT socialuri - sazogadoebrivi arsebaa, amitom “kacobrioba unda ganixilebodes jgufebis saxiT, romlebSic igi mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze arsebobda. calkeuli adamianis istoria, - am adamianis gvarTan kavSirurTierTobis procesSi SeZenili grZnobebisa da azrebis mxolod erTeuli gamovlenaa da am sagnis - kacobriobis yoveli gamovlena unda amodiodes sazogadoebisa da ara erTeuli adamianebisagan”. konti ufro aRrmavebs am azrs da amosaval principad sazogadoebas rogorc organul mTlia-nobas iRebs.

2. o. konti mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis Sesaxeb. sanam kontis sociologiis principebs ganvixilavdeT, aucile-

belia mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis gageba gavaanalizoT. aris-toteles Semdeg konti pirvelia, vinc Seecada am grandiozuli amocanis gadawyvetas. igi cdilobs mecniereba gamoyos Teologi-isa da metafizikisagan. mecnierebis amocana kanonebis aRmoCe-naa, romlebic gagebulia rogorc movlenebs Soris myari da gan-meorebadi kavSiri. konti gvevlineba filosofiis tradiciuli gagebis gamauqmeblad, misi azriT filosofias ar aqvs arc gansa-kuTrebuli sagani da arc kvlevis meTodi, romelic gansxvavebu-li iqneboda mecnierebaTa meTodebisagan. Tu filosofias surs darCes mecnierebad, maSin igi unda CaerTos mecnierebaTa rigSi da yovel mecnierebaTa gamaerTianebel poziciuri filosofiis sistemad unda iqces. kontma mecnierebebi dayo abstraqtuli da konkretuli saxis mecnierebebad. pirvelni swavloben movlenaTa gansazRvruli kategoriebis kanonebs. magaliTad, biologia aris zogadi, abstraqtuli Teoriuli mecniereba sicocxlis Sesaxeb. medicina ki konkretuli mecnierebaa, romelic biologiis zo-gad kanonebs iyenebs. konti gamoyofs xuT abstraqtul - Teori-ul mecnierebas: astronomias, fizikas, qimias, biologias da so-ciologias. mecnierebaTa klasifikacias aseve safuZvlad udevs Sesaswavli movlenebis sirTulis zrdis principi. socialuri movlenebi xasiaTdebian didi sirTuliT da amave dros damok-idebulni arian yvela danarCenze, rac sociologiis yvelaze gviandel warmoSobas gvixsnis. swored sociologia asrulebs am pozitiuri filosofiis sistemas, rac moaswavebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi pozitiuri stadiis dadgomas. mecnieruli mid-gomis mTavari maxasiaTebelia mTlianobiTi, anu holisturi xe-dva, imisaTvis, rom vicodeT raime nawili, aucilebelia mTelis codna, adamianebis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod kacobriobas-Tan, epoqasTan mimarTebaSi. sociologia imitom xdeba absolu-turi da logikurad sruli, rom misi Sesaswavli sagani kacobrio-

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ba, yvelaze metad exeba adamians da misi Semecnebac misTvis ufro misadgomia.

3. sociologiis sagani da amocanebi. sociologia erTis mxriv upirispirdeba Teologiur Sexed-

ulebebs, meores mxriv metafizikur Sexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviT sazogadoeba adamianTa gonieri nebis produqtia. so-ciologia ki aris is erTaderTi mecniereba, romelic swavlobs imas, Tu rogor xdeba adamianis goneba da fsiqika srulyofili sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gavleniT. individi abstraqciaa, sazogadoeba ki sinamdvili, romelic kanonebs eqvemdebareba. biologiurisagan gansxvavebiT situaciuri movlenebi mudmiv ganviTarebaSi imyofebian - amitom maTi arseba istoriuloba-Si gamoixateba. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mTavari Sinaar-si mecnieruli gonis progresia. amis Sesatyvisad mimdinareobs kidec sazogadoebis istoriis ganviTarebis procesi. ZiriTadi da pirveladi sinamdvile, romlisaganac unda amovides sociol-gi, aris sazogadoeba mTlianobaSi. esaa mTeli kacobriobis an misi romelime didi nawilis organuli erTianoba, romelic da-kavSirebulia “sayovelTao TanxmobiT” (consensus omnium). da ro-melsac axasiaTebs misi struqturuli elementebis harmoniuli funqcionireba. sazogadoebis sirTule aixsneba imiT, rom masSi moqmedi Tanamedrove faqtorebi erwymian istoriuls, warsuli Taobebi gavlenas axdenen Tanamedrove Taobebze. sazogadoeba - kacobrioba umaRlesi sinamdvilea. erTgvari umaRlesi arsebaa. isaa Taviseburi realobis mqone sui generis, magram amgvari Tval-sazrisi ar aris socialuri realizmi, romelic socialur mov-lenebs afetiSebs da reifikacias ukeTebs.

4. sociologiis meTodebi. konti rogorc gonebaWvretiTi spekulaciebis, ise empirizmis

ukiduresobebis winaaRmdegia: igi dakvirvebis, eqsperimentis, Se-darebiTi da istoriuli meTodebis gamosadegobas asabuTebs so-ciologiaSi. Tumca maTematikis gamoyenebis winaaRmdegia. miuxe-davad imisa, rom istoriul xdomilebebis dakvirvebaTa cnobebi sizustes moklebulia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom principulad Seu-Zlebeli iyos misi gamoyeneba; vinaidan sxva mecnierebebic iyene-ben sxvaTa mier mocemul Znelad Sesamowmebel dakvirvebebis masalebs, magram amis gamo is aravis ukuugdia.. unda moinaxos is kriteriumebi, romlis mixedviTac socialuri dakvirveba zust da sando raimed CaiTvleba. socialur faqtebze dakvirvebam unda aiyvanos sociologia mecnierebis rangSi, socialuri dakvirve-bebis masalas, rom obieqturi xasiaTi mieces, amisaTvis ki aucile-

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belia Teoria - swored pozitiuri Teoriis ararseboba, romlis safuZvelzec SevZlebdiT socialuri faqtebis mokrebasa, anal-izsa da ganzogadebas - aris sociologiis ZiriTadi siZnele. da-kvirvebisaTvis saWiroa Teoria, xolo TeoriisaTvis - saWiroa dakvirvebebi. naklebi siZnelis mqonea mecnieri sociologiis momzadeba, romelic ganTavisuflebuli iqneba crurwmenisagan, aqac saWiroa pozitiuri Teoria. aseve sociologiisaTvis ara-pirdapiri cnobebi da monacemebic aucilebelia. istoriuli da kulturuli Zeglebis Seswavla, adaTebisa da Cveulebebis gageba, enaTa analizi da Sedareba.

eqsperimenti: uSualo eqsperimenti mdgomareobs kvlevis miznebisaTvis specialurad Seqmnili pirobebis mier sakvlevi movlenebiT gamowveul cvalebadobaze dakvirvebaSi. gaSualebu-li eqsperimenti konts esmis rogorc sazogadoebaSi arsebul pa-Tologiur gadaxraTa kvleva - rogorc individis avadmyofobis kvlevis analogia - sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevebi, rome-lic angrevs socialur organizms, naTlad avlenen, sazogadoe-brivi organizmis ZiriTad kanonebs, rameTu avadmyofoba - paTo-logia saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT SevicnoT norma.

SedarebiTi meTodi: am meTodis meSveobiT adareben erTdrou-lad mcxovreb xalxTa cxovrebas dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, raTa daadginon zogadi kanonebi. aseve upriania cxovelTa da adamianTa sazogadoebis Sedareba. sazogadoebriv klasTa Se-dareba. SedarebiTi meTodis sisustea is, rom igi ver gviCvenebs socialur mdgomareobaTa Tanmimdevrulobas, warmogvidgens maT rogorc Tanaarsebuls. am meTodiT warmatebiT sargebloba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, Tu igi kacobriobis ganviTarebis gansaz-Rvrul Teorias iqneba iqneba daqvemdebarebuli.

istoriuli meTodi. esaa kacobriobis gansxvavebul Tanmim-devrul mdgomareobaTa istoriuli Sedarebis meTodi. ganixi-lavs ra istoriul movlenebs TanmimdevrobaSi, mecniers Seu-Zlia SeniSnos romelime fizikuri, inteleqtualuri, moraluri, politikuri niSnis an tendenciis warmoSoba da sapirispiro ten-deciis Sesabamisi Sesusteba da mis safuZvelze saboloo rezul-tatis mecnieruli winaswarmetyveleba, Tuki igi adamianis ganvi-Tarebis zogad kanonTa sistemas savsebiT Seesabameba.

istoriuli meTodiT miRebuli yvela induqciuri daskvna “adamianis biologiuri Teoriis cnebebis Suqze” unda aiwonos. sociologia biologiazea damokidebuli. istorias da socio-logias Soris didi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs. yvelaze mniSvnelo-vani iyo kontis mier gamoTqmuli azri sociologiuri gamokv-

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levebis Catarebisas myar Teoriul fundamentze dayrdnobis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aseT Teoriad ki man socialuri statika da socialuri dinamika, rogorc sociologiis ZiriTadi ganyo-filebebi mogvawoda.

5. socialuri statika socialuri statika - Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi sistemis

funqcionirebis kanonebs da arsebobis pirobebs. socialuri sta-tika - esaa sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, organizaciis, harmoniis Te-oria. sazogadoeba organuli mTelia, romlis nawilebi urTierT-dakavSirebulia da SeiZleba gagebuli iqnes mxolod erTianobaSi - mTlianobaSi. es debuleba pirdapir mimarTulia sazogadoebis xelSekrulebiTi Teoriis winaaRmdeg. socialur statikaSi igi ZiriTad sazogadoebriv institutebs - ojaxs, saxelmwifos, re-ligias ganixilavs maTi sazogadoebrivi funqciebis da socialu-ri integraciis saqmeSi rolis TvalsazrisiT.

ojaxi - zneobriv - emociuri kavSiria, romelic damyarebu-lia urTierTsimpaTiasa da siyvarulze - erTgulebaze. ojaxis, rogorc individsa da gvars (modgmas) Soris Suamavlis mTavari funqciaa aRzardos axalgazrdoba aletruizmis suliskveTebiT - aswavlos Tandayolili egoizmis gadalaxva. ojaxi erTi mxriv amzadebs momavlis sazogadoebas, meores mxriv yoveli axali ojaxi agrZelebs arsebuli sazogadoebis cxovrebas. ojaxi is-toriulad ki icvleba, magram es cvalebadoba aranair kavSirSi araa kerZo sakuTrebasTan, memkvidreobasTan, fulTan. konti winaaRmdegia qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobisa. qali mamakacze dabla dgas, rogorc inteleqtualurad, ise nebisyofis gamov-lenis TvalsazrisiT. qalis sazogadoebrivi roli ganisazRvre-ba moralur - emociuri TvisebebiT - adamianTa SekavSirebisa da maTi zneobrivi ganaTlebis unariT. qalebis amocanaa gaakeTil-Sobilos mamakacTa uxeSi naturebi, gaaRviZos maTSi solidaroba-ze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi grZnobebi. ojaxis kontiseuli Teoria mamakacur aqtivobaze qalur grZnobaTa spontanuri ze-gavlenis sistematizaciaze daiyvaneba. didia qalTa roli axali Taobis aRzrdaSi. - ojaxi, es xom warsul TaobaTa gamocdilebis, tradiciebis gadamcemi da mcvelia, maTi SemnarCunebelia. ojaxi adamiani socializirdeba, iZens sazogadoebisaTvis warmatebuli samsaxuris gawevis aucilebel Tvisebebs, Zlevs bunebriv indi-vidualizmsa da egoizms, swavlobs “sxvebisTvis cxovrebas”. Tao-baTa Soris keTili urTierTobani xels uwyoben sazogadoebriv wonasworobas, tradiciebsa da inovaciebs (siaxleebs) Soris bal-anss, romelTa matarebelia moxucebi da axalgazrdebi.

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kooperacia - igi emyareba Sromis danawilebas, da ojaxuri urTierTobebis ufro sazogadoebrivi planis analogia. aq yvela imas akeTebs, risi niWic aqvs yvelaze metad momadlebuli. yve-la dainteresebulia erTmaneTiT, ase warmoiSoba “sayovelTao Tanxmoba” da individTa spontanuri urTierTobebi. konti sazo-gadoebis struqturebSi upiratesobas ara ekonomikur, aramed emociur, moralur “TanxmobiT” kavSirebs aniWebs. akritikebs Tavisufali mewarmeobis princips. dainaxa agreTve Sromis da-nawilebis uaryofiti mxareebic. Sromis metismet danawilebas SeiZleba moyves sazogadoebis daSla calkeul korporaciebad, misi erTianobis daSla. es rom ar moxdes, amisaTvis aucilebelia saxelmwifos, rogorc “saerTo gonis” gamomxatveli politiku-ri Zalauflebis arseboba. saxelmwifo, es aris sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damcveli organo, socialuri solidarobis organo, xolo misdami daqvemdebareba individTa wmidaTa wmida movaleo-baa. saxelmwifo asrulebs ekonomikur, politikur da moralur funqciebs. aqedan bolo oria ZiriTadi. inteleqtualuri da moraluri teroris Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa politiku-ri da moraluri Zalauflebis gayofa ise, rogorc es arsebobda SuasaukuneebSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris. konti ver xe-davs ekonomikur faqtorTa rols da gadaWarbebiT afsebs suli-er-goniT faqtorTa rols sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi.

6. socialuri dinamika socialuri dinamika - esaa socialur sistemaTa cvalebadobi-

sa da ganviTarebis kanonebis Semswavleli disciplina. igi aris “sazogadoebrivi procesis poziciuri Teoria”, abstraqtuli is-toria, “saxelTa, pirovnebaTa da TviT xalxTa dasaxelebebis ga-reSe”. progresi kontis azriT, esaa ganviTareba aRmavali xaziT, yovelgvari srulyofilebis gareSe.

a) sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebia: pir-veladi - sulier - goniTi ganviTareba, meoradi - klimati, rasa, adamianTa sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlioba, mosaxleobis namati;

b) progresi iyofa: materialur (sicocxlis garegani pirobebis gaumjobeseba), fizikur (adamianis bunebis srulyofa), intele-qtualur (inteleqtis ganviTareba regularuli da metafiziku-ri msoflmxedvelobidan pozitiurze gadasvla), moralur (ko-leqtiurobisa da zneobriv grZnobaTa ganviTareba) procesebad.

g) socialuri organizmi efuZneba SexedulebaTa erToblio-bas, romlebic TandaTanobiTi cvlilebebisas gavlenas axdenen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sxva mxareebze. amitom social-uri dinamikis safuZvelSi unda idos adamianuri gonis istoria.

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d) sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis qvakuTxedia samstadiu-ri ganviTarebis kanoni. igi erTdroulad warmoadgens istoriul da logikur kanons. adamianuri gonebis ganviTarebis sami stadia Seesatyviseba socialuri istoriis ganviTarebis sam analogiur stadias.

kontis yvelaze cnobili kanonia - kanoni sami safexuris Ses-axeb. kontma gansazRvra sami ZiriTadi safexuri, romlis mixed-viTac adamianis goneba, adamianebi momwifebis periodSi, codnis yvela mimarTuleba da msoflio istoria, yvela warmatebiT gadis am samive safexurs. yvela safexuri gulisxmobs adamianTa mier maT garSemo arsebuli sagnebis axsnis Ziebas.

1. Teologiur, anu fiqciur stadias, romelic moicavs Zvel samyaros da Suasaukuneebs, konti sam periodad: fetiSizmad, po-liTeizmad da monoTeizmad yofs. fetiSizmis dros adamianebi si-cocxles miawerdnen garegan sagnebs da maTSi xedavdnen sulebs, RmerTebs, poliTeizmis dros, romelmac didi gavrceleba hpo-va Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi, sicocxles aniWebdnen “fiqtiur arsebebs”, romelTa CareviTac xsnidnen yvela movlenas, Seiqmna “poeturi msoflmxedveloba”, romelic xels uwyobda mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ganviTarebas, magram unari ar Seswevda praqtikis saxelmZRvanelod; amaSi xedavda konti samyaroSi materialuri kulturis susti ganviTarebis mizezs.

monoTeizmis epoqa - esaa qristianobis epoqa, erTi RmerTis re-ligia cvlis - gardaqmnis samyaros saxes, politikur da sazoga-doebriv urTierTobebs, Cveulebebsa da morals: konti farTod aRwers im araCveulebriv harmonias, romelic TiTqosda arsebob-da Suasaukuneebriv saxelmwifosa da religias Soris da kaToli-cizms Tvlis “adamianuri sibrZnis dRemde arsebuli politikuri Sedevris” Semoqmedad. swored SuasaukuneebSi unda veZioT zogi-erTi socialuri dawesebulebis nimuSebi.

amgvarad, Teologiuri safexuri - es aris safexuri sadac ada-mianis goneba eZebs sagnebis bunebrivad arsebul saxes, maT sa-fuZvlebs (saidan modian) da maT mizezebs (ratom arseboben?). es safexuri moicavs fetiSizms(sagnebis gaRmerTeba) polieTizmi (mraval RmerT-Tayvanismcemloba) da bolo yvelaze maRali gan-viTarebis safexuri monoeTizmi (erTRmerTianoba, an erTis ra-mis Tayvaniscema romelic yvelafers xsnis).

2. metafizikuri stadia, romelic moicavs 1300-1800 wlebs gardamavali epoqaa, mas axasiaTebs msxvreva - esaa metafizikosTa da samarTlismcodneTa politikuri triumfi”. reformacia gan-manaTleblobis filosofia revolucia, aseTia am epoqis umniS-

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vnelovanesi xdomilebani. kritikulma filosofiam gamoiwvia yvela avtoritetis, gabatonebuli klasebis Zalauflebis safuZ-vlis - religiis dacema, magram moaxdina pirovnebisa da daCagru-li klasebis emansipacia.

metafizikuri safexuri - es aris gardamavali safexuri Te-ologiur safexursa da pozitiur eras Soris. igi arsebobs mx-olod imitom rom, kontis Tanaxmad, pirdapiri naxtomi Teolo-giuridan pozitiuramde Zalian mkveTri iqneboda imisaTviis rom xalxs gamklaveba SesZlebodaT. am safexurze abstraqtuli Zale-bi cvlian zebunebriv arsebebs da maT magivrad samyaroSi arse-buli sagnebis gamomwvev mizezebsa da miznebs xsnian. magaliTad mistiuri Zala rogoric “bunebaa” mowodebulia imisaTvis, rom axsnas ratom arian sagnebi iseTi rogorc arian.

3. pozitiuri stadia - es ra Tqma unda aris saboloo da yvelaze mniSvnelovani safexuri kontis sistemaSi. am safexurze adamiane-bi ukve pirveladi mizezebisa da miznebis Ziebas Tavs anebeben. yve-laferi rac Cven viciT arian movlenebi da maT Soris urTierT-kavSirebi da ara maTi arseba an saboloo mizezebi. isini ucvlel bunebriv kanonebs eZeben, romlebic mTel movlenebs marTaven. Zieba rogorc empiriul kvlevas ise Teoriasac moicavs, kontma ganasxvava konkretuli da abstraqtuli kanonebi. konkretuli kanonebi miiReba induqciurad, empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad, ma-Sin rodesac abstraqtuli kanonebi Teoriidan deduqciuri wesiT unda gamodiodnen. kontma SemogvTavaza sami safexuris kanoni ramodenime gansxvavebul sferoSi, man adamianis ganviTarebac zustad am safexurebSi(stadiebSi) dainaxa anu bavSvoba rogorc Teologiis safexuri, mozardi rogorc metafizikuri da zrdas-ruli pirovneba rogorc pozitiuri safexuri.

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kiTxvebi: 1. ra faqtorebma ganapirobes o.kontis mier socialur mecnierebaSi ukve arsebuli “socialuri fizikis” terminis nacvlad “sociologiis” saxelwodebis damkvidreba?2. o. kontis winamorbedebidan yvelaze ukeT, romelma moazrovnem dainaxa sazogadoebis meqanistur - xelSekrulebiTi Teoriebis metafizikuri da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi?3. CamoTvaleT da gaanalizeT mecnierebaTa kontiseuliklasifikaciis ZiriTadi principebi.4. ganmarteT sociologiis sagnis kontiseuli definiciis arsi da mniSvneloba sociologiis ganviTarebaSi.5. gaanalizeT sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebis rolis kontiseuli gagebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.6. ras Seiswavlis socialuri statika?7. CamoTvaleT is ZiriTadi socialuri institutebi, romlebic sazogadoebaSi integraciis funqciebs asruleben.8. ras Seiswavlis socialuri dinamika?9. ra materialuri da idealuri faqtorebi moqmedeben, kontis azriT, sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze?10. daaxasiaTeT sazogadoebis samstadiuri ganviTarebis stadiebi, gamoyaviT misi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.11. daaxasiaTeT mecnieruli religiis Seqmnis kontiseuli mcdelobis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.12. riT aris TanamedroveobisaTvis kontis naazrevi saintereso da mniSvnelovani?

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leqcia mesame

herbert spenseri sociologia

1. herbert spenseri: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;2. sociologia rogorc mecniereba - sociologiis sagani3. sazogadoebis spenseriseuli gageba - organicizmi da evolucionizmi4. sazogadoebis spenseruli tipologia5. spenseris politikuri Sexedulebebi

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi: sazogadoeba, socialuri zrda, socialuri struqtura, so-

cialuri funqcia, organicizmi da evolucionizmi, socialuri sistema, wonasworoba, integracia, difernciacia, homogenoba da heterogenoba, socializmi, liberalizmi da neoliberalizmi, samxedro da samrewvelo sazogadoeba, “ ara individebi arseboben sazogadoebisaTvis, aramed sazogadoeba arsebobs individebi-saTvis”, “Tu sazogadoebis momavali socializmia, maSin momava-li monobad unda iTvlebodes, imitom, rom yovel socializmSi monoba igulisxmeba”.

1. herbert spenseri: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis etapebi;

herbert spenseri inglisSi, qalaq derbiSi 1820 wlis 27 aprils daibada. mas xelovnebisa da humanitaruli mecnierebis sferoSi iseTive ganaTleba ar miuRia, rogorsac igi teqnikuri da gamoy-enebiTi sagnebis Seswavlisas daeufla.

1837 wels man muSaoba rkinigzaze inJinrad daiwyo, rac 1846 wlamde gagrZelda. am periodis ganmavlobaSi is TviTganaTle-bas eweva da mecnieruli politikuri xasiaTis Sromebis gamo-qveynebas iwyebs.

1848 wels spenseri Jurnal “ekonomistis” redaqtori xdeba, misi inteleqtualuri Sexedulebebi ki met siRrmes iZens.

1850 wels man Tvisi mTavari Sroma “socialuri statika” daas-rula. am Sromis werisas spensers uZiloba dasCemda, Sesabamisad misi fizikuri da gonebrivi problemebi sul ufro mravldeboda da mZimdeboda. momdevno wlebis manZilze man ramdenime nervuli Seteva gadaitana.

1853 wels spenserma memkvidreoba miiRo, ramac mas saSuale-

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ba misca muSaobisTvis Tavi daenebebina da sicocxlis bolomde Tavisufali mecnieris cxovrebiT ecxovra. mas arasdros hqonia universitetis xarisxi da arc raime mecnieruli Tu akademiuri postic ar daukavebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom spenseris cxovreba sul ufro izolirebuli, xolo fizikuri da gonebrivi uZlureba sagrZnobi xdeboda, misi rogorc mecnieris nayofiereba, piriqiT, izrdeboda. sabolood man saxeli da dideba ara mxolod inglis-Si, aramed mTel inteleqtualur msoflioSi moipova. rogorc misi biografebi aRniSnaven: “samoqalaqo omis Semdeg TiTqmis sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, romelime inteleqtualur sferoSi aqtiuri muSaoba spenseris Semoqmedebis Seswavlis gareSe Seu-Zlebeli iyo” (65, gv.56). erT - erTi misi mimdevari mrewveli en-driu karnegi iyo, romelmac ukve sasikvdilo sarecelze myof spensers 1903 wels Semdegi Sinaarsis werili miswera: “Zvirfaso batono maswavlebelo!... Tqven yoveldRe CndebiT Cems warmosax-vebsa da azrebSi, da akviatebiT iWreba Cems azrebSi maradiuli “ratom”, - ratom wevs is? me ki ratom unda viarebode?... msoflio ise midis win, rom ver acnobierebs Tu vinaa misi udidesi goneba... magram erTxelac msoflio miubrundeba mis moZRvrebas, da spens-eri udides mecnierTa Soris Tavis adgils daikavebs” (cit: 65, gv. 56). magram spensers sxva momavali eloda; spenseris inteleqtu-aluri marcxis mizezi misive erT - erTi saintereso da axirebu-li Tviseba gaxda, ar gascnoboda da bolomde ar waekiTxa sxvaTa, Tundac saintereso da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Sromebi. amiT igi Zalian hgavs adreuli sociologiis bumberaz moazrovne o. konts, romelic mecnierul kvleviT praqtikaSi “tvinis higienas” icavda. sxvisi Sromebis kiTxvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb spenseri ambobda: “mTeli Cemi sicocxlis manZilze me moazrovne da mkiTx-veli viyavi, da SemiZlia hobsTan erTad vTqva “me, rom ise bevri mekiTxa, rogorc amas sxvebi akeTeben, mec maTsaviT cota mecod-ineboda”. spenserma erT - erTi megobris kiTxvas Tu ras fiqrob-da igi mavanis wignze, ase upasuxa, gadaxeda Tu ara wigns, dainaxa, rom misi ZiriTadidebuleba da mtkiceba mcdaria, amitom misi wakiTxviT Tavi aRar Seuwuxebia. erT - erTi boigrafi ki werda, rom spenseri Seucnobadi wesiT TiTqos kaniT iwovda da isrutav-da codnas... rogorc Cans igi arasdros kiTxulobda wignebs.

Tu is sxva mecnierTa Sromebs ar kiTxulobda, maSin saidan gaCnda misi ideebi da azrovnebis gamWriaxoba? spenseris Tanax-mad, isini misi gonebidan araTviTneburad da intuiciurad gaCnd-nen. is ambobda, rom misi ideebi yovelgvari cnobieri ganzrax-vis an sagrZnobi Zalisxmevis gareSe ibadebodnen. spenseri aseT intuicias gacilebiT ufro efeqtur raimed miiCnevda, vidre gulmodgine Seswavlasa da azrovnebas: “aRwerili gziT miRebuli gadawyvetileba, gacilebiT ufro sworia, vidre gansazRvruli

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Zalisxmevis Sedegad, romelic azrovnebas amaxinjebs”. rogorc misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebi dananebiT SeniSnaven, spenserma rogorc mecnierma bevri ram dakarga misi axirebuli survilisa gamo ar ekiTxa sxvisi Sromebi. faqtobrivad, Tu igi vinmes Sromas waikiTxavda, amas mxolod imis gamo akeTebda, raTa Tavisi saku-Tari, damoukideblad Seqmnili ideebisadmi mtkicebuleba epo-va. is misi ideebisagan Zalian gansxvavebul ideebs yuradRebas TiTqmis ar aqcevda. spenseris Tanamedrove Carlz darvini masze ambobda: “mas, Tundac azrovnebis garkveuli Zalis dakargvis fasad, rom meti dakvirvebiT eswavla, igi saucxoo adamiani iqneboda”. (cit; 65, gv. 57) mecnierul wreebSi miRebuli wesebis ugulvebelyofam spenseri samyaros evoluciis Taobaze mTel rigi dausabuTebeli debulebebisa da skandaluri ideebis mTel rigTan miiyvana. am mizezebis gamo meoce saukunis pirveli nax-evris sociologTa umravlesobam uari Tqves spenseris ideebze da igi mkacri mecnieruli meTodiTa da empiriuli gamokvlevebiT Caanacvles. swored meoce saukunis ocian - ocdaaTian wleebSi daiwera: “spenseri rogorc sociologi mkvdaria”, magram meoce saukunis dasasruls neofunqcionalistebma spenseris ukve mivi-wyebuli mravali idea gaacocxles. herbert spenseri 1903 wlis 8 dekembers gardaicvala.

2. sociologia rogorc mecniereba - sociologiis sagani

sociologiis istoriaSi spenseri Sevida rogorc erT - erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebis fuZemdebeli; Tumca am mimarTule-bam droTa svlas ver gauZlo, istoriuli gaxda warsulisadmi kuTvnilebis azriT, spenseris sociologiur moZRvrebaSi aris erTi momenti, romelic inarCunebs Tavis Rirebulebas, esaa so-ciologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, dafuZnebis cda. “sociologi-is problemebi antikurobidan idga. calke mecnierebad misi for-mulireba miewereba konts, magram mas ar ucdia sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis dafuZneba. is, rac kontma gaakeTa maTem-atikis, bunebismecnierebis da metafizikis mimarT, maTi arsebo-bis uflebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmiT, sociologiis mimarT pir-velad gaakeTa spenserma. man moxaza sociologiis mecnierebis sfero, aCvena misi aucilebloba da gaanaliza siZneleebi, daka-vSirebuli am mecnierebis dafuZnebasTan. es siZneleebi dResac dgas sociologiis winaSe. amitom maTi gacnobiereba aris spens-eris naazrevis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani momenti so-ciologiur memkvidreobaSi”(8, gv. 137).

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spenseri, pirvel rigSi, aRniSnavs socialur movlenaTa sir-Tules bunebriv movlenebTan SedarebiT. Tu bunebaSi mizezo-brivi kavSirebi naTlad vlindeba, sazogadoebaSi daxlarTuli forma aqvs, imis Sedegad, rom sazogadoeba samyaros yvelaze rTuli elementia. amas isic emateba, rom sazogadoebrivi mov-lenebisadmi damokidebulebaSi naklebad xdeba dakvirveba, Se-dareba sxva regionebis Tu epoqebis movlenebTan, romelTa meSveobiT, induqciiT SegviZlia gavigoT ama Tu im socialuri movlenis Rirebuleba. aq mecnierul midgomas sakuTari warmod-genisa da gancdis safuZvelze Sefaseba cvlis. ar iTvaliswineben im Sedegebs, rac am movlenis dangrevas SeiZleba mohyves, aseve mis kavSirs sxva movlenebTan. ganmsazRvreli gamodis sagazeTo Tu saJurnalo informaciebi, mogzaurTa dRiurebi, sakuTari simpaTiebi Tu antipaTiebi, amitom socialuri cxovrebis warm-arTva mecnierul niadags moklebulia. es “imitom ki ar xdeba, rom socialuri movlenebi ar eqvemdebareba Semecnebas, an rom maTi Semecnebis winaswari ganWvreta SeuZlebelia. ara, yvelaferi es SeiZleba ufro misawvdomi iyos, vidre bunebis kanonzomiereba da kavSirebi, magram garkveuli crurwmenebi xels gviSlis, social-urs mivudgeT mecnierulad. spenseri aq miznad isaxavs idolebis iseTsave analizs, rogoric bekonma gaakeTa. spenseris azriT, erT - erTi aseTi crurwmenaTagania is azri, TiTqos socialur movlenebSi bevri ram TavisTavad cxadia, anbanuri WeSmaritebaa. Cven amosavlad vixdiT aqsiomebad gamocxadebul am “anbanur WeS-maritebebs”, romlebic faqtobrivad arafriT araa dasabuTebu-li. ase magaliTad, danaSaulis zrdis SemTxvevaSi matulobs sas-jelis zoma. ratom? imitom, rom fiqroben, TiTqos “danaSaulTa warmatebiTi aRkveTa sasjelis simkacris proporciulia”, magram aris uamravi masala, romelic adasturebs, rom sasjelis Semsub-uqebam danaSaulis gazrda ki ar gamoiwvia, aramed Semcireba. aR-moCnda, rom adamians rac ufro endobian, miT ufro kargad iqce-va. Tu vfiqrobdiT, rom mxolod dasjiT SegviZlia danaSaulis Tavidan acileba, sinamdvilem sxva gviCvena. kerZod, arsebobs movaleobisa da patiosnebis grZnoba, romelic ufro qmediTia, vidre sasjelis SiSi.”(iqve, gv. 138) spensers mohyavs mravali mag-aliTi, romlebic gavrcelebuli stereotipebis sawinaaRmdegoa, rac imaze migviTiTebs, rom ar SeiZleba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb ap-rioruli msjeloba. socialuri samyaro Seswavlil unda iqnes empiriulad. unda davakvirdeT mis istorias da mis safuZvelze vimoqmedoT. sxvagvarad ver warvmarTavT socialur cxovrebas da ver vwvdebiT mis ganmsazRvrel mizezebs. sociologia rom

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mecniereba gaxdes, aucilebelia, socialuri movlenebi winas-warxedvadi iyos. es ki maT yovelmxriv Semecnebas moiTxovs. so-ciologiis moZRvreba mxolod maSin SeiZleba mecnieruli iyos, roca Tvals mivadevnebT kavSirs uaxloes da Soreul mizezebs Soris, aseve im gzas, romelic gadis pirveladi moqmedebidan meoreulisken, meoreulidan, mesameulisken. am gziT gaifante-ba moaruli Secdoma, rom arsebobs sazogadoebriv daavadebaTa gankurnebis radikaluri saSualebani. “spenseri evolucion-istia da misgan radikalur saSualebaTa gamarTlebas ar unda movelodeT, magram misi moTxovna, rom sociologia mecnieruli gaxdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba ara mxolod uaxloesi, aramed Soreuli mizezebic da Sedegebic, Zal-ze mniSvnelovania”(iqve,gv.139). spenseri svams kiTxvas: arsebobs Tu ara sociologia, rogorc mecniereba? es kiTxva gamowveulia imiT, rom socialur movlenebze maTi Seswavlis, mecnieruli Se-mecnebis gareSe msjeloben. yoveli politikosi Tu moralisti ayenebs sazogadoebis gardaqmnis Teorias, magram ar eZebs sazo-gadoebis ganmsazRvrel kanonebs; kidev meti, socialuri movlen-ebis mizezebisadmi saerTod gulgrilobas iCenen. adamianebs um-Tavresad biografiuli da saTavgadasavlo istoria ainteresebT. socialuri movlenis ganviTarebas ki yuradRebis gareSe tove-ben. amitom istoriaSi batonobs miTologia, Tqmulebebi, rac Se-exeba cnobebs socialur wyobaze, Cvevebze, zneobis cnebebze, es aRiqmeba mxolod im zomiT, ra zomiTac gvxvdeba biografiebSi.

spenseris azriT, istoriis didi pirovnebebiT ganpirobebu-lobis axsnis cda da masze socialuris Sesaxeb codnis damyare-ba verc istorias da verc sociologias ver gaxdis mecnierebad. is ebrZvis ara marto karleilis gmirebisa da brbos Teorias, aramed yovel “istoriografias, romelic agebulia politikur istoriaze da did pirovnebaTa, mefeTa Tu mxedarmTavarTa ma-tianes warmoadgens. spenseris azriT, gmirebis Teoria SeiZleba akmayofilebdes adamians, sanam is Semoifargleba zogadi fraze-biT da ar iWreba socialuris siRrmeSi; roca moviTxovT sakiTxis jerarsul gaSuqebas, gmirebis hipoTeza arasaimedo Cans. mas sa-fuZvels aclis sakiTxis dasma imis Sesaxeb, saidan warmoiSobian es gmirebi, sadaa maTi wyaro? aRmoCndeba, rom didi adamiani Tvi-Tonaa socialur viTarebaTa Sedegi. did adamians socialurSi bevri ramis Secvla SeuZlia, magram isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mis mier moxdenil cvlilebebs sxva cvlilebebi uZRoda win da sanam Tavis sazogadoebas gadaakeTebs, manam am sazogadoebam TviTon is unda Seqmnas, ise, rom, cvlilebebi, romelTa avto-

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rad is iTvleba, mis winamorbed TaobaTa mizezebi unda veZeboT im pirobebSi, romlebmac Seqmnes didi adamiani da SemdgomSi misi cvlileba. amitom, spenseris azriT, did adamianTa Teoriaze age-buli moZRvreba faqtobrivad socialuri mecnierebis uaryofaa, Tumca mis avtorebs aseTi mizani ar hqondaT dasaxuli” (8, gv. 140).

spenseri ganixilavs sociologiis uSualod uarmyofelTa Tvalsazrissac. maTi argumentacia amodis iqidan, rom mecniere-ba unda iyos moZRvreba bunebriv mizezTa Sesaxeb, romelnic erT-gvarobis princips emyareba. Tu adamiani Tavisufali nebelobis safuZvelze moqmedebs, is ar yofila determinebuli, amitom mis Sesaxeb mecnierebac ar iqneba, radgan ver gansazRvrav winas-war, rogor imoqmedebs adamiani ama Tu im situaciaSi. spenseri ar eTanxmeba am mosazrebis safuZvelze sociologiis mecniere-bis uaryofis SesaZleblobas, radgan fiqrobs, rom mecnierebis cneba aq viwro azriTaa gagebuli. araa savaldebulo, mecniereba yvela movlenas erTnairad gansazRvravdes winaswar. mecnierebis winaswarxedvis rogorc raodenobriv, ise Tvisebriv gansazRvru-lobas sxvadsxva xarisxi gaaCnia da radgan movlenaTa garkveuli jgufisadmi mxolod miaxloebiTi winaswarxedvaa SesaZlebeli, ar SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am movlenebis Sesaxeb mecniereba ar arsebobs. spenseri asabuTebs, rom socialur movlenebs, mraval-ferovnebis miuxedavad, garkveuli gansazRvruloba axasiaTebT da maT mimarT SesaZlebelia miaxloebiTi winaswarxedva, rac so-cialuri mecnierebis arsebobis safuZvelia. SeiZleba sociolo-gia ar aris zusti mecniereba, magram misi winaswarxedva, romlis ganzogadeba SesaZlebelia, mecnierulia, sociologiaSi SeiZleba gamoyvanil iqnes saSualo maCveneblebi, romlebic gansazRvraven movlenaTa didi jgufis saerTo tendencias. spenseri aq uaxlo-vdeba socialur movlenaTa statistikuri kanonzomierebis aR-iarebas, rac Tanamedrove sociologiis erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxia. spenseris azriT, movlenaTa did jgufTaTvis saerTo tendenciis aRiareba niSnavs, socialur movlenaTa winaswarxedva da, maSasadame, socialuri mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZleblobac dasaSvebad miviCnioT. spenseris azriT bunebaSic araa SesaZlebe-li yoveli calkeuli movlenis gansazRvra. mizidulobis kanoni ar irRveva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu agdebul sxeuls raime SeaCerebs da es faqti kanonsawinaaRmdego ki ar aris, aramed imis Sedegia, rom ver vangariSobT movlenis konkretul koordinatebs. Tu es asea bunebis movlenebSi, miTumetes iqneba sazogadoebaSi. Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT axalSobili bavSvis momavali - ro-dis, risgan da da ra pirobebSi mokvdeba, ras miaRwevs da Tu icx-

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ovrebs saerTod. magram zogierTi ram SegviZlia danamdvilebiT vTqvaT, Tundac is, rom sami wlis ver gaxdeba maTematikosi, aTi wlisa - fsiqologi; ver vityviT, cols SeirTavs Tu ara, magram SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom garkveul asakSi eqneba amis midrekileba, is, rac iTqmis individze, SeiZleba vTqvaT sazogadoebazec. mniS-vnelovania spenseris brZola imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc amtkicebda, rom socialuri movlenebi ar meordeba. amitom sociologia ar SeiZleba iyos mecniereba. XX saukunis moazrovneTa analogi-urad, spenseri aCvenebs, rom “arcerT konkretul mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs upirobo ganmeorebadoba, xolo zogierT konkret-ul mecnierebaSi ganmeoreba TiTqmis iseTivea, rogorc socio-logiaSi”(cit: 8 gv. 141 )

Semdeg spenseri gadadis siZneleebze, romlebic arsebobs so-ciologiaSi. sociologiis erT-erT Taviseburebas spenseri xe-davs imaSi, rom “mas sxva mecnierebebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze meti siZneleebi axasiaTebs”. es siZneleebi ori saxisaa: obieqturi da subieqturi. obieqturi momdinareobs socialur movlenaTa bunebidan, subieqturi ganpirobebulia SemmecnebliT. spenseri aRniSnavs, rom siZneleTa erTi rigi gamowveulia imiT, rom so-cialuri faqtebi Cveulebrivi xerxiT ar gveZleva. maT ar Sei-Zleba davakvirdeT astronomiul movlenaTa msgavsad telesko-piT da saaTiT. ver gavzomavT dinamometriT da TermometriT, rogorc fizikur movlenebs, ver SeviswavliT sasworiTa da rea-qtiuli qaRaldiT qimiur movlenaTa msgavsad, ver aRmovaCenT skalpeliTa da mikroskopiT biologiuris analogiurad, verc TviTdakvirvebiT, im movlenaTa msgavsad, romelTanac saqme aqvs fsiqologias.

spenseris azriT, yoveli movlena, romelTanac saqme aqvs so-ciologias, SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod im detalTa urTierT-SepirispirebiT, romelnic metad rTulia da gafantulia drosa da sivrceSi. aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom Sromis danawilebis principis WeSmariteba didxans rCeboda ucnobi. es niSnavs, rom sociologiis winsvlas aferxebs misi masalis buneba. siZneleTa meore nakadi momdinareobs pirovnebebidan, romlebic socio-logiaSi muSaoben. maT sociologiaSi moaqvT is meTodebi da ms-jelobebi, romelTac mieCvivnen da iyeneben sxva dargebSi, ar uw-even angariSs socialur faqtTa gansakuTrebul xasiaTs. garda amisa sociologia saWiroebs sulierad damSvidebul mkvlevars, rac iSviaTia am sferoSi. yvela cdilobs monaxos is daskvnebi da Sedegebi, romlebic TavianT sulier viTarebas Seesabamebi-an da mxedvelobis gareSe toveben sxva Sedegebs, rac maTi msje-

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lobis sxvadsxva crurwmenebiT gayalbebas iwvevs. sociologiis erT-erTi specifika isaa, rom is mkvlevaris pirad interesebs ex-eba. amitom, pirovnuli momenti masSi sxvaze metad iCens Tavs. so-ciologiis garda, arcerT mecnierebaSi ara aqvs mkvlevars saqme im agregatTan, romelsac TviTon ekuTvnis. mecniereba moiTxovs, adamianma daiviwyos misi erovneba, is, rom sazogadoebis wevria, misi crurwmenebi da interesebi, da socialur movlenebs Sexedos Tavis garemoze amaRlebulma.

spenseris mier miTiTebul subieqtur siZneleebSi gansakuTre-buli laSqrobaa kvlevisas subieqtis interesebis, mdgomareo-bis, socialuri jgufisa da epoqisadmi kuTvnilebis Setanis wi-naaRmdeg. “ es brZola emyareba im princips, rom subieqts ar unda hqondes pozicia faqtebis mimarT. man ar unda Seafasos faqtebi epoqisa Tu klasis interesebiT. esaa XX saukuneSi veberTan da deideologizaciis warmomadgenlebTan Camoyalibebuli obi-eqturobis moTxovna, mecniereba ar moiTxovs Cvengan sakuTar Tavze amaRlebas (es SeuZlebelia), ar moiTxovs, viyoT faqtebis ubralo registratori. mecniereba moiTxovs, faqtebi ar dava-maxinjoT, SevafasoT isini maTi realuri mniSvnelobis Sesabam-isad da mivuCinoT adgili RirebulebaTa sistemaSi: Tu faqte-bi warsulisaa, - warsulis RirebulebebSi, Tu Tanamedrovea - Tanamedrove RirebulebebSi. mxolod Tanamedroveobis Suqze warsulis danaxva prezentizmia, damaxinjebis gzaa, magram Tana-medroveobis gareSe warsulis danaxvis gzac tradicionalizmia, poziciis uqonlobaa, rac mematianes unda axasiaTebdes da ara mecniers” (8, gv.145) amave dros, spenseri xSirad kvlevis im Sec-domebs da iluziebs asaxelebs, romlebic XX saukunis TeoriebSi safuZvlian daxasiaTebas miiReben. gansakuTrebuli simZafriT ebrZvis is dogmatizms, moiTxovs, rom sociologia emyarebodes ara erT romelime mecnierebas, aramed yvelas: “sociologia mecnierebaa, romelic moicavs yvela sxva mecnierebis obieqtebs. amitom, swori daskvnebis gasakeTeblad sociologiaSi goneba unda gaecnos yvela mecnierebis ideebs”. (59, gv. 308). sociologi-isTvis mas gansakuTrebiT aucileblad miaCnia biologiisa da fsiqologiis codna. rogorc aRvniSneT, spensers mravali mar-Tebuli dakvirveba aqvs, romelTa mniSvneloba dResac utyuaria, xolo raSic cdeba, misi gamoyenebac SeiZleba imis saCveneblad, rogor ar unda aigos sociologiuri Semecneba. “ ise rogorc verkorisa da koronelis romanSi “kviota” konkurenti firmis ma-civars gamofens warweriT: “ai, rogor ar unda akeTo macivari”, sociologiaSic SeiZleba gakeTdes warwera: - “ai, rogor ar unda

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aago sociologia”. es iqneba warsulis Secdomebis Sedegad miRe-buli gakveTilebi”(8, gv.148)

3. sazogadoebis spenseriseuli gageba - organicizmi da evolucionizmi

spenseri pirvel rigSi svams sakiTxs - sazogadoeba damoukide-beli mTlianobaa, Tu misi Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo kon-glomeratia. spensers esmis, rom es sakiTxi ukavSirdeba nominal-izmisa da konceptualizmis davas zogadis arsebobis sakiTxze da uaryofs nominalizmis koncefcias. misi azriT, Tu nominalizmis Tvalsazrisze davdgebiT, unda vaRiaroT mxolod calkeul in-dividTa arseboba, sazogadoeba ki individualuris iseTive ubralo Tavmoyrad ganvixiloT, rogorc profesoris mosasmenad Tavmoyril adamianTa auditoria, romelic iSleba leqciis Sem-deg da, maSasadame mudmivi kavSiris formas ar warmoadgens. spens-eri uaryofs aseT Sexedulebas, radgan, jer erTi, sazogadoeba ar aris individTa droebiTi Tavmoyra, igi maTi mudmivi kavSiria, rac sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom sazogadoeba gaxdes damoukidebe-li mTeli, radgan yoveli mTelis individualoba mis nawilebs Soris mimarTebaTa mudmivobis Sedegia. da meorec, yoveli mTeli nawilebze dayofiT kargavs Tavis mTlianobas, xolo nawilebis dakavSirebiT kvlav iZens mas. magaliTad, agurebad saxlis daS-la spobs saxls, rogorc mTels, ise, rogorc agurebidan sax-lis aSeneba qmnis axal mTels. yovelive es imis maCvenebelia, rom sazogadoeba aris gansakuTrebuli yofiereba, romelic gansx-vavdeba misi Semadgeneli diskretuli nawilebisagan. es iZleva safuZvels, sazogadoeba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc damoukidebe-li obieqti da sociologiis Semecnebis sagani gaxdes. amis Semd-gom spenseris winaSe ismis sakiTxi - rogor unda gamovikvlioT sazogadoeba. es sakiTxi sociologiis obieqtis TaviseburebiTaa gansazRvruli, imiT, rom sociologiis obieqtebi, sxva mecnier-ebebis obieqtTagan gansxvavebiT, “ar SeiZleba iyos teleskopiT dakvirvebis sagani, ar gaizomeba TermometriT, ar iwoneba sas-woriT, ar aRmoCndeba arc mikroskopiT, arc TviTdakvirvebiT”. (59, gv. 68). es arTulebs sakiTxs, Tu ras niSnavs, “sazogadoeba aris mTeli”, rogor mTels SeiZleba viwodoT sazogadoeba da ra unda iyos mTelis sazogadoebriobis maCvenebeli?

spenseris azriT, am sakiTxis dayeneba bunebrivia, vinaidan sazogadoeba, rogorc mTeli, araa uSualod aRqmadi calkeuli sagnebis msgavsi, magram amave dros, misi gageba SeiZleba imisagan,

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rac aRqmadia da uSualod misawvdomi. aRqmadis gziT araaRqmad-is axsna moiTxovs maT struqturaSi paralelobis maCvenebeli niSnebis gamonaxvas. maSin sazogadoeba iseTive mTeli iqneba, ro-goricaa misi paraleluri an masTan igiveobrivi sxeulebi, an maTi jgufebi, yovelive amis gasagebad aucilebelia analogiis gam-oyeneba, e. i. sazogadoebis Sedareba sxva SesaZlo obieqtebTan. spenseris azriT, aseTi obieqtebis ori klasi arsebobs: araor-ganul agregatTa da organul agregatTa klasi. spenseris azriT, sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba araorganul agregatebs hgavdes, radgan igi cocxali sxeulebisagan Sedgeba, xolo araorganuli agre-gatebi - aracocxali sxeulebisagan. spenseris azriT, es iwvevs meore gansxvavebasac, saxeldobr, cocxal organizmebs, sazo-gadoebis CaTvliT, axasiaTebs zrda, aracocxal organizmebs ki ara. Semdegi gansxvaveba cocxal da aracocxal organizmebs So-ris isaa, rom pirvelni, sazogadoebis CaTvliT, dasasrulamde diferencirdebian, xolo araorganul agregatebSi struqturu-li diferenciacia ar xdeba, Tu xdeba, maSin ise umniSvnelod da nela, rom SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi arc miviRoT. amgvarad, araor-ganul samyarosTan sazogadoebis analogia SeuZlebelia. darCa meore SesaZlebloba: sazogadoeba cocxali sxeulebisagan Semd-gar agregatebs SeiZleba hgavdes.

es msgavseba SeiZleba ori mimarTulebiT dadasturdes. jer erTi, SeiZleba sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, Canasaxebi vipo-voT adamianebze ufro dabla mdgar organul samyaroSi - gansa-kuTrebiT cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sxvadasxva tipebSi da, meore mxriT, SeiZleba sazogadoeba SevadaroT uaRresad gan-viTarebul organizmebs, romelTa struqtura sazogadoebis struqturis analogiuria.

pirveli gza, e.i. sazogadoebis Canasaxebis Zieba cxovelTa da frinvelTa samyaroSi, spensers ganxiluli aqvs mraval magali-Tze, romlebSic igi gviCvenebs sazogadoebrivi organizaciis msgavs Canasaxovan formebs mwerebTan, magaliTad futkrebTan. zeorganuli ganviTarebis nimuSad spenseri asaxelebs Sromis da-nawilebis arsebobas WianWvelebSi. igi aRniSnavs, rom TeTr Wian-Wvelebs, dedal-mamlis garda, hyavT muSebi da jariskacebi. muSe-bi, Tavis mxriv, iyofian Siga da gare muSebad. garda amisa, aq xdeba damonebac. maT hyavT specialuri mwerebi nayofebis misaRebad. spenseri aRniSnavs, rom aris frinvelTa jgufebi, romlebSic vx-vdebiT mmarTvelobis uxeS formebsac ki, magaliTad Wilyvaveb-Si, romlebic sjian damnaSaves da guSagsac ayeneben sakvebis mop-ovebis dros; aseve jogSi vacis batonobisaken swrafva spensers

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mTavrobis organizaciis niSnad miaCnia. is agreTve miuTiTebs Taxvebs Soris TanamSromlobaze saxlis aSenebis dros. yovelive es, spenseris azriT, hgavs sazogadoebriv organizacias, magram mainc ar warmoadgens sazogadoebas. amitom misTvis aseT analo-gias ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba. spenseri sazogadoebis gage-bis gasaRebs eZebs organizmis struqturaSi, mis agebulebasa da organizaciis principebSi da mravalmxriv analogiebs akeTebs sazogadoebis niSnebsa da organizmis niSnebs Soris.

spenseris azriT, sazogadoeba cocxali organizmis analogi-uria mudmivi niSnebiT: zrdiT, agebulebiT, funqciebiT, organo-Ta sistemiT da yvela am niSnis urTierTkavSiriTa da ganpirobeb-ulobiT. spenseri TiToeuli niSnis analizs axdens rogorc cxovelTa organizmSi, ise sazogadoebaSic.

pirveli niSania zrda. igi organizmsa da sazogadoebaSi saer-Tos avlens ori mimarTulebiT: jer erTi, sazogadoebis zrda, ise rogorc organizmis zrda, iwyeba mciredidan, organizmis mcire masidan, sazogadoebis erTi tomidan an gvaridan, da meorec, orives zrda xdeba an erTeulTa gamravlebiT, romelic jgufis gadidebas iwvevs, an Camoyalibebuli jgufebis urTierTSerwmiT. agebulebis mxriv sazogadoeba organizms sami mimarTulebiT emsgavseba: jer erTi, rogorc sazogadoebis, ise organizmis ma-sis gadidebas Tan sdevs agebulebis sirTule da diferenciacia. spensers es dasabuTebuli aqvs dabali ganviTarebis organizme-bidan xerxemlianTa warmoSobiT da sazogadoebaSi religiuri kontrolis aparatis ganviTarebiT.

meore mxriv, organizmisa da sazogadoebis Sinagani agebuleba erTsa da imave principzea damyarebuli. organizmebSi yovel saW-mlis momnelebel organos, maTi gansxvavebulobis miuxedavad, sami saerTo organo aqvs: mimRebi, gamtari da gamomyofi. asevea sazogadoebaSi: yvela dargSi arsebobs masalaTa mimwodebeli, gadamuSavebeli da sazogadoebaSi gamanawilebeli aparatebi.

struqturuli analogiis mesame mimarTeba mdgomareobs im safexurebis igiveobaSi, romelsac gadis organizmi da sazoga-doeba maT ganviTarebaSi. aseTi safexuri orivesTvis samia: pir-vel safexurze organoebi araa diferencirebuli, TiToeuli ujredi individualurad asrulebs yvela funqcias, magaliT-ad. RviZli ki ar gamoyofs naRvels, aramed yvela ujredi. asevea sazogadoebaSic: dasawyisSi yvela wevri TviTonve awarmoebs da TviTonve yidis mis produqtebs; meore safexurze miiReba er-Tiani masa, organizmis rTuli warmonaqmni; sazogadoebaSi amas Seesabameba is periodi, roca mamebi Svilebs zrdian da aswavlian

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maT garkveul specialobas; mesame safexurze organizmis ji-rkvlebis gadidebis Sedegad aucilebeli xdeba gamomyofi or-ganoebis gadidebac, rac SeuZlebelia. es iwvevs brma nawlavis warmoSobas nawlavis gaberviT. amis analogiuria sazogadoebaSi Sinawarmoebis gadazrda safabrikoSi.

funqciebis mxriv organizmis ganviTarebis dabali da maRali safexurebis analogiuria sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dabali da maRali safexurebi. radgan organizacia aris mTeli, romlis naw-ilebi urTierTs ganapirobeben, ganviTarebis dabal safexurze calkeuli organoebi ufro damoukidebelia, maRal safexurze ki am nawilTa damoukidebloba ikargeba. umetesi cxovelebis naw-ilebis CamoSoreba ar iwvevs maT daRupvas. asevea dabali sazo-gadoebis ganviTarebaSic: patara tomebs SeuZliaT gamoeyon sazogadoebas, rac ar gamoiwvevs arc tomisa da arc sazogadoe-bis daRupvas, vinaidan yoveli maTgani qmnis am tomebSi misTvis saWiro produqtebs. sxvagvaria viTareba rTul organizmebSi: ar SeiZleba gavWraT ZuZumwovara da igi cocxali darCes, an qaT-ams wavaZroT Tavi da isev cocxali iyos; asevea rTul socialur agregatebSic: qvanaxSiris mrewvelobis gareSe mokvdeba rkinis mrewveloba; mkeravebi ver gaakeTeben TavianT saqmes mqsovelTa da mrTvelTa gareSe; sazogadoebisa da organizmis msgavseba am mxriv kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba maTi organoTa sistemisa da maT Soris funqciaTa gadanawilebis ganxilviT. Tu maRali ganviTare-bis organizmebs cxovelebSi aqvT specialuri mimRebi organoebi, specialuri gamomyofi da gamanawilebeli, asevea sazogadoeba-Sic, misi ganviTareba iwvevs Sromis ganawilebas mis organoTa So-ris. am mxriv upirvelesi analogia SeiZleba vipovoT sakvebis or-ganoTa sistemebSi. cocxali organizmis im organoebs, romelTa funqcia organizmis gamokveba, sazogadoebaSi Seesabameba mwar-moeblebi. orives funqciaa agregatis Senaxva da amitom orive kvebis organoTa sistemaa. am mxriv organizmi da sazogadoeba eqvemdebareba sxvadasxva nawilTa lokalizebis erTsa da imave kanons. mcenareTa aseTi lokalizaciis nimuSia miwisqveSa da mi-wiszeda nawilebs Soris funqciebis ganawileba. miwisqveSa awvdis wyals da mineralur nivTierebebs, miwiszeda - wyalbadsa da nax-SirorJangs. asevea sazogadoebaSic.

aseTive analogia organizmisa da sazogadoebas Soris sakvebis ganmanawilebel sistemaTa mixedviT. saSualo saukuneTa karCa-ketil sazogadoebas Tavisi qalaqebiTa da vaWrebiT Seesabameba dabali ganviTarebis cxovelis agebuleba, romlis TiToeul seg-ments sakuTari sakvebi arxi aqvs. saSualo saukuneTa sazogadoe-

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bas iseve ar SeuZlia maRal sazogadoebaSi gadasvla vaWrobisa da mimosvlis gzebis srulyofis gareSe, rogorc SeuZlebelia dab-ali ganviTarebis cxovelis gadaqceva maRal cxovelas centra-luri nerviuli sistemis gareSe. amis analogiuria sazogadoebis samimosvlo gzebis ganviTareba orliandagian rkinigzamde, rome-lic uzrunvelyofs saqonlis mowodebasa da miRebasac, msgavsad sisxlZarRovani sistemisa, romelic centridan awvdis sisxls da, meore mxriT, centrs amaragebs sisxliT. sazogadoebisa da orga-nizmis analogia, spenseris azriT, konkurenciazec vrceldeba. organizmSi yoveli calkeuli organos gadatvirTva niSnavs, rom igi met sisxls Rebulobs, rac sxva organoebis xanjze xdeba, es ki iwvevs metoqeobas maT Soris. sazogadoebaSi ki yoveli indivi-di da xalxebic ki, cdilobs meti miikuTvnos, rac konkurencias iwvevs. organizmisa da sazogadoebis analogia vlindeba maTs regulator aparatTa msgavsebaSic. ise rogorc nerviuli siste-ma reagirebs garegan gamRizianeblebze, aseTive sazogadoebis samTavrobo, samxedro organizaciac. sazogadoebebs Soris omebi warmoiSoba da viTardeba rogorc garegan zemoqmedebaze reaq-cia. am mravalferovan analogiebs Soris, spenseris azriT, oTxia ZiriTadi analogiis maCvenebeli, romelic Cven saSualebas gva-Zlevs, sazogadoeba gavuigivoT organizms, ara organizmis ro-melime saxeobas, Tundac adamianis organizms, aramed saerTod organizms.

“spenseri ajamebs am oTx niSans statiaSi - “socialuri orga-nizmi” da wers: organizmis msgavsad sazogadoebasac axasiaTebs: 1) nawilTa umniSvnelo ricxvidan im zomamde zrda, rom zogierTi maTgani 10000 - jer metia, vidre misi sawyisi sidide iyo; 2) martivi agebulebidan sazogadoebaSic zrdis Semdeg rTuli agebulebis miReba; 3) sazogadoebis izolirebuli nawilebidan urTierTgan-mapirobebeli nawilebis miReba im zomamde, rom yoeli nawilis siocxle sxv nawilis sicocxles ganapirobebs; 4) sazogadoebis sicocxle da ganviTareba damoukidebelia misi romelime erTeu-lis sicocxlisa da ganviTarebisagan da gacilebiT xangrZliv-ia am erTeulTa arsebobaze. calkeuli erTeulebi ibadebian da kvdebian, xolo politikuri sxeulebi amisda miuxedavad cocx-lobs da viTardeba”. (8, gv. 154).

yvela es analogia mxolod erT mizans emsaxureba, saxeldo-br, imis dasabuTebas, rom sazogadoeba aris organizmi. spenseris azriT, es analogiebi iZleva safuZvels, vamtkicoT, sazogadoe-ba organizmia, Tumca msgavsebasTan erTad sazogadoebasa da cx-ovelur organizms Soris gansxvavebac arsebobs. konkretulad

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es gansxvaveba samgvaria: organizmis Semadgeneli nawilebi qmnian konkretul mTels, romlis nawilebi ganuyofladaa dakavSire-buli erTmaneTTan, sazogadoeba diskretuli mTelia, romlis cocxali elementebi gafantulia da met - naklebad cal - calkea. cxovelur organizmSi cnobiereba koncentrirebulia agregatis erT nawilSi, sazogadoebaSi ki cnobiereba mTel agregatSia ga-fantuli, e. i. yvela nawils axasiaTebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs mesame gansxvaveba - organizmSi ujredis mizania, xeli Seuwyos mTelis keTildReobas, maSin, roca sazogadoebas ara aqvs sxva mizani, garda misi wevrebis bednierebisa. sazogadoeba arsebobs mis wevrTa sakeTildReod da ara wevrebi sazogadoebis sakeTil-dReod. magram es gansxvaveba, spenseris azriT, ar uaryofs imis SesaZleblobas, rom sazogadoebas vuwodoT organizmi. es gansx-vaveba niSnavs gansxvavebas or organizms da ara organizmsa da araorganizms Soris.

sazogadoebisa da individualuri organizmis struqturuli igiveobidan spensers gamohyavs maTi Semswavleli mecnierebis amocanaTa igiveobac. individualuri organizmis Semswavleli mecniereba - biologia - amocanad isaxavs, aRmoaCinos organizmis ganviTarebisa da agebulebis zogadi niSnebi, am niSanTagan erTni yvela organizms axasiaTebs; meoreni - organizmTa did jgufebs, xolo mesameni - qvejgufebs. spenseris azriT, aseTive amocana aqvs sociologiasac. ,,man unda gaigos sazogadoebrivi orga-nizmis agebulebisa da moTxovnilebis kanonebi da misi is niSnebi, romelTagan erTni - sayovelTao, meoreni - jgufebis damaxasiaT-ebeli da mesameni kerZo kanonebia” (59, 56).

spenseris organicizmis kritikarogorc aRniSnuli iyo, spenseri sazogadoebas adarebs or-

ganizms, magram is analogiebi, romlebic mas mohyavs, sazoga-doebrivi da biologiuri movlenebis gaigivebis saSualebas srulebiT ar iZleva. rogor SeiZleba gavigoT rkinigzebis fun-qciebi da daniSnuleba imis TqmiT, rom igi nerviuli sistemis analogiuria? rogor SeiZleba romelime sazogadoebis mmarTv-elobis aparatis daxasiaTeba imiT, rom igi organizmis tvins See-sabameba? aseTi Sedareba araviTar mecnierul warmodgenas ar iZleva aRniSnul movlenebze.

mokled rom vTqvaT, “ spenseris analogiebSi socialuri day-vanilia biologiurze da socialuri, rogorc aseTi, uaryofil-ia. rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebis, rogorc gansazRvruli mTelis, mimarT, socialuri organizmis cneba savsebiT gamoiyeneba. ma-gram es ar niSnavs, rom sociologia aigivebs organizmisa da sazo-

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gadoebis kanonzomierebas. am mxriv Tanamedrove sociologia arsebiTad upirispirdeba organicizms. organicizms sazogadoe-bisaTvis organizmis niSnis miwera sWirdeba, raTa gaamarTlos organizmis kanonzomierebaTa gavrceleba sazogadoebaze. Tana-medrove sociologia ki, rodesac socialuri organizmiT aRniS-navs sazogadoebas, xazs usvams, - sazogadoeba iseTive mTelia da urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebis mqone, rogorc organizmi. magram amiT mas srulebiT ar surs organizmis kanonzomierebis gavrceleba sazogadoebaze, piriqiT, Tanamedrove sociologia organizmisa da sazogadoebis kanonzomierebebs ganixilavs ro-gorc arsebiTad gansxvavebuls da asabuTebs, rom individic ki, rogorc organizmi, biologiur arsebas ki ar warmoadgens sazo-gadoebis elementis saxiT, aramed socialur arsebas, ase rom, individic, rogorc socialuri arseba, ZiriTadad gansxvavdeba biologiuri arsebisagan da miT umetes -sazogadoeba” (8, gv. 157).

amrigad, spenserma sazogadoeba gamoacxada sociologiis sa-gnad, magram ver SeZlo sazogadoebis specifikis dadgena. so-cialuris biologiurze dayvaniT sociologia daiyvaneba bio-logiaze. sazogadoebis spenseriseul gansazRvrebaSi ZiriTad niSans Seadgens adamianTa kavSiris droiTi xangrZlivoba. sinam-dvileSi aseTi gansazRvrebis dros sazogadoebad unda CaiT-valos mravali saxis kavSiri, maT Soris iseTebic, romelTac TviT spenseric ar Tvlida sazogadoebad, radgan xangrZlivi saxis kavSirebi adamianebs Soris mravali formiT arsebobs. zog-jer spenseri sazogadoebad miiCnevs yovelgvar kavSirsac ki. mag-aliTad, misi erT-erTi gansazRvreba ambobs: “yoveli organizmi, romelsac raime SesamCnevi moculoba aqvs, es aris sazogadoeba”. (57, 287). sazogadoebis aseTi gansazRvreba kidev ufro farTosa da bundovans xdis am cnebas, im zomamde, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba misi gamoyofa adamianTa erTobis yoveli sxva konglomeratidan. miuxedavad imisa, rom “ spenseri Seecada araorganuli samyaros kanonzomierebiT ar aexsna zeorganuli da miT daeZlia meqani-cizmi, sazogadoebis gagebaSi igi mainc ver gascda meqanicizms, amitom misi sociologiuri Teoria meqanicizmis niadagze darCa. amas asabuTebs spenseris mier araorganuli, organuli da zeor-ganuli sferoebisaTvis ganviTarebis erTi saerTo kanonzomiere-bis aRiareba. misi azriT, materiis integracia xdeba araorganul, organul da zeorganul samyaroSi, evolucia erTia, es aris mate-riisa da moZraobis gadanawilebis procesi, es aris universaluri meqanikuri kanonzomiereba da sazogadoeba mas iseve emorCileba, rogorc sxva sxeulebi. sazogadoebas ara aqvs specialuri gan-

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viTarebis kanonzomierebani, amitom igi, spenseris moZRvrebis mixedviT, mTlianad meqanikuri kanonzomierebiT aixsneba. amiT spenserma uazro gaxada misi cda, moeZebna arsebiTi gansxvaveba araorganul samyarosa da sazogadoebas Soris” (8, gv.158).

spenseris moZRvrebam didi gavlena moaxdina uSualod mis mom-devno periodis sociologiaze. spenseris mimdevrebidan gansa-kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia frangebi - albert fulie da rene vormsi, germanelebi - Sefle, lilienfeldi, hertvigi da sxva.

4. sazogadoebis spenseruli tipologia

spenseri kontTan erTad erT-erTi pirveli moazrovnea so-ciologiis istoriaSi, romelmac ganaxorciela sazogadoebis or tipad dayofa, samxedro da samrewvelo sazogadoebaTa saxiT. samxedro tipis sazogadoebaSi ,,mTavrobis eTika omis eTikis igi-veobrivia”. es niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba uigivdeba jars, romlis nawili moqmedia da nawili umoqmedo. masSi “jari mobilizebuli sazogadoebaa, xolo sazogadoeba jaria, romelic isvenebs”. (54, 129).

spenseri aRniSnul debulebas amatebs samxedro sazogadoebis Zireul niSans - Zaladobas. am sazogadoebaSi cxovreba Zalado-bazea agebuli. “sazogadoebis samxedro tipis dros jari mobili-zebuli xalxia, xolo xalxi dasvenebuli jari. amitom aq jars da xalxs erTnairi agebuleba aqvT. sayovelTao samxedro nageboba-ze mimTiTebeli niSania; erTeulTa gansxvavebul moqmedebaTa warmarTva Zaladobis gziT”. samxedro sazogadoebaTa politikas safuZvlad udevs mtroba. Tanamedrove politologia SmidtiT dawyebuli politikis kriteriumebad asaxelebs mtrobas da mego-brobas. samxedro sazogadoeba aigeba mtrobis principiT. aseTia samxedro sazogadoebis rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao politikis safuZveli. orive sferoSi gamoiyeneba Zaladoba. amas emsaxureba samxedro sazogadoeba. saxelmwifos aqvs mtrisgan dacvis funq-cia, radgan sa-

xelmwifo Seqmnilia adamianis mier imisTvis, rom mSvidobianad icxovros, uzrunvelyofili iyos misi usafrTxoeba. es moiTx-ovs qveynis gareT mtrebisgan dacvas da qveynis SigniT misi Ta-visuflebis uzrunvelyofas. samxedro saxelmwifo kargad axo-rcielebs gareSe mtrebisgan dacvis funqcias, magram is cudad asrulebs qveynis SigniT adamianis uflebaTa uzrunvelyofis funqcias, radgan Tavisufleba ZaladobiT ar miiRweva. arada samxedro sazogadoebaSi yvelaferi iZulebiT xdeba: Zaladobi-

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Ti urTierTobaa Sromis mimcemsa da mSromels Soris: iZuleba, romelsac Sromis mimcemi mimarTavs, SeiZleba iyos politikuri, ekonomikuri, gareSe ekonomikuri. samxedro sazogadoeba stand-artizebuli da individis bunebis sawinaaRmdego urTierTobebs qmnis. am sazogadoebaSi Sromis savaldebulooba ZaliT uzrun-veliyofa, vinc ar Sromobs, imas sastikad sjian, moiTxoveba xeli-suflebisadmi usityvo morCileba, winaaRmdegobis gaweva da ara-konformistuli qceva sastikad isjeba. samxedro sazogadoeba warmoiSva da ganviTrda kacobriobis istoriis pirvel etapze. ma-gram is Tavs iCens am istoriis yvela etapze, rodesac sazogadoe-bas moeZala totalitarizmi, diqtatura, socializmi da monobis yvela sxva SesaZlo forma. am tipis sazogadoeba individis Tav-isuflebas spobs da mas cvlis monobiT, aq individi saSualebaa saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis keTildReobisa da miznebis ganx-orcielebis gzaze. sazogadoebis meore tipia samrewvelo sazo-gadoeba. igi samxedros sapirispiroa, ramdenadac masSi individi saSualeba ki araa saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis xelSi, aramed mizania, xolo saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba saSualebania. sazo-gadoeba da saxelmwifo arseboben individis keTildReobisTvis. sazogadoebis am or tips yofierebis sazrisis ori dapirispire-buli gageba axasiaTebs: samxedro sazogadoebaSi sicocxle sa-Sualebaa, sazogadoeba ki mizania. mizani, romelsac es saSualeba uzrunvelyofs. gansxvaveba sazogadoebis samxedro da samrewve-lo tipebs Soris gamoixata im rwmenis SecvlaSi, rom individebi arseboben saxelmwifos keTildReobisTvis misi sapirispiroTi: rom saxelmwifo arsebobs individTa keTildReobisTvis.

spenseri am ori tipis sazogadoebaTa gansxvavebis ufro naT-lad warmosadgenad farTo mniSvnelobiT aRebul “kooperaciis” cnebas gamoiyenebs. ,,Tu sityva ,,kooperacias” gamoviyenebT far-To azriT, mmarTvelobis romelime sistemis dros rogorc yve-la moqalaqis erTobliv miswrafebebs, maSin es reJimebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad ganisazRvros: erTi Zalismieri kooperaciis, meo-re nebayoflobiTi kooperaciis sistemaa”. (55, 3-4). pirveli saxis kooperacia samxedro tips hgavs regularul jarSi individis yo-fierebisa, romelic valdebulia, daemorCilos yvela brZanebas sasjelis SiSiT da materialurad uzrunvelyofilia. meore tipi kooperaciisa hgavs mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa nebayoflo-biT kavSirs, romelnic SeTanxmebis safuZvelze da garkveuli gasamrjelos meSveobiT arian dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da Tu ar moewonebaT es kavSiri, Tavisuflad SeuZliaT datovon. pirve-

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li saxis kooperacia Zaladobazea agebuli, meore saxisa - nebayo-flobaze.

“spenseris moZRvreba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb emyareba princips: sazogadoeba Sedgeba calkeulTagan da sazogadoebis arsebas gansazRvravs mis Semadgenel erTeulTa buneba. rogori indi-videbisaganac Sedgeba, iseTivea sazogadoeba. sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebani Tu araa ganpirobebuli mis wevrTa midrekile-bebiT da bunebiT, es dawesebulebebi ver moergebian arsebul sazogadoebas da iwyeba konfliqti socialur institutebsa da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. saxelmwifo rogorc erT - erTi so-cialuri instituti, igiveobrivi unda iyos sazogadoebis wevrTa arsebisa. mimarTebas saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris gansazRvravs principi - saxelmwifo arsebobs moqalaqeebisTvis da ara moqalaqeebi saxelmwifosTvis. yoveli mTeli samsaxureo-brivi funqciis mqonea calkeulebis mimarT, amitom sazogadoe-bac, rogorc mTeli, arsebobs individTa interesebisTvis da ara individebi sazogadoebis interesebisTvis. ajanyebulebi da rev-olucionerebi umarTebulod moqmedeben, rodesac usamarTlo mTavrobas ebrZvian, radgan mTavroba Sedegia da Sedegs ki ar unda ebrZolon, aramed mizezs. usamarTlo mTavrobis mizezi usamarT-lo xalxia, maTSi ki individebia ganmsazRvreli. ,,sibrZnes da sikeTes moklebuli xalxi ver airCevs brZen da keTil mTavrobas. spenseri adasturebs hegelis mier wamoyenebul princips: xalx-ebs iseTi mTavrobebi hyavdaT, rogorsac imsaxurebdnen. spenseri moiTxovs, sazogadoeba agebuli iyos samarTlianobis principze. samarTlianobaSi ki ZiriTadi adamianTa Tavisuflebis uzrun-velyofaa. radgan sazogadoeba Sedgeba ara mxolod calkeuli, aramed mravali individisgan, samarTlianoba unda uzrunvely-ofdes rogorc calkeuli individis, ise maTi simravlis Tavisu-flebas. amdenad, samarTlianobis ori principi arsebobs.

1. TiToeuli adamianis mimarT uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes Ta-visufleba.

2. am Tavisuflebas garkveuli SezRudvebi unda axldes, radgan arsebobs imave uflebis mqone sxva adamianebic da maT angariSi unda gaewioT” (8, gv. 162).

Tavis pirvel naSromSi: - “socialuri statistika” - spenseri moiTxovs TiToeulis sruli Tavisuflebis aRiarebas, da mis Sez-Rudvas mxolod sxvaTa toli uflebebiT”. sazogadoebis organi-zaciis done individTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis Sesabami-sad ganisazRvreba.

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5. spenseris politikuri Sexedulebebi

spenseris idealia samrewvelo sazogadoebis ganviTareba, romlis centri calkeuli individis Tavisuflebis uzrunve-lyofa unda iyos. yovelgvari koleqtiuri interesebis primati spenserTan gamoricxulia, mTeli sazogadoeba unda iyos indi-vidis keTildReobis Tu Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebis arena. spenseri winaaRmdegia socializmis da komunizmis, radgan isini ar iTvaliswineben individis interesebs, da sazogadoebas indi-vidis daTrgunvis principiT ageben. ,,orive - socializmic da komunizmic - monobis formebia. maTi gziT samrewvelo sazoga-doeba ver ganviTardeba, isini samxedro sazogadoebis tipis age-bas SeZleben mxolod. Tavis Sromas, miZRvnils socializmis kri-tikisadmi, spenseri Semdegnairad asaTaurebs - ,,Tavisuflebidan monobisaken dabruneba”. marTalia, sazogadoebis istoriaSi mo-salodnelia garkveul etapze socializmis da komunizmis gamar-jveba, magram es iqneba samrewvelodan samxedro sazogadoebaze gadasvla. Tu tradiciul samxedro sazogadoebaSi pirovneba imonebda pirovnebas, socialistur sazogadoebaSi pirovnebas imonebs saxelmwifo, amrigad, pirovnebisadmi monobas saxelm-wifosadmi monoba cvlis. SromaSi - ,,pirovneba saxelmwifos wi-naaRmdeg” - spenseri amtkicebs, rom sul erTia, visi mona iqneba pirovneba, pirovnebis Tu saxelmwifosi. arc socialisturi rev-oluciaa misTvis misaRebi. evolucioneri spenseri TandaTanobi-Ti gardaqmnis ideas qadagebs, socialuri revolucia ki monobas abrunebs. xSirad gaugebrobas iwvevs is faqti, rom totaliz-arizmisa da diqtaturis, Zaladobisa da monobis mowinaaRmdege spenseri uaryofiTad ekideboda liberalizmsac, demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis erT - erT formas, magram es aixsneba ara imiT, rom spenseri saerTod liberalizmis winaaRmdegi iyo, aramed imiT, rom mas ar akmayofilebda liberalizmis garkveuli forma, romelic arsebiTad sakuTari bunebis sapirispirod gamodioda. kerZod spenseri tradiciul liberalizms ki ar uaryofda, ar-amed Tanamedroves. maT Soris gansxvavebas ki SemdegSi xedavda: ,,me ar minda mimakuTvnon imaT, visac liberalebs eZaxian. roca es sityva Semovida xmarebaSi, maSin liberalebs eZaxdnen imaT, vinc icavda pirovnebis Tavisuflebis gafarToebas saxelmwifos mimarT. maSin, roca amJamad liberalebi Tanmimdevrulad afar-Toeben saxelmwifos Zalauflebas da zRudaven pirovnebis Tavi-suflebas, Tumca maT miznad xalxis keTildReobis gaumjobeseba aqvT”. (8, gv. 127).

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spenseri liberalizmis warmomadgenelia da bunebrivad mi-maCnia, rom liberalizmi uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis Tavisu-flebas da saxelmwifos mier Zalismieri meTodebiT pirovnebis daTrgunvas ewinaaRmdegeba. spenseris naazrevSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani rgolia pirovnebisa da saxelmwifos mimarTebis sakiTxi. saxelmwifo, rogori formisac ar unda iyos, borote-baa, radgan Tavisi funqciebiT zRudavs pirovnebis survilebs. amitom arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs saxelmwifos formebis Secvlas. imis gamo, rom monarqia Seicvleba parlamenturi mmarT-velobis formiT, saxelmwifo rogorc pirovnebis damTrgunveli Zala, ar icvleba. adamianis mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi damok-idebulia socialur garemoze, romelSic ganmsazRvreli roli saxelmwifo instituts ekuTvnis. amdenad, SeuZlebelia indi-vidis Tavisuflebis problemis ganxilva socialuri erTobebisa da institustebisadmi mimarTebis gareSe. amitom spenseri gansa-kuTrebuli yuradRebiT aanalizebs individisa da saxelmwifos mimarTebas. misTvis centraluri adgili ukavia pirovnebis Ta-visuflebas. am TvalsazrisiT afasebs igi mTel sazogadoebriv istorias, socializmisa da komunizmis ideebis CaTvliT, romel-sac miiCnevs monobis formad. Tanamedrove moazrovnis haiekis mier socializmisa da komunizmis monobis gzad dasaxva spenser-iseul ganazrebaTaganaa aRebuli. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom spens-eri ara marto socializmsa da komunizms an totalitarizmis sxva formebs miiCnevs monobis gzad, aramed yovelgvar saxelm-wifo instituts da kacobriobis istoriasac rogorc individis damonebis institutsa da formas ganixilavs. spenseris azriT, monarqiac da respublikac erTnairad Trgunavs pirovnebas. mar-Talia, absoluturi monarqiis dros individs aravin ekiTxeba, vin iqneba saxelmwifos mmarTveli, maSin, rodesac parlaments ekiTxebian. magram, spenseris azriT, amiT viTareba arsebiTad ar icvleba individis TavisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi mas saxelmwifo aparati aviwroebs. erT SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflebas arTmeven, meoreSi - TviTon ambobs uars Tavisu-flebis garkveul nawilze. orivejer is erTnairad grZnobs iZu-lebas da mdgomarebas ar umsubuqebs is garemoeba, rom man TviTon airCia misi Semviwroebeli da damTrgunveli Zala. Tu adamianma airCia mefe, amiT man uari Tqva Tavisuflebaze da gza gauxsna mis monobas. “Tu plebiscitis gziT xalxi irCevs adamians ganusaz-Rvreli mefobisaTvis, gana es xalxi darCeba Tavisufali imis gamo, rom TviTon Seqmna es despotizmi? gana am despotis mier gamocemuli maiZulebeli brZanebebi kanonierad unda CaiTvalos

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imis safuZvelze, rom isini arian saxalxo xmis micemis produqte-bi?” spensers miaCnia, rom ara Tu mefis ganusazRvreli uflebe-bi, aramed parlamentisac, ar aris adamianis TavisuflebisaTvis ukeTesi, radgan parlamentsac axasiaTebs swrafva, Tavisi Zalau-fleba gaavrcelos yvela sferoze, riTac adamianis Tavisufle-bas bolo eReba. amitom “mravalricxovani SemzRudveli aqtebi ar SeiZleba gamarTldes imis gamo, rom isini gamocemulia xalx-is arCeuli institutis mier. rogorc monarqis, aseve arcerTi institutis Zalaufleba ar unda iTvlebodes SeuzRudavad. ise rogorc warsulSi WeSmariti liberalizmi ibrZoda monarqiis winaaRmdeg, romelsac surda ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba hqono-da, aseve, dRes WeSmariti liberalizmi ibrZolebs parlamentis winaaRmdeg, romelic Seecdeba aseTive Zalaufleba xelT igdos”. (55, 13). amrigad, WeSmariti liberalizmis poziciebidan abso-luturi ganusazRvrelobis yvela mcdelobis winaaRmdeg brZo-la, rogorc individis Tavisuflebis dacvis gza, gansazRvravs spenseris politikur orientacias. is araa anarqisti da ar uary-ofs saxelmwifos arsebobis aucileblobas, Tumca saxelmwifos SeTanxmebis safuZvelze agebis Teoretikosebs ar eTanxmeba. saxelmwifo warmoSobiTac da funqciiTac Zaladobaze agebulad miaCnia. amave dros, moiTxovs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis, rogori formisac ar unda iyos igi, SezRudvas, raTa monobis garkveuli saxeobidan mainc ganTavisufldes adamiani da mieces saSualeba, Tavisuflebis nawili mainc rom SeinarCunos. spenseri moiTx-ovs, adamianis Tavisuflebis kriteriumad gamoyenebuli iqnes ara mTavrobis mier pirovnebis SemzRudvel aqtTa raodenoba da zoma. mTavari is ki ar aris, mmarTvelebi xalxis monawileobiT iqnebian Tu ara SerCeuli, aramed is, Tu ra uflebebs dautove-ben adamianebs. liberaluri individualizmia spenseris pozicia. “Tavisufleba, riTac moqalaqe sargeblobs, unda gaizomos ara mTavrobis meqanizmis arsebiT, iqneba es mTavroba warmomadgen-lobiTi Tu ara, aramed mis mier gatarebul SezRudvaTa nakle-bi ricxviT. mTavrobis meqanizmis moqmedeba iqneba moqalaqeTa monawileobiT Tu mis gareSe, mas ar qneba liberaluri xasiaTi, Tu adideben SezRudvebs aucilebel raodenobaze metad, ese igi im raodenobaze, rac aucilebelia zianis Tavidan asacileblad, anu yoveli moqalaqis sxvaTagan xelyofisagan dasacavad”. (55 14). spenseri undoblobiTa da eWviT epyroba im dapirebebs, romelic modis sazogadoebis mesianistur ideaTa mqadageblebisagan. isini sazogadoebas pirdebian yvela borotebisagan ganTavisuflebas. “ spenseri politikuri moRvawisagan moiTxovs ara dapirebebs

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da xalxis cnobierebis gadayvanas ocnebaTa samyaroSi, aramed realur moqmedebas da saqmiT imis Cvenebas, risi gakeTebac Seu-ZliaT. amisTvis yovelma politikurma moRvawem Tavis Tavs unda dausvas kiTxva: “ra saxis socialuri wyobis gavrcelebas vcdi-lob me?” spenseris azriT, samwuxarod, aseT kiTxvas aravin svams. spenseri kritikulad ekideba imaTac, vinc fiqrobs, rom ganaT-lebuli mTavrobebi ukeT uxelmZRvaneleben qveyanas. misi azriT, ganaTleba saWiroa, magram is TavisTavad ver wyvets politiko-sis avkargianobas, radgan saerTo ganaTleba jer kidev ar niSnavs politikur ganaTlebas. politikosisaTvis bevrs arafers iZle-va istoriul xdomilebaTa codna. hegelis msgavsad spenseric fiqrobs, rom istoriidan veraviTari gakveTili ver gamoitanes imaTac ki, vinc es scada. ganaTleba mniSvnelovani iqneboda poli-tikosisaTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is WeSmaritad politikuri xasi-aTis iqneboda. Tu momxmarebels miscemda aucilebel politikur cnebebs” (8, gv. 166). spenseris azriT, rac ufro Zlierdeba admin-istracia, miT ufro uZluria adamianebi Zaladobis institutis winaSe, rac ufro izrdeba biurokratia, miT ufro xels uwyobs mmarTveli klasebis gabatonebas da adamianTa uflebebis SezRud-vas, radgan am gziT izrdeba koleqtiuri Zalaufleba da mcirdeba piradi iniciativa, rac Tavisuflebis dakargvaa. spenseri icnobs socialistebis Teoriebs, romelnic socializms sazogadoebis yvela wylulisagan gankurnebis gzad saxaven. spenseri fiqrobs, rom socializmi aris ara sazogadoebis gankurnebis, aramed misi saboloo dabeCavebis, monobis gza. Tu sazogadoebis momavali socializmia, “momavali monobad unda iTvlebodes, imitom, rom yovel socializmSi igulisxmeba monoba”.

sazogadoebis ubedureba isaa, rom kanons uzenaes principad saxavs, magram kanonis miRebas, romelsac is esoden RvTiur Zalas akuTvnebs, saTanado yuradRebas ar aqcevs, arc cdilobs, kanon-mdeblad hyavdes mcodne adamianebi. saqme is ki ar aris, rom ada-mianebs hqondeT sxvadasxva sferos codna, isini unda erkveodnen politikaSi da socialuri analizis gziT SeeZloT daadginon, ra Sedegebi mohyveba maT mier Seqmnil kanonebs. sazogadoebam ver gaacnobiera, rom yovelgvari codna ar uwyobs xels kanonmde-blis funqciobas, arc kargi filologi, arc istorikosi, arc filosofosi ar SeiZleba iyos imis garanti, rom kargi kanonmde-beli gaxdeba. spenseris kritika Seexo platonsac, romelic amt-kicebda, rom saxelmwifos filosofosebi unda marTavdnen. arc teqnikosebi da inJinrebi gamodgebian kanonmdeblebad. kanonmde-blebi unda iyvnen mxolod isini, visac SeuZlia sazogadoebaSi

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gamovlenili mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris analizi, amas ki sWir-deba specialurad gawvrTnili goneba, anu mecniereba, romelic sazogadoebas swavlobs, - esaa sociologia. amitom, spenseris azriT, “politikosi unda iyos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis so-cialuri analizis specialisti, romelsac SeeZleba gansazRv-ros da Seimecnos kavSiri iseT daSorebul socialur movlenebs Sorisac, rogoricaa Sobadoba, qorwineba da puris fasi, an kidev kavSiri danaSaulTa ricxvsa da mosaxleobis raodenobas Soris. mas unda SeeZlos, ganWvritos socialur cxovrebaSi mimdinare xdomilebaTa rogorc uaxloesi, ise Soreuli Sedegebi, es ki xe-lewifeba imas, vinc uSualod sazogadoebas swavlobs da ara mis istorias, an enis kanonzomierebas. saxelmwifos marTvas iseve sWirdeba specialisti, rogorc yvela sxva sferos. vinc fiqrobs, rom demokratia saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi yvelas SeuZlia mza-reulis CaTvliTac, faqtobrivad mas abaiburebs, radgan saxelm-wifos marTvas miiCnevs iol saqmed, rac diletantizmia” (8, gv. 169)

spenseri organicistuli sociologiis fuZemdebeli da war-momadgenelia, magram misTvis ucxo ar aris biologisturi so-ciologiis meore nakadis social - darvinizmis ideebic, misi azriT, yoveli sazogadoeba ganisazRvreba garemosadmi Seguebis principiT. ise rogorc arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi mcenareebi da cxovelebi ver gadarCebian, Tu ar Seeguen garemos, adamianic da sazogadoebac unda Seeguos garemos da SeZlos gamonaxos arsebo-bis saSualeba. arc adamians da arc sazogadoebas ar unda hqondes sxva adamianTa da sazogadoebaTa imedi. spenseris mtkicebiT, sociologebi xSirad ureven ojaxisa da saxelmwifos eTikas, es dauSvebelia. ojaxSi yvela wevri exmareba erTmaneTs, maT Soris ar aris arsebobisaTvis brZola, Zlieri cdilobs, susti wevri SeinarCunos, sazogadoebaze am princips ver gavavrcelebT da komunistebi, romlebic xalxs hpirdebian, rom aseTi principiT ixelmZRvaneleben, cruoben. “aucilebelia SevinarCunoT ra-dikaluri gansxvaveba ojaxisa da saxelmwifos moralTa Soris. pirvelis safuZvelia sulgrZeloba, meorisa - samarTlianoba”. (55, 50). spenseris mtkicebiT, adamianebi iviwyeben garemosTan Seguebis aucileblobas da garemos mier SemoTavazebul sastik pirobebs, rodesac moiTxoven saxelmwifosagan paternalistur funqcias, miaCniaT, rom sazogadoebrivi sikeTis uzrunvelyofa moxdeba ojaxuri moralis saxelmwifo moralTan aRreviT. cxov-elTa samyaroSi xdeba SerCeva, Zlierni rCebian, sustebi ixoce-bian, an msxverplni xdebian. rCeba mxolod is, visac garemosTan Seguebis unari aqvs. amiT saxeoba Tavs inarCunebs. igive unda ganx-

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orcieldes adamianTa rasaSi, adamiani cxovrobs garemo pirobeb-Si da eqvemdebareba imave wesrigs, rasac sxva arsebebi, bunebis disciplina gardauvalia sazogadoebisTvisac. “Seguebis kanoni ulmobeli da Seubralebelia, mas mivyavarT bednierebamde, ma-gram raime Sesustebas ar dauSvebs”. (55, 51). marTalia, am kanonis moqmedeba bevr borotebas iwvevs da mravali tanjva moaqvs sazo-gadoebisaTvis, magram sazogadoebam is unda gadaitanos, sazoga-doebas am borotebaTa da tanjvaTagan veraviTari komunisturi idealebi da saukeTeso kanonebi ver gaaTavisuflebs, siRatake garemosTan adamianebisa da sazogadoebis Seugueblobis Sedegia. spenseris azriT, aravis ara aqvs ufleba, kacobriobis saukeTeso nawilis tanjva gazardos, raTa cudi nawilis ubedurebani Seam-ciros. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan unda gamoiricxos yovelg-vari mfarveloba, proteqcionizmi, radgan es aris Zaldatanebi-Ti aqtebi Zlieris mimarT, sustis arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. visac sazogadoebis Secvla unda, is sazogadoebas uyurebs, ro-gorc coms, romlidanac mzareuli rac unda imas gamoacxobs. faqtobrivad sazogadoeba bunebrivi organuli erTianobaa, bunebrivi kanonzomierebiT da misi yoveli xelyofa areulobas iwvevs. cdomilebaTagan yvelaze saSiSi isaa, roca fiqroben, rom aucilebelia, didxans euflebode romelime xelobas, magaliT-ad mewaRisas, magram erTaderTi, romelic araviTar swavlas ar saWiroebs, es aris erisTvis kanonTa Seqmnis unari”. (55, gv. 56-57). socialur organizacias - sazogadoeba iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo - adamianis nebelobaze ufro Zlieri kanonebi aqvs, am kanonTa Ses-wavlis gareSe sazogadoebis evolucia mis mTlianobaSi, unda ga-keTdes socialuri wyobis sxvadsxva formis SedarebiTi analizi da yovelive aqedan gamovitanoT daskvnebi, romlebic saSuale-bas mogvcemen, Tavidan aviciloT daSvebuli Secdomebi, sakaco-brio gamocdilebis gareSe adamiani ver iqneba kargi kanonmdebe-li. kanonmdebels ar epatieba, Tu uvicobiT borotebis momtan kanonebs daadgens, magram Tu igive kanonmdebeli daeufleba im codnas, rac saWiroa kanonmdeblisaTvis, gaiTvaliswinebs gamoc-dilebas da miuxedavad amisa mis mier dadgenili kanoni sikeTes ver moitans, amis gamo mas ver davadanaSaulebT.

spenseri ebrZvis crurwmenas, romlis mixedviT sazogadoe-baSi saxelmwifos mmarTveli, monarqi iqneba Tu parlamentari, RvTis warmomadgenladaa miCneuli. “warsulis didi politiku-ri crurwmena iyo monarqis RvTiuri ufleba. Cveni drois didi politikuri crurwmenaa parlamentTa RvTiuri ufleba”. (55, gv. 58), parlamentis batonoba emyareba mtkicebas, rom umravleso-

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bas ganusazRvreli uflebebi aqvs, Tumca es cxad WeSmaritebad miaCniaT, sinamdvileSi crurwmenaa. realurad umravlesobis ufleba pirobiTi da SezRudulia. aris qmedebaTa mTeli rigi, ro-melnic gamarTlebas ver pouloben, miuxedavad imisa, rom umrav-lesobidan momdinareoben da aris yvelasTvis misaRebi qmedebani, romelnic erTi an ori adamianidan momdinareoben. amitom umrav-lesobisaTvis misaRebi ar niSnavs yvelasTvis misaRebs. am sakiTx-ebis gasarkvevad unda gaeces pasuxi ramdenime kiTxvas: “rogoria jgufisa da mis wevrTa urTierTuflebani? yovelTvis dgas Tu ara Temis uflebani individis uflebebze ufro maRla? an flobs Tu ara individi uflebas, romelic Temis uflebaze maRla dgas? am sakiTxTa gadawyvetazea damokidebuli politikur Sexedule-baTa sistema”. (55, gv. 65). spensers individualuri sicocxlisT-vis aucilebel pirobaTagan gamohyavs socialurisTvis saWiro pirobebi, fiqrobs, sazogadoebis sicocxle damokidebulia in-dividualur uflebaTa dacvaze. spenseri aucileblad Tvlis parlamentis Zalauflebis SezRudvas. saerTod, samrewvelo sazogadoeba ver warmoudgenia mTavrobis Zalauflebis Sez-Rudvis gareSe. mTavrobis usazRvro uflebebi da misdami us-azRvro ndoba samxedro sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sazogadoebis am or tips Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba isaa, rom samrewvelo sazogadoeba nebayoflobiTi kooperaciaa, samxedro sazogadoeba ki Zaladobaze agebuli. samrewvelo sazogadoeba saxelmwifos SezRudul uflebebs aRiarebs da individis ufle-bebs icavs, samxedro sazogadoeba ki saxelmwifos ganusazRvrel uflebebs emyareba da individis uflebebs Trgunavs.

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom h. spenseri o. kontTan erTad klasikuri sociologiis winamorbedad gvevlineba. man didi roli iTamaSa sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis CamoyalibebasTan da-kavSirebuli problemebis gacnobierebisa da gadaWris saqmeSi. igi struqturuli funqcionalizmis mimarTulebis damfuZnebe-lia, romlis ideebma, problemebis gacnobierebis kuTxiT, brita-nuli da adrindeli amerikuli sociologiis ganviTarebaze didi gavlena iqonia.

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mokle Sinaarsi:1. herbert spenseri XIX-is 60-iani wlebidan misi drois yvela

Teoriuli mecnierebis gamaerTianebeli filosofiis Seqmnas iw-yebs. fundamenturi mniSvnelobis Sromebia: “ZiriTadi sawyise-bi”, “biologiis safuZvlebi”, “fsiqologiis safuZvlebi”, “so-ciologiis sawyisebi”.

2. ideuri wyaroebia: - bunebismecnierebis is dargebi sadac muSavdeboda ganviTare-

bis idea,lamarki, darvini;- malTusisa da adam smitis Sromebi. - ingliseli utilitaristebi, i. bentamis individualizmi. Ta-

visufali mewarmeobis principi, individualur moqmedebaTa Tavisu-

fleba, konkurencia, yvelaze SeguebulTa gadarCena - ZiriTadia sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis.

- kontisadmi damokidebuleba - aRniSnavs mis prioritets so-ciologiisa da biologiis urTierTkavSiris kvlevaSi, magram misTvis ucxoa kontis mesianizmi, sami stadiis kanoni, sulieri ganviTarebidan socialuri ganviTarebis gamoyvana. spenseri progresis sworxazobriobas da erTianobas uaryofs.

3. sociologiis sagani - sociologia rogorc obieqturi mecniereba

SesaZlebelia:- ,,bunebrivi mizezobriobis” uzogadesi kanonis arsebobis

gamo, romelic sazogadoebaSic ise moqmedebs, rogorc bunebaSi. - yoveli movlenis elementebisa da struqturis kanonzom-

ieri kavSiris arsebobis gamo. istoriisa da biologiisagan gansx-vavebiT, sociologia socialuri organizmis arsebobisa da gan-viTarebis pirobebs swavlobs. misi “sociologiis safuZvlebi” eTnografiul masalaze mTliani sociologiuri sistemis agebis pirveli cdaa. rubrikaSi “sociologiis monacemebi” - pirvelyo-fil adamianTa fizikuri da emocionaluri, inteleqtualuri da religiuri cxovrebis rekonstruqciis, maTi ZiriTadi ideebisa da warmodgenebis gamorkvevaa nacadi. “sociologiis induqcieb-Si”, mocemulia sazogadoebis zogadi Teoria: gaanalizebulia sazogadoebis, socialuri zrdis, socialuri struqturis, so-cialuri funqciebis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sistemaTa da organoTa cnebebi. xolo “sociologiis safuZv-lebis” meore tomSi uzarmazar eTnografiul masalaze dayrd-nobiT ganxilulia: ojaxur urTierTobaTa, adaT-wesebis (maT Soris Cveulebebis), politikuri institutebis (saxelmwifo, sa-

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samarTlo, sakuTreba, sazogadoebaTa tipebi, religiuri dawe-sebulebebis, samrewvelo institutebis) evolucia. sociologia anTropologias, eTnografias da istoriuli ganviTarebis zo-gad Teoriasmoicavs.

4. sazogadoebis cneba: organicizmi da evolucionizmi. spens-eris sociologia eyrdnoba or mTavar princips: sazogadoebis rogorc organizmis gagebas da socialuri evoluciis ideas. pirveli dakavSirebulia socialuri mTelis erTianobis gaazre-bis aucileblobasTan. warmoadgens Tu ara sazogadoeba realur “arsebas” Tu igi mxolod krebsiTi saxelia ramdenime individis aRsaniSnavad, romelsac mxolod nominaluri arseboba aqvs? igi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebas aqvs gansakuTrebuli saxis yofiere-ba, romelic realurad arsebobs. marTalia sazogadoeba Sedgeba erTeulebisagan, mTeli Taobebisa da dajgufebebisagan. mrava-li saukunis manZilze, am erTeulTa gaerTianeba - dajgufeba-Si saerTo msgavsebis mudmivi SenarCuneba am sazogadoebis mier dakavebuli adgilis farglebSi miuTiTebs maT mier Sedgenili agregatis garkveul konkretulobaze. swored es Tviseba da ni-Sani gvaZlevs ideas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. Cven sazogadoebas vu-wodebT mxolod iseT gaerTianebas, sadac binadarma cxovrebam migviyvana sazogadoebis SigniT mis Semadgenel nawilTa ganaw-ilebis mudmivobasTan”. sazogadoeba “realuri sagania”, magram ara araorganuli agregatis, aramed organuli mTelis msgavsia, romelic rTuli da dinamiuria. amitom socialuri agregatis gasagebad swored rom organizmi gamogvadgeba. sazogadoeba aris organizmi.

5. msgavseba sazogadoebasa anu socialur organizmsa da bi-ologiur organizms Soris:

- sazogadoeba Tavisi arsebobis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ise iz-rdeba, farTovdeba rogorc organizmi.

- sazogadoebis zrdis kvalobaze misi struqturac iseve rTuldeba rogorc bunebrivi evoluciis procesSi organizmis struqtura.

- rogorc biologiur ise socialur organizmSi struqturaTa diferenciacias Tan yveba funqciaTa analogiuri diferencia-cia.

- evoluciis procesSi biologiur da socialur organizmebis struqturisa da funqciebis diferenciacias moyveba maTi urT-ierTqmedebis ganviTarebac.

- analogia sazogadoebasa da organizms Soris SeiZleba Sev-abrunoT - yoveli organizmi aris sazogadoeba.

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6. sazogadoebaSi iseve rogorc organizmSi, maSinac ki rode-sac misi mTlianoba darRveulia - mkvdaria - maT Semadgenel calkeul nawilebs SeuZliaT arsebobis gagrZeleba, garkveuli droiT mainc - amitom sazogadoeba SegviZlia ganvixiloT orga-nizmis analogiurad. magram maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebacaa:

- biologiuri organizmebisagan -, romelTa Semadgeneli naw-ilebi warmoqmnian konkretul mTels, romlis yvela elemen-ti mWidrod da ganuwyvetladaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, - gansxvavebiT sazogadoeba diskretuli mTelia, romlis elemen-tebi met-naklebad Tavisufalni da gafantulni arian.

- individualur organizmSi funqciaTa diferenciacia iseTia, rom grZnobisa da azrovnebis unari Tavmoyrilia mxolod mis gan-sazRvrul nawilebSi, maSin rodesac sazogadoebaSi cnobiereba mofrqveulia mTel agregatSi, yvela mis erTeuls SeuZlia gani-cados gancxroma da tanjva Tu erTnairi xarisxiT ara, maSin daax-loebiT erTnairad mainc.

- cocxal organizmSi elementebi arseboben mTelis gulisaT-vis, sazogadoebaSi ki piriqiT, sazogadoeba arsebobs Tavisi wev-rebis keTildReobisaTvis. kontisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis azri-Tac individi sazogadoebis damoukidebeli ujredic ki ar aris da masSia gaTqvefili, spenserisaTvis piriqiT, sazogadoeba indi-vidTa mxolod agregatia. masSi individis gaTqvefa dauSvebelia. amitom sazogadoeba “zeorganizmia”.

7. yovel ganviTarebul sazogadoebas organoTa sami sistema aqvs:

- mxardamWer-SemnarCunebeli - awarmoebs aucilebel saarsebo saSualebebs.

- gamanawilebeli - Sromis danawilebis safuZvelze uzrunve-lyofs socialuri organizmis sxvadasxva nawilTa kavSirs.

- maregulirebeli - saxelmwifos saxiT Semadgeneli nawilebis mTelisadmi daqvemdebarebasa da morCilebas uzrunvelyofs.

8. sazogadoebis specifikuri nawilebia dawesebuleba - in-stitutebi: saojaxo, adaTobrivi, politikuri, saeklesio, pro-fesionaluri da samrewvelo. TiToeuli maTgani ganicdis evo-lucias, magram rogoria am evoluciis kanonebi? arsebobs erTi evolucia, romelic yvelgan erTnairad moqmedebs.

9. ganviTareba, evoluciis yvela procesi moicavs or mxares: integracias da diferenciacias. igi iwyeba sazogadoebrivi or-ganizmis raodenobrivi zrdisagan, misi Semadgeneli elemen-tebis raodenobis an moculobis gafarToebisagan. aseT zrdas aucileblad moyveba mTeli socialuri organizmis funqciona-

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luri da struqturuli diferenciaciis procesi. primitiul sazogadiebaSi maTi nawilebi da funqciebi sustadaa diferen-cirebuli da erTmaneTis msgavsia. aq erTsa da imave struqturas SeuZlia ramdenime funqcia da ramdenime struqturas ki erTi funqciaSeasrulos. sazogadoebis zrdis kvalobaze es erT-ferovneba (homogenoba) mravalferovnebaze (heterogenobaze) gadadis da rac ufro mravalferovani da diferencirebulia sazogadoebis struqturebi da funqciebi, miT ufro ganviTare-bulia igi. amgvarad, Sromis danawileba aris ganviTarebis say-ovelTao meqanizmi. funqciaTa diferenciacia iwvevs mmarTveli meqanizmis arsebobis aucileblobas, romelsac unari eqneba ker-Zo struqturaTa SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba uzrunvelhyos. aqedan ki TviT marTvis procesTa garTuleba da diferenciacia. mas emateba religiur institutTa da adamianTa Zalauflebac.

10. sazogadoebis tipologizacia. spenseri kontTan erTad erT-erTi pirveli moazrovnea sociologiis istoriaSi, romel-mac sazogadoebis or tipad dayofa ganaxorciela: samxedro da samrewvelo sazogadoebaTa saxiT.

samxedro tipis sazogadoebaSi “mTavrobis eTika omis eTikis igiveobrivia”. es niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba uigivdeba jars, rom-lis nawili moqmedia da nawili umoqmedo. masSi “jari mobilize-buli sazogadoebaa, xolo sazogadoeba jaria, romelic isven-ebs”.

- samxedro sazogadoebis Zireuli niSania - Zaladoba. sayovel-Tao samxedro nagebobaze mimTiTebeli niSania erTeulTa gansx-vavebul moqmedebaTa warmarTva Zaladobis gziT. samxedro sazo-gadoebaTa politikis safuZvelia mtroba. rogorc sagareo ise saSinao politikis safuZvelia

- Zaladoba. is kargad icavs sagareo mtrebisagan sazogadoe-bas, magram cudad asrulebs qveynis SigniT adamianTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofis funqcias, radgan Tavisufleba ZaladobiT ar miiRweva am etapis sazogadoeba individis Tavisuflebas spobs da mas cvlis monobiT, aq individi saSualebaa saxelmwifos da sazo-gadoebis keTildReobisa da miznebis ganxorcilebis gzaze.

- sazogadoebis meore tipia samrewvelo sazogadoeba. igi samxedros sapirispiroa, ramdenadac masSi individi saSualebaa ara saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis xelSi, aramed mizania. xolo saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba saSualebebia. isini arseboben indi-vidis keTildReobisaTvis. samxedro sazogadoebaSi sicocxle saSualebaa, mizania Sroma. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi Sroma sa-Sualebaa, sicocxle ki mizani, romelsac es saSualeba uzrunve-lyofs.

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kiTxvebi:1. daaxasiaTeT spenseris sociologiuri koncefciis ideuri wyaroebi, aCveneT maTi roli spenseris sociologiuri doqtrinis formirebaSi;2. CamoTvaleT sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis SesaZleblobis ganmapirobebeli speseris mier moyvanili argumentebi;3. gaanalizeT istorias, biologias da sociologias Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis spenseriseuli gagebis arsebiTi momentebi;4. gamoyaviT sazogadoebis speseriseuli gagebis arsebiTi momentebi;5. SeadareT erTmaneTs organicizmis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi aspeqtebi;6. daaxasiaTeT evolucionizmis spenseriseuli gagebis Tavisebureba;7. gaanalizeT evoluciis cneba integraciisa da diferenciaciis mniSvnelobaTa ganaserSi;8. ganviTarebul sazogadoebas funqcionirebis organoTa ramdeni sistema aqvs? daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTganis mier Setanili wvlili sazogadoebis funqcionirebaSi;9. daxasiaTeT sazogadoebaTa tipologiis spenseriseuli kriteriumebi;10. ra Tavisebureba axasiaTebs samxedro tipis sazogadoebas?11. gamoyaviT samrewvelo sazogadoebis arsebiTi niSnebi;12. ramdenad gamarTlda socializmis spenseriseuli kritikis ZiriTadi momentebi, socialisturi sazogadoebrivi sistemis triumfisa da kraxis wlebSi?

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leqcia meoTxe

karl marqsis sociologia

1. k. marqsi: pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi damarqsis sociologia3. ideur - Teoriuli wyaroebi4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba5. istoriis materialisturi gageba6. meTodologia7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria10. Semecnebis sociologia

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:Sroma, gaucxoeba, istoriis materialisturi gageba, sazo-

gadoebrivi yofiereba da cnobiereba, warmoebis wesi, sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, bazisi da zednaSeni, sazo-gadoebrivi formaciebi, socialuri revolucia, klasebi da klasobrivi brZola, ideologia.

1. karl marqsi, pirovneba, mecnieri da revolucioneri

karl marqsi XIX s-is yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani social-uri moazrovnea. mis ideebs TiTqmis saukune naxevari iyenebdnen da axlac iyeneben yvelaze gansxvavebul socialur moZraobaTa programebSi dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionebSi. zogierTma to-talitarulma reJimma marqsizmi erTaderT “WeSmarit” ideolo-giad aqcia, romelsac arsebobis ufleba aqvs, riTac igi saxelm-wifoebrivi religiis saxesxvaobad gadaaqcies.

o. kontma Tavi axali religiis pirvel mRvdelTmsaxurad gamo-acxada, magram sinamdvileSi aseTad ver iqca. marqsi ki, piriqiT, gamodioda ra religiis, rogorc aseTis winaaRmdeg, axali saero kultis fuZemdebeli gaxda. amasTan dakavSirebiT misi sakuTari

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pirovneba xan dadebiTi, xan ki uaryofiTi niSniT sakralizaciis (wmindanobis) obieqtad gadaiqca. marqss xan rogorc mesias, xan ki rogorc eSmakis mociquls aRiqvamdnen da aRiqvamen. cxadia, aseT viTarebaSi marqsis, rogorc mecnieris ganxilva Zalian Znelia, miT ufro, rom TviTon igi sakuTar saqmianobas mecnierul da praqtikul mxareebad ar yofda. miuxedavad amisa, mas socialu-ri mecnierebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs, amitom am mecnierebaSi misi wvlilis Seswavla aucilebelia, magram es rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes saWiroa marqsi - mecnieri, marqsi - poli-tikosi, winaswarmetyvelisa da ideologisgan gamovyoT da gamo-vacalkeoT.

k. marqsi 1818 wlis 5 maiss germaniis qalaq trirSi (prusiis provinciaSi), advokatis, rabinTa STamomavlis ojaxSi daibada, romelmac 1816 wels protestantoba miiRo. karlis mama liber-aluri Sexedulebebis adamiani da frang ganmanaTlebelTa idee-bis mimdevari iyo. marqsis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelo-vani gavlena misma momavalma simamrma - ludvig fon vestfalenma moaxdina, romelic aseve ganmanaTleblobis ideebis mimdevari iyo. trirSi gimnaziis dasrulebis Semdeg 1835 wels, marqsi jer bonis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, Semdeg berlin-is universitetis iuridiul fakultetze swavlobda, sadac man samarTali, istoria da filosofia Seiswavla. amave dros igi e.w. “doqtorTa klubis” monawile xdeba, sadac radikalurad ganwyo-bili axalgazrda hegelianelebi: Zmebi bruno da edgar bauerebi, maqs Stirneri da sxvebi Sedian. am wreSi diskusiebma marqsis az-rovnebis Sinaarssa da stilze Rrma gavlena iqonies.

1848 wels marqsi amTavrebs universitets da Semdeg ienis uni-versitetSi filosofiis doqtoris xarisxs iRebs. misi sado-qtoro disertaciis Temaa: “gansxvaveba demokrites naturilo-sofiasa da epikures naturfilosofias Soris”.

Tavdapirvelad marqss surda mecnieruli saqmianobisaTvis moekida xeli. ganzraxuli hqonda daekavebina bonis universi-tetSi docentis Tanamdeboba, magram swrafadve gaigo, rom misi ganzraxva ganuxorcielebeli iyo: misi Sexedulebebi maSindel prusiis feodalur - represiul reJims upirispirdeboda da konfliqtSi modioda masTan. amave dros misi politikuri me-brZolisa da romantikosis temperamenti, romelic sinamdvilis praqtikuli gardaqmnisaken miiswrafvoda, SeuZlebelia wmin-da akademiuri saqmianobis CarCoebiT dakmayofilebuliyo. ai, nawyveti axalgazrda marqsis leqsidan “grZnobebi”, romelic mowmobs imas, rom ukve adreul asakSi igi Tvlida, rom bedniereba brZolaSia:

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“ar SemiZlia sicocxle simSvideSi,Tu mTeli suli cecxliT iwvis,ar SemiZlia sicocxle brZolisada qariSxlis gareSe Zil-RviZilSi.Cemi xvedria brZolisadmi swrafva,CemSi duRs maradiuli sicxe da cecxli,Cemi sicocxlis sazRvrebi viwroa daxels miSlis mdinarebis mixedviT curvaSi”.(tomi 40, gv. 372)

marqsi xdeba Jurnalisti, ufro zustad, politikuri publi-cisti. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi igi avtorisa da redaqtoris saxiT evropisa da aSS-s sxvadasxva gazeTebsa da JurnalebSi Ta-namSromlobs, mecnierul da politikur - praqtikul saqmianobas publicistis Sromas warmatebiT uTavsebda.

1843 wels marqsi qorwindeba Tavisi bavSvobis megobarze Jeni fon vestfalenze, romelmac mTeli sicocxle masTan erTad ga-daitana siZneleebi da gaWirveba. marqsis mravalSviliani ojaxi gamudmebiT siRaribesa da gaWirvebaSi cxovrobda. mis Jurnalis-tur honorarebs da misi megobrisa da Tanamoazris engelsis mier gaweuli materialur daxmarebebs ar SeeZloT uzrunvelyoT misi ojaxis normaluri arseboba. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi, erT - erT werilSi marqsi aRiarebda, rom Tu mas mouxdeboda xelaxla cxovrebis dawyeba, igi xelaxla, kvlav airCevda Tavis cxovreb-iseul gzas, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo siRatakesa da gaWirve-basTan, magram arasodes ar daqorwindeboda, raTa Tavisi ojaxi satanjvelad ar gaewira. man meuRlesTan erTad 3 mcirewlovani bavSvis sikvdili gadaitana. igi mudam xetialobda, icvlida sacx-ovrebelsa da qveynebs. axalgazrdobidanve marqsi cxovrobda emigraciaSi da mudam gaZeveba emuqreboda: prusiidan, safran-geTidan, belgiidan, bolos da bolos misi meore samSoblo gaxda inglisi, sadac igi 1849 wlidan sikvdilamde cxovrobda. k. marqsi gardaicvala 1883 wlis 14 marts.

kidev ufro metad, vidre konti, marqsi marginaluri pirovne-ba iyo. irwmuneboda ra kapitalizmis gardauval kraxze, igi wi-naswarmetyvelebda da amzadebda revolucias im sazogadoebebSi, romlebSic cxovrobda. amiT igi maTTvis ucxo avtomaturad xde-boda.

marqsi oficialuri akademiuri mecnierebis zRvarze imyofe-boda: erTis mxriv, igi ase Tu ise masTan dakavSirebuli iyo da bunebrivia, arc SeeZlo mTlianad misTvis gverdis avla; meo-re mxriv ki mkacrad akritikebda rogorc “burJuaziis” laqias da upirispirdeboda mas. “mecnierulad” daasabuTa ra momavali

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oqros saukunis - komunizmis rwmena, igi amave dros Tavs RmerTis winaaRmdeg mebrZolad, RvTis mgmoblad acxadebda da yvela ar-sebul religiur rwmenebs uaryofda.

,,eTnikurad, warmoSobiT ebraeli, marqsi sakuTar Tavs ebrae-lad ar Tvlida da “ebraelad Tavisi Tavis CamTvleli” pirovnebis moZule adamianTa kategorias ganekuTvneboda. Tumca ar Sei-Zleba igi darwmunebul antisemitad CavTvaloT, igi zogjer adamianebze, romlebic ar moswonda antisemitur msjelobebs gamoTqvamda. kerZod f. lasalis Sesaxeb. Tavis megobar hainrix hainesac igi rogorc Cans ebraelad ar Tvlida, rogorc sakuTar Tavs. SromaSi “ebraelTa sakiTxisaTvis” (1844), igi hegeliseuli gadmocemis stils baZavs, sakmaod bundovani formiT asabuTebs friad martiv azrs imis Taobaze, rom ebraelebis arseba - raoba vaWrobasa da fulis kultSia, romelic gavrcelebulia mTels sazogadoebaSi.

Sesabamisad ebraelebis problema, gauqmdeba maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba ebraelobis empiriul arsebas, vaWrobasa da mis wa-namZRvrebis gauqmebas SesZlebs.

marqsi uwinares yovlisa germanelad Tvlida Tavs da dro-dadro vardeboda kidec germanul nacionalizmSi (Tanac zogjer arc germanelebze ambobda kargs), miuxedavad amisa, misi damok-idebuleba samSoblosTan Zalian rTuli iyo, ris gamoc igi iZu-lebuli iyo mis sazRvrebs gareT ecxovra.

marqsi mudmiv konfrontaciaSi iyo sxvadasxva politikur mimdinareobebTan, Tanac ara mxolod burJuaziulTan, aramed muSebTan da socialistebTanac ki. sabolood, igi upirobod, aR-moCnda marginali klasobrivi azriTac: SeZlebuli socialuri fenisagan gamosuli, igi gabeulad gamodioda mis winaaRmdeg da proletariatis diqtaturis aucileblobas asabuTebda.” (22, le-qcia meoTxe)

marqsis politikuri radikalizmi misi pirovnebis iseT Tavise-burebebTan, rogoricaa Zalauflebis moyvareoba, msjelobaTa uapelacio xasiaTi da sxva Sexdulebebis mouTmenloba, Seuwyn-arebloba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli. anenkovis sityvebiT “am demokratiuli diqtaturisaTvis” principulad ucxo iyo dialo-gis Janri, igi mxolod polemikas, konfrontacias, brZolas aRi-arebda. marqsis mraval TxzulebaSi polemika Cveulebriv lanZ-Rva-ginebaSi, ironia ki borot sarkazmSi gadadis. igi mamxilebel moazrovneTa kategorias miekuTvneba, romlebic rogorc so-cialur institutebs, ise TavianT oponentebsac niRbebs “xdian”.

rogorc es xSirad xdeba, mecnier kolegebTan urTierTobaSi, aseve TanamoazreebTan an mowinaaRmdegeebTan politikur brZo-

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laSi avtoritaruloba da ukompromisoba, marqsTan meuRlisa da Svilebisadmi gamoxatul sinazes, siTbosa da gulkeTilobas erwymoda. marqsis damokidebuleba mis megobrebTan da Tanamoaz-reebTan or tipad iyofa: esaa an maswavleblisa da moswavleebis urTierToba, an urTierToba yofil Tanamoazreebisa da mego-brebisa, romlebic mtrad iqcnen imis gamo, rom sxvis moswav-leebad gaxdoma an darCena ar moisurves. am ukanasknelTa Soris iyvnen gamoCenili figurebic, romlebmac didi gavlena iqonies marqsze; Zmebi bauerebi, m. hesi, p. J. prudoni, m. bakunini, f. lasa-li da sxvebi.

Seuwynarebloba imdenad Seerwya marqsis figuras da misi muSaobis meTods, rom pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gadaizarda misi moZRvrebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad. sabolood es Tviseba aiTvisa v. leninma da bolSevikuri interpretaciiT iTvlebo-da ,,WeSmariti marqsizmis” damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad: ,,namdvili” marqsisti, gansxvavebiT ,,oportunistisagan”, mudam unda iyos Seurigebeli da ukompromiso ,,ucxo” ideuri mimdinareobaTa mimarT.

gamonaklisi iyo marqsis megobroba fridrix engelsTan (1820-1895). engelsi iyo misi ,,alter ego”. igi arasdros da araferSi ar upirispirdeboda mas da mudam guwrfelad iyo aRtacebuli misi genialobiT. maTi megobroba daiwyo 1844 wels da gagrZelda mTe-li sicocxlis manZilze. marqsma da engelsma erTad daweres ise-Ti cnobili nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa “wminda ojaxi, anu kriti-kuli kritikis kritika” bruno bauerisa da kompaniis winaaRmdeg (1845); “germanuli ideologia”

(1945-47 w, xelnaweri ar iyo dasrulebuli da pirvelad gamo-qveynda sabWoTa kavSirSi 1932 w. originalis enaze, xolo Semdeg, 1933 w. rusul enaze).

,,komunisturi partiis manifesti” (1848 w.)marqsis sikvdilis Semdeg engelsma moamzada zogierTi

misi Sroma, romlebic mis sicocxleSi ar gamoqveynebula. arc mecnierul da arc politikur-praqtikul sakiTxebSi megobrebi araferSi ar wakamaTebulan. garkveuli azriT, engelsi SeiZle-ba CavTvaloT marqsis Teoriis Tanaavtorad, magram mTlianoba-Si igi iyo gamoCenili propagandisti da populizatori. TviTon igi usvamda xazs marqsis prioritets istoriis materialisturi gagebis SeqmnaSi.

Tavis politikur brZolebSic marqsi aseve mudam gamodioda engelsTan erTad. marqsma miznad daisaxa proletariatis Sei-araReba komunisturi moZRvrebiT, rameTu swored proletar-iatSi xedavda igi materialur Zalas, romelic mowodebulia

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praqtikuli realizeba gauwios mis moZRvrebas. amitom, misi or-ganizaciul - politikuri saqmianoba iSleba swored muSaTa moZ-Rvrebis sferoSi. 1847 wels igi engelsTan erTad Sedis samar-TlianTa kavSirSi, romelic Semdeg gardaiqmneba komunistTa kavSirad im principebis Sesabamisad, romlebic formirebuli iyo ,,komunistur manifestSi”. 1848 wels marqsi saTaveSi Caudga ko-munistTa kavSiris centralur komitets, xolo engelsi gaxda am komitetis wevri. kavSiris radikalizmma gamoiwvia xelisuflebis mxridan mudmivi devna da 1852 wels igi wyvets Tavis arsebobas. 1864 wels marqsi monawileobs ,,mSromelTa saerTaSoriso amx-anagobis” (pirveli internacionali) SeqmnaSi da misi faqtobrivi xelmZRvaneli xdeba. manve dawera ,,damfuZnebeli manifesti”, ,,droebiTi wesdeba” da internacionalis programuli dokumen-tebis mTeli rigi. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnis parale-lurad marqsi da engelsi aqtiurad monawileoben nacionaluri komunisturi da muSaTa partiebis Seqmnasa da saqmianobaSi, uwin-ares yovlisa, germaniaSi.

,,marqsis moZRvreba warmoadgens erTian, daunawevrebul mTels, romlebSic mecnieruli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi mWidrd ejaWvebian erTmaneTs. kontisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTanac ,,mecnieruli” da ,,praqtikuli” mxareebi ZiriTadad moRvaweobis sxvadasxva periodebze modis, marqsTan isini mudam erTianobaSi arian. marqsi aucileblad acnobierebda WeSmaritebis mecnieru-li Ziebis specifikas da Tavs mecnierad Tvlida, magram mecniere-ba misTvis ar yofila TviTmizani, aramed igi iyo saSualeba sam-yaros praqtikul revoluciuri gardaqmnisaTvis. marqsma TviTon naTlad gamoxata es pozicia yvelaze cnobil TezisSi, ,,Tezise-bidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb”: ,,filosofosebi mxolod sxvadasxva-nairad xsnidnen samyaros, magram saqme isaa, rom igi SevcvaloT”. rogorc Cans, wminda mecnieruli muSaoba marqss warmodgenili hqonda droebiT, gardamaval saqmed, romelic momavlis sazo-gadoebaSi gaqreba Sromis danawilebasTan erTad da Seerwymis praqtikul saqmianobas. igi uaryofiTad uyurebda im socialur mecnierT, romlebic SezRudulni iyvnen akademiuri mecnierebis CarCoebiT da aRiarebdnen arsebul socialur institutebs. am institutTa revoluciuri ganaxlebis aucileblobis aRiarebis SiSs da miuReblobas igi Tvlida ara mxolod amoralizmis gam-ovlinebad, aramed mecnieruli WeSmaritebis ,,bolomde” Ziebis muxruWadac. magram bedis ironiiT, igi mainc Sevida mecnierebis istoriaSi, swored im akademiur, “burJuaziul” mecnierebis is-toriaSi, romelsac igi ver itanda da iTvalwunebda.” (22, leqcia meoTxe)

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2. marqsizmi, marqsizmebi da marqsis sociologia mravali imaTTagani, vinc icnobda marqss, aRniSnavdnen

mis genialurobas, kolosalur erudicias, misi codnis siR-rmes yvelaze gansxvavebul sferoebSi da agreTve mecnierul sakiTxebSi sakuTri Tavisadmi metismet momTxovnelobas. misi mecnieruli “specialobis” gansazRvra arc Tu ise advilia. aseve Znelia misi mecnieruli saqmianobis gamocalkeveba publicistu-ri da politikur - praqtikulisagan. marqsma daamTavra iuridi-uli fakulteti, disertacia dawera filosofiaSi, mravali weli Sealia ekonomikas da sxva mecnierebebis Seswavlas. misi Sromebi atareben disciplinaTSoriso xasiaTs, Tumca romel mecniere-basac ar unda miekuTvnebodes misi esa Tu is Sroma, mas axasiaT-ebs sakvlevi problemis sociologiuri xedva. ideebi, cnebebi, problemebi, romelTac igi amuSavebda Tavis filosofiur, isto-riul, ekonomikur, publicistur SromebSi, arian Tavisi arsiT sociologiurni da garkveuli wvlili SeaqvT sociologiis, ro-gorc mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. es exeba mis iseT Sromebs, ro-gorebicaa ukve naxsenebi “germanuli ideologia”, “filosofiis siRatake” (1847), “politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis” (1859), “klasobrivi brZola safrangeTSi 1848-1850 wlebSi” (1850), “lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri” (1852), “kapitali” da a.S. amitom araa gasakviri, rom marqsis moZRvrebis ganmarteba Zalian adre daiwyes ara mxolod ekonomikurad an politikurad, aramed so-ciologiuradac da aseTi ganmartebebi dResac SenarCunebulia. marqsis sociologiis kvlevas mieZRvna Sromebis didZali raode-noba.

,,magram marqsis, rogorc sociologis gageba dakavSirebulia specifikur siZneleebTan, romlebic gamomdinareoben misi Semo-qmedebidan. mecnieruli Ziebebis da praqtikuli miswrafebebis erTianoba da kavSiri iwvevs misi Teoriis sakuTriv mecnierul Sinaarsis gamoyofis aucileblobas. misi Semoqmedebis disci-plinaTSorisi xasiaTi aZnelebs misi mecnieruli gamokvlevebis sakuTriv sociologiuri aspeqtebis Ziebas.

TviT marqsi ar iyenebs termins “sociologia”. es arcaa gasak-viri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom es termini mis droSi jer erTi ver damkvidrda myarad, meore igi ZiriTadad dakavSirebu-li iyo kontis doqtrinasTan, romelsac marqsi mTlianad uary-ofiTad uyurebda.

marqsis Semoqmedeba atarebs mniSvnelovani zomiT dausruleb-el da mravalmniSvnelovan xasiaTs. mas ar Seuqmnia nawarmoebi,

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romelSic sistemuri saxiT gadmocemuli iqneboda misi moZRvre-ba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, msgavsad imisa, rogorc es gaakeTa kont-ma. misi sociologiuri ideebi mimobneulia TviT yvelaze gansx-vavebul nawarmoebebSi, Tanac es ideebi xSirad mocemulia ara pozitiur, aramed polemikuri saxiT.” (22, leqcia meoTxe)

marqsis zogierTi nawarmoebi darCa dausrulebeli da mis si-cocxleSi gamoqveynebuli iyo nawilobriv, sxvebma ki sinaTle ixiles mxolod misi sikvdilis Semdeg. yoveli axali publika-cia badebda marqsis ideebis axal interpretacias. am garemoebas ori mniSvnelovani Sedegi aqvs. pirveli, marqsis SexedulebaTa yovelgvari interpretacia mudam ase Tu ise maTi rekonstruq-ciaa. meore, arsebobs marqsis memkvidreobis yvelaze gansxvave-buli winaaRmdegobrivi da urTierTgamomricxvel interpreta-ciaTa uzarmazari raodenoba. es mravalsaxiereba Zlierdeba imiT, rom politikur-ideologiuri sistemis saxiT gavrcelebis procesSi marqsizmma miiRo ganmarteba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor socialur, nacionalur, kulturul niadagze moxvda igi, rogor garemoSi daiwyo man funqcionireba. dRes msoflioSi arsebobs didZali marqsistuli da marqsologiuri literatura, romelic masStabebiT da stiliT teqstebis Teologias gvagonebs.

amis Sedegad “marqsizmi” gamoeyo Tavis Semqmnels da daiwyo sakuTari sicocxliT cxovreba. es daiwyo jer kidev marqsis si-cocxleSi. mag. Tavisi frangi mimdevrebis mimarT 70-iani wlebis dasasruls igi ambobda: “me vici mxolod erTi, rom me marqsisti ara var”. misi sikvdilis Semdeg es procesi mniSvnelovnad ga-Zlierda. amis Sedegad dRes arsebobs misi moZRvrebis imdenad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi da ganmartebebi, rom ufro up-riania da swori, Tu vilaparakebT ara marqsizmis, aramed marq-sizmebis Sesaxeb.

rasakvirvelia, am marqsizmebisagan TiToeuls raRac mimarTe-ba aqvs marqsTan, magram pirvelwyarosTan siaxlovis xarisxis an interpretaciis WeSmaritebis gansazRvra yovelTvis SesaZlebe-li araa. ,,zogierTi interpretatori, marqsisti an marqsologi, eZeben “autentur” namdvil marqss. sxvebi iyneben ra misi nawar-moebis ama Tu im fragments, asruleben Taviseburi saxis “varia-ciebs marqsis Temaze”, zogjer friad faqizsa da daxvewils, Tum-ca TviTneburT. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom marqss rom SesZleboda erTis da meores gacnoba, bevri ram masSi gamoiwvevda gakvirvebas da SeiZleba verc ki ecno sakuTari Tavi am gamosaxulebebSi.” (22, iqve)

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amrigad, marqsi sociologiis ganmartebisas rekonstruqcia gardauvalia da aucilebeli, misi Semoqmedebis dausruleblobi-sa da mravalmniSvnelobis gamo. magram, imisaTvis, raTa es rekon-struqcia iyos metad Tu naklebad adeqvaturi, mniSvnelovania mudam ganvsazRvroT da gavyoT: 1) marqsis doqtrina anu marqsis marqsizmi erTi mxriv, da marqsizmi, ufro zustad “marqsizmebi”, meore mxriv; 2) marqsis Semoqmedebis mecnieruli da aramecnieru-li komponentebi; 3) mecnieruli komponentebis Sidasociologi-uri da garesociologiuri, romlebic sxva socialur mecnier-ebebs ganekuTvnebian; 4) marqsis sociologia, e.i. is socialuri Teoriebi, da midgomebi, romlebic warmoadgenen misi ideebis gan-viTarebas, ganmartebas da gamoyenebas, TviT imisTvisac ki, raTa gavigoT am mxareTa urTierTgavlena, aucilebelia maTi gamijvna;

rasakvirvelia, am gansxvavebisa da gayofis ganxorcieleba Zne-lia da zogjer SeuZlebelic ki, magram amisaken swrafva saWiroa, Tu Cven gvsurs gavigoT swored marqsis sociologia (da ara raRac sxva) da marqsis sociologia (da ara vinme sxva).

3. ideur - Teoriuli wyaroebi

arsebobs cnobili warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom marqsizmis wy-aroebia: germanuli klasikuri filosofia, inglisuri politi-kuri ekonomia da franguli utopiuri socializmi, garda amisa, TviTon marqsi Tavis ideur wyaros aRiarebda me-17-18 saukunee-bis inglisur da frangul materializms. marqsizmis es geneal-ogia ukamaToa, magram aucilebelia maT daematos is wyaroebi, romlebic Sedioden, codnis sxva sferoebSi da agreTve isinic, romelTac marqsi TviTon ar aRiarebda. garda amisa es genealo-gia saWiroebs dazustebas.

kerZod, rodesac bWoba exeba germanul klasikur filoso-fias, saWiroa xazi gaesvas misi ori warmomadgenlis hegelisa da foerbaxis gavlenas. yvelaze meti gavlena marqsze hegelma iqo-nia, rogorc mecnieruli meTodis stilze, ise sociologiuri az-rovnebis stilzec, gansakuTrebiT mis warmodgenaze obieqturi socialuri kanonebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gzas ikvlevs calkeul adamianTa survilebisa da interesebis meSveobiT. mis ideaze progresuli ganviTarebis, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesis Sesaxeb, romeli winaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikur sinTezSi (hegeli-

anuri triadis “Tezisi - antiTezisi - sinTezi” Tanaxmad). garda amisa, hegelma gavlena iqonia marqsis pirad xasiaTze, da bolos,

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gaucxoebis marqsiseul Teoriaze. aseve gavlena iqonia foier-baxma gaucxoebis problemis damuSavebaze imiT, rom marqsma maT-gan ukritikod aiRo. Tavis azrebs igi maTTan mudmiv polemikaSi ayalibebda.

rac Seexeba kants, misi realuri zemoqmedeba marqsze saeWvo da sakamaToa. Semecnebis Teoriis fundamentaluri probleme-bi, romlebic kantma daayena, marqsis mier ki ar gadaiWra, aramed gverdavlili iqna, im materialuri postulatis daxmarebiT, rom-lis Tanaxmadac cnobiereba - esaa ubralod yofiereba “gadatani-li” da gardaqmnili adamianis TavSi.

socialistebidan, romlebmac yvelaze didi gavlena iqonies marqsis, rogorc sociologiur, ise politikur-utopiur Sexed-ulebebze, aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni. sociologiuri aspeqtiT man didi gavlena moaxdina marqsis mier 1) “industriis” (e.i. sen-si-monis mixedviT warmoeba farTo azriT) rolis Sefasebaze; 2) sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletaria-tis mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze; 3) revoluciur moZraobaTa (“kri-tikuli epoqebis” - sen-simoni) mniSvnelobaTa Sefasebaze. jer kidev marqsamde daamuSava sen-simonma idea imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo mTavari dabrkolebaa industrialu-ri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gzaze. aseve didi iyo sen-simo-nis gavlena, germaneli moazrovnis socialistur-komunisturi idealis formirebaze. kerZod, es exeba sen-simonis iseT ideebs, rogoricaa savaldebulo mwarmoebluri Sroma, samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis saxelmwifoebrivi dagegm-va. saxelmwifos gadaqceva warmoebis organizaciis iaraRad: erovnuli sazRvrebis waSla da xalxTa msoflio asociaciis Cam-oyalibeba momavalSi.

safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom sen - simonis gavlena marqsze ufro adrindelia, vidre hegelis. sen - simonistebis gavlena germaniaSi Zalian didi iyo, kerZod, sen-simonizmis propagandis-ti iyo marqsis megobari mozes hesi, romelsac uwodebdnen “ger-manuli socializmis mamas”. (Tumca sabolood marqss gaufuWda masTan urTierToba).

saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom marqsis idealebi Camoyalibda ufro adre, vidre igi yuradRebas gaamaxvilebda mecnierul Zie-bebze. mecnierebam ki ar miiyvana igi komunizmis idealTan, ar-amed piriqiT, masSi ukve mtkiced Camoyalibebul da cnobierebaSi ganmtkicebul komunisturi idealisadmi igi cdilobda daeZebna mecnieruli dasabuTeba.” (22, leqcia meoTxe) araa SemTxveviTi, rom “kompartiis manifesti” daiwera jer kidev 1847-48 wlebSi, e.i.

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didi xniT adre vidre marqsi Tavis ZiriTad mecnierul Sromebs Seqmnida sazogadoebis TeoriaSi, romelsac man daRupva uwinas-warmetyvela (ekonomikur gamokvlevebs igi seriozulad 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi miudga). sainteresoa, rom marqsisagan gansx-vavebiT, rwmenis analogiuri simboloebi sen - simons (,,mrewvel-Ta katexizisi” 1823-1824 w.; “axalia qristianoba”, 1825) da konts (pozitivisturi katexizisi”, 1852) sicocxlis bolos gauCnda, rogorc maTi mecnieruli da aramecnieruli ganazrebebis Sede-gi. [(katexizisi-darigeba, qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis mokle gadmocema kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT)].

moazes hesis (1812-1875) gavlena marqsze sakmaod didi iyo da atarebda mravalmxriv xasiaTs, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvi-Ton hesma, romelic marqsTan erTad monawileobda axalgazr-da hegelianelTa wreSi, marqsSi dainaxa kacobriobis udidesi filosofosi. hesma pirvelma SeaerTa socializmi hegelis fi-olosofiasTan. hesis mixedviT socializmis ideali adamianis socialuri arsebis realizaciaa. foierbaxis mier SemuSavebuli Teoria adamianis mier Tavisi arsebis gaucxoebisa religiaSi, man gaafarTova da gamoiyena sxvadasxva socialuri movlenebis sain-terpretaciod. man daasabuTa, rom adamianze gaucxoebuli for-miT batonobs misi sakuTari Zalebi: RmerTi - religiaSi, fuli - ekonomikaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba - politikaSi. mo-mavali socialisturi sazogadoeba gaaTavisuflebs adamians mis mier Seqmnili, magram misi arsebisagan gaucxoebuli Zalebis ba-tonobisagan. am debulebebSi sakmaod advilad ikiTxeba marqsis mier hesis kvaldakval SemuSavebuli gaucxoebis Teoria. jer kidev “komunisturi partiis manifestis” gamoqveynebamde, 1847 wlis bolos hesma, romelic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda muSa-Ta moZraobaSi, gamoaqveyna Sroma “proletariatis revoluciis Sedegebi”, romelSic Camoayaliba debulebebi, romlebic Semdeg marqsisTvis ZiriTad debulebebad iqcnen: kapitalis koncen-traciisa da centralizaciis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove epoqaSi, pro-letariatis mzardi siRatakis Sesaxeb, zedmeti warmoebisa da misi perioduli krizisebis Sesaxeb, kapitalizmis momavali - gar-dauvali daRupvis Sesaxeb.

rogorc Cans, hesma, marqssa da engelss gaacno cnobili ger-maneli istorikosisa da samarTalmcodnis lorenc fon Stain-is wigni “socializmi da komunizmi Tanamedrove safrangeTSi” (1842). Staini komunizmis mowinaaRmdege iyo, magram man erT-erT-ma pirvelma daadastura, rom es “aCrdili” dadis evropaSi. man

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iwinaswarmetyvela misi Serwyma muSaTa moZraobasTan, misi say-ovelTao gavrceleba da Semdgomi kraxi. manve miaqcia yuradRe-ba sen-simonis momxreTa - frang socialistTa miswrafebas, aagon TavianTi ideebi mecnierul niadagze. engelsma am wigns “sacoda-vi” da “ususuri”-c ki uwoda, magram amgvari Sefasebani masTan, iseve rogorc marqsTan, xSirad niSnavda imas, rom amgvarma Sexed-ulebebma Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina maT azrovnebaze: ukve maTi gaRizianebac ki xSirad friad simptomaturia.

saerTod sociologiis istoriaSi erTi moazrovnis meoreze gavlenis ori saxe arsebobs. ,,pirveli SeiZleba “pozitiurad”, xolo meore ki “negatiurad” iwodos. pirveli mdgomareobs ima-Si, rom erTi moazrovnis ideebi kvlav iwarmoebian, grZeldebian, viTardebian an gamoiyenebian meoris gamokvlevebSi. am dros gav-lena SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas

,,mimdevris” mier an ara. aseTi gavlenebi sakmarisad naTelia.,,negatiuri” gavlenebis SemCneva Znelia, Tumca isini ufro

xSirad gvxvdebian. es gavlenebi erTi moazrovnis meores mimarT sistematur opoziciaSi yofnaSi, erTi Sexedulebebis meori-sadmi dapirispirebaSi. ,,negatiuri” gavlenis dros ,,winamorbe-dis” gansazRvruli Tezisebi iwveven ,,mimdevris” gansazRvrul kontrTezisebs, ase, rom es ukanasknelni aRmoCndebian specifi-kurni, magram zogjer pirvelTa Zalian zusti asaxvac ki SeiZle-ba aRmoCndnen. ukve TviT polemikis obieqtis arCevas aqvs didi mniSvneloba da adasturebs imas, rom ,,mimdevari” araa gulgri-li garkveuli ,,winamorbedis” mimarT da masTan erTad CarTulia erTi da igive problemebis ganxilvaSi. am ganxilvis procesSi pirveli xSirad gacilebiT mets sesxulobs ukanasknelisagan, vidre es TviTon mas hgonia. ,,negatiuri” gavlenani sociologiis istoriaSi xSirad ufro Zlieria, vidre ,,pozitiuri”, da SeiZle-ba miT ufro Zlieri iyos, rac ufro energiulia dapirispireba.” (22, leqcia meoTxe)

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT marqsis Sromebis polemikur meTods, maSin gasagebi gaxdeba, rom igi ,,pozitiur” gavlenebTan erTad ,,negatiuri” gavlenebis mTel rigs ganicdida. TviT mis mierve yvelaze aRiarebul avtoritetebsac ki, kerZod hegels da foi-erbaxs polemikurad udgeboda. rac Seexeba hessa da fon Stains, maT marqsze iqonies rogorc ,,pozitiuri”, ise ,,negatiuri” gav-lena. es exeba iseT moazrovneebsa da politikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen m. bakunini, f. lasali da prudoni. garda amisa, marqsis gav-lenac maTze aranaklebi iyo. ase, rom aq adgili ufro urTierT-gavlenas aqvs.

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marqsi icnobda kontis ideebsac, magram mTlianobaSi mas uary-ofiTad afasebda. ,, ...rogorc partiuli adamiani me vikaveb kon-tizmis mimarT gadaWriT mtrul pozicias...” - werda igi. poli-tikur mimarTebaSi marqsisTvis ucxo iyo kontis socialuri pacifizmi, xolo mecnierul mimarTebaSi kontiseuli TandaTa-nobiTi ganviTarebis Teoria Zalian CamorCeboda hegeliseuls. miuxedavad amisa, marqsisa da kontis sociologiuri Sexedule-bebSi bevri saerToa, rac nawilobriv oriveze sen-simonis idee-bis mniSvnelovani gavleniT aixsneba.

sicocxlis bolo wlebSi marqsma daiwyo pirvelyofil kul-turaTa eTnografiuli gamokvlevebis, kerZod l. morganis Sromebis Seswavla.

aucilebelia avRniSnoT, bunebismecnierebaTa gavlena marq-sis sociologiis Camoyalibebaze. es exeba geologias da biolo-gias. geologiidan man aiRo socialuri sistemisa da misi wyobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis safuZvlad formaciis idea. biologiidan masze didi gavlena iqonia ujredis aRmoCenam da organizmis age-bulebis ujreduli Teoriis Seqmnam. marqsisaTvis gansakuTre-biT mniSvnelovani iyo darvinis evoluciuri moZRvreba, romel-ic gadmocemuli iyo mis cnobil wignSi “saxeTa warmoSoba” (1859). marqsma masSi dainaxa misi socialuri Teoriis raRac biologi-uri analogi da daadastureba, agreTve stimuli maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.

4. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba

yoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mu-dam gulisxmobs adamianis arsebisa da samyaroSi misi adgilis Ses-axeb Teorias. sxva sityvebiT Teoriul sociologias yovelTvis emezobleba gansazRvruli filosofiuri anTropologia. ase iyo marqsTanac. adamianis miseuli xedva Camoyalibda ganmanaTle-belTa, hegelis, foierbaxis, agreTve hesis gavleniT. marTalia, marqss amocanad ar dausaxavs Seeqmna gansakuTrebuli filo-sofiuri anTropologia, mTlianobaSi gamoirCeoda Rrma origi-nalobiT.

marqsis Tanaxmad, adamiani uwinares yovlisa, Homo Faber-ia, anu mwarmoebeli adamiania. mwarmoebluri Sroma - ai ra ganasxvavebs adamians cxovelisagan. adamiani cxovelisagan imiT gansxvavde-ba, rom igi ki ar egueba garemomcvel samyaros, aramed iguebs mas. amasTan erTad, am stiqiaTa dauflebis zomis Sesabamisad, Tvi-

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Ton adamianebis mier Seqmnili sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sul ufro upirispidebian mas garegani mtruli Zalebis saxiT. xdeba adamianis gaucxoeba, mis mierve Seqmnili arsebebidan. adamiani aRmoCndeba gaucxoebuli Tavisi Sromis rezultatisagan, Sromis procesisagan, sazogadoebisa da saku-Tari Tavisganac ki. mxolod momaval komunistur sazogadoeba-Si, rodesac dasruldeba kacobriobis “winaistoria - preisto-ria” da daiwyeba misi “namdvili” istoria, rodesac kacobrioba “aucileblobis samefodan” gadava “Tavisuflebis samefoSi”. ada-miani daubrundeba sakuTar Tavs da gaucxoebac gadailaxeba.

marqsi amodis adamianis bunebaze rusoseuli Sexedulebidan, romlis Tanaxmadac adamiani Tavisi bunebis Tanaxmad - mTliano-biTi, “gauucxoebuli”, keTili arsebaa. adamianuri bunebis Se-fasebaSi igi uryevi racionalistia: adamiani, misi gagebiT, Tav-idanve da upirobod gonieri arsebaa. konti ki Tavis “obieqtur” sociologiaSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT “subieqturis” Sesaxeb, tovebs adgils grZnobebisa da rwmenisaTvis, rogorc adamianuri cxovelqmedebis mniSvnelovani faqtorebisaTvis. marqsTan ki, am faqtorebisaTvis arsebiTad adgilic ki ar rCeba, ufro zustad, isini adamianSi an imave racionaluri sawyisis an gaucxoebis ga-moxatulebas warmoadgenen.

imisaTvis, raTa adamianis Tavdapirveli dadebiTi gvareobiTi Tvisebebi gamovlindes, aucilebelia sazogadoebis Zir - fesvi-ani gardaqmna. momaval komunistur kacobriobaSi, adamiani gada-laxavs ra gaucxoebas, daubrundeba ufro axal, maRal safexurze Tavis amosaval da amave dros namdvil mdgomareobas. pirvelyo-filisagan am axali ,,oqros xanis” gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aq gaucxoeba eyrdnoba ara sawarmoo ZalaTa dabal dones da adamianebis erTmaneTTan da bunebasTan SezRudul urTierTo-bebs, aramed piriqiT, sawarmoo ZalTa usazRvro zrdas, adamianis yovlisSemZleobas da arnaxul simdidres.

adamianis es koncefcia, romelic uSualod utopiaSi gadaizr-deba xolme, warmoadgens marqsis mecnieruli Ziebebis Tavisebu-ri saxis mudmiv fons. magram es ukanaskneli, saWiroebs ufro na-klebi abstraqciis mqone postulatebsa da kategoriebs. amitom marqsi ayalibebs Teziss adamianis socialuri arsebis Sesaxeb da mimarTavs mis Seswavlas. erT-erTi cnobili Tezisi misi ,,Tezise-bidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb” gvauwyebs: ,,...adamianis arseba ar aris abstraqti, romelic calkeul adamians axasiaTebs. sinamdvileSi igi aris yvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erToblioba”. (t. 3, gv. 3). mniSvnelovani aq aris is, rom esaa ara fsiqologiuri, ar-

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amed swored filosofiur-anTropologiuri postulati. igi ex-eba ara pirovnebas, aramed swored adamianis bunebas sazogadod, ramdenadac bWoba exeba yvela sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa er-Tobliobas.

amgvarad, ,,marqss, iseve, rogorc konts, mniSvnelovani wvlili SeswevT socialuri realobis aRmoCenaSi da amiT - sociologi-is, rogorc mecnierebis ontologiur dafuZnebaSi. magram es realoba ufro sxvanairad esmis, vidre konts. kontisagan gansx-vavebiT, igi SeuZlebelia socialur realistad CaiTvalos, iseve rogorc socialur nominalistad. sazogadoebisa da individis urTierTobaTa miseuli ganmarteba am arsebaTa urTierTdamok-idebulebis, urTierTdamatebiTobis da urTierTSeRwevis gage-bas eyrdnoba.” (22, iqve) marqsis interpretaciiT sazogadoeba warmoadgens individebs Soris kavSirebisa da urTierTdamok-idebulebaTa sistemas, romelic yalibdeba saqmianobis proces-Si. uwinares yovlisa ki, SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi. ,,sazoga-doeba ar Sedgeba individebisagan, aramed gamoxatavs im kavSirTa da urTierTobaTa jams, romelSic imyofebian es individebi erT-maneTTan”, - werda igi. misi gagebiT, sazogadoeba esaa ,,adamianTa urTierTqmedebis produqti”, amave dros adamianebi ar arian Ta-visufalni ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi formis arCevanSi.

socialuroba, marqsis mixedviT, vlindeba ara mxolod uSualo ,,koleqtiurobis” formiT, rodesac individi sxva individebTan pirispir urTierTqmedebaSia. sazogadoeba arsebobs adamianSi, masze gavlenas axdens maSinac ki, rodesac individi martoa, Tavis TavTan imyofeba.

rogorc esqilesa da Seqspiris Tayvanismcemels, marqss isto-riuli procesi warmodgenili hqonda dramis saxiT, romelSic adamianebi erTdroulad arian, rogorc am dramis avtorebi, ise Semsruleblebi - msaxiobebi. adamianebi, praqtikulad moqmedi arsebebia, amitom swored isini qmnian socialur sistemebs. ma-gram qmnian isini am sistemebs gansazRvrul socialur da bune-briv pirobebSi, romlebic maT gareSe warmoiSvnen, maTi monaw-ileobis gareSe warmoiqmnen: ,,adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianT istorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maT moe-survebaT, aramed pirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod da realurad arseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni” [werili anenkovs 1846 w. 28 dekem-beri. t. 8, gv. 119].

marqsis mixedviT, pirovneba social - istoriuli ganviTare-bis amosavali-sawyisi punqti ki araa, aramed misi rezultatia.

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individis cnobierebisa da qcevis socialuri ganpirobebulobis xazgasmisas, marqsi pirovnebis ganviTarebas ganixilavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis umaRles mizans, romelic mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis radikaluri gardaqmnis Semdeg miiRweva.

5. istoriis materialisturi gageba

filosofiur materializms marqsi Tavisi mecnieruli mso-flmxedvelobis safuZvlad miiCnevda. es materializmi uwinares yovlisa, hegelisa da axalgazrda hegelianebis idealizmze rea-qcia da ,,realur”, ,,praqtikul materialur” safuZvlebze sam-yaros axsnis dafuZnebis miswrafeba iyo.

marqss arasodes gamouyenebia termini ,,istoriuli materi-alizmi”, romliTac misi sikvdilis Semdeg daiwyes sazogadoe-bis, misi metaTeoriis aRniSvna. es termini Semoitana engelsma. TviTon marqsi amjobinebda ufro frTxili gamoTqmis ,,istori-is materialisturi gagebis” gamoyenebas, amiT igi TiTqos xazs usvamda imas, rom saqme ara filosofiur sistemasTan, aramed gansazRvrul Teoriul-meTodologiur poziciasTan an ganwyo-basTan gvaqvs. aman xeli ver SeuSala istoriul materializms, erT-erT Teoriuli sistemad, yvelaze dogmatur, Caketil da universaluri axsnis pretenziis mqone doqtrinad qceuliyo.

ra aris istoriis materialisturi gageba TviTon marqsis ganmartebiT? am gagebis arsi gadmocemulia marqsis cnobil wi-nasityvaobaSi, romelic man waumZRvara Sromas “politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis”: “TavianTi cxovrebis sazogadoebrivi warmoebisas, adamianebi erTmaneTTan amyareben, gansazRvrul, aucilebel, maTi nebisagan damoukidebel urTierTobas”, - war-moebiT urTierTobas, romelic maT materialur mwarmoeblur ZalaTa ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurs Seesabameba. am warmoebiT urTierTobaTa erToblioba Seadgens sazogadoebis ekonomiur struqturas, realur baziss, romelzedac iuridi-uli da politikuri zednaSeni aRimarTeba da romelsac sazo-gadoebrivi cnobiererebis gansazRvruli formebi Seesabameba. materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi ganapirobebs saerTod cxovrebis socialur, politikur da gonebriv process. ada-mianTa cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs maTs yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi ganviTarebis gasazRvrul safexurze sazogadoe-brivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maTs cnobierebas. sazogadoe-bis materialuri Zalebi vardebian winaaRmdegobaSi arsebul

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warmoebiT urTierTobasTan, anu rac mis mxolod iuridiul ga-moxatulebas warmoadgens, -sakuTrebis urTierTobasan, rom-lis SigniTac isini aqamde viTardebodnen. mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis formidan es urTierToba maT borkilad iqceva. ma-Sin dgeba socialuri revoluciis epoqa. ekonomiuri safuZvlis cvlilebasTan erTad mTeli uzarmazari zednaSenic meti Tu na-klebi siswrafiT gadatrialdeba. amgvar gadatrialebaTa ganx-ilvisas warmoebis ekonomikur pirobebSi momxdari materialuri gadatrialeba, romlis dadgenac bunebismecnieruli sizustiT aris SesaZlebeli, yovelTvis unda ganvasxvavoT im iuridiuli, politikuri, religiuri, xelovnebiTi an filosofiuri, mokled: ideologiuri formebisagan, romlebiTac adamianebi Seicnoben am konfliqts da ibrZvian mis gadasawyvetad. rogorc ar SeiZle-ba ama Tu im individis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebiT, aseve ar SeiZleba amgvari gadatrialebis epoqis Sesaxeb vimsjeloT misi cnobierebis mixedviT, piriqiT, es cno-biereba unda avxsnaT materialuri cxovrebis winaaRmdegobiT, arsebuli konfliqtiT sazogadoebriv mwarmoeblur Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa Soris. arc erTi sazogadoebrivi for-macia ar ispoba manmade, vidre ar ganviTarebula yvela mwarmoe-bluri Zala, romlisTvisac igi sakmao gasaqans iZleva da axali umaRlesi warmoebiTi urTierTobani arasodes ar iWeren imaT adgils, sanam maTi arsebobis materialuri pirobebi TviT Zveli sazogadoebis wiaRSi ar momwifdeba”. (10, gv. 11).

,,germanul ideologiaSi” Cven analogiur Tezisebs vpoulobT, kerZod: ,,cnobiereba arasodes ar SeiZleba sxva iyos, Tu ara gac-nobierebuli yofiereba. adamianTa yofiereba ki maTi cxovrebis realuri procesia” (t. 3 gv. 25).

reduqciis principi, sulieris materialurze dayvana, mTeli socialuri cxovrebis misi materialuri aspeqtebidan axsna, is-toriul materializmSi imaze miTiTebiT ivseba, rom yofiereba-ze cnobierebis ukuzemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia. sicocxlis bolos engelsi iZulebeuli gaxda, xazi gaesva, rom ekonomikuri faqtorebi mxolod ,,saboloo angariSiT” gansaz-Rvraven socialur cxovrebas.

istoriis materialisturi gagebis mTavari postulate-bi, miuxedavad garegani sicxadisa da mTeli rigi formulebis moCvenebiTi sicxadisa, mniSvnelovnad metaforulnia, mravalm-niSvnelovani da tavtologiuria. TviT iseTi bazisuri cnebe-bi, rogoricaa ,,materialuri” da ,,yofiereba”, gansakuTrebiT

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mravalmniSvnelovani da bundovania. mag. ganvixiloT marqsTan sityva ,,materialuris” ramdenime mniSvneloba.

materialuri rogorc ekonomikuri. amgvari sityvaTa gamoy-eneba ZiriTadad exeba cxovrebis aucilebeli saarsebo saSuale-bebis warmoebas. zogjer marqsi svams erTmaneTis gverdiT or sityvas: ,,materialuri, ekonomikuri”, ise rom meore TiTqos azustebs pirvels. ,,materialuris aseTi gagebisagan bunebrivad amoizarda ,,materialuri determinizmi”, romliTac marqsistebs xSirad usayvedurebdnen istoriuli materializmis vulgaru-lobaSi.

materialuri rogorc bunebrivi. am SemTxvevaSi es cneba Sei-cavs bunebriv faqtorebs: biologiurs, geologiurs, klima-turs da a.S. aq materialisturi axsna erwymis naturalisturs. am ukanasknels icavdnen naturalisturi mimarTulebebis sociol-ogebi, romlebic Zalian Sors iyvnen istoriuli materializmis-agan.

materialuri rogorc realuri. am mnSvnelobiT sityva ax-losaa kontiseul terminTan ,,pozitiuri”, rogorc realurTan, qimerulis sapirispirod. amgvari sityvaT gamoyenebisas materi-alisturi axsna ar gansxvavdeba kontis an spenseris pozitivis-turi axsnebisagan.

es ukanaskneli mniSvneloba kerZod axasiaTebs marqsiseul termins “yofierebas”, romelic ganixileba rogorc adamianTa cxovrebis “realuri procesi”. amgvari sityvaTxmarebisas ZiriT-adi postulati “sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs sazo-gadoebriv cnobierebas”. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi ra mivakuTvnoT cnobierebas da ra yofierebas? saeWvoa davuSvaT, rom “realuri procesi” esaa ekonomika, xolo samarTali, politika, morali da a.S. esaa “cnobiereba”, romelSic aisaxeba es ,,realuri” procesi. es imitomaa saeWvo, rom pirveli, ekonomika ar arsebobs ekono-mikuri cnobierebis gareSe, meorec, samarTali, politika, mora-li, mecniereba da a.S. adamianTa cxovrebis ara nakleb “realuri” praqtikuli procesia, vidre ekonomika.

saboloo jamSi Tezisi “yofiereba gansazRvravs cnobierebas”, marqsis socialur filosofiaSi SeiZleba gavigoT samgvarad:

adamianTa cxovrebis erTi realuri procesi gansazRvravs sxva realur procesebs. Tezisi imdenadve ueWvelia, ramdenadac ba-naluri.

adamianTa cxovrebis realuri procesebi gansazRvraven qimerulT, Tezisi imdenadve ueWvelia, ramdenadac uazro.

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bazisi, warmoebiTi urTierTobebi gansazRvravs “zednaSens”, e.i. politikas, morals, samarTals da msgavsT. Tezisi dasabuTe-badia im zomiT, ra zomiTac dasabuTebadia sapirispiro.

Tu amaT davumatebT termin “gansazRvrebis” gansakuTrebul mravalmniSvnelobas, miTiTebul postulatSi (ganapirobebs, gavlenas axdens, badebs, zemoqmedebs, ayalibebs, iwvevs da a.S.), maSin istoriis materialisturi gagebis amosavali postulatis mecnieruli Rirebuleba kidev ufro saeWvo xdeba. amitom araa SemTxveviTi, rom marqsi da engelsi iZulebulni iyvnen, pirve-li, xazi gaesvaT socialuri realobis sxvadasxva sferoTa So-ris urTierTqmedebis Seswavlis aucileblobisaTvis, meore, mi-eTiTebinaT, rom materialisturi gageba - esaa axsna “saboloo angariSiT”. (dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ixile: 22, leqcia meoTxe)

amasTan erTad istoriis materialisturi gageba Seicavda so-cialuri mecnierebisaTvis mniSvnelovan debulebas imis Taobaze, rom jgufebi da sazogadoebebi ar SeiZleba avxsnaT im warmodgen-ebiT, romelsac isini TviTon qmnian sakuTar Tavze, rom sxvadasx-vagvari ideologiebis ukan aucilebelia socialuri realobis siRrmiseuli safuZvlebi veZeboT. am realobis dayvana ekono-mikur qvesistemaze, naRdi Secdoma iyo. magram am qvesistemis CarTva socialur sistemaSi, sazogadoebis sxva qvesistemebTan am qvesistemis urTierTkavSirisa da damokidebulebis anal-izi ueWvelad nayofieri iyo. mTel rig SromebSi marqsi bazisis zednaSenze ara calmxriv zemoqmedebas, aramed ekonomikuri da araekonomikuri institutebis urTierTqmedebas ikvlevda. mi-uxedavad amisa, ekonomika, agreTve politika mas mudam ufro “re-alurad” (materialurad) warmoedgina, vidre morali, samarTali da religia.

6. meTodologia

rogorc konti, ise marqsic Tvlis, rom socialuri ganviTareba gansazRvruli kanonebiT mimdinareobs. kanoni mas esmis, rogorc movlenebs Soris “Sinagani da aucilebeli kavSiri”. marqsisT-vis kanonebi ufro mets niSnavs, vidre socialur faqtebs Soris zogierTi erTgvari martivi mimarTebis arsebobaa, rodesac gan-sazRvruli pirobebisas faqtTa erTi wyeba, rogorc faqtTa meo-re wyebis mizezi gvevlineba. hegelisa da kontis msgavsad, masac swams universaluri da ucvleli istoriuli kanonebis arseboba, romelTa mixedviTac viTardeba mTeli kacobrioba. mas swams is-toriuli aucilebloba, romelic gzas ikvlevs mravalricxovan

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SemTxveviTobaTa meSveobiT. rogorc konti, marqsic evolucion-istia. igi Tvlis, rom yvela sazogadoeba adre Tu gvian TavianTi ganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian. socialu-ri mecnierebis amocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progre-suli ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurze.

marqsis mixedviT, istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebis cod-na, ara mxolod warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis gagebis, aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobasac gvaZlevs. am-itomaa, rom mis SromebSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs winas-warmetyvelebas. istoriuli aucileblobis winaswarmonaxazTa codnas, romelic gvevlineba RvTaebrivi gangebis nebis Semcv-lelad, mivyavarT imasTan, rom istoriuli kanonebis an tenden-ciebisadmi miyola ukve, rogorc moraluri movaleoba aRiqmeba. ramdenadac kanonebi gzas ikvleven adamianTa saqmianobis meSveo-biT, amdenad adamianebi - istoriuli dramis avtorebi, romelTac Seicnes es kanonebi - ar unda elodnen imas, Tu rodis gakvalaven gzas es kanonebi. adamianebs ZaluZT da valdebulnic arian daaC-qaron am kanonTa moqmedeba, Tu maT surT aucileblobis same-fodan, Tavisuflebis samefoSi gadavidnen. socialur kanonTa aseT aqtivistur ganmartebas xSirad amagrebda marqsisa da misi mimdevrebis politikiuri radikalizmi. marqsis zogad diale-qtikur orientaciasTan kavSirSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili mis meTodologiaSi yovelgvari winaaRmdegobebis, daZabulobebis, konfliqtebis gamovlenas uWiravs. es exeba socialuri cxovre-bis, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sferoTa Soris urTierTdamok-idebulebebis kvlevas da a.S. marqsi Tvlis, rom dapirispirebul Zalebsa da tendenciebs Soris winaaRmdegoba, brZola ganviTare-bis wyaro da mamoZravebeli Zalaa. es meTodologiuri ganwyoba kontiseulis pirdapir sapirispiroa, romelic socialuri real-obis sxvadasxva sferoebSi erTianobis, solidarobis, Tanxmobis aRmoCenaze iyo mimarTuli.

marqsTan Cven vxvdebiT or dapirispirebul meTodologi-ur tendencias: bunebismecnieruls, romelic damaxasiaTebelia pozitivizmisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebis ideologiisaTvis da mis sapirispiros, romelic sociologiuri codnis specifikas, bunebismecnierebis meTodebisa da rezultatebisagan mis gansx-vavebas xazs usvams. amitom araa gasakviri, rom XIXs-is sociolo-giuri azris ori dapirispirebuli tradicia: ,,bunebismecnieru-li” da ,,humanisturi”, ,,amxsneli” da ,,gagebiTi” - oriveni marqss, rogorc erT - erT maT damwyebTagans mimarTaven.

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bunebismecnieruli tendencia marqsTan gamovlinda sakmaod adre da nawilobriv gadaejaWva misi azrovnebis materialis-tur ganwyobebs. ukve 1844 wlis “ekonomikur-filosofiur xel-nawerebSi” man gamoTqva azri, msjeloba, romelsac Tavisuflad moawerda xels konti da sxva mravali naturalisturi orientaci-is sociologi. “sabolood bunebismecniereba Seicavs Tavis TavSi mecnierebas adamianis Sesaxeb iseTive zomiT, ra zomiTac adamian-is Sesaxeb mecniereba moicavs Tavis TavSi bunebismecnierebas: es iqneba erTi mecniereba, ,, ...bunebismecniereba gaxdeba adamianuri mecnierebis safuZveli”.

magram marqsi ar dalodebia am momaval mdgomareobas da Tavis socialur gamokvlevebSi iyenebda bunebismecnierul da zogad-mecnierul meTodologiur warmodgenebs. ase magaliTad, sazo-gadoebis mimarT sistemur midgomaSi nawilobriv Tavi iCina war-modgenebma geologiuri sitemebisa da biologiuri organizmebis Sesaeb. ujredis aRmoCenam gavlena moaxdina saqonlis, rogorc “ujredis”, rogorc kapitalisturi ekonomikuri sistemis el-ementaluri, martivi erTeulis analizze. amave dros marqsi iyenebs sapirispiro meTodsac: moZraobas rTuli formebidan martivisaken - eyrdnoba ra am dros morfologiur warmodgenebs: “adamianis anatomia - maimunis anatomiis gasaRebia; dabali sax-eobis cxovelebSi miniSnebani ufro maRalze SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TviT es ufro maRali ukve cnobilia. amgvarad, burJuaziuli ekonomika gvaZlevs Cven antikuri, feo-daluris da a.S. gagebis gasaRebs.

zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi iyenebs abstraqtul-idan

konkretulisaken aRmasvlis mTods.es meTodi Semecnebis sam-safexuriani wesisagan Sedgeba:

obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic “grZnobad konk-retuls” warmoadgens;

“grZnobad konkretulis” safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb ab-straqtuli warmodgenebis Seqmna /Teoriuli done/;

obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmodgenebis miReba, ro-melsac “grZnobad konkretuli”, gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, gadaiqceva ,,azrobriv konkretulad”.

,,rodesac ama Tu im qveyanas politikur-ekonomiurad gan-vixilavT, Cven viwyebT misi mosaxleobidan, am mosaxleobis klasebad dayofidan, misi ganawilebidan qalaqsa, sofelsa, zR-vis sanapiroebsa da warmoebis sxvadasxva dargebs Soris, gazid-

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va-Semozidvidan, wliuri warmoebidan da moxmarebidan, saqonlis fasebidan da sxva.

TiTqos ufro swori iqneboda dagvewyo realuridan da konk-retulidan, namdvili wanamZRvrebidan, maSasadame, magaliTad, politikur ekonomiaSi mosaxleobidan romelic warmoebis mTeli sazogadoebrivi procesis safuZveli da subieqtia. magram axlo ganxilvisas irkveva, rom es mcdaria. mosaxleoba abstraqciaa, Tu me, magaliTad, im klasebs, romlebisganac igi Sedgeba, ganze vtoveb. es klasebic kvlav carieli sityvaa, Tu me ar vici is el-ementebi, romlebsac isini emyarebian, magaliTad, daqiravebuli Sroma, kapitali da sxva. es ukanasknelni gulisxmoben gacvlas, Sromis danawilebas, fasebs da sxva. kapitali, magaliTad, arafe-ria daqiravebuli Sromis, Rirebulebis, fulis, fasis da sxv. gareSe. amitom, Tu me mosaxleobidan daviwyebdi, es iqneboda qa-osuri warmodgena mTelze, da mxolod ufro daaxloebuli gansaz-Rvris gziT mivaRwevdi analitikurad ufro da ufro martiv cne-bebs. warmodgenaSi mocemuli konkretulobidan ufro da ufro mWle abstraqciebze gadavidodi, vidre umartives gansazRvre-bebs ar mivaRwevdi. aqedan ki isev ukusvla unda damewyo, vidre, bolos, kvlav ar mivaRwevdi mosaxleobas, magram am SemTxvevaSi ukve ara rogorc qaosur warmodgenas mTelze, aramed - rogorc mravali gansazRvrisa da mimarTebis Semcvel mdidar erToblio-bas. pirveli gza aris is gza, romelsac politikuri ekonomia istoriulad gahyva Tavis warmoSobisas. meCvidmete saukunis ekonomistebi, magaliTad, yovelTvis iwyeben cocxali mTelidan, mosaxleobidan, eridan, saxelmwifodan, mraval saxelmwifodan da sxva; magram isini yovelTvis imiT aTaveben, rom analizis sa-SualebiT gamohyofen zogierT ganmsazRvrel, abstraqtul say-ovelTao urTierTobas, rogoricaa Sroma, Sromis danawileba, moTxovnileba, sacvleli Rirebuleba, adian zeviT saxelmwifo-mde, saerTaSoriso gacvlamde da msoflio bazramde. ukanaskne-li meTodi, cxadia, mecnierulad swori meTodia. konkretuli imitomaa konkretuli, rom igi mraval gansazRvraTa SeerTebaa, maSasadame, mravalsaxeobis erTianobaa. amitom azrovnebaSi igi gvevlineba rogorc amosavali punqti, Tumca igi sinamdvile-Si amosavali punqtia da, maSasadame, Wvretisa da warmodgenis amosavali punqtic. rodesac pirveli gzaa arCeuli, sruli war-modgena abstarqtul gansazRvrad orTqldeba; rodesac meorea arCeuli, abstraqtuli gansazRvrebani iZlevian konkretulis kvlavwarmoqmnas azrovnebis gziT. amitom hegeli iluziaSi var-deba, rodesac mas realuri esmis rogorc Sedegi azrovnebisa,

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romelic TavisSi moicavs Tavis Tavs (des sich in zusammenfassenden), TavisSi Rrmavdeba da Tavis Tavidan viTardeba. maSin rodesac abstraqtulidan konkretulze asvlis meTodi mxolod wesia, romliTac azrovneba konkretuls SeiTvisebs, kvlav warmoqmnis mas gonebrivad rogorc konkretuls. magram igi araviTar SemTx-vevaSi araa TviT konkretulis warmoSobis procesi. umartivesi ekonomikuri kategoria,vTqvaT, magaliTad, sacvleli Rirebule-ba, gulisxmobs mosaxleobas, mosaxleobas, romelic, garkveul pirobebSi awarmoebs, gulisxmobs agreTve ojaxis, Temis, saxelm-wifosa da sxvaTa garkveul formebs. mas arasodes ar SeuZlia ar-seboba sxvagvarad, Tu ara ukve mocemuli konkretuli da cocx-ali mTlianobis abstraqtuli calmxrivi mimarTebis saxiT.

piriqiT, sacvlel Rirebulebas, rogorc kategorias, winadi-luvialuri (warRvnamdeli - a. b.) arseboba aqvs. amitom cnobier-ebisTvis, - filosofiuri cnobiereba ki imiT gansxvavdeba,rom misTvis logikuri azrovneba - es namdvili adamiania, xolo logi-kurad Secnobili samyaro rogorc aseTi - namdvili samyaroa, - cnobierebisTvis kategoriebis moZraoba warmoadgens warmoebis namdvil aqts, romelic, samwuxarod, mxolod biZgs Rebulobs garedan da romlis Sedegic samyaroa; da es imdenad aris marTebu-li, - aq Cven kvlav tavtologia gvaqvs, - ramdenadac konkretuli erToblioba rogorc azrovnebiTi erToblioba, marTlac az-rovnebis, gagebis produqtia; magram es araviTar SemTxvevaSi araa produqti cnebisa, romelic TvalsaCino Wvretisa da warmodge-nis gareSe azrovnebs da Tavis Tavs TviTon warmoSobs, aramed es Wvretisa da warmodgenaTa cnebebad gadamuSavebaa. mTlianoba, rogorc igi gonebaSi gvevlineba azrovnebiTi mTlianobis sax-iT, produqtia moazrovne gonebisa, romelic samyaros aiTvisebs misTvis erTaderTi SesaZlebeli wesiT, wesiT, romelic gansxva-vdeba am samyaros xelovnebiT-religiur-praqtikul-gonebrivi aTvisebisagan. realuri subiqti uwindeburad gonebis gareSe rCe-ba da Tavisi damoukidebeli saxiT ganagrZobs arsebobas swored manamde, vidre gonebas mxolod spekulaciurad, mxolod Teo-riulad uWiravs Tavi. mis mimarT amitom [politikuri ekonomi-is]Teoriuli meTodis momarjvebis drosac subieqti, e.i. sazo-gadoeba, Cvens warmodgenas mudam Tvalwin unda edgas rogorc winamZRvari (10, gv. 283).

marqsi jer kidev struqturuli funqcionalizmis warmo-Sobamde didi xniT adre kvlevis struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodis gamoyenebaSi pirvel cdebs akeTebs, rodesac sxvadasx-va movlenebs gansazRvrul socialur sistemaSi, maTi Setanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT ganixilavas. garda amisa, Cven mis Sromeb-

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Si istoriul-genetur da SedarebiT-istoriul meTodebsac vpoulobT.

marqsi aseve uTmobda yuradRebas, maTematikas, romelsac Tav-isufal dros swavlobda. igi Tvlida, rom maTematikis gamoyeneba mecnieruli disciplinis simwifis niSania. rac Seexeba antipozi-tivistur tendenciebs marqsis SemoqmedebaSi, igi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mis publicistur da politikur-revoluciur saqmianobasTan. mecnieruli saqmianobisadmi, rogorc social-ur praqtikaSi CarTuli saqmianobisadmi midgomam, dialeqtikaze dayrdnobam, socialurma kriticizmma da politikurma radika-lizmma, marqsi sxvadasxva antipozitivisturi da antiakademiuri mimdinareobebis: fenomenologiuris, dialeqtikuris, memarcxene radikalizmis, kerZod frankfurtis skolis da a.S. winamorbedad aqcia. amave tendenciam marqsi ara mxolod pozitivisturi ori-entaciis sazRvrebidan, aramed mecnierebis, rogorc saqmiano-bis specifikuri saxis sazRvrebidanac gaiyvana. zogierTi Sroma SeiZleba Tavisuflad mivakuTvnoT publicisturi sociologiis Janrs. maTSi marqsi farTod iyenebs Tavis sayvarel polemikis meTods, agreTve mxilebis, ironiis, sarkazmis meTodebsac.

marqsis sociologiaSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs Teoriul analizs. igi am dros eyrdnoboda uzarmazar empiriul masalas, romelic exeboda socialuri istorias, ekonomikas, samarTals da a.S. igi flobda calkeul sazogadoebaTa da istoriul peri-odTa specifikis Rrma da faqizi SegrZnebiT, romelic xSirad wi-naaRmdegobaSi modioda mis zogad Teoriul sqemebTan.

marqsis SromebSi SeiZleba aseve imis elementebic aRmova-CinoT, ramac sabolood empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevebis saxelwodeba miiRo. jer kidev Tavis adrindel publicistur SromebSi 1842 - 43 wlebSi, rodesac igi mozelis glexobis md-gomareobas swavlobda, igi oficialuri dokumentebis, wer-ilebis da gamokiTxvis Sedegebis analizs eyrdnoboda. social - empirikosis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa mis mier damuSavebuli “anketa muSebisaTvis”, romelic gamoqveynda 1880 wlis aprilSi frangul Jurnal “Revue socialiste”. igi muSaTa klasis Sromis, yofisa da politikuri brZolis pirobebs exeba. (t. 19, gv. 223-240).

7. socialur sistemaTa Teoria

sociologiis istoriaSi marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSa-va warmodgena sazogadoebis, rogorc sistemis Sesaxeb. es war-modgena uwinares yovlisa, sazogadoebrivi formaciis miseul

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cnebaSia ganxorcielebuli.Tavdapirvelad termini ,,formacia” gamoiyeneboda geologia-

Si / ZiriTadad / da botanikaSi. swored geologiidan isesxa marqs-ma es termini. Sinaarsobrivi planiT am terminis arCeva ar yofila SemTxveviTi da geologiur sistemebze maSindel warmodgenebTan socialur sistemaTa marqsiseuli gagebis Teoriul siaxloves gamoTqvams. pirvelad marqsi termins “sazogadoebrivi forma-cia” SromaSi ,,lui bonapartis Tvramet briumerSi” (1852) XIXs-is safrangeTis sazogadoebis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs.

marqsis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia - esaa socialu-ri sistema, romelic urTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan Sedgeba da aramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. am sistemis struqturas aqvs Semdegi saxe. mis safuZvelSi materi-aluri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi, e.i. ekonomikuri qvesistema Zevs. mis aRsaniSnavad marqsi zogjer agreTve termins ,,ekonomikuri formacia” da ,,ekonomikuri sazogadoebrivi formula” iyenebs. warmoebis wess ori mxare aqvs: sazogadoebis sawarmoo Zalebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobani.

sawarmoo Zalebs miekuTvneba sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi myofi yvela resursi da saSualeba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen warmoebis process: warmoebaSi CarTuli bunebrivi da adamianu-ri resursebi, warmoebis saSualebebi, mecnierebis done da misi teqnologiuri gamoyeneba da a.S. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan adgils sawarmoo ZalebSi igi sen-simonis kvalad mrewvelobas uTmobs, amtkicebs ra, rom mrewvelobis mxriv ganviTarebul qvey-anas misi sakuTari momavlis suraTs uCvenebs.

warmoebis wesis meore mxare, warmoebiTi urTierTobani mar-qsis mixedviT, ZiriTadad warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebSi gamoixateba. didi mniSvneloba aqvs mxedv-elobaSi gvqondes is, rom marqss xSirad warmoeba gagebuli aqvs warmoebuli dovlaTis moZraobis (zogadi) saerTo cikli, sa-dac sakuTriv warmoeba, anu warmoeba viwro azriT, ganawileba, gacvla da moxmareba Sedis. am ciklis yoveli faza mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs, romlis gareSec ganviTarebul socialur sistemebSi warmoebis procesi SeuZlebelia. marqsi gansakuTre-bul mniSvnelobas am ciklis damasrulebel fazas - moxmarebas aniWebs. ,,warmoebis gareSe araa momxmareba, magram moxmarebis ga-reSec ar aris warmoeba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi warmoeba miznis gareSe darCeboda” - aRniSnavs igi da Semdeg igi am azrze aqcents ufro aZlierebs: ,, ..mxolod moxmarebaSi iqceva produqti nam-dvil produqtad. magaliTad, kaba namdvil kabad iqceva maSin,

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rodesac mas atareben; saxli, romelSic ar cxovroben ar aris namdvili saxli”. /t. 46. gv. 27/. es debuleba friad mniSvnelovania swored sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, radgan igi ara material-uri dovlaTis warmoebasa da moZraoba - gadaadgilebis, aramed sazogadoebaSi komunikaciuri urTierTqmedebis yvela process exeba.

warmoebis wesis orive mxare imyofeba Sesabamisobasa da urT-

materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi - anu ekonomikuri qvesistema

sawarmoo Zalebi warmoebiTi urTierTobebi

warmoebis

saSualebebi,

mecnierul

teqnologiuri

done, mrewveloba,

transporti,

komunikaciis

saSualebebi.

mwarmoebeli

adamianebi

warmoebis

saSualebebze

sakuTrebis

forma

(sazogadoebrivi

an kerZo)

warmoebis procesSi

socialur klasTa

Soris urTierTobis

wesi (batonoba

- morCilebiTi =

eqsploatacia,

TanamSromlobiTi =

solidaroba)

materialuri

dovlaTis

miRebis wesi

da odenoba

ierTqmedebis mdgomareobaSi. amave dros wamyvan rolssawarmoo Zalebi TamaSobs.

marqsis mixedviT, warmoebis wesi Seadgens socialuri sistemis masistematizirebel, sistemis warmomqmnel komponents, romel-ic mis danarCen elementebs, komponentebs gansazRvravs. swored warmoebis wesi qmnis sazogadoebrivi formaciis Tvisobriv gan-sazRvrulobas da erTs meorisagan ganasxvavebs. magram garda sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebisa, romlebic sazogadoebis “realur baziss”, struqturas Seadgenen, forma-cia aseve zednaSens anu superstruqturas Seicavs. masSi marqsi uwinares yovlisa, iuridiul da politikur urTierTobebsa da institutebs rTavs. (isini yvelaze axlos imyofebian bazisTan) da Semdeg, ufro zustad “maRla” - imyofebian socialuri cxovrebis danarCeni sferoebi, romlebic, rogorc samarTali da politika,

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“sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis” anu “ideologiis” sferoebs: morali, mecniereba, religia, xelovneba ganekuTvnebian.

is, rom zednaSeni - esaa zednaSeni bazisze, xolo bazisi zed-

bazisi da zednaSeni

warmoebiTi urTierTobaTa erToblioba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurze Seadgens am sazogadoebis realur baziss

zednaSens anu mocemuli sazogadoebis institutebisa da dawesebulebis siste-mas, romlebic awesrigeben sazogadoebriv cxovrebas da akmayofileben kulturis mier Seqmnil moTxovnilebebs

gansazRvravs

iuridiuli

urTierTobebi

da ideebi,

Sesatyvisi

materialuri

dawesebulebebi:

sasamarTlo,

sajelaRsrulebis

dawesebulebebi

xelovneba,

mxatvruli ideebi

da Sesatyvisi

materialuri

dawesebulebani:

Teatri, opera,

kinoTeatri,

konservatoria

da a.S.

mecniereba da

Sesabamisi

materialuri

dawesebulebani:

akademia,

universiteti,

instituti da a.S.

sazogadoebrivi

morali,

moraluri

koncefciebi

da sazogadoebis

moraluri saxe

politikuri

urTierTobebi da

ideebi, Sesatyvisi

materialuri

dawesebulebebi:

politikuri

sistema,

politikuri

partiebi

religia da

Sesabamisi

materialuri

dawesebuleba:

eklesia

naSenis bazisia, erTis mier meoris ganmsazRvrelobis Sesaxeb Teziss tavtologiad da uazrobad aqcevs. marqss esmoda zed-naSenis bazisTan mimarTebaSi SedarebiTi avtonomiuroba (mag. xelovnebas sazogadod ganixilavda, rogorc sferos, romelic damoukidebelia ekonomiuri qvesistemisagan) da misi ukuzemoq-medeba bazisze. magram mTlianobaSi igi darwmunebuli iyo imaSi, rom namdvil realobas uwinares yovlisa, flobs ekonomika, nawi-lobriv politika. danarCeni sferoebi mxolod SezRudul saku-Tar yofierebas floben, maT marqsis mixedviT, ar aqvT sakuTari istoria, rameTu isini mxolod “namdvili” yofierebis - warmoe-biTi urTierTobebis asaxvas, gacnobierebas warmoadgenen.

socialuri sistemis ganmartebaSi aseTi pozicia mkveTrad ga-nasxvavebs marqss kontisagan, romlisTvisac mecniereba, morali da religia - esaa moqmedi, praqtikuli Zalebi, romlebic sakuTar realobas da efeqturobas floben da marqsis sawarmoo Zalebis rolSi gamodian.

garda bazisisa da zednaSenisa, formacia agreTve socialur klasTa, jgufTa da fenaTa gansazRvrul struqturas Seicavs, romelic iseve, rogorc zednaSeni warmoebis wess gamoxatavs, baziss da bolos, sazogadoebriv formaciaSi iseTi elementebi, komponentebiSedian, rogorebicaa ojaxis gansazRvruli forme-bi, adamianTa cxovrebis wesis da yoveldRiuri cxovelsaqmiano-

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bis gansazRvruli formebi, kerZod moxmarebis formebi, romlis Sesaxebac ukve gvqonda saubari. rogorc Cans, mTeli es sfe-ro, marqsis mixedviT, unda miekuTvnebodes ufro baziss, vidre zednaSens, radgan aq adgili “adamianTa cxovrebis realur pro-cess”, anu engelsis gamoTqmiT, “uSualo cxovrebis warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas” aqvs.

konkretulad rogor sazogadoebriv formaciebs gamoyofs da ikvlevs marqsi? farTodaa cnobili formaciaTa miseuli klasifikacia: pirvelyofili monaTmflobeluri, feodaluri, burJuaziuli da momavali komunisturi formaciebi: am klas-ifikaciis safuZvelSi Zevs warmoebis wesSi arsebuli gansxvave-bani. pirvelyofili formacia dafuZnebulia koleqtiur Temur sakuTrebaze da sisxliT naTesaur urTierTobebze. Semdegi sami formacia eyrdnoba warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebas, maTSi urTierTobani atareben antagonistur xasiaTs. ,, ...bur-Juaziuli sazogadoebrivi formaciiT sruldeba adamianTa sazo-gadoebis predistoria”. misi “namdvili” istoria unda dadges komunisturi formaciis damkvidrebiT, romelic asrulebs, hege-lianuri azriT, triadas da aaRorZinebs axali formiT pirvely-ofil komunizms.

komunisturi formacia Tavis ganviTarebul formaSi flobs iseT Tvisebebsa da niSnebs, rogorebicaa:

adamianis dammonebeli Sromis danawilebidan ganTavisufleba da misadmi morCilebis mospoba.

gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis dapirispirebis erTdrouli gaqroba Sromis gadaqceva saSualebebidan cxovrebis pirvel moTxovnilebad individTa yovelmxrivi ganviTareba sawarmoo Zalebisa da sazogadoebrivi simdidris arnaxuli zrda “Ti-Toeulisgan unaris, xolo TiToeuls moTxovnilebis mixedviT” principis realizacia”. (esaa lozungi, romelic pirvelad frang-ma komunistma e. kabem wamoayena).

marqsisaTvis sazogadoebrivi formaciebi - ,,esaa ara ubral-od sxvadasxva, gansxvavebuli masStabisa da sirTulis mqone so-cialuri sistemebi. kontis “sami stadiis” msgavsad esaa msoflio istoriis erTmaneTis momdevno periodebi, sazogadoebrivi pro-gresis etapebi, “safexurebi”, romelTac mivyavarT “predistori-idan” kacobriobis “namdvil” istoriamde, e.i. miwier samoTxemde. socialuri sistemebis aseTi ganmarteba gamomdinareobda misT-vis damaxasiaTebeli progresis rwmenisagan da socialuri evo-luciis, rogorc procesis Sesaxeb warmodgenisagan, romelsac gaivlis nebismieri sazogadoeba da Tanac gaivlis aucileblad

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erTsa da imave fazebs da rom mTeli kacobrioba moZraobs erTi mimarTulebiT. marqsi TviTon akritikebda xolme Tavisi drois am Teoriul-meTodologiur stereotips. “egreT wodebuli is-toriuli ganviTareba eyrdnoba sazogadod imas, rom uaxlesi forma ganixilavs winamorbed, rogorc misi ganviTarebis safex-urs da yovelTvis igebs maT calmxrivad, vinaidan mxolod Zalian iSviaTad da mxolod savsebiT gansazRvrul pirobebSi iqceva igi “TviTkritikis” unaris mqoned. oqros sityvebia! magram samwux-arod marqsma ver SesZlo gamoeyenebina isini sakuTari Teoriis mimarT, darCa ra mis mierve gakritikebuli crurwmenis tyveoba-Si. araa gasakviri, rom sabolood oficialur sabWour marqsizm-Si formaciebis Sesaxeb warmodgenam SeiZina hipostazirebuli saxe da mecnieruli cnebisagan ideologiur dogmad gadaiqca.” (22, leqcia meoTxe)

8. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia

socialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, marqsis mixedviT, gan-pirobebulia mudmivad warmomqmnadi winaaRmdegobiT, konfliq-tiT, romelic ganviTarebaSi myof sawarmoo Zalebsa erTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris warmoiSoba, meores mxriv. warmoebiTi urTierTobanic (bazisi) zednaSenTan da sazogadoe-baSi am bazisis gacnobierebis sxvadasxva formebTan mudmiv kon-fliqtSia. mTlianobaSi, sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, marqsis mixedviT, gardauval kanons warmoadgens. maT ar SeuZliaT, rom ar ganviTardnen. misTvis es ganviTareba TviT sicocxlis igive-obrivia. ,,...adamianebi TavianTi sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisas, e.i. sicocxlisas aviTareben gansazRvrul urTierTobebs erT-maneTTan da... am urTierTobaTa xasiaTi aucileblad icvleba am sawarmoo ZalaTa gardaqmnasa da zrdasTan erTad” (t. 46, gv. 406).

rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyari wonaswo-roba irRveva da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa gan-viTarebis saSualebebidan maTs dabrkolebad da muxruWad iqce-va, isini revoluciuri cvlis sagani xdebian. erTdroulad es procesisocialuri sistemis danarCen komponentTa Soris koli-ziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri, ideologiuri da a.S. brZolis gamwvavebaSi gamoixateba. ris Sedegadac sazoga-doebrivi formaciebis globaluri masStabiT cvla, e.i. social-uri revolucia xdeba. magram socialuri revoluciis Sedegadac winandeli formaciis elementebi nawilobriv arsebobas TandaT-

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anobiT kvdomadi gadmonaSTis saxiT agrZeleben.socialuri ganviTarebis marqistuli midgomis gasagebad kar-

gi iqneba misi kontiseul midgomasTan Sedareba.ra aerTianebs maT?,,orives swamT adamianuri gvaris, modgmis universaluri

evolucia. isini oriveni istoriuli evolucionistebi arian, rameTu Tvlian, rom yvela sazogadoeba viTardeba erTi da ig-ive kanonebis Tanaxmad da TavianTi ganviTarebis procesSi erT-sa da imave stadiebs gadian. kontis mixedviT esaa Teologiuri, metafizikuri da pozitiuri stadiebi. marqsis mixedviT ki, erTi meoris Semcvleli sazogadoebrivi formaciebi.

orives swams progresis, e.i. Tvlian, rom socialuri evolucia - esaa ganviTareba dablidan maRlisaken, nakleb srulyofilidan ufro srulyofilisaken. kontis mixedviT, progresis safuZv-

sawarmoo Zalebi

warmoebiTi urTierTobebi

monaTa ajanyebebi

glexTa omebi

proletaruli revoluciebi

pirvelyofili Temuri wyobileba

monaTmflobeluri sazogadoeba

feodaluri sazogadoeba

burJuaziuli sazogadoeba

komunisturi (socialisturi) sazogadoeba

,,revoluciebi - istoriis lokomotivebia”

,,Zaladoba asrulebs bebia - qalis rols yvela Zvel sazogadoebaSi, rodesac igi axliTaa fexmZimed”

karl marqsi

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lebSi inteleqtualuri da moraluri srulyofileba Zevs. marq-sis mixedviT ki sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba.

pirveli ori punqtidan gamomdinareobs, rom maT orives swamT saboloo srulyofili mdgomareobis miRweva, oqros saukunis xanis dadgma. kontis mixedviT, esaa kacobriobis pozitiuri md-gomareoba, marqsis mixedviT, komunizmi.

wina punqtebidan gamomdinareobs Tavis mxriv Semdegi: isini oriveni winaswarmetyveleben, ufro zustad winaswarmetyvele-bebs warmoTqvamen momavali mdgomareobis mimarT.

oqros saukunis dadgomis wanaswarmetyveebisas isini ubralod ki ar elodebian mas, aramed amave dros Tavis mowodebad Tvlian mis dadgomas xeli Seuwyon. konti amas kacobriobis religiis qa-dagebis gziT akeTebs. marqsi ki, politikur - organizaciuli da revoluciuri saqmianobiT.

raSia maT Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba?kontisaTvis ,,normaluri” socialuri mdgomareoba - ganvTareba gulisxmobs memkvidreobiTobas, tradiciebze dayrdnobas,

mkveTri naxtomebisa da biZgebis ar arsebobas.marqsisTvis ki piriqiT, “normaluri” socialuri mdgomareo-

ba, ganviTareba - esaa warsulTan mudmivi ganxeTqileba, mZlavri transformaciebi da qariSxlebi.

kontis mixedviT, sazogadoebis fundamenturi safuZvlebi principSi ucvlelia, arsebiTad mxolod socialuri garsacmi icvleba. ganviTareba midis TiTqosda franguli andazis Tanax-mad, “rac ufro icvlebi, miT ufro nakleb rCebi sakuTar TavTan.”

marqsTan piriqiT, sazogadoeba ganuwyvetliv icvleba TviT mis safuZvelSi, xolo ucvleloba mxolod garegan, socialuri sistemis zednaSenur fenebs axasiaTebs, romelic Rrma, safuZ-velmdebel cvlilebebs CamorCeba.

Tumca, marqsi uZrav, gaqvavebul istoriul epoqaTa da region-Ta arsebobas da im TandaTanobiT cvlilebebs aRiarebs, romel-Tac ar mivyavarT iseT mkveTr biZgebTan, romlebic iwveven so-cialur sistemaTa cvlas. igi tradiciebis rolsac ki aRiarebs sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, magram uZraoba, TandaTanobiToba, tradicia, yvelaferi es misTvis Taviseburi anomalia, an metad Tu naklebad xangrZlivi Sesvenebebia cvlilebaTa ganuxrel pro-cesSi, an bolos, ideologiuri kamuflaJia, romlis ukan isev da isev imalebian mRelvare socialuri Zvrebi. konti ki tradicias ganixilavda, rogorc did keTilSobilur Zalas, romelic ayal-ibebs sazogadoebas. marqsi ki maT rols afasebda savsebiT sxvag-

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varad: “yvela mkvdar TaobaTa tradiciebi awevs cocxal TaobaTa gonierebas, rogorc koSmari”. /t. 8 gv.119/. SromaSi “lui bona-partis Tvrameti briumeri” igi aanalizebs tradiciis ideolo-giur funqcias, ganixilavs mas, rogorc Tavisebur enas, romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba revoluciuri gardaqmnebi. amgvarad, Tumca marqss kontis msgavsad ar gamouyvia socialuri dinamika, rogorc socialuri mecnierebis gansakuTrebuli dargi, miuxe-davad amisa, swored igi aris socialuri dinamikis Semqmneli, ro-melic gagebulia, rogorc socialur cvlilebaTa, inovaciaTa, revoluciur gardaqmnaTa kvleva.“ (22, meoTxe leqcia)

kontis mixedviT, socialuri progresi atarebs mSvidobi-an, arawinaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs. marTalia igi aRiarebs kriti-kul fazebs socialur ganviTarebaSi, roca xdeba revoluciu-ri cvlilebebi da sxvadasxva socialur ZalaTa Sejaxeba, magram es misTvis mainc ufro paTologiaa, vidre norma. marqsisaTvis piriqiT, socialuri winaaRmdegobebi, konfliqtebi, yovelgvari dapirispireba, brZola socialuri ganviTarebis wyaroa. es wi-naaRmdegobebi da konfliqtebi, misi TvalsazrisiT, mudmiv xasi-aTs atareben, romelic zogjer mwvavdeba, zogjer ki neldeba, ma-gram arasdros ar wydeba. isini arseboben, rogorc am elementebs Soris, ise maT Soris, rogorc dialeqtikis momxre marqsi ara mx-olod konstatacias ukeTebs socialuri ganviTarebis winaaRm-degobriv da konfliqtur xasiaTs, aramed pozitiuradac afasebs mas. msgavsad imisa, rogorc kontma ara mxolod konstatacia gaukeTa, aramed umRera ra kidec Tanxmobas, marqsma ara mxolod gamoikvlia, aramed xotbac ki Seasxa konfliqtebs.

marqsis warmodgenebi socialuri evoluciis, progresis xasi-aTisa da gzebis Sesaxeb ufro rTuli da faqizi iyo, vidre kon-tis Sexedulebebi socialur-istoriuli sinamdvilis faqtebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi principSi istoriuli evo-lucionisti da progresis ideis momxrea, mas mainc socialuri ganviTareba, rogorc mravalmxrivi procesi esmis da calkeul sazogadoebaTa da kulturul-istoriul arealTa specifikas iWers. man xangrZlivi regresiuli da uZravi periodebis arsebo-ba, agreTve socialuri evoluciis gansxvavebul, sxvadasxva siC-qaresac gausva xazi.

revoluciis problematikas marqsis socialuri cvlilebebis TeoriaSi centraluri adgili ukavia. socialuri revolucia misi ganmartebiT - ara ubralod erTi naklebad progresuli sazogadoebrivi formaciidan meore, ufro progresulze gad-

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asvlaa, ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Rrma Tviso-brivi gardaqmna, aramed amgvari gardaqmnis gansazRvruli wesia; socialur urTierTobebSi swrafi, mkveTri, konfliqturi da to-taluri Zvraa. socialuri Zvrebis aseTi wess marqsi istoriulad gardauval da sasurvel ramed Tvlis, rameTu igi saSualebas gva-Zlevs sazogadoebrivi progresi davaCqaroT. swored aseTia misi cnobili Tezisis sazrisi: ,,revoluciebi - istoriis lokomo-tivebia”. am TezisTan axlosaa ara nakleb cnobili Tezisi: ,,Zal-adoba asrulebs bebia - qalis rols yvela Zvel sazogadoebebSi, rodesac igi axliTaa fexmZimed”. /,,kapitali” t.1. t.23. 761/.

socialuris gverdiT, marqsi ekonomikur, samrewvelo da politikur revoluciebs ganixilavs, socialur revolucias xan pirvelTan, xan meoresTan, xan ki mesamesTan aaxlovebs, magram gan-sakuTrebiT mWidrod igi socialur revolucias politikasTan, e.i. progresuli klasis mier reaqciuli klasebis dasaTrgunavad saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis mopovebasa da mis mier revolu-ciuri diqtaturis damyarebasTan akavSirebs.

marqsi namdvilad ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan socialur da politikur revolucias. magram am ukanasknelma mis cnobiere-baSi SeumCnevlad TviTkmari mniSvneloba SeiZina da socialuri revoluciis aucilebel pirobad, TviTmiznad iqca. piriqiT, so-cialuri revolucia, rogorc obieqturad mimdinare procesi ukve mis SromebSi, rogorc gansazRvrul jgufTa nebelobiT mi-swrafebebze dafuZnebuli politikuri revoluciis pirobad da saSualebad interpretirdeba. rodesac marqsi revoluciis Ses-axeb wers, mas am dros mxedvelobaSi swored politikuri revo-lucia aqvs.

socialuri da politikuri reformebi marqss, rogorc so-cialuri ganviTarebis xelovnur muxruWad warmoudgenia; gab-atonebuli klasebis mxridan iZulebiTi daTmobis da sicruis rezultatad an daCagrul klasTa sisustisa da gaubedaobis Se-degad miaCnia. sazogadoebis “winaistoriaSi”, romelic kerZo sakuTrebasa da adamianis mier adamianis eqspluataciazea age-buli, socialuri ganviTarebis ideali, “namdvili” istoriis - komunizmis swrafad dasamyareblad - “uwyveti - permanentuli revolucia” da sazogadoebis mudmivi garevolucionirebaa. am oqros saukuneSi, politikuri revoluciebi, marqsis erT-erTi winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, ukve aRar iqneba “nivTTa mxolod iseTi wesrigis arsebobisas, rodesac ar iqneba metad klasebi da klasobrivi antagonizmi, socialuri revoluciebi aRar iqnebian

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politikuri revoluciebi. manamde ki, sazogadoebis yoveli say-ovelTao gardaqmnis dasawyisSi socialuri mecnierebis ukanask-neli sityva mudam iqneba: “brZola an sikvdili. sisxliani brZola an aryofna aseTia Seubralebeli drama”. (JorJ sandi). aq kargad Cans, rom marqsSi misma revoluciurma da mebrZolma mxareebma aSkarad dajabnes marqsi-mecnieri da “socialuri mecnierebis ukanaskneli sityva” mesianizmsa da utopias mWidrod gadaenask-va. magram marqss kidev erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani Teoria hqonda, romelSic aseve idga saqme. es, klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria.

9. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoria

klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Tema - centraluria mar-qsTan. misi roli mis doqtrinaSi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom marqsistebi xSirad “marqsistul Tvalsazriss” “klasobriv TvalsazrisTan” aigiveben.

sazogadoebis klasebad dayofa da klasTa Soris brZolis TvalsazrisiT socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilva marqsamdec arsebobda. jer kidev tiurgo ganasxvavebda “miwadmoqmedi kla-sisa” da “xelosanTa” klasis SigniT mewarmeebsa da daqiravebul muSebs warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebis niSnis mixedviT. adam smiti Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi sam klass: daqiravebul muSebs, kapitalistebs da miwaTmflobelebs gamoyofda da pir-vel klass danarCen ors upirispirebda. aseve rikardoc klasebs ekonomikuri interesebis dapirispirebis mixedviT ganasxvaveb-da. frangi istorikosi-romantikosebi (f. gizo, f. mine, a. tieri, o.terri), klasobriv brZolas, rogorc istoriis mTavar mamoZ-ravebel Zalad ganixilavdnen. sazogadoebis klasobriv dayofas seriozul mniSvnelobas sen-simonic aniWebda.

TviTon marqsi aRiarebda, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi klasebis arseboba arc klasobrivi brZola da arc am brZolis is-toriuli ganviTareba da “klasTa ekonomikuri anatomia” mas ar aRmouCenia. marqsi ambobda: “is rac me axali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomareobs:

1. rom klasebis arseboba dakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul istoriul fazebTan; 2. rom klaso-briv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletariatis diqtat-urasTan, da 3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobas da uklaso sazogadoebaze gadasvlas”. /t. 28. gv. 427/

marTalia, klasis cnebas centraluri adgili ukavia marqsis

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doqtrinaSi, magram mis zogad ganmartebas arsad iZleva. rogorc Cans, es cneba mas imdenad cxadad da fundamenturad hqonda war-modgenili, rom mis ganmartebas aucilebel ramed arc ki Tvli-da. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom mas am cnebis gansazRvra ,,kapi-talis” mesame tomSi surda. magram xelnaweris damadasturebeli Tavi, romelic iwodeba ,,klasebad”, swored iq wydeba sadac kiTx-vaa dasmuli: ,,uaxloesi sakiTxi, romelzec Cven unda gavceT pa-suxi, aseTia: ra qmnis klass?...” /t.25. gv. 458/.

miuxedavad amisa, klasebis Sesaxeb marqsis warmodgena SeiZle-ba misi Sromebisa da am sagnis Sesaxeb mravali gamonaTqvamis ana-lizis safuZvelze aRvadginoT. misi TvalsazrisiT, klasobrivi dayofa ararsebobs pirvelyofil sazogadoebebSi, romlebSic warmoebis saSualebebze koleqtiuri sakuTreba arsebobs. igi mxolod e.w. antagonistur formaciebSi, Sromis danawilebisa da warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoiSoba. ra aris klasebi misi ganmartebiT?

farTo azriT, klasebi marqsis mixedviT, esaa nebismieri so-cialuri jgufebi, romlebic araTanabar urTierTobaSi imyofe-bian erTmaneTTan da erTmaneTs Soris ibrZvian. am azriT, klasebi wodebebs da nebismier metad Tu naklebad mniSvnelovan social-ur kategoriebs moicaven, romlebic socialuri kibis sxvadasxva safexurebzea ganlagebuli. swored am azriT gamoiyeneba klase-bis cneba ,,komunisturi partiis manifestSi”. ,,Tavisufali da mona, patriciebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Se-girdi, mokled mCagvreli da Cagruli erTmaneTTan mudmiv antag-onizmSi imyofebian, awarmoebdnen erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xan farul, xan aSkara brZolas, romelic yovelTvis mTeli sazoga-doebrivi Senobis revoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgurebiT sruldeboda”.

winamorbed istoriul epoqebSi TiTqmis yvelgan sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebad srul danawevrebas, sxvadasxva sazogadoe-briv mdgomareobaTa mTel kibes vpoulobT. amave dros am klasebs SigniT kidev gansakuTrebuli danayofebia.

,,Cveni epoqa, burJuaziis epoqa imiT gansxvavdeba, rom man gaa-martiva klasobrivi winaaRmdegobani: sazogadoeba, sul ufro da ufro ixliCeba or did mtrul banakad, or did, erTmaneTos da-pirispirebul klasad - burJuaziad da proletariatad”. /t. 4. gv. 424-25/.

ufro viwro azriT, marqss klasebis qveS iseTi socialuri jgufebi esmis, romlebic erTmaneTisagan warmoebis saSuale-bebze damokidebulebiT gansxvavdebian. ramdenadac igi sazoga-

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doebis klasobrivi dayofis safuZvels warmoebiT urTierTo-bebSi xedavs, amdenad klasebi am urTierTobaTa gamoxatulebad gvevlinebian, warmoebis saSualebebze

sakuTrebis forma, da rac mTavaria, am sakuTrebis arseboba an araarseboba klasTa warmoqmnis mTavar kriteriumi xdeba.

magram es kriteriumebi jer kidev arasakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa klasze, rogorc aseTze am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT vilaparakoT. es, jer kidev ,,klasi TavisTavadaa”. klasi ki am si-tyvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, marqsis azriT, esaa - “klasi TavisT-vis”, e.i. klasi, romelsac sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari interesebis mqone, sxva klasebisadmi dapirispirebul gansakuTrebul so-cialur jgufad aqvs gacnobierebuli. iseT niSnebTan erTad, ro-gorebicaa warmoebis saSualebebisadmi damokidebuleba, ekono-mikuri mdgomareoba da a.S. klasobrivi TviTcnobierebac klasis, rogorc aseTis gagebaSi did rols asrulebs, ,,ramdenadac mil-ionobiT ojaxi cxovrobs ekonomikur pirobebSi, romlebic gansx-vavebulia da mtrulad upirispirebs maT cxovrebis wess, inter-esesa da ganaTlebas sxva klasTa cxovrebis wess, interesebsa da ganaTlebas. amdenad isini qmnian klass. ramdenadac parcelur (daqucmacebuli meurneoba) glexebs Soris mxolod adgilobrivi kavSiri arsebobs, ramdenadac maTi interesebis igiveoba maT So-ris araviTar erTianobas, araviTar erovnul kavSirebs, araviTar politikur organizaciebs - isini ar qmnian klass ar qmnis”, -wers marqsi. /t.8. gv.208/. misi TvalsazrisiT, klasobrivi TviTcnobi-erebis gamoTqmis yvelaze adekvaturi forma politikuri partiaa.

marqsis mixedviT, mocemuli socialuri jgufis, meore gan-sazRvruli sxva jgufisadmi dapirispireba, klasis erTi um-niSvnelovanesi niSania. “germanul ideologiaSi” vkiTxulobT: “calkeuli individebi mxolod imdenad qmnian klass, ramdenadac maT romelime sxva klasTan brZola uxdebaT; danarCen mimarTe-bebSi isini erTmaneTTan konkurentTa saxiT mtrul dapirispire-baSi imyofebian”. /t. 3. gv. 54./. amgvarad, klasebis marqsistuli koncefcia klasobrivi batonobisa da klasobrivi brZolis mi-seuli koncefciisagan ganuyofelia.

principSi, marqsi sazogadoebis klasebad dixotomiuri day-ofisagan amodis. klasobrivi dixotomia masTan ori formiT gvevlineba:

pirveli esaa, gamWoli dapirispireba, romelic yvela ,,antago-nisturi” formaciisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, sadac erT polusze ganlagebulia aramwarmoebeli, gabatonebuli, mCagvreli, eqsp-loatatoruli klasebi, romelebic sxva klasis eqspluataciiT zedmet produqts iRebeben, xolo meore polusze ki Sesabamisad mwarmoebeli, daqvemdebarebuli, daCagruli, eqsploatirebuli

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klasebia ganlagebuli.meore, am formaciebidan TiToeulSi arseboben misTvis

specifikuri klasTa wyvilebi, romlebic warmoebis gansazRvrul wess gamoxataven. TiToeuli klasi principSi Tavis antipods gulixmobs, romelTanac igi aSkarad an farulad; cnobierad an gaucnobiereblad; realurad an potenciurad, warsulSi, awmyoSi an momavalSi brZolis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba:.

amgvari wyvilebia: Tavisuflebi-monebi, patriciebi-plebeebi, memamuleni-yma glexebi, ostatebi-Segirdebi, burJuebi-prole-tarebi da a.S.

brZola klasebs Soris marqsis mixedviT, esaa - saboloo jamSi ganviTarebad sawarmoo Zalebsa da CamorCenil warmoebiT urT-ierTobebs Soris brZolis gamoxatuleba. gansazRvrul istori-ul periodSi erTi klasi (,,reaqciuli”) moZvelebul warmoebiT urTierTobebs, meore (,,progresuli), axal Casaxul warmoebiT urTierTobebs axorcielebs romlebic ganviTarebad sawarmoo Zalebs Seesabamebian erTi da igive klasi sazogadoebrivi for-maciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etaze jer progresulad, xolo Semdeg reaqciulad gvevlineba; mag. burJuazia, romelic kapi-talisturi formaciis adreul stadiaze progresuli klasi iyo, damasrulebel stadiaze reaqciul klasad iqceva.

proletariati da burJuazia, marqsis mixedviT, ukanaskneli antagonisturi klasebia. momavali komunisturi formacia, esaa - uklaso sazogadoeba. misi dadgenisaTvis, proletariatma, rom-lis istoriuli misiaa gainTavisuflos Tavi burJuaziuli eqsp-loataciisagan da imavdroulad mTeli sazogadoeba (kacobrio-ba) gaanTavisuflos, unda moipovos politikuri Zalaufleba da Tavisi revoluciuri diqtatura daamyaros. amgvarad, marqsi ar-amxolod sen - simonTan, aramed mis mimdevrebTan da kontTan er-Tad oqros saukunis dadgomas winaswarmetyvelebs, ara mxolod aRmoaCens proletariatSi axal mesias, aramed “mecnierulad” asabuTebs, rac am mesiam unda gaakeTos, raTa Tavisi msoflio-is-toriuli daniSnuleba Sesrulos.

magram marqsi xom friad seriozuli mecnieri iyo, raTa Tavisi utopiuri mesianobis ukan klasobrivi struqturis ufro

rTuli realoba ver daenaxa. am struqturis dixotomiur xedvas igi sxva klasebis, fenebisa da jgufebis arsebobasac umatebda. ufro metic, Tavisi gamartivebuli klasTa brZolis koncefciis garda, man im socialur jgufTa urTierTdamokidebulebis ana-lizis brwyinvale nimuSebi mogvca, romlebic am klasebs, antag-onistebs SigniT da gareT imyofebian. kerZod, msgavs nimuSebs mis iseT cnobil SromebSi vpoulobT, rogorebicaa “klasobrivi

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brZola safrangeTSi da 1848-50 ww.-Si” da “lui bonapartis Tvra-meti briumeri”.

mis Tanamedrove burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi, garda prole-tariatis da burJuaziisa, marqsi, kerZod klasebis saxiT miwaTm-flobelebs da wvril burJuazias ganixilavs (,,esaa gardamavali klasi, romelSic orive klasis interesebi urTierTs amdableben, ablagveben, amcroben”). zogjer igi ,,fraqciebis” saxeliT iseT socialur kategoriebs rogorebicaa ,,fena”, ,,Sualeduri fena”, ,,Sualeduri wodeba”, ,,Sualeduri klasebi”, ,,saSualo klasebi”, ,,liberaluri saSualo klasi” da a. S.

aucilebelia aRvniSnoT ,,klasis” marqsistuli terminis mravalmniSvneloba. erTi da igive kategoriebi masTan xSirad gvevlinebian xan rogorc klasi, xan rogorc klasis nawili, xan rogorc wodeba. miwis mesakuTreTa klass igi xan, rogorc bur-Juaziuli klasis nawilad, zogjer ki rogorc damoukidebel klasad ganixilavs. zogjer ki Tavis sayvarel dixotomias Ra-latobs da sam ZiriTad sazogadoebriv klass:

daqiravebul muSebs, kapitalistebs da miwis mesakuTreebs ga-moyofs. (t. 25. gv. 458)/

da mainc, dixotomiuri klasobrivi dayofa masTan wamyvani iyo. raSic, rogorc hegelis dialeqtikis, ise misi revoluciuri tem-peramentis gavlena gamoixata. magram klasobrivi struqturis aseTi xedva am saganze marqsis sakuTriv sociologiur warmod-genebTanac dakavSirebuli iyo. pirveli, man klasebis dixotomi-uri dayofa gaigo ara mxolod rogorc realuri, aramed rogorc idealur-tipobrivad, rasac Sidaklasobrivi, gareklasobrivi da klasTaSorisi socialuri kategoriebis miseuli analizi adas-turebs. meorec, klasTa dixotomiuri suraTi maTi ganviTare-bis bazisuri tendenciis, polarizaciis tendenciis marqsiseul gagebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

marqsi Tvlida, rom garda proletariatisa da burJuaziisa, yvela sxva saSualo fena Tu klasi gaqreboda da klasebs, antag-onistebs Soris gaiTqvifeboda. magram marqsis es winaswarme-tyveleba ar gamarTlda, arc proletariatis gaRatakebis Tezisi aRmoCnda swori. warmodgena imaze, rom socialuri ganviTareba, esaa klasTa Seuwyveteli brZola , romelic am ganviTarebis ma-moZravebeli Zalebis saxiT gvevlineba, rasakvirvelia calmxrivi da gamartivebuli iyo. igi yuradRebis fiqsacias mxolod klaso-briv konfliqtze axdenda, uyuradRebod tovebda, pirveli, gareklasobriv socialur konfliqtebs, meore, klasebs Soris TanamSromlobas, romelsac xazs usvamda konti. marqsis SromebSi

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klasebis sociologiuri SeswavlisaTvis ara imdenad mis klaso-briv dixotomiebsa da prognozebs, ramdenadac socialuri kon-fliqtis rolze, am konfliqtebis ekonomikuri faqtorebis analizze, konkretul sazogadoebaSi da

sxvadasxva klasebisa da jgufebis mdgomareobis da urTierTq-medebis kvlevaze - zogjer metismeti aqcentis gakeTebas hqonda mniSvneloba.

10. Semecnebis sociologia

marqsma pirvelma daamuSava iseTi problemuri sfero, anu sociologiuri disciplina, romelic SemecnebiT procesTa so-cialur faqtorebs, socialur meqanizmebs da socialur Sede-gebs swavlobs. sabolood, am disciplinam miiRo saxelwodeba “Semecnebis sociologia”. marqsi Tvlida, rom msgavsad imisa, ro-gorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis safuZvelze, rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa da social-uri jgufebis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmodgenebis safuZvelze, romelTac isini sakuTar Tavze qmnian. amitom so-cialuri mecnierebis amocanaa - aRmoaCinos faruli, siRrmiseu-li socialuri realoba, romelic mravalgvar ideaTa, warmodge-naTa, codnaTa da rwmenaTa safuZvelSi Zevs. marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsac ara mxolod Semec-nebis sociologia, aramed mTeli sociologiac eyrdnoba.

Semecnebisadmi sociologiurma midgomam yvelaze koncen-trirebuli gamoxatuleba ideologiis marqsistul koncef-

ciaSi hpova. ideologiis qveS marqss cnobieri da aracnobieri miTosuri Semoqmedeba esmis, romelic mowodebulia namdvili socialuri praqtika Secvalos, meore, am praqtikasTan Tavisi ka-vSiri SeniRbos. sazogadoeba da uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuli klasebi mas warmoedgina Taviseburi saxis gigantur fabrikad, romlebic iluziebs - politikurs, iuridiuls, mecnieruls da miT ufro religiurs, moralurs da mxatvruls - awarmoeben. nam-dvilma mecnierebam ki, romelic araa dakavSirebuli socialur statusis SenarCunebasTan da urTierTdapirispirebul social-ur ZalTa ekonomikurisa da politikur interesebTan, am iluzor-ul qmnilebaTa kavSiri “gamoicno” marqsis mixedviT, ideologiis antipodia. mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urTierTobani imdenad martivni, naTeli da gamWvirvale gaxdeba, rom ideologiebi gaqrebian, radgan am zednaSenuri kamufliaJis moTxovnileba gaqreba...

mraval gansxvavebul ideologiur konstruqciaTa analizis

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procesSi marqsma mraval, mniSvnelovan warmatebebas miaRwia. misma midgomam socialur da SemecnebiT procesTa urTierTkav-Siris Seswavlis nayofieri gzebi aRmoaCina da mniSvnelovani so-ciologiuri disciplinis arsebobas Cauyara safuZveli. magram samwuxarod, marqsi ise gaitaca ideologiis mxilebam, rom arara-dikaluri xasiaTis nebismier ideas iluziebad an misi sakuTari Sexedulebebidan gansxvavebul ideebs, rogorc klasobrivi in-teresebis SeniRbvas aRiqvamda.

,,Semecnebis sociologia” aseTi gagebiT Taviseburi saxis, ,,niRbis Camomxsnel”, “mamxilebel” namdvili Tu moCvenebiTi Wu-Wyis ,,gamwmend”, saqmianobad gadaiqca amave dros, sxvadasxva moazrovneTa klasobrivi iluziebis mxilebisas, marqsi ,,Semec-nebis sociolologiis” Tavisi sakuTari doqtrinis mimarT gam-oyenebas iviwyebs.

dairwmuna ra Tavi imaSi, rom misi kavSiri yvelaze ,,progresu-li” klasis proletariatis interesebTan ideologiisagan Tav-isuflebis garantias warmoadgens, igi imaze, Tu misi moZRvreba realurad rogor ifunqcionirebs sxvadasxva socialur gare-moSi, rogor iqneba gagebuli da gamoyenebuli seriozulad ar dafiqrebula. yovelive es mas cxadad da garkveulad warmoed-gina: sakmarisia Teoriuli gamarjveba movipovoT oponentze, rom moZRvreba gagebul da gamoyenebul iqnes ise, rogorc mas warmoudgenia. maSin rodesac, misi moZRvreba mravalmniSvnelo-vani, winaaRmdegobrivi da dausrulebeli iyo. amitom sabolood sxva socialur niadagze, sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi, socialur klasebsa da fenebSi damkvidrebisas, igi ganimarteboda da fun-qcionirebda gacilebiT sxvanairad vidre, es marqss warmoedgina.

marqsis SemoqmedebaSi mecnieruli da politikur-praqtiku-li aspeqtebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan Serwymuli. Tumca igi Ta-vis Tavs mecnierad Tvlida da sinamdvileSi asec iyo, mainc mis TvalSi mecniereba uwinares yovlisa ara mizani, aramed sazo-gadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmnis saSualeba iyo. amitom misi Semoqmedebis mecnierul da aramecnierul mxareebs, romelTa urTierTgavlena Zalian didia. mTlianobaSi marqsis moZRvreba mravalmniSvnelovani da winaaRmdegobrivi, dausrulebeli xasi-aTisaa, ramac gamoiwvia kidec misi mravalgvari interpretacia. miuxedavad amisa, misma moZRvrebam mastimulizirebeli zegav-lena iqonia sociologiis ganviTarebaze. marTalia, marqss ar gamouyenebia termini “sociologia”, magram man daamuSava sazo-gadoebis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sinTezuri mecniereba, romelic sinamdvileSi sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis niSnebs Seesa-

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bameba.ontologiuri aspeqtiT, marqsma socialuri realobis aRmo-

CenaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana, ganixila ra sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis faqtori da Sedegi, rom-lebic erTdroulad ayalibeben socialur sistemebs da social-uri sistemebis mierve yalibdebian.

marTalia, istoriis materialisturi gagebis mTavari pos-tulatebi dausabuTebeli da amave dros uaryofilic /e.i. verc davamtkicebT da verc uarvyofT / ar aris da metaforul xasi-aTs atareben, mainc masSi sociologiisaTvis, rogorc mecnier-ebisaTvis, Zalian mniSvnelovani ganwyoba ido, romelic im siR-rmiseuli socialuri struqturebis SeswavlaSi mdgomareobs, romlebic dafarulni arian im warmodgenebiT, romelTac sazo-gadoeba da klasebi sakuTar Tavze qmnian. marqsi sazogadoebis Seswavlas, rogorc sistemas udgeboda. sazogadoebis sistemuri xedva masTan uwinares yovlisa, “sazogadoebis formaciis” cne-baSi ganxorcielda. mis TeoriaSi ekonomikuri reduqcionizmis tendencia ido, magram amasTan erTad igi ekonomikas, rogorc so-cialuri sistemis qvesistemas ganixilavda da am qvesistemis sx-vebTan urTierTqmedeba ikvlia.

marqsma socialuri cvlilebebis, socialuri da politi-kuri revoluciebis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seita-na. socialuri klasebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis miseuli ganmarteba paradigmuli gaxda. sazogadoebis kontiseuli ,,kon-sensusi” paradigmis sawinaaRmdegod socialuri ganviTarebis “konfliqtur” paradigmas Cauyara safuZveli. sociologiaSi so-cialuri konfliqtis pozitiuri funqciebis kvlevis tradicia marqsidan iwyeba.

mecniereba marqsisaTvis ufro samyaros Secvlis, vidre misi axnis saSualeba iyo. igi Tavis mecnieruli oponentebis mimarT SeuwynareblobiT gamoiCeoda, amitom politikuri revolucio-neris eTika masSi mecnieris eTikaze xSirad imarjvebda.

mokle Sinaarsi:1. karl marqsi, pirovneba da mecnierikarl marqsi XIX s-is yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani social-

uri moazrovnea. mis ideebs TiTqmis saukune naxevari iyenebdnen da axlac iyeneben yvelaze gansxvavebul socialur moZraobaTa programebSi dedamiwis sxvadasxva raionebSi. zogierTma total-itarulma reJimma marqsizmi erTaderT ideologiad aqcia, ro-

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melsac arsebobis ufleba aqvs, da igi saxelmwifoebrivi religi-is saxesxvaobadac ki gadaaqcies.

2. yoveli axali publikacia badebda marqsis ideebis axal in-terpretacias. am garemoebas ori mniSvnelovani Sedegi aqvs. pir-veli, marqsis SexedulebaTa yovelgvari interpretacia mudam ase Tu ise maTi rekonstruqciaa. meore, marqsis memkvidreobis yvelaze gansxvavebuli winaaRmdegobrivi da urTierTgamom-ricxvel interpretaciaTa uzarmazari raodenoba arsebobs. es mravalsaxiereba Zlierdeba imiT, rom politikur-ideologiuri sistemis saxiT gavrcelebis procesSi marqsizmma ganmarteba imis mixedviT miiRo, Tu rogor socialur, nacionalur, kulturul niadagze moxvda igi, rogor garemoSi daiwyo man funqcionireba.

amis Sedegad “marqsizmi” gamoeyo Tavis Semqmnels da sakuTari sicocxliT cxovreba daiwyo. es jer kidev marqsis sicocxleSi daiwyo. mag. Tavisi frangi mimdevrebis mimarT 70-iani wlebis da-sasruls igi ambobda: “me vici mxolod erTi, rom me marqsisti ara var”. misi sikvdilis Semdeg es procesi mniSvnelovnad gaZlier-da. amis Sedegad dRes misi moZRvrebis imdenad gansxvavebuli in-terpretaciebi da ganmartebebi arsebobs, rom ufro upriania da swori, Tu ara marqsizmis, aramed marqsizmebis Sesaxeb vilapar-akebT.

3. ideur-Teoriuli wyaroebi. arsebobs cnobili warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom marqsizmis wyaroebia:

- germanuli klasikuri filosofia (i. kanti, i. fixte, g. hege-li, f. Selingi da l. foierbaxi) hegelis idea progresuli gan-viTarebis, rogorc winaaRmdegobrivi procesis Sesaxeb, rome-li winaaRmdegobac iWreba dialeqtikur sinTezSi (hegelianuri triadis ,,Tezisi- antiTezisi-sinTezi” Tanaxmad).

- inglisuri politikuri ekonomia (adam smiti, devid rikardo)- franguli utopiuri socializmi (klod sen-simoni, robert

oueni, Sarl furie)aRsaniSnavia sen-simoni. sociologiuri aspeqtiT man didi gav-

lena moaxdina marqsis mier,,industriis” (e. i. sen - simonis mixedviT warmoeba farTo az-

riT) rolis Sefasebaze;sakuTrebis formisa da klasebis, gansakuTrebiT proletaria-

tis mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze;revoluciur moZraobaTa (`kritikuli epoqebis~ - sen - simoni)

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mniSvnelobaTa Sefasebaze. jer kidev marqsamde daamuSava sen - simonma idea imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo mTavari dabrkolebaa industrialuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gzaze.

4. kritika da urTierTgavlenebi. saerTod sociologiis isto-riaSi erTi moazrovnis meoreze gavlenis ori saxe arsebobs:

pozitiuri - mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTi moazrovnis ideebi kvlav iwarmoebian, grZeldebian, viTardebian an gamoiyenebian meoris gamokvlevebSi. am dros gavlena SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas ,,mimdevris” mier an ara. aseTi gavlenebi sakmarisad naTelia.

negatiuri - gavlenebis SemCneva Znelia, Tumca isini ufro xSirad gvxvdebian. es gavlenebi erTi moazrovnis meores mimarT mudmiv opoziciaSi yofnaSi, erTi Sexedulebebis meorisadmi da-pirispirebaSi vlindeba. ,,negatiuri” gavlenis dros ,,winamorbe-dis” gansazRvruli Tezisebi ,,mimdevris” gansazRvrul kontr-Tezisebs iwveven, ase, rom es ukanasknelni specifikurni, magram zogjer pirvelTa Zalian zusti asaxvac ki SeiZleba aRmoCndnen. ukve TviT polemikis obieqtis arCevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs da adasturebs imas, rom ,,mimdevari” araa gulgrili garkveuli ,,winamorbedis” mimarT da masTan erTad CarTuli erTi da igive problemebis ganxilvaSia. am ganxilvis procesSi pirveli xSirad gacilebiT mets sesxulobs ukanasknelisagan, vidre es TviTon mas hgonia. ,,negatiuri” gavlenebi sociologiis istoriaSi xSi-rad ufro Zlieria, vidre ,,pozitiuri”, da SeiZleba miT ufro Zlieri iyos, rac ufro energiulia dapirispireba.

5. filosofiuri anTropologia. adamiani da sazogadoeba. yoveli ramdenadme masStaburi moZRvreba sazogadoebaze mudam adamianis arsebisa da samyaroSi misi adgilis Sesaxeb Teorias gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT Teoriul sociologias yovelTvis gansazRvruli filosofiuri anTropologia emezobleba. ase iyo marqsTanac. adamianis miseuli xedva ganmanaTlebelTa, hege-lis, foierbaxis, agreTve hesis gavleniT Camoyalibda. marTalia, marqss amocanad ar dausaxavs gansakuTrebuli filosofiuri an-Tropologia Seeqmna, magram mTlianobaSi misi anTropologiuri Sexedulebebi Rrma originalobiT gamoirCeva.

adamiani aRmoCndeba gaucxoebuli Tavisi Sromis Sedegebisgan, Sromis procesisagan, sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Tavisganac ki. mxolod momaval komunistur sazogadoebaSi, rodesac dasrul-deba kacobriobis winaistoria-preistoria da daiwyeba misi nam-

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dvili istoria, rodesac kacobrioba “aucileblobis samefodan” “Tavisuflebis samefoSi”gadava. adamiani daubrundeba sakuTar Tavs da gaucxoebac gadailaxeba.

6. erT - erTi cnobili Tezisi misi Tezisebidan foierbaxis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs “adamianis arseba ar aris abstraqti, romelic calkeul adamians axasiaTebs. sinamdvileSi igi yvela sazogadoe-briv urTierTobaTa erTobliobaa”.

rogorc esqilesa da Seqspiris Tayvanismcemels, marqss isto-riuli procesi warmodgenili hqonda dramis saxiT, romelSic adamianebi erTdroulad rogorc am dramis avtorebi, ise Sems-ruleblebi - msaxiobebi arian. adamianebi, praqtikulad moqme-di arsebebia, amitom swored isini qmnian socialur sistemebs. magram isini am sistemebs gansazRvrul socialur da bunebriv pirobebSi qmnian, romlebic maT gareSe warmoiSvnen, maTi monaw-ileobis gareSe warmoiqmnen: “adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianT istorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maT moe-survebaT, aramed pirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod da realurad arseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni”.

7. socialur sistemaTa Teoriamarqsis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi formacia - esaa socialu-

ri sistema, romelic urTierTdakavSirebul elementebisagan Sedgeba da aramdgradi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. am sistemis struqturas Semdegi saxe aqvs.garda bazisisa da zed-naSenisa, formacia Seicavs agreTve socialur klasTa, jgufTa da fenaTa gansazRvrul struqturas, romelic iseve, rogorc zednaSeni gamoxatavs warmoebis wess, baziss da bolos, sazoga-doebriv formaciaSi Sedian iseTi elementebi, komponentebi, ro-gorebicaa ojaxis gansazRvruli formebi adamianTa cxovrebis wesis da yoveldRiuri cxovelsaqmianobis gansazRvruli forme-bi, kerZod moxmarebis formebi.

8. meTodologia. marqsic evolucionistia. igi Tvlis, rom yve-la sazogadoeba adre Tu gvian TavianTi ganviTarebis manZilze erTsa da imave stadiebs gadian. socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa, gamoikvlios sazogadoeba misi progresuli ganviTarebis gansaz-Rvrul safexurze.

marqsis mixedviT, istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebis cod-na, ara mxolod warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis gagebas, aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobasac gvaZlevs. am-

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itomaa, rom mis SromebSi mniSvnelovani adgili winaswarme-tyvelebas uWiravs. mis meTodologiaSigansakuTrebuli adgili yovelgvari winaaRmdegobebis, daZabulobebis, konfliqtebis ga-movlenas uWiravs. es exeba socialuri cxovrebis, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sferoTa Soris urTierTdamokidebulebebis kvlevas da a.S. marqsi Tvlis, rom dapirispirebul Zalebsa da tenden-ciebs Soris winaaRmdegoba, brZola ganviTarebis wyaro da mamoZ-ravebeli Zalaa.

zogadmecnieruli meTodis saxiT marqsi abstraqtulidan konkretulisaken aRmasvlis meTods iyenebs. es meTodi Semec-nebis samsafexuriani wesisagan Sedgeba:

obieqtis empiriuli gamokvleva, romelic “ g r Z n o b a d konkretuls” - warmoadgens;

“grZnobad konkretulis” safuZvelze obieqtis Sesaxeb ab-straqtuli warmodgenebis Seqmna (Teoriuli done);

obieqtis Sesaxeb sruli, mTliani warmodgenebis miReba, ro-melsac “grZnobad konkretuli”, gaivlis ra Teoriul gaazrebas, “azrobriv konkretulad” gadaiqceva.

marqsi jer kidev did xniT adre struqturuli funqcio-nalizmis warmoSobamde akeTebs pirvel cdebs, kvlevis struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodis gamoyenebaSi, ganixi-lavas ra sxvadasxva movlenebs gansazRvrul socialur siste-maSi, maTi Setanili wvlilis TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, Cven mis SromebSi istoriul - genetur da SedarebiT-istoriul meTodeb-sac vpoulobT .

9. socialuri ganviTarebis Teoria. socialuri revolucia. so-cialuri ganviTarebis dinamika, marqsis mixedviT, ganpirobebu-lia mudmivad warmomqmnadi winaaRmdegobiT, konfliqtiT, ro-melic warmoiSoba ganviTarebaSi myof sawarmoo Zalebsa erTis mxriv da warmoebiT urTierTobebs Soris, meores mxriv. Tavis mxriv warmoebiTi urTierTobanic (bazisi) mudmiv konfliqtSia zednaSenTan da sazogadoebaSi am bazisis gacnobierebis sxva-dasxva formebTan. mTlianobaSi, sawarmoo ZalaTa ganviTareba, marqsis mixedviT, gardauval kanons warmoadgens.

rodesac warmoebis wesis or mxares Soris aramyari wonaswo-roba irRveva da warmoebiTi urTierTobani, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis saSualebebidan maTs dabrkolebad da muxruWad iqceva, isini revoluciuri cvlis sagani xdebian. erTdroulad es procesi gamoixateba socialuri sistemis danarCen komponent-

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Ta Soris koliziebsa da konfliqtebSi: klasobrivi, politikuri, ideologiuri da a.S. brZolis gamwvavebaSi. ris Sedegadac xdeba sazogadoebrivi formaciebis globaluri masStabiT cvla, e.i. socialuri revolucia.

10. klasebisa da klasobrivi brZolis Teoriamarqsi ambobda: is rac me axali gavakeTe, SemdgomSi mdgomare-

obs:1. rom klasebis arseboba dakavSirebulia mxolod warmoebi

ganviTarebis gansazRvrul istoriul fazebTan;2. rom klasobriv brZolas aucileblad mivyavarT proletari-

atis diqtaturasTan, da3. rom es diqtatura moaswavebs yovelgvar klasTa gaqrobas da

uklaso sazogadoebaze gadasvlas”. klasebi (marqsistul - lenin-urad) ewodeba adamianTa did jgufebs, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba:

1. TavianTi adgiliT warmoebis istoriulad gansazRvrul sistemaSi

2. TavianTi damokidebulebiT warmoebis saSualebebisadmi (mflobeli, aramflobeli)

3. TavianTi roliT warmoebiT organizaciaSi (kapitalisti - muSa, menejeri - Semsrulebeli)

4. materialuri dovlaTis miRebis wesiTa da odenobiT, romelic maT xelT aqvT (mogeba - xelfasi).

yovel sazogadoebiv ekonomikur formaciaSi misTvis specifi-kuri klasTa wyvilebi arsebobs. “Tavisufali da mona, patric-iebi da plebeebi, memamule da yma, xelosani da Segirdi, mokled mCagvreli da Cagruli erTmaneTTan mudmiv antagonizmSi imyofe-bian, erTmaneTTan ganuwyvetel, xan farul, xan aSkara brZolas awarmoeben, romelic yovelTvis mTeli sazogadoebrivi Senobis revoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo ganadgure-biT sruldeboda”.

11. Semecnebis (codnis) sociologia. es aris sociologi-uri disciplina, romelic SemecnebiT procesTa socialur faqtorebs, socialur meqanizmebs da socialur Sedegebs swav-lobs. sabolood, am disciplinam miiRo saxelwodeba ,,Semecnebis sociologia”..

marqsi Tvlida, rom msgavsad imisa, rogorc adamianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis safuZvelze, rasac igi Tavis Tavze fiqrobs, aseve sazogadoebisa da socialuri jgufebis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT im warmodgenebis safuZvelze, romel-

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Tac isini sakuTar Tavze qmnian.amitom socialuri mecnierebis amocanaa - aRmoaCinos faruli,

siRrmiseuli socialuri realoba, romelicmravalgvar ideaTa, warmodgenaTa, codnaTa da rwmenaTa safuZvelSi Zevs. marqsma erT-erTma pirvelma daamuSava es debuleba, romelsac ara mx-olod Semecnebis sociologia, aramed mTeli sociologiac ey-rdnoba.

12. Semecnebis sociologia (ideologia). ideologiis qveS mar-qss esmis:

- cnobieri da aracnobieri miTosuri Semoqmedeba, romelic mowodebulia, Secvalos namdvili socialuri praqtika,

- meore, SeniRbos Tavisi kavSiri am praqtikasTan. sazogadoeba da uwinares yovlisa, gabatonebuli klasebi mas Taviseburi saxis gigantur fabrikad warmoedgina, romlebic politikur, iurid-iul, mecnierul da miT ufro religiur, moralur da mxatvrul iluziebs awarmoeben.

- namdvili socialuri mecniereba ki, romelic socialur sta-tusis SenarCunebasTan da urTierTdapirispirebul socialur ZalTa ekonomikur da politikur interesebTan araa dakavSire-buli am iluzorul qmnilebaTa kavSiri gamoicno, ideologiis antipodia.

- mxolod momaval komunistur formaciaSi socialuri urT-ierTobani imdenad martivni, naTeli da gamWvirvaleni, gaxdebian rom ideologiebi gaqrebian, radgan am zednaSenuri kamufliaJis moTxovnileba gaqreba.

,,Semecnebis sociologia” aseTi gagebiT Taviseburi saxis, “niRbis Camomxsnel”, “mamxilebel - namdvili Tu moCvenebiTi Wu-Wyis “gamwmend” Teoriuli saqmianobis nairsaxeobad gadaiqca.

amave dros, sxvadasxva moazrovneTa klasobrivi iluziebis mx-ilebisas, marqsi sakuTari doqtrinis mimarT “Semecnebis socio-lologiis” SesaZlebobebis gamoyenebas iviwyebs.

kiTxvebi:

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1. k. marqsis msoflmxedvelobis formirebaSi, romelma moazrovneebma iTamaSes mniSvnelovani roli?2. daasaxeleT marqsizmis sami ideuri wyaro da gaanalizeT is arsebiTi momentebi, romlebmac didi gavlena moaxdines k. marqsis rogorc mecnierisa da revolucioneris Camoyalibebaze.3. ratom dasWirda k. marqss, misi momxreebisa da mimdevrebis Teoriebis gacnobis Semdeg eTqva: “me marqsisti ar var”?4. ganmarteT k. marqsis debulebis sazrisi “sazogadoeba ar Sedgeba individebisagan, aramed gamoxatavs im kavSirTa da urTierTobaTa jams, romelSic es individebi erTmaneTTan imyofebian”.5. ganmarteT k. marqsis debulebis sazrisi “adamianebi TviTon qmnian TavianT istorias, magram isini amas akeTeben ara ise, rogorc maT moesurvebaT, aramed pirobebSi, romlebic TviTon maT ar aurCeviaT, romlebic uSualod da realurad arseboben, mocemulia maTTvis da warsulidanaa gadmosulni”.6. gamoyaviT k. marqsis debulebis “adamianTa cnobiereba ki ar gansazRvravs maTs yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi ganviTarebis gasazRvrul safexurze sazogadoebrivi yofiereba gansazRvravs maTs cnobierebas”, arsebiTi mometebi.7. gaanalizeT debuleba “cnobiereba arasodes ar SeiZleba sxva iyos, Tu ara gacnobierebuli yofiereba. adamianTa yofiereba ki maTi cxovrebis realuri procesia”.8. ra elementebis erTobliobas warmoadgens sazogadoebriv - ekonomikuri formacia?9. ra aris bazisi da zednaSeni da ra damokidebuleba arsebobs maT Soris?10. ra mxareebisa da elementebisagan Sedgeba warmoebis wesi?11. klasebis Teoriis SeqmnaSi romeli Setanili wvlilis Sesaxeb msjelobs k. marqsi?12. ra aris socialuri revolucia da ra aris misi gamomwvevi mizezebi?13. ganmarteT fraza “revolucia istoriis lokomotivia”.14. ra miaCnda k. marqss socialuri Semecnebis umTavres amocanad?

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leqcia mexuTe

emil diurkemis sociologia

1. emil diurkemi: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis wlebi2. sociologiis sagani 3. “sociologizmi” rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria.4. sociologiuri meTodis wesebi5. sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da Sromis danawileba6. “sociologizmis” principebis gamoyeneba TviTmkvlelobis mizezTa sakvlevad7. moralis filosofiur-sociologiuri koncefcia8. religiis filosofiur-sociologiuri koncefcia9. diurkemis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi: sociologizmi, koleqtivizmi, socialuri realoba sui ge-

neris, socialuri faqti, sazogadoeba, socialuri solidaroba, meqanisturi da organuli solidaroba, Sromis socialuri danaw-ileba, pirovneba da sazogadoeba, funqcia da struqtura, anomia, TviTmkvleloba, adamianis bunebis ormagi xasiaTi, sazogadoeba rogorc moralis gamarTlebis safuZveli, saerosa(profanulis) da wmindas(sakraluris) dixotomia, “socialuri faqtebi unda Se-viswavloT rogorc nivTebi”.

1. emil diurkemi: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis wlebi.

emil diurkemi safrangeTSi, q. epinaleSi 1858 wlis 15 aprils daibada.

warmoSobiT ekuTvnis rabinebis Zvel gvars da Tavadac emza-deboda rabinobisaTvis, magram siymawvileSi uari ganacxada am gzaze. aqedan dawyebuli misi dauokebeli interesi religiisadmi ufro akademiuri xasiaTisaa, vidre Teologiuri. mas ar akmayo-filebs religiuri ganaTleba da arc saero, sadac gansakuTrebu-li yuradReba literaturul da esTetikur disciplinebs eTmo-boda. mas mecnieruli meTodebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis xelmZRvanelobis zneobrivi principebisadmi midrekileba axa-

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siaTebs. man uari ganacxada filosofiis sferoSi tradiciul mecnierul karieraze da amis nacvlad cdilobda mecnieruli ganaTleba mieRo, raTa sazogadoebis zneobriv srulyofaSi Ta-visi wvlili Seetana. diurkems ainteresebda mecnieruli socio-logia, magram maSin iseTi disciplina rogoricaa sociologia ar arsebobda da amitom 1882 - 1887 wlebSi is parizis axlos, rig provinciul skolebSi filosofias aswavlis.

misi interesi mecnierebisadmi germaniaSi mgzavrobis Semdeg gaizarda, sadac is vilhelm vundtis mier Seqmnil mecnierul fsiqologias gaecno. SemdgomSi is aqveynebs Sromebs, romlebSic nawilobriv germaniaSi miRebul gamocdilebas eyrdnoboda. es publikaciebi daexmara mas 1887wels bordos universitetis fi-losofiis ganyofilebaze adgili mieRo. aq diurkemma waikiTxa socialur mecnierebebSi pirveli kursi safrangeTis universi-tetebSi. es iyo gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi movlena, radgan sul aTiode wlis ukan studentur auditoriaSi disertaciis dac-visas o.kontis saxelis gaxsenebam uzarmazari skandali gamoi-wvia. diurkemis mTavari movaleobaskolis maswavleblebisaTvis pedagogikis kursis Sedgena iyo, mTavari problema ki zneobriv aRzrdas exeba. diurkemis mTavari mizania zneobrivi principebis Segoneba maswavleblebisaTvis, romlebic, misi azriT, amas Sem-dgom mowafeebze ganavrcobdnen, amiT ki durkemi cdilobda wi-naaRmdegoba gaewia zneobrivi gadagvarebisaTvis, rasac is fran-gul sazogadoebas atyobda.

Semdgomi wlebi diurkemisaTvis SedarebiT warmatebulia. 1893 wels man gamoaqveyna Tavisi sadoqtoro disertacia ,,socialu-ri Sromis danawileba” da aseve disertacia monteskieze laTin-urad, xolo mis mTavar meTodologiur naSroms ,,sociologiis meTodis wesebi”(1895) sociologiuri meTodebis empiriuli gam-oyeneba moyva ,,TviTmkvlelobis” gamokvlevebSi(1897). 1896 wels diurkemi gaxda bordos universitetis profesori. 1902wels man miiRo adgili sorbonis universitetSi, 1906 wels gaxda peda-gogikis profesori, 1913 wels es wodeba Secvala pedagogikisa da sociologiis profesoris wodebiT. diurkemis meore mniSvnelo-vani naSromi ,,religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi” ga-moqveynda 1912 wels.

dRes diurkems miiCneven politikur konservatorad da misi gavlena sociologiaze aseve konservatiulia. magram Tavis droze is liberalad iTvleboda, rac alfred dreifusis dasa-cavad mis aqtiur sajaro gamosvlebSi Cans. dreifusi ebraeli samxedro kapitani iyo, romelic samxedro sasamarTlom jaSuSo-baSi daadanaSaula, rac sazogadoebam aRiqva, rogorc antisemi-turi faqti. (sxva versiiT dreifusi daisaja gogonaze Zalado-bisa da misi mkvlelobis braldebiT. (am Temaze didi xmauri iyo

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imdroindel evropul presaSi a.b.). diurkemma dreifusis saqme, gansakuTrebiT misi antisemituri xasiaTi Zlier ganicada. magram

es antisemitizmi diurkems franguli rasizmisaTvis ar daubralebia. mas es im zneobrivi senis tipiur magaliTad miaCn-da, rac frangul sazogadoebas mTlianobaSi axasiaTebda. is am-bobda, rom rodesac

sazogadoeba itanjeba, mas uCndeba moTxovna moZebnos vinme visac am avadmyofobis gamo daadanaSaulebs, visac Tavisi ubed-urebisaTvis dasjis: da isini, romelTa winaaRmdeg ukve gan-wyobilia sazogadoebrivi azri, bunebrivia, am rolisaTvis ga-modgebian. esaa is gankicxulni, romlebic sazRaurs ixdian. amaSi gvarwmunebs is, Tu rogor aRiqva sazogadoebam dreifusis saqme 1894 wels. bulvarze sixarulis talRebi agordnen. xalxi gamar-jvebad aRiqvamda imas, rac sazogadoebrivi glovis mizezi unda yofiliyo. bolos da bolos maT gaiges visTvis daebralebinaT ekonomikuri siduxWire da zneobrivi ubedurebebi, romlebSic cxovrobdnen. yvela ubedureba ebraelTagan modis. brali ofi-cialurad iyo dasabuTebuli. ukve mxolod aqedan Canda, rom cxovreba umjobesdeba da xalxmac igrZno simSvide. amgvarad diurkemis interesi dreifusis saqmisadmi mis sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli zneobriobisa da zneobrivi

krizisis mizezebis ZiebiT iyo gamowveuli.diurkemisaTvis dreifusis saqmisa da msgavsi krizisebis da-

Zleva sazogadoebaSi zneobrivi wesrigis damyarebiTaa SesaZlebe-li. ramdenadac es ver moxerxdeboda male da martivad diurkemma sazogadoebas SesTavaza calkeuli qmedebebi, magaliTad, mkacri zomebis miReba imaT mimarT, vinc siZulvils Tess, aseve mTavro-bis mcdelobebi eCvenebina

sazogadoebisaTvis, rom is SecdomaSia Seyvanili. is arwmunebs adamianebs, rom saWiroa Tamamad da xmamaRla ganacxadon Tu ras fiqroben, da gaerTiandnen raTa sazogadoebrivi ugnuroba daa-marcxon.

diurkemis interesi socializmisadmi ganixileba, rogorc ar-gumenti misi konservatizmis winaaRmdeg, magram misi socializmi marqsisa da marqsis mimdevrebis socializmisagan Zalian gansxva-vdeba. faqtobrivad diurkemi marqsizms, rogorc ,,saeWvo da moZ-velebuli hipoTezebis krebuls ganixilavda”. diurkemisaTvis socializmi aris mecnieruli moralis daxmarebiT sazogadoebis zneobrivi aRorZinebisaken mimarTuli moZraoba da mas sulac ar aintresebda socializmis moklevadiani politikuri meTodebi da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi. mas ar miaCnda proletariati sazoga-doebis mxsnelad da agitaciasa da Zaladobas seriozulad ewi-naaRmdegeboda. diurkemiseuli socializmi Zalian gansxvavdeba socializmze Cveni warmodgenebisagan: mas, martivad, warmodge-

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nili qonda sistema, sadac mecnieruli sociologiis aRmoCenili zneobrivi principebi dainergeboda.

diurkems, Rrma gavlena qonda sociologiis ganviTarebaze, ma-gram misi gavlena amiT ar amoiwureboda. didi zemoqmedeba sxva sferoebze

,,sociologiurma weliwdeulma” (L’annee sociologique) moaxdina, romelic 1898 wels daarsda. Jurnalis irgvliv Seikra intele-qtualuri jgufi, romlis centri Tavad diurkemi iyo. Jurnalma gavlena moaxdina iseT sferoebze, rogorebicaa anTropologia, istoria, lingvistika da rac sainteresoa, fsiqologia, romel-sac is akritikebda.

diurkemi gardaicvala 1917 wlis 15 noembers. is iyo cnobili frangul inteleqtualur wreebSi, magram unda gasuliyo kidev oci weli da talkot parsonsis ,,socialuri qmedebis struqtu-rasTan” erTad didi gavlena moexdina amerikul sociologiaze.

2. sociologiis sagani da misi adgili sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sistemaSi.

imisaTvis rom sociologia filosofias gamohyofoda da gan-sazRvruli da damoukidebeli adgili hqonoda, diurkemma Tavis naSromSi “sociologiis meTodis wesebi” gadawyvita, rom soci-olgiis kvlevis sagani socialuri faqtebis Seswavla gamxdari-yo. socialuri faqtis koncefcias ramdenime komponenti gaaCnia, Tumca imisaTvis rom sociologia filosofias gamohyofoda gadamwyveti aris is, rom socialuri faqtebi unda ganixilebod-nen rogorc nivTebi. socialuri faqtebis, rogorc nivTebis Seswavla gulisxmobs imas, rom isini unda SeviswavloT empiri-ulad da ara filosofiurad. diurkemi Tvlida rom ideebi Ses-aZloa SeviswavloT introspeqtiulad (filosofiurad), magram nivTebs mxolod wminda mentaluri procesiT ver SeviswavliT, radgan isini iTxoven informacias, romelic mxolod gonebaze ar aris damokidebuli. diurkemis es cda - empiriulad Seiswavlos socialuri faqtebi rogorc nivTebi, ganasxvavebs diurkemiseul sociologias kontisa da spenseris introspeqtiuli Teoriebi-sagan.

amgvarad, sociologiis damoukidebel mecnierebad Camoy-alibebis aucilebel zogad pirobaTa ricxvs, diurkemi gan-sakuTrebuli sagnis arsebobas, romelsac mxolod mocemuli mecniereba Seiswavlis da kvlevis Sesabamis meTodebs miakuT-vnebs. sociologia unda swavlobdes socialur realobas, ro-melsac eqneba mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi. so-

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cialuri realobis elementebia socialuri faqtebi, romelTa erTobliobacaa sazogadoeba. swored es faqtebia sociologiis sagani.

diurkemis gansazRvrebiT ,,socialur faqti aris qmedebaTa yoveli wesi, - mdgradi an aramdgradi, romelsac ZaluZs moaxdi-nos individze gavlena gare iZulebis saSualebiT an sxvagvarad: rac gavrcelebulia mocemuli sazogadoebis mTel sivrceze da imavdroulad gaaCnia sakuTari, Tavisive individualuri gam-ovlinebebisagan damoukidebeli arseboba”. (2. gv. 47). am gansaz-Rvrebis sazrisi isaa, rom dabadebisas individi mzamzareulad poulobs misgan damoukidebel funqcionirebad kanonebs da adaT - wesebs, yofaqcevis wesebs, religiur rwmenebsa da Cveulebebs, enas, fulad sistemas. azrTa, moqmedebaTa da grZnobaTa es wesebi damoukideblad, obieqturad arseboben.

socialur faqtTa obieqturobis Sedegia maTi meorenairi - sxvagvari daxasiaTebac, romelic individebze maT dawolaSi, am ukanasknelTa gansazRvruli moqmedebisadmi iZulebaSi gamoix-ateba. amis axsnisas diurkemi werda, rom yoveli adamiani Tavis Tavze ganicdis socialur iZulebas. magaliTad iuridiuli da moraluri wesebi SeuZlebelia individma daarRvios ise, rom man ar igrZnos sayovelTao gakicxvisa da armowonebis mTeli simZime, zustad asevea saqme socialuri faqtebis sxva saxeebTan dakav-SirebiTac.

garegani da maiZulebeli. marTalia socialuri faqtebis, ro-gorc nivTebis ganxilvam filosofiisagan gamomdinare winaaRm-degoba daZlia (yovelSemTxvevaSi ase Tvlida diurkemi), magram es mxolod nawili iyo fsiqologiuri winaaRmdegobisa. rogorc diurkemiseuli sociologia, fsiqologiac ukve Zalian empir-iuli xdeboda. imisaTvis rom gamoecalkevebina sociologia fsiqologiisagan diurkemma ganacxada, rom socialuri faqte-bi arian garegani da maT aqvT maiZulebeli xasiaTi aqtorTan mimarTebaSi. sociologia gaxda socialuri faqtebis Seswav-la, fsiqologia ki - fsiqologiuri faqtebisa. diurkemisaTvis, fsiqologiuri faqtebi umetesad Tandayolil fenomens war-moadgenda. marTalia es daxasiaTeba ar esadageba fsiqologiis sagans dRes (da arc maSin warmoadgenda sagnis karg daxasiaTebas), magram aman saSualeba misca diurkems rom zRvari gaevlo am or mecnierebas Soris. fsiqologiuri faqtebi aris Tandayolili da Sinagani, maSin rodesac socialuri faqtebi arian garegani da maiZulebeli. rogorc male vnaxavT, es gansxvaveba ar aris iseTi mkveTri, rogoric diurkems undoda rom Cven gvgoneboda. miuxe-davad amisa, socialuri faqtis rogorc

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gareganisa da maiZulebelis gansazRvriT, diurkemma mniS-vnelovani wvlili Seitana (yovel SemTxvevaSi im istoriuli pe-riodisaTvis) sociologiis fsiqologiisa da filosofiisagan gasamijnavad. Tumca unda vaRiaroT, rom amis misaRwevad di-urkemma “eqstremistuli” pozicia daikava, gansakuTrebiT so-ciologiis kvlevis sagnis mxolod socialur

faqtebze dayvaniT. am poziciam SezRuda sociologiis zogi-erTi mimdinareoba. ufro metic diurkemma xelovnurad gamoyo sociologia mezobeli mecnirebebisagan. rogorc lemerti aR-niSnavs: ,,radgan man gansazRvra sociologia mxolod socialur faqtebTan mimarTebaSi, amiT man gamoyo igi adamianis Sesaxeb sxva mecnierebebisagan.” (cit: 64, gv. 183)

materialuri da aramaterialuri. Cven viciT, rom socialu-ri faqti unda ganvixiloT rogorc nivTi, da rom is garegani da maiZulebelia, magram kidev ras warmoadgens socialuri faqti? diurkemi ganasxvavebda ori tipis socialur faqtebs: material-uri da aramaterialuri. am ors Soris materialuri socialuri faqtebi aris ufro gasagebi, radgan igi warmoadgens realur, materialur erTobas, Tumca isini nakleb mniSvnelovanicaa di-urkemis naSromSi. rogorc diurkemi aRniSnavda: “zogjer xdeba socialuri faqtebis materializacia, raTa isini gaxdnen gare-gani samyaros wevrebi”. arqiteqtura da kanoni iqneba ori magali-Ti imisa Tu ras gulisxmobda igi materialur socialur faqteb-Si. am TavSi Cven sxva magaliTebsac ganvixilavT.

diurkemis sociologiis amosavali wertili aramaterialur socialur faqtebSi mdgomareobs. diurkemi ambobda: “social-uri cnobierebis yvela aspqti ver aRwevs materializaciasa da garegnulad gadaqcevas...”. rasac sociologebi dRes uwodeben normebsa da Rirebulebebs, ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT kultur-as, warmoadgens imas, rasac diurkemi gulisxmobda aramaterial-ur socialur faqtebSi. magram es idea warmoSobs problemas: ro-gor SeiZleba rom aramaterialuri socialuri faqti, magaliTad normebi iyos garegani da maiZulebeli? sad SeiZleba maTi povna, garda aqtoris gonebisa? da Tu isini aqtoris gonebaSi arian, gana es ar niSnavs imas, rom isini arian Sinagani da ara garegani?

am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad unda gaviazroT, rom Tuki materi-aluri socialuri faqtebi garegani da maiZulebelia, aramateri-aluri socialuri faqtebi aseT gamoyofil xasiaTs ar atareben. raRac kuTxiT, isini aqtoris gonebaSi arian. aramaterialuri so-cialuri faqtebis konceptualizaciis saukeTeso gza aris is, rom warmovidginoT isini garegan da maiZulebel faqtebad, fsiqolo-giur faqtebTan mimarTebaSi. am gziT Cven davinaxavT, rom orive:

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fsiqologiuri da zogierTi socialuri faqti adamianis gonebis SigniT arsebobs. bevr SemTxvevaSi diurkemma es kargad ganmarta. erTis mxriv is socialuri faqtebis Sesaxeb ambobda: “individu-aluri goneba, jgufis Camoyalibebis Sedegad, qmnis axali saxis, daarqviT amas fsiqologiuri Tuki gnebavT, magram axali tipis fsiqologiur individualurobas”. meores mxriv ki, diurkemi am-bobs: ,,es ar niSnavs imas rom aramaterialuri socialuri faqte-bi ar arian gonebis mier warmoqmnilni, radgan isinic Sedgebian azrovnebisa da moqmedebis gzebisagan”. amitom, aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis ganxilvisas saukeTeso gzaa maTi, rogorc mentaluri fenomenis ganxilva, romelic aris garegani da mai-Zulebeli mentaluri fenomenis sxva aspeqtTan - fsiqologiur faqtebTan mimarTebaSi. es aCvenebs diurkemiseul gansxvavebas fsiqologiasa da sociologias Soris, magram saWiroebs daxvewas rom gaxdes ufro gasagebi da mkafio. sociologia Seiswavlis men-talur fenomens, romelic gansxvavdeba mentalobis fsiqologi-uri aspeqtisagan. diurkemi ambobda, rom sociologebs ainter-esebT normebi da Rirebulebebi, fsiqologebs ki ainteresebT iseTi Temebi rogoricaa adamianuri instiqtebi.

socialuri realobis doneebi. socialuri faqtebi TamaSoben centralur rols emil diurkemis sociologiaSi. imisaTvis, rom am fenomenis gasaanalizeblad yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialu-ri faqtebi gamovyoT, saWiroa Zebna diurkemis socialuri real-obis doneebidan daviwyoT. man es doneebi daiwyo materialuri socialuri faqtebiT, Tumca ara imitom rom isini ufro mniS-vnelovania, ubralod Teoriis Seqmnis procesSi maTi elementebi mizezobrivad prioritetulia. isini asaxaven aramaterialur so-cialur faqtebs, romlebic Zalzed mniSvnelovania mis SromebSi.

diurkemis Sromis mixedviT socialuri sinamdvilis doneebi ase gamoiyureba:

a. materialuri socialuri faqtebi1. sazogadoeba2. sazogadoebis struqturuli komponentebi (magaliTad,

eklesia da saxelmwifo)3. sazogadoebis morfologiuri komponentebi (magaliTad, mo-

saxleobis ganlageba, komunikaciis gzebi)b. aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebi1. morali2. koleqtiuri sindisi3. koleqtiuri reprezentaciebi4. socialuri dinebebi/mimdinareobebi (ufro dawvrilebiT ix-

ile: 64, gv. 185)

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or kategoriaSi moTavsebuli doneebi CamoTvlilia zogado-bis xarisxis klebis mixedviT.

diurkemi yuradRebas amaxvilebda makro-doneze, da swored es aris mizezi imisa, Tu ratom iTamaSa misma Sromebma didi roli struqturuli funqcionalizmis ganviTarebaSi, romelsac agreTve makro-doneze aqvs orientacia aRebuli. biologiidan organizmis magaliTis gamoyenebiT, diurkemi Tvlida rom, sazo-gadoeba Sedgeba “organoebisagan” (socialuri faqtebisagan), an socialuri struqturebisagan, romelTac sxvadasxva funqcia gaaCniT sazogadoebaSi. diurkemi Tvlida, rom Cven ganvsazRvravT funqciebs an sxvadasxva struqturebis miznebs, im faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tu rogor Seiqmnen es struqturebi. diurkems orive ainteresebda: rogorc is Tu rogor warmoiSva socialuri struqturebi, agreTve is, Tu ra funqciebs asruleben isini; igi cdilobda ganesxvavebina kvlevis es ori aspeqti.

Cven SegviZlia misi Teoriis povna Tanamedrove samyaros gan-viTarebis analizisas. yvelaze kargad es naCvenebia mis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan naSromSi “sazogadoebrivi Sromis danaw-ileba”, naSromi romelic sociologiis pirvel klasikur Sromad iwodeba.

koleqtiuri cnobierebis - igive koleqtiuri warmodgenebis, romlebic moralis, religiis, samarTlis arsebas Seadgenen - faqtebs, diurkemi garkveuli azriT upirispirebs faqtebs, rom-lebic gagebulia rogorc sazogadoebrivi yofierebis formebi, anu morfologiuri wesrigis faqtebs. emil diurkemi Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli imaSi rom, didi struqturebi sazogadoebaze, sazogadoeba ki - individTa fiqrebsa da moqmedebebze axdens gav-lenas. misma Sromam, romelic xazs usvamda

socialur struqturebsa da kulturas, rogorc amas talkot parsonsi da sxvebi aRniSnaven yvelaze didi gavlena struqturul-funqcionalur Teoriaze iqonia.

socialuri morfologia swavlobs sazogadoebis nawilTa age-bulebas da formas, mis “anatomiur struqturas”, romlis Semad-genlobaSic demografiuli da ekologiuri faqtebi - koleqtiu-ri warmodgenebis “substrati” - Sedian. morfologiur faqtebs ganekuTvnebian sazogadoebis ZiriTadi elementebis raodenoba (ricxvi) da xasiaTi, maTi SeerTebis wesebi, maT mier miRweuli darazmulobis da erTianobis done (xarisxi), teritoriaze mo-saxleobis ganawileba, mimosvlis saSualebebis (gzebis) xasiaTi, sacxovreblis formebi da a.S..

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morfologiuri faqtebi Seadgenen TiTqosda sazogadoebis raodenobriv aspeqts, maSin rodesac koleqtiuri cnobierebis faqtebi - koleqtiuri warmodgenebimis sulier, Tvisobriv as-peqts warmoadgens.

morfologiur da koleqtiur warmodgenebs diurkemma “Sina-gani socialuri garemo” uwoda. masSi Sedian farTobis mocemul erTeulze individTa ricxovnoba (“materialuri simWidrove”) da “masebis” koncentraciis xarisxi (done) anu “dinamikuri sim-Widrove” simtkice, romelic individTa socialuri urTierTo-bis intensiurobaSi, maTi kontaqtebis sixSireSi gamoixateba da romelic “saerTo cxovrebis xarisxs gansazRvravs”.

diurkemis mier daSvebuli winaaRmdegobani am sakiTxebis gad-aWrisas - misi filosofiuri araTanmimdevrulobis naTel mag-aliTad miaCniaT. magaliTad, socialuri garemos ganmsazRvreli zegavlenis Sesaxeb

bWobisas igi am cnebaSi rogorc materialur, ise idealur faqtebsa da faqtorebs Seitans; xazgasmiT aRniSnavs koleqtiuri cnobierebis unars awarmoos sxva socialuri faqtebi da Seqmnas TviT sazogadoebac ki, ise, rom am (mecnierebas) cnobierebas igi yovelgvari SefardebiTobis gareSe TviTmyofad, avtonomiur xa-siaTs aniWebs. mis mier gamoyenebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis “materialuri substratis” cneba srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom amiT igi sazogadoebis namdvil materialuri safuZvlebis, misi bazisis gagebas uaxlovdeba. ekonomikur urTierTobaTa mniSvn-elobis damdablebam, maTi rogorc sarfianobis, interesis urT-ierTobaTa ganmartebam,igi mwarmoebluri SromiTi saqmianobis rolis gaugebrobasTan miiyvana. diurkemisTvis materia esaa mx-olod fizikuri sxeulis sinonimi, amitom mas ar SeuZlia sazoga-doebaSi dainaxos sxva ..materia” Tu ara is, romelic ekologiur, demografiul, teqnologiur faqtorebSia ganxorcielebuli.

amasTan erTad ar SeiZleba ar avRniSnoT misi miswrafeba daa-fuZnos sociologia ufro myar fundamentze, vidre is, romel-zedac idga fsiqologia, anu socialur fenomenTa mravalsaxeo-bis sociologiuri axsnisTvis amosavali punqtis Zieba iyo.

socialuri faqtebis problemebis rogorc sociologiis sa-gnis diurkemiseuli gagebis naklia maTi (faqtebis) gnoseologi-uri bunebis kvlevis mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofa da gaugebroba, rasac iseTi movlenebis Teoriuli analizisas, rogoricaa reli-gia principul Secdomebamde mivyavarT.

diurkemis koncefciaSi sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sferoSi sociologias centraluri adgili uWiravs. misi amocana mxolod

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socialur faqtTa kvleva ar aris. sociologia yvela sxva sazoga-doebriv mecnierebebs aiaraRebs meTodiTa da TeoriiT, romelTa bazazec sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi gamokv-levebis Catareba unda moxdes. sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi gvevlinebian rogorc sociologiis ganyofilebani da ganxrani, romlebic koleqtiur warmodgenebs maT konkretul - iuridiul, moralur, religiur, ekonomikur da a.S. sferoebSi ikvleven. sx-vadasxva disciplinaTa warmomadgenlebi socialur faqtTa xas-iaTis Sesaxeb saerTo (zogadma) Tvalsazrisma, maTi Sefasebebis saerTo zogadma kriteriumebma, kvlevis saerTo zogadma meTod-ma unda gaaerTianos. mxolod aseT pirobebSi gaTavisufldeba sociologia abstraqtulobisa da metafizikurobisgan, xolo sazogadoebaTmcodneTa Sromebi ki aRar iqnebian moklebulni erTmaneTTan kavSirs da SemecnebiT Rirebulebas. diurkemma “so-ciologizaciis” Tavisi gegmebi gaavrcela Semecnebis Teoriaze da logikaze, agreTve arafilosofiur mecnierebebze - isto-riaze, eTnografiaze, ekonomikaze da TviT filosofiac ki so-ciologiisa da misi monacemebis safuZvelze gadamuSavebas dau-qvemdebara.

filosofiis da sociologiis damokidebulebis problema di-urkems winaamRdegobrivad esaxeba, erTis mxriv igi filosofi-isgan rogorc metafizikisgan ganTavisuflebas da gamoyofas, xolo meores mxriv maT Soris kavSiris axali saxeebis povnas moiTxovs. filosofiisgan ganTavisufleba sociologias sa-Sualebas miscems Seiswavlos sakuTari problemebi - socialuri realoba rogorc aseTi. amasTanave mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda so-ciologiis tradiciuli idealisturi metafizikisgan gamoyofa, romelic sinamdvilis gagebisgan Sors idga.

imisaTvis, rom sociologia filosofiisagan gamoeyo, di-urkemi amtkicebda rom sociologia orientirebuli unda iyos empiriul kvlevebze. es erTi SexedviT ioli sCans, magram situ-acias arTulebda diurkemis rwmena, rom sociologiaze gavlenas axdens filosofiuri skola TviTon sociologiis SigniT. misi azriT, epoqis ori didi figura, romlebic Tavs sociologebs uwodebdnen, konti da spenseri, socialuri samyaros empiriuli Seswavlis nacvlad ufro dainteresebulebi iyvnen misi gafilo-sofiurebiT da abstraqtuli Teoriebis SeqmniT. Tu sociologia ganviTardeboda kontisa da spenseris gziT, diurkemi grZnobda, rom is mxolod da mxolod filosofiis erT - erTi dargi iqne-boda da meti araferi. amis Sedegad, diurkemma gadawyvita Tavs dasxmoda orives, kontsac da spensersac. man orive daadanaSaula

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imaSi, rom maT realur samyaroSi fenomenebis Seswavla Secvales socialur fenomenebze daufiqrebeli ideebiT. konti damnaSave iyo imaSic, rom igi

Teoriulad Tvlida rom sazogadoeba viTardeba idealuri sazogadoebis mimarTulebiT, imis nacvlad, rom CarTuliyo sxva-dasxva sazogadoebebis cvalebadi bunebis Seswavlis rTul saqme-Si. msgavsad amisa, spenseri damnaSave iyo, radgan igi aRiarebda harmonias sazogadoebaSi, nacvlad imisa, rom gamoekvlia marTla arsebobda es harmonia Tu ara.

,,socialuri gamokvlevebis ganviTarebis erT - erT saboloo rezultatad, diurkemi miiCnevda, sociologiurad dafuZnebu-li filosofiis Seqmnas, ramdenadac yvelaze Zneli metafizikuri sakiTxebis (moralis, religiis, da a.S. bunebis Sesaxeb) namdvilad mecnieruli gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod sociologiuri gamokvlevebis bazaze. misi azriT, amocanebi, romlebsac adre warmatebiT ver xsnidnen obieqtur - idealisturi (Teologiuri) an subieqtur - idealisturi (fsiqologisturi) poziciebidan, warmatebiT gadaiWreba da amoixsneba Tu Tavisi arsebiT social-uri movlenebis axsnas safuZvlad daedeba empiriuli baza. maSasa-dame, sociologiurma Tvalsazrisma filosofia unda Secvalos, gaanTavisuflos igi spekulaciuri xasiaTisgan. filosofiisa da sociologiis damokidebulebis sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba so-ciologiis arcerT skolaSi ar gvxvdeba da mraval swor debule-bas Seicavs.” (34, gv. 147)

3. “sociologizmi” rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria

diurkemis Teoriul koncefciaSi ori mTavari tendencia SeimCneva. pirveli maTgani - naturalizmi - bunebis mixedviT sazo-gadoebisa da misi kanonzomierebis analogiiT gagebisgan amodis da ganmanaTleblobis filosofiis tradiciebTanaa dakavSire-buli. meore - e.w. socialuri realizmi - sazogadoebis rogorc gansakuTrebuli gvaris realobis (sui generis) gageba; romelic realobis yvela sxva saxeebisagan (fizikurisagan, qimiurisagan, biologiurisagan, fsiqologiurisagan) gansxvavebulia - tradi-cionalistebis (bonaldis, de mestris), agreTve sen - simonisa da kontis mier ganviTarebul sazogadoebis koncefciebTanaa daka-vSirebuli.socialuri realizmi - rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria diurkemis e.w. sociologizmis nawilia.

individualisturi koncefciebis sapirispirod “sociolo-gizmi” Teoriul planSi socialuri realobis specifikurobi-

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sa da avtonomiurobis princips asabuTebda, ufro metic, indi-videbze mis primatsa da upiratesobas amtkicebda individTan SedarebiT sazogadoeba gagebulia rogorc SinaarsiT ufro mdidari realoba. ,,meTodologiurad ,,sociologizmisTvis” so-cialuri movlenebisadmi obieqturi mecnieruli midgomis prin-cipi, socialuris sxva socialuriT axsnis moTxovna da amasTan dakavSirebiT - biologiuri da fsiqologiuri reduqcionizmis kritikaa damaxasiaTebeli.” (34, iqve)

diurkemi individualur da koleqtiur cnobierebas erT-maneTisgan mkveTrad mijnavs. “jgufi fiqrobs, grZnobs, moq-medebs savsebiT sxvagvarad, vidre amas gaakeTebdnen misi wev-rebi, isini rom erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebuli yofiliyvnen. maSasadame, Tu amovalT am ukanasknelTagan, maSin Cven verafers gavigebT imisagan, rac xdeba jgufSi”. (3, gv. 138) koleqtiur anu saerTo (zogad) cnobierebas sociologma sazogadoebis fsiqi-kuri tipi uwoda, romelsac ganviTarebis sakuTari Tvisebebi, arsebobis Tavisi wesi da pirobebi aqvs, romelic materialur safuZvelze ar daiyvaneba. koleqtiuri cnobierebis dinamikuri aspeqtis, misi spontanuri, araregulirebadi xasiaTis gamoxat-vis mcdelobisas, diurkemma zogadi ideebisa da rwmenebis aRsan-iSnavad emocionalurad Seferili “koleqtiuri warmodgenebis”-termini Semoitana. rogorc TavianTi warmoSobis, ise sakuTari Sinaarsis mixedviTac isini sazogadoebrivi, koleqtiuri bunebis mqonea.

koleqtiuri anu saerTo (zogadi) cnobierebis genezisis ganx-ilvis dros diurkemi bunebis ganviTarebis uwyvetlobisa da mar-tivis rTulSi “SemoqmedebiTi sinTezis” ideebs eyrdnoboda.

individTa urTierTobebs sazogadoebaSi igi ganmartavda ro-gorc asociaciaTa urTierTobebs, ris Sedegadac axali Tviseba (Tvisebrioba) - socialuri cxovreba rogorc saqmianobis proce-si - warmoiSoba. moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac individTa urT-ierTobisa da asociaciis procesSi urTierTqmedebisa da komu-nikaciis faqtebisgan axali Tvisobrioba - socialuri cxovreba warmoiqmneba, diurkemis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa umravlesobis mier ,,asocianisturi realizmis” saxeli ewoda.

sazogadoebis rogorc transcendenturad hipostazirebuli da substanciuri mTelis gagebis uaryofisas da Tavisi moZRvre-bis amgvari gagebis - ganmartebis winaamRdeg gafrTxilebisas, diurkemi werda : “socialur rwmenebs an aqtebs unari SeswevT iarsebon maTi individualuri gamoxatvis - gamoTqmebisagan da-moukideblad. cxadia, amiT, Cven ar gvsurs vTqvaT, rom sazoga-

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doeba SesaZlebelia individTa gareSe: amgvari cxadi uazrobis gamoTqmis eWvisganac ki SeiZleboda ganvTavisuflebuliyaviT”. (23, gv. 373) diurkemi “sazogadoebis damoukideblobis” qveS indi-vidTan mimarTebaSi mxolod da mxolod mis obieqturobas da gan-sakuTrebul Tvisobriv specifikas, da ara miRmurobas, zebune-briobas gulisxmobda. “Cven sruliadac ar gvsurs koleqtiuri warmodgenebis hipostazireba - werda diurkemi - Cven substan-ciuri sulis sazogadoebaSi arsebobas iseve nakleb vuSvebT, ro-gorc calkeul individSi.” (iqve) igi sazogadoebisa da individis damokidebulebas rogorc mTelisa da nawilis damokidebulebas ganmartavda, mudam qimiuri mTelis rogorc misi Semadgeneli el-ementebis sinTezis magaliTsa da nimuSs eyrdnoboda.

asocianisturis garda, sazogadoebis diurkemiseuli gagebis kide erTi ara nakleb mniSvnelovani aspeqti arsebobs. ,,religi-is miwier, socialur fesvebze miTiTebisas, diurkemma RmerTi sazogadoebad monaTla. RmerTisa da sazogadoebis rogorc si-nonimur cnebaTa gamoyenebisas, mas surda dromoWmuli religi-uri warmodgenebis nacvlad axali, racionalurobisa da sarwmu-no kriteriumTa Sesatyvisi warmodgenebis SemoTavazeba surda. sazogadoebis siwmindis xazgasmiT, misi goniTobis (gansuliere-bulobis), hiperspiritualisturobis TvisebebiT aRWurviT, di-urkems individebze sazogadoebis moraluri upiratesobis ideis gamoTqma surda.” (34, gv. 149)

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb diurkemis Tvalsazrisi viTardebo-da. Tavis adrindel TxzulebaSi igi koleqtiur cnobierebasa da socialur garemos Soris mWidro kavSirTurTierTobis ar-sebobas usvamda xazs. imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba jgufis zoma, sidide, misi individualuri komponetebis simWidrove da mobiloba, damokidebuleba individualur gonebasa da koleq-tiur gonebas Soris, am ukansaknelis mier sanqcirebuli zogadi rwmena - Sexedulebebic icvleba. mogvianebiT ki diurkemi kole-qtiur cnobierebas ukve mTeli sazogadoebis sasicocxlo kvan-Zad Tvlis. sazogadoebas igi ukve” yovelgvar ideaTa, rwmenaTa da grZnobaTa kompoziciad acxadebs, romlebic realobad indi-vidTa meSveobiT iqcevian”. am formulaSi naTlad gamoxatulma istoriulma realizmma igi miiyvana imasTan, rom idealebs”sazo-gadoebis suls”, mis arsebas uwodebda.

diurkemiseul pozitivistur sociologias ar axasiaTebs monizmi. sazogadoebasa da mis cnobierebas diurkemi rogorc erTi rigis movlenebs ganixilavda, mis koncefciaSi isini ara mx-olod urTierTdakavSirebuli da urTierTganpirobebuli iyo, aramed axsnis dros etiologiuri (mizez - Sedegobrivi) Tanmim-

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devrulobac SeeZloT gaecvalaT. xan koleqtiuri cnobiereba - warmodgenebi iyo sazogadoebis produqti, xan piriqiT, sazoga-doeba - koleqtiuri warmodgenebis produqti, rac sruliadac ar agdebs diurkems uxerxulobaSi, aramed piriqiT, yovelive es mas mecnierulobis niSnad miaCnda. swored amaSi mdgomareobda, rogorc diurkemis mimdeverebi aRniSnaven “diurkemiseuli fi-losofiis centraluri punqti”.

4. sociologiuri meTodis wesebi

diurkemis mier damuSavebuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTod-ologia saSualebas gvaZlevs igi pozitivizmis TvalsaCino war-momadgenlad CavTvaloT.

sociologiis - Teoriul meTodologiur mimarTebaSi konsti-tuirebis amocanis wamoyenebisas, diurkemi cdilobda mWidrod daekavSirebina misi meTodologiuri principebi sociologiis sagnis rogorc gansakuTrebuli gvaris faqtebis - socialuris gagebasTan. amasTanave igi pozitivizmis tradiciebs agrZelebda im azriT, rom amosaval empiriul monacemTa Sekrebis, maT Soris empiriulad dadgenil mimarTebaTa axsnis da wamoyenebul hipo-TezaTa dasabuTebis wesebs sistematiurad ganixilavda. diurke-mi pozitivistTa naturalistur ganwyobas iziarebda, cdilobda sociologia bunebismecnierebaTa msgavsad am ukanasknelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli induqciuri meTodiTa da obieqturi dakvirve-bis principiT aReWurva da sistema ise aego. am sakiTxebSi diurke-mis mTavari mowinaamRdege fsiqologizmi, kerZod im droisTvis tipiuri introspeqciis meTodi iyo.

pirveli wesi, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos - diurkemis azriT - socialuri sinamdvilisadmi obieqturi midgoma, gamoixate-ba principSi: “socialuri faqtebi saWiroa ganvixiloT rogorc nivTebi”. (3, gv. 48) socialuri movlenebis rogorc “nivTebis” ganmarteba niSnavda maTi subieqtisgan damoukideblad arsebo-bis aRiarebas da maT kvlevas obieqturad, ise rogorc ikvlevs Tavis sagans esaa Tu is bunebismetyveluri mecniereba. koleqti-uri warmodgenebis, romelTa buneba idealuria, “hiperspiritu-alisturia”, Seswavlisadmi meTodologiuri obieqtivizmis prin-cipebis gamoyenebisas, diurkemi zogierT friad rTul sakiTxs Seejaxa. ramdenadac cnobierebis koleqtiur mdgomareobas SeuZlebelia uSualod davakvirdeT, maT Sesaxeb - amtkicebda igi - SeiZleba mxolod gaSualebulad, qcevis sxvadasxva forme-bis Sesaxeb obieqturi monacemebis safuZvelze, agreTve sazo-

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gadoebrivi institutebis formaSi koleqtiuri cnobierebis gamoxatvis mixedviT vimsjeloT. amgvarad, sociologias sazo-gadoebrivi cnobierebis obieqtivaciasTan, obieqtur maCveneb-lebSi mis gamoTqmasTan aqvs saqme. magaliTad, diurkemi Tvlida, rom statistikis cifrebi gvexmarebian sxva gziT mouxelTebeli yoveldRiuri cxovrebis “mimdinareoba” avxsnaT, pirvelyofil xalxTa andazebi gvexarebian am xalxTa istoriulad cvalebadi gemovnebani avxsnaT.

ramdenadac arapirdapiri meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia fizikur mecnierebebSi, amdenad igi SesaZlebelia sociologia-Sic. magram mecnierebis mizani, diurkemis Taaxmad dakvirvebadi obieqturi maCveneblebis daxmarebiT socialuri faqtebis aRw-erasa da mowesrigebaze ar daiyvaneba. isini ufro Rrma mizezo-brivi kavSirebisa da kanonebis dadgenaSi gvexmarebian. social-ur samyaroSi kanonis arseboba mowmobs am kanonis aRmomCeni da amxsneli sociologiis mecnierulobas, sxva mecnierebebTan mis naTesaobas adasturebs. “swored kanonebi qmnian sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis kvlevis sagans” - werda diurkemi da kano-nis cnebas determinizmis princips mWidrod ukavSirebda. [“so-ciologia SeiZleba mecnierebad iqces mxolod im pirobebSi, Tu bunebismecnierebebSi myarad dadgenili determinizmis idea, socialur wesrigzec gavrceldeba”]. diurkemi faqtsa da kan-ons rogorc TanafardobiT kategoriebs ganixilavda, romlebic sinamdvilis kavSirTa sxvadasxva doneebs asaxaven. faqti kanonis garegani gamovlinebaa; kanoni ki faqtis zogadi Sinagani safuZ-velia. empiriuli masalis mokrebisas rac SeiZleba meti obieq-turobis miRwevis mcdelobisas, diurkemi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom kvlevis pirvel fazaSi sawyisi (amosavali) monacemebis saxiT saWiroa amovarCioT mxolod iseTi, movlenebi, romlebzec uSua-lo dakvirvebaa SesaZlebeli.

SegrZnebebisgan amosvlis, “grZnobadi monacemebidan Tavi-si pirveladi gansazRvrebebis elementTa sesxebis” moTxovna-Si, diurkemi “winamecnieruli naxevrad cnebebisgan”, “nivTebis WeSmariti saxis dammaxinjebeli moCvenebiTobebisgan, romlebic Cvens mier CaTvlilia TviT nivTebad”, ganTavisuflebis garan-tias xedavda. “idolebisagan” gaTavisuflebis f.bekoniseuli tradiciis gagrZelebisas, cnebebis formirebis wesebs (xerx-ebs) aanalizebda, raTa eCvenebina Tu raSi vlindeba maTi kavSiri mecnierul TeoriasTan. (ufro dawvrilebiT ixile: 3, gv. 65-80)

sazogadoebrivi movlenebis obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa mop-ovebis miswrafebam ganapiroba is maRali Sefaseba, romelsac

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diurkemi sociologiaSi statistikis gamoyenebas aZlevda. qor-winebis, Sobadobis cvalebadobis, meryeobis, TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis da mraval sxvaTa statistikuri kanonzomierebani, di-urkems miaCnda imis saukeTeso dasabuTebad, rom am kanonzom-ierebaSi vlindeba raRac koleqtiuri mdgomareoba.

erT - erT umniSvnelovanes problemad diurkemi socialur faqtTa mecnieruli axsnis SesaZleblobis Teoriul dasabuTebas Tvlida, am problemis gadawyvetisas erTmaneTisgan ganacalkeva da sociologiuri kvlevis praqtikaSi analizis ori gvari: mize-zobrivi da funqcionaluri gamoiyena.

sociologiuri axsna - diurkemis mixedviT - esaa mizezobrivi axsna, romlis arsic socialuri movlenis socialuri garemoTi gansazRvrulobis analizSi mdgomareobs. [socialuri movlenis socialur garemoze damokidebulebis analizSi mdgomareobs]. am TvalsazrisiT diurkemma sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axsnis yvela sxva mcdeloba - milis fsiqologiuri reduqcionizmi, kontis mier sazogadoebrivi evoluciis rogorc adamianis Tav-isi bunebis ganviTarebis TanSobili miswrafebis Sedegis axsna, utilitaruli Teoriebi, kerZod spenseris koncefcia gaakritika.

funqciis cneba diurkemma isesxa biologiisgan, romelic aR-niSnavda imas, rom mocemul fiziologiur processa da orga-nizmis rogorc mTelis ama Tu im moTxovnilebas Soris Sesaty-visobis damokidebuleba arsebobs. am debulebis sociologiuri terminebiT Targmnisas, diurkemi amtkicebda, rom socialuri movlenis an institutis funqcia institutsa da sazogadoebis rogorc mTelis garkveul moTxovnilebas Soris Sesabamisobis mowesrigebaSi mdgomareobs. magaliTad, “vikiTxoT, rogoria Sromis danawilebis funqcia, - es niSnavs vikvlioT, Tu romel moTxovnilebebs Seesatyviseba igi”. (2, gv. 75).

diurkemis mier funqciis rogorc movlenasa da sazogadoebis rogorc mTelis gansazRvrul mdgomareobas Soris obieqturi kavSiris ganmarteba savsebiT gamarTlebulia. amgvarad, funqcia damokidebulia ara mxolod mocemuli funqciis Semsrulebeli movlenis obieqtur Taviseburebebze, aramed urTierTobis ka-vSiris ideasac gamoxatavs. magram man funqcionaluri analizi, meTodis damuSavebis saqme bolomde ver miiyvana, rameTu mTel rig SemTxvevebSi igi did Teoriul siZneleebs ganicdida. mag-aliTad, man ver SeZlo wamoeyenebina da daesabuTebina sazoga-doebrivi movlenis gagebisa da Secnobis WeSmariti Teoriuli kriteriumi, Tumca ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi institutis da misi funqciebis yoveldRiuri - Cveulebrivi ganmartebis Secdomebze mravaljer miuTiTa.

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diurkems miaCnda, rom milis mier damuSavebuli mizezTa dad-genis wesebisgan, sociologiaSi mxolod erTi - Tanmxlebi cvl-ilebebis meTodia gamosadegi, Tu dadgenilia rom movlenaTa ori saxe mudmivad imyofeba erTsa da imave mimarTebaSi da mudam icvlebian garkveuli saxiT TiTqosda paralelurad, maSin ar-sebobs safuZveli vivaraudoT, rom maT Soris arsebobs mizezo-brivi kavSiri. mizezobriv kavSirTa kvlevisTvis amosaval - sawy-is safuZvlebs warmoadgenen mudmivi korelaciebi gansazRvrul movlenebs Soris. magram diurkemi fiqrobda, rom mizezobrivi damokidebulebis konstituciis dasadgenad movlenebs Soris erTi mxolod kavSirebis mudmivoba arasakmarisi, vinaidan arse-boben kavSirebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalianac myari da mudmivic ki iyos, magram mizezebad ver CaiTvlebian. amgvari korelaciebi warmoiqmnebian imis Sedegad, rom erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis orive saxe aris raRac zogadi (saerTo) mizezis Sede-gi, romelic TviTam korelaciaSi ar monawileobs.

diurkemi cdilobda gamoekvlia, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli mi-vaRwioT mizezis ueWvel codnas, rogor SeiZleba mizezobrivi damokidebuleba davasabuToT. milis kvaldakval igi Tvlida, rom am mizniT sociologiaSi eqsperimentis farTo gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, da sazogadoebaSi mizezobriobis dasasabuTeblad SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebas gvTavazobs. Tu, erT sazogadoe-baSi movlenebis kvlevisas SeuZlebelia mtkiced ganvsazRvroT an davadginoT maTi mizezi, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi sxva mravali mizezebisgan gamovyaviT da calke gamovikvlieT misi moqmedeba, maSin es SesaZlebelia gavakeToT sxva sazogadoebaSi analogiu-ri movlenebis kvlevisas, romelSic moqmed faqtorebs SeiZleba Tundac nawilobriv izolirebul mdgomareobaSi davakvirdeT.

SedarebiT gamokvlevebs diurkemi ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, vidre konti. igi asabuTebda, rom isini gvexmareba so-ciologiis yvela ZiriTadi Teoriuli amocana, radgan gadavWraT mxolod sxvadasxva sazogadoebebSi erTi da imave movlenebis Se-darebisas, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT maTSi saerTo da specifikuri, romlebic gansazRvraven maT mravalsaxeobas da sxvadasxva mimar-TulebiT ganviTarebas. am mosazrebaTa gamo CarTo man kidec mizezobrivi analizi kvlevis SedarebiTi meTodis CarCoebSi. mas Semdeg rac dadgenilia ori socialuri movlenis urTierT-damokidebuleba - urTierTgansazRvruloba, saWiroa Sedarebi-Ti gamokvlevebis daxmarebiT gamovarkvioT maTi mniSvneloba, da gavrcelebuloba, ganvsazRvroT qondaT Tu ara maT adgili sxvadasxva - gansxvavebul sazogadoebriv pirobebSi Tu mxolod

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gansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi, Tu gansxvavebul sazogadoebaTa gansazRvrul saerTo mdgomareobaSi. diurkemi miuTiTebda sxva-dasxva masStabis SedarebiTi gamokvlevebis aucileblobaze imis-da mixedviT Tu rogori iyo sakvlevi movlenebis buneba da prob-lemebis xasiaTi. rac ufro rTulia sazogadoebrivi movlena, miT ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi axsnisTvis sxvadasxva gansxvave-bul sazogadoebaTa rac SeiZleba met raodenobaSi misi forme-bisa da ganviTarebis kvlevas. e.i. rac ufro rTulia movlena met sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv pirobebSi unda vikvlioT igi, raTa Se-darebiTi analizis safuZvelze misi mizezi da arsi davadginoT.

amitom sociologia aucileblobiT warmoadgens SedarebiT mecnierebas. “SedarebiTi sociologia - werda diurkemi, - ar aris sociologiis calke toti; esaa TviT sociologia, ramdenadac igi uars ambobs wminda aRmwerlobiTobaze da faqtebis axsnas es-wrafvis” (3, 171).

aRmwerlobiTobisgan Tavis daRwevis, sociologiuri axsnis Teoriisa da meTodologiis SemuSavebisaken miswrafeba - “so-ciologizmis” yvelaze dadebiTi momentebia - zustad iseve, ro-gorc misi meTodologiuri obieqtivizmi da bunebismecnierebeb-ze orientacia.

diurkemis struqturul - funqcionaluri analizi sazoga-doebis organizmTan rogorc organoTa da funqciaTa yvelaze srulyofil sistemasTan analogias eyrdnoba. organizmTan analogiidan diurkemma normaluri tipis sazogadoebis cneba, normisa da paTologiis cnebebi gamoiyvana, romlebic Semdeg iseTi movlenebis interpretaciisTvis gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa damnaSaveoba, krizisi, da sazogadoebrivi dezorganizaciis sxva formebi.

diurkemis mixedviT normaluria socialuri organizmis is mo-qmedebani, romlebic misi arsebobis pirobebisgan gamomdinareo-ben. damnaSaveoba da sxva socialuri avadmyofobani, romlebasac ziani moaqvs sazogadoebisTvis da zizRs iwvevs, normaluria im azriT, rom fesvebi gansazRvrul sazogadoebriv pirobebSi aqvT gadgmuli da sasargeblo da aucilebel sazogadoebriv urTier-Tobebs uwyoben xels.

garegani, uSualod aRqmadi obieqturi niSani, romelic sa-Sualebas mogvcems erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT (normaluri da paTologiuri) ori rigi, diurkemis azriT, maTi sayovelTaoba - uzogadesobis an gavrcelebulobis xarisxsa da doneSi mdgo-mareobs. sayovelTaodmiRebuloba (gavrcelebuloba) aris sazo-gadoebrivi janmrTelobis maCvenebeli (iqve. gv. 90). ganviTarebis

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garkveul safexurze mdgomi socialuri tipisTvis normaluria socialuri faqti, Tu am faqts adgili aqvs am saxis kuTvnil umetes sazogadoebebSi, romlebic maTi evoluciis Sesabamis fazaSi arian aRebuli. (iqve. 90).

normaluris rogorc sayovelTaod miRebulis da farTod gavrcelebulis gagebam diurkemi ara mxolod paradoqsalur daskvnebTan, aramed relativizmTan miiyvana. mag: damnaSaveoba, romelic yvela an umetes sazogadoebebSi gvxvdeba, mis mier ro-gorc normaluri movlena ganixileba. piriqiT, iseTi tipiuri socialuri movlenebi, rogorc XIX saukunis dasasruls TviTmkv-lelobaTa ricxvTa zrda, ekonomikuri krizisis zogierTi tipi, mis mier kvalificirebuli iyo rogorc paTologiuri. [SeniSvna: diurkemi zogjer uaxlovdeboda normis rogorc sazogadoebis funqcionirebis optimaluri variantis sxva, ufro mecnierul gagebas, zogjer ki normas idealTan aigivebs.]

diurkemi xvdeboda sazogadoebisa da istoriuli ganvi-Tarebis gansazRvrul Teoriaze dayrdnobis aucileblobas, sazogadoebis raRac idealuri, optimaluri formis Sesaxeb bWobisas, romelTan mimarTebaSic gadaxradi SemTxvevebi, pa-Tologiuri faqtebi unda ganxiluliyo. magram am formis Teori-uli dasabuTeba man ver SesZlo. amas ki ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi movlenis Sefasebisas gardauvlobiT miyavda relativizmTan.

sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi movlenebis SefasebaSi relativ-izmis Tavidan acileba SeiZleboda Tu gadavidoda istoriuli progresis obieqturi kriteriumebis safuZvelze da Tu subi-eqtur kriteriumebs ganixilavda sazogadoebis Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis zogad TeoriasTan SesatyvisobaSi. magram uaryo ra evolucionistebis idea sworxazobrivi da calmxrivi ganvi-Tarebis Sesaxeb, diurkemma istoriis sakuTari Tanmimdevruli Teoriuli koncefcia ver SeimuSava. gviandeli struqturuli funqcionalistebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic struqturul - funqcionaluri midgomisa da istoriuli (mizezobrivi) anal-izis moTxovnaTa Sepirispirebas xSirad icilebdnen Tavidan, di-urkemi orive midgomas marTlzomierad miiCnevda. magram sazo-gadoebis rogorc harmoniuli erTianobis ganmarteba aZnelebda ganviTarebis mizezebisa da mamoZravebel ZalTa problemis gadawyvetas da principulad gadauWrels tovebda mas. istori-uli meTodi, romelsac diurkemi gvTavazobda gamogveyenebina gamokvlevebSi, niSnavda socialuri garemos rogorc cvlileba-Ta mTavari wyaros Seswavlis moTxovnas da istoriasTan mimarTe-baSi TviT am cnebis (socialuri garemos) sazriss ver xsnida.

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sazogadoebis mimarT mizezobrivi da funqcionaluri anal-izis damuSaveba - nayofieri da perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa. mniS-vnelovania is, rom diurkemi gamovida socialuri determinizmis dasacavad im dros, rodesac sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi mizezo-briobis principis subieqtivisturi suliskveTebiT ganmartebis tendencia gaizarda. friad nayofieri iyo agreTve misi ganwyoba da mimarTuleba SedarebiT analizze rogorc sociologiuri kv-levis aucilebel moTxovnaze. namdvilad, istoriuli perspeq-tivis gareSe, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs SevudaroT erT-maneTs socialuri movlenebi sxvadasaxva droul parametrebSi, sociologiuri gamokvlevebi nawilobriv kargaven mecnierul mniSvnelobas da sazriss. aRsaniSnavia, rom es moTxovnac ufro gviandeli struqturuli funqcionalistebis mier daviwyebuli iyo.

mTlianobaSi SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom diurkemis so-ciologiurma meTodma im nawilSi, sadac bWoba exeba kvlevis ZiriTad postulatebs dRemde SeinarCuna Tavisi mniSvneloba, am postulatebis realizacia ki “sociologizmis” araadeqvaturi Teoriuli bazis Sedegad SezRuduli da gaZnelebuli iyo.

5. sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da Sromis danawileba

diurkemis Semoqmedebis centraluri problema - socialu-ri solidarobaa. am problemis gadawyvetam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori kavSirebi aerTianeben adamianebs sazogadoebaSi. maSasadame, gansazRvros socialuri solidaro-bis buneba da funqciebi Tanamedrove “ganviTarebul” sazogadoe-baSi primitiuli an tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT da sazogadoebis erTi formidan meoreze istoriuli gadasvla axsnas.

diurkemma adamianTa sazogadoebaSi gamaerTianebel faqtor-Ta yvelaze mniSvnelovani koncefciebi gaakritika. amgvar faqtorebs SeuZlebelia warmoadgendes individualur inter-esTa Tavisufali TamaSi (spenseri) an saxelmwifo (konti, tioni-si). sazogadoebis mTelis Semqmnel da miuxedavad centridanuli tendenciebisa misi mTlianobis xelSemwyob Zalas Sromis danaw-ileba warmoadgens, romlis qveSac mas profesionaluri special-izacia esmis, sul ufro da ufro asrulebs rols, “romelsac odesRac saerTo cnobiereba asrulebda; swored igi akavebs Zir-iTadad umaRlesi tipebis socialur agregatebs erTad”.

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Tavis naSromSi sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawileba diurkemma analizi or idealuri tipis sazogadoebaze daafuZna. SedarebiT primitiul tipSi, romelsac meqanikuri solidaroba axasiaTebs, socialuri struqtura nakleb danawevrebuli, da Sromac mxolod mcired, an saerTod araa danawilebuli. ufro Tanamedrove tip-Si, romelsac organuli solidaroba gaaCnia, Sromis danawileba SedarebiT gaumjobesebulia. diurkemisaTvis Sromis danawileba materialuri socialuri faqtia, da gulisxmobs davalebebisa da pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebas, specializacias. primitiul sazogadoebebSi adamianebi flobdnen Zalian zogad poziciebs, romlis farglebSic asrulebdnen sxvadasxva samuSaos da uamra-vi pasuxismgeblobac ekisrebodaT. amis sapirispirod, adamianebi, romlebic SedarebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi cxovroben, ikaveben ufro metad specializirebul poziciebs, da pasux-ismgeblobaca da valdebulebebic ufro viwro aqvT. magaliTad, diasaxlis-dedoba primitiul sazogadoebaSi nakleb special-izirebuli poziciaaa, vidre dRes. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi iTavsebs im saqmeebs, romelsac adre diasaxlisi asrulebda.

cvlilebebs Sromis danawilebaSi didi mniSvneloba gaaCniaT, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebis struqturisaTvis. ufro mniS-vnelovania cvlileba or - meqanikur da organul - solidarobas Soris. solidarobis ganxilvis dros diurkemi gulisxmobda imas, Tu ra akavSirebs sazogadoebas erT mTlianad. sazogadoebas, ro-melsac meqanikuri solidaroba axasiaTebs akavSirebs is faqti, rom yvela adamiani ufro ganzogadebulia. ZiriTadi SemakavSire-beli aris is, rom xalxi CarTulia erT saqmeSi da inawilebs msgavs valdebulebebs. amis sapirispirod, sazogadoebas, romelsac organuli solidaroba axasiaTebs akavSirebs is, rom adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, gansxvavebul davalebebs asrule-ben da gansxvavebuli pasuxismgeblobebi gaaCniaT. imis gamo rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi adamianebi Zalzed viwro saqmes asrule-ben, Tavis gadasarCenad maT kidev sWirdebaT sxva adamianebic. primitiuli ojaxi, romelic monadire-mamasa da Semgrovebel-de-das efuZneboda, met-naklebad SesZlebda Tavis damoukideblad gatanas, Tanamedrove samyaroSi ki yovelkvireulad ojaxs es-aWiroba: mcxobeli, yasabi, avto-meqanikosi, maswavlebeli, pol-icieli da ase Semdeg. am adamianebs ki, Tavis mxriv esaWiroebaT sxva adamianebi, raTa Tavi gadairCinon Tanamedrove samyaroSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, diurkemis azriT SekavSirebulia ada-mianebis specializirebulobiT, da maTi moTxovniT sxva adami-anebisa. ufro metic, diurkemi darwmunebuli iyo ara mxolod

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adamianebis, aramed jgufebis, struqturebis da institutebis specializirebulobaSi. da bolo ukanaskneli gansxvaveba meqan-ikur da organul solidarobas Soris: radgan meqanikuri soli-darobis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi erTsa da imave saqmes asruleben, maT Soris konkurenciis done ufro maRalia. amis sapirispirod, organuli solodaroba ufro metad korporaciisaken aris mimar-Tuli.

amis gamo, sazogadoeba, romelic organuli solidarobiT xa-siaTdeba metadaa mimarTuli “solidarobisaken” da individua-lurobisaken, vidre meqanikuri solidarobis SemTxvevaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, diurkemi Tvlida rom socialuri wesrigi da individualuri avtonomia urTierT Tavsebadia.

diurkemi ayenebda Semdeg amocanebs: 1. Sromis danawilebis funqciebis kvleva, e.i. gansazRvra imisa, Tu romel socialur moTxovnilebas Seesabameba igi. 2. axsna mizezebisa da pirobebisa, romlebzec igia damokidebuli. 3. misi mTavari “aranormaluri” formebis klasifikacia, ramdenadac, misi SexedulebiT, “aqac, rogorc biologiaSi, paTologiuri gvexmareba Cven ukeT gavigoT fiziologiuri.

Sromis danawileba - maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebis niSa-nia. Sromis sul ufro mzardi specializaciis Sedegad individebi iZulebulni arian erTmaneTs gaucvalon s - gauziaron erTmaneTs saqmianobani, Seasrulon urTierTdamatebiTi - urTierTSemvsebi funqciebi, uneburad Seadgnen ra erTian mTels. solidaroba gan-viTarebul sazogadoebaSi - warmoebiT rolTa danawilebis bune-brivi Sedegia. rogori iyo saqmis viTareba araqaul sazogadoe-bebSi, sadac ar arsebobda Sromis danawileba?

Tavidan icilebs ra XIX saukuneSi sociologiisTvis tipiur ideas sazogadoebis ori tipis konstruirebis Sesaxeb, romelTa Sorisac istoriuli memkvidreobiToba, (aseTia kontis, spens-eris, tionisis da sxva tipologiebi) arsebobs, diurkemi agebs sazogadoebaTa dixotomias meqanisturi da organistuli soli-darobiT rogorc erTiani evoluciuri jaWvis or rgols.

arqaul sazogadoebebSi da ganuviTarebul sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul solidarobas, igi meqanikurs uwodebs im kavSiris analogiurad, romelic arsebobs araorganul nivTierebaTa molekulebs Soris (molekulebi yvelani erTnairia, dakavSire-bulni arian wminda meqanikurad). aseT sazogadoebebSi soli-daroba misi Semadgeneli individebis msgavsebiT, am individebis mier Sesrulebuli sazogadoebrivi funqciebis erTgvarovnebiT, individualur niSan - TvisebaTa ganuviTareblobiT ganisaz-

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Rvreba. meqanikuri solidaroba koleqtivis mier individualo-bis Caylapvis fasadaa SesaZlebeli.

solidarobis obieqtur maCvenebels, “xilul simbolos” di-urkemi samarTalSi poulobs. meqanikuri solidarobisTvis da-maxasiaTebelia represiuli samarTali, romelSic koleqtiuri cnobierebis Zala gamoixateba da romlis amocanaa adaT - wesebis an kanonis damrRvevi individi mkacrad dasajos.

diurkemis azriT, sazogadoebaSi, romelic meqanikuri soli-darobiT xasiaTdeba moqmedebs represiuli samarTali. radgan msgavsi tipis sazogadoebaSi adamianebi Zalian hgvanan erT-maneTs, da radgan maT swamT saerTo moralis, nebismieri gadaxve-va saerTo RirebulebiTi sistemidan SesamCnevi iqneba bevrisaT-vis. radgan am Seuracxyofas yvela maTgani igrZnobs, da radgan maT Rrmad swamT saerTo moraluri sistemis, Seuracxmyofeli mkacrad daisjeba Tuki koleqtiur moralur sistemas gadaabi-jebs. goWis qurdi SeiZleba xelis moWriT daisajos, RmerTisa da RmerTebis winaaRmdeg raimes Tqmis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mTqmels ena amoaWran. radgan adamianebi ase arian CarTulni koleqtiuri moralis sistemaSi, am sistemidan gadaxveva mkacr sasjels iwvevs.

diurkemi solidarobis (ama Tu im) erT an meore saxisTvis da-maxasiaTebel socialur kavSirTa Zalebsa , da koleqtiuri cno-bierebis SefardebiT sidides (moculobas), misi intensiurobas, mis did an mcire gansazRvrulobas Soris funqcionalur damok-idebulebas adgens.

solidaroba mtkicea, Tu koleqtiuri cnobierebis moculoba individualur cnobierebaTa moculobas emTxveva, Tu koleqti-uri cnobiereba ufro intensiuria da ufro naTladaa gamoxatu-li, maSin adgili ar aqvs individualur gadaxrebs, koleqtiuri cnobiereba individis mTel cxovrebas reglamentacias ukeTebs (gansazRvravs), koleqtiuri avtoriteti absoluturia.

aseT SemTxvevebSi koleqtiuri cnobiereba Tavisi Sinaarsis mixedviT mTlianad religiuria. aq diurkemi ayenebs debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom iq, sadac Zlier rwmenas - dajerebulobas - Sexed-ulebas iziarebs adamianTa jgufi, igi garduvalobiT religiur xasiaTs iZens. religiuri rwmenisa da grZnobebis ZiriTadi niSani da Tviseba isaa, rom “isini saerToa erTad mcxovreb individTa garkveuli raodenobisaTvis da is, rom, maT sakmaod maRali sa-Sualo intensiuroba aqvT. ase gaaigiva diurkemma socialuri da religiuri: “yvelaferi, rac socialuria, religiuria, orive si-tyva sinonimuria.”

magram religia, konstatirebas ukeTebs diurkemi, sazogadoe-

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brivi cxovrebis sul ufro Semcirebad nawils moicavs. Sromis danawileba, romelSicTviT yvelaze mravalgvar funqciaTa sul ufro didi raodenoba vlindeba, - mTavari da uSualo faqto-ria, romelic erTian koleqtiur cnobierebas asustebs. ramde-nadac adamianebi sazogadoebaSi kerZo socialuri funqciebis Sesrulebas iwyeben, amdenad masSisazogadoebrivi cnobierebis Sesusteba xdeba, romelic funqcionalurad diferencirdeba - nawevrdeba, raTa Sromis sul ufro mzard danawilebas da ufro rTul sazogadoebriv organizacias Seesatyvisebodes.

ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba, romelSic yoveli individi sazo-gadoebrivi Sromis danawilebis Sesabamisad, romelime erT spe-cialur funqcias asrulebs, sxvadasxva organoebis mqone or-ganizms gvagonebs, amitom diurkemi solidarobis axal saxes, romelic masSi warmoiSoba, organuls uwodebs. Sromis danaw-ileba ganapirobebs Tavisi profesionaluri rolis Sesabamisad individualur, pirovnul unarTa da talantTa ganmaviTarebel individTa gansxvavebas yoveli individi - axla pirovnebaa. Seg-neba imisa, rom TiToeuli damokidebulia meoreze - sxvaze, rom yvela dakavSirebulia Sromis danawilebiT Seqmnili sazogadoe-brivi urTierTobebis erTiani sistemiT, erTi meoreze damok-idebulebis, solidarobis, sazogadoebasTan Tavisi kavSiris grZnobas iwvevs. “radgan Sromis danawileba solidarobis wyaroa, maSin igi amasTan erTad moraluri wesrigis safuZvelic xdeba“.

organul solidarobas Seesatyviseba e.w. restetiuli (aRd-geniTi) samarTali, romlis funqciac “nivTTa adrindeli wesri-gis aRdgenaSi, darRveul urTierTobaTa maT normalur formaSi moyvanaSi”mdgomareobs. imis nacvlad, rom daisajon Tundac um-niSvnelo danaSaulis SemTxeveaSic ki koleqtiuri moralis wi-naaRmdeg, Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebaSi isini emorCilebian samarTals da SesaZloa fuliT gadauxadon maT, vinc maTi qcev-ebis gamo daSavda. marTalia represiuli samarTlis zogierTi SemTxvevebi kvlav moqmedebs organuli tipis sazogadoebaSi (magaliTad, sikvdiliT dasja), magram restituciuli samarTali ufro metadaa gavrcelebuli. ar arsebobs Zlieri an maiZulebeli koleqtiuri morali, xalxis umravlesoba samarTlis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi emociurad ar reagirebs. meqanikuri solidaro-bis mqone sazogadoebaSi represiuli samarTlis gakontroleba xalxis masebs evaleba, restituciuli samarTlis SemTxvevaSi ki amas specialuri saagentoebi akeTeben (magaliTad policia da sa-samarTlo). organul sazogadoebaSi es Sromis danawilebis kval-dakval xdeba.

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koleqtiuri cnobiereba organuli solidarobis dros axal formebs iRebs da Sinaarss icvlis. igi mcirdeba moculobaSigan-viTarebuli sazogadoebebis mxolod mcire nawilaki xdeba, misi intensiuroba da gansazRvrulobis, garkveulobis xarisxic aseve mcirdeba. Sromis danawilebis ganviTarebis zomis Sesatyvisad koleqtiuri cnobiereba sul ufro susti da ganusazRvreli - gaurkveveli xdeba.

Sinaarsis mixedviT koleqtiuri cnobiereba sul ufro gar-daiqmneba saero, racionalistur, pirovnebaze orientirebul cnobierebad. amave dros diurkemi amtkicebda, rom saerTo cno-bierebas ar emuqreba “savsebiT gaqrobis” saSiSroeba. viTarde-ba axali religia, romlis obieqtic xdeba individi. “individis RirsebasTan mimarTebaSi Cven ukve gvaqvs Cveni kulti, romelsac rogorc yovelgvar kults, ukve Tavisi crurwmena (sueveria)aqvs. es, Tu gnebavT, saerTo rwmena.”

SeniSvna. diurkemiseuli tipologia sazogadoebis martivad da rTulad dayofis spenseriseuli gagebis Rrma gavlenas av-lens, sadac spenseri pirvelsrogorc homogenurs, xolo meores rogorc Tavisuflad dakavSirebulsa da heterogenuls axasiaT-ebs).

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Sromis danawilebis analizisas diurkemma solidarobis aspeqts gausva xazi, xolo Sromisa da ka-pitalis antagonizmis, Sromis “iZulebiTi xasiaTis,” sazogadoe-bis moraluri da ekonomikuri krizisis problemebi ukana planze gadaswia. Tavisi wignis “socialuri Sromis danawilebis” dasas-ruls gaaanalizebul am problemebs, igi maT arsebiTad rogorc ZiriTad klasTa Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis arasakmarisi daregulirebis rezultats, rogorc sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi arajansaR elements ganixilavs. Sromis danawileba diurkemis Tanaxmad - esaa swored is meqanizmi, romelic koleqtiuri, re-ligiuri cnobierebis macementirebel - SemaduRebel Zala da-kargul Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, sasurvel sazogadoebriv kavSirs, klasobriv solidarobas qmnis, romelic Tavis mxriv yvela im naklovanebebs kompensacias ukeTebs, romlebic viwro specializaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. maSasadame, solidarobis cneba gaxda is RerZi, romlis garSemoc Sromis danawilebis mTe-li analizi, misi funqciebis gamorkveva da gansazRvreba igeba da mimdinareobs.

diurkemis mTavari Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom Sromis danawileba bunebrivad badebs solidarobas, ara ama Tu im socialur - ekono-mikuri sistemis ama Tu im klasTan mimarTebaSi Sromis danaw-

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ilebis funqciebis gansazRvrebidan, aramed mxolod da mxolod koleqtiuri an zogadi - saerTo cnobierebasTan mimarTebidan gamomdinareobda.

solidarobas diurkemi ganixilavda rogorc umaRles moral-ur princips, umaRles Rirebulebas, romelic TiTqosda univer-salur, sazogadoebis yvela wevris mier aRiarebul Rirebulebas warmoadgens. ramdenadac sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, harmoniis, solidarobis moTxovnileba ,,yvelas mier moralurad iTvleba” - amdenad TviT Sromis danawilebac moraluria. ase emsaxurebo-da diurkemis koncefcia “sazogadoebis arseboba - SenarCunebis pirobebis gansazRvrasa” da gamorkvevas - im mTavar amocanas, romelsac igi sociologiuri mecnierebis winaSe ayenebda. ra-sakvirvelia sazogadoebrivi solidarobis umaRles Rirebule-bad aRiarebis sayovelTaoba mxolod postulirebulia da ara dasabuTebuli.

Sromis danawilebis mizezad diurkemi Tvlida mosaxleobis simWidrovis zrdas, romelic socialuri cxovrebis intensiuro-bas ganapirobebda. fizikuri simWidrovis” zrda, agreTve sazoga-doebis “moculobis” mateba, misi azriT, “moralur an dinamikur simWidrovis” gafarToebasTan, e.i. socialuri urTierTqmedebis donesTan, romelsac saboloo jamSi Sromis danawilebasTan mi-vyavarT, uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli.

magram rogori wesiT? mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad arsebobi-saTvis brZolac farTovdeba. (“arsebobisaTvis brZolis rogorc socialuri cvlilebis meqanizmis terminis Semotana biologiz-misaTvis gadaxdili xarki iyo”). am pirobebSi Sromis danawileba - mocemuli sazogadoebis axali tipis Seqmnis, sazogadoebisTvis progresuli mimarTulebiT ganviTarebisaken SesaZleblobis mi-cemis erTaderTi saSualebaa.

arsebobisTvis brZolis Semsubuqebis sxva gzebic arsebobs - iseTebi, rogoricaa migraciebi, sustebis ganadgureba, samoqa-laqo omi, danaSaulebebi, magram isini individTa RirebulebiTi orientaciebis Secvlas, RirebulebaTa gadafasebas gulisxmo-ben. arsebobisTvis brZolaSi sazogadoebis daRupvis sawinaaRm-dego - gadamrCeni es wesebi RirebulebaTa sazogadoebrivi sike-TiT saTaveSi zogad sistemas exeba. mxolod profesionalizacia da funqciebis specializacia, diurkemis azriT, inarCunebs da aZlierebs RirebulebebiT orientacias rogorc sazogadoebis, ise misi wevrebis dacvasa da SenarCunebaze.

diurkemma Semdeg mizezTa da pirobaTa simravlis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmiT Tavisi analizi gaarTula. garda aucilebeli

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faqtorebisa, igimeorad faqtorebs an SemzRudav pirobebs eZeb-da, romlebic mocemuli socialuri movlenis ganviTarebas xan aCqareben, xan aneleben. isini Sromis danawilebas SesaZlebels xdian, Tumca TviTon mis mizezs ar warmoadgens.

aseT specifikur faqtorTa Soris man “saerTo cnobierebis progresirebadi ganusazRvreloba,”. mecnierebis sekularizacia da ganviTareba, ufrosi asakis pirTa, tradiciebisa da Cveule-bebis, avtoritetis Semcireba, da samarTlis, moralis da sazo-gadod civilizaciis racionalurobis zrda da gaZliereba, indi-videbze sazogadoebis dawolis saerTo Semcireba da Sesusteba da avtonomiuri individualuri pirovnebis warmoSoba daasaxela.

diurkemis daskvna isaa, rom mizez - Sedegobrivi urTierTobebi ar arian martivi da calxazobrivi, aramed Seicaven cvladTa sim-ravles, rom socialuri faqtebis mizezobrivma axsnam mTlianad ar unda ugulvebelyos socialuri cxovrebis RirebulebiTi as-peqti, Tumca mTlianad arc masze SeuZlia dayrdnoba. im faqtma, rom diurkemi daJinebiT icavda socialuris socialuriT axsnis postulats, ar misca mas saSualeba faqtorTa Soris urTierTz-emoqmedebis konstataciis CarCoebisgan gasuliyo da movlenaTa WeSmariti mizezobrivi damokidebuleba daedgina.

man Sromis danawileba ara ekonomikuri, aramed moraluri TvalsazrisiT ikvlia, vinaidan Sromis danawilebas, romelsac igi specializaciis zrdasTan aigivebda, sazogadoebis Semqmnel ZiriTad faqtorad Tvlida.

Sromis danawilebis “aranormaluri” formebi. pirovneba da sazogadoeba.

diurkemi sazogadoebis rogorc ekonomikur, ise sulier cx-ovrebaSi, mzardi krizisuli movlenebis mowme iyo. Sromasa da kapitals Soris winaaRmdegobaTa zrdas, warmoebis anarqias igi Sromis danawilebis ,,aranormalur” formebs uwodebda, rom-lebic sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Zalian swrafi tempebiT iyo gamowveuli. “socialuri Sromis danawilebis” mesame nawilSi, romelic am “aranormalur” formebs eZRvneba, diurkemma kapi-talizmis Semdegi “avadmyofobani”: anomia, socialuri uTanaswo-roba da Sromis danawilebis araadeqvaturi organizacia gamoyo. anomiis e.i. iseTi sazogadoebrivi viTarebis axsnas, romlis dro-sac individTa qcevis naTeli moraluri regulireba ar arsebobs, diurkemi socialur funqciebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis maregulirebeli wesebis daumuSaveblobaSi eZebda.problemebis umetesoba romlebic diurkems awuxebda momdinareobs erTiani moralis daqveiTebidan. anomiis cnebiT diurkema saukeTesod

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aRwera Tu ras gulisxmobda erTiani moralis SesustebaSi. in-dividebs uwevT anomiasaTan Sexvedra rodesac ar gaaCniaT mt-kice morali, anu ar ician ra aris da ra ar aris swori da misaRebi saqcieli.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis centraluri “paTologia” di-urkemis azriT, aris Sromis anomiuri danawileba. rodesac ano-mia diurkemma paTologiad gamoacxada, amiT xazi gausva Tavis rwmenas, rom Tanamedrove samyaro anomiisagan SesaZloa rom “ganikurnos”. diurkems swamda, rom Sromis struqturuli da-nawileba aris sazogadoebis SemakavSirebeli, romelic awonas-worebs koleqtiuri moralis sisusteebs. magram Sromis dayofa ar gulisxmobs koleqtiuri moralis rRvevas, anomia aris paTo-logia, romelic asocirdeba organuli solidarobis zrdas-Tan. individebi xdebian izolirebulni da mowyvetilni TavianT specializirebul qmedebebSi. isini ufro metad grZnoben Tavs imaTTan erTianobaSi, vinc maTTan erTad muSaobs da maT garSemo cxovrobs. magram aucilebelia imis damaxsovreba, rom diurkemi amas aranormalur situaciad miiCnevda, radgan mxolod uCveulo pirobebSi akninebs adamianebs Tanamedrove Sromis danawileba TavianT izolirebul da umniSvnelo davalebebsa da poziciebze. anomiis cneba ara mxolod Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebaSi, aramed TviTmkvlelobaSic gvxvdeba, rogorc TviTmkvlelobis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipi. anomiuri TviTmkvle-loba gvxdeba koleqtiuri moralis Sesustebisa da gare mareg-ulirebeli Zalebis ararsebobis gamo, romlebic adamians Tav-ianT poziciebs gaumagrebda. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad Sromisa da kapitalis antagonizmSi, ekonomikuri an savaWro krizisebis dros vlindeba. sabazro ekonomikis zrdasTan erTad warmoeba ukontrolo da araregulirebadi xdeba. mZime mrewvelobis ganvi-TarebasTan erTad damokidebuleba mewarmesa da muSas Soris icv-leba. erTis mxriv izrdeba - farTovdeba am ukanasknelTa moTx-ovnilebebi; meores mxriv - manqanebi sul ufro da ufro cvlian adamianebs. “muSa daqiravebulia... moSorebulia - mocilebulia Tavis ojaxs”. ,,radgan es gardaqmnebi moxda saocari siCqariT, amitom mebrZol interesebs ar hqondaT jer kidev dro gawonas-worebuliyvnen”. (iqve). mZime mrewvelobis zrda imiT, rom or did antagonistur urTierTobaSi myof (diurkemi ar uaryofda amas) klass - kapitalsa da Sromas - qmnis, mcire sawarmoTa erTianobas angrevs.

sazogadoebis normaluri mdgomareoba, diurkemis mixedviT, ganviTarebul ekonomikur urTierTobaTa normatiuli reguli-

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rebiT unda xasiaTdebodes. mocemul SemTxvevSi man normaluri optimalurTan, saukeTesosTan gaaigiva.

diurkemis mier aRwerili kapitalizmis iseTi avadmyofobani, rogoricaa araregulirebuli, arafriT SezRuduli konkuren-cia, klasobrivi konfliqti, Sromis rutinizacia da samuSao Zalis degradacia - mis mier warmoebis da Sromis danawilebis Zalian swrafi zrdis Sedegad gamowveul avadmyofobad, rogorc bunebrivi evoluciis droebiT, meorexarisxovan, gare produq-tad xasiaTdeba.

Sromis danawilebis “aranormalur formad” diurkemi agreTve uTanasworobas Tvlida, romelic Tavis TavSi organuli soli-darobisagan gadaxras atarebs. yovelgvari “garegani uTanaswo-roba” Seqmnili, magaliTad qonebis memkvidreobiT miRebis Se-degad, organul solidarobas emuqreba, amitom es ukanaskneli mxolod uTanasworobis aRmofxvrisa da “talantTa bunebrivi ganawilebis” safuZvelze samarTlianobis miRwevis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli.

diurkems ver warmoedgina sazogadoeba, romelSic kerZo sa-kuTreba da yovelgvari uTanasworoba savsebiT aRmofxvrili iqneboda. isini, miaCnda mas, iarsebeben, Tumca maT Soris urTier-Toba Seicvleba. materialuri dovlaTis ganawilebisadmi mid-goma individTa bunebrivi unarebis, maTi niWierebis Sesabamisad daregulirdeba.

Sromis danawilebis “aranormaluri” formebidan, ukanaskneli (Sromis danawilebis araadeqvaturi organizacia) warmoiSoba ma-Sin, rodesac moqmedebaTa koordinaciis uqonlobis gamo muSis profesiuli aqtivoba dabali da arasakmarisia.

diurkemis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi organizaciis solidaro-ba gaizrdeba, Tu Sroma ufro organizebuli da intensiuri gax-deba. magram es varaudi XX saukuneSi kapitalisturi warmoebis ganviTarebiT uaryofil iqna. verc Sromis mecnierulma organi-zaciam, verc intensifikaciis gzebma antagonisturi sazogadoe-bis klasobriv solidarobasTan ver migviyvana. TviT Sromis da-nawilebis diurkemiseuli gageba ufro sxvaa, vidre marqsistuli. kapitalizmis mankierebaTa gadalaxvis

diurkemiseuli gzebi utopiuri iyo, Tumca igi TviT Sromis da-nawilebis faqtis safuZvelze solidarobis bunebriv ganviTare-baze sul ufro nakleb imedebs amyarebda da kapitalizmis wylul-Ta gankurnebis Taobaze sakiTxs sul ufro iSviaTad ayenebda, Tavdapirvelad kapitalizmis sistemis sazRvrebSi sazogadoebis reorganizaciis amocana wamoayena, xolo SemdegSi yuradReba Se-

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sabamisi Rirebulebebisa da idealebis suliskveTebiT moralur aRzrdaze gaamaxvila.

kapitalizmis winaaRmdegobaTa analizi agreTve sazogadoe-bisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis ufro farTo sociologiuri problemis diurkemiseuli gadawyvetis safuZvelSiZ evs. misi Tvalsazrisi imis mtkicebaSi mdgomareobda, rom sazogadoe-ba ver SesZlebs ganviTarebas da ayvavebas, Tu adamiani rogorc pirovneba iCagreba, Tu adamiani, romelic viwro profesiul funqciebs asrulebs, manqanis donemdea dayvanili. ufro met-ic, pirovneba gardauvlobiT degradirdeba, Tu sazogadoebis ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv funqciebs saSiSroeba emuqreba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi diurkemma Tavidan aicila XIX-is tipiuri

dixotomia, romelic pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTier-Tobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis imgvari wesiT dayenebaSi gamoixateboda, rom erT - erTi mxaris prioriteti aucileblad iyo aRiarebuli. pirovneba da sazogadoeba, Tvlida diurkemi, urTierTdamok-idebulis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, yoveli mxare meore mx-aris ganviTarebiTa da ayvavebiTaa dainteresebuli. pirovnebis bedniereba da keTildReoba, fiqrobda diurkemi, sazogadoebis mdgomareobazea damokidebuli; is ufro didia, rac ,,ufro mow-esrigebulia sazogadoebrivi cxovreba da maSasadame, rac ufro garantirebulia individTa uflebebi da Tavisufleba.”

diurkemi warmoebis specializaciisa da diferenciaciisgan gamomdinare gardauvali moraluri borotebis mamxileblis rolSi mogvevlina. rodesac muSa yoveldRe ,, monotonuri regu-larobiT erTsa da imave moZraobebs imeorebs da arc ainteresebs isini”, igi inertul “WanWikad” (borblad) gadaiqceva, romelic moZraobaSi garegani ZaliT modis. diurkemis azriT, adamianis manqanis danamatad gadaqcevis Semsubuqeba an Serbileba muSi-sadmi saerTo ganaTlebis micemiT, maTSi xelovnebisadmi, lit-eraturisadmi interesis ganviTarebiT SeuZlebelia, imitom rom kulturisadmi ziareba specializaciis viwro sazRvrebs kidev ufro autanels xdis.

rogor aRmovfxvraT Sromis danawilebasa, muSis funqciebis mzard specializaciasa da misi pirovnebis ganviTarebis moTxov-nilebebs Soris dapirispireba - winaaRmdegoba? diurkemis Tanax-mad, Sromis danawilebas TavisTavad ar mosdevs uaryofiTi Sede-gebi. isini mxolod gansakuTrebul da aranormalur pirobebSi warmoiqmnebian. amitom saWiroa imis miRweva, rom Sromis danaw-ileba ,, Tavis TavTan iyves, radgan mas garedan veraferi amax-injebs.” es SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu muSis mier

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miznis, sxvebTan solidarobis, Tavisi Sromis aucileblobis gac-nobiereba am Sromas gansakuTrebuli SinaarsiT avsebs, mas ara mx-olod asatans, aramed sasurveladac aqcevs. muSaTa solidaru-li, SeTanxmebuli saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa maT mier Sesrulebuli funqciebis Sesatyvisoba maT unarebTan da midre-kilebebTan. rodesac individis unarebsa da misTvis ganwesebul saqmianobis saxeobas Soris Tanxmoba irRveva, sazogadoebis avad-myofuri mdgomareoba warmoiqmneba.

gvixsnis ra ase ,,gulubryvilod” sazogadoebrivi krizise-bis warmoSobas, diurkemi amasTan erTad miuTiTebs imaze, ,,rom gansxvavebebi, romlebmac Tavdapirvelad sazogadoeba klasebad dayves,SeuZlebelia srulad gaqres an Semcirdes”. sazogadoe-bis diferenciacia ara socialur privilegiebs, aramed im upi-ratesobebs unda eyrdnobodes, romlebic TiToeulis individu-aluri unarebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

amgvarad, Tanasworoba, samarTlianoba da Tavisufleba - di-urkemis warmodgeniT - sazogadoebrivi wyobis organizaciis uma-Rlesi tipis agebis safuZvelia, romelsac Tanamedrove samrewve-lo sazogadoeba miuaxlovda.

,,sazogadoeba moraluri kavSirebiT, idealisadmi gacnobi-erebuli miswrafebiT, moraluri urTierTobebiT igeba - kon-struirdeba, romlebic SeiZleba da unda Segnebulad regulir-debodes. aseTia diurkemis reformizmis safuZveli. mtkicebisas, rom ,,samarTlianobis saqme organizebuli tipis ganviTarebis kvalobaze da zomis mixedviT sul ufro srulyofili gaxdeba.” (sazogadoebrivi procesebis Segnebuli, gacnobierebuli marT-vis SesaZleblobas is realur ramed Tvlis. aqedanaa swored misi praqtikuli rekomendaciebi ,,moviciloT usargeblo Tana-mdebobebi, gavanawiloT Sroma imgvarad, raTa yoveli adamiani sakmarisad iyos dasaqmebuli, maSasadame gavafarTovoT TiToeu-li mSromelis funqcionaluri saqmianoba. . . maSin TavisTavad ganmtkicdeba da damyardeba wesrigi.” (34, gv. 163).

individisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis problemis gad-awyveta, diurkemis mier, gamoirCeoda imiT, rom igi ar aidialeb-da warsuls, individualurobis ganviTarebis wyaroebs da Sesa-Zleblobebs Sromis

danawilebis progresirebad ganviTarebaSi ganixilavda. Tu organizebulobis sawyis etapze individis Tavisufleba mx-olod moCvenebiTia da misi pirovneba nasesxebia, maSin ufro maRal safexurze Tavisi unarebis ganviTarebiT pirovnebas Sesa-Zlebloba eZleva, harmoniuli da mTliani gaxdes. pirovnebis gan-

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viTareba ,,siRrmeSi”, romelic viwro specializaciasTanaa daka-vSirebuli, arafriT araa naklebi mniSvnelobis amocana, vidre ganviTareba ,,sifarTeSi”, romelic diletantizms esazRvreba. sxva adamianebTan asociaciis wyalobiT adamiani iZens imas, rasac viwro

specializaciis gamo kargavs. diurkems swamda, rom Zmobisa da solidarobis zogadi idealebi, yvela mSromelis saerTo miznis gacnobiereba maT gardauval danakargebs aunazRaurebda.

diurkemis mizani burJuaziuli sazogadoebis srulyofa da ara misi Zireuli gardaqmna iyo. amitom, miuxedavad calkeuli detalebisa da moralur problemebze, sazogadoebrivi urTier-Tobebis samarTlebrivi da moraluri reglamentirebis srulyo-faze yuradRebis gamaxvilebisa igi kontisagan Sors ver wavida. diurkemis socialurma utopiam Joresis reformistuli social-izmis Tvisebebi, agreTve dapirispirebul socialur interesTa regulirebis prudoniseuli ideebi SeiTavsa, romelTa drosac, maT ekonomikuri safuZveli xeluxlebeli da ucvleli rCeba.” (iqve, gv. 164)

6. ,,sociologizmis” principebis gamoyeneba TviTmkvlelobis mizezTa sakvlevad

TviTmkvlelobis problemam, romlis kvlevasac diurkemma specialuri monografia miuZRvna, misi yuradReba mraval mizez-Ta gamo miipyro. es iyo ,,faqtTa naTlad moxazuli jgufi” (23, gv. 2), romlis gansazRvrebac advilad SeiZleboda. nacvlad imisa, raTa ,, socialuri movlenebis sababiT metafizikur ganazrebebs miveceT” (iqve), sociologs SeuZlia “ aRmoaCinos kanonebi, rom-lebic sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis

arsebobis SesaZleblobas yovelgvar dialeqtikur argumenta-ciebze ukeTesad asabuTeben” (23, gv.4). es erTi, meorec, diurkemi Tavis muSaobas empiriuli masalisadmi sociologiuri meTodis: socialuri faqtis, rogorc ,,nivTis” Seswavlis mTavari princi-pis gamoyenebas ganixilavda. e.i. gansakuTrebuli, individisadmi garegani realobis, sazogadoebrivis arsebobis aRiareba, rome-lic gansazRvravs ra mis moqmedebas, am individis nebaze damok-idebuli ar aris.

am Teoriul wanamZRvrebze dayrdnobisas, diurkemi individu-aluri, fsiqologiuri motivebiT TviTmkvlelobis axsnas uary-ofs da amxsneli faqtorebis saxiT socialuri mizezebis arsebo-bas asabuTebs. ,,TviTmkvleloba ZiriTadad ara individTa Sinagan

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Tvisebebze, aramed im garegan mizezebzea damokidebuli, rom-lebic adamianebs marTaven” (iqve, gv. 266).

sazogadoebrivi krizisis niSnebis gamovlenisas, diurkemi aR-niSnavs, rom TviTmkvleloba warmoadgens ,,erT-erT im formas, romelSic Cveni koleqtiuri avadmyofoba vlindeba da misi ar-sebis gagebaSi gvexmareba” (iqve, gv. 5). socialuri avadmyofobis mizezTa gansazRvra, misi gadalaxvis saSualebebis rekomendacia diurkems sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis prestiJis ganmt-kicebis yvelaze saukeTeso wesad da saSualebad miaCnda. ,,yvelaze individualuri moqmedebis” sociologiur axsnas SeuZlia naTe-li mohfinos im Zalebs, romlebic aerTianeben adamianebs, ramde-nadac TviTmkvleloba socialuri kavSirebis darRvevis yvelaze cxadi magaliTia.

diurkemiseuli axsnis arseba iyo ,,sociologizmi“, romlis prizmaSic yvela sxva faqtorebi, maT Soris TviTmkvlelobisaken individualuri midrekilebac, winaswari ganwyobac ganixilebo-da. miTiTebisas, rom TviTmkvlelobis fsiqologiuri motivebi, romlebic xSirad mis mizezebad gveCveneba, sinamdvileSi, zogadi pirobebis mxolod individualur, Tanac damaxinjebul asaxvas warmoadgenen. diurkemma mimarTa socialuri garemos, rogorc mTavari mizezis Seswavla daiwyo, romlis gavleniTac TviTmkv-lelobaTa procenti icvleba. diurkemi individualur faqtor-Ta rols, calkeul TviTmkvlelTa fsiqikur mdgomareobas, maT specifikur cxovrebiseul garemoebebs mTlianad ar uaryofda, magram am faqtorTa meorexarisxovan mniSvnelobas, zogad mize-zebze, sazogadoebis mdgomareobaze maT damokidebulebas xazs usvamda.

diurkemis koncefciis Tanaxmad TviTmkvlelobis procenti (TviTmkvlelobis raodenobis mosaxleobis raodenobasTan

Sefardeba) ramdenime socialuri cvladis: religiur, ojax-ur, politikur, erovnul da sxva jgufebSi urTierTobis fun-qcias warmoadgens. am mizniT diurkemma eliminaciis gziT (ga-morCevis gziT)dasabuTebis xerxi gamoiyena: iseT arasocialur faqtebs, rogoricaa individTa ,,fsiqologiuri winaswari gan-wyoba” (fsiqopaturi mdgomareoba, rasobrivi da memkvidreobiTi faqtorebi), fizikuri garemos Tvisebebi (klimati, wlis droebi, dRis saaTebi) da mibaZvis procesebi, sistemurad ganixilavda. amis kvalad igi socialuri mizezebisa da wesebis moqmedebas aan-alizebda.

oficialuri statistikis monacemebis analizisas diurkemma mTeli rigi kerZo kanonzomierebani aRmoaCina: TviTmkvlelo-

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baTa procenti zafxulSi ufro maRalia, vidre zamTarSi; mamak-acebi ufro xSirad iklaven Tavs, vidre qalebi; moxucebi ufro xSirad, vidre axalgazrdebi; jariskacebi ufro xSirad, vidre samoqalaqoebi; protestantebi ufro xSirad, vidre kaTolikebi; martoxelebi, qvrivebi an gayrilebi ufro xSirad, vidre qorwine-baSi myofni; TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi qalaqebSi ufro maRalia, vidre soflebSi da a.S. ,,vtovebT ra gverdze individs, rogorc individs, mis motivaciebsa da ideebs, saWiroa SeviswavloT

socialuri garemos is gansxvavebuli mdgomareobani (reli-giuri rwmenebi, ojaxi, politikuri cxovreba, profesionaluri jgufebi da

amis msgavsni), romelTa gavleniTac TviTmkvlelobaTa pro-centi icvleba” (iqve, gv. 178). socialuri faqtorebis kvlevisas, diurkemi

cdilobda ganesazRvra TviTmkvlelobis sxvadasxva tipeb-ze, gansakuTrebiT egoistur TviTmkvlelobaze Tu rogori el-ementi an maTi, rogori aspeqti axdenda gavlenas. miuxedavad siZneleebisa mainc iZebneba misi is aspeqti, romelic yvelaze ufro mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli socialurfaqtorTan. mag. statistikiT dadgenili faqtis axsnisas, rom TviTmkvlelobaTa done zafxulSi ufro maRalia, vidre zamTarSi, diurkemma aCvena, rom ara haeris temperatura, aramed dRis xangrZlivoba warmoad-gens am faqtoris im aspeqts, romelic socialur faqtorTanaa da-kavSirebuli. dRis xangrZlivoba, misi azriT, xels uwyobs ufro intensiur monawileobas socialur cxovrebaSi, es ki Tavis mxriv zemoqmedebs im individis izolaciis individualur grZnobaze, romelic socialur cxovrebaSi ar monawileobs. zustad aseve gasagebi xdeba biologiuri, mag. sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gavle-na, rodesac gaanalizebulia mamakacTa da dedakacTa Sesatyvi-si socialuri poziciebi, socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi maTi monawileobis wesebi, maTi socialuri aqtivobis cvalebadi ciklebi da maTi msgavsi. mtkicebisas, rom ,,TviTmkvlelobaTa gansxvavebuli tipebi gansxvavebul ganmsa-

zRvrel mizezTagan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdnen”. TviTmkv-lelobis morfologiuri klasifikaciis Sedgenis siZneleebze miTiTebisas, romelSic TviTmkvlelobis yvela damaxasiaTebeli tipobrivi Taviseburebeba iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli, diurkem-

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ma gadawyvita Seedgina etiologiuri klasifikacia, romelic TviTmkvlelobis mizezTa Sesabamisi iqneboda.

diurkemma TviTmkvlelobis oTxi: egoisturi, altruisturi, anomiuri da fatalisturi saxe gamoyo. diurkemis TviTmkvle-lobis Teoria da misi azrovnebis struqtura gacilebiT naTeli gaxdeba Tu davakvirdebiT TviTmkvlelobis oTxive tips - egois-tur, altruistur, anomiursa da fatalisturs. TviTmkvlelo-bis TiToeul tips diurkemi ukavSirebda sazogadoebaSi integra-ciasa da sazogadoebis mier regulacias. integracia gulisxmobs koleqtiuri azris gaziarebis dones. altruistuli TviTmkvle-loba xasiaTdeba integraciis maRali doniT, egoisturi TviTm-kvleloba ki xasiaTdeba integraciis dabali doniT. regulacia gulisxmobs gare zegavlenas xalxze. fatalisturi TviTmkvle-loba xasiaTdeba maRali regulaciiT, anomiuri TviTmkvleloba ki dabali regulaciiT. vitni popi gvTavazobs diurkemiseuli oTxi tipis TviTmkvlelobis Zalzed sasargeblo Sejamebas. man es maRali da dabali donis integraciisa da regulaciis urT-ierTdakavSirebiT SesZlo:

integracia

regulacia

dabali

maRali

dabali

maRali

egoisturi TviTmkvleloba

altruisturi TviTmkvleloba

anomiuri TviTmkvleloba

fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba

egoisturi TviTmkvleloba. egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis maRa-li done gvxdeba iseT sazogadoebebSi, koleqtivebsa da jgufebSi, sadac individi ar aris integrirebuli ufro farTo socialur erTeulSi. integraciis dabali done individebSi qmnis uazro-bis/ufunqciobis SegrZnebas. sazogadoebebi, romlebic maRali koleqtivisturi cnobierebiT xasiaTdeba da damcveli socialu-ri dinebebi, romlebic maTgan moemarTeba Tavidan icilebs egois-turi TviTmkvlelobis gavrcelebas. amas msgavsi sazogadoebebi TavianTi cxovrebisTvis azris miniWebiT axerxeben. rodesac es socialuri dinebebi sustdeba, individebi advilad axerxeben ko-leqtiuri cnobierebidan Tavis daRwevas, da imis gakeTebas rac Tavad surT. farTo socialur erTeulebSi, sadac koleqtiuri cnobiereba sustia, individebi marto rCebian imis gadasawyvetad rom TavianT interesebs survilisamebr waruZRvnen. msgavsi Seu-kavebeli egoizmi warmoSobs personalur daukmayofileblobas, radgan yvela survili ver Sesruldeba, da isini romlebic srul-

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deba warmoSobs axal survilebs, rac kidev ufro met daukmayo-fileblobis SegrZnebas warmoSobs - rac zogisTvis TviTmkvle-lobiT sruldeba. Zlierad integrirebuli ojaxebi, religiuri jgufebi, da sazogadoebebi Zlieri koleqtiuri cnobierebis agentebs warmoadgenen da gmoben TviTmkvlelobas. ai ras ambobs diurkemi religiuri jgufebis SemTxvevaSi:

,,religia icavs adamians TviT-ganadgurebisagan... religias qm-nis yvelasTvis saerTo rwmenebi da praqtikebi, romlebic tradi-ciulia da savaldebulo. rac ufro mravali da Zlieria koleq-tiuri gonis es aspeqtebi, miT ufro Zlieradaa integrirebuli religiuri sazogadoeba, Sesabamisad Zlieria misi damcavi mniS-vneloba”

sazogadoebis dezintegracia warmoSobs gansakuTrebul so-cialur dinebebs, rac TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblebs Soris gansxvavebis principuli mizezia. magaliTad, diurkemi saubrobs sazogadoebis dezintegraciaze, romelic warmoSobs “ depre-siisa da rwmenis dakargvis dinebebs”. sazogadoebis moraluri dezintegracia adamians TviTmkvlelobisken ubiZgebs, depresiis dinebebi ki gansazRvravs egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis maCveneb-lebSi gansxvavebas. sainteresoa, magram diurkemi aq socialuri

Zalebis mniSvnelovnebaze saubrobs, maSin rodesac saqme ego-istur TviTmkvlelobas exeba da wesiT adamiani Tavisufalia yovelgvari socialuri zegavlenisagan. aqtorebi arasdros ar Tavisufldebian koleqtivebis gavlenisagan: “rac ar unda in-dividualizirebuli iyos adamiani, raRac mainc rCeba koleqti-uri - Tundac es depresia da melanqolia, rasac gaZlierebuli individualizmi warmoSobs. igi sazogadoebaze am sevdiT axdens gavlenas, rodesac sxva aRaraferi darCenia amis misaRwevad”. egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis magaliTi migviTiTebs, rom Tundac yvelaze individualur, yvelaze piradul moqmedebis SemTxveva-Sic ki, socialuri faqtebi ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelebia.pirve-li iqmneba im mizezebiT, romlebic individis sazogadoebisagan Camocilebas ganapirobebs, romelic masze (individze) reguli-rebadi wesiT zemoqmedebas wyvets. socialur kavSirTa gawyveta, koleqtiuri mxardaWeris ararseboba, gancalkevebulobis mdgo-mareoba martoobis, sicarielis grZnobas, arsebobis tragizmis SegrZnebas badebs. amgvari TviTmkvlelobis erT-erTi mizezi SeiZleba ukiduresi individualizmi gaxdes, magram misi war-momqmneli niadagi mainc ,,avadmyofi sazogadoeba”, ,,koleqtiuri ugrZnoboba”, ,,socialuri sevda, kaeSania” (3, gv. 274). sazogadoe-brivi dezorganizacia, sazogadoebriv mizanTa dakargva asuste-

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ben socialur kavSirebs, romlebic individs sazogadoebasTan, maSasadame, sicocxlesTan aerTianebs. es saerTo mdgomareoba Tavis mxriv im sazogadoebrivi, religiuri, ojaxuri, politi-kuri jgufebis dezintegraciaSi aisaxeba, romlebic individze uSualo zegavlenas axdenen.

TviTmkvlelobis meore saxea, altruistuli. igi gvxvdeba ma-Sin, rodesac piradi interesebi savsebiT STanTqmulia social-uriT. rodesac jgufis integracia imdenad maRalia, rom indi-vidi rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli arsebobas wyvets. maSin rodesac egoistur TviTmkvlelobas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac socialuri integracia Zalzed sustia, altruisturi TviTmkv-leloba Cndeba maSin, rodesac “socialuri integracia Zalzed Zlieria”. sityvasityviT rom vTqvaT, individi iZulebulia Tavi moiklas.

altruistuli TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze aSkara magaliTi iyo wminda jim jonsis mimdevrebis masobrivi TviTmkvleloba joun-sTaunSi, gaianaSi. maT Segnebulad dalies mowamluli sasmeli, da zogierTma Svilebsac aiZula daelia. isini Cadiodnen TviTmkvl-elobas, radgan maT

ubiZges SeewiraT sakuTari sicocxle jonsis fanatikuri mim-devrebisaTvis. ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, is vinc altruistul TviTmkvlelobas Cadis, iqceva ase, radgan Tvlis, rom es misi mov-aleobaa.

rogorc egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, aqac inte-graciis xarisxi (am SemTxvevaSi maRali) ar aris TviTmkvlelobis pirdapiri mizezi. integraciis sxvadasxva done warmoSobs gansx-vavebul socialur dinebebs, rac warmoSobs TviTmkvlelobis gansxvavebul doneebs.

rogorc egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, diurkemi melanqoliur socialur dinebebs miiCnevs altruisturi TviT-mkvlelobis gamomwvev mizezad. Tuki egoisturi TviTmkvleloba warmoiSoba ,,ganukurnebeli mowyenilobiTa da depresiiT”, al-truisturi TviTmkvleloba - ,,am cxovrebis miRma lamazi per-speqtivis imediT”. am saxes diurkemi Zvel adaT - wesebs akuTvnebs; moxucTa da avadmyofTa TviTmkvleloba, qmrebis sikvdilis Sem-deg colTa Tavdawva, batonis sikvdilis Semdeg monaTa TviTmkv-leloba da a.S. amgvari saxis TviTmkvleloba ZiriTadad arqaul sazogadoebebSi arsebobda.

TviTmkvlelobis mesame saxea, anomiuri.anomiuri TviTmkvle-loba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac sazogadoebis maregulirebeli Zalebi dangreulia. es adamianebs daukmayofileblobis SegrZne-

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bas uRvivebs, radgan maTi grZnobebi ar kontroldeba Zlierad. anomiuri TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebeli icvleba maSin, rodesac sazogadoebis maregulirebeli Zalebis ngreva pozitiuria (mag-aliTad, ekonomikuri bumi) an negatiuri (magaliTad, ekonomikuri depresia). ngrevis orive tipis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba droebiT ver axdens gavlenas, Tavisi avtoritetis individebze Tavs mox-vevas. msgavs cvlilebebs adamianebi mihyavT iseT situaciamde sa-dac Zveli normebi aRar moqmedebs, axlebi ki, jer ar ganviTareb-ula. ngrevis periodebi warmoSobs anomiis dinebebs - unormobisa da daufuZnebadobis SegrZnebebs - es dinebebi ki iwvevs anomiuri TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblis zrdas. es SedarebiT advilad dak-virvebadia depresiis SemTxvevaSi. qarxnis daxurva ekonomikuri depresiis gamo gamoiwvevs samuSaoebis Semcirebas, rac individs moaSorebs im maregulirebel aspeqts rasac misTvis kompania-sa da samsaxurs hqonda. am an sxva struqturebidan CamoSorebis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, ojaxi, religia an saxelmwifo) indivi-di mtkivneulad ganicdis anomiis dinebebs. ufro rTuli warmo-sadgenia ekonomikuri bumis zegavlena. am SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ucabedi warmateba individebs CamoaSorebs im tradi-ciul struqturebs romelSic is CarTuli iyo aqamde. ekonomiku-ri warmateba ubiZgebs adamianebs samsaxuris datovebisken, axal sazogadoebaSi gadasvlisken, SesaZloa axali meuRlis povniske-nac ki. yvela es cvlileba angrevs struqturebis maregulirebel efeqts da individs bumis periodSi anomiuri dinebebis pirispir tovebs.

anomiuri TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblis zrda socialuri cx-ovrebis deregulaciis periodSi, dakavSirebulia diurkemis mosazrebasTan, rom individualuri vnebebis gare zegavleni-sagan ganTavisuflebas saziano efeqti mohyveba. ganTavisu-flebuli adamianebi TavianTi grZnobebis monebad iqcevian da mravlad Caidenen destruqciul qmedebebs, maT Soris TviTmkv-lelobasac, rasac sxva Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi ar gaakeTebdnen. igi upiratesad gvxvdeba didi sazogadoebrivi Zvrebis, ekono-mikuri krizisebis dros, rodesac individi kargavs socialur gardaqmnebTan, axal socialur moTxovnebTan Seguebis unars da sazogadoebasTan kavSirs kargavs. sazogadoebrivi anomiis mdgo-mareoba, romlis qveSac diurkemi moqmedebis, yofa - qcevis na-Teli wesebisa da normebis ararsebobas gulisxmobda, rodesac RirebulebaTa Zveli ierarqia ingreva, xolo axali jer kidev ar aris Seqmnili, ar damkvidrebula, calkeul individTa moralur aramdgradobas, umtkicobas qmnis da badebs. rodesac sazogadoe-

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brivi struqtura iryeva da dezorganizebuli xdeba, individTa-gan erTni swrafad maRldebian, meoreni kargaven Tavis adgilsa da mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi. rodesac irRveva sazogadoe-brivi wonasworoba, TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi izrdeba. anomiuri TviTmkvleloba, romelic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba savaWro da saqmian wreebSi, diurkemis mier, agreTve savaWro da samrewvelo samyaros warmomadgenelTa individualur TvisebaTa, mogebisad-mi maTi aulagmavi miswrafebis mxrivac xasiaTdeba, romelic, Tu ar Sexvda mkacri reglamentacia, uzomod izrdeba da adamianis moralur-fsiqikur wonasworobas arRvevs. amgvarad, sazogadoe-brivi reglamentaciis Sesusteba da ararseboba, mouwesrigebe-li, araregulirebuli adamianuri sazogadoeba unarmoklebulia saTanado zemoqmedeba moaxdinos adamianze, aseT viTarebaSi ki samwuxaro Sedegi gardauvalia.

anomiuri TviTmkvlelobis sapirispiroa fatalisturi, rome-lic jgufis mier individis gaZlierebuli kontrolis, ,,regla-mentaciis siWarbis” Sedegad warmoiSoba, romelic individi-saTvis autaneli xdeba.fatalisturi TviTmkvlelobisaTvis diurkems didi yuradReba ar dauTmia. maSin rodesac anomiuri TviTmkvleloba Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac regulacia Zalzed sustia, fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac regulaciis gavlena Zalzed Zlieria. diurkemma fatalisturi TviTmkvlelobis Camdeni adamianebi Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: “marepresirebeli disciplinis gamo, maTi gZnobebi Zalismierad aris daTrgunuli, momavali ki Caketili”. klasikuri magaliTi aris rodesac mona iklavs Tavs - im Seviwroebis / Cagvris uime-dobis gamo, romelic TiToeul mis qmedebas mohyveba. Zalzed Zlieri regulacia - Seviwroeba - iwvevs melanqoliur dinebebs, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs fatalistur TviTmkvlelobas. ,,mas sCa-dian adamianebi, romelTa momavalic umowyalod amogmanuli, Ca-ketilia, da romelTa vnebebic ise mkacrad SezRudulia disci-pliniT”, rom autaneli xdeba” (iqve, gv. 373).

amgvarad TviTmkvleloba, diurkemis azriT, warmoadgens gansazRvrul da Segnebul aqts, romelsac individi socialu-ri disciplinis simkacris gamo Cadis. normaluri socialuri yofis sazomia - disciplinirebuli da koleqtiuri moraluri avtoritetis maRiarebeli ,,normaluri socialuri subieqti” (iqve, gv. 331).

cnebebi: ,,egoizmi - altruizmi” da ,,anomia - fatalizmi” di-urkemis koncefciaSi im koleqtiur Zalebs an midrekilebebs, romlebic adamians TviTmkvlelobisaken ubiZgeben. diurkemi am

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,,Zalebs” dinebebs uwodebs. maTi intensiurobebis gazomva TviT-mkvlelobaTa procentis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli. ,,sociolo-gizmis” Teoretikosis azriT, mxolod koleqtiur Zalebs an midrekilebebs SeuZliaT axsnan TviTmkvlelobisadmi individua-luri midrekilebebi da winaswari ganwyoba da ara piriqiT. TviT-mkvlelobis fsiqologiuri motivebi socialuri garemos zoga-di pirobebis individualur, Tanac xSirad damaxinjebul asaxvas warmoadgenen.

TviTmkvlelobis diurkemiseuli analizis yvelaze faseuli niSani am movlenis socialuri arsebis axsnaa. diurkemis idee-bi,,gadaxradi qcevis” sociologiur gamokvlevebs daedo sa-fuZvlad. kerZod, misi midgoma farTod gamoiyena da ganaviTara robert mertonma. diurkemma naTlad aRwera moraluri gaxrwnis, moralur -fsiqologiuri dezorganizaciisa da sazogadoebis da-cemis mdgomareoba, diurkemma am krizisis WeSmariti mizezebi - so-cialur cvlilebaTa friad swraf tempebSi aRmoaCina, romelsac moraluri cnobiereba ver eweva da amdenad CamorCeba mas. sawar-moo korporaciebis Seqmnis gziT, romlebic mowodebulni iyvnen ganemtkicebinaT sazogadoebis moraluri wesrigi, krizisidan gamosvlis ideac sayuradReboa. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia TviT-mkvlelobis tipologiis evristikuli mniSvnelobac. dauTmo ra ZiriTadi yuradReba socialur faqtors, diurkemi mxolod mis fsiqologiur faqtorebTan kavSirze miTiTebiT SemoisazRvra. azri imis Sesaxeb, rom individis gadawyvetilebakulturuli moTxovnilebebiTa da normebiT, adamianuri cxovrebisadmi ama Tu im ganwyobiT, misi RirebulebebiTaa gaSualebuli, diurkemis mier damuSavebuli ki ara, aramed ubralod gamoTqmulia.

diurkemis mimdevrebis mier am naklTa gacnobierebam maT mier zogierTi misi debulebis gadasinjva gamoiwvia. gaCnda miswrafeba sociologiur TeoriaSi Tanmimdevrulad da srulad fsiqolo-giuri faqtorebi CarTon, rac iqna kidec gakeTebuli. mag. moris halbvaksis mier mis SromaSi ,,TviTmkvlelobis mizezebi”. gviani periodis mTelma rigma gamokvlevebma gaukeTes fsiqologiuri faqtorebis rolis reabilitacia moaxdines, gamokveTes social-ur cvladTa gavlena im fsiqologiur determinantebze, rom-lebic individualur gadawyvetilebebs uSualod ganapirobeben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom diurkemis koncefcia obieqtur-subi-eqturi faqtorebis Tanafardobis detalur analizs moiTxo-vda, igi mainc iZleoda biZgs saerTo sakiTxis - individualuri fsiqologiis socialuri ganpirobebulobis - dasamuSaveblad.

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,,diurkemma gza misca raodenobriv analizs sociologiaSi da misi kerZo meTodikisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis gzebi dasaxa. mag-aliTad, iseTisa, rogoricaa urTierTzemoqmedebaSi monawile faqtorebis Tanmimdevruli CarTvis meTodi, romlis arsebac maxasiaTebelTa simravles Soris urTierTqmedebis kompleqsur kvlevasa da interpretaciaSi mdgomareobs. diurkems ar SeeZlo gamoeyenebina dRevandeli TvalsazrisiT mecnieruli analizis elementaruli instrumentebi: korelaciis koeficienti, statis-tikuri urTierTobis cneba, analitikur proceduraTa formal-izacia da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, misma Sromam TviTmkvlelobisad-mi sociologiuri midgomis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa, fsiqologiuri midgomis sapirispirod, romelic pop-ularuli iyo mis droSi da sociologiur midgomas dRemde up-irispirdeba. Tumca mravali kerZo daskvnebi uaryofili iqna an dazustebuli, mainc am Sromis ZiriTadma ideam SeinarCuna Tavisi mniSvneloba dRemde.” (34, gv. 169)

sazogadoebaSi TviTmkvlelobaTa zrdis mizezebi namdvilad saWiroa veZeboT krizisul socialur situaciebSi. amave dros aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi gvqondes ara mxolod sazogadoe-brivi dezorganizaciis, moraluri gadagvarebis, dacarielebis mdgomareoba da socialuri kavSirebis Sesusteba, aramed pirvel rigSi iseTi socialuri procesebi, romlebsac eqsploatacia da gaucxoeba badebs: masebis zombireba umuSevroba, siRaribe da daucveloba.

7. moralis sociologiuri koncefcia

ramdenadac sazogadoebas, diurkemi, individTa moralur er-Tianobad Tvlida, amdenad moralis bunebis, warmoSobisa da fun-qciebis ganmartebaSi igi mxars ,,sociologizmis” konceptual-ur sqemas uWerda. morali socialuri pirobebidan, socialuri garemodan, socialuri struqturidan gamoyavs, oRond am cne-bebSi Tavisebur, specifikur Sinaars debs.

Tavdapirvelad diurkemi morals ganixilavda, rogorc yo-faqcevis obieqtur wesTa sistemas,romlis ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba mis iZulebiTobaSi gamoixateboda da romlisadmi dau-morCileblobac individs ar SeeZlo. moralis mTavar niSnad diurkemi movaleobas Tvlida, romlis aRsrulebac adamianis moqmedebas moralur moqmedebad aqcevs. SemdegSi diurkemma yur-adReba moralis nebayoflobiT aspeqts, mis iseT Taviseburebebs miaqcia, rogoricaa sasurveloba, mimzidveloba da individis

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moraluri RirebulebebiT - Tavisi bunebiT sazogadoebrivi Ri-rebulebebiT, obieqturi saTnoebebiT - dainteresebaa.

moraluri fenomenebis rogorc genezisis, ise funqcionire-bis sociologiuri axsnis mcdelobisas, diurkemma moraluris socialuri

determinaciis wesebi xelaxla gaiazra. ,,Sromis danawile-baSi” igi morfologiur an struqturul faqtorebTan damok-idebulebaSi moralur SexedulebaTa istoriuli ganviTarebis princips asabuTebda. mogvianebiT man sulieri aRmavlobis ,,gamx-nevebis, aRfrTovanebis momentebs”, ,,qmnadobisa da ganaxlebis” periodebis mniSvnelobas gausva xazi, romlebic mexsierebaSi ideebis, idealebisa da Rirebulebebis saxiT rCebian. es ukanask-nelni kvlav da kvlav iwarmoebian da dResaswaulebis, saojaxo, religiuri da saero ceremoniebis organizebis gziT, istoriuli xelovnebis, dramatuli warmodgenebis wyalobiT Zleben da in-arCuneben arsebobas, rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT koleqtiur moralur cxovrebas eziaron.

yvela SemTxvevaSi diurkemi moralis socialur arsebas amt-kicebda. ,,moralis RvTaebrivi, wminda xasiaTisadmi” xazgasma, man imiT axsna, rom rogorc religias, ise moralsac Tavis sawy-isad da obieqtad sazogadoeba aqvT, romelic Tavisi ZaliTac da avtoritetiTac individs aRemateba.swored sazogadoeba moiTx-ovs pirad uangarobas da TviTSewirvas - eseni ki moralis saval-debulo komponentebia. kanti axdens RmerTis postulirebas, romlis gareSec misi hipoTeza moralis Sesaxeb gaugebaria; Cven vaxdenT sazogadoebis postulirebas, romelic specifikurad gansxvavebulia individebisagan, ramdenadac sxvagvarad morals ar aqvs mizani, xolo movaleobas ara aqvs safuZveli.

moralis mis warmomqmnel sazogadoebriv pirobebTan dakav-Sirebisas, diurkemi SesaZleblad ar Tvlida iseTi revoluciuri xasiaTis

sazogadoebrivi idealis wamoyenebasa da dasabuTebas, rome-lic socialuri struqturis Zireul msxvrevas moiTxovda. im SemTxvevaSi rodesac morali ,,CamorCeba sazogadoebis realur pirobebs”, Tvlida igi, saWiroa mxolod Secvlil struqtur-asTan SesabamisobaSi misi moyvana da meti araferi.

stabiluri sazogadoebrivi struqturiT moralis gansaz-Rvrulobis ideam diurkemi moralur relativizmTan miiyvana. Tu moralis yvela forma erTnairad ganpirobebulni arian arsebu-li struqturiT, maSin isini yvelani erTnairad marTlzomierad sworia da romelime maTganis upiratesobis dasadgenad da asaRi-areblad obieqturi kriteriumi ar arsebobs.

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sazogadoebrivi krizisis, romelsac moraluri buneba aqvs, sa-fuZvelSisaerTo-koleqtiuri cnobierebis xasiaTisa da Sinaar-sis cvalebadoba Zevs. Rirebulebisa da normebis swraf cvlas sazogadoebaSi yofili disciplinisa da wesrigis dakargva sdevs Tan. individualizmis morali sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mTa-vari sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebisa da Sinaarsis saxiT jer kidev ar damkvidrebula da ganmtkicebula. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis organuli solidaroba ar gamoricxavs

yofaqcevis wesTa deficits, rasac anomiis, moraluri vakuum-is, unormobis mdgomareobasTan mivyavarT. amis ZaliT, Tana-medrove sazogadoeba moralur uwesrigobasa da qaosSia Cavard-nili. socialur aRreulobas da janys ganicdis. am krizisidan gamosavali moraluri regulaciis gaZlierebaa.

,,koleqtiuri gonebis” funqciis Semsrulebel da koleqtiu-ri interesebis damcvel mTavar organos diurkemis koncefci-aSi saxelmwifo warmoadgens, romelic mTeli danarCeni sazo-gadoebisaTvis ,,fiqrobs da moqmedebs”. igi saxelmwifos rols burJuaziuli liberalizmis suliskveTebiT ganmartavda, ma-gram individis interesebis sazianod saxelmwifos funqciebis metismeti gaZlierebis, hipertrofiis SesaZlebloba adreve ganWvrita. metismeti saxelmwifoebrivi kontrolisagan indi-vidis dacvas ,,meoradi” anu Sualeduri socialuri jgufebi (re-ligiuri, sawarmoo, da sxva) unda moemsaxuros. amis Sesatyvisad diurkemma individebis, rogorc Seabamisi socialuri jgufebis warmomadgenelTa qcevis maregulirebeli gansakuTrebuli par-tikularuli moraluri kodeqsebis idea wamoayena da am kodeqs-Ta istoriuli Seswavlis

aucilebloba daaasabuTa. sxvadasxva profesiul jgufebSi miRebuli moralur moTxovnaTa fardobiTobis idea ganaviTara. amave dros igi

sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis mixedviT moralur wesTa mk-acri ierarqiis dadgenas moiTxovda. ojaxurma, profesiulma da samoqalaqo moralma warmoqmnes ierarqiuli struqtura, romlis mwvervalze saxelmwifoSi ganxorcielebuli zogadadamianuri Rirebulebebi da idealebi ganlagdnen. diurkemma saxelmwifos, rogorc zogadobis yvela wevris interesTa sayovelTao daokebi-sa da moraluri regulaciis organos Sesaxeb kontis idea aRadgi-na. moralur normaTa upirobo ierarqiis koncefcias formaluri xasiaTi hqonda da sazogadoebrivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba-sa da mxardaWeraze iyo mimarTuli. diurkemis azriT, adamianis moralur qcevas sami mTavari niSani: disciplinis grZnoba, jgu-

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fisadmi mikuTvnebuloba da avtonomia - axasiaTebs. igi moralur disciplinasa da kontrols imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, rom arsebiTad, disciplinasa da morals Soris tolobis niSans svamda. mxolod adamians ZaluZs Segnebulad icavdes discipli-nas, romlis wyalobiTacTavisufleba SesaZlebeli xdeba. iseTi Tviseba, niSanSi, rogoricaa ,,jgufuri mikuTvnebuloba”

moralis socialuri arseba, xolo ,,avtonomiurobaSi” - sazo-gadoebrivi ganawesisadmi Segnebuli da nebayoflobiTi miyolis ideaa xorcSesxmuli.

moralis sazogadoebrivi funqciebis ganmarteba diurkemma uSualod aRzrdis Teorias daukavSira. aRzrdis mizania social-uri arsebis Camoyalibeba, bavSvSi misi pirovnebis im Tvisebebisa da unarebis ganviTareba, romlebic sazogadoebas sWirdeba. aRz-rdis saqme isaa, rom bavSvi, romelic Tavisi ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze egoisturi da arasocialuri arsebaa, yvelaze efeq-turi saSualebebiT gardaqmnas sxvad, iseT arsebad, romelsac moraluri da socialuri cxovreba SeeZleba.

Tanamedroveobis moralur problemaTa ganmarteba diurkem-Tan mis anTropologiur Teorias, adamianuri bunebis ormagobis, Homo duplexs - is koncefcias emyareba.

adamianis biologiuri buneba (biologiuri unarebi, impulse-bi, vnebebi) winaaRmdegobaSia mis socialur bunebasTan, romel-ic aRzrdis gziT iqmneba (normebi, Rirebulebebi, idealebi). es mudam Seuwyvetel Sinagan mRelvarebas (SfoTs), daZabulobisa da SiSis grZnobas ganapirobebs. sazogadoebis mxolod makon-trolebeli moqmedeba akavebs adamianis biologiur bunebas, mis vnebebsa da madas, isini gansazRvrul CarCoebSi moyavs. rodesac sazogadoeba asustebs Tavis kontrols individze, warmoiqmneba anomia, sazogadoebisa da individis dezintegraciis mdgomareo-ba. am sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaSi ar arsebobs individualuri qcevis mtkice moraluri regulacia, iqmneba Taviseburi saxis moraluri vakuumi, rodesac Zveli normebi da Rirebulebebi ukve aRar asruleben Tavis rols, axlebi jer kidev ver ganmtkicebu-lan da damkvidrebulan. es mdgomareoba upirispirdeba moralur wesrigs, regulacias, kontrols, romlebic sazogadoebis nor-malur, ,,janmrTel” mdgomareobas axasiaTebs. ,,Sromis danawile-baSi” diurkemma anomia socialuri struqturis kuTxiT ganixila, da igi sazogadoebis zrdis, ganviTarebis Sedegad sazogadoe-briv funqciaTa SeuTanxmeblobiT axsna. ,,TviTmkvlelobaSi” igi anomias ganixilavda, rogorc moralur kriziss, romlis drosac sazogadoebrivi Zvrebis niadagzeindividualur moTxovnileba-

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Ta da vnebaTa normatiuli regulaciis sistema irRveva , rasac pirovnebis mier wonasworobis dakargvasTan, mis mier jgufisad-mi kuTvnilebis grZnobis, disciplinisa da solidarobis da-kargvasTan mivyavarT.

diurkems sjeroda, rom SesaZlebelia individualuri da sazo-gadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis Segnebuli regulireba da maTi Sekaveba realuri sazogadoebrivi SesaZleblobebiT nakarnaxevi SezRudvebis CarCoebSi ise, rom ZiriTadi socialuri urTier-Tobani SenarCunebuli iqneboda. yovelive amas daZabulobis, su-lieri krizisis, imedgacruebisa da rogorc Sedegi devianturi (normidan gadaxrili) qcevis warmoSobisaTvis xeli unda SeeSala.

moralis socialuri arsebis damuSavebisas diurkemma mravali swori azri gamoTqva. moralis genezisis garkvevaSi socialuri pirobebis gadamwyvetobis, sazogadoebisaTvis moraluri wesebis funqcionalurobis, erTis mxriv maTi sociokulturuli cvale-badobis da meores mxriv, sayovelTaobis aRiareba dadebiTi mov-lena iyo.

moralisadmi, rogorc socialuri faqtisadmi midgoma im Te-oriaTa intuitivizmis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, romlebmac gamocxadebaze dayrdnobiT moralis zebunebrivi xasiaTi daas-abuTes. diurkemma uaryo agreTve emotivizmi, romelsac moral-uri msjelobani grZnobebisagan gamohyavda da maT mcdarobas an WeSmaritebas uaryofda.

moralis sociologiuri ganmarteba Zalian nayofieria, magram diurkemis koncefcia friad abstraqtuli da calmxrivi iyo. mis mier sazogadoebis, rogorc moraluri miznis erTaderTi Sesaf-erisisa da Rirseulis sasargeblod wamoyenebuli argumentebi, dausabuTebeli da sustia.

8. religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi religiis koncefciam koleqtiuri cnobierebis, rogorc

,,fsiqikuri cxovrebis umaRlesi formis”, ,,cnobierebis cnobi-erebis” Sesaxeb

diurkemis ideis ganviTareba daasrula. religiisadmi, rogorc mniSvnelovani socialuri institutisadmi, romelic sazogadoe-bis integracias uzrunvelyofs, pozitivizmisaTvis tradiciul-ma midgomam amerikeli da ingliseli anTropologebis, kerZod jeim freizerisa da robert smitis Sromebis gavleniT diurkem-Tan religiis sociologiuri axsnis gzebisa da saSualebebis Ziebis forma SeiZina. diurkemma eTnografiul masalas mimarTa,

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rameTu adreuli evolucionizmis suliskveTebiT Tvlida, rom ,,religiuri azrovnebisa da cxovrebis yvela arsebiTi elementi SeiZleba ukidures SemTxvevaSi yvelaze primitiuli religiebis CanasaxebSic ki iqnas napovni“.

totemizmis, rogorc religiis yvelaze primitiuli formis kvlevisas, igi imedovnebda, gaego religiis arseba da funqcia Tanamedrove ,,rTul” sazogadoebaSi, romelsac ,,erTi da igive pirveladi sazogadoebis” martiv kombinaciad Tvlida.

marTalia kvleva romelic elementarul formebSia gadmoce-muli ar aris misi sakuTari, man saWirod CaTvala religiis Ses-axeb sakuTari analizi gamoqveynebuli masaliT ganemtkicebina. misi monacemebis umetes nawils warmoadgenda primitiuli avs-traliuri Temis, aruntas Seswavla. diurkemma religiis Ses-wavla msgavsi primitiuli Temis safuZvelze ramdenime mizezis gamo gadawyvita. pirvel rigSi, is Tvlida, rom religiis Seswav-la gacilebiT advilia primitiul doneze, vidre Tanamedrove sazogadoebis safuZvelze. religiuri formebi primitiul sazo-gadoebaSi “gaSiSvlebulia” da saWiroebs mxolod “mcireoden Zalisxmevas maT gamosamJRavneblad”. mesame mizezi isaa, rom Tuki Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religia sxvadasxva formas Re-bulobs, primitiul sazogadoebaSi “moraluri da inteleqtua-luri konformizmia”. da bolos, marTalia diurkemi primitiul religiur formebs swavlobda, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom mas mxolod isini ainteresebda. is maT swavlobda raTa “eCvenebina adamianis religiuri buneba, anu kacobriobis ganuyofeli nawi-li”. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, diurkemi swavlobda primitiul religiebs, raTa naTeli moefina Tanamedrove religiebisaTvis.

pirvelyofili formebis Seswavlis bazaze religiis raobis gansazRvrebisas, diurkemi amtkicebda, rom zebunebrivis , Rmer-Tis idea religiis aucilebeli atributi ar aris. yoveli reli-giuri rwmenisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnad, romelic maT yovel-gvari gamonaklisis gareSe axasiaTebT, religiis mier gaSuqebuli yvela saganTa or dapirispirebul klasad: saerod (yoveldRiuri, amqveyniuri, vulgaruli, uwminduri, arawminda) da sasulierod, wmindad dayofaa.

diurkemis ZiriTad SekiTxvas warmoadgenda epovna Tana-medrove religiis wyaro. specializirebulobisa da ideologiis gamo SesaZlebeli ar iyo Tanamedrove religiis fesvebis pirda-pir gamokvleva. diurkemi am sakiTxs primitiuli sazogadoebebis konteqstidan miudga. SekiTxva aseTia: saidan modian primiti-uli (da Tanamedrove) religiis formebi? diurkemi Tavis Zir-

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iTadi meTodologiuri midgomiT xelmZRvanelobda, anu Tvlida rom erTi socialuri faqtis gamowveva mxolod meore social-ur faqts SeuZlia, ris safuZvelzec man daaskvna, rom religiis wyaro sazogadoebaa. sazogadoeba (individebis meSveobiT) qmnis religias, radgan konkretul fenomens gansazRvravs rogorc wmindas da sxvebs rogorc yoveldRiurs. socialuri realobis is aspeqtebi romlebic wmindad aris miCneuli - anu, gamocalkev-ebulia da agreTve akrZaluli - qmnian religiis raobas. sxva dan-arCeni yoveldRiurad aris miCneuli - es aris cxovrebis zogadi, utilitaruli da amqveyniuri aspeqtebi. wmindas Tan axlavs pa-tiviscema, krZalva, saidumloeba da SiSi. es pativiscema, romel-ic mimarTulia konkretuli fenomenis mimarT gardaqmnis yovel-dRiurs wmindad.

wmindasa da yoveldRiurs Soris gansxvaveba, aseve socialuri cxovrebis zogierTi aspeqtis siwmindis donemde ayvana warmoad-genen religiis SeqmnisaTvis saWiro, Tumca ara sakmaris pirobebs. saWiroa kidev sami piroba. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa religiur rw-menaTa nakrebis ganviTareba. es rwmenebi warmoadgenen “wminda nivTebis bunebas da maT urTierTqmedebas rogorc erTmaneTTan, ise yoveldRiur nivTebTan”. meore, aris religiur ritualTa na-krebi. es aris “wesebi imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor unda moiqces adamiani am wminda nivTebTan mimarTebaSi”. da bolos, religia saWiroebs taZars, an Tundac erTi TaRis qveS gaerTianebul sazogadoebas. wmindas, rwmenebs, ritualebsa da taZars Soris urTierTdakav-Sirebam diurkemi religiis Semdeg gansazRvrebamde miiyvana: “re-ligia aris rwmenaTa da ritualebis erTiani sistema, romelic er-Tiandeba erT konkretul moralur sazogadoebaSi anu taZarSi, romlis erTgulic rCeba yvela maTgani”.

sasuliero, wminda flobs, pirveli, akrZalviTobas, amqveyni-uri movlenebisagan gancalkevebulobas; meore, miswrafeba-Ta, siyvarulisa da pativiscemis obieqtia. amgvarad, wminda erTdroulad rogorc iZulebis (akrZalvis), ise pativiscemis (avtoritetis) wyaroa. es, diurkemis azriT, wmindas sazogadoe-briv xasiaTze miuTiTebs. ramdenadac msgavs Tvisebebs mxolod sazogadoeba flobs; igi erTdroulad avtoritetis, siyvaru-lis, Tayvaniscemis da iZulebis wyarocaa. wminda, sasuliero ko-leqtiur Zalebs ganasaxierebs, individualur cnobierebaSi zo-gadis ideas nergavs da raRac maTze aRmatebulTan akavSirebs.

saero adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan, mis yoveldRiur individualur saqmianobasTan, kerZo interesebTan da ,,ego-

istur vnebebTanaa”dakavSirebuli. amgvarad, wminda da saeros

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dixotomia diurkemTan socialurisa da individualuris dixotomiisagan gamomdinareobs. diurkemmis azriT, religia ,,rwmenaTa da adaT - wesTa mTliani sistemaa, romelic wminda (sa-suliero) e.i. akrZalul nivTebs exeba, romlebic erT moralur Temad, anu eklesiad aerTianeben, yvela imaT, vinc am rwmenebs misdevs da aRiarebs.” eklesiis qveS mas iseTi organizacia esmis, romelic jgufis koleqtiur religiur cxovrebas awesrigebs. TviT pirvelyofil adamianebsac ki hqondaT ,,eklesia” e.i. hyav-daT iseTi adamianebi, romlebic religiuri adaT-wesebis droul da swor Sesrulebaze zrunavdnen. amqveyniuri, ,,vulgaruli” saqmianobis ZiriTadi magaliTia, SromiTi saqmianoba - mwuxare-bis, simwris da dardis wyaro, xolo sasuliero saqmianobisa - ko-leqtiuri religiuri ceremoniebi da ritualebi, mxiarulebisa da sulis amaRlebuli mdgomareobis wyaro. diurkemma araerTx-el ganacxada, rom religiis miseuli gansazRvreba Sorsaa sazga-dod miRebulisagan. misi mTavari niSania - wminda (sasuliero) obieqtebze mimarTuli adaT-wesebis Sesruleba - dacva, romelTa manipulirebis Sedegad jgufis solidaruli Zala izrdeba, mt-kicdeba saerTo (sazogadoebrivi) cnobiereba, romelic exmareba individebs da maT cxovrebaSi ase aucilebel rwmenas aZlevs.

rogorc ,,sociologizmis” Teoretikosi, diurkemi Tvlida, rom arc fizikur, arc biologiur mizezebs ar SeuZliaT religia, misi warmoSoba da arseba axsnan. amitom man uaryo animizmi, ro-melsac religia ukvdavi sulis Sesaxeb warmodgenisagan gamohya-vda (eduard teilori) da egreTwodebuli naturizmi, romelsac religia fizikuri, bunebrivi Zalebisadmi iZulebiTi Tayvanisce-misagan (a. kuni, vilhelm Svarci, maqs miuleri da sxv) gamohyavda. es Teoriebi dakvirvebad realobas mTlianad fantastikuri sax-eebisgan Semdgari,,ararealur samyaros” xatiT faraven. mkvleva-ris amocana ki isaa, rom ipovos is obieqturad arsebuli realo-ba, romelic religiur rwmenaTa da adaT - wesTa mizezs, obieqtsa da mizans warmoadgens. es realoba - sazogadoebaa.

religiis sociologiuri koncefciis ganviTarebisas, di-urkemma socialuri realobasa da religias Soris urTierTo-baTa, damokidebulebaTa sxvadasxva tipebis Taobaze safuZ-vliani azri gamoTqva. igi religias socialur movlenad Tvlida, ukidures SemTxvevaSi sami azriT mainc: pirveli, rogorc so-cialurad determinirebul movlenas; meore, rogorc social-uri realobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis koleqtiur cnobierebaSi ganxorcielebas (amgvari analizi sazogadoebasTan religiuri warmodgenebis gaigivebaze - koduri warmodgenebis ontolo-

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gizaciazea dafuZnebuli); mesame, rogorc movlenas, romelsac funqcionaluri socialuri Sedegebi aqvs (rac, diurkemis kon-cefiis konteqstSi religiis, rogorc movlenis analizs, romelic gansazRvrul socialur moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs - niSnavs).

religiis warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisas diurkemma misi wyaroebi, sawyisebi socialuri garemos gansakuTrebuloba-Si, TaviseburebaSi dainaxa. ,,socialuri Sromis danawilebaSi”, sadac mizezobrivi axsna sociologiuri analizis sxva saxeebisa-gan jer kidev naTlad gamoiyofoda, diurkemma wamoayena debule-ba, rom religia SeuZlebelia primitiul sazogadoebaTa safuZ-veli iyos, Tumca gamsWvalavs ki mas. igi ar SeiZleba socialur struqturaTa mizezi iyos, aramed ,,piriqiT, religiur warmod-genaTa siZlieresa da bunebas es ukanaknelni gvixsnian”. pirvely-ofili sazogadoebis struqturaze, im socialur organizaciaze miTiTeba, romlis asaxvasac da gamoTqmasac totemizmi, rogorc religiuri sistema warmoadgens, socialuris socialurisagan gamoyvanis moTxovnis konkretizacia iyo. mtkiceba ,,religia so-cialuri garemos produqtia”, sazogadoebasa da religias Soris mizezobrivi damokidebulebis arsebobas, sazogadoebis kauzal-uri prioritetis aRiarebas gulisxmobs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi socialuris qveS mas socialur faqtTa morfologiuri Tavise-bureba: sazogadoebis agebuleba da misi wevrebis socialuri urTierTobis intensiuroba esmis. religiurobis WeSmariti wy-aro,,erTad Sekrebili jgufi” aRmoCnda.

urTierToba diurkemis mier mudam ganixileboda, rogorc pozitiuri faqti, rogorc sikeTe, romelsac xalxisaTvis six-aruli da sulieri aRfrTovaneba moaqvs. amgvari urTierTo-ba, misi azriT, SeiZleba mxolod gareekonomikuri urTierTo-ba iyos, romelic Sromis procesis gareT sruldeba. diurkemma avstraliel tomTa cxovrebis or periods Soris arsebuli kon-trastis naTeli suraTi daxata: arsebobisaTvis brZolis damqa-ncveli mZime Sromis periodsa da koleqtiuri sadResaswaulo zeimebis periods Soris, rodesac mTeli tomi Sromis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg ikribeba erTad, erTgvarovani, mosawyeni da Rataki arseboba ukiduresi egzaltaciis, aRgznebisa da aRmasv-lis mdgomareobiT icvleba, rodesac adamianebi TiTqosda raRa-ca mZlavri ZaliT imuxtebian, romelic aiZulebs maT ifiqron da igrZnon sxvagvarad, vidre Cveulebriv dRes grZnoben da fiqro-ben. ase iqmnebaor Tvisebrivad dapirispirebul: yoveldRiur - banalur da wminda - sulier samyaroTa Sesaxeb warmodgena, ro-melic koleqtiurobis didi gardamqmneli Zalis Sesaxeb rwmenas badebs.

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religiuri warmodgenebisa da sakulto moqmedebebis social-uri garemos meore morfologiuri Taviseburebis, klanebisa da dasaxlebebis teritoriul ganlagebaze kauzaluri damok-idebulebis idea ufro naklebi sicxadiTaa damuSavebuli di-urkemis mier. igi amtkicebda, rom avstralielTa warmodgenebSi mrisxane Zalebi ,, garkveul oficialur konteqstSia lokali-zebuli” da amitom ,,garemomcveli garemos saxeebSi imyofebian da partikularizdebian (nawevrdebian). im garemosi, romelSic isini imyofebian”. erTi da imave mZlavri Zalis: ,,mana”, ,,vakan”, ,,orenda” sxvadasxva wodebani, dasaxelebebi, romlebic sxvadasx-va klanebSi gvxvdeba maTi teritoriuli avtonomiiT aixsnebian. erTiani RmerTis ideis dabadeba tomTa Soris urTierTgacvlisa da urTierTobis Sedegs warmoadgens.

magram ,,religiuri cxovrebis elementarul formebSi” didi adgili religiis, rogorc im sazogadoebrivi Zalebis gamoTqmis gansakuTrebuli formis ganxilvas uWiravs, romlebic indi-videbs iqvemdebareben. amosavali punqtia, sazogadoebisa da ko-leqtiur warmodgenaTa igiveobis Sesaxeb azri, mtkiceba, rom ,,sazogadoeba aris adamianur cnobierebaTa sinTezi”. debuleba, sazogadoebis, rogorc koleqtiur cnobierebasTan mimarTebaSi pirveladis Sesaxeb icvleba ideiT imis Sesaxeb, rom religiuri warmodgenebi qmnian sazogadoebas. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis religiurTan gaigivebisas, diurkemi amtkicebda, rom morwmu-neTa RmerTi, mxolod ,,sazogadoebis figuraluri gamoTqmaa”, xolo RvTaebrivi principi, ,,sxva araferia Tu ara sazogadoe-ba, hipostazirebuli da gardaqmnili.” amgvarad, religia TviT sazogadoebaa, ufro swored, sazogadoebis im aspeqtTa fokusia, romlebic RvTaebriobis TvisebebiT arian aRbeWdilni, amitom religiis gavlena kulturaze, pirovnebaze, agreTve adamianu-ri azrovnebis ZiriTad kanonzomierebebze TiTqmis usazRvroa. sazogadoeba religiuri kultisa da dogmatebis avtoric da sa-ganicaa. igi qmnis religias da iwvevs religiur Tayvaniscemas, igi erTdroulad RmerTicaa da morwmunec.

religiis diurkemiseuli analizis mniSvnelovan, Tanac friad originalur moments religiis, rogorc simboluri sistemis, ni-SanTa sistemis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dayeneba warmoadgens, romelSic sociologiurma analizma is realoba unda dainaxos, romelic mas bazisad emsaxureba, e.i. sazogadoeba. amis Suqze religia ga-nixileba rogorc simboloTa erToblioba, sistema, romlis sa-fuZvelzec misi, rogorc kulturis winapris da translatoris mTavari funqciebi xorcieldeba.

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pirvelyofili totemis, rogorc im niSnis, simbolos anal-izisas, romlis daxmarebiTac pirvelyofili adamianis jgufuri mikuTvnebuloba ganisazRvreboda, diurkemma materialuri kul-turis xxva sagnebi, rogorc niSnebi ganixila, romelTa mixed-viTac SeiZleba garkveuli istoriuli epoqis koleqtiuri cno-bierebis mdgomareobaSi SeviWraT. man daskvnaa, rom socialuri cxovreba ,, mxolod farTo, vrceli simbolizmis wyalobiTaa Ses-aZlebeli”.

religiis mTavar komponentad ara misi dogmaturi nawilis, aramed religiuri saqmianobis CaTvliT, romelic wes-Cveule-baTa koleqtiur SesrulebaSi gamoiTqmeba, diurkemma religiis dadebiTi sazogadoebrivi funqciis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTa. misi azriT, kulti adamianTa qcevaSi RvTaebrivisa da saeros dual-izmis ganxorcielebazea mimarTuli. Sesabamisad yvela religi-uri wes-Cveuleba or saxeobad: negatiurad da pozitiurad - iy-ofa. pirvelTa mizania, mkveTrad gamijnos RvTaebrivi da saero, RvTaebrivi saeros wabilwvisagan daicvas, adamiani RvTaebrivs TviTaRkveTis, pirad sikeTeze uaris Tqmis, TviTdamdablebis, TviTSewirvis an ukiduresi asketizmis fasad miuaxlovos. pozi-tiuri kultis amocana, RvTaebrivi samyarosadmi morwmuneTa ziarebaa. sakulto praqtikaSi diurkemma Semdegi ZiriTadi so-cialuri funqciebi gamoyo: diciplinaruli - maiZulebeli da makontrolirebeli; kvlav warmoebiTi, romlis meSveobiTac ax-ali Taobisadmi socialuri memkvidreobis gadacema xorcield-eba; da bolos, eiforiuli, romelic socialuri keTildReobis, samxiarulo grZnobebis SeqmnaSi mdgomareobs. religiis so-ciologiuri analizis aramTavari, meorexarisxovani produqti adamianuri cnobierebis Sinaaris, ZiriTadi logikuri unarebis warmoSobis analizi: zogadi cnebebis (konceptebis) warmoqmni-sa da klasifikaciis unarTa analizi iyo. erTic da meorec man, rogorc socialuri, religiuri cxovrebis Sedegi, rogorc ,,re-ligiuri azris” produqtebi axsna, romlebic socialuri Sinaar-siTaa savse. empirizmisa da apriorizmis uaryofisas, romelTac ar ZaluZT kategoriaTa sayovelTao xasiaTi axsnan, diurkemma struqturuli midgoma gamoiyena da daamtkica, rom zogad cne-baTa SinaarsSi sazogadoebrivi yofierebis sxvadasxva mxareebi da aspeqtebi Sedian. magaliTad, drois idea TiTqos regularul RvTaebriv wes-Cveulebebze da ceremoniebze dakvirvebebisagan warmoiSoba. maTi ganmeorebadoba mzisa da mTavris ciklTa reg-ularobasTan erTad periodulobis, xangrZlivobis, droulobis cnebebs qmnis, zustad aseve sivrcis kategoria TiTqos erTi da

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imave civilizaciis adamianTa mier sivrcis erTnairi Sefasebisa da diferenciaciis Sedegad gaCnda. kategoriaTa obieqturoba diurkemma maTi koleqtiurobiT, sayovelTao mniSvnelobiT, say-ovelTao aRiarebiTa da gamoyenebiT axsna.

im safuZvelze dayrdnobiT, rom religia TiTqos WeSmarit-ad arsebul urTierTobebs gamoxatavs - diurkemi, religiisa da mecnierebis urTierTdamokidebulebebis kvlevisas, mecniere-bas religiis gagrZelebad da srulyofad Tvlis. religia ma-radiul warmonaqmnad gamocxadda, ramdenadac adamianisa da sazogadoebis damokidebulebis ideologiur formaSi Semosvis aucilebloba mudam iarsebebs. religias friad farTod da for-malurad gagebuli ideologiis niSan-Tvisebebi eboZa da mieniWa.

religiis RmerTis gareSe gamoacxadebiT, sazogadoebis RvTae-briv taxtze ayvaniT, rogorc Cans diurkemma gaacnobiera, rom adamianuri individis problema, individisa, romelsac igi mudam, rogorc sazogadoebis problemebze damokidebuls ganixilav-da, Teoriulad gadauWreli rCeba. individis koncefciis sazo-gadoebis koncefciasTan organuli dakavSireba SesaZlebelia mxolod sazogadoebriv-sawarmoo saqmianobis safuZvelmdebeli rolis aRiarebis safuZvelze, uaryo ra ekonomikis gadamwyveti roli, diurkemi problemas meore mxridan miudga. debulebidan, rom tradiciuli religiis sfero sul ufro da ufro viwrovde-ba, diurkemi gadavida mtkicebaze, rom koleqtiuri cnobiereba mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi axal Sinaarss da formas iZens da ,,adamianurobis imgvar religiaSi” xorcieldeba, romlis racio-naluri gamoxatulebaa - individualizmis morali. sazogadoe-bis ganviTarebis zomis Sesabamisad pirovnebisadmi pativiscema TiTqosda sazogadoebrivi dogma xdeba; koleqtiuri sazogadoe-brivi Zalebi individis kultSi pouloben gamoxatulebas. adami-anisadmi, rogorc RvTaebriobis individualuri ganxorcielebi-sadmi damokidebulebas, diurkemis azriT, SeuZlia Tayvaniscemis obieqtis moulodneli Secvla axsnas. magram amis damajerebeli Teoriuli argumentebis moyvana ver SesZlo. man ver SesZlo daes-abuTebina, rom abstraqtuli humanizmis idea, namdvilad xdeba burJuaziuli sazogadoebis yvela klasis ideologiad, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba misi ideuri gaerTianeba moxdes.

religiisagan misi ZiriTadi komponentis, zebunebrivis, RmerTis rwmenis waarTmeviT, religiis, rogorc rwmenebisa da wes-CveulebaTa sistemis, romelic romelime socialurad mniS-vnelad obieqts exeba, farTo gagebis dacviT, diurkemma arseb-iTad religia abstraqtul ideologiasTan gaaigiva, romelsac

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zedrouli, maradiuli xasiaTi aqvs da romelic yovel sazoga-doebaSi erTnairad vlindeba.

ideologia, maintegrirebel, mamobilizebel, maregulirebel rols namdvilad asrulebs, xolo individis doneze darwmuneb-ulobis, socialuri keTildReobis, darazmulobisa da enTu-ziazmis grZnobebis warmoSobas xels uwyobs. sworia isic, rom ideolgiis gareSe SeuZlebelia sazogadoeba, da am azriT igi mudam iarsebebs, rameTu daadamianTa socialur qmedebebs areg-ulirebs organizebas ukeTebs.

9. diurkemis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi.

dRes, diurkemis gavlena sociologiaze sayovelTaodaa aRi-arebuli. man sociologiuri mecnierebis mraval sakvanZo, fun-damentur problemebs miaqcia yuradReba, riTac - misi ideebis gavrceleba evropasa da amerikaSi da is didi interesi, romelic dResac arsebobs mis Semoqmedebisadmi - SeiZleba aixsnas.

sazogadoebis buneba, misi maintegrirebeli sawyisi, misi ,,janmrTeli” da paTologiuri mdgomareoba, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis arseba da funqciebi, sociologiuri gamokvlevis meTodebi da sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis statusi; yvela es problema, diurkemis mier, sakmarisad farTo sociologiuri koncefciis poziciebidan gadaWrili, Teoriuli sociologiis mniSvnelovan problemaTa ricxvs ueWvelad miekuTvneba. dRes rodesac Tanamedrove samyaros ganviTarebis gzebis Sesaxeb msj-eloben, marqsis, diurkemis, veberisa da paretos Teoriebs sul ufro xSirad udareben erTmaneTs.

,,sociologizmis” zogadTeoriuli debulebebi struqturu-li funqcionalizmis skolis principebs daedo safuZvlad. ,,socialur mecnierebaTa saerTaSoriso enciklopediam” tyui-lubralod ar uwoda diurkems Tanamedrove sociologiuri Te-oriis erT - erTi mTavari fuZemdeblis saxeli. struqturuli funqcionalizmi Tavis Teoriul - meTodologiur koncefcias diurkemis mier damuSavebul koncefciaze afuZnebs, romelic sazogadoebas, rogorc TviTregulirebad,calkeul elementTa Tvisebebze dauyvanad sistemas ganixilavs. ar iqneba gadaWarbeba imis mtkiceba, rom sazogadoebis analizis diurkemis mier naCven-ebi mimarTulebani erTad aRebuli, Tanamedrove struqturul funqcionalizmis ZiriTad Teoriul saganZurs Seadgenen.

zogjer ,,sociologizmsa” da marqsizms, sazogadoebis do-qtrinebis erT jgufSi rTaven. xSirad maT Soris garkveul

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paralelebsac atareben. diurkemi icnobda marqsis Sromebs, aR-iarebda maT mniSvnelobas da mis zogierT ZiriTad Teoriul debulebebsac akritikebda. marqsizmis kritikisas, diurkemma igi vulgarul ekonomikur determinizmTan gaaigiva, romelic aRiarebs sazogadoebrivi movlenebis ekonomikur faqtorebze calsaxa mizezobriv kavSirs daekonomikur cxovrebaze ideebis ukuzegavlenas uaryofs. amave dros diurkemma TviT gansazRvra is punqti, romelSic misi koncefcia axlosaa marqsizmTan, saxel-dobr, esaa ,,idea imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri cxovreba ara imaTi TvalsazrisebiT, SexedulebebiT, vinc maTSi monawileobs, ar-amed ufro Rrma mizezebiT unda aixsnas“.

socialuri cxovrebis obieqturobis qveS diurkems savsebiT sxva ram esmis vidre marqss. obieqturoba diurkemis azriT, esaa socialuri fenomenebis individualuri cnobierebis, individua-luri warmodgenebisagan damoukidebloba, esaa koleqtiuri cno-bierebis obieqturi arseboba individis cnobierebasTan mimarTe-baSi. marqsis mixedviT ki obieqturoba, esaa sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis bunebriv - istoriuli xasiaTi, romelic kanonebis mixedviT mimdinareobs, romlebic arc individualur da arc ko-leqtiur cnobierebaze damokidebuli ar arian.

,,socialurisadmi xazgasmisas, diurkems socialuris qveS upiratesad ideologiuri, ufro zustad moraluri esmis. so-cialur garemos igi aigivebda moralur garemosTan. marqss ki socialuri urTierTobani ar dahyavs mxolod ekonomikur urT-ierTobaze, aRiarebs socialur kavSirTa (ojaxobrivi, erovnu-li, klasobrivi, jgufuri) arsebobas, materialur warmoebiT urTierTobebs im safuZvlad Tvlis, romelzec yalibdeba sxva urTierTobani da romlis wyalobiTac isini ivsebian konkretuli istoriuli SinaarsebiT. ekonomikas igi martivad uyurebs, ro-gorc ,,samrewvelo teqnikis mdgomareobas” da Tvlis, rom ekono-mikuri kavSirebi ar qmnian myar socialur kavSirebs. ekonomiku-ri saqmianoba, misi azriT ,,asocialuria”. diurkemis ,,socialuri tipebi”, romlis qveSac mas sxvadasxva istoriuli periodis sazo-gadoebebi esmoda, ekologiuri, demografiuli da ideologi-uri faqtorebis erTian kompleqss aRniSnaven. ideologiuri faqtorebs igi ganmsazRvrelad Tvlida. ,,socialur tips” aravi-Tari saerTo ar aqvs sazogadoebriv - ekonomikur formaciasTan, romelSic warmoebiTi urTierTobia ganmsazRvreli.” (34, gv. 180)

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa axsnaSi diurke-mi da misi mimdevrebi koleqtiuri cnobierebisagan amodiodnen. amave dros am ukanasknelis warmoSoba da arseba, diurkemis az-

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riT, uSualod individebs Soris urTierTobebze damokidebuli, romlebic konkretuli istoriuli pirobebis gareSe, agreTve adamianTa konkretul-istoriuli saqmianobisagan mowyvetiT ga-nixileba. urTierTobis rTuli procesi diurkemis mier koleq-tiuri Sekrebebis, ceremoniebis, religiuri dResaswaulebisa da Cveulebebis dros mxolod, rogorc individTa fsiqologiuri urTierTzemoqmedebad ganixileba, romlebic sazogadoebriv - SromiT saqmianobas mowyvetilia. mis SromebSi sazogadoeba uwin-ares yovlisa, rogorc sazogadoebis cnobierebis, adamianuri in-dividi ki ufro, rogorc ,,mourTierTobe”, vidre praqtikulad moqmedi sazogadoebrivi arsebis saxiT gvevlineba.

sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs diurkemi aidialebda, rogorc Tanxmobis, solidarobis, harmoniisa da TanamSromlobis urT-ierTobebs ganmartavda. socialuri kofliqtebi da winaaRmde-gobebi ,,normaluri”, bunebrivi, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis far-glebs gareT gahqonda, maT ganixilavda, rogorc avadmyofobas, romlis likvidaciac ise, rom ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi safuZ-vlebis Secvalis gaeSea SesaZlebeli. am ganwyobaSi ,,sociolo-gizmis” ZiriTadi paTosi iyo koncentrirebuli;

sazogadoebis cnobierebis rogorc koleqtiuri warmodgen-ebis erTobliobis, misi calkeuli normebis arsebiTi specifikis gamoyofis gareSe globaluri ganmarteba, sazogadoebrivi cno-bierebis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis, maTi funqciebis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT Secvla, zogierTi funqciis hiperbolizacia da yvela maTganis , arsebiTad, erTiT, - maintegrirebeli funqciiT - Secvla. aseTia diurkemiseuli ,,sociologizmis” gnoseologi-uri safuZvlebi. (iqve, gv. 181)

mokle Sinaarsi:

1. sociologiis sagani. sociologia unda swavlobdes social-ur realobas, romelsac eqneba mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi. socialuri realobis elementebia socialuri faqte-bi, romelTa erTobliobacaa sazogadoeba. swored es faqtebia sociologiis sagani.”socialur faqts warmoadgens moqmedebis yvela mkveTrad an naklebad mkveTrad gansazRvruli wesi, ro-melsac unari aqvs iqonios individze garegnuli dawola ise, rom amave dros inarCunebs Tavis sakuTar arsebobas, romelic damoukidebelia misi individualuri gamovlinebebidan”. am gan-sazRvrebis sazrisi isaa, dabadebisas individi mzamzareulad poulobs misgan damoukidebel funqcionirebad kanonebs, adaT

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- wesebs, yofaqcevis wesebs, religiur rwmenebsa da Cveulebebs, enas, fulad sistemas.

azrTa, moqmedebaTa da grZnobaTa es wesebi arseboben damou-kideblad, obieqturad. socialur faqtorTa obieqturobis Sedegia maTi meorenairi - sxvagvari daxasiaTebac, romelic in-dividebze maT zewolaSi, am ukanasknelTa gansazRvruli moq-medebisadmi iZulebaSi gamoixateba. yoveli adamiani Tavis Tavze ganicdis socialur iZulebas. magaliTad iuridiuli da moral-uri wesebi SeuZlebelia individma daarRvios ise, rom man ar igrZnos sayovelTao gakicxvisa da armowonebis mTeli simZime, zustad asevea saqme socialuri faqtebis sxva saxeebTan dakav-SirebiT.

2. ,,sociologizmi” rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria. individ-ualisturi koncefciebis sapirispirod “sociologizmi” Teo-riul planSi asabuTebs socialuri realobis specifikurobisa da avtonomiurobis princips, amtkicebs individebze mis pri-matsa da upiratesobas. individTan SedarebiT sazogadoeba ga-nixileboda rogorc SinaarsiT ufro mdidari realoba. “jgufi fiqrobs, grZnobs, moqmedebs savsebiT sxvagvarad, vidre amas gaa-keTebdnen misi wevrebi, isini rom erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebuli yofiliyvnen. maSasadame, Tu amovalT am ukanasknelTagan, maSin Cven verafers gavigebT imisagan, rac xdeba jgufSi”. koleqtiur anu saerTo (zogad) cnobierebas sociologma uwoda sazogadoe-bis fsiqikuri tipi, romelsac aqvs ganviTarebis Tavisi wesi, ro-melic ar daiyvaneba materialur safuZvelze, Tavisi Tvisebebi, arsebobis Tavisi pirobebi.

diurkemi “sazogadoebis damoukideblobis” qveS gulisxmobda mxolod da mxolod mis obieqturobas individTan mimarTebaSi, da gansakuTrebul Tvisebriv specifikas da ara miRmurobas, ze-bunebriobas. igi sazogadoebisa da individTa damokidebulebas rogorc mTelisa da nawilis damokidebulebas ganmartavda.

3. sociologiuri meTodis wesebi. pirveli wesi, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos - socialuri sinamdvilisadmi obieqturi midgoma, gamoixateba principSi: “socialuri faqtebi saWiroa ganvixiloT rogorc nivTebi”. socialuri movlenebis rogorc “nivTebis” ganmarteba niSnavda maTi subieqtisgan damoukideblad arsebo-bis aRiarebas da maT kvlevas obieqturad, ise rogorc ikvlevs Tavis sagans esaa Tu is bunebismetyveluri mecniereba.

diurkemma erTmaneTisgan ganacalkeva da sociologiuri kv-levis praqtikaSi gamoiyena analizis ori gvari: mizezobrivi da funqcionaluri. sociologiuri axsna - esaa mizezobrivi axsna,

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romlis arsic socialuri movlenis socialuri garemoTi gan-sazRvrulobis analizSi mdgomareobs. socialuri movlenis an institutis funqcia mdgomareobs institutsa da sazogadoebis rogorc mTelis garkveul moTxovnilebas Soris Sesabamisobis mowesrigebaSi. magaliTad, “vikiTxoT, rogoria Sromis danaw-ilebis funqcia - es niSnavs vikvlioT, Tu romel moTxovnilebebs Seesatyviseba igi”.

SedarebiT gamokvlevebs diurkemi aniWebda ufro did mniS-vnelobas, mas Semdeg rac dadgenilia ori socialuri movlenis urTierTdamokidebuleba - urTierTgansazRvruloba, saWiroa SedarebiTi gamokvlevebis daxmarebiT gamovarkvioT maTi mniS-vneloba da gavrcelebuloba, ganvsazRvroT qondaT Tu ara maT adgili sxvadasxva - gansxvavebul sazogadoebriv pirobebSi Tu mxolod gansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi, Tu gansxvavebul sazoga-doebaTa gansazRvrul “SedarebiTi sociologia - werda diurke-mi, - ar aris sociologiis calke toti; esaa TviT sociologia, ramdenadac igi wyvets iyos wminda aRmwerlobiTi da iswrafvis faqtebis axsnas”.

4. normaluri da paTologiuri. diurkemis mixedviT normal-uria socialuri organizmis is moqmedebani, romlebic gamom-dinareoben misi arsebobis pirobebisgan. damnaSaveoba da sxva socialuri avadmyofobani, romlebasac ziani moaqvs sazogadoe-bisTvis da iwvevs zizRs, normaluria im azriT, rom fesvebi gadg-muli aqvT gansazRvrul sazogadoebriv pirobebSi da xels uwyo-ben sasargeblo da aucilebel sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs.

garegani, uSualod aRqmadi obieqturi niSani, romelic sa-Sualebas mogvcems erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT normaluri da paTologiuri mdgomareobs maTi sayovelTaoba an gavrcelebu-lobis xarisxsa da doneSi.

sayovelTaod miRebuloba (gavrcelebuloba) aris sazoga-doebrivi janmrTelobis maCvenebeli. ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze mdgomi socialuri tipisTvis normaluria socialu-ri faqti, Tu am faqts adgili aqvs am saxis kuTvnil umetes sazo-gadoebebSi, romlebic aRebulni arian maTi evoluciis Sesabamis fazaSi.

5. sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da Sromis danawileba. di-urkemis Semoqmedebis centraluri problema - socialuri sol-idarobaa. am problemis gadawyvetam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori kavSirebi aerTianeben adamianebs sazo-gadoebaSi. maSasadame, gansazRvros socialuri solidarobis buneba da funqciebi Tanamedrove “ganviTarebul” sazogadoebaSi

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gansxvavebiT primitiuli an tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan da ax-snas sazogadoebis erTi formidan meoreze istoriuli gadasvla.

sazogadoebis mTelis Semqmnel da misi mTlianobis xelSemwyob Zalas warmoadgens Sromis danawileba, romlis qveSac mas profe-sionaluri specializacia esmis, sul ufro da ufro asrulebs rols, “romelsac odesRac saerTo cnobiereba asrulebda;

6. meqanikuri solidaroba. arqaul da ganuviTarebul sazoga-doebaSi gabatonebul solidarobas, igi meqanikurs uwodebs im kavSiris analogiurad, romelic arsebobs araorganul nivTiere-baTa molekulebs Soris (molekulebi yvelani erTnairia, dakav-Sirebulni arian wminda meqanikurad). aseT sazogadoebebSi sol-idaroba ganisazRvreba misi Semadgeneli individebis msgavsebiT, am individebis mier Sesrulebuli sazogadoebrivi funqciebis erTgvarovnebiT, individualur niSan - TvisebaTa ganuviTare-blobiT. meqanikuri solidaroba SesaZlebelia koleqtivis mier individualobis Caylapvis fasad.solidarobis obieqtur maCven-ebels, “xilul simbolos” diurkemi poulobs samarTalSi. meqa-nikuri solidarobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia represiuli samar-Tali, romelSic gamoixateba koleqtiuri cnobierebis Zala da romlis amocanaa - mkacrad dasajos adaT - wesebis an kanonis dam-rRvevi individi.

7. organuli solidaroba. ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba, ro-melSic yoveli individi asrulebs romelime erT special-ur funqcias sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebis Sesabamisad, gvagonebs organizms, misi sxvadasxva organoebiT, amitom di-urkemi solidarobis axal saxes, romelic masSi warmoiSoba, or-ganuls uwodebs.

Segneba imisa, rom TiToeuli damokidebulia meoreze - sxvaze, rom yvela dakavSirebulia Sromis danawilebiT Seqmnili sazoga-doebrivi urTierTobebis erTiani sistemiT, iwvevs erTi meoreze damokidebulebis, solidarobis, sazogadoebasTan Tavisi kav-Siris grZnobas.

“radgan Sromis danawileba solidarobis wyaroa, maSin igi amasTan erTad xdeba moraluri wesrigis safuZvelic”.

organul solidarobas Seesatyviseba e.w. restitiuli (aRd-geniTi) samarTali, romlis funqciac “nivTTa adrindeli wesri-gis aRdgenaSi, darRveul urTierTobaTa maT normalur formaSi moyvanaSi” mdgomareobs.

8. Sromis danawilebis “aranormaluri” formebi. diurkemma ga-moyo kapitalizmis Semdegi “avadmyofobani”:

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• anomia• socialuri uTanasworoba • Sromis danawilebis araadeqvaturi organizacia9. “sociologizmis” principebis gamoyeneba TviTmkvlelobis

mizezTa sakvlevad

integracia

regulacia

dabali

maRali

dabali

maRali

egoisturi TviTmkvleloba

altruisturi TviTmkvleloba

anomiuri TviTmkvleloba

fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba

rogorc sociologi, diurkemi ar yofila dainteresebuli gae-go Tu ratom iklavda konkretuli individi Tavs. es fsiqologi-is saqme iyo. amis magivrad, diurkems ainteresebda aexsna TviTm-kvlelobis gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi, anu Tu ratomaa rom erT jgufs TviTmkvlelobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs, vidre meores.

10. moralis sociologiuri koncefcia. moralis socialur arseba. “moralis RvTaebrivi, wminda xasiaTisadmi” xazgasma, ixs-neba imiT, rom rogorc religias, ise moralsac Tavis sawyisad da obieqtad aqvT sazogadoeba, romelic aRemateba individs Tavisi ZaliTac da avtoritetiTac.

sazogadoeba moiTxovs pirad uangarobas da TviTSewirvas - es-eni ki moralis savaldebulo komponentebia.

diurkemis azriT, adamianis moralur qcevas axasiaTebs sami mTavari niSani:

disciplinis grZnoba, jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba, avtonomi-aigi imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda moralur disciplinasa da kontrols, rom arsebiTad, tolobis niSans svamda discipli-nasa da morals Soris.

mxolod adamians ZaluZs Segnebulad icavdes disciplinas, romlis wyalobiTac xdeba SesaZlebeli Tavisufleba.

iseT Tviseba, niSanSi, rogoricaa “jgufuri mikuTvnebu-loba”moralis socialuri arseba, xolo “avtonomiurobaSi” ki - sazogadoebrivi ganawesisadmi Segnebuli da nebayoflobiTi miy-olis idea gamoxatuli.

11. religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi zebunebrivis idea, RmerTis idea religiis aucilebeli

atributi ar aris.yoveli religiuri rwmenisaTvis damaxasiaT-ebel niSnad, romelic maT yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe ax-asiaTebT. aris religiis mier gaSuqebuli yvela saganTa or da-

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pirispirebul klasad: saerod - profanulad (yoveldRiuri, amqveyniuri, vulgaruli, uwminduri, arawminda) da sasuliero, wmindad - sakralurad dayofa. sasuliero, wminda flobs:pirve-li, akrZalviTobas, amqveyniuri movlenebisagan gancalkevebu-lobas; meore aris miswrafebaTa, siyvarulisa da pativiscemis obieqti. amgvarad, wminda erTdroulad aris, rogorc iZulebis (akrZalvis), ise pativiscemis (avtoritetis) wyaro.

mxolod sazogadoeba flobs aseTive Tvisebebs; igi erTdrou-lad avtoritetis, siyvarulis, Tayvaniscemis wyarocaa da iZu-lebis wyaroc.

religia: “esaa rwmenaTa da adaT - wesTa mTlianobiTi sistema, romelic exeba wminda (sasuliero) e.i. akrZalul, nivTebs, rwme-naTa da adaT - wesTa, romlebic aerTianeben erT moralur Te-mad, wodebuls eklesiad, yvela imaT, vinc maT misdevs, aRiarebs.” eklesiis qveS mas esmis iseTi organizacia, romelic awesrigebs jgufis koleqtiur religiur cxovrebas. amqveyniuri, “vul-garuli” saqmianobis ZiriTadi magaliTia, SromiTi saqmianoba - mwuxarebis, simwris da dardis wyaro, xolo sasuliero saqmia-nobisa - koleqtiuri religiuri ceremoniebi da ritualebi, mx-iarulebisa da sulis amaRlebuli mdgomareobis wyaro.

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kiTxvebi:1. gamoyaviT da daaxasiaTeT socialuri faqtis ori arsebiTi niSani.2. ras niSnavs e. diurkemis debuleba - sazogadoeba esaa realoba “sui generris”?3. ganmarteT “sociologizmis” arseba da SeadareT iseT reduqcionistul mimarTulebebs, rogorebicaa: “meqanicizmi”, “biologizmi”, “fsiqologizmi” da sxva.4. ras gulisxmobda e. diurkemi individTan mimarTebaSi “sazogadoebis damoukideblobaSi”?5. ganmarteT sociologiis meTodis pirveli mcneba dawesi: “socialuri faqtebi saWiroa ganvixiloT rogorc nivTebi”.6. SeadareT erTmaneTs diurkemis mier sociologiuri kvlevis praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli analizis ori gvari: mizezobrivi da funqcionaluri axsna.7. gaanalizeT normalurisa da paTologiuri socialuri qmedebis diurkemiseuli cnebebis Sinaarsi.8. raSi gamoixateba diurkemis mixedviT Sromis socialuri danawilebisa da socialuri solidarobis urTierTkavSiri?9. ra aris meqanikuri solidaroba da ra “vizualurisimboloTi” gamoixateba igi?10. ganmarteT organuli solidarobis cneba da misi maCvenebeli (indikatori)/11. ra aris anomia?12. daasaxeleT TviTmkvlelobis tipebi da maTi gamomwvevi socialuri mizezebi.13. CamoTvale moraluri qcevis damaxasiaTebeli sami mTavari niSani.14. ratom svamda e. diurkemi moralsa da disciplinas Soris tolobis niSans?15. ganmarteT e. diurkemis debulebis “RmerTis idea religiis aucilebeli atributi ar aris” sazrisi.16. riT gamoixateba sinamdvilis religiuri aTvisebis Tavisebureba e. diurkemis mixedviT?

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leqcia meeqvse

maqs veberis sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi

1. maqs veberi: pirovneba da mecnieri2. kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa meTodologiuri problemebi3. idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqcia4. gagebis problema da “socialuri moqmedebis” kategoria5. socialuri moqmedeba da “ganwyoba sxvaze” “molodini”6. socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi.7. formaluri racionaluroba rogorc veberiseuli sociologiis kategoria.8. veberis moZRvreba batonobis tipebis Sesaxeb9. “protestantuli eTikis” Temebi: kapitalizmi, socialuri moqmedeba da rwmena 10. religiis sociologia

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi: idealuri tipi, mageneralizebeli da maindividualizirebeli azrovneba, kauzaluri kavSiri, genetikuri idealuri tipi,

wminda idealuri tipi, moqmedeba, sazrisi, motivacia, socialu-ri moqmedeba, gageba da axsna, mizanracionaluri moqmedeba, gan-wyoba - orientacia sxvaze, molodini - eqspeqtacia, formaluri racionaluroba, RirebulebiT - racionaluri moqmedeba, legit-imuri da legaluri, qarizma, biurokratia, magiuri - racionalu-ri, soteriologia.

1. maqs veberi: pirovneba da mecnieri (frenk parkinis da jorj ritceris mixedviT)

maqs veberi iyo germanuli sociologiis erT - erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli da gamoCenili sazogado moRvawe; man agreTve politikaSic scada bedi.

igi 1864 wlis 21 aprils prusiis q. erfrutSi, mdidari mewarm-is ojaxSi daibada; is ufrosi Svili iyo. mamamisi iyo ara marto warmatebuli mewarme (misi saqmianoba msubuq mrewvelobasTan

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iyo dakavSirebuli), aramed agreTve liberaluri mrwamsis poli-tikuri moRvawe. mis mSoblebs Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvave-bas gavlena hqonda rogorc mis intelequalur orientaciaze, ise fsiqologiur ganviTarebaze. veberis mama biurokrati iyo da sakmaod mniSvnelovan politikur Tanamdebobasac flobda. igi politikuri sivrcis wevri iyo da Sesabamisad gmobda yvela qmedebasa Tu ideas, romelic moiTxovda personalur Tavdade-bas an safrTxes uqmnida mis pozicias sistemaSi. maqsi 4 wlis iyo, rodesac ojaxi berlinSi gadavida sacxovreblad, sadac mamamisis politikuri moRvaweoba kidev ufro gaaqtiurda: 1872–84 wlebSi is iyo axladgaerTianebuli germaniis raixstagis deputati; Zal-ze aqtiur monawileobas iRebda berlinis politikur cxovrebaSi rogorc bismarkis mxardamWeri „erovnul-liberaluri partiis“ warmomadgeneli. amasTanave ufrosi veberi iseTi kaci iyo, ro-melsac Zalian uyvarda amqveyniuri siamovnebis miReba, riTac da ara mxolod amiT, Zalian gansxvavdeboda sakuTari meuRlisagan. maqs veberis deda kalvinisti iyo, qali romelic asketur cxovre-bas misdevda, aqtiurad monawileobda humanitarul saqmianoba-Si. da didad gansxvavdeboda sakuTari meuRlisagan. misi azrebi ufro metad araamqveyniuri iyo; igi wuxda arasrulyofilebaze, romelic Tavis mxriv imis niSans warmoadgenda rom mas codvebi ar mieteveboda da ar gadarCeboda. mSoblebs Soris aseTma gansx-vavebam Zalian did gavlena maqsis sulier da inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze.

imis gamo, rom SeuZlebeli iyo orive mSoblis gzas erTdrou-lad dasdgomoda, vebers bavSvobidanve gamokveTili arCevani warudgines. Tavdapirvelad igi mamamisis gzas daadga, Tumca mogvianebiT ufro metad dedis arCevans miuaxlovda. imisda mi-uxedavad, Tu ras airCevda veberi, msgavs polarul gansxvavebas veberis fsiqikaze mainc negatiuri efeqti hqonda.

veberebis bina berlinSi gadaiqca salonad, sadac mecnierebi, mewarmeebi, mxatvrebi da politikosebi ikribebodnen, da ukve pataraobidan maqs vebers saSualeba hqonda, Tavisi droisaTvis mowinave politikur da mecnierul ideebs gascnoboda.

1882 wels, skolis damTavrebis Semdeg veberma swavla gaagrZe-la haidelbergis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, eswre-boda leqciebs istoriaSi, ekonomikaSi, Teologiasa da filoso-fiaSi. haidelbergSi veberi Cveulebrivi studenturi cxovrebiT cxovrobda – „cotaodeni swavla da bevri qeifi“.

miuxedavad imisa, rom vebers ukve demonstrirebuli hqonda Tavisi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, socialur doneze hei-delbergis universititSi igi morcxvi da dabal ganviTarebuli Cairicxa. Tumca, es maleve Seicvala mas Semdeg rac igi SeuerT-da mamamisis cxovrebis gzas. aq igi socialurad ganviTarda,

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Tumca ufro metad ludis im didi raodenobis gamo, romelsac Tavis TanatolebTan erTad miirTmevda. amasTanave, igi amayad ukeTebda demonstracias duelis Sedegad miRebul naWrilobebs, romlebic aseTi cxovrebis niSans warmoadgendnen. veberma ara mxolod mamamisis cxovrebis wesi airCia, aramed profesiul gad-awyvetilebaSic mas gahyva, radgan gadawyvita samarTali Sees-wavla. sami semestris Semdeg veberma samxedro samsaxuris gamo dastova heidelbergi da 1884 wels dabrunda berlinSi, Tavisi mSoblebis saxlSi, raTa berlinis universitetSi swavla gaegr-Zelebina. igi iq momavali rva wlis ganmavlobaSi darCa, daasru-la swavla, moipova doqtoris xarisxi, gaxda samarTalmcodne, da berlinis universitetSi leqciebis wakiTxvac daiwyo. am proces-Si misi interesebi Semoifargleboda ufro metad misi cxovrebi-seuli interesebiT - ekonomikiT, istoriiTa da sociologiiT. am rva wlis ganmavlobaSi veberi finansurad mamaze iyo damokidebu-li, rac mas sul ufro naklebad moswonda. am periodSi igi ufro metad dauaxlovda dedis Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisad mamis mimarT antipaTia gaizarda. man asketuri cxovrebis wess mihyo xeli da mTlianad CaerTo Tavis samuSaoSi. magaliTad, swavlis periodSi misi erTi dRis, Cveulebrivi semestruli samuSao Cvevebi Semdeg-nairad xasaiTdeba: “igi misdevs samuSaos mkacr disciplinas, Ta-visi cxovrebis regulirebas saaTis meSveobiT axdens, yoveldRi-ur rutinas yofs konkretul seqciebad sxvadasxva samuSaosTvis, inaxavs fuls imis xarjze rom saRamoobiT sakuTar Tavs xorciTa da oTxi kvercxiT gamokvebavs sakuTar oTaxSi” (cit: 64, gv. 219). dedis gzis dadgomiT veberi asketuri cxovrebis gzas daadga, gaxda didi mSromeli da Tanamedrove terminebiT rom avRweroT “Workaholic”-ic ki.

1884 w. man strasburgSi, savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi gaatara. amis Semdeg mamis TxovniT swavla ukve berlinis univer-sitetSi gaagrZela - veberis mamas undoda, rom Svils Sin ecx-ovra; Tumca, 1885 wels erTi semestri veberma giotingenis uni-versitetSi gaatara.

1889 wels maqs veberma daamTavra Tavisi sadoqtoro disert-acia ekonomiuri istoriis dargSi, romelic Sua saukuneebis savaWro kompaniebis istorias eZRvneboda. am naSromis Seqmnis mizniT man italiuri da espanuri enebi damoukideblad Seis-wavla. maleve, 1891 w. veberi kidev erT did istoriul naSroms, „romis agraruli istoria da misi mniSvneloba saxelmwifo da kerZo samarTlisaTvis“ wers.

1892 wels veberma Tavisi pirveli sociologiuri naSromi daw-era, romelic aRmosavleT germaniis agraruli muSebis mdgo-mareobas Seiswavlida .

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1893 wels veberma muSaoba daiwyo berlinis universitetSi, sa-dac is samarTalSi kiTxulobda leqciebs. am samsaxurma mas fi-nansuri damouki-

debloba moutana, da swored am periodSi is Tavis kuzina mari-ana Snitgerze daqorwinda.

1895 wels veberi fraiburgis universitetSi gadavida, sadac is politikuri ekonomiis profesorad muSaobda, xolo 1896 wels igi haidelbergis universitetSi miiwvies.

1897 wlis agvistoSi gardaicvala veberis mama. veberma Zalze mwvaved ganicada mamis sikvdili. rac maT Soris saSinel kamaTs mohyva. cota xnis Semdeg veberi ukve iseT simptomebs amJRavneb-da, romlebic nerviuli aSlilobis niSani iyo. xSirad igi ver axerxebda Zils an muSaobas, momavali eqvsi-Svidi weli man fata-luri kolafsis piras gaatara. miuxedavad imisa, rom is Seecada ganeaxlebina Tavisi saqmianoba universitetSi, axali, 1898 wlis dasawyisSi mas ukve nerviuli sisustis niSnebi etyoboda - fiziku-ri sisuste, uZiloba, daRliloba, rac saboloo jamSi seriozul avadmyofobaSi gadaizarda. am avadmyofobam (koncentrirebis unari dakarga) igi srulfasovan akademiur cxovrebas didi xniT moswyvita. veberma ramodenime weli gaatara mogzaurobebSi – iyo amerikaSi, samxreT evropaSi, italiaSi, rac Seexeba mis amer-ikul STabeWdilebebs, bevri evropelisagan gansxvavebiT, rom-lebic xazs usvamdnen amerikis naklovanebebs, veberma daafasa iq gavrcelebuli racionalizmi komerciuli operaciebis gatare-bisas. 1903 wels mas zogierTi Zala daubrunda, Tumca mxolod 1904 wlidan, rodesac a.S.S-Si eqvs naxevari wlis Semdeg pirve-lad waikiTxa leqcia, daubrunda igi aqtiur akademiur cxovre-bas. 1904 da 1905 wlebSi man gamoaqveyna Tavisi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”. Tavis SromaSi man akademiur doneze dedamisis religiis dominan-turoba gamoacxada. veberi did dros uTmobda religiis Seswav-las, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad religiuri ar yofila.

es naSromi gamoqveynda JurnalSi „Archiv für Sozialwiissenschaft und Sozialpolitik“ da 1910 wlamde mwvave diskusiis sagans warmoadgenda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am diskusiaSi TviT veber-mac aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo.

amave periodSi Seiqmna veberis umniSvnelovanesi meTodol-ogiuri naSromebi, romlebmac socialuri mecnierebebis

meTodologiis dRemde mZlavr tradicias Cauyara safuZveli. erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani am naSromebs Soris aris misi esse „obieqturoba socialur mecnierebebSi“ (1904 w.), romelic agreTve „Archiv“-Si iqna gamoqveynebuli.

1904 wlidan veberi iyo „Archiv für Sozialwiissenschaft und Sozialpolitik“-is Tanaredaqtori zombartTan da iafesTan erTad; es Jurnali,

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gamoCenili sociologis edvard Silzis TqmiT, „socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi nebismier enaze arsebul udides period-ul gamocemas warmoadgenda“.

maqs veberi dainteresebuli iyo msoflioSi mimdinare pro-cesebiT. misi yuradRebis miRma arc ruseTSi 1905 wels momxdari revolucia darCenila. raTa saSualeba hqonoda originalSi gascnoboda rusul gazeTebs da publikaciebs, man damoukideb-lad Seiswavla rusuli ena. 1906 wels gamovida misi ramdenime naS-romi, romlebic ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebis analizs mieZRvna.

veberis Sromisunarianoba gamaognebeli iyo. 1908–09 wlebSi man qarxnis muSebTan Catarebuli empiriuli gamokvlevis safuZ-velze sameurneo saqmianobis fsiqologia Seiswavla.

veberi akademiur cxovrebaSic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda. 1910 wels Tavis kolegebTan, tionisTan da zimelTan erTad, man germanuli sociologiuri sazogadoeba daarsa. ramdenime wlis manZilze swored veberi iyo arCeuli am sazogadoebis mdivnad da mis saqmianobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda.

am droisaTvis veberi ukve religiuri sistemebis, samarT-lebrivi institutebis funqcionirebis SeswavliT, polite-konomiiT da politikuri gamokvlevebiT dainteresda.

1907 wels veberma memkvidreoba miiRo, ramac is finansurad da-moukidebeli gaxada.

veberi 50 wlis iyo, rodesac pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo. asakis gamo mas ar SeeZlo omSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca amis didi survili hqonda. magram is sakmaod aqtiur monawileobas iRebda Tavisi qalaqis saavadmyofos marTvaSi, Semdeg muSaobda saidumlo ganyofilebaSi, romelsac gzebis marTva evaleboda, xolo omis bolo 2 weli akeTebda imas, risi gakeTebac yvelaze kargad SeeZlo – “werda sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, imis magivrad, rom emarTa is”.

SemdgomSi veberma franqfurtis saarCevno ubanSi gamarTul arCevnebSi miiRo monawileoba. is germaniis demokratiuli parti-is siiT iyo wardgenili, da Tumca damarcxda, saarCevno komisiam is, rogorc TvalsaCino pirovneba mainc Seiyvana parlamentSi. am ambavma Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina veberze. rogorc parkini werda, „adamiani, romelic ase gamWriaxad erkveoda Zalauflebis meqanizmebSi Teoriul doneze, erTgvarad miamiti aRmoCnda, rodesac, am codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebis dro dadga“.

is, rom veberma ver SeZlo politikuri kariera gaekeTebina, saboloo jamSi kargic iyo, radgan, rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, misgan SeiZleba “saSineli politikosi gamosuliyo“.

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1916 wels veberma gamosca religiis sociologiis ciklis, „Religions Rejections of the World and Their Directions“-is pirveli naSrome-bi, romlebic exeboda CineTisa da indoeTis religiur sistemebs. erTi wlis Semdeg gamovida am ciklis Semdegi naSromi, romelic mieZRvna Zvel iudaizms. SemdgomSi veberma kidev ufro ganavr-co es naSromebi da gamoaqveyna „msoflio religiaTa socialu-ri fsiqologia“ (1918) da „msoflio religiaTa sameurneo eTika“ (1919).

mxolod 1918 wels daubrunda veberi leqciebis kiTxvas, am-jerad – venis universitetSi. Semdeg man miiRo miunxenis uni-versitetis miwveva, sadac waikiTxa Tavisi cnobili leqciebi, „mecniereba rogorc mowodeba da profesia“ da „politika ro-gorc mowodeba da profesia“ (1919 w). aseve miunxenis universi-tetSi wakiTxuli leqciebis studentiseuli konspeqtebis safuZ-velze iqna Sedgenili veberis „saerTo ekonomikuri istoria“, romelic veberis uzomod farTo ganswavlulobisa da misi uni-kaluri azrovnebis Sesaxe srul STabeWdilebas iZleva.

2. kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa meTodologiuri problemebi

veberiseuli sociologiis meTodologiuri principebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli XIX saukunis dasasrulis dasavluri sazogadoebaTmcodneobis Teoriul situaciasTan, gansakuTre-biT mniSvnelovania sworad gavigoT v. dilTaisa da neokantianel-Ta ideebisadmi veberis damokidebuleba.

dilTai ar uaryofda imas, rom adamiani gansazRvrul fsiqofizikur erTianobas warmoadgens, romelic mxolod ab-straqciaSi SeiZleba iqnes danawilebuli. am azriT, bunebi-smecnierebani da humanitaruli mecnierebani erTsa da imave adamianur cxovrebas swavloben. magram bunebrivi mecnierebani akvirdebian imas, Tu bunebriv xdomilebaTa msvleloba rogori saxiT (wesiT) zemoqmedeben adamianis mdgomareobaze, maSin rode-sac humanitaruli mecnierebani, rogorc gonis mecnierebani gan-sazRvruli miznebis damsaxveli da mimdevari adamianis Tavisu-fal saqmianobas swavloben.

bunebismecnierebis mier Seswavlili fizikuri nivTebi, CvenT-vis cnobilia mxolod gaSualebulad, rogorc movlena. gonis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa monacemebi, piriqiT, Sinagani cdisagan, ada-mianis mier sakuTar Tavze, sxva adamianebze da maT Soris urT-ierTobebze uSualo dakvirvebebisaganaa aRebuli. ,,socialuri

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faqtebi gasagebia Signidan. Cven SegviZlia sakuTar mdgomare-obebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze isini Cvens TavSi garkveuli doniT aRvadginoT. gagebisas istoriuli samyaros am kvlavwar-moebas siyvaruliTa da siZulviliT vacocxlebT. buneba CvenT-vis utyvia - munjia. mxolod Cveni warmosaxvis Zala aSuqebs masze sicocxlisa da intimurobis anarekls. . . igi CvenTvis aris raRac garegani. sazogadoeba ki Cveni samyaroa.’’

gonis mecnierebaTa pirveladi elementi uSualo Sinagani gancdaa, romliTac adamiani Tavis arsebobas samyaroSi uSualod acnobierebs. gansxvavebul adamianTa fsiqikur struqturaTa, sulier samyaroTa msgavseba TanagrZnobis, Tanagancdis, simpaTi-is SesaZleblobebs gviqmnis. es ki Tavis mxriv gagebis, e.i. ucxo Sinagani samyaros, kulturaSi kodirebuli simboloebisa da saqmianobis motivTa gaSifvris safuZvelia. ,,bunebas Cven vxsniT, sulier cxovrebas ki - vigebT” - ai dilTais mTavari Tezisi.

kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa sayovelTaobis problema ve-beris gamokvlevaSi centraluri gaxda. erT sakiTxSi igi eTanxme-ba v.dilTais, man gaiziara misi antinaturalizmi da darwmunebu-li iyo rom adamianis saqmianobis Seswavlisas SeuZlebelia amovideT imave meTodologiuri principebidan, romlebidanac amodis astronomia, romelic ciur sxeulTa moZraobas Seiswav-lis. rogorc dilTai, veberic Tvlida, rom abstrahireba imisgan, rom adamiani cnobieri arsebaa ar SeuZlia arc istorikoss, arc sociologs da arc ekonomists, magram socialuri cxovrebis Ses-wavlisas msgavsi wesis rezultatebi sayovelTaobas ar floben.

veberis Tanaxmad, dilTaisa da misi mimdevrebis ZiriTadi Sec-doma fsiqologizmia, nacvlad imisa, rom vikvlioT istorikosSi garkveuli warmodgenebis warmoqmnis fsiqologiuri procese-bi, im TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogori wesiT gamovlindnen mis sulSi es warmodgenebi da subieqturad Tu rogor movida maT Soris kavSirebis gagebsaTan - sxva sityvebiT, nacvlad imisa, rom is-torikosis gancdaTa samyaro vikvlioT, veberi gvTavazobs, Se-viswavloT im cnebaTa warmoqmnis logika, romlebiTac am dros istorikosi operirebs, vinaidan mxolod imis, rac wvdomilia in-tuiturad sayovelTao mniSvnelobis cnebebis formaSi gamoTq-ma, istorikosis subieqtur warmodgenaTa samyaros istoriuli mecnierebis obieqtur samyarod aqcevs.

Tavis meTodologiur gamokvlevaSi veberi arsebiTad istori-ul mecnierebis antinaturalisturi dafuZnebis neokantianur variants miemxro. gansxvaveba istoriasa da bunebismecniere-

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bas Soris, rikertis azriT, uwinares yovlisa isaa, rom bunebi-smecnierebisaTvis zogadi cnebebi Semecnebis mizania, maSin rode-sac istoriul mecnierebebSi isini individualuris wvdomisa da gagebis mxolod aucilebeli saSualebebia. bunebismecnierebaSi arsebiTis gamoyofis kriteriumia ganmeorebadi da zogadi, is-toriaSi ki piriqiT, ganumeorebeli da individualuri. amitom bunebismecnieruli cnebebi mravali individualuri warmon-aqmnebidan maT saerTos - zogads gamoyofen, individualurs da gansakuTrebuls yuradRebis gareSe toveben istoriuli cnebebi ki piriqiT, gamoyofen swored imas, riTac es individuumebi erTi meorisagan gansxvavdebian.

socialuri Semecnebis Tavisebureba isaa, rom movlenebs ki ar aSualebs, aramed maTSi romeliRac sayovelTao mniSvnelobis kulturul RirebulebebTan mikuTvnebis gziT arsebiTs gamoy-ofs. rikertis mixedviT, Rirebuleba - esaa ,,sazrisi, romelic mTel yofierebaze dgas.” amitom Rirebulebisadmi mikuTvneba - savsebiT sxvaa, vidre subieqturi Sefaseba. gamijvnis Sesaxeb yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, rikerti fiqrobda, rom amgvari wesiT socialur - istoriuli Semecnebis obieqturobis uzrunvelyo-fa SesaZlebelia. ,,henrix

rikertis kvalad veberi or aqts - Rirebulebisadmi mikuT-vnebas da Sefasebas - erTmaneTisgan mijnavs. Tu pirveli Cven individualur STabeWdilebas obieqtur da sayovelTao mniSvn-elobis msjelobad gardaqmnis, maSin meore subieqturobis far-glebidan ar gadis. kulturis, sazogadoebis da istoriis Ses-axeb mecniereba, - acxadebs veberi - iseve unda iyos Tavisufali SefasebiTi msjelobisagan, rogorc bunebis mecniereba. aseTi moTxovna srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom mecnierebam saerTod uari Tqvas sakuTar Sefasebasa da gemovnebaze. - ara, isini ubralod ar unda iWrebodnen misi mecnieruli msjelobis sazRvrebSi. am saz-Rvrebis miRma mas sruli ufleba aqvs, gamoTqvas isini,ramdenic surs, magram ukve ara rogorc mecnierma, aramed rogorc kerZo pirma.“ (34, gv. 186)

magram vebers arsebiTi Sesworeba Seaqvs rikertis wanamZ-RvrebSi. rikertisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Rirebulebebs da maT ierarqias, rogorc raRac zeistoriuls ganixilavs, veberi Rirebulebas, rogorc ama Tu im istoriuli epoqis ganwyobas, rogorc epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli interesis mimarTulebas gansazRvravs: amiT Rirebulebebi zeistoriuli sferodan isto-riaSi gadaitaneba, xolo Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb neokantianuri moZRvreba pozitivizms uaxlovdeba, gamoTqma: ,,Rirebulebisad-

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mi mikuTvneba” im specifikur mecnieruli interesis mxolod fi-losofiur ganmartebas gulisxmobs, romelic empiriuli gamokv-levis obieqtis arCevansa da damuSavebas xelmZRvanelobs.

epoqis interesi - es aris raRac ufro myari da obieqturi, vidre ama Tu im mkvlevaris ubralo kerZo interesi, romelic neokantianelebTan “Rirebulebis” saxelwodeba miiRo, - rikert-Tan Rirebulebas fesvebi zeistoriul realobaSi - transcenden-tur subieqtSi qonda gadgmuli. maTi “epoqis interesebad”, e.i. raRac SefardebiTad gardaqmniT, veberi rikertis koncefciis gadaazrebas axdens. ramdenadac veberis Tanaxmad, Rirebulebebi Tavis drois, epoqis zogadi ganwyobebis mxolod da mxolod ga-moTqmebia, amdenad yovel drosa da epoqas Tavisi ,,absolutebi” aqvs. amgvarad, absolutebi istoriuli, maSasadame SefardebiTi aRmoCnda.

istoriul kvlevaSi es gulisxmobs, rom Sesaswavli obieqtebis SerCeva imis safuZvelze moxdeba Tu ra miiCneva mniSvnelovnad im konkretul sazogadoebaSi sadac mkvlevari cxovrobs. anu, isi-ni warsulis faqtebis Seswavlas gadawyveten iqidan gamomdinare Tu rogoria Tanamedrove RirebulebiTi sistema. Tavis konkret-ul SemTxvevaSi, veberi RirbulebiTi - relevanturobis Sesaxeb “Tanamedrove evropelis TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare” werda. magaliTad, biurokratia veberis droindeli germaniis Zalzed mniSvnelovani nawili iyo da swored amitom gadawvita man Sees-wavla am fenomenis (an misi ar arsebobis) SemTxvevebi sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi.

Sesabamisad, veberis azriT, ,,RirebulebiTi gansjebi srulebiT ar unda CamovaSoroT mecnierul diskurss. miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ewinaaRmdegeboda Rirebulebebisa da faqtebis aR-revas, igi mainc ar Tvlida rom Rirebulebebi sruliad unda CamovaSoroT socialur mecnierebebs: “moraluri indiferen-tulobis damokidebulebas araferi ar aqvs saerTo mecnierul “obieqturobasTan”. igi Tvlida, rom Rirebulebebs garkveul adgili aqvT, Tumca aseve afrTxilebda mkvlevarebs rom frTx-ilad yofiliyvnen Rirebulebebis rolis Taobaze: “aucileblad unda ganisazRvros... Tu rodis Cumdeba mecnieruli mkvlevari, da rodis iwyebs Semfasebeli da moqmedi adamiani saubars”. rode-sac gamoxataven RirebulebiT pozicias, sociologi mkvlevare-bi yovelTvis unda ecadon sakuTari Tavica da auditoriac am poziciebs moaridon.” (69, gv. 226)

veberis Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb Sromis kidev erTi aspeqti im rolSi mdgomareobs, romlis mixedviTac socialuri mecnierebe-bi adamianebs sxvadasxva RirebulebiT poziciebebs Soris arCev-

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anis gakeTebaSi exmarebian. veberis idea isaa, rom alternatiul RirebulebiT poziciebs Soris arCevanis mecnierulad gaakeTeba warmoudgenelia. Sesabamisad, socialur mecnierebs ar SeuZli-aT msgavsi arCevanis adamianebis magivrad gakeTeba. “socialu-ri mecnierebebi, romlebic wmindad empiriuli mecnierebebia, yvelaze naklebad exmarebian adamianebs rTuli arCevanis gakeTe-baSi” (iqve, gv. 225). socialur mecniers SeuZlia miiRos garkveuli faqtobrivi daskvnebi socialuri kvlevidan, magram am kvelvas ar SuZlia uTxras adamianebs Tu ra “unda” gaakeTon maT. empiriul kvlevas SeuZlia daexmaros adamianebs miznis misaRwevi adekvatu-ri saSualebis arCevaSi, magram am miznis sxva miznebidan arCevaSi ver daexmareba. veberi ambobs: ,normebisa da idealebis miwode-ba, romlis mixedviTac moqmedebebi ganxorcieldeba, empiriuli mecnierebis amocanas ar warmoadgens”. “empiriuli mecnierebis amocanas arasodes ar Seadgens normebisa da idealebis miwodeba, romlis mixedviTac ganxorcieldeba moqmedebebi” (iqve, gv. 226).

Rirebulebebi da swavla. veberi (yvelaze kargad gansazRvra-vda imas, Tu rogor unda Seikavon Tavi maswavleblebma saklaso oTaxSi sakuTari Rirebulebebis gamovlenisagan. misi azriT, aka-demikosebs Tavsuflad SeuZliaT sakuTari perosonaluri Rire-bulebebis gamovlena TavianT gamosvlebSi, presaSi da ase Semdeg, magram saleqcio auditoria sul sxvaa. veberi ewinaaRmdegeboda im leqtorebs, romlebic “SekiTxvebze sakuTar Sefasebebs qad-agebdnen “mecnierebis saxeliT” mTavrobis privilegirebul sa-leqcio auditoriebSi sadac arc maTi gakontroleba xdeba, arc Semowmeba diskusiis gziT, da arc SewinaaRmdegeba... saleqcio auditoria gancalkevebuli unda iyos sajaro diskusiisagan”. yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sajaro gamosvlasa da leq-cias Soris auditoriis bunebaSia. xalxi, romelic sajaro ga-mosvlas usmens iq sakuTari surviliT mivida da nebismier dros SeuZlia wasvla. magram studentebs, miTumetes Tu warmatebis miRweva surT, sakuTari profesoris RirebulebebiT-Seferili poziciis yuradRebiT mosmenis garda araferi darCeniaT. arse-bobs mcire gaurkvevloba veberis poziciaSi Rirebulebisgan-Ta-visuflebis Sesaxeb. akademikosma auditoriaSi unda gamoxatos “faqtebi”, da ara Tavisi personaluri Rirebulebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maswavlebels SeiZleba didi cduneba hqondes saku-Tari Rirebulebebis gamoxatvisa, radgan es ufro sainteresoso gaxdidida leqcias, Tumca leqtorma mainc Tavi unda Seikavos Rirebulebebis CarTvisagan, radgan es studentebs “Seumcirebs wminda empiriuli analizis Catarebis survils” (iqve). mniSvnelo-

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van kiTxvad rCeba Tu ramdenad realuria rom profesorebma saku-Tari Rirebulebebis amogdeba SesZlon prezentaciebidan. veberi miiRebda am pozicias, radgan misi azriT SesaZlebelia faqtisa da Rirebulebebis gamijvna. Tumca, marqsi mas ar daeTanxmebo-da, radgan misi azriT faqtebi da Rirebulebebi urTierTgadab-mulia da dialeqtikur kavSirSi imyofebian.

3. idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqcia

veberi iyo erT - erTi yvelaze didi istorikosi da sociolo-gi, romelic Seecada Segnebulad gamoeyenebina cnebaTa neokan-tianuri

instrumentebi empiriuli kvlevis praqtikaSi. rikertis moZ-Rvreba cnebebis Sesaxeb rogorc empiriuli sinamdvilis inten-siuri da eqstensiuri mravalsaxeobis gadalaxvis saSualebebis Sesaxeb, veberTan Taviseburad ,,idealuri tipis” kategoriaSi gardatyda.

zogadad rom vTqvaT, idealuri tipi aris “epoqis interesi” gamoTqmuli Teoriuli konstruqciis saxiT. amgvarad, idealuri ar amoiReba empiriuli sinamdvilidan - realobidan, aramed igeba rogorc Teoriuli sqema. am azriT veberi idealur tips “uto-pias” uwodebs. “rac ufro mkveTrad da erTmniSvnelovnadaa age-buli - konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi, maSasadame, am azriT, rac ufro ucxoni arian isini samyarosadmi, miT ufro kargad as-ruleben isini TavianT daniSnulebas - rogorc terminologiur da klasifikatorul, ise evristikul mimarTebaSic”.

“idealuri tipi” veberis meTodologiis konceptualuri cne-baa. idealuri tipi warmoadgens Teoriul abstraqcias, romel-ic gamoiyeneba rTuli msoflios gagebis amocanis gaadvilebis mizniT. “veberi ... migvaniSnebs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia srulad CavwvdeT socialur fenomenebs”. iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa “protestantizmi”, “biurokratia” an “kapitalizmi” Sedgebi-an rogorc normatiuli, aseve struqturuli xasiaTis uamravi urTierTdakavSirebuli komponentebisgan, da imisTvis, raTa gav-igoT isini, aucilebelia maTi “dayvana” maT “ZiriTad elemente-bamde”. rogorc parkini Tvlis, es niSnavs, rom “savaraudoa, rom kapitalizmis an burJuaziuli revoluciis idealuri tipebi ... ar warmoadgenen realuri movlenebis zust asaxvas”. Tumca aseTi tipebis konstruqciebs aqvT realobis damaxasiaTebeli garkveu-li niSanTvisebebi, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini realobas zus-tad da xarvezebis gareSe asaxavdnen.

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idealuri tipi Taviseburi sazomia, romelsac unda Sevadar-oT empiriuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi. am proceduras veberi mo-samzadebel procedurad miiCnevs, romelic aucilebelia Semd-gomi mizez - Sedegobrivi axsnisaTvis.

rogorc ar unda iyos idealuri tipis Sinaarsi ... mas mxolod erTi funqcia aqvs empiriul gamokvlevebSi. misi funqcia aris Se-dareba empiriul realobasTan. imisTvis, raTa am idealur tipTan misi gansxvaveba an msgavseba daadginos, rom gavigoT da kauzalu-rad avxsnaT isini.

magram, radgan idealuri tipis Semadgeneli elementebis amorCeva ar eqvemdebareba raime kanonebs, ar SeiZleba mas vu-wodoT “swori” an “araswori”. amrigad, veberi ambobs, rom ar aris gamarTlebuli, gvqondes warmodgena, TiTqos Cven SegviZlia raimenairad CavwvdeT socialuri sinamdvilis namdvil arss. so-cialur sinamdviles ara aqvs realuri arsi imitom, rom is Sei-Zleba konstruirebuli iqnas ramdenime gansxvavebuli xerxis sa-SualebiT.

amgvarad veberiseuli idealuri tipi axlosaa idealur mod-elTan, romliTac sargeblobs bunebismecniereba. es kargad esmis TviT vebersac. azrobrivi konstruqciebi, romlebic atareben idealuri tipebis saxelwodebas, ambobs igi. “SeiZleba, iseve na-kleb gvxvdebodes realobaSi, rogorc fizikuri reaqciebi, rom-lebic gamoTvlili gamoangariSebulia, mxolod absoluturad carieli sivrcis agebisas”. veberi idealur tips Cveni fantaziis produqts uwodebs, “romelic Seqmnilia Cvens mier wminda azro-brivi saxiT”, is ufro amiT xazs usvams mis gareempiriul warmo-Sobas.

msgavsad imisa rogorc idealuri modelebi igeba bunebis mkv-levaris mier bunebis Semecnebis instrumentis, saSualebis saxiT, aseve idealuri tipebic iqmneba rogorc instrumenti istoriuli realobis misaRwevad. “abstraqtuli idealuri tipebi - wers ve-beri - ganixileba ara rogorc mizani, aramed rogorc saSualeba”. swored empiriuli realobidan Tavisi mowyvetilobis an Tavisi gansxvavebulobis wyalobiT idealur tips SeuZlia gamogvadg-es TiTqosda masTan - realobasTan idealuri tipis Tanafardo-bis dadgenis masStabad. (,,raTa gavigoT namdvili kavSirebi, Cven vagebT aranamdvils”.)

“idealuri tipi” veberis meTodologiis konceptualuri cne-baa. idealuri tipi warmoadgens Teoriul abstraqcias, romel-ic gamoiyeneba rTuli msoflios gagebis amocanis gaadvilebis

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mizniT. “veberi ... migvaniSnebs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia srulad CavwvdeT socialur fenomenebs”. iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa “protestantizmi”, “biurokratia” an “kapitalizmi” Sedgebi-an rogorc normatiuli, aseve struqturuli xasiaTis uamravi urTierTdakavSirebuli komponentebisgan, da imisTvis, raTa gav-igoT isini, aucilebelia maTi “dayvana” maT “ZiriTad elemente-bamde”. rogorc parkini Tvlis, es niSnavs, rom “savaraudoa, rom kapitalizmis an burJuaziuli revoluciis idealuri tipebi... ar warmoadgenen

realuri movlenebis zust asaxvas”. Tumca aseTi tipebis kon-struqciebs aqvT realobis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli niSanT-visebebi, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini realobas zustad da xarvezebis gareSe asaxavdnen.

idealuri tipi Taviseburi sazomia, romelsac unda Sevadar-oT empiriuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi. am proceduras veberi mo-samzadebel procedurad miiCnevs, romelic aucilebelia Semd-gomi mizez - Sedegobrivi axsnisaTvis.

magram aq veberi vardeba siZneleebSi, romlebic dakavSirebu-lia sakiTxTan imis Sesaxeb mainc rogor igeba - konstruirdeba idealuri tipi. erT - erTi miseuli ganmarteba: “Sinaarsobrivad am konstruqcias (idealur tips) aqvs raRac utopiis xasiaTi, romelic warmoSobilia sinamdvilis garkveuli elementebis az-rovnebiTi gaZlierebis, gamoyofis dros”. aq SeiZleba advilad aRmovaCinoT winaaRmdegoba idealuri tipebis ganmartebaSi. nam-dvilad, erTis mxriv, veberi aqcents akeTebs imaze, rom ideal-uri tipebi warmoadgenen “utopias”, “fantazias. meores mxriv, cxadi xdeba, rom isini aRebulia TviT sinamdvilisgan - marTalia raRacnairi misi “deformaciis” gziT: im elementebis gaZliere-biT, gamoyofiT, gamaxvilebiT, romlebic mkvlevars warmoedg-ineba rogorc tipiurni. gamodis rom idealuri konstruqcia garkveuli azriT amoRebulia TviT empiriuli realobisagan.

idealuri tipebi istoriuli realobis nawilebis Sesaswavli damxmare instrumentebia. magaliTad, socialuri mecnierebi Se-qmnian biurokratiis idelur tips, maTi istoriul monacemebSi gamoCenis mixedviT. idealuri tipi Semdeg SesaZlebelia rom Se-dardes realurad arsebul biurokratias. mkvlevari cdilobs ipovos is gansxvavebebi rac arsebobs realursa da idealur tips Soris. amis Semdeg, socialurma mecnierma unda eZios deviaciuri SemTxvevebis mizezebi. ,,zogierTi tipiuri mizezi am gansxvevebi-sa aris:

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1. biurokratTa is moqmedebebi, romelic misi informaciiT imarTeba.2. biurokratiuli liderebis mier daSvebuli strategiuli Secdomebi. 3. liderebis an maTi mimdevrebis moqmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli logikuri warumateblobebi.4. emociebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.5. biurokratiuli liderebisa da maTi mimdevrebis moqmedebebis nebismieri iracionaluroba.sxva magaliTi rom ganvixiloT, idealur-tipuri samxedro

brZola aseTi tipis brZolis yvela principul komponents Sei-cavs - mowinaaRmdege armiebi, mowinaaRmdege strategiebi, Ti-Toeuli maTganis xelT arsebuli materialuri SesaZleblobebi, miwa, romelic brZolis mizezi gaxda (“arcerTi adamianis” miwa), resursebi da damxmare Zalebi, gankargulbiTi centrebi, da lid-erTa xarisxi. uSualod brZolas SesaZloa ar hqondes es yvela elemti, da swored es aris erT-erTi sakiTxi risi codnac mkvle-vars ainteresebs. aq mniSvnelovani sakiTxi swored imaSi mdgoma-robs, rom nebismieri samxedro brZolis elementebi SeiZleba Se-dardes idealur tipSi identificirebul elementebTan.

idealuri tipis (magaliTad idealur - tipuri samxedro brZo-lis) elementebi uyuradRebod ar unda SeirCes; maTi kombinireba swored maTi Tavsebadobidan gamomdinare xdeba. rogorc hekmani gansazRvravs: “idealuri tipebi socialuri mecnierebis keTil-ganwobis an arakeTilganwyobis produqtebs ar warmoadgenen, isini logikurad konstruirebuli konstruqtebia”. (Tumca isini SeiZleba da sasurvelicaa rom asaxavdnen socialuri mecnieris interesebs). (64, gv.223)

veberis mixedviT, idealuri tipi socialuri istoriuliis sam-yarodan induqciis meTodiT unda aigos. veberis azriT, mxolod yuradRebiT SerCeuli konceptebis erTobliobis SeTavazeba sakmarisi ar iyo, miTumetes Tu isini abstraqtuli Teoriidan deduqciis gziTaa miRebuli. konceptebi unda iyos empiriulad adekvaturni. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis rom miviRoT idealuri tipi, mkvlevarma pirvel rigSi istoriul realobaSi unda SeaRwios da Semdeg am realobidan Seqmnas es tipi.

nomoTetur da idiografiul codnas Soris oqros Sualedis povnis cdis Sedegad, veberis azriT, idaluri tipi arc Zalian zo-gadi unda iyos, da arc Zalian konkretuli. magaliTad, istoriis SemTxvevaSi, igi uaryofda zogadad religiis istorias rogorc idealur tips, magram amavdroulad igi kritikulad Sexvdeboda

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Zalzed specifiuri fenomenis, magaliTad individualuri reli-giuri gamocdilebis idealur tips. amis nacvlad, idealuri ti-pebi iqmneba iseTi saSualo fenomenebis mixedviT rogorebicaa kalvinizmi, meTodizmi da baptizmi (iqve, gv. 224).

miuxedavad imisa, rom idealuri tipebi realuri samyarodan iqmneba, isini mainc ar unda warmoadgendnen am samyaros sarkise-bur suraTs. amis nacvlad, isini unda warmoadgendnen imis erTm-niSvnelovan gazviadebas (mkvlevaris interesebidan gamomdinare) Tu ra xdeba am realur samyaroSi. veberis mixedviT, rac ufro gadaWarbebulia idealuri tipi, miT ufro gamosadegi iqneba is istoriuli kvlevisaTvis.

sityvis - idealuri an utopia - gamoyeneba iseT konteqstSi ar unda moxdes, romelic am konceptSi saukeTeso samyaros arsebo-bas gulisxmobs. rogorc Tavad veberi iyenebda, es koncepti aR-wers iseT formas, romelic iSviaTad an arasdros gvxvdeba re-alobaSi. veberi Tvlida, rom idealuri tipi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc pozitiuri an swori; idealuri tipi aseve SeiZleba iyos negatiuri an moraluri TvalsazrisiT autaneli (iqve).

idealuri tipebi TavisTavSive unda qmnidnen azrs, maTi kom-ponentebis mniSvneloba urTierT Tavsebadi unda iyos da realu-ri samyaros gagebaSi unda gvexmarebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven mivediT im azramde rom idealuri tipebi gamoiyeneba stati-kuri erTobebis aRsawerad, veberi Tvlida, rom maTi gamoyeneba aseve SesaZlebelia rogorc statikuri ise dinamiuri erTobebis aRsawerad. ase rom, Cven SegviZlia gvqondes socilauri struq-turis, magaliTad biurokratiis, idealuri tipi, da aseve so-cialuri ganviTarebis, vTqvT biurokratizaciis idealuri tipi.

idealuri tipebi ar yalibdebian mxolod erTxel da yvelaf-risaTvis. gamomdinare iqedan, rom icvleba rogorc socialuri samyaro, ise socialuri mecnieris interesebi, aucilebelia gan-vaviTaroT axali tipologiebi, romelic moergeba cvalebad re-alobas. es kidev erTxel miyveba veberis im ideas, romlis mixedvi-Tac socialur mecnierebebSi ar arsebobs maradiuli terminebi.

miuxedavd imisa, rom idealuri tipis sakmado garkveuli xati SevqmeniT, veberis mier am konceptis gansazRvrisas mainc arse-bobs winaaRmdegobebi. amasTanave, Tavis substanciur SromaSi, veberi ise iyenebda am koncepts, rogoradac gansazRvravda rom ar unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. rogorc burgerma aRniSna: “SromaSi ekonomika da sazogadoeba warmodgenili idealuri ti-pebi warmoadgenen gansazRvrebebis, klasifikaciis, da specifiu-ri hipoTezebis erTobliobas, romelic sakmado gansxvavebulia

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imisaTvis, rom moergos veberis gancxadebebs” (1976:118). miuxeda-vad imisa, rom hekmani (1983:38-59) ewinaaRmdegeba burgeris ideas veberis mier idealuri tipis gansazRvrisas araerTgvarovnebaSi, igi aseve Tvlis, rom veberma idealuri tipis sxvadasxva varian-tebi SemogvTavaza:

maSasadame, idealuri tipi - ra aris igi: aprioruli konstruq-cia, Tu empiriuli ganzogadeba? magaliTad iseTi cnebis Seqmnis mizniT, rogoricaa “qalaquri sarewi meurneoba”, gulisxmobs in-dividualuri movlenebidan raRac Tu yvelasaTvis ara saerTosi da zogadisa, maSin ukidures SemTxvevaSi raRac iseTisa, rome-lic mravalTaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. es procedura pirdapir dapirispirebulia individualuri istoriuli cnebebis warmon-aqmnisadmi, rogorc es warmoedgina rikerts; igi ufro emsgavse-ba mageneralizebel cnebaTa Camoyalibebas. am winaamRdegobis gadasawyvetad, veberi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs istoriul da so-ciologiur idealur tipebs.

jer kidev rikerti aRniSnavda, rom istoriisgan gansxvavebiT sociologia rogorc mecniereba, romelic kanonebs adgens, unda mivakuTvnoT nomoTeTikur tipis mecnierebas, romelic magen-eralizebel meTods iyenebs. maTSi zogadi cnebebi gvevlinebian ara rogorc saSualebebi, aramed rogorc Semecnebis mizani. so-ciologiuri cnebebis warmoqmnis wesi rikertis mixedviT, logi-kurad ar gansxvavdeba bunebismecnieruli cnebebis warmoqmnis wesisgan. idealuri tipi veberiseuli koncefciis Tavisebureba da mTeli rigi siZneleebi, romlebic masTanaa dakavSirebuli, imiT ganisazRvreba, rom idealuri tipi veberTan emsaxureba meT-odologiuri principis saxiT rogorc istoriul, ise sociolo-giur mecnierebasac. rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs veberis erT - erTi mkvlevari “maindividualizebeli da mageneralizebeli tendenciebi veberTan ... mudam erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli, ram-denadac masTan istoria da sociologia xSirad ganuyofelia.”

1904 wlis sociologiur - meTodologiur SromebSi, rodesac pirvelad gamoiyena idealuri tipis cneba, veberi mas ZiriTadad ganixilavs rogorc istoriuli Semecnebis saSualebas, rogorc istoriul idealur tips. swored amitom igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom idealuri tipi aris Semecnebis mxolod saSualeba da ara Se-mecnebis mizani.

magram veberi istoriuli mecnierebis amocanebis TviT gage-biTac ki gansxvavdeba rikertisagan igi ar izRudeba imis rekon-struqciiT, “rac sinamdvileSi iyo”, rogorc amas rekonstru-irebas uwevda rikerti, romelic orientirebuli iyo leopold

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rankes istoriul skolaze. veberi miiswrafvis dauqvemdebaros istoriul - individualuri kauzalur analizs, ukve amiT vebers Seaqvs istoriul gamokvlevebSi generalizaciis momenti, ris Se-degadac gansxvaveba istoriasa da sociologias Soris arsebiTad mcirdeba, ai rogor gansazRvravs veberi idealuri tipis rols sociologiasa da istoriaSi: “sociologia rogorc es mraval-jer aRiniSneboda TavisTavad gasagebi azriT, qmnis tipebis cne-bebs da eZebs xdomilebaTa zogad wesebs, istoriis sapirispirod, romelic miiswrafvis kauzaluri analizi gaukeTos individual-ur, kulturul mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovan moqmedebebs, warmon-aqmnebs, pirovnebebs”.

amgvarad, istoriis amocanebi, veberis azriT mdgomareobs in-dividualur istoriul warmonaqmnebs Soris kauzaluri kavSiris dadgenaSi, aq idealuri tipi warmoadgens istoriul movlenaTa genetikuri kavSiris dadgenis - aRmoCenis saSualebas, amitom Cven mas vuwodebT genetikur idealur tips. (ai genetikuri ide-aluri tipebis magaliTebi veberTan: Suasaukuneebrivi qalaqi”, “kalvinizmi”, “meTodizmi”, da a.S. yvela isini Seqmnilia rogorc veberi gvixsnis, empiriulad mocemuli faqtebis erT - erTi mx-aris xazgasmiT. magram maTsa da zogadad gvareobiT cnebebs So-ris gansxvaveba isaa, rom gvareobiTi cnebebi, rogorc varaudobs veberi, miiRebian yvela mocemul movlenaTa niSnebisgan erTis ga-moyofis gziT, maSin rodesac genetikuri idealuri tipi sruleb-iTac ar gulisxmobs aseT formalur sayovelTaobas.)

ras warmoadgens sociologiuri idealuri tipi? Tu istoria veberis Tanaxmad, unda eswrafvodes individualuri movlenebis, e.i. droSi da sivrceSi lokalizebuli movlenebis kauzalur gagebas, maSin sociologiis amocanaa - daadginos xdomilebaTa arsi droul - vrceul gansazRvrulobebTan mimarTebis gareSe. am azriT idealuri tipebi rogorc sociologiuri kvlevis instru-mentebi, rogorc Cans, unda iyvnen ufro zogadni, da genetikuri tipebisgan gansxvavebiT SeiZleba wodebul iqnen “wminda ide-alur tipebad”. ase agebs sociologi batonobis (qarizmatuli, racionaluri da tradiciuli) wminda idealur modelebs, rom-lebic gvxvdebian yvela istoriul epoqebSi da dedamiwis yvela wertilSi. “wminda tipebi” miT ufro gamosadegia gamokvlevebSi, rac ufro “wmindaa” e.i. rac ufro Sorsaa namdvili, empiriulad arsebuli movlenebisgan.

sociologiis “wminda tipebs” veberi adarebs politikuri ekonomiis idealur - tipobriv konstruqciebs im mimarTebaSi,

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rom pirveli, orive SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs iseTi adamianuri mo-qmedebis konstruirebas, rom TiTqos igi warmoiqmnebodes - mim-dinareobdes idealur pirobebSi da meore, orive disciplina mo-qmedebis mimdinareobis am idealur formas ganixilaven adgilisa da drois lokaluri pirobebisgan damoukideblad, igulisxme-ba, rom Tu Sesrulebuli iqneba idealuri pirobebi, maSin yovel epoqaSi, yovel qveyanaSi moqmedeba Sesruldeba swored amgvarad, gansxvaveba da maTi gavlena moqmedebis msvlelobaze, veberis Ta-naxmad, fiqsirdeba idealuri tipisgan im gadaxvevis mixedviT, romelic mudam gvxvdeba, magram am gadaxvevis SemCnevisa da say-ovelTao mniSvneladi saxiT - wesiT gamoTqmis saSualebas gva-Zlevs mxolod idealuri - tipiuri konstruqcia.

rogorc aRniSnaven veberis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarni geneti-kuri idealuri tipebi gansxvavdebian wminda tipebisgan mxolod zogadobis xarisxiT. genetikuri tipi gamoiyeneba lokalurad drosa da sivrceSi, wminda tipis gamoyeneba ki ar aris lokali-zebuli; genetikuri tipi aris im kavSiris gamovlenis saSualeba, romelic iyo mxolod erTxel, mxolod wminda ki warmoadgens mu-dam arsebuli kavSirebis gamovlenis saSualebas. sociologias da istorias Soris arsebuli rikertiseuli Tvisebrivi gansx-vaveba icvleba veberTan raodenobrivi gansxvavebiT:

rac Seexeba istoriuli cnebebis Seqmnas, aq veberi scildeba rikerts imiT, rom aZlierebs generalizaciis moments, sociolo-giaSi ki piriqiT, aq veberi rikertiseul nomoTekurobis moments asustebs da Semoyavs “individualizaciis” momenti. es ukanask-neli gamoixateba imaSi, rom veberi uars ambobs socialuri cx-ovrebis kanonebis dadgenaze, da ufro moridebuli amocaniT if-argleba - adgens socialur xdomilebaTa mimdinareobis wesebs. ,,veberma idealuri tipis sxvadasxva variantebi SemogvTavaza:

1. istoriuli idealuri tipebi. es gulisxmobs garkveul fenomenebs, romlebic SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT konkretul isto-riul epoqaSi (magaliTad, Tanamedrove kapitalistur bazarze).

2. zogadi sociologiuri idealuri tipebi. es gulisxmobs im fenomenebs, romlebic arseboben ramdenime istoriul periodsa da sazogadoebaSi (magaliTad, biurokratia).

3. moqmedebis idealuri tipebi. es gulismobs aqtoris moti-vaciaze dafuZnebul moqmedebebis idealur tipebs (magaliTad, afeqturi moqmedeba).

4. struqturuli idealuri tipebi. es ki gulisxmobs iseT formebs,

romlebic aRebulia socialuri moqmedebis mizezebidan (mag-aliTad, tradiciuli dominireba).

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naTelia, rom veberma idealuri tipebis gansxvavebuli varia-cia SemogvTavaza, da misi Sromis Rirsebac swored am gansxvave-bulobidan gamomdinareobs, Tumca is, rasac TiToeuli maTgani iziarebs aris maTi konstruirebis meTodi.” (iqve, gv. 225)

amgvarad, Tu SevajamebT zemoTmoyvanil msjelobebs, Segvi-Zlia davaskvnaT, rom is winaamRdegobani, romlebic warmoiqmnen veberTan - idealur - tipobrivi cnebebis warmoebisas, mniS-vnelovnad dakavSirebulni arian idealuri tipebis gansxvavebul funqciebTan da gansxvavebul warmoSobasTan istoriasa da so-ciologiaSi. Tu istoriul idealur tipTan mimarTebaSi SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom igi warmoadgens ara Semecniebis mizans, aramed sa-Sualebas, maSin sociologiur idealur tipTan mimarTebaSi amis Tqma yovelTvis ar SeiZleba. ufro metic, Tu istoriul mecnier-ebebSi idealur tips Seaqvs zogadis elementi, maSin sociologi-aSi igi ufro kanonzomieri kavSirebis tipiuriT Secvlis funq-cias asrulebs. idealuri tipis daxmarebiT veberi mniSvnelovnad aviwroebs sociologias da istorias Soris arsebul ufskruls, romelmac gayo es ori mecniereba badenis skolis TeoriaSi. am kuTxiT marTalia germaneli sociologi hans fraieri, romelic SeniSnavs, rom “idealuri tipis cneba arbilebs azrovnebis main-dividualizirebeli da mageneralizebeli wesebis dapirispire-bas, ramdenadac igi, erTis mxriv, gamoyofs individualurSi da-maxasiaTebels, xolo generalizaciis gzaze mxolod tipiuramde, magram ara kanonis uzogadesobamde midis.“ (34, gv. 191)

4. gagebis problema da “socialuri moqmedebis” kategoria Verstehen

veberi grZnobda, rom sociologebs bunebis mecnierebebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba gaaCndaT. es upiratesoba mdgomarobda imaSi, rom sociologebs SeeZloT socialuri fenomenis gageba, maSin rodesac bunebis mecnierebs ar SeeZloT atomis an qimiu-ri naerTis moqmedebis gageba. gagebis germanuli Sesatyvisi aris sityva verstehen. veberis mier am terminis specialurad gamoyene-ba Tavis istoriul kvlevaSi aris misi yvelaze metad cnobili da yvelaze kontroversuli wvlili Tanamedrove sociologiis meTodologiur ganviTarebaSi.

sociologiis sxva fuZemdeblebisgan, kerZod, emil diurkemis-gan gansxvavebiT, romelic sociologiuri kvlevis mTavar erTeu-lad “socialuri faqts” miiCnevda, veberi Tvlida, rom socio-logiam individi unda Seiswavlos. diurkemis azriT, “socialuri

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faqti” warmoadgenda “koleqtiuri cnobierebis zewolas da Zal-datanebas, romlebic aiZuleben adamians garkveulnairad imoqme-don”. diurkemi aRiqvamda socialur faqtebs rogorc nivTebs da ambobda, rom “sazogadoeba arsebobs obieqturad, yoveli CvenTa-ganisagan damoukideblad, Sesabamisad, is SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes dakvirvebis obieqturi meTodebis meSveobiT”. individis roli aseT sazogadoebaSi meorexarisxovania, is mxolod da mx-olod erTobis nawilia, im erTobis, romelic aTasi misnairisagan Sedgeba. veberis azriT ki, piriqiT, socialuri jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT “ise TiTqos” isini individebi iyvnen, magram “es Sei-Zleba iyos mxolod da mxolod dasaSvebi Teoriuli fiqcia”. am-rigad, gansxvaveba diurkemisa da veberiseul kvlevis erTeulebs Soris fundamentur xasiaTs iZens.

sociologiuri gamokvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare ar ar-sebobs iseTi cneba rogoricaa koleqtiuri pirovneba, romel-ic “moqmedebs”. rodesac sociologiur konteqstSi moiazreba saxelmwifo, nacia, korporacia, ojaxi an SeiaraRebuli nawili, an kidev sxva analogiuri gaerTianeba, ... mxolod individualu-ri pirovnebebis mier realurad an Teoriulad ganxorcielebadi socialuri moqmedebebis garkveuli varianti igulisxmeba.

koleqtivs ar SeuZlia ifiqros, ganicdides ama Tu im grZnobebs, hqondes aRqmis unari - es mxolod adamianebs SeuZliaT. amitomac socialuri mecnierebis mizania individis moqmedebebis “subieq-turi gageba”. veberi amtkicebs, rom Cven “ar SegviZlia gavigoT ujredebis moqmedeba an planetebis moZraoba. Cven vakvirdebiT ujredebis struqturas da varskvlavebis moZraobas da Semdeg vcdilobT Camo-

vayaliboT saerTo kanonebi maTi struqturis da moZraobis wesebis Sesaxeb”, da am kanonebis Camoyalibebisas Cveni axsnis kon-cefciebis da kategoriebis gadatana am fenomenebze xdeba.

rac Seexeba socialuri moqmedebas, aq sruliad sxva situa-ciaa. ujredebisa da varskvlavebisagan gansxvavebiT. adamianebi TavianTi motivebis Tanaxmad moqmedeben. adamianebis moqmedeba agreTve ganpirobebulia im subieqturi mniSvnelobebiT, romel-sac isini aniWeben am moqmedebas, e. i. adamianebs maTi saqcielis sakuTari axsna - ganmarteba aqvT.

subieqturi azris Cawvdomis mTavar saSualebas veberisTvis Verstehen-is (“gagebis”) meTodi warmoadgens. am sityviT aRiniSneba “socialuri moqmedebis aRqmis mcdeloba ... damkvirveblis mxri-dan momqmedTan kavSiris damyarebis meSveobiT, romelsac Tana-grZnoba udevs safuZvlad”. mkvlevarisaTvis mTavaria, gaaigivos

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sakuTari Tavi momqmed individTan, gaigos misi motivebi da Sexe-dos moqmedebas momqmedis poziciidan. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, veberi ganixilavs “gagebis” meTods ara mxolod rogorc inter-viuebis an sxva tipis empiriuli gamokvlevebis saSualebiT momq-medi individebis motivebis gagebis SesaZleblobas, aramed isto-riuli movlenebis gagebis saSualebasac situaciebSi, “rodesac aravin ar darCenila cocxali, rom gamovikiTxoT”.

Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT ,,rekonstruqcia gavukeToT arCev-anis situacias, radgan Cven mSvenivrad SegviZlia Tavi sxvis adg-ilze davayenoT da warmovidginoT, Tu ras gavakeTebdiT aqtore-bis adgilze, garkveul garemoSi da garkveul pirobebSi rom vyofiliyaviT. rogorc veberi wers, “ar aris aucilebeli iyo kei-sari, raTa gaugo keisars” - Cven SegviZlia gavigoT yvelaze cno-bili adamianebis moqmedebebic, Tu gvecodineba maTi motivebi.” (dawvrilebiT ixile: 70)

Verstehen - is koncefciaSi veberi gansakuTrebulad usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom adamianis winaSe yovelTvis dgas arCev-anis problema. adamianis qceva ar imarTeba zeindividualuri ZalebiT, romlebic “amoZraveben adamianebs ama Tu im mimar-TulebiT”. adamianebi damoukideblad iReben gadawyvetilebebs sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, magram am gadawyvetile-bebze Zalian did gavlenas axdens is, Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini sakuTar SesaZleblobebs da im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic maT winaSea.

veberi gamoyofs gagebis or saxeobas: “gageba pirdapiri dak-virvebis meSveobiT” (“direct observational understanding”) da “gageba ax-snis meSveobiT” (“explanatory understanding”).

am terminebis ganmartebis mizniT vebers Semdegi magaliTebi mohyavs. Cven SegviZlia mivxvdeT, rom viRac ganrisxebulia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu davinaxavT mis saxes, an gavigebT mis yvirils an brZanebas, e. i. ubralo dakvirvebis meSveobiT. aseve, Cven gvsmis monadiris moqmedeba, rodesac is tyeSi mxecs umiznebs, an SeSis mWrelis moqmedeba, rodesac is xes Wris. “am moqmedebebis ubralo dakvirvebac sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ra xdeba. xolo, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom xdeba es, aucilebelia mivmarToT gavigoT sxvadasxva moqmedebis motivebi da subieqtu-ri mniSvnelobebi. amrigad, xis mWrelis moqmedeba ufro gasagebi xdeba iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mizniT Wris is SeSas: imisTvis, rom lukma - puri iSovos, saxlis gasaTbobad, an ubralod imitom, raTa gaivarjiSos. aseTive wesiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT monadiris moqmedeba - is SeiZleba umiznebdes cxovels, raTa saWmeli iSo-

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vos, an misTvis es SeiZleba sportis saxeoba iyos. rogorc parki-ni aRniSnavs, “Cven vwvdebiT ama Tu im moqmedebis mniSvnelobas am moqmedebis mniSvnelobaTa ufro farTo konteqstSi moTavsebis meSveobiT”.

zemoT Tqmuli ar niSnavs, rom veberi ganixilavda gagebis meTods rogorc erTaderT SesaZlebel meTods socialuri mo-qmedebis gagebis mizniT. piriqiT, misi azriT, es meTodi unda gamxdariyo “damxmare”, damatebiTi, da unda gamoiyenebodes sxva kvleviT meTodebTan erTad. rogorc parkini Tvlis, Verstehen-is meTodSi im hipoTezebisa, romlebic SemdgomSi empiriuli gamokv-levebis obieqti da validizaciis sagani unda gamxdariyo.

amrigad, veberi ar iyo imis winaaRmdegi, rom socialur mecnier-ebebSi gamoyenebuliyo statistikuri meTodebi da empiriuli gamokvlevebi. piriqiT, is xedavda maTSi mecnieruli hipoTeze-bis Semowmebis mniSvnelovan saSualebas. amave dros, veberisTvis, sxva mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, is garemoeba, rom or cvlads Soris Zlieri urTierTkavSiri aRiniSneba, ar amtkicebda imas, rom maT Soris arsebuli kavSiri mizez-Sedegobrivi bunebisaa. statistikurma korelaciam SeiZleba migvaniSnos aseTi kavSiris SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, magram mis Camoyalibebaze darwmunebiT mxolod maSin SeiZleba saubari, Tu adgili aqvs “motivaciebis Tanmimdevrobas”.

rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, veberis gagebis meTodi mecnierebis mxridan garkveul kritikas iwvevs, kerZod, im garemoebis gamo, rom imisTvis, raTa gavigoT individis moqmedeba masTan gaigive-bis meSveobiT, aucilebelia, rom mkvlevaris da aqtoris norma-tiul-moraluri baza erTi donisa iyos. Tu maTi Sexedulebebi Zalian gansxvavdeba, an Tu maTi warmodgenebi SeuTavsebelia, maT Soris ar SeiZleba srulad Camoyalibdes kavSiri TanagrZnobis safuZvelze.

sxva mxriv, gagebis meTodi iTvaliswinebs, rom adamianebi principSi yovelTvis uweven angariSs im motivebs, romlebic maT amoZraveben. magram rogorc TviTon veberi aRniSnavs, umrav-les SemTxvevaSi adamianebs ara aqvT bolomde gacnobierebuli Tavisi moqmedebis motivebi, maTi saqcieli arcTu iSviaTad Sei-Zleba Seugnebeli iyos: “mxolod SemTxveviT xdeba, rom ... momq-medis subieqturi mniSvneloba, gind racionaluri da gind ira-cionaluri, naTeli xdeba misi cnobierebisaTvis. mniSvnelobis mqone moqmedebis idialuri tipi, romelSic mniSvneloba srulad aris aRqmuli da gaazrebuli da ar aris orWofuli, marginalur SemTxvevas warmoadgens”.

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amrigad, kanonzomierad wamoiWreba SekiTxva: rodesac Tvi-Ton momqmeds ar SeuZlia yovelTvis srulad aRiqvas Tavisi mo-qmedebebis mniSvneloba, rogor SeuZlia mkvlevars Caswvdes moq-medebis arss da rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli aseT SemTxvevaSi Verstehen - is meTodi? gamosavali, romelsac veberi gvTavazobs, SeiZleba arc ise gamosadegi iyos - sociologi unda gamomdinare-obdes iqidan, “TiTqos” moqmedi bolomde axerxebs sakuTari mo-qmedebis mniSvnelobis gaazrebas. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT ama Tu im moqmedebis idealur tips da imas, Tu realurad rogor mo-qmedebs individi, SeiZleba dafiqsirdes gadaxrebi am moqmedebis WeSmaritad racionaluri saxeobisagan. aseTi Sedareba “sufTa”, Teoriul tipsa da socialuri moqmedebis realur saxeobebs So-ris warmoadgens “instruments, romelsac veberi xSirad uwevs rekomendacias Tavis meTodologiur naSromebSi”.

maSasadame, “subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisis”, motivacia-Ta gageba - sociologiuri kvlevis aucilebeli momentia. magram ras warmoadgens “gageba”, mas xom veberi ar uigivebs gagebis im ganmartebas, romelsac fsiqologia gvTavazobs?

veberis mixedviT, sxvaTa sulier mdgomareobis fsiqologiu-ri gageba sociologisa da istorikosisaTvis mxolod damxmare da ara mTavari saSualebaa. mas SeiZleba mivmarToT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu asaxsneli moqmedeba SeuZlebelia gagebuli iqnes misi sazrisis mixedviT. “moqmedebis iracionaluri momentebis axsnisas - wers veberi - gamgeb fsiqologias namdvilad SeuZlia gagviwios ueWvelad mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. magram es, xazs us-vams igi - arafers ar cvlis meTodologiur principebSi”.

rogoria es meTodologiuri principebi? “Tavisi sazrisiseu-li struqturis mixedviT, uSualod yvelaze gasagebia is moqmede-ba, romelic orientirebulia subieqturad mkacrad racional-uri saxiT saSualebebTan SesabamisobaSi, romlebic iTvlebian (subieqturad) erTmniSvnelovan adeqvatur saSualebebad, (subi-eqturad) erT-

mniSvnelovani da naTlad Segnebuli gacnobierebuli miznebis misaRwevad”.

gavaanalizoT moyvanili gansazRvreba. amgvarad, sociolo-gia orientirebuli unda iqnes individis an individTa jgufis moqmedebebze. am dros yvelaze “gasagebia” gasazrisianebuli - gaazrebuli moqmedeba e.i. 1) moqmedeba, romelic mimarTulia TviT moqmedi individebis mier naTlad gacnobierebuli miznebis misaRwevad da 2) romelic am mizanTa misaRwevad iyenebs iseT sa-Sualebebs, romlebic TviT moqmedi individebis mier aRiarebulia

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adeqvatur da Sesabamis saSualebad. amgavard, moqmedi individ-is cnobiereba aucilebeli aRmoCnda imisTvis, raTa Sesaswavli moqmedeba mogvevlinos socialuri realobis saxiT. moqmedebis aRwerili tips veberi mizanracionalurs uwodebs. mizanracio-naluri moqmedebis gasagebad, veberis Tanaxmad, fsiqologi-isadmi mimarTva araa saWiro. gaazrebuli mizanracionaluri mo-qmedeba ar aris fsiqologiis sagani swored imitom, rom mizani, romelsac individi isaxavs, SeuZlebelia gavigoT, Tu mxolod misi sulieri cxovrebis analizisgan amovalT. miznis ganxilvas fsiqologizmis sazRvrebidan gavyavarT. marTalia, mizansa da misi realizaciisaTvis SerCeul saSualebebs Soris kavSiri in-dividis fsiqologiiTaa gaSualebuli, magram, veberis Tanaxmad, rac ufro axlosaa moqmedeba mizanracionalurTan, miT ufro na-klebia fsiqologiuri gardatexvis koeficienti, kavSiri mizansa da saSualebebs Soris miT ufro “wmindaa”, racionaluria.

rasakvirvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom veberi mizanraciona-lur moqmedebas rogorc moqmedebis raRac uzogades princips ganixilavs: piriqiT, igi ara mxolod uzogades raimed ar Tvlis mas, aramed upiratesobis mqonedac ki ar Tvlis empiriul sinam-dvileSi. mizanracionaluri moqmedeba - esaa idealuri tipi da ara empiriuli zogadi, miT ufro sayovelTao da uzogadesi ram. rogorc idealuri tipi, igi wminda saxiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba re-alobaSi. swored mizanracionaluri moqmedeba aris socialuri moqmedebis nimuSi, romelsac Seefardebian moqmedebis yvela sxva saxeebi.

yvelaze gasagebi mizanracionaluri moqmedebaa - aq sicxadis xarisxi umaRlesia. racionalurobis klebis zomis Sesatyvisad moqmedeba sul ufro naklebad gasagebi xdeba, misi uSualo sicxa-de ki sul ufro mcirdeba. da Tumca realobaSi mizanracional-uri moqmedebis iracionalurobisgan gamyofi sazRvris dadgena mkacrad dadgena SeuZlebelia, “yoveli sociologiurad rele-vanturi moqmedebis nawili (gansakuTrebiT tradiciul sazoga-doebaSi) erTisa da meoris zRvarze dgas”. miuxedavad amisa so-ciologi mizanracionaluri moqmedebisgan rogorc idealur - tipiuri moqmedebisgan unda amovides da adamianuri moqmedebis sxva saxeebi rogorc idealuri tipisgan gadaxveva unda ganixi-los.

amgvarad, veberis Tanaxmad, gagebas wminda saxiT iq aqvs adgili, sadac Cvens winaa - mizanracionaluri moqmedeba. TviT veberi Tv-lis, rom am SemTxveveaSi ukve SeuZlebelia - ar SeiZleba vilapa-rakoT fsiqologiuri gagebis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac moqmedebis

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sazrisi, misi mizani Zevs fsiqologiis farglebs miRma magram davsvaT sakiTxi sxvagvarad: saxeldobr ras vigebT Cven mizanra-cionaluri moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi: moqmedebis sazriss Tu TviT moqmedebas? davuSvaT Cven vxedavT adamians romelic tyeSi Cexavs SeSas. Cven SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom igi amas akeTebs an gasamrjelosaTvis, an imisTvis, raTa zamTrisTvis moipovos saT-bobi da a.S. amgvari wesiT msjelobisas, Cven vcdilobT gavigoT moqmedebis sazrisi da ara TviT moqmedi. magram igive operacia SegviZlia gamogvadges Cven TviTmoqmedi individis analizis sa-Sualebad. siZnele, romelic aq warmoiSoba, friad arsebiTia. Tuki sociologia iswrafvis gaigos TviT moqmedi individi, maSin misTvis yovelgvari moqmedeba gamodis rogorc raRacis niSani, sinamdvileSi savsebiT sxva ramisa, imisa, rasac an individi TviT ver xvdeba (igebs) an Tu xvdeba, maSin cdilobs dafaros (sxvebi-sgan an TviT sakuTari Tavisagan). aseTia individis moqmedebis gagebisadmi midgoma, mag. froidis fsiqoanalizSi.

amgavri midgomis SesaZleblobas veberi principulad ar gam-oricxavda. “gamgebi fsiqologiis muSaobis arsebiTi nawili werda

igi - mdgomareobs swored arasakmarisad SesamCnev an savsebiT SeumCnevel da am azriT ara subieqtur - racionalurad orientire-bul kavSirTa aRmoCenebSi, romlebic miuxedavad amisa, aranakle-bad obieqturad - racionaluria (da rogorc aseTi gasagebia). Tu Cven aq savsebiT ganveyenebiT e.w. fsiqoanalizis Sromebis zogi-erTi nawilisagan, romlebic atareben am xasiaTs, maSin iseT kon-struqcias, rogoricaa mag ressentiment - is nicSeanuri Teoria, garegani qcevis obieqturi racionaluroba garkveuli - cnobili interesebidan amosvliT gamoyavs. Tanac, meTodur mimarTebaSi es zustad ise keTdeba, rogorc amas ramdenime aTwleulis ukan akeTebda “ekonomikuri materializmis Teoria”. rogorc vxedavT socialuri movlenebisadmi amgavar midgomas veberi xedavs imaSi, rom “aseT SemTxvevebSi subieqturad, Tumca SeumCnevlad (TviT mkvlevarisTvisac ki), mizanracionaluri da obieqturad swori - racionaluri erTmaneTis mimarT aranaTel urTierTobaSi aR-moCndebian”. (cit: 34, gv 196) vebers aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs Semdegi friad seriozuli siZnele, romelic “fsiqologiuri midgomisas warmoiSoba. Tu individi TviTon naTlad acnobierebs mis mier dasaxul mizans da mxolod eswrafvis sxvebisgan mis dafarvas, ma-Sin amis gageba araa Zneli, aseTi situacia savsebiT SesaZlebelia SeviyvanoT mizanracionaluri qcevis sqemis qveS. magram Tu bWo-ba exeba iseT moqmedebas, rodesac individma ar uwyis sakuTari miznebi (swored am moqmedebebs ikvlevs fsiqoanalizi), maSin war-

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moiSoba kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara mkvlevars sakmarisi safuZveli imis mtkicebisa, rom igi ufro kargad igebs moqmed individs, vidre TviT moqmedi individi sakuTar Tavs? namdvilad: xom ar SeiZle-ba daviviwyoT, rom fsiqoanalizis meTodi warmoiSva sulierad avadmyofTa mkurnalobis praqtikisgan, romelTa mimarT eqimi sa-kuTar Tavs maTi mdgomareobis ukeT gamgebad Tvlis, vidre es Tvi-Ton maT gaegebaT. namdvilad, igi xom janmrTeli adamiania, isini ki - avadmyofebi. magram ra safuZvelze SeuZlia mas gamoiyenos es meTodi sxva janmrTeli adamianebis mimarT? amisTvis SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi safuZveli: rwmena imisa, rom isinic “avadmy-ofebia”. magram maSin avadmyofobis cneba gadatanili aRmoCndeba medicinis sferodan zogadsocialur sferoSi, xolo mkurnalo-ba aseT SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba fsiqoTerapia, saboloo jamSi ki mTeli sazogadoebis mkurnalobad - anu fsiqoTerapia mTeli sazogadoebis mkurnali xdeba.

cxadia, am mosazrebebma aiZules veberi SeezRuda amgvar midgomaTa gamoyenebis sfero socialur da istoriul gamokv-levebSi, magram maSin rogorRa wyvets TviTon igi mainc gagebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs? saxeldobr ras vigebT Cven mizanracionaluri moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi: moqmedebis sazrisis Tu TviTon moqmeds veberma imitom airCia idealur - tipiuri modelis saxiT mizan-racionaluri moqmedeba, rom masSi orive es momenti erTmaneTs emTxveva: moqmedebis sazrisis gageba - es kidec niSnavs mocemul SemTxvevaSi moqmedis gagebas, mxolod moqmedis gageba - niS-navs misi saqcielis - moqmedebis sazrisis gagebas. veberi amgvar damTxvevas im idealur SemTxvevad Tvlis, romlidanac unda amo-vides sociologia. realurad yvelaze xSirad orive es momenti erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, magram mecnierebas ar SeuZlia, veberis Tanaxmad, amovides empiriuli faqtisgan: man unda Seqmnas Tav-isTvis idealizirebuli sivrce. sociologiisTvis aseT “sivrc-es” mizanracionaluri moqmedeba warmoadgens.

5. socialuri moqmedeba da “ganwyoba sxvaze” “molodini”

sociologiam, veberis mixedviT, iseve rogorc istoriam Tavi-si gamokvlevebis amosavali punqtis saxiT individis an individTa jgufis moqmedeba (qceva) unda aiRos. calkeuli individi da misi moqmedeba warmoadgens TiTqosda sociologiisa da istoriis “ujreds”, “maT atoms”, im “umartives erTianobas”, romelic Sem-dgom danawevrebasa da dayofas ukve aRar eqvemdebareba. magram

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individis qcevas fsiqologia swavlobs da raSi mdgomareobs in-dividualuri moqmedebis (qcevis) Seswavlisadmi fsiqologiur da sociologiur midgomebs Soris ganxvaveba?

sociologia, ambobs veberi, pirovnebis moqmedebas(qcevas) mxolod imdenad ganixilavs, ramdenadac pirovneba Tavis qmede-bebSi garkveul sazriss debs. mxolod aseTi qceva SeiZleba aint-eresebdes sociologias, rac Seexeba fsiqologias, maSin misTvis es momenti ganmsazRvrels ar warmoadgens. amgvarad, moqmedebis (qcevis) sociologiuri cneba veberis mier sazrisis cnebis meox-ebiT Semoitaneba. “moqmedebad (qcevad) - wers igi - iwodeba adami-anuri qceva ... maSin da imdenad, Tu da ramdenadac moqmedi indi-vidi an moqmedi individebi mas subieqtur sazriss ukavSireben”. (15, gv. 603)

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom vebers mxedvelobaSi aqvs is sazrisi, romelsac moqmedebaSi TviT individi debs; igi mraval-jer aRniSnavs, rom bWoba exeba ara “metafizikur” sazriss, rome-lic rogorc “umaRlesi”, “WeSmariti” sazrisi (sociologias, ve-beris azriT, saqme ara aqvs metafizikur realobebTan da ar aris normatiuli mecniereba) ganixileba da arc im “obieqtur” sazriss, romelic SeiZleba saboloo jamSi, individis moqmedebam misi ne-basurvilisagan damoukideblad miiRos. rasakvirvelia, amiT ve-beri rogorc normatiul disciplinaTa arsebobis SesaZleblo-bas, ise individualuri moqmedebis subieqturad nagulisxmev sazrissa da zogierT mis obieqtur sazriss Soris “daSorebis”, “uTanxmoebis” SesaZleblobas ar uaryofs. magram ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi igi amjobinebs “sazrisis” termini ar gamoiyenos, ramdenadac “sazrisi: gulisxmobs subieqts romlisTvisac igi arsebobs. veberi mxolod amtkicebs, rom sociologiuri gamokv-levis sagani subieqturad nagulisxmev azrTan dakavSirebuli moqmedebaa. sociologia, veberis mixedviT, unda iyos “gamgebi” imdenad, ramdenadac individis moqmedeba gaazrebulia. magram es gageba ar aris “fsiqologiuri”, ramdenadac sazrisi ar miekuT-vneba fsiqologiuris sferos da fsiqologiis sagani ar aris.

gagebis principTan dakavSirebulia veberiseuli sociologi-is erT - erTi centraluri meTodologiuri kategoria - social-uri moqmedebis kategoria. ramdenad mniSvnelovania veberisTvis es kategoria SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis mixedviT, rom igi socio-logias rogorc socialuri moqmedebis Semswavlel mecnierebas gansazRvravs.

rogorRa gansazRvravs veberi TviT socialur moqmedebas? “moqmedebad unda iwodos ... adamianis qceva (sulerTia garegani

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Tu Sinagani qmedebaa, umoqmedobaa Tu gancdaa), ramdenadac mo-qmedi an moqmedni mas raRac subieqtur sazriss ukavSireben. ma-gram “socialuri moqmedeba” unda ewodos iseTs, romelic moq-medis an moqmedTa mier nagulisxmevi sazrisis mixedviT sxvaTa moqmedebebzea mimarTuli, da amiTaa Tavis mimdinareobaSi orien-tirebuli”. (15, gv.625)

amgvarad, socialuri moqmedeba, veberis mixedviT, or moments gulisxmobs: individis an jgufis subieqtur motivacias, romlis gareSec saerTod SeuZlebelia vilaparakoT moqmedebis Sesaxeb, da sxvaze (sxvebze) orientacias(molodins”), romlis gareSec mo-qmedeba SeuZlebelia ganxilul iqnes rogorc socialuri.

gavCerdeT pirveli momentis analizze. veberi daJinebiT moiTxovs imis aRiarebas, rom moqmedi individis motivTa gaTval-iswinebis gareSe sociologias ar SeuZlia daadginos is mizezo-brivi kavSirebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs socialuri procesis obieqturi suraTi SevqmnaT.

socialuri moqmedebis kategoria, romelic moiTxovs calkeu-li - erTeuli individis motivTa gagebisgan amovideT, aris is gadamwyveti momenti - punqti, romeliSic veberis sociologiuri midgoma diurkemis sociologiisagan gansxvavdeba. socialuri moqmedebis cnebis SemotaniT, veberi arsebiTad, iZleva social-uri faqtis ganmartebas, romelic diurkemis mier SemoTavazebu-lis winaamRdegaa mimarTuli. veberis azriT, rom arc sazogadoe-ba mTlianobaSi, arc koleqtiurobis esa Tu is forma, Tu sakiTxs mkacri mecnierulobiT mivudgebiT, moqmedebis subieqtebis sax-iT ar unda ganixilebodes: aseTi mxolod calkeuli individebi SeiZleba iyos. “sxva (mag. iuridiuli) SemecnebiTi miznebisa an praqtikuli miznebisTvis SeiZleba mizanSewonili da ubralod aucilebelic ki aRmoCndes socialuri warmonaqmnebis (“saxel-mwifo”, “amxanagoba”, “aqcioneruli sazogadoeba”, “dawesebule-ba”)zustad ise ganxilva, TiTqosda isini calkeuli individebi (mag. rogorc uflebaTa da movaleobaTa matarebeli an rogorc damnaSave qmedebebSi, romlebsac iuridiuli Zala aqvT) iyvnen. magram sociologiis TvalsazrisiT, romelic moqmedebis gasage-bad ganmartebas iZleva, es warmonaqmnebi mxolod calkeul ada-mianTa specifikuri moqmedebebis procesebi da kavSirebi arian, radgan mxolod adamianebi arian CvenTvis gasageb moqmedebaTa matareblebi, moqmedebaTa, romelbsac sazrisiseuli orienta-cia aqvT”. veberis Tanaxmad, sociologias koleqtivebi SeuZlia rogorc maTi Semadgeneli individebisgan warmoebuli ram ganix-ilos; koleqtivebi ara damoukidebel realobebs, rogorc es di-

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urkemTanaa, aramed ufro calkeul individTa moqmedebebis or-ganizaciis wesebs warmoadgens.

veberi ar gamoricxavs sociologiaSi iseTi cnebebis gamoy-enebas, rogorebicaa ojaxi, eri, saxelmwifo, armia, romelTa ga-reSec sociologs ar SeuZlia fons gavides. magram igi amave dros gvafrTxilebs ar dagvaviwydes, rom koleqtiurobaTa es formebi socialuri moqmedebis realuri subieqtebi ar arian, da amitom maT neba an azrovneba ar unda mivaweroT, koleqtiuri nebis an ko-leqtiuri azris cnebebi mxolod metaforuli azriT unda gamov-iyenoT.

socialuri moqmedebis meore aucilebel - savaldebulo mo-mentad vebers moqmedi piris sxva - meore individze (an sxva in-dividebze) orientacia miaCnia. axsnisas, Tu saxeldobr romel orientacias exeba saqme, veberi wers: “socialuri moqmedeba... SeiZleba orientirebuli iyos sxva individTa warsul, awmyo (Ta-namedrove) da momavalSi mosalodnel moqmedebebze (qcevebze). warsulSi momxdari Tavdasxmis gamo SurisZieba, awmyoSi Tavdasx-mis dros mowyobili dacva, Tavdacvis zomebis miReba (momavali Tavdasxmis gamo). “sxvaTa” saxiT SeiZleba gamovidnen garkveuli an ganusazRvrelad mravali individi da savsebiT ucnobebic ki. (magaliTad “fuli” warmoadgens gacvlis saSualebas, romelsac moqmedi individi iRebs gacvlis dros, radgan warmarTavs Tavis moqmedebas imis molodinze, rom momavalSi misi gacvlis dros Tavis mxriv am fuls misTvis ucnobi da ganusazRvrelad mravali sxva individebi miiReben)”.

sociologiaSi “sxvaze orientaciis” principis Semotana meTodologiuri individualizmis SigniT da am ukanasknelis saSualebiT raRac uzogadesis mopovebis cdas warmoadgens, mxedvelobaSi miReba, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, socialuris im sub-stanciisa, romlis gareSec mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rob-inzoniadis klasikur modelad darCeba. robinzoniadis avtorebi individis moqmedebebSi ar iTvaliswinebdnen araviTar “sxvaze orientacias” individis moqmedebis safuZvelSi maTTvis ido in-dividualuri “interesi”, - da araa SemTxveveiTi, rom swored robizoniada daedo safuZvlad Homo oeconomicus (ekonomikuri adamiani) models. veberis Tanaxmad, sociologia iwyebs iq, sadac aRmoCndeba rom ekonomikuri adamiani, - adamianis friad gamar-tivebuli modelia

magram aq SeiZleba warmoiSvas kiTxva: ratom dasWirda vebers amdenad “SemovliTi gza”, raTa “uzogadesis” arsebobis aRiarebas-

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Tan misuliyo? saqme isaa, rom mxolod iseTi gziT SeuZlia vebers aCvenos Tu rogori formiT gamodis sociologiuri mecnierebi-saTvis “uzogadesi”, Tu rogor formaSi eZleva igi:mecnierebam ar unda ganixilos “socialuroba” individTa gareSe da maTi gverdis avliT, aseve man ar unda dauSvas socialuris substan-cializaciis aCrdilic ki, (SeniSvna:aq gadis kvlav wyalgamyofi veberiseul sociologiasa da diurkemis sociologiis princi-pebs Soris), mxolod im zomiT da imdenad, ra zomiTac da ramde-nadac “uzogadesi” aRiarebulia calkeuli individebis mier da warmarTavs maT realur moqmedebas, mxolod amdenad arsebobs igi. veberi gvixsnis, rom arseboba iseTi, zogadobebisa, erTo-bebisa rogoricaa “saxelmwifo, kavSiri” sociologiis Tvalsaz-risiT sxva arafers ar niSnavs, Tu ara rogorc imis did an nakleb mcire SesaZleblobas, rom individebi Tavis moqmedebebSi mxedve-lobaSi iReben am warmonaqmnebs, rodesac es SesaZlebloba mcir-deba, mocemuli institutisTvis arseboba ufro problematuri xdeba; am SesaZleblobis nulze dayvana mocemuli institutis (saxelmwifo, samarTali da sxva) dasasruls moaswavebs.

amgvarad, subieqturi sazrisisa da sxvebze orientaciis arse-boba - socialuri moqmedebis ori aucilebeli niSania. am gansaz-Rvrebis Sesatyvisad ara yoveli moqmedeba, xazs usvams veberi, SeiZleba iwodos socialur moqmedebad. ase mag. Tu individis moqmedeba orientirebulia ara sxva individebis mxridan gansaz-Rvruli “qcevis” mosalodnelobebze - (molodinze), aramed niv-Tobriv saganTa mimarT (manqanebi, bunebis movlenebi da a.S.), maSin igi SeuZlebelia iwodos socialur moqmedebebad veberiseuli azriT. zustad aseve ar aris socialuri moqmedeba individis religiuri aqcia, rodesac igi eZleva Wvretas, TavisTvis mar-to iloceba da a.S. individis sameurneo saqmianoba mxolod maSin xdeba socialuri moqmedeba Tu garkveuli ekonomikuri dovla-Tis (qonebis) gamgeblobisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba sxva (an sxvebi) individi(-ebi) da moqmedeba mimdinareobs am sxvebze orientaci-is mimarTulebiT. ar SeiZleba, magaliTad, CavTvaloT socialu-rad mraval individTa moqmedeba, Tu igi Tavisi xasiaTiT da Si-naarsiT ganisazRvreba rogorc romelime bunebriv movlenaze orientirebuli moqmedeba. “Tu quCaSi, - wers veberi - adamianTa umravlesoba erTdroulad gaxsnian qolgebs, rodesac wvima iw-yeba, maSin am dros (rogorc wesi) erTis moqmedeba ar aris ori-entirebuli sxvis moqmedebaze, aramed yvelas moqmedeba Tana-bari zomiT gamowveulia wvimisagan dasvelebis Tavidan acilebis moTxovniT”. (15, gv. 626)

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veberi socialur moqmedebad ar Tvlis agreTve wminda mib-aZviT moqmedebas, romelic Sesrulebulia individis rogorc masis, brbos atomis mier. aseT moqmedebas, kerZod gustav leb-onis mier aRwerils, veberi ara sociologiis, aramed “masebis fsiqologiis” kvlevis sagnad miiCnevs. marTalia, sociologia-sac SeuZlia, veberis mixedviT, koleqtiuri moqmedebis ganxil-va, da ara mxolod erTi individisa, magram igi aseT koleqtiur moqmedebas individualuris modelis mixedviT ganixilavs, ko-leqtivis Semadgenel individTa moqmedebebSi subieqturad na-gulisxmev sazriss da maT urTierTganwyobas erTi - meoreze da “mesameze” aRmoaCens.

sainteresoa, rom gansazRvrul adgilze Tavmoyrili brbos qcevis analogiurad veberi aralokalizebuli brbos qcevasac ganixilavs. calkeuli individebi “masebad” iqcevian im SemTx-vevaSi, Tu maTi qceva sxvebis erTdroulad moqmedi qceviTaa gan-pirobebuli, rac magaliTad, masobrivi komunikaciis saSuale-bebis daxmarebiT miiRweva. “im martivi faqtis wyalobiT, rom individi Tavs romeliRac “masis” nawilad grZnobs, pirvelad xdeba SesaZlebeli reaqciaTa garkveuli tipebi, maSin rodesac reaqciis sxva tipebi gaZnelebulia. sabolood gansazRvrulma xdomilebam an adamianurma qcevam SeiZleba yvelaze gansxvavebuli grZnobebi: mxiaruleba, mrisxaneba,aRmafrena, sasowarkveTileba da yovladSesaZlebeli vnebebi gamoiwvios, romlebic maTi cal-calke yofnisas ar warmoiqmnebodnen (an yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase advilad ar warmoiqmnebodnen); da yvelaferi es individis qcev-asa da mis gamasobrivebis faqts Soris yovelgvari sazrisiseuli damokidebulebebis gareSe xdeba”. (iqve)

rogorc istorikosi da sociologi, veberi rasakvirvelia igebs, rom masobrivi moqmedebani - sociologiis kvlevis erT - erTi mniSvnelovani sagania, magram sociologiis xedvis specifi-kuri kuTxe, veberis mixedviT “individis qcevasa da mis gamaso-brivebis (masad qcevis) faqts Soris sazrisiseuli mimarTebis - damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs”, e.i. martivad rom vTqvaT, sociologma unda gaigos, Tu rogori subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisi akavSirebs individs sxvebTan, Tu ra safuZ-velze erTiandebian adamianebi masad. “moqmedebas, romelsac Ta-vis mimdinareobaSi mizezad aqvs an mraval mizezTagan erT - erT mizezad aqvs masis rogorc aseTis martivi faqtis zemoqmedeba da ganisazRvreba am faqtis mier mxolod reaqtiulad da ar exeba mas gaazrebulad, ar warmoadgens socialur moqmedebas aq dadgeni-li sityvis sazrisis - mniSvnelobiT”.

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mniSvnelovania veberis gamoTqma “masisadmi Tavisi mikuT-vnebulobis faqtis mimarT sazrisiseuli damokidebuleba”. ma-Sasadame, sakmarisia individma, romelic Seadgens masis “atoms” (gaazrebulad) gaasazrisianos Tavisi “gamasobriveba”, rom ukve gaCndeba distancia masa da mis “masobriobas” Soris da es gare-moeba ganmsazRvreli iqneba agreTve TviT masis struqturisaT-vis. am punqtSi masobrivi movlenebisadmi veberis sociologiuri midgoma arsebiTad gansxvavdeba socialur - fsiqologiuri mid-gomisgan. mag. leboniseuli midgomisagan, leboni masis fenomens miudga rogorc fsiqologi: igi miiswrafvoda daefiqsirebina is saerTo (zogadi), rasac adgili aqvs yovelgvar brboSi, iqneba es revoluciuri masebi parizis quCebSi an romael jariskacTa “brboebi”, mayurebelTa brbo TeatrSi da jvarosanTa brboebi. namdvilad yovel “brboSi” rogoric ar unda iyos mis Semadgenel elementTa socialuri mikuTvnebuloba, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi inteleqtualuri done, SeiZleba qcevis garkveuli erTiano-ba - msgavseba aRmovaCinoT: yvela tipis brbosaTvis saerTo iqneba is, rac maT qcevaSi wmindad reaqtiulad, stiqiurad ganisazRvre-ba. magram socialuri fsiqologiis TvalTaxedvis areSi am dros ar xvdeba is, rac aseTi tipis brbos meorisgan ganasxvavebs, da rac, veberis Tanaxmad, ukve ara fsiqologiam, aramed brbos so-ciologiam unda Seiswavlos. am punqtSi sociologiis sagani unda iyos ara imdenad masis uSualo qceva - moqmedeba, ramdenadac misi sazrisiseuli rezultati. masobrivi moZraobis xasiaTi, romel-ic mniSvnelovnad im sazrisiseuli ganwyobebiTaa gansazRvruli, romlebiTac masis Semadgeneli individebi xelmZRvaneloben, im religiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva institutebis rao-baze axdenen - didi an mcire gadaxrebiT - gavlenas, romlebic am moZraobaTa msvlelobaSi da Sedegad yalibdebian; swored re-ligiis, samarTlisa da politikis sociologiaSi cdilobs veberi masobriv moZraobaTa analizis Tavisi meTodis ganxorcielebas.

6. socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi.

veberi socialuri moqmedebis oTx saxes (tips): 1. mizanra-cionalurs 2. RirebulebiT - racionalurs , 3. afeqtursa da 4. tradiciuls gamoyofs. “socialuri moqmedeba yovelgvari moq-medebis msgavsad, SeiZleba ganisazRvros: 1. mizanracionalurad e.i. garegani samyaros sagnebis da sxva adamianTa garkveuli qcevis - moqmedebis imedis (molodinis) meSveobiT da am molodinis ro-gorc racionalurad warmarTuli da regulirebadi miznebisTvis

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“pirobis” an rogorc “saSualebis” gamoyenebis dros. (racional-urobis kriteriumia warmateba). 2. RirebulebiT - racionalurad, e.i. gansazRvruli moqmedebis, eTikuri, esTetikuri, religiuri an sxvagvarad gagebuli upirobo sakuTari Rirebulebis (TviT-Rirebulebis) gacnobierebuli rwmenis meSveobiT da warmate-bebisgan damoukideblad. 3. afeqturad, gansakuTrebiT emocio-nalurad - aqtualuri afeqtebisa da grZnobebis meSveobiT. 4. tradiciulad, e.i. Cveulebis meSveobiT.” (15, gv. 628)

ar SeiZleba axlave ar aRvniSnoT, rom moqmedebis ori ukanask-neli saxe - afeqturi da tradiciuli ar arian socialuri moq-medebani am sityvis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac aq Cven saqme gacnobierebul sazrisTan ar gvaqvs. TviT veberi aRniSnavs, rom “mkacrad tradiciuli qceva, iseve rogorc wmindad reaqci-uli mibaZva, mTlianad da savsebiT dgas zRvarze, xolo xSirad imis miRma mxarezec ki, rasac SeiZleba saerTod sazrisis mixed-viT orientirebuli moqmedeba vuwodoT; vinaidan es mTlian xSirad mxolod dablagvebuli, dasustebuli reaqciaa SeCveul - Cveul gaRizianebebze, romelic erTxel miRebuli Cveuli gan-wyobis mixedviT mimdinareobs.

mxolod RirebulebiT - racionaluri da mizanracionaluri moqmedebani arian socialuri moqmedebani am sityvis veberiseu-li mniSvnelobiT. “wmindad- RirebulebiT - racionalurad - am-bobs veberi moqmedebs is, vinc ar iTvaliswinebs mosalodnel Sedegebs, angariSs ar uwevs mosalodnel Sedegebs da moqmedebs Tavisi rwmenis - Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad da asrulebs imas, rasac, rogorc mas hgonia, misgan moiTxovs movaleoba, Rirse-ba, mSveniereba, religiuri daniSnuleba, pieteti an romelime ... “saqmis” umniSvnelovanesoba. RirebulebiT - racionaluri moq-medeba mudam aris “mcnebis” an “moTxovnebis” Sesatyvisi moqmede-ba, romlebsac moqmedi misadmi - TavisTavisadmi wayenebulad Tvlis. mxolod ramdenadac adamianuri moqmedeba ... orientire-bulia aseT moTxovnebze ... Cven vilaparakebT RirebulebiTi ra-cionalurobis Sesaxeb”. (15, gv. 629). RirebulebiT racionaluri da afeqturi moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis mizans warmoad-gens TviTon igi da ara raRac sxva (Sedegi, warmateba, rezulta-ti;] meorexarisxovani, araZiriTadi Sedegebi rogorc pirvelSi, ise meore SemTxvevaSi angariSSi ar iTvleba.

RirebulebiT - racionaluri moqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT ukanaskneli, meoTxe, mizanracionaluri moqmedebis tipi - yvela mimarTebaSi eqvemdebareba danawevrebas. “mizanracionalurad - wers veberi - moqmedebs is, vinc Tavis moqmedebas warmarTavs mi-

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zanTan, saSualebebTan da meorad SedegebTan SesatyvisobaSi da amave dros, racionalurad wonis rogorc saSualebebs mizanTan mimarTebaSi, ise mizans meorad SedegebTan mimarTebaSi da bolos sxvadasxva SesaZlebel miznebs erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.” (iqve)

rogorc vxedavT, moqmedebis oTxi miTiTebuli tipi veberis mier ganlagebulia mzardi racionalurobis wesrigis mixedviT: Tu tradiciuli da afeqturi moqmedeba SeiZleba iwodos subieq-tur racionalurad (obieqturad orive SeiZleba aRmoCndes ra-cionaluri), maSin RirebulebiT - racionaluri moqmedeba ukve Seicavs Tavis TavSi subieqtur - racionalur moments, ramdena-dac moqmedi Segnebulad ufardebs Tavis qcevebs garkveul Ri-rebulebas rogorc mizans, magram moqmedebis es tipi mxolod Se-fardebiTaa racionaluri, ramdenadac TviT Rirebuleba miiReba Semdgomi gaSualebisa da dafuZnebis gareSe da SemdegSi mxedve-lobaSi ar miiReba qcevis meoradi rezultatebi. absoluturad racionaluria veberiseuli mniSvnelobiT mxolod mizanracio-naluri moqmedeba, Tuki igi mimdinareobs wminda saxiT.

individis realurad mimdinare qceva ambobs veberi, orientire-bulia rogorc wesi, moqmedebis ori an meti saxis Sesatyvisad: masSi adgili aqvs rogorc mizanracionalurs, ise RirebulebiT - racionalurs, afeqtursa da tradiciul momentebsac. sazoga-doebis sxvadasxva tipebSi moqmedebis esa Tu is saxe SeiZleba iyos gabatonebuli, upiratesobis mqone: tradiciul sazogadoebebSi Warbobs moqmedebis orientaciis tradiciuli da afeqturi ti-pebi, industrialurSi - mizan - da RirebulebiT- racionaluri, pirvelis mier meoris gamodevnis tendenciiT.

socialuri moqmedebis kategoriis SemotaniT, veberma mainc ver SeZlo im siZneleebis gadaWra, romlebic warmoiSva am kate-goriis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. pirveli, esaa moqmedebis obieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisis gansazRvris siZnele. is-wrafvoda ra daezustebina Tu romel sazrissze unda iyos aq sau-bari, veberi mravali wlis ganmalobaSi Tavs imtvrevda sociolo-giuri ‘’gagebis’’ kategoriis damuSavebaze, ise rom bolomde ver ganTavisuflda fsiqologizmisagan.

meore, socialuri moqmedebis kategoria socialuri cxovre-bis amosavali “ujredis” saxiT ar iZleva sazogadoebrivi pro-cesis rezultatebis gagebis SesaZleblobas, romlebic mTli-anad ar emTxvevian individualuri moqmedebebis mimarTulebas. : radganac veberi anawevrebs socialur mTels mis Semadenel individualur - fsiqologiur komponentebad da TiToeul maT-gans ganixilavs cal - calke mTelTan kavSiris gareSe, amdenadac man ver SeZlo moexdina zogadi istoriuli perspeqtivis rekon-struireba”. (34, gv. 205)

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7. formaluri racionaluroba rogorc veberiseuli sociologiis kategoria

veberma SemTxveviT ar ganalaga socialuri moqmedebis oTxi aRwerili tipi racionalurobis zrdis mixedviT, amgvari wesri-gi ara mxolod meTodologiuri xerxia, romelic mosaxerxebelia axsnisTvis: veberi darwmunebulia, rom socialuri moqmedebis racionalizacia - esaa TviT istoriuli procesis tendencia. da Tumca es procesi ar mimdinareobs “dabrkolebisa” da gadaxrebis gareSe mainc ukansakneli saukuneebis evropuli istoria da in-dustrializaciis gzaze sxva araevropuli civilizaciebis CarT-va, gzaze romelic gakvala evropam mowmoben veberis mixedviT, imas, rom racionalizacia aris msoflio - istoriuli procesi. moqmedebis “racionalizaciis” erT - erTi arsebiTi komponentia Cveuli zne - Cveulebebis da adaTebisadmi Sinagani erTgulebis Secvla interesis gaTvaliswinebisadmi gegmazomieri SeguebiT. rasakvirvelia es procesi ar amowuravs moqmedebis “raciona-lizaciis” cnebas, vinaidan moqmedeba SeiZleba mimdinareob-des, garda amisa, pozitiurad - cnobieri RirebulebiTi racio-nalizaciis mimarTulebiT - da negatiurad - ara mxolod zne - Cveulebebis dangrevis meoxebiT, aramed afeqturi moqmedebis gamodevnis xarjze da bolos, agreTve RirebulebiT - raciona-luri qcevis gamodevnis xarjze wminda mizanracionaluris sa-sargeblod, romlis drosac ukve aRar swamT Rirebulebis”. (34, gv. 208)

ras niSnavs mizanracanionaluri moqmedebis rolis zrda mTlianad sazogadoebis struqturis TvalsazrisiT? racional-uri xdeba meurneobis warmoebis wesi, racionaluri xdeba marTva - rogorc ekonomikis sferoSi, ise politikis, mecnierebis, kul-turis sferoSi - socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi; raciona-luri xdeba adamianTa azrovnebis wesi , ise rogorc maTi grZno-bisa da cxovrebis wesi mTlianobaSi. yvelafer amas Tan hyveba mecnierebis socialuri rolis zrda, romelic veberis mixedviT warmoadgens racionalurobis principis yvelaze wminda ganx-orcielebas, mecniereba upirveles yovlisa iWreba warmoebaSi, Semdeg ki marTvaSi, da bolos agreTve yofaSic - amaSi xedavs ve-beri Tanamedrove sazogadoebis universaluri racionalizaciis erTerT sabuTs.

racionalizacia veberis mixedviT warmoadgens mTeli rigi is-toriuli faqtorebis SeerTebis rezultats, romlebmac winas-war gansazRvres evropis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba ukanaskneli

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300 - 400 wlis manZilze. am faqtorTa konstelacia veberis mier ar ganixileba rogorc raRac winaswar gansazRvruli - dadgeni-li - ufro esaa Taviseburi saxis istoriuli SemTxveviToba, am-itom racionalizacia, misi TvalsazrisiT, aris ara imdenad is-toriuli ganviTarebis aucilebloba, ramdenadac misi bediswera - bedi. moxda ise, rom gansazRvrul droul periodSi da samyaros gansazRvrul raionSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen randenime fenomeni, romlebic Tavis TavSi atarebdnen racionalur sawyiss: antiku-ri mecniereba gansakuTrebiT maTematika, romelsac aRorZinebis epoqaSi daemata eqsperimenti da romelmac galileis droidan SeiZina axali, eqsperimentaluri, teqnikasTan Sinaganad dakav-Sirebuli mecnierebis xasiaTi. racionaluri romis samarTali, romelsac ar icnobda sazogadoebis adrindeli tipebi da romel-mac evropul niadagze miiRo Tavisi Semdgomi ganviTareba Sua-saukuneebSi. meurneobis gaZRolis racionaluri wesi, romelic warmoiSva warmoebis saSualebebisagan samuSao Zalis gamoyofis wyalobiT da maSasadame, imis safuZvelze, rasac “marqsma Tavis droze “abstraqtuli Sroma” uwoda - Sroma, romelic misadgo-mia raodenobrivi gazomvisaTvis(15,gv 24). xolo am elementebis masinTezirebel faqtorad, veberis azriT, mogvevlina protes-tantizmi, romelmac Seqmna msoflmxedvelobrivi wanamZRvrebi meurneobis gaZRolis racionaluri wesis ganxorcielebisaT-vis (uwinares yovlisa ekonomikaSi mecnierebaTa miRwevebis dan-ergvisaTvis da mecnierebis uSualo sawarmoo Zalad gardaqm-na), ramdenadac ekonomikuri warmateba protestantuli eTikis mier ayvanili iyo religiuri mowodebis rangSi. ris Sedegadac evropaSi pirvelad warmoiSva axali, adre arsad ar arsebuli da istoriaSi analogiis ar mqone sazogadoebis tipi, romelsac Ta-namedrove sociologebi uwodeben industrialurs, yvela adre arsebul sazogadoebaTa tips, gansxvavebiT Tanamedrovisgan, ve-beri tradiciuls uwodebs”. tradiciul sazogadoebaTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegia - maTSi formalur - racionaluri sawyisis ar arseboba. ras warmoadgens es ukanaskneli?

formaluri racionaluroba - es uwinares yovlisa gamoT-vladobaa, kalkulirebaa, formalur - racionaluri - esaa is, rac eqvemdebareba raodenobriv aRricxvas, rac naSTis gareSe amoi-wureba raodenobrivi daxasiaTebiT. “meurneobis formaluri racionaluroba ganisazRvreba teqnikurad misTvis SesaZlebeli da namdvilad mis mier miRebuli gaangariSebis zomiT. piriqiT, materialuri racionaluroba xasiaTdeba xarisxiT, ra xarisxi-Tac adamianTa garkveuli jgufis momarageba sasicocxlo sike-

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TeebiT, xorcieldeba ekonomikurad orientirebuli socialu-ri moqmedebis gziT garkveuli... RirebulebiTi postulatebis TvalsazrisiT.” sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika xelmZRvanelobs ra garkveuli kriteriumebiT, romlebic Zevs im sazRvrebs miRma, rac SeiZleba racionalurad gamovTvaloT, da rasac veberi “Ri-rebulebiT postulatebs” uwodebs, e.i. ekonomika, romelic em-saxureba ara TviT mis mierve gansazRvrul miznebs, xasiaTdeba rogorc “materialurad (e.i. Sinaarsobrivad) gansazRvruli.” ma-terialuri “racionaluroba-esaa racionaluroba raRacisTvis; formaluri racionaluroba - esaa racionaluroba “arafrisT-vis,” racionaluroba TavisTavad, aRebuli rogorc TviTmizani, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom formaluri racionalurobis cneba - esaa idealuri tipi da empiriul realobaSi igi wminda saxiT gvxvdeba Zalian iSviaTad. magram formaluri racional-izaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba esaa - rogorc amas veberi aCven-ebs Tavis mraval SromaSi - TviT istoriuli procesis moZraoba. sazogadoebis adrindel tipebSi Warbobda “materialuri racio-naluroba,” TanamedroveSi ki -formaluri racionaluroba, rac Seesatyviseba yvela sxva tipis moqmedebebze moqmedebis mizanra-cionaluri tipis siWarbes.

bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi izrdeba im ideis xorcSesxma, rom racionalizacia misi sociologiis centralur aspeqts war-moadgens. Tumca, veberis Sromebidan racionalizaciis naTeli ganmartebis gamoyofa sakmaod rTulia. marTlac, igi operireb-da am cnebis mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT da xSirad ver akonkretebda, Tu konkretuli diskusiis farglebSi romel mniSvnelobas iyenebda. man namdvilad gamoyo ori tipi: gamoy-enebiTi da RirebulebiTi racionaluroba. magram, amgvari gageba ufro moqmedebis tipebs miesadageba. isini safuZvels warmoad-genen, magram veberis mier racionalizaciis ufro farTomasSta-bian gagebasTan SesabamisobaSi ver modian. veberi dainterese-buli iyo bevrad ufro metiT, vidre fragmentuli moqmedebiTi orientaciebia. misi mTavari mizani civilizaciebSi, instituteb-Si, organizaciebSi, stratebSi, klasebsa da jgufebSi moqmedebis modelebisa da wesebis Seswavlaa. donald levini amtkicebs, rom veberi dainteresebulia “obieqturi” racionalurobiT; es aris qmedeba, romelic garkveuli garegani sistematizaciis procesi-dan gamomdinareobs. stefen kalbergma, k. levinma, kalbergma, veberis SromebSi racionalurobis oTxi ZiriTadi (“obieqturi”) tipi gamoyves. racionalurobis es tipebi “oTxi ZiriTadi damx-mare iaraRi iyo, romelic veberma imisaTvis gamoiyena, raTa ra-

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cionalizaciis, rogorc socio - kulturuli procesis istori-uli bedi dawvrilebiT gamoekvlia” (64, gv. 239).

racionalurobis tipebi. pirvel tips warmoadgens praqtikuli racionaluroba, romelsac kalbergi Semdegnairad ganmartavs, esaa “cxovrebis yvelanairi gza, romelic msoflioSi mimdinare qmedebebs individis sruliad pragmatul da egoistur inter-esebTan kavSirSi ganixilavs da afasebs” (iqve). xalxi, romelic praqtikul racionalurobas iyenebs mocemul realobas iReben da arsebuli problemebis winaaRmdeg brZolis yvelaze moxerx-ebul gzebs martivad varaudoben da pouloben. amgvari tipis racionaluroba transcivilizaciuri da transistoriulia. anu, igi dasavleTis qveynebiT ar Semoifargleba. am tipis ra-cionaluroba upirispirdeba yvelafers, rac yoveldRiuri erT-ferovnebis gadalaxvas safrTxes uqmnis. is ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom yvela arapraqtikuli Rirebuleba uaryon , magaliTad reli-giuri an sekularul-utopiuri, iseve rogorc inteleqtualebis Teoriuli racionaluroba, romelsac swored axla ganvixilavT.

Teoriuli racionaluroba mTel rig kognitur Zalisxmevas moicavs, raTa realoba abstraqtuli warmodgenebis meSveobiT da ara moqmedebiT Seiswavlos. is iseT abstraqtul kognitur pro-cesebs moicavs, rogoricaa deduqcia, induqcia, kauzalobis dad-gena da sxv. istoriulad amgvari tipis racionalurobas adreu-li periodidan jadoqrebi, ritualuri mRvdlebi da SemdegSi ukve filosofosebi, mosamarTleebi da mecnierebi mimarTavdnen. praqtikuli racionalurobisgan gansxvavebiT, Teoriuli racio-naluroba aqtors ubiZgebs, rom yoveldRiuri realoba kvleva - Ziebis procesSi gamoikvlios, raTa samyaros sazriss Cawvdes. praqtikuli racionalurobis msgavsad isic transcivilizaci-uri da transistoriulia. inteleqtualuri racionalurobis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba SezRudulia. is kognitur procesebs mo-icavs - arsebul qmedebebze gavlenas ar axdens, mas axali qcevis normebi mxolod arapirdapir SeuZlia warmogvidginos.

substanciuri racionaluroba qmedebebis (qcevebis) arsebul RirebulebebTan pirdapir daqvemdebarebas gulisxmobs. is Ri-rebulebiTi sistemis konteqstSi gakeTebul arCevans moicavs. erTi RirebulebiTi sistema meoreze ufro racionaluri (sub-stanciurad) araa. sxvebis msgavsad, am tipis racionalurobac transcivilizaciurad da transistoriulad arsebobs, yvelgan sadac RirebulebiT postulatebs vxvdebiT.

da bolos, avtoris azriT yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani for-maa formaluri racionaluroba, romelic Tavidan bolomde

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gaangariSebas, kalkulacias emyareba da moicavs. maSin rodesac praqtikul racionalurobaSi es gaangariSeba adamianis pirad interesebTanaa SesabamisobaSi, formalur racionalurobaSi is “sazogadod dadgenil wesebs, kanonebsa da regulaciebs” eqve-mdebareba. industriuli kapitalizmis, formaluri kanonebi-sa da biurokratiuli racionalurobis msgavsad, igi obieqtur mizezebze mimarTuli, institucionaluri, ze-individualuri forma. racionaluroba yvela sferoSi socialuri struqturis Sesabamisad xorcieldeba da individebs, rogorc raRac garegani upirispirdeba. veberi am yvelafers naTlad specialur saqmeSi biurokratiuli racionalizaciis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazre-bebSi ganmartavs:

“biurokratiuli racionalizacia... principulad, rogorc yvela ekonomikuri reorganizacia teqnikur saSualebebSi gar-datexas axdens. “arafrisgan” igi Tavdapirvelad materialur da socialur moTxovnebs, da maTi meSveobiT - adaptaciis pirobebis da albaT, adaptaciis SesaZleblobebis racionaluri determi-naciis Sedegad - xalxsac cvlis” (64, gv240).

miuxedavad imisa, rom racionalurobis yvela sxva froma tran-scivilizaciuri da transistoriulia, formaluri racional-uroba mxolod dasavleTSi, industrializaciasTan erTad aR-mocenda. sazogadod miRebuli wesebi, kanonebi da regulaciebi, rac formalur racionalurobas dasavleTSi axasiaTebs SeiZle-ba ekonomikur, iuridiul da samecniero institutebSi, iseve ro-gorc batonobis biurokratiul formaSi vipovoT. amis msgavsad, formalur racionalurobas racionalur-legaluri batonobisa da biurokratiis ganxilvis drosac vawydebiT.

yovlismomcveli Teoria? miuxedavad imisa, rom vebers ra-cionalizaciis kompleqsuri, mravalmxrivi gageba hqonda, is mas ufro Zlierad da mravalmniSvnelovnad dasavleTis samyaros, gansakuTrebiT kapitalistur ekonomikasa da biurokratiul organizaciebSi, rogorc formaluri racionaluri struqture-bis rkinis galiis aRsawerad iyenebda. veberi kapitalizmsa da biurokratias rogorc “racionalizaciis or udides Zalas” axa-siaTebda. veberis azriT, kapitalizmsa da biurokratias saerTo safuZveli aqvT (gansakuTrebiT usazRvro asketizmi), rac erT-sa da imave racionalur da meTodologiur qmedebebs moicavs. isini erTmaneTs aZliereben da am process dasavleTis qveynebis racionalizacia mosdevs. veberis azriT, teqnikur eqspertizasa da realuri faqtebis codnaSi biurokratiis erTaderTi metoqe kapitalistia.

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veberis sityvebidan gamomdinare Zalian Znelia imis danamd-vilebiT mtkiceba, rom mas racionalizaciis yovlismomcveli Teoria hqonda Camoyalibebuli. mis sakuTar SromebSi igi mTeli sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Teoriuli konstruqciebis gamoTqmebi-sagan Tavidan acilebas cdilobda. amis sapirispirod, igi iseT socialur struqturebze da institutebze iyo mimarTuli, ro-goricaa magaliTad biurokratia, stratifikacia, samarTali, qalaqi, religia, saxelmwifo da ekonomika. mTlianobis aRqmis naklebobis gamo, naklebad savaraudo iyo, rom mas globaluri ganzogadebebi, gansakuTrebiT samomavlo mimarTulebebis Ses-axeb generalizacia gaekeTebina. garda amisa, racionalizaci-is procesi, romelic veberma erT socialur struqturasa Tu institutSi aRwerasxva struqturasa Tu institutSi racio-nalizaciis procesisgan sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo. ubralod veberi aRniSnavs imas, rom politikuri da ekonomikuri moTxov-nilebebis dakmayofileba mzard racionalizacias ganicdis. esaa universaluri fenomeni, romelic qarizmisa da individualurad diferencirebuli saqmianobis mniSvnelobas sul ufro da ufro asustebs.

formaluri da substanciuri racionaluroba. bevrs ecadnen, rom gamoeyoT formaluri racionalurobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTe-blebi. Cveni azriT, formaluri racionalurobis maxasiaTeble-bi yvelaze amomwuravad jorj ritcers aqvs gaanalzebuli. igi formaluri racionalurobis 6 ZiriTad komponents gamoyofs: 1. pirvel rigSi, formalurad racionaluri struqturebi da in-stitutebi gaTvlis mniSvnelobas, an iseT sakiTxebs, rac SeiZle-ba gamoiTvalos an gaizomos usvamen xazs.

2. meorec, am dros aqcenti efeqturobaze keTdeba, raTa moce-muli saSualebebidan saukeTeso Sedegi miviRoT.

3. mesame, mas axasiaTebs sarwmuno prognozireba, anu imis varaudi, daSveba, rom sagnebi sxvadasxva drosa Tu adgilas erT-nairad imoqmedeben.

4.. amasTan, formalurad racionaluri sistema adamianur te-qnologias progresulad amcirebs da sabolood mas araadami-anuri teqnologiiT anacvlebs. araadamianuri teqnologiebi (rogoricaa magaliTad kompiuterizebuli sistemebi) adamianur teqnologiebTan SedarebiT rogorc ufro kargad gamTvlel, efeqtur da prognozirebad teqnologiebad ganixilebian.

5. aseve, formaluri racionaluri sistemebi iRwvian imisaT-vis, rom miaRwion kontrols eWvebsa da daurwmuneblobaze, ro-melsac masSi momuSave adamianebi da ara isini visac emsaxurebian, gamoxataven.

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6. sabolood SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom racionalur sistemebs sakmaod bevri iracionaluri Sedegebi, rogorc maTSi CarTuli adamianebis an TviTon sistemebisTvis, aseve ufro didi sazoga-doebisTvis Tan sdevT.

racionalurobis iracionalurobis erT-erT gamxotulebas - veberis azriT -warmoadgens is, rom samyaro adamianebisTvis na-kleb momajadoebeli, nakleb momxibvleli, nakleb saocari, nak-leb jadosnuri da nakleb mniSvnelovani xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, Tamamad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom vebermaam saqmesTan dakavSirebiT gadaameta da racionalizaciis nacvlad, samyaros sxvadasxva naw-ili ganagrZobs moxiblvas da mojadoebas agrZelebs.

formaluri racionaluroba ewinaaRmdegeba racionalurobis yvela sxva danarCen formas, ganakuTrebiT substanciur racio-nalurobas upirispirdeba.

racionalurobis oTxi tipis diferenciaciasTan erTad ve-beris Teoriuli memkvidreobis mkvlevarebi aseve cdiloben cxovrebaSi maT mier gamoyenebuli meToduri gzebi warmogvidg-inon. praqtikuli racionaluroba am yvelafris naklebobas gan-icdis, radgan is ufro situaciebze pasuxs da ara maTi warmarT-vis mcdelobebs moicavs. Teoriuli racionaluroba kognituri xasiaTisaa da amitomac praqtikuli racionalurobis CaaxSobis sakmaod SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs da xSir SemTxvevaSisab-oloo produqtad da ara mis mwarmoeblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. veberisTvis, substanciuri racionaluroba aris erTaderTi tipi, romelsac cxovrebis meToduri gzebis gacnobis potencia-li aqvs. amgvarad,sworad daaskvnis j.ritceri, “dasavleTSi, gan-sazRvruli saxis substanciurma racionalurobam, kalvinizmma, romelic cxovrebis meTodur gzebs usvams xazs, praqtikuli ra-cionaluroba daimorCila da formaluri racionalurobis gan-viTarebas Seuwyo xeli”(64, gv.242)

veberi SiSobda, rom substanciuri racionaluroba racional-urobis sxva tipebTan SedarebiT naklebad mniSvnelovani xdebo-da, gansakuTrebiT formaluri racionalurobis iseT tipebTan SedarebiT, rogoricaa magaliTad biurokratia da kapitalizmi, romlebic dominantur poziciebs ikavebdnen dasavleTSi da is tipi ki, romelic “xorcs asxamda dasavluri civilizaciis uma-Rles idealebs: avtonomiur da Tavisufal individs, romlis mo-qmedeba umaRles RirebulebebTan mis mimarTebazea damokidebu-li, nel - nela umniSvnelo xdeboda”(iqve).

is, rasac veberi formalur racionalurobas uwodebs, “Tavis droze aRmoCenili iyo k.marqsis mier, “abstraqtuli Sromis sax-

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iT”. marTalia es cneba marqsTan ufro sxva rols TamaSobs, vidre veberTan formaluri racionaluroba, magram marqsis gavlena ve-berze aq eWvsgareSea. abstraqtuli Sromis umniSvnelovanesi ni-Sani marqsTan es aris is, rom igi “ar flobs araviTar Tvisebebs da amitom mxolod gazomvadia raodenobriv mimarTebaSi”. marqsis mixedviT, Sromis wminda raodenobrivi daxasiaTeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi, romelmac Seqmna “Sromis burJuaziuli forma misi antikuri da Suasaukuneobrivi formebis sapirispirod”. am Sromis Tavisebureba da gansakuTre-buleba uwinares yovlisa esaa misi abstraqtuli sayovelTaoba, e.i. gulgriloba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra moTxovnilebebs ak-mayofilebs es ukanaskneli. abstraqtuli sayovelTao Sromis marqsiseuli gansazRvreba afiqsirebda Sromis “sazogadod sim-didris Seqmnis saSualebad” gadaqcevis faqts. adamiani da misi moTxovnilebebi, rogorc aCvena marqsma, am dros iqcevian mx-olod warmoebis normaluri cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli sa-Sualebad, momentad.

analogiuri da ufro arsebiTia formaluri racionalurobis daxasiaTeba veberTan, rogorc aRniSnavs erT - erTi misi mimde-vari - karl leviti, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom “meurneobis wesi xde-ba imdenad damoukidebeli, rom ... mas ukve ar aqvs araviTari na-Teli damoukidebloba adamianis rogorc aseTis moTxovnebTan”. formaluri racionaluroba - esaa principi, romelsac eqvemde-bareba ara mxolod Tanamedrove ekonomika, aramed tendencia-Si agreTve Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovrebiseuli warmon-aqmnebis mTeli erToblioba”(15 gv.25).

formaluri racionalurobis Sesaxeb moZRvreba - es, arsebiT-ad, kapitalizmis veberiseuli Teoriaa. aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, mWidro kavSiri veberiseul meTodologias, kerZod socialuri moqmedebis Teoriasa da moqmedebis tipTa gamoyofas Soris er-Tis mxriv da kapitalizmis genezisis miseul Teorias Soris meo-res mxriv. sinamdvileSi - namdvilad veberi xazs usvamda, rom mkv-levari idealur - tipobrivi konstruqciis Seqmnisas, saboloo jamSi xelmZRvanelobs “epoqis interesiT”, romelic aZlevs mas kidec “Sexedulebis mimarTulebasac”, epoqam dasva veberis wi-naSe centraluri saxiT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris Tana-medrove kapitalisturi sazogadoeba, rogoria misi warmoSoba da ganviTarebis gzebi, rogoria individis bedi am sazogadoebaSi da rogor moaxdina man an moaxdens momavalSi im idealebis real-izebas, romlebic 17 - 18 - e saukuneebSi misi ideologebis mier gacxadebuli iyo rogorc “gonebis idealebi”. sakiTxis xasiaTma

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winaswar gansazRvra veberis meTodologiuri instrumentebi. Seiqmna “socialuri moqmedebis”, kerZod mizanracionaluri moq-medebis tipi, romelic aRmoCnda aTvlis wertili moqmedebis sxva tipebis konstruirebisTvis. damaxasiaTebelia, rom TviT veberi individis qmedebas ekonomikur sferoSi mizanracionaluri mo-qmedebis yvelaze wminda empiriul nimuSad Tvlida. araa SemTx-veviTi, rom mizanracionaluri moqmedebis magaliTebi vebers, rogorc wesi, am sferodan moyavs: esaa an saqonelTa gacvla, an konkretuli brZola bazarze, an sabirJo TamaSi, da a.S. Sesabami-sad, rodesac bWoba exeba tradiciul sazogadoebebs, veberi aR-niSnavs, rom moqmedebis miznaracionaluri tipi aq upiratesad meurneobis sferoSi gvxvdeba.

kapitalizmis bedis Sesaxeb sakiTxma ganapiroba veberis meT-odologiuri individualizmi.

8. veberis moZRvreba batonobis tipebis Sesaxeb Cven davinaxeT, rom “racionalizaciis” veberiseuli Teoria

yvelaze mWidrod dakavSirebulia socialuri moqmedebis miseul gagebasTan. ara nakleb mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli socialuri mo-qmedebis kategoriasTan Zalauflebis veberiseuli sociologia. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, veberi socialuri moqmedebis ganuyofel momentad “sxvaze orientacias” Tvlis, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara samarTalmcodneobis tradiciuli kategoria “aRiare-ba”. Tu “aRiarebis” kategorias gavaTavisuflebT im normati-uli mniSvnelobisgan, romelic mas aqvs iurisprudenciaSi, da im “metafizikuri” mniSvnelobisgan, romelic mas hqonda “bune-brivi samarTlis” TeoriebSi, maSin Cven miviRebT swored “molo-dinis” cnebas, romelsac veberi sazogadoebis sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis aucilebel raimed Tvlis.. Zalian mniSvnelovania am cnebis roli veberis moZRvrebaSi legitimuri batonobis ti-pebis Sesaxeb. e.i. iseTi batonobis Sesaxeb, romelic aRiarebulia qveSevrdomTa anu marTuli individebis mier. damaxasiaTebelia batonobis veberiseuli gansazRvreba: “batonoba - wers igi - niS-navs garkveuli brZanebisadmi damorCilebis Sanss”. amgvarad, ba-tonoba gulisxmobs urTierTmolodins: imas, vinc brZanebs, - rom mis brZanebas daemorCilebian;da imaT molodins, vinc emorCile-ba-rom brZanebas eqneba is xasiaTi, ra xasiaTsac isini moelian e.i. aRiareben. Tavisi meTodologiis sruli SesatyvisobiT veberi batonobis legitimuri tipebis analizs iwyebs “morCilebis” Ses-aZlebel (tipobriv) motivTa ganxilviT. amgvar motivebs veberi

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poulobs sams da maT Sesatyvisad ganasxvavebs batonobis sam wmin-da tips. “batonoba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos interesebiT, e.i. upiratesobaTa an ara xelsayrelobaTa (usarfoba) mimarT qveSevrdomTa (morCilTa) mizanracionaluri mosazrebebiT: Sem-deg igi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos ubralod “zne - Cveule-bebiT, garkveul qcevaTa CveviT; da bolos, igi SeiZleba efuZne-bodes qveSevrdomTa martiv pirad midrekilebebs, miswrafebebs, siyvaruls, e.i. hqondes afeqturi baza”. (5, gv. 14)

rogorc vxedavT batonobis pirvel tips - romelsac veberi “legalurs uwodebs - “damTmoblobis motivis” saxiT aqvs intere-sis mosazrebebi (interesTa gaTvaliswineba); mis safuZvelSi devs mizanracionaluri moqmedeba. amgvar tips veberi miakuTvnebs Ta-namedrove evropul saxelmwifoebs: ingliss, safrangeTs, aSS - s da sxva. aseT saxelmwifoSi, xazs usvams veberi, emorCilebian ara pirovnebebs, aramed dadgenil kanonebs; maT emorCilebian ara mxolod marTulni, aramed mmarTvelnic (Cinovnikebic). marTvis aparati Sedgeba specialurad ganswavluli Cinovnikebisgan, maT waeyenebaT moTxovna imoqmedon “provnebaTa gauTvalsiwineb-lad, e.i. imoqmedon mkacri formaluri da racionaluri wesebis Sesatyvisad. formalur - samarTlebrivi sawyisi - esaa principi, romelic Zevs “legaluri batonobis” safuZvelSi, veberis Tanax-mad, swored es principi aRmoCnda Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ro-gorc formaluri racionalurobis sistemis erT - erTi aucile-beli wanamZRvari.

biurokratia, ambobs veberi, teqnikurad warmoadgens legal-uri batonobis yvelaze wminda tips. magram veraviTari batonoba ver iqneba mxolod biurokratiuli: “kibis saTaveSi - mwvervalze dganan an memkvidreobiTi monarqebi, an xalxis mier arCeuli li-derebi...” magram yoveldRiuri, ganuwyveteli muSaoba mimdinare-obs am dros specialist - CinovnikTa ZalebiT. e.i. marTvis manqa-niT, romlis saqmianobac SeuZlebelia SeCerebul iqnes ise, rom aman ar gamoiwvios seriozuli darRvevebi socialuri meqanizmis funqcionirebaSi.

saxelmwifos “racionaluri” tipis Sesatyvisi iuridiuli ga-naTlebis garda Cinovniki unda flobdes specialur ganaTlebas, ramdenadac misgan moiTxoveba kompententurobac. ai rogor aR-wers veberi racionalur - biurokratiuli mmarTvelobis wminda tips: “mTlianobaSi mmarTvelobis Stabi Sedgeba calkeuli Ci-novnikebisgan, romlebic 1) piradad Tavisufalni arian da eqve-mdebarebian, mxolod saqmian samsaxureobriv movaleobas; 2) aqvT myari samsaxureobrivi ierarqia; 3) aqvT mtkiced garkveuli sam-

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saxureobrivi kompentencia; 4) muSaoben kontraqtis ZaliT, maSa-sadame principulad Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze special-uri kvalifikaciis Sesdatyvisad; 5) gasamrjelos iReben mudmivi fuladi sargoebiT; 6) TavianT samsaxurs ganixilaven rogorc er-TaderT an mTavar profesiad; 7) TavianT karieras, “dawinaurebas” winaswarWvreten - xedaven - an samsaxurSi ufrosobis Sesatyvisad an ufrosis Sexedulebisgan damoukideblad unarTa - niWTa Sesa-tyvisobaSi; 8) muSaoben “marTvis saSualebebisgan sruli mowyve-tis” pirobebSi da samsaxureobrivi adgilebis miTvisebis gareSe; 9) eqvemdebarebian erTian mkacr samsaxureobriv disciplinasa da kontrols”(cit: 21, gv. 82).

batonobis es tipi veberis mixedviT yvelaze ufro Seesa-tyviseba 19 - e saukunis bolos evropasa da aSS - i Camoyalibebuli ekonomikis formalur - racionalur struqturas, marTvis sfer-Si adgili aqvs iseTive specializacias da Sromis danawilebas, rogorc warmoebaSi. aqac iseve, rogorc iqac, emorCilebian up-irovno - saqmian princips, mmarTvelic iseve “mowyvetilia mmarT-velobis saSualebebisgan”, rogorc mwarmoebeli - warmoebis sa-Sulebebisgan. “biurokratiuli marTva niSnavs codnis meSveobiT batonobas - amaSia misi specifikuri racionaluri xasiaTi”.

veberis mier aRwerili formalur - racionaluri mmarTve-lobis idealuri tipi, upirobod warmoadgens nivTTa realuri viTarebis idealizacias, mas ar hqonia da arca aqvs empiriuli ganxorcieleba arcerTi Tanamedrove dasavlur saxelmwifoSi. vebers aq arsebiTad, mxedvelobaSi aqvs marTvis manqana, manqana am sityvis sityva - sityviTi mniSvnelobiT - am ukansaknels namd-vilad ar SeiZleba hqondes araviTari interesebi, garda “saqmis interesebisa”, da igi ar eqvemdebareba korufcias. veberi Tvlis, rom aseTi adamianuri “manqana” ufros zusti da iafia, vidre meqa-nikuri agregati. “samyaros veraviTari maSineria (manqana) ver SeZlebs imuSaos iseTi sizustiT, rogorc am adamianurma manqa-nam da amave dros iyos ase iafic”. magram marTvis manqana, yoveli manqanis msgavsad, saWiroebs programas. programa ki SeiZleba mas misces mxolod politikurma liderma (an liderebma), romlebic garkveul miznebs isaxaven, e.i. sxva sityvebiT, romlebic mmarTv-elobis formalur meqanizms ayeneben garkveuli politikuri Ri-rebulebis samsaxurSi. veberiseuli meTodologiisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli “mecnierebisa” da “Rirebulebis” gacalkeveba-gaTiSva batonobis sociologiaSic poulobs kidev erT gamoyenebas.

legitimuri batonobis meore tips, romelic ganpirobebu-lia garkveuli qcevisadmi adamianTa zne - CveulebebiT”, veberi

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uwodebs tradiciuls. tradiciuli batonoba dafuZnebulia ara mxolod kanonierebis rwmenaze, aramed uZveles droSi arsebuli wesrigisa da Zalauflebis RvTaebriobis rwmenazec. maSasadame, mis safuZvelSi Zevs, tradiciuli moqmedeba. amgvari batonobis yvelaze wminda tips warmoadgens patriarqaluri moqmedeba. gab-atonebulTa kavSiri warmoadgens erTobas (gunds), ufrosis tips - “batoni”, mmaTvelobis Stabs - “msaxurni”, daqvemdebarebulni - “qveSevrdomT, romlebic batonis morCilni arian pietetis (mow-iwebuli damokidebuleba vinmesadmi, raimesadmi) ZaliT. veberi xazs usvams, rom batonobis patriarqaluri tipi Tavisi struq-turis mixedviT mraval rameSi emsgavseba ojaxis struqturas. (swored es garemoeba aqcevs legitimurobis am tips gansakuTre-biT mtkice - gamZle tipad, romelic damaxasiaTebelia am tipis batonobisTvis. “arsebiTad ojaxuri kavSiri aris batonobis tradiciuli urTierTobebis ujredi”. am gamoTqmaSi araa Zneli davinaxoT is, rom Zalauflebis tradiciuli da legitimuri ti-pebis gansxvaveba amodis ferdinand tionisis mier gaanalizebuli socialuri struqturis ori ZiriTadi tipis gemainSaftisa da ge-zelSaftis dapirispirebidan. garda amisa, veberi araerTxel aR-niSnavda Tanamedrove samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi legitimuro-bis sisustesa da aramdgradobas; marTalia batonobis legaluri tipi mas ufro Sesatyvisad eCveneba Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebisaTvis, magram miaCnia, rom igi saWiroebs raRacnair “gamagrebas”, swored amitom veberi sasargeblod Tvlida mem-kvidreobiTi monarqis SenarCunebas saxelmwifos meTauris sax-iT, rogorc es iyo zogierT evropul qveyanaSi)

am tipis batonobisas mmarTvelobis aparati Sedgeba batonze piradad damokidebul SinamosamsaxureTagan, naTesavTagan, pi-radi megobrebisgan an piradad misdami erTguli vasalebisgan. yvela SemTxvevaSi ara samsaxureobrivi disciplina da ara saqmi-ani kompetenturoba, rogorc amas adgili hqonda ukve ganxilul batonobis tipis arsebobisas, aramed swored piradi erTguleba warmoadgens safuZvels Tanamdebobaze daniSvnasa da ierarqiul kibeze winwawevisaTvis. ramdenadac araferi ar zRudavs batonis TviTnebobasa da neba - survils, amdenad ierarqiuli danawevreba - kibe xSirad irRveva privilegiebiT.

veberi ganasxvavebs tradiciuli batonobis or formas: mmarT-velobis wminda patriarqalur da wodebriv struqturas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi “msaxurni” mTlianad pirad damokidebulebaSi imy-ofebian batonTan, anu batonze mTlianad piradad arian damok-idebuli, amasTanave mmarTvelobaSi SeiZleba CarTon, miizidon adamianebi savsebiT uuflebo fenebidan da dasvan mTavris na-

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Tesavebis da megobrebis gverdiT. tradiciuli batonobis aseTi saxe gvxvdeba magaliTad, bizantiaSi. meore SemTxvevaSi “msax-urni” ar arian batonze piradad damokidebulni, maTi mmarTve-loba garkveul zomamde “avtokefaluria” da avtonomiuri. aq Zala aqvs wodebrivi Rirsebis - pativis princips, romlis Sesax-ebac laparakic ki SeuZlebelia, mmarTvelobis patriarqaluri struqturis dros. am tipTan yvelaze axlos dganan dasavleT ev-ropis feodaluri saxelmwifoebi. “mmarTveloba patrimonialu-rad damokidebulTa (monebis, ymebis daxmarebiT rogorc adgili hqonda wina aziasa da egvipteSi TiTqmis mamluqTa epoqamde, aris arawodebrivi, wminda patrimonialuri batonobis ukiduresi da yovelTvis Tanmimdevruli tipi. Tavisufali plebeebis daxmare-biT marTva SedarebiT axlosaa racionalur CinovnikobasTan. hu-manitarTa daxmarebiT marTvas SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebuli xasiaTi magram mudam uaxlovdeba wodebriv tips: brahmanebi, man-darinebi, budisturi da qristianuli klirikebi”.

tradiciuli batonobis Cveulebrivi saxeebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebelia formaluri samarTlis ararseboba da Sesabamisad arc imis moTxovna, ar gaviTvaliswinoT pirebi, “ar SevxedoT saxeze’’,yovel sferoSi urTierTobaTa sfero - uaRresad pi-radulia; marTalia, rom wminda piraduli sawyisisgan garkveuli TavisuflebiT tradiciuli sazogadoebis yvela tipebSi, ro-gorc aRniSnavs veberi, sargeblobs vaWrobis sfero, magram es Tavisufleba SefardebiTia, Tavisufali vaWrobis gverdiT mu-dam arsebobs misi tradiciuli forma.

veberis mixedviT batonobis mesame wminda tips warmoadgens qarizmatuli batonoba. qarizmis cneba (nawarmoebia berZnuli-dan - RvTaebrivi niWi, saCuqari - madli) veberis sociologiaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs; qarizma ukidures SemTxvevaSi am sityvis etimologiuri mniSvnelobis Sesatyvisad aris raRac eqstraordinaluri unari, romelic gamoyofs individs danar-Cenebisgan da rac mTavaria,mis mier SeZenili da mopovebuli ki araa, aramed naCuqaria misdami - bunebis, RmerTis Tu bedis mier. qarizmatul unarebs veberi miakuTvnebs magiur unarebs, winas-warmetyvelebis niWs, gonisa da sityvis gamorCeul Zalas; veber-is mixedviT qarizmas floben gmirebi, didi mxedarTmTavrebi, jadoqrebi, winaswarmetyvelebi da naTelmxilvelni, genialuri xelovanni, gamoCenili politikosebi, msoflio religiebis dam-fuZnebelni - buda, ieso, muhamedi, saxelmwifoTa damfuZnebelni - soloni da likurge, didi dampyroblebi - aleqsandre makedone-li, keisari, napoleoni.

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legitimuri batonobis qarizmatuli tipi tradiciuli tipis pirdapir sapirispiroa: Tu batonobis tradiciuli tipi arsebo-bas, Tavs CveulebiT, erTxel da samudamod gadmocemulis, Cveu-lebrivis, adaTebis erTgulebiT inarCunebs, maSin qarizmatuli, piriqiT, raRac araCveulebrivs, adre arasodes aRiarebuls ey-rdnoba, araa SemTxveviTi, rom winaswarmetyvelisTvis damaxas-iaTebelia, veberis mixedviT, aseTi tipis gamoTqma: “naTqvamia ... me ki geubnebiT Tqven ...” socialuri moqmedebis afeqturi tipi warmoadgens qarizmuli batonobis ZiriTad bazas. veberi ganix-ilavs qarizmas rogorc “did revoluciur Zalas”, romelic ar-sebobs tradiciuli tipis sazogadoebaSi da romelsac unari Seswevs Seitanos cvlilebebi am sazogadoebaTa dinamizms mok-lebul struqturaSi. magram miuxedavad batonobis tradiciul qarizmatul tipTa Soris gansxvavebisa da dapirispirebisa, maT Soris aris raRac saerToc, saxeldobr: erTic da meorec eyrd-nobian batonsa da qveSevrdoms Soris pirad urTierTobebs. am mimarTebiT orive es tipi upirispirdebian batonobis formalur - racionalur tips rogorc upirovnos - arapiraduls. qarizmat-uli liderisadmi - xelmwifisadmi piradi erTgulebis wyaroa ara tradicia da ara misi formaluri samarTlis - uflebis aRiareba aramed misadmi emocionalurad Seferili erTguleba da misi qa-rizmisadmi rwmena. swored amitom, xazs usvams veberi, qarizmul-ma beladma mudam unda asabuTos am qarizmis Tavis TavSi arsebo-ba. gabatonebulTa kavSiri, rogorc winandel SemTxvevaSi, aris gemainSafti - erToba, romelSic gaerTianebulia - qarizmis xa-siaTis mixedviT - maswavlebeli da misi moswavleebi, beladi da misi mimdevrebi da momxreebi da a.S. mmarTvelobis aparati dgeba mmarTvelebSi qarizmis arsebobisa da beladisadmi piradi erT-gulebis safuZvelze - “kompententurobis” racionaluri cneba, aq srulebiTac ar arsebobs rogorc formalur-racionalurisa-gan, ise batonobis tradiciuli tipisagan qarizmuli gansxvavde-ba imiT, rom aq ar aris dadgenili (racionalurad Tu tradiciis mixedviT) wesebi: yvela sakiTxi wydeba iracionalurad “gamocxa-debis an Semoqmedebis, saqmianobisa da piradi magaliTis safuZ-velze SemTxvevidan - SemTxvevamde.”

legitimurobis qarizmatuli principi formalur-racional-urisagan gansxvavebiT avtoritarulia. arsebiTad, qarizmatis avtoriteti efuZneba mis Zalas, oRond ara uxeS, fizikurs (rac srulebiTac ar aris gamoricxuli), aramed misi qarizmis Zalas. ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mivaqcioT imas, rom veberi qarizmas ganixilavs mis SinaarsTan yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSe, rasac

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gvauwyebs, risTvisac gamodis, rac moaqvs qarizmul pirovnebas, erTgulia ra Tavisi sociologiis, romlis Tanaxmadac socio-logia rogorc mecniereba Tavisufali unda iyos Rirebulebebi-sagan, veberi xazgasmiT gulgrilia qarizmatuli lideris mier samyaroSi Semotanili Rirebebulebisadmi: perikle, napoleoni, ieso an Cingis xani-veberis TvalsazrisiT rogorc Zalauflebis sociologisaTvis-erTnairad qarizmuli moRvaweebia. maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi an religiuri gaerTianebebi war-moadgnen batonobis qarizmuli tipis saxesxvaobebs.

veberis meTodologiuri principebi gamoricxaven im tipis politikosis, rogoric iyo perikle, politikuri demagogis im tipisgan, rogoric iyo hitleri gansxvavebis SesaZleblobas, romlebic eyrdnoboda masebze zemoqmdebis sugestiur - emocio-nalur formebs da amitom savsebiT Sedis qarizmatikis veberi-seul gansazRvrebaSi, ramdenadac veberis mixedviT, sociologs unda ainteresebdes ara subieqturi gansxvaveba (vTqvaT, namd-vili religiurobis fsevdoreligiurobisgan), aramed ama Tu im istoriuli pirovnebis moqmedebaTa obieqturi rezultatebi, amdenad veberiseuli sociologia aucileblobiT atarebs Tavis TavSi orazrovnebas. am orazrovnebam TviT veberis politikuri ganwyobisgan damoukideblad uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa im rTul social - politikur situaciaSi, romelic Camoyalibda germania-Si pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg vaimaris respublikis periodSi.

10. “protestantuli eTikis” Temebi: kapitalizmi, socialuri moqmedeba da rwmena

Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis gamov-lenis mizniT “protestantul eTikaSi” veberi upirveles yovli-sa erTmaneTisagan kapitalistur sawarmos da ubralod mogebis miRebisadmi ltolvas ganasxvavebs. simdidrisadmi midrekileba yvelgan da yovelTvis arsebobda, da TavisTavad amas araferi aqvs saerTo kapitalisturi xasiaTis saqmianobasTan, romelic mogebis miRebaze orientacias regularuli da, rogorc wesi, mS-vidobiani gacvla - gamocvlis Sedegad gulisxmobs.

veberis sociologia garkveulwilad antimarqsistulia. es yvelaze naTlad protestantizmis Sesaxeb mis naSromebSi Cans.

“protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli” aris veber-is erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi, romelSic is realobis specifikur religiur aRqmasa da kapitalizmis warmoSobas So-ris kavSirs ganixilavs.

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Tavis naSromebSi protestantizmis Sesaxeb veberi cdilob-da gaerkvia “damokidebuleba gansakuTrebul religiur eTika-sa da kapitalisturi suliskveTebis garkveul saxeobas Soris”. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, aucilebelia visaubroT swored ka-pitalizmis “garkveuli saxeobis” Sesaxeb, radgan veberi gamoy-ofs kapitalizmis ramdenime saxeobas, romelTaganac yvelaze mniSvnelovnebia: mZarcveli kapitalizmi (Booty capitalism), gande-gilebis kapitalizmi (Pariah capitalism), tradiciuli kapitalizmi (Traditional capitalism) da racionaluri kapitalizmi (Rational capitalism).

mZarcveli kapitalizmi warmoadgens kapitalis dagrovebas da moxveWas omebis, Zarcvebis an riskiani wamowyebebis meSveobiT, amgvari kapitalizmis magaliTs warmoadgenen “mZarcveli baron-ebi” (Robber Barons).

meore SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs komerciul saqmianobasTan, rogoricaa mevaxSeoba, romelsac ewevian sazogadoebidan gamor-iyuli socialuri jgufebi (mag., ebraelebi). swored aseT konte-qstSi aRiqvams veberi ebraelebs, rogorc gandegilTa kapital-izmis warmomadgenlebs.

tradiciuli kapitalizmis formebi yvela kulturaSi moiZeb-neba, adreuli xanidan dawyebuli. am saxis kapitalizmis ganmasx-vavebeli niSani aris is, rom is mimarTulia garkveuli, SezRudu-li Sedegis miRebaze da mas ar axasiaTebs kapitalis da saxsrebis Semdgomi akumulacia.

da bolos, racionaluri kapitalizmi, romlisTvisac damax-asiaTebulia regulirebadi bazari, mkacri buRalteria da mi-swrafeba, miRebuli iqnas rac SeiZleba didi mogeba kanonieri gzebis gamoyenebiT. garda amisa, racionaluri kapitalizmi ax-orcielebs Tavisufali muSaxelis daqiravebas da amrigad, war-moSobs proletariatis klass. swored aseTi tipis kapitalizmia damaxasiaTebeli dasavluri sazogadoebisaTvis da swored ase-Tia, veberis azriT, Tanamedrove kapitalizmi. Tumca kapital-izmis yvela sxva saxeoba SeiZleba aRmoCenili iqnas msoflios sxvadasxva mxareSi da sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, racional-uri kapitalizmi warmoiSva mxolod dasavleT evropaSi XVII-XVIII ss.-Si da es garemoeba, rogorc veberi aRniSnavs, aris garkveuli faqtebis da movlenebis Serwymis - “konstelaciis” - Sedegi. Sem-degSi veberi ganixilavs im mizezebs, romlebmac Tanamedrove ka-pitalizmis warmoSoba ganapirobes.

veberi gamoyofs racionaluri kapitalizmis warmoSobis or gansxvavebul winapirobas - es aris racionaluri “suli” da mate-

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rialuri “Sinaarsi”. amrigad, adgili aqvs 4 SesaZlebel kombina-cias:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

-

+

-

-

+

+ +

-

suli Sinaarsi

rogorc vxedavT, pirvel, (a) SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi winapiroba ar arsebobs. aseTi sazogadoebis magaliTia tomobrivi sazoga-doeba, romelSic ar aris arc normatiuli da arc instituciuri mxardaWera imisaTvis, rom warmoiSvas racionaluri kapitalizmi.

meore, (b) SemTxveva damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavleTis sazoga-doebebisaTvis, sadac “materialuri infrastruqtura ... Sesani-Snavad esadageboda kapitalistur eqspluatacias”, magram Sesa-bamisi suliskveTebis ararsebobis gamo is ver iqna gadayvanili racionaluri warmoebis principebze.

mesame, (c) SemTxvevaSi amis sapirispiro mdgomareobaa - magali-Tis saxiT vebers mohyavs benjamen franklinis droindeli pen-silvaniis Stati. benjamen franklini ganmsWvaluli iyo kapital-isturi suliskveTebiT - es naTeli xdeba, Tu Cven gadavxedavT mis Canawerebs, magram maSindeli pensilvaniis sawarmoo ganviTareba ar aZlevda franklins imis saSualebas, rom cxovreba racional-ur principebze aewyo.

da bolos, rogorc es cxrilidan Cans, mxolod meoTxe, (d) SemTxvevaSia gaerTianebuli orive winapiroba. isini erTiandebi-an imisaTvis, rom “Seqmnan feTqebadi SenaerTi, romelic gardaqm-nis ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis safuZvlebs da iwvevs Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobas”.

amgvarad gansazRvruli “kapitalizmi”, romlis ZiriTad damax-asiaTebel Tvisebas savaWro operaciebi warmoadgenen, sxvadsx-va tipis sazogadoebaSi arsebobda: babilonSi, Zvel egvipteSi, CineTSi, indoeTsa da Sua saukuneebis evropaSi. magram mxolod dasavleTSi, da SedarebiT bolo periodSi moxda kapitalisturi saqmianobis dakavSireba formalurad Tavisufali samuSao Zalis racionalur organizaciasTan. samuSao Zalis “racionalur or-ganizaciaSi” veberi gulisxmobs mis sistematur da gaangariSe-bul marTvas uwyvetad moqmed sawarmoebSi.

racionaluri kapitalisturi sawarmos arseboba ori piro-bis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs: disciplinirebul samuSao Zalas da kapitalis uwyvet dabandebas. orive es piroba mkveTrad ewi-

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naaRmdegeba ekonomikuri saqmianobis tradiciul tips. pirveli pirobis did mniSvnelobas adasturebs maTi gamocdileba, vinc daaarsa Tanamedrove tipis sawarmoebi garemoSi, sadac aseTi saqmianoba manamde ar iyo cnobili. warmovidginoT aseTi mewar-meebi, romlebic warmoebis efeqturobis gazrdis mizniT aweseben sacalo anazRaurebas da Tvlian, rom Sromis anazRaurebis ase-Ti principi gamoiwvevs Sromis nayofierebis gazrdas, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi muSebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba, meti imuSaon da ufro maRali anazRaureba miiRon. sinamdvileSi ki amis Sedegi, Sesa-Zloa, sapirispiro iyos: muSebi naklebs imuSaveben, vinaidan isini dainteresebulni arian ara Tavisi yoveldRiuri anazRaurebis maqsimalur gazrdaSi, aramed imaSi, rom miiRon iseTi anazRaure-ba, romelic daakmayofilebs maT tradiciul moTxovnilebebs. analogiuri fenomeni SeiniSneba tradiciuli sazogadoebis war-momadgenel mdidrebs Sorisac: kapitalistur sawarmoSi miRe-buli mogebiT isini miznad isaxaven mxoloddamxolod fulis Sovnas, raTa Seiqmnan materialuri komforti, uzrunvelyon maT-Tvis sasiamovno cxovrebis stili an Zalaufleba. tradiciuli tipis mewarmeTaTvis ucxoa zrunva kapitalis uwyvet reproduq-ciaze, rac iTvaliswinebs mis mudmiv investirebas warmoebaSi. aseTi tipis saqmianoba gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis Se-degia, da swored es gansxvavebuli msoflmxedveloba gamoyofs mewarmeebs, romelTa mizansac warmoadgens mxoloddamxolod simdidris dagroveba simdidrisTvisave, da ara im materialu-ri waxalisebebisaTvis, romelTa motanac am simdidres SeuZlia. “isini fuls Souloben, SeZena maTi cxovrebis saboloo mizani xdeba. ekonomiuri mogeba aRar warmoadgens adamianisaTvis misi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis saSualebas”. ve-beris Tanaxmad, swored amaSi mdgomareobs Tanamedrove kapital-izmis suli.

rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es istoriulad gansakuTrebuli fenomeni, romelic xasiaTdeba, erTis mxriv, simdidris moxveWis surviliT da amave dros ar gamoxatavs raime interess amqveyni-uri, siamovnebis momtani survilebis dakmayofilebisadmi, risi uzrunvelyofac am simdidres SeuZlia? veberis azriT, mcdari iqneboda mosazreba, TiTqos es tradiciuli moralis dasustebiT aixsneba, vinaidan es axleburi msoflmxedveloba xazgasmulad moraluri xasiaTisaa da sinamdvileSi iSviaT TviTdisciplinas moiTxovs. mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebic racionaluri kapital-izmis ganviTarebas uwyoben xels, damaxasiaTebelia mogebis miRe-bisadmi ltolva da amave dros, xazgasmiT mokrZalebuli, zomieri

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cxovrebis stili. veberis azriT, es aixsneba puritanizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “amqveyniuri asketizmiT”, romelic gamoxatu-lia “mowodebis” koncefciaSi. veberis Tanaxmad, mowodebis cne-ba ar arsebobda arc antikur da arc kaTolikur TeologiaSi; is reformaciam Semoitana. misi ZiriTadi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianis umTavres moralur valdebulebas warmoadgens Tavisi movaleobis Sesruleba amqveyniur saqmianobaSi. aseTi TvalTaxedvis Sedegad, religiuri saqcieli yoveldRiuri cx-ovrebis nawili xdeba, da upirispirdeba samonastro cxovrebis kaTolikur wess, romlis mizani saero cxovrebis moTxovnile-bebis daZlevaa. metic, protestantis moraluri pasuxismgeblo-ba kumulatiur xasiaTs atarebs, vinaidan protestantizmSi ara aqvs adgili kaTolikuri samyarosadmi damaxasiaTebeli codvis, monaniebisa da patiebis cikls, romelic kaTolikes cxovrebis manZilze SesaZlebelia usasrulod ganaxldes.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mowodebis idea ukve luTeris do-qtrinebSi gvxvdeba, veberi amtkicebs, rom is puritanuli se-qtebis - kalvinizmis, meTodizmis, pietizmis da baptizmis swav-lebaSi - gacilebiT ufro Rrmad iqna ganviTarebuli. veberis ganxilva ZiriTadad pirvel maTganze, kalvinizmzea dayrdnobi-li, Tumca is ara imdenad kalvinisturi doqtrinebiT, ramdenad-ac maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebiTaa dainteresebuli. kalvinizmis im elementebs Soris, romlebsac veberi gansakuTrebul yur-adRebas uTmobs, misi mTavari TezisisaTvis yvelaze ufro mniS-vnelovani, albaT, bedisweris doqtrinaa: rwmena, rom mxolod adamianTa nawilia SerCeuli jojoxeTidan gadasarCenad, da es arCevani winaswaraa gansazRvruli RmerTis mier. protestantu-li suliskveTebis ganxilvas veberi iwyebs kalvinisturi religi-isaTvis damaxasiaTebeli swavlebiT gangebis Sesaxeb. am swav-lebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom RmerTma yvela adamianis bedi mis dabadebamde gadawyvita. es gadawyvetileba aranairad ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor icxovrebs adamiani, ra moqmede-bebs Caidens da rogori pirovneba iqneba. dabadebisTanave adami-ans “misjili” aqvs an gadarCena, an mudmivi tanjva. kalvinistebs am SegrZnebiT uxdebodaT cxovreba, da am garemoebam maTSi gamoi-muSava “udidesi miswrafeba gadarCenisadmi”, survili, darwmund-nen imaSi, rom sikvdilis Semdeg uzrunvelyofili aqvT mudmivi cxovreba. magram cxovrebis manZilze adamianebma araferi icod-nen imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bedi elodaT, da amitom, “TandaTan maT daiwyes keTilganwyobis niSnebis an mtkicebulebebis Zebna. yove-li morwmune cdilobda daerwmunebina sakuTari Tavi da sxvebi

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imaSi, rom is erT-erTi gamorCeulTagani iyo. am miznis miRwevas ukeT emsaxureboda is saxeoba, romelsac mohqonda TvalnaTe-li nayofi da materialuri mtkicebulebebi”. amrigad, keTili saqmeebi, materialuri warmateba gaxda “praqtikuli saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac WeSmariti morwmune aRmoaCenda”, iyo Tu ara mis mimarT RmerTi gulmowyale, Sesabamisad, gaCnda rwmena, rom kalvinists SeuZlia sakuTari SromiT moipovos gadarCena, an, rac ufro swori iqneba, darwmundes imaSi, rom is gadarCeba.

miswrafebam gadarCenis, maradiuli cxovrebisadmi, gardaqmna kalvinisturi swavleba gangebis Sesaxeb iseT swavlebaSi, romel-sac safuZvlad edo Sroma da kidev erTxel Sroma sruli gadarCe-nis mosapoveblad.

veberis am naSromSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mowodebis koncefcias, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom TiToeulma adamianma unda misdios im mowodebas, romelic mas RmerTma mianiWa. rode-sac kalvinisti warmatebas aRwevs ama Tu im sferoSi moRvaweo-biT, is Tavisufldeba im SiSisagan, romelsac is Tavis bedTan da-kavSirebiT ganicdis.

misi {morwmune kalvinistis} mogebis da qonebis gazrda iyo ... RmerTis wyalobis niSani ... RmerTs Tavisi sakuTari mizezi hqon-da, raTa amoerCia is...

ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom, veberis azriT, mowodebis koncefcias gavlena hqonda ara marto mewarmeeb-ze, warmoebis xelmZRvanelebze, aramed ubralo muSebzec, rom-lebic am sawarmoebSi muSaobdnen. Tumca Tavdapirvelad Sromis nayofierebis gazrdam misi intensiurobis gazrdis xarjze muSe-bis mxridan winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia, es winaaRmdegoba, romelic saerTod damaxasiaTebelia tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, gadalaxuli iqna muSebis moraluri da fsiqologiuri trans-formaciis Sedegad. imisTvis ki, rom es momxdariyo, aucilebeli iyo Secvliliyo damokidebuleba Sromisadmi, rac muSebis ganaT-lebis donis amaRlebam gamoiwvia. es ki niSnavs, rom kapitalistu-ri suliskveTeba pirvel rigSi warmoiSva qalaqSi, da ara soflad.

kalvinisturma swavlebam pirvelma daiwyo Sromis faseu-lobebis rogorc aseTis qadageba, ise, TiTqos Sroma yofiliyos “saboloo mizani, mowodeba”. amgvarad, protestantizmi ara mar-to kapitalizmis suliskveTebis wyaroa, aramed garkveuli saxis “Sromis suliskveTebisa”. Sesabamisad, kalvinizmi warmogvidgeba rogorc religia, romelic zegavlenas axdens yvela adamianze maTi socialuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad. garda amisa, veberi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda im garemoebas, rom sxva religiebisa-

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gan gansxvavebiT, romlebic adamians ubralod exmarebian, SeeCvi-on da Seeguon maT garSemo arsebul samyaros, kalvinizmi, da ufro farTod, protestantizmi, aiZulebs xalxs, Secvalon TviT msoflio, gardaqmnan da gadaakeTon is.

kalvinizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli niSania is, rom mas uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs simdidris mimarT. simdidre, romelic mimarTulia hedonisturi survilebis dasak-mayofileblad, kalvinizmSi warmodgenilia rogorc boroteba, eSmakis xrikebi.

saero saqmianobaSi “kargi saqmeebis” keTeba aRiqmeboda ro-gorc macne, romelic iuwyeboda am adamianis “SerCevis” Sesaxeb. amrigad, mowodebaSi warmatebis miRweva CaiTvala im “niSnad”, romelic adasturebs, rom es adamiani rCeulTa ricxvs ekuTvnis. simdidris dagroveba moralurad iqna sanqcionirebuli imdenad, ramdenadac es procesi dakavSirebuli iyo zomier cxovrebasa da muyaiT saqmianobasTan; simdidre iZraxeboda mxolod im SemTx-vevaSi, Tu gamoiyeneboda fufunebaSi usaqmod drostarebis uz-runvelyofis mizniT.

is ayalibebs ramdenime sxva fundamentur socio-ekonomikur faqtors, romlebic ganasxvaveben evropul gamocdilebas indoe-Tisa da CineTis gamocdilebebisagan, da romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes Tanamedrove kapitalizmis Camoyalibebis pro-cesSi. es Semdegi faqtorebia:

1. warmoebis gamotana Sinameurneobis farglebs gareT, rac jer kidev industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebamde gacilebiT ufro miRebuli iyo dasavleTSi vidre is odesme ganviTarda msoflios nebismier sxva kuTxeSi. kerZod, CineTSi ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi formebi farTo naTesaur urTierTo-bebs eyrdnoboda, rac bunebrivad zRudavda rogorc profesi-uli amqrebis, aseve kerZo mewarmeebis saqmianobas.

2. dasavluri tipis qalaqebis ganviTareba. Sua saukunee-bis Semdgom periodSi evropis qalaqebma miaRwies politikuri avtonomiis maRal dones, da gamoiwvies dapirispireba “burJua-ziul” sazogadoebasa da agrarul feodalizms Soris. aRmosav-leTSi ki qalaqebi mWidrod darCa dakavSirebuli adgilobriv agrarul ekonomikasTan, rac nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo naTe-sauri kavSirebis gavleniT, romlebic asusteben gansxvavebebs cxovrebis qalaqur da soflur wyobas Soris.

3. romauli [iuridiuli] kanonebis tradiciuli siZliere ev-ropaSi, rac xels uwyobda iuridiuli praqtikis ufro srulyo-fil racionalizacias, vidre amas adgili hqonda msoflios nebi-

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smier sxva kuTxeSi. 4. am ukanasknelma ki SesaZlebeli gaxada erovnuli saxelmwi-

foebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic imarTeba profesionaluri bi-urokratiuli aparatiT, risi msgavsic araferi arsebobda aRmo-savlur civilizaciaSi. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis iuridiuli sistemis racionaluri buneba garkveulwilad aTvisebuli iqna saqmiani organizaciebis mier, ramac safuZveli Cauyara kapital-isturi ekonomikis saerTo CarCoebs.

5. evropaSi ormagi buRalteriis ganviTareba. veberis azriT, es iyo umniSvnelovanesi piroba kapitalisturi warmoebis dan-ergvisa da regulirebisaTvis.

6. cvlilebaTa mTeli rigi, romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxades, marqsis TqmiT, “Tavisufali” muSebis farTo masebis gamoTavisu-fleba, romelTa arsebobis wyarosac warmoadgens bazarze saku-Tari samuSao Zalis

gayidva.erTad aRebuli, es faqtorebi warmoadgenen im aucilebeli

pirobebis kombinacias, romlebmac, puritanTa moralur ener-giasTan Serwymis Sedegad, gamoiwvies Tanamedrove dasavluri kapitalizmis Camoyalibeba. Tanamedrove kapitalizmis raciona-luri ekonomikis zogadi wanamZRvari yoveldRiuri moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad momuSave yvela didi samrewvelo “sawarmo-saTvis” kapitalis rogorc norma racionaluri gaangariSebaa. swored balansis Sedgenis gziT sawarmos Semosavlianobis mkacri aRricxvis da kontrolis SesaZlebloba, romelic mxolod iseT wanamZRvarTa safuZvelze vlindeba, romlebic adre ar iyo cno-bili, “racionaluri” ekonomikis ganviTarebas gzas uxsnis. rogo-ria es specifikuri wanamZRvrebi?

pirveli, es avtonomiur kerZo samrewvelo sawarmoTa mier warmoebis nivTobriv saSualebebze (miwa, xelsawyoebi, manqanebi, iaraRebi da a.S.) Tavisufali sakuTrebis uflebis mopoveba.

meore, Tavisufali bazari, e.i. bazris - gacvlis araraciona-luri Seviwroebebisgan, magaliTad wodebrivi SezRudvebisgan - ganTavisufleba...

mesame, racionaluri, e.i. rogorc warmoebis ise gacvlis mk-acrad gaTvlil - gaangariSebuli da amitom meqanizirebuli te-qnikis arseboba ...

meoTxe, racionaluri e.i. mtkiced dadgenili samarTali. raTa kapitalisturma wyobam - wesrigma imuSaos - ifunqcios, racio-naluri meurneoba sasamarTlos da marTvis myar samarTlebriv

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normebs unda daeyrdnos ...mexuTe, Tavisufali Sroma, e.i. iseT adamianTa arseboba, ro-

melTac ara mxolod ufleba aqvT bazarze Tavisi samuSao Zala gayidon, aramed ekonomikurad iZulebuli arian gaakeTon es ...

meeqvse, meurneobis komerciuli organizacia, romlis qveSac aq warmoebaSi monawileobis uflebis da sakuTrebaze uflebis dasadgenad fasiani qaRaldebis farTo gamoyeneba igulisxmeba.

kapitalisturi meurneobis wanamZRvarTa am CamonaTvals erTi saerTo momenti aqvs, romelic SeiZleba rogorc bazris - wode-brivi SezRudvebisgan, samarTlis - zne - CveulebebTan gadabmis-gan, mwarmoeblis - warmoebis saSualebebisgan ganTavisufle-ba daxasiaTdes. advili gasagebia, Tu ratomaa es wanamZRvrebi aucilebeli imisTvis, raTa kapitalis racionaluri gaangariSeba ganxorcieldes: angariSi xom yvela Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebis raodenobrivad gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs da yve-laferi is rac aseT gardaqmnas ar eqvemdebareba, racionaluri kapitalisturi meurneobis ganviTarebis gzaze rogorc dab-rkoleba gvevlineba.

amgvarad, “protestantuli eTika”, romelic upirveles yovlisa Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobas Seiswavlis, war-moadgens agreTve veberis pirquS ganaCens, romelic man gamouta-na Tanamedrove industriuli kulturis bolodroindeli gan-viTarebis gzas. puritanizmma Tavisi roli iTamaSa im “rkinis galiis” SeqmnaSi, romelSic iZulebulia iarsebos Tanamedrove adamianma - aitanos cxovrebis sul ufro da ufro biurokrati-zirebuli wesi, saidanac ulmobladaa amoRebuli “spontanuri cxovrebiseuli xalisi”. rogorc veberi askvnis, “puritans undo-da eSroma Tavisi mowodebis gasamarTleblad; Cven ki iZulebule-bi varT, ase moviqceT”.es gamokvleva “gvexmareba SeviswavloT is, Tu rogor gvevlineba ideebi istoriis mamoZravebel Zalad”, da mimarTulia ekonomiuri determinizmis winaaRmdeg. refor-macia da puritanuli seqtebis Semdgomi ganviTareba ar SeiZle-ba ganvixiloT rogorc manamde momxdari ekonomikuri cvlile-bebis “istoriulad gardauvali Sedegi”. aSkaraa, rom aq veberi gulisxmobs marqsizms, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, marqsistuli istoriuli analizis im droisaTvis gavlenian dinebebs. amasTan, is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ar cdilobs Secvalos determinis-turi marqsizmi amdenadve monisturi idealisturi narkveviT. es naSromi

gamoxatavs veberis Rrma rwmenas imaSi, rom “istoriuli kanone-bi” ar arsebobs - dasavleTSi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis Camoyal-ibeba garemoebaTa istoriulad gansakuTrebuli damTxvevis Se-

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degi iyo.veberis naSromis faruli enTuziazmi SeiZleba SevniSnoT pu-

ritanizmis da misi memkvidreobis Sesaxeb gakeTebul daskvniT komentarebSi. “rkinis galiis” metafora sakmaod kargad gamox-atavs veberis uaryofiT damokidebulebas saero cxovrebisa da im yofisadmi, romelic, misi azriT, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove kulturaSi. amasTan, is iSveliebs goeTes gamonaTq-vams: “specialistebi sulis gareSe, specialistebi gulis gareSe; es araraoba fiqrobs, rom miaRwia civilizaciis umaRles dones”. aseTi radikaluri Sefaseba ucnaurad ewinaaRmdegeba veberis mier Tavisi mTavari Tezisis dasasabuTeblad SerCeul frTxil gzas. veberi cdilobs daamtkicos garkveuli religiuri ideebis transformaciuli Zala, raSic mas ar eTanxmebian Tanamedrove marqsistebi; mis mier kaTolicizmis daxasiaTebam rogorc saero wesrigs moklebulma religiam, romlis gavlenac Tanamedrove ekonomikur ganviTarebaze Semaferxebeli da ara wamaxalisebe-li aRmoCnda, gamoiwvia mravali kaTolike istorikosis mtru-li damokidebuleba; xolo mis mier SemoTavazebuli protes-tantizmis analizi, sadac xasgasmulia puritanuli seqtebis roli (romelTa gavlenac, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Tana-medrove kulturis “rkinis galiasTan”) Znelad Tu gamoiwvevda protestanti moazrovneebis sayovelTao aRiarebas. da bolos, TviT sityva “kapitalizmis” xmarebac sadavo iyo: bevri dRemde darwmunebulia, rom am termins ar gaaCnia raime gamosadegi mniS-vneloba ekonomikur istoriaSi.

ramdenad Seswevs Zala veberis narkvevs, gaumklavdes im far-TomasStabian kritikas, romelic man gamoiwvia? dRemde arian mkv-levarebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom am nawarmoebs es savsebiT Zalu-Zs, vinaidan, maTi azriT, kritikis umetesi nawili an mcdaria, an gamowveulia veberis poziciis araswori gagebiT. me ar mgo-nia, rom aseTi Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba safuZvlianad CavTvaloT. aSkaraa, rom veberis naSromiT gamowveuli kritikuli SeniSvnebis garkveuli nawili mcdaria, vinaidan arsebul kritikul litera-turaSi Sida winaaRmdegobebi gvxvdeba: erTi kritikosebis mier gakeTebuli SeniSvnebi ewinaaRmdegeba sxva avtorebis SeniSvnebs. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi avtoris mosazreba Zlieri argu-mentebiTaa dasabuTebuli, da erTad aRebuli, es mosazrebebi warmoadgenen veberis azrebisadmi wamoyenebul Znelad mosag-eriebel braldebas. veberiseuli analizis is elementebi, rom-lebic aSkarad iwveven SekiTxvebs, Semdegia: “mowodebis” cnebis gansakuTrebuloba luTeranizmisaTvis; kaTolicizmsa da regu-

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larul samewarmeo saqmianobas Soris “urTierTkavSiris” uary-ofa; da, misi Tezisis centraluri idea, ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa kalvinisturma eTikam simdidris dagrovebis “ga-keTilSobilebaSi” da Rirseulad miCnevaSi, rasac veberi mxars uWers. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu veberi cdeboda am sakiTxebTan da-kavSirebiT, misi mravalricxovani naSromebis gavlenis Sefaseba mecnierebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze mainc Zalze rTul amocanas warmoadgens.

11. religiis sociologia

religiis sociologiaSi veberiseuli gamokvlevebi misi Sromi-dan “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli” (1904) daiwyo da didi istoriul - sociologiuri eqskursebiT dasrulda, ro-melic msoflio religiebis: induizmi, budizmi, konfucianelo-ba, daoizmi, iudaizmi analizs eZRvneba. religiis Sesaxeb veberis SromebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori etapi, romlebic gansxvavdebian ara mxolod sagnis, aramed nawilobriv kvleviTi interesis mimar-TulebiTac. pirvel etapze “protestantul eTikaze” muSaobis periodSi, religiisadmi veberis interesi ZiriTadad izRudebo-da sakiTxiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra roli iTamaSa religiuri eTikis Secvlam, romelic protestantizmis warmoSobiTa da ganviTare-biT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tanamedrove kapitalizmis Camoyalibeba-sa da farTod - cxovrebaSi racionalobis principis gatarebaSi. amitom veberis kvlevis sagani religiur-eTikur principebsa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebs Soris kavSiri xdeba, Tan veber-is polemikuri paTosi religiis rogorc ekonomikur urTierTo-baTa produqtis marqsistuli gagebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.

“protestantul eTikaSi” dasaxuli Tema - religiis da ekono-mikis kavSiri da urTierTgavlena - Tavis mniSvnelobas religiis Semdgom veberiseul gamokvlevebSic inarCunebs. rogor gavlenas axdenen religiur - eTikuri ganwyobani ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis xasiaTsa da wesze, da rac mTavaria, misi moti-vaciis formebze, Semdeg, meurneobis marTvis esa Tu is principi rogor axdenen religiur - eTikuri principebis “deformirebas” - ai veberis erT-erTi mTavari Tema msoflio religiebis kvle-visas. amasTanave analizis ZiriTad saSualebas veberTan war-moadgens Sedareba: amas moiTxovs idealuri tipizirebis misi meTodi. Sedarebis safuZvlad uwinares yovlisa, ama Tu im reli-giuri eTikis mier daSvebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis raciona-lizaciis xarisxi gvemsaxureba (rasakvirvelia, ara gansakuTre-

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biT). racionalizaciis xarisxi, rogorc aCvenebs veberi - magiuri elementis im Zalis ukuproporciulia, romelic gansxvavebuli xarisxiT yovel religiaSi arsebobs. dapirispirebuli wyvili “racionaluri-magiuri” warmoadgens analizis erT-erT instru-ments “msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikaSi”. (am saxelwodeb-iT gamoaqveyna veberma 1916-1919 wlebSi statiaTa seria religiis sociologiaSi Jurnal “Archiv fur Sozialwissennschaft und Sozialpolitik” 1916, Bd 41, 1916-17, Bd 42 1917-18, Bd 44, 1918-19, Bd 46)

magram, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori zomiT gadioda veberi Ta-namedrove kapitalizmis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb sakiTxidan sociologiis rogorc sazogadoebis Sesaxeb dadebi-Ti empiriuli mecnierebis uSualo Seqmnaze, im zomiT, ra zomiTac igi iazrebda religiuri faqtoris rolsa da adgils socialu-ri warmonaqmnebis struqturaSi, misi religiis sociologia - adrindelTan erTad, axal datvirTvas iRebda: swored religiis sociologiis daxmarebiT cdilobda veberi aRmoeCina - aexsna socialuri moqmedebis kategoriis Sinaarsi: religiis sociolo-gias Tavis sagnad subieqturad nagulisxmevi azri-sazrisi aqvs. Tu samarTlisa da saxelmwifos sociologiaSi veberi”sxvaze orientaciis” formebs aanalizebs, maSin religiis sociologi-aSi igi sazrisTa istoriaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi saxeebis tipol-ogizacias axdens. saboloo jamSi, religiis sociologia mTeli veberiseuli sociologiis erT - erT centralur ganyofilebad iqca.

rogorc realur socialur moqmedebaSi Znelia erTmane-Tisagan gamoyo misi momentebi - “subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisi” da “sxvaze orientacia”, aseve Znelia erTmaneTisagan ganvacalkevoT religiur-eTikuri da saxelmwifoebriv-samarT-lebrivi warmonaqmnebi, romlebic istoriaSi mWidrod arian erT-maneTTan dakavSirebulni. magram analizis mizniT veberi Segneb-ulad anawevrebs am momentebs, raTa Semdeg kvlevis msvlelobaSi maTi kavSiris “meqanizmebi” axsnas. amitom “msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikaSi” bWoba ukve ara mxolod religiis da meurneo-bis Tanafardobas, aramed religiisa da Zalauflebis formebis, religiisa da xelovnebis, mecnierebis, filosofiis da a.S. Tana-fardobis sakiTxebsac exeba.

magram miuxedavad Temis gafarToebisa da gaRrmavebisa reli-giuri eTikis analizis meTodologiuri saSualebebi veberTan mniSvnelovnad adrindeli rCeba. SedarebisTvis etalonad aqac, iseve rogorc misi sociologiis sxva ganyofilebebSi mizanra-cionaluri moqmedeba rCeba, xolo mis yvelaze wminda variants

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ekonomikuri moqmedeba warmoadgenda. amitom religiis swored sameurneo eTikasTan kavSiris tipis dadgena veberisaTvis ro-gorc TviT religiis analizisaTvis, ise samarTlisadmi, saxelm-wifosadmi da a.S. misi damokidebulebis analizisaTvis kvlavin-deburad mniSvnelovan saSualebad rCeba.

mxolod Sesrulebul moqmedebaTa sazrisis, e.i. moqmedi indi-videbis motivTa gageba gvaZlevs religiis sociologiuri anal-izis SesaZleblobas. manam, sanam movaxdendeT religiuri qcevis tipTa klasifikacias da Sedarebas, saWiroa davinaxoT is sagani, romelic Sedarebul da klasificirebul unda iqnas. religiis sociologiaSi gansakuTrebiT naTelia gagebis meTodis roli. Tu idealuri tipis konstruqcia vebers aaxloebs pozitivizmTan da nominalizmTan, maSin “gagebis” misi principi piriqiT, ufro Wvre-tasa da “Tanagancdas” moiTxovs. religiis veberiseuli socio-logia arsebiTad kulturis sociologiaa. veberiseuli midgoma erTi mxriv franguli skolisagan (diurkemi, levi-briuli da sxv.) da meores mxriv teilorisa da freizerisagan momdinare inglisu-ri tradiciebisagan gansxvavdeba. rogorc franguli skolisaT-vis, ise ingliselebisTvis uwinares yovlisa, religiis genezisis, misi adrindeli formebis kvlevaa damaxasiaTebeli: araa SemTx-veviTi, rom erTnic da meorenic pirvelyofili sazogadoebis religiur warmodgenebs mimarTaven, da misgan amosvlisas reli-giuri cnobierebis rogorc aseTis struqturas ganixilaven. in-gliseli eTnografebi da religiaTmcodneni, xelmZRvaneloben ra evolucionizmis principebiT, ver iazreben religia gaigon sxvagvarad Tu ara rogorc misi warmoSobis dadgenis gziT. di-urkemi, romelic Tvlida rom religiisa da socialurobis cneba sazogadod rom vTqvaT, igiveobrivia, ganixilavs religiis arse-bisa da warmoSobis problemas sazogadoebis arsebisa warmoSobis igiveobrivad, - amitom gasagebia, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas aniWebs igi religiis sociologiaSi mimdinare gamokvlevebs.

ramdenadac veberi centraluri saxiT religiis warmoSobis sakiTxs ar svams, amdenad igi misi arsebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs spe-cialurad ar ganixilavs. moTxovniT - amovideT calkeuli indi-videbisa misi motivebis - gancdebis, warmodgenebis, miznebisagan - veberireligiis gamokvlevebis drosac xelmZRvanelobs. amitom gasagebia, rom igi diurkemisagan gansxvavebiTyovelgvari, maT Soris primitiuli, religiis savsebiT sxva moments usvams xazs - misi azriT magiur da kultobriv moqmedebebs mudam amqveyniu-ri (miwieri) miznebi aqvT. “moqmedebebi, romlebic motivirebul-ni arian religiurad an magiurad... dasawyisidanve amqveyniur

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miznebzea mimarTuli”. esaa uwinares yovlisa, amindis reguli-reba (wvimis gamowveva, qariSxlis moTviniereba - Cadgoma da a.S.) avadmyofobisagan gankurneba (maT Soris avadmyofis sxeulis-agan boroti sulebis gandevna), momavali xdomilebebis winas-warmetyveleba da a.S. swored ramdenadac magiur da ritualur moqmedebebs - veberis rwmeniT - TavianT miznad aqvT garkveuli, savsebiT amqveyniuri da am azriT racionaluri rezultatebis - Sedegebis miRweva, amdenad igi SesaZleblad Tvlis es moqmedeba, rogorc “ukidures SemTxvevaSi SefardebiT racionalur” moq-medebad daakvalificiros.

religiis veberiseuli sociologiis meore mniSvnelovani as-peqti - individis araCveulebrivi, zebunebrivi unarebis rolis Sesaxeb yuradRebis gamaxvilebaa, romlis wyalobiTac mas jado-qari, Samani, winaswarmetyveli, axali religiis damaarsebeli SeuZlia iyos. es unarebi (individualuri qarizma) iyos veberis azriT, uzarmazar socialur Zalas , magram iracionalur Zalas SeiZleba warmoadgendes, romelsac igi racionalur faqtorebs upirispirebs. amave dros qarizma veberis mier kvlav ganixileba rogorc faqtori, romelic individuumze miuTiTebs da romel-ic moiTxovs imas, rom mxedvelobaSi swored individualuri moq-medeba rogorc socialuri procesis ujredi miviRoT.

Tavisi interesebisa da meTodis Sesatyvisad veberi kvlevis sagansac irCevs: ZiriTadad igi ganviTarebul sazogadoebaTa religiebs, e.i. msoflio religiebs swavlobs, romlebic so-cialuri diferenciaciis SedarebiT maRal dones, mniSvnelovan inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, naTeli TviTcnobierebis mqone pirovnebis arsebobas gulisxmobs. marTalia, ritualur - kul-tobriv moments TviT msoflio religiebSic aqvs adgili, magram im zomiT, ra zomiTac aq jgufuri sawyisi sustdeba da individ-ualuri gamoiyofa, adaT-wesebTan da ritualebTan SedarebiT dogmatur da eTikur elementTa mniSvneloba izrdeba. da ai aq ve-beriseuli meTodologia, romelic moqmed individTa motivebis analizs moiTxovs, kvlevis Sesatyvis sagans poulobs.

religiuri cxovrebis maRalganviTarebuli formebis uzarma-zar masalaze empiriuli dakvirvebebisa da Sedarebebis gziT ve-beri afiqsirebs, sad da rogori socialuri arsebobisas, romel socialur fenebsa da profesiul jgufebs Soris Warbobs ritu-alur-kultobrivi sawyisi, sad asketur - mosaqme, sad mistikur mWvretelobiTi, sad inteleqtualur - dogmaturi. mag. veberis Tanaxmad, magiuri elementebi yvelaze ufro miwaTmoqmed xalxTa religiebisaTvis da - maRalganviTarebul kulturaTa fargleb-

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Si - glexTa fenebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; racionalur xasiaTs atarebs qalaqur fenaTa, kerZod xelosanTa religiebi, romlebic gare bunebriv pirobebze naklebaa damokidebuli, vidre glexebi da gacilebiT metad Sromis ritmulad swor, racionalur or-ganizaciaze arian damokidebulni. magram ramdenadac msoflio religiebi, rogorc wesi, warmoiqmnebian da vrceldebian ara mx-olod erT fenaSi, amdenad maTSi Taviseburi SerwymiT sxvadasxva momentTa mTeli rigi arsebobs.

religia da racionalizacia. miuxedevad imisa, rom an nawilSi Cven yuradRebas religiis racionalizaciaze vamaxvilebT, Seu-Zlebelia ar aRvniSnoT, rom veberma sakmaod didi dro daxarja imis analizSi, Tu adreuli, ufro primitiuli religiebi racio-nalizaciis zrdas msoflios udides nawilSi rogor aferxebdnen. veberma aRniSna, rom religiuri “wminda (sakraluri) unikalurad mtkicea”. am mosazrebis miuxedavad, dasavleTSi religiam misi cvladoba aCvena; is racionalizaciaze damyoli aRmoCnda da aman sazogadoebis sxva nawilebis racionalizaciis procesSi gadam-wyveti roli iTamaSa.

adre religia warmodgenili iyo, rogorc RmerTebis sabe-diswero simravle, magram racionalizaciasTan erTad, RmerTebis naTeli da SeTanxmebuli wyeba (panTeoni) warmoiqm-na. ,,adreul religiebs ojaxis RmerTebi, naTesaobis RmerTebi, profesiisa da dasvenebis RmerTebi hyavda. vebers sjeroda, rom amgvari RmerTebis Sesaxeb rwmenis warmoqmna racionalizaci-is (Teoriuli) kulturulma Zalebma waaxalisa: is upirateso-bas universaluri RmerTebis pirvelobas aniWebda da panTeo-nis sistematizaciis yvela komponents sistemuri racionaluri principebis ganviTareba sdevda Tan. RmerTebis panTeoni ar iyo veberis mier ganxiluli religiis racionalizaciis erTaderTi aspeqti. is agreTve RmerTebis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis, mono-Teizmis da RmerTebis anTropomorfizaciis, rogorc am ganvi-Tarebis Semadgeneli nawilis Sesaxebac saubrobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom racionalizaciis safuZveli msoflios bevr religia-Si moiZebneba, dasavluri samyaros gareT, racionalizaciis wi-naaRmdeg aRmarTuli barierebi mis safuZvlebs bevrad aRemate-ba.” (64, gv. 245)

miuxedavad imisa, rom vebers racionalizaciis kulturuli koncefcia hqonda, is mas gareSe Zalad ar ganixilavda, romelic adamianebis moqmedebaze gavlenas axdens. mas ar hqonda jgufu-ri azrovnebis gamomxatveli Sexeduleba. religiaSi, racional-izacia dakavSirebulia konkretuli adamianebis jgufTan, rom-

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lebsac mRvdlebi hyavT. sagulisxmoa, rom profesionalurad ganswavluli samRvdeloeba karierisa da racionalizaciis sawy-iss warmoadgens. amiT, gansxvavdebian mRvdlebi jadoqrebisgan, romlebic ufro iracionalur religiur sistemas warmoadgenen. mRvdlobis ufro didi racionaluroba ramdenime faqtoridan gamomdinare aSkaraa. isini sistemuri swavlebis programas ga-dian, maSin rodesac jadoqrebis swavleba arasistemuria. aseve, mRvdlebi ufro specializirebulebi arian, xolo grZneulebs specializacia naklebad axasiaTebT. da bolos, mRvdlebireli-giuri sakiTxebis sistemur wyebas floben da es ki maT jadoqrebs Zalian aSorebs. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mRvdlebi erTdroulad orive - racionalizaciis produqtebic da am procesis ganmavi-Tareblebic - arian.

samRvdeloeba ar aris erTaderTi jgufi, romelic racio-nalizaciis procesSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs. am procesSi winaswarmetyvelebisa da eriskacebis rolic didia. winaswarme-tyvelebi sakuTari pirovnuli mowodebis, maTi emociuri qad-agebebis, maTi proklamaciebisa da doqtrinebis meSveobiT da ara mxolod popularobisa da marto muSaobis TaviseburebiT Sei-Zleba mRvdlebisgan aRmocendnen. winaswarmetyvelebis mTavar rols eriskacebis mobilizacia warmoadgens, radgan veranairi religia mimdevrebis gareSe ver iarsebebs. veberma ganasxvava ori tipis: eTikuri da magaliTis mimcemi winaswarmetyvelebi. eTikur winaswarmetyvelebs (muhamedi, ieso qriste da Zveli aRTqmis wi-naswarmetyvelebi) sjeraT, rom maT davaleba pirdapir RmerTis-gan miiRes da mimdevrebisgan morCilebas, rogorc eTikur val-debulebas moiTxoven. magaliTis mimcemi winaswarmetyvelebi (mag. buda) sakuTari magaliTiT sxvebs sulieri gadarCenis gzebs aCvenebs. orive SemTxvevaSi, warmatebul winaswarmetyvelebs sakmaod didi raodenobis mimdevrebis mizidva SeuZliaT da es garkveul gaugebrobas qmnis mRvdlobisTvis, rac religiis ma-moZravebel Zalas warmoadgens. winaswarmetyvelebi Tavdapir-velad xiblaven adamianebis jgufs, magram aucilebelia rom es jgufi SemdegSi permanentul erTobad iqces. amgvari erTobis Se-qmna religiis racionalizaciisken gadadgmuli mTavari nabijia.

,,winaswarmetyvelebi gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben amgvari gaer-Tianebis Seqmnis procesSi, magram mas Semdeg rac misi formire-ba dasruldeba, am adamianebis mniSvneloba mcirdeba. marTlac, maTi iracionaluri bunebis gamo, isini religiis racionalizaci-is procesSi garkveul bariersac ki qmnian. mRvdlebsa da winas-warmetyvelebs Soris garkveuli konfliqti warmoiqmneba, magram

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es iseTi dapirispirebaa, romelic sabolood ufro racionalu-ri samRvdeloebis sasargeblod unda gadaiWras. am dapirispire-bis gadawyvetaSi mRvdlebs racionalizacia exmareba, romelic sazogadoebis danarCen nawilSi mimdinareobs. saero cxovrebis wignierebisa da biurokratizaciis zrdis procesSi, mRvdlebi warmoadgenen Zalas, romelTac masebis ganaTleba SeuZliaT da es maT winaswarmetyvelebTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro did upi-ratesobas aniWebs. da bolos, maSin rodesac winaswarmetyvelebi mowodebulni arian qadagebisTvis, mRvdlebi adamianebis yovel-dRiuri amocanebis mogvarebis saqmesTavis Tavze iReben. mi-uxedavad amisa qadageba Zalian mniSnvelovania gansakuTrebul periodebSi, pastorul moZRvrebebsa Tu eriskacebis yoveldRi-ur religiur ritualebSi da es yvelaferi samRvdeloebis Za-lauflebas zrdis. dasavleTis eklesiam Seajera racionaluri pastoruli xasiaTi eTikur religiasTan, ris Sedegadac gansa-kuTrebuli gavlenis mqone da racionalur religiis formasTan mivida. es racionalizebuli religia qalaqur saSualo klass sakmaod warmatebulad moergo da rogorc ekonomikuri cxovre-bis, ise sazogadoebis sxva nawilebis racionalizaciis procesSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa.” (iqve)

magaliTisaTvis gavCerdeT konfucianelobis veberiseul analizze. marTalia, mkacri azriT, konfucianelobas arc ki SeiZleba religia ewodos, rameTu masSi ar arsebobs mag: saiqio cxovrebis rwmena, magram misi socialuri mniSvnelobisa da im rolis mixedviT, romelic man iTamaSa Cinuri kulturis Sig-niT, igi veberis mixedviT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT msoflio reli-giebs. konfucianeloba, ambobs veberi zRvrulad realisturia, misTvis ucxoa miRmuri samyarosadmi interesi. konfucianuri eTikis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani saTnoeba - sikeTe-nia: dRegrZeloba, janmrTeloba, simdidre- erTi sityviT, bed-nieri - keTildReobiT savse miwieri sicocxle. amitom misTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli arc esqatologiuri motivebi, arc saiqio cxovrebis rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli codvaTa monaniebis - gamo-syidvis, xsnis motivebi, misTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli; da Tumca CineTSic, rogorc aRniSnavs veberi, arsebobda kidec amqveyniuri mxsneli - imperatoris mesianisturi imedi da rwmena, magram mas ar miuRia utopiis rwmenis is forma, romelic damaxasiaTebelia iudevelobisa an qristianobisTvis.

saboloo jamSi saxelmwifoebrivi kulti iyo xazgasmiT go-nivruli - saRi da martivi - ubralo: msxverpli, ritualuri loc-va, musika da ritmuli cekva. kultidan mkacrad iyo gamoricxuli

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yovelgvari origiastuli elementi. konfucianelobisTvis ucxo iyo rogorc eqstatizmi, ise asketizmic: yvelaferi es warmod-genili iyo iracionalur sawyisad, romelsac uwesrigobisa da SfoTis suliskveTeba Sehqonda mkacrad racionalur eTikaSi da klasikurad mowesrigebul kultSi. “rasakvirvelia, oficialur konfucianelobaSi ar iyo individualuri locvebi am sityvis dasavluri azriT; man icoda mxolod ritualuri formebi”. ada-miansa da RmerTs Soris individualuri, piradi urTierTobis ararsebobis gamo SeuZlebeli iyo warmoSobiliyo “Sewyalebis”, “RvTis rCeulobis” ideebi. “rogorc budizmi, konfucianeloba iyo mxolod eTika. magram budizmis sapirispirod, igi iyo gan-sakuTrebiT Sida samyaroseuli profanuli eTika da budizmTan ufro kontrastulad igi iyo Segueba samyarosadmi, misi wesri-gisa da pirobebisadmi...” weswyobileba - wyoba, wesrigi da har-monia - ai konfucianuri eTikis ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic Tanabrad misaRebia saxelmwifoebrivi viTarebisa da adamianuri sulis mdgomareobisaTvis. “konfucianelobis goneba”, - wers ve-beri - iyo wesrigis racionalizmi... aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis amo-canebi mTlianad daqvemdebarebuli iyo am ZiriTad Rirebulebeb-ze. ganaTleba atarebda humanitarul xasiaTs (“literaturul xasiaTs”): klasikuri Cinuri literaturis codna, leqsTwyobis xelovnebis floba, mravalricxovan ritualTa faqizi codna - ai is wminda tradiciuli elementebi, romlebic aucilebeli iyo aeTvisebina Cinel aristokrats.

konfucionaluri eTikis specifikaa is, rom miuxedavad ra-cionalizmisa igi ar aris magiis mimarT mtrul damokidebule-baSi. marTalia, eTikuri saTnoebani magiur Tilismebze - jadoze da Selocvebze maRla dganan: “magia saTnoebaTa winaaRmdeg uZluria”, - Tvlida konfuci, magram principulad magia ar aris uaryofili, aRiarebulia, rom mas Zalaufleba - Zala aqvs borot sulebze, Tumca ara aqvs Zala keTilze - da es Seesatyviseboda bunebis Sesaxeb konfucianur warmodgenebs, romelic savse iyo sulebiT - rogorc keTili, ise boroti sulebiT.

amgvarad, veberi aCvenebs, rom konfucianelobaSi SeerTebuli iyo ori sawyisi: eTikur-racionaluri da iracionalur-magiu-ri; aq racionalizms hqonda gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba racionalizmis dasavluri tipisgan: igi gaerTianebuli iyo magiasTan da tradicionalizmTan. swored am garemoebaTa ZaliT CineTSi ver SeZlo warmoqmna mecnierebis im tipma, romelic ganviTarda dasavlur - evropul niadagze, da ver SesZlo mmarTvelobis formalur-racionaluri tipi Seeqmna.

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SemdgomSi sxva msoflio religiur-eTikur sistemaTa indi-vidualuri saxis ganxilvisas, veberi iZleva maT klasifikacias imasTan SedarebiT, da SesabamisobaSi, Tu saxeldobr romeli so-cialuri fenebi iyvnen am sistemaTa mTavari matareblebi: konfu-cianelobis matarebeli - msoflios mamoZravebeli biurokrati, induizmisa - msoflios momwesrigebeli magi - jadoqari, budizmis - msoflioSi moxetiale beri - mWvreteli, islamisa - msoflios mpyrobeli meomari; qristianobisa - moxetiale xelosani.

veberis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro pariebis e.w. re-ligiis problemam, e.i. jgufTa religiam, romlebic socialuri ierarqiis yvelaze dabal safexurze an am ierarqiis miRmac ki imyofebodnen. Tu yvelaze privilegirebul, aristokratiuli fenebisaTvis, rogorc wesi (magram ara gansakuTrebiT), damaxas-iaTebelia interesTa mimarTuleba amqveyniur samyaroze, mowes-rigebis miswrafeba (konfucianeloba), organizebis miswrafeba (induizmi), am samyaros gaSuqeba - ganaTeba (samyaros msoflios am “gaSuqebis” miswrafebis elementebi SeiZleba vipovoT qris-tianobis kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur variantebSi), maSin “pariebis religiaSi” pirvel planze gamodian esqatologiuri motivebi, “miRmurisaken” miswrafebani.

“pariebis religiuri eTikis” iudaizmis masalaze analizisas, gansakuTrebiT winaswarmetyvelTa religiebis, agreTve sxva-dasxva Sida qristianul mimdinareobaTa da seqtaTa analizisas, veberi aCvenebs, rom “pariaTa” religiurobis matarebelni aras-dros yofilan monebi an Tavisufali medReuri mSromelebi, rom-lebic veberis mixedviT, saerTod ar arian aqtiurni religiur mimarTebaSi. am gamonakliss ar Seadgens, veberis Tanaxmad, misi Tanamedrove proletariatic. religiur mimarTebaSi yvelaze aq-tiurni araprivilegirebulTa fenebSi, veberis mixedviT, arian wvrili xelosnebi, ufro privilegirebuli fenebisgan gamosuli gaRaribebuli (mag: Cineli mandarinebi) inteleqtualebi.

veberi religiis klasifikacias axdens agreTve samyarosadmi maTi sxvadasxva damokidebebulebis safuZvelze. mag: konfucian-elobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia samyaros miReba; piriqiT, sam-yaros uaryofa da miuRebloba damaxasiaTebelia budizmisaTvis. indoeTi, veberis mixedviT, esaa religiur-eTikur moZRvrebaTa akvani, romlebic Teoriulad da praqtikuladac uaryofen sam-yaros - moflios. zogierTi religia samyaros - msoflios iRebs misi gaumjobesebisa da gamosworebis pirobiT: aseTebia islami, qristianoba, zoroastrizmi. imisagan, miiReba samyaro Tu ara da Tu miiReba, maSin rogori zomiT, damokidebulia religiu-

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ri eTikis mimarTeba politikis sferosadmi, sazogadod Zalau-flebisadmi da Zaladobisadmi. samyaros - msoflios uarmyofeli religia, rogorc wesi , apolitikuria, igi gamoricxavs Zalado-bas; aq yvelaze Tanmimdevrulia budizmi, Tumca araZaladobis ideebi damaxasiaTebelia agreTve qristianobisTvisac. iq, sadac samyaro mTlianad miRebulia, religiuri Sexedulebebi, SeniS-navs veberi, advilad eTanadebian politikur sferos, sazogadod magiuri religiebi ar upirispirdebian politikas.

msoflio religiebi, rogorc wesi, soteriologiur xasiaTs atareben. xsnis problema - erT - erTi centraluria religiur eTikaSi. veberi aanalizebs religiur - eTikur ganwyobebs imis-da mixedviT. Tu xsnis rogor gzebs gvTavazoben isini; uwinares yovlisa, SesaZlebelia ori varianti: xsna sakuTari moqmede-bebis meSveobiT, mag: budizmSi, da xsna Suamavali mxsnelis meSve-obiT (iudaizmi, islami, qristianoba). pirvel SemTxvevaSi xsnis meTodebia an ritualuri sakulto moqmedebani da ceremoniebi, an socialuri moqmedebebi (moyvasis siyvaruli, sikeTis mqnelo-ba, axloblebze zrunva - konfucianelobaSi), da bolos, TviTs-rulyofileba. meore SemTxvevaSic (xsna macxovris meSveobiT) agreTve ramdenime variantia xsnisa. pirveli, institucional-izaciis (eklesiisadmi mikuTvnebuloba rogorc xsnis piroba kaTolicizmSi) meSveobiT; meore, gangebis, bedisweris wyalobis meSveobiT (islami, kalvinizmi).

bolos veberi ganasxvavebs xsnis gzebs, romlebic damok-idebulnia ara imdenad morwmuneTa mier mcnebebisa da saritualo moqmedebebis Sesrulebaze, ramdenadac maT Sinagan ganwyobebze. aqac igi aRmoaCens or gansxvavebul tips: xsna aqtiuri eTikuri moqmedebiT da mistikuri Wvretis meSveobiT. pirvel SemTxveva-Si morwmune acnobierebs Tavis Tavs rogorc RvTaebrivi nebis iaraRs. misi saqmianobis eTikuri xasiaTis aucilebeli pirobaa - asketizmi. aqac Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia ori SemTxveva: an mi-zania msofliosagan gaqceva - da maSin asketizmi aris ganTavisu-fleba yvela jaWvisagan, romlebic adamians msofliosTan akav-Sireben, anda mizania samyaros - msoflios gardaqmna (kalvinizmi) - da aqac asketizmi emsaxureba Sida ekonomikuri, mecnieruli da sxva saxis saqmianobaTa miznebs.

meore - WvretiT - gzas miznad mistikuri ganaTebis mdgomare-obis miRweva, Union Mistika - s miRweva, RvTaebrivSi gansveneba aqvs. aqac askezi racionalur xasiaTs atarebs. magram racionalur - asketuri qceva amqveynidan gandgomaze da usasrulobis Wvreta-Si Caflobazea mimarTuli.

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rogorc vxedavT, klasifikaciisa da Sedarebebis is meTode-bi, romlebsac mudam mimarTavs veberi, religiuri cnobierebis fenomenTa dapirispireba-Sepirispirebasa da mudmiv gansxvavebas moiTxoven. gansxvavebis safuZvlad veberTan kvlav idealuri ti-pebi: racionaluri, qarizmatuli da tradiciuli gvevlineba

am idealuri tipebis ukan TviT veberiseuli “ umaRlesi Ri-rebulebebi” dgas: 1. Zmuri siyvarulis eTika (“sikeTe”); 2. Rire-bulebebisagan gaTavisuflebuli da wmindad funqcionirebadi “goneba”, e.i. formaluri racionaluroba (yofili “WeSmariteba”, sekularizebuli meqanizmamde); 3. stiqiur-eqstatikuri sawyisi, qarizma - magiur religiaTa safuZveli. (iracionaluri “Zala”, stiqiuri “Zala-Zliereba”, “mSveniereba”, romlis mxarezea yvelaze iracionaluri sasicocxlo Zala-sqesobrivi siyvaruli).

ueWvelia, rom es sami “sawyisi” - idealuri tipebia, rom empir-iul sinamdvileSi isini wminda saxiT, rogorc wesi, ar gvxvdebi-an, magram ueWvelia isic, rom yvela isini warmoadgenen ZiriTad “Rirebulebebs”, romlebic TviT veberis msoflmxedvelobaSic iseve iswrafvian erTmaneTisken da gamoricxaven erTmaneTs, ro-gorc maT Sesabamisad konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi. “Cven dRes viciT ara mxolod is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos mSvenieri, Tumca igi ar aris keTili, aramed isic,rom igi mSvenieria swored imaSi, raSic igi ar aris keTili; es CvenTvis cnobilia nicSes droidan, xolo kidev ufro adre Tqven ipoviT mas “borotebis yvavilebSi”, rogorc bodlerma uwoda misi leqsebis tips da ukve moxetiale-moaruli sibrZnea is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti, imdenad. ramdenadac igi “araa mSvenieri, araa wminda da araa keTili”. (15, gv. 726) poliTeizmi “RmerTTa maradiuli brZola” - veberis azrovnebis msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvelia, religiis sociologiaSi igi gamoCnda yvelaze gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT, ramdenadac TviT veberi ganixilavs religiis rogorc yvela RirebulebaTa ukanasknel, sxvaze dauyvanad safuZvels; erTmaneTis dapirispirebul - mebrZol “RirebulebaTa” Serige-ba, veberis mier SeuZlebelia , rom veraviTari mecnieruli az-rovneba, veraviTari filosofiuri meditacia, veraa SemZle ip-ovos sakmarisi safuZveli RirebulebaTa erTi jgufis meoreze upiratesobis dasadgenad. “Tu rogor iazreben frangul da ger-manul kulturebs Soris “mecnieruli” arCevanis SesaZleblobas, es me ar vici. aqac igive kamaTia gansxvavebul RmerTTa da kama-Ti maradiulia... xolo am RmerTebze da maT brZolaze batonobs bediswera - bedi, magram ara “mecniereba...”…romeli adamiani gabe-davs “mecnierulad uaryos” mTiani qadagebis eTika, magaliTad

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debuleba “borotebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobis Sesaxeb” an igavi adamianis Sesaxeb, romelic uSvers marcxena da marjve-na loyas da miuxedavad amisa, naTelia, rom aq, Tu amas SevxedavT saero TvalsazrisiT, naqadagebia eTika, romelic moiTxovs sa-kuTari Rirsebis grZnobebze uaris Tqmas. saWiroa, arCevani ga-vakeToT religiur Rirsebaze, romelsac gvaZlevs es eTika da mamakacur Rirsebas Soris, rom eTika qadagebs raRaca savsebiT sxvas: “winaaRmdegoba gauwios borotebas, sxvagvarad Sen pasux-ismgebeli iqnebi Seni wili pasuxismgeblobisa, Tu igi dagZalavs”. individis saboloo ganwyobis Sesabamisad erT-erTi am eTikuri poziciebidan amodis eSmakisagan, meore - RmerTisagan, da indi-vidma unda gadaWras, vinaa misTvis RmerTi da vin - eSmaki”. (15, gv. 726 - 727).

es “poliTeizmi” “saboloo - umaRles RirebulebaTa” doneze veberSi ukve ara imdenad kantisa da neokantianelebis mimdevars, ramdenadac avlens moazrovnes, romelic Tavisi msoflmxedve-lobrivi ganwyobebiTa da tradiciebiT hobsis, makiavelis, nicSes poziciebTan axlosaa. WeSmaritebis, ganurCevlad imisa,rogorc ar unda yofiliyo igi, Semecnebisaken mkacri da vaJkacuri mis-wrafebis moTxovna veberma memkvidreobiT, swored maTgan miiRo. am tradiciisagan momdinareobs veberis Rrma rwmena, rom WeS-mariteba - ufro saSineli da mkacri SeiZleba aRmoCndes, vidre damamSvidebeli.

mokle Sinaarsi:

1. kulturis, sazogadoebis da istoriis Sesaxeb mecniereba, iseve unda iyos Tavisufali SefasebiTi msjelobisagan, rogorc bunebis mecniereba. veberi Rirebulebas, rogorc ama Tu im isto-riuli epoqis ganwyobas, rogorc epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli interesis mimarTulebas gansazRvravs; gamoTqma: “Rirebulebi-sadmi mikuTvneba” im specifikur mecnieruli interesis mxolod filosofiur ganmartebas gulisxmobs, romelic empiriuli gamokvlevis obieqtis arCevansa da damuSavebas xelmZRvanelobs.

epoqis interesi - es aris raRac ufro myari da obieqturi, vidre ama Tu im mkvlevaris ubralo kerZo interesi, Rirebule-bebi Tavis drois, epoqis zogadi ganwyobebis mxolod da mx-olod gamoTqmebia, amdenad yovel drosa da epoqas Tavisi “ab-solutebi”aqvs. amgvarad, absolutebi istoriuli, maSasadame

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SefardebiTi aRmoCnda. istoriul kvlevaSi es gulisxmobs, rom Sesaswavli obieqtebis SerCeva imis safuZvelze moxdeba Tu ra miiCneva mniSvnelovnad im konkretul sazogadoebaSi sadac mkv-levari cxovrobs. anu, isini warsulis faqtebis Seswavlas Tana-medrove RirebulebiTi sistemidan gamomdinare gadawyveten.

2. idealuri tipi aris “epoqis interesi” gamoTqmuli Teoriuli konstruqciis saxiT. amgvarad, idealuri ar amoiReba empiriuli sinamdvilidan - realobidan, aramed igeba rogorc Teoriuli sqe-ma. idealuri tipebi socialuri mecnierebis keTilganwobis an ar-akeTilganwyobis produqtebs ar warmoadgenen, isini logikurad konstruirebuli konstruqtebia. am azriT veberi idealur tips “utopias” uwodebs. rac ufro mkveTrad da erTmniSvnelovnadaa agebuli - konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi, maSasadame, am az-riT, rac ufro ucxoni arian isini samyarosadmi, miT ufro kargad asruleben isini TavianT daniSnulebas - rogorc terminologi-ur da klasifikatorul, ise evristikul mimarTebaSic. msgavsad imisa rogorc idealuri modelebi igeba bunebis mkvlevaris mier bunebis Semecnebis instrumentis, saSualebis saxiT, aseve ideal-uri tipebic iqmneba rogorc instrumenti istoriuli realobis misaRwevad. “abstraqtuli idealuri tipebi - wers veberi - ganix-ileba ara rogorc mizani, aramed rogorc saSualeba”. swored em-piriuli realobidan Tavisi mowyvetilobis an Tavisi gansxvaveb-ulobis wyalobiT idealur tips SeuZlia gamogvadges TiTqosda masTan - realobasTan idealuri tipis Tanafardobis dadgenis masStabad. (“raTa gavigoT namdvili kavSirebi, Cven vagebT arana-mdvils”.)

3. koleqtivs ar SeuZlia ifiqros, ganicdides ama Tu im grZnobebs, hqondes aRqmis unari - es mxolod adamianebs SeuZli-aT. amitomac socialuri mecnierebis mizania individis moqmede-bebis “subieqturi sazrisis gageba”.

adamianebi TavianTi motivebis Tanaxmad moqmedeben. adami-anebis moqmedeba agreTve ganpirobebulia im subieqturi mniSvn-elobebiT, romelsac isini aniWeben am moqmedebas, e. i. adamianebs maTi saqcielis sakuTari axsna - ganmarteba aqvT.

subieqturi azris Cawvdomis mTavar saSualebas Verstehen-is (“gagebis”) meTodi warmoadgens.mkvlevarisaTvis mTavaria, gaai-givos sakuTari Tavi momqmed individTan, gaigos misi motivebi da Sexedos moqmedebas momqmedis poziciidan.

Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT rekonstruqcia gavukeToT arCev-anis situacias, radgan Cven mSvenivrad SegviZlia Tavi sxvis adg-

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ilze davayenoT da warmovidginoT, Tu ras gavakeTebdiT aqtorebis adgilze, garkveul garemoSi da garkveul pirobebSi rom vyo-

filiyaviT. rogorc veberi wers, “ar aris aucilebeli iyo keisa-ri, raTa gaugo keisars” - Cven SegviZlia gavigoT yvelaze cnobi-li adamianebis moqmedebebic, Tu gvecodineba maTi motivebi.

veberi gagebis or saxeobas: “gageba pirdapiri dakvirvebis meS-veobiT” (“direct observational understanding”) da “gageba axsnis meSveo-biT” (“explanatory understanding”) - gamoyofs.

4. sociologia pirovnebis moqmedebas (qcevas) mxolod imde-nad ganixilavs, ramdenadac pirovneba Tavis qmedebebSi garkveul sazriss debs. mxolod aseTi qceva SeiZleba ainteresebdes so-ciologias. moqmedebis (qcevis) sociologiuri cneba veberis mier sazrisis cnebis meoxebiT Semoitaneba. “moqmedebad (qcev-ad) - wers igi - iwodeba adamianuri qceva ... maSin da imdenad, Tu da ramdenadac moqmedi individi an moqmedi individebi mas sub-ieqtur sazriss ukavSireben”. socialuri moqmedeba or moments gulisxmobs: individis an jgufis subieqtur motivacias, romlis gareSec saerTod SeuZlebelia vilaparakoT moqmedebis Sesaxeb, da sxvaze (sxvebze) orientacias(“molodins”), romlis gareSec moqmedeba SeuZlebelia ganxilul iqnes rogorc socialuri. amg-varad, subieqturi sazrisisa da sxvebze orientaciis arseboba - socialuri moqmedebis ori aucilebeli niSania.

5. veberi socialuri moqmedebis oTx saxes(tips): 1. mizanra-cionalurs 2. RirebulebiT - racionalurs , 3. afeqtursa da 4. tradiciuls gamoyofs. socialuri moqmedeba yovelgvari mo-qmedebis msgavsad, SeiZleba ganisazRvros: 1. mizanracionalu-rad e.i. garegani samyaros sagnebis da sxva adamianTa garkveuli qcevis - moqmedebis imedis (molodinis) meSveobiT da am molo-dinis rogorc racionalurad warmarTuli da regulirebadi miznebisTvis “pirobis” an rogorc “saSualebis” gamoyenebis dros. (racionalurobis kriteriumia warmateba). 2. RirebulebiT - racionalurad, e.i. gansazRvruli moqmedebis, eTikuri, esTeti-kuri, religiuri an sxvagvarad gagebuli upirobo sakuTari Rire-bulebis (TviTRirebulebis) gacnobierebuli rwmenis meSveobiT da warmatebebisgan damoukideblad. 3. afeqturad, gansakuTre-biT emocionalurad - aqtualuri afeqtebisa da grZnobebis meS-veobiT. 4. tradiciulad, e.i. Cveulebis meSveobiT.”

RirebulebiT - racionalurad moqmedebs is, vinc ar iTvalis-winebs mosalodnel Sedegebs, angariSs ar uwevs mosalodnel Se-degebs da moqmedebs Tavisi rwmenis - Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad

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da asrulebs imas, rasac, rogorc mas hgonia, misgan moiTxovs mov-aleoba, Rirseba, mSveniereba, religiuri daniSnuleba.

“mizanracionalurad - wers veberi - moqmedebs is, vinc Tavis moqmedebas warmarTavs mizanTan, saSualebebTan da meorad Se-degebTan SesatyvisobaSi da amave dros, racionalurad wonis rogorc saSualebebs mizanTan mimarTebaSi, ise mizans meorad SedegebTan mimarTebaSi da bolos sxvadasxva SesaZlebel miznebs erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.”

moqmedebis oTxi miTiTebuli tipi mzardi racionalurobis wesrigis mixedviTaa ganlagebuli.

6. racionalizacia veberis sociologiis centralur aspeqts warmoadgens. socialuri moqmedebis racionalizacia - es TviT istoriuli procesis tendenciaa.

formaluri racionaluroba - es uwinares yovlisa gamoT-vladobaa, kalkulirebaa, formalur - racionaluri - esaa is, rac eqvemdebareba raodenobriv aRricxvas, rac naSTis gareSe amoi-wureba raodenobrivi daxasiaTebiT. “meurneobis formaluri ra-cionaluroba ganisazRvreba teqnikurad misTvis SesaZlebeli da namdvilad mis mier miRebuli gaangariSebis zomiT. piriqiT, ma-terialuri racionaluroba xasiaTdeba xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac adamianTa garkveuli jgufis momarageba sasicocxlo sikeTee-biT, xorcieldeba ekonomikurad orientirebuli socialuri mo-qmedebis gziT garkveuli... RirebulebiTi postulatebis Tval-sazrisiT.”

racionalurobis tipebia: - praqtikuli racionaluroba, romelic “cxovrebis yvelanair

gzas, msoflioSi mimdinare qmedebebs individis sruliad prag-matul da egoistur interesebTan kavSirSi ganixilavs da af-asebs”;

- Teoriuli racionaluroba mTel rig kognitur Zalisxmevas moicavs, raTa realoba abstraqtuli warmodgenebis meSveobiT da ara moqmedebiT Seiswavlos. praqtikuli racionalurobisgan gansxvavebiT, Teoriuli racionaluroba aqtors ubiZgebs, rom yoveldRiuri realoba kvleva - Ziebis procesSi gamoikvlios, raTa samyaros sazriss Cawvdes.

- substanciuri racionaluroba qmedebebis(qcevebis) arsebul RirebulebebTan pirdapir daqvemdebarebas gulisxmobs. is Rire-bulebiTi sistemis konteqstSi gakeTebul arCevans moicavs.

- formaluri racionaluroba, romelic Tavidan bolomde gaangariSebas, kalkulacias emyareba da moicavs. maSin rodesac praqtikul racionalurobaSi es gaangariSeba adamianis pirad

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interesebTanaa SesabamisobaSi, formalur racionalurobaSi is “sazogadod dadgenil wesebs, kanonebsa da regulaciebs” eqvem-debareba.

7. formaluri racionalurobis ZiriTadi komponentebia: 1. pirvel rigSi, formalurad racionaluri struqturebi da

institutebi gaTvlis mniSvnelobas, an iseT sakiTxebs, rac Sei-Zleba gamoiTvalos an gaizomos usvamen xazs.

2. meorec, am dros aqcenti efeqturobaze keTdeba, raTa moce-muli saSualebebidan saukeTeso Sedegi miviRoT.

3. mesame, mas axasiaTebs sarwmuno prognozireba, anu imis varaudi, daSveba, rom sagnebi sxvadasxva drosa Tu adgilas erT-nairad imoqmedeben.

4. amasTan, formalurad racionaluri sistema adamianur te-qnologias progresulad amcirebs da sabolood mas araadami-anuri teqnologiiT anacvlebs. araadamianuri teqnologiebi (rogoricaa magaliTad kompiuterizebuli sistemebi) adamianur teqnologiebTan SedarebiT rogorc ufro kargad gamTvlel, efeqtur da prognozirebad teqnologiebad ganixilebian.

5. aseve, formaluri racionaluri sistemebi iRwvian imisaT-vis, rom miaRwion kontrols eWvebsa da daurwmuneblobaze, ro-melsac masSi momuSave adamianebi da ara isini visac emsaxurebian, gamoxataven.

6. sabolood SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom racionalur sistemebs sakmaod bevri iracionaluri Sedegebi, rogorc maTSi CarTuli adamianebis an TviTon sistemebisTvis, aseve ufro didi sazoga-doebisTvis Tan sdevT.

racionalurobis iracionalurobis erT-erT gamxotulebas - veberis azriT -warmoadgens is, rom samyaro adamianebisTvis na-kleb momajadoebeli, nakleb momxibvleli, nakleb saocari, nak-leb jadosnuri da nakleb mniSvnelovani xdeba.

8. legitimuria batonobis(xelisuflebis) tipi romelic aRi-arebulia qveSevrdomTa anu marTuli individebis mier. batono-ba ki garkveuli brZanebisadmi damorCilebis Sanss niSnavs. Se-sabamisad batonoba urTierTmolodins gulisxmobs: imas, vinc brZanebs, - rom mis brZanebas daemorCilebian;da imaT molodins, vinc emorCileba-rom brZanebas eqneba is xasiaTi, ra xasiaTsac isini moelian e.i. aRiareben. batonobis legitimuri tipebis Ser-Cevis kriteriumi “morCilebis” SesaZlebeli (tipobrivi) motive-bia:”batonoba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos interesebiT, e.i. upiratesobaTa an ara xelsayrelobaTa (usarfoba) mimarT qve-SevrdomTa (morCilTa) mizanracionaluri mosazrebebiT: Semdeg igi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos ubralod “zne - CveulebebiT,

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garkveul qcevaTa CveviT; da bolos, igi SeiZleba efuZnebodes qveSevrdomTa martiv pirad midrekilebebs, miswrafebebs, siy-varuls, e.i. hqondes afeqturi baza”.

- legitimuri batonobis pirvel tips legalurs - “damTmob-lobis motivis” saxiT interesis mosazrebebi (interesTa gaTval-iswineba) aqvs; mis safuZvelSi mizanracionaluri moqmedeba devs.

- legitimuri batonobis meore - tradiciul tipi, garkveuli qcevisadmi adamianTa zne - CveulebebiTaa” ganpirobebuli. ara mxolod kanonierebis, aramed uZveles droSi arsebuli wesrigisa da Zalauflebis RvTaebriobis rwmenazea dafuZnebuli. maSasa-dame, mis safuZvelSi tradiciuli moqmedeba Zevs.

- batonobis mesame wminda tips qarizmuli batonoba warmoad-gens. qarizma (nawarmoebia berZnulidan - RvTaebrivi niWi, saCuqa-ri - madli) raRac eqstraordinaluri unaria, romelic individs danarCenebisgan gamoyofs da rac mTavaria, mis mier SeZenili da mopovebuli ki araa, aramed bunebis, RmerTis Tu bedis mier na-Cuqaria, boZebulia. qarizmatuli raRac araCveulebrivs, adre arasodes aRiarebuls eyrdnoba, araa SemTxveviTi, rom winas-warmetyvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, veberis mixedviT, aseTi tipis gamoTqma: “naTqvamia ... me ki geubnebiT Tqven ...” socialuri moqmedebis afeqturi tipi qarizmuli batonobis ZiriTad bazas warmoadgens.

9. “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis goni”, romelic upirveles yovlisa Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobas Seis-wavlis,agreTve veberis pirquS ganaCens warmoadgens, romelic man Tanamedrove industriuli kulturis bolodroindeli gan-viTarebis gzas gamoutana. puritanizmma Tavisi roli im “rkinis galiis” SeqmnaSi iTamaSa, romelSic Tanamedrove adamiani iZu-lebulia iarsebos - cxovrebis sul ufro da ufro biurokrati-zirebuli wesi aitanos, saidanac “spontanuri cxovrebiseuli xalisi” ulmobladaa amoRebuli. rogorc veberi askvnis, “puri-tans undoda eSroma Tavisi mowodebis gasamarTleblad; Cven ki iZulebulebi varT, ase moviqceT”.es gamokvleva “gvexmareba Se-viswavloT is, Tu rogor gvevlineba ideebi istoriis mamoZraveb-el Zalad”, da mimarTulia ekonomiuri determinizmis winaaRm-deg. reformacia da puritanuli seqtebis Semdgomi ganviTareba ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc manamde momxdari ekonomikuri cvlilebebis “istoriulad gardauvali Sedegi”.

10. “protestantul eTikaSi” dasaxuli Tema - religiis da ekonomikis kavSiri da urTierTgavlena - Tavis mniSvnelobas re-ligiis Semdgom veberiseul gamokvlevebSic inarCunebs. rogor gavlenas axdenen religiur - eTikuri ganwyobani ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis xasiaTsa da wesze, da rac mTavaria, misi motivaciis formebze, Semdeg, meurneobis marTvis esa Tu is

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principi rogor axdenen religiur - eTikuri principebis “de-formirebas” - ai veberis erT-erTi mTavari Tema msoflio reli-giebis kvlevisas. amasTanave analizis ZiriTad saSualebas veber-Tan warmoadgens Sedareba: amas moiTxovs idealuri tipizirebis misi meTodi. Sedarebis safuZvlad uwinares yovlisa, ama Tu im religiuri eTikis mier daSvebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ra-cionalizaciis xarisxi gvemsaxureba (rasakvirvelia, ara gansa-kuTrebiT). racionalizaciis xarisxi, rogorc aCvenebs veberi - magiuri elementis im Zalis ukuproporciulia, romelic gansx-vavebuli xarisxiT yovel religiaSi arsebobs. dapirispirebuli wyvili “racionaluri-magiuri” “msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikis”analizis erT-erT instruments warmoadgens.

mxolod Sesrulebul moqmedebaTa sazrisis, e.i. moqmedi in-dividebis motivTa gageba gvaZlevs religiis sociologiuri an-alizis SesaZleblobas. Tu idealuri tipis konstruqcia vebers aaxloebs pozitivizmTan da nominalizmTan, maSin “gagebis” misi principi piriqiT, ufro Wvretasa da “Tanagancdas” moiTxovs.

11. ramdenadac veberi centraluri saxiT religiis warmo-Sobis sakiTxs ar svams, amdenad igi misi arsebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs specialurad ar ganixilavs. moTxovniT - amovideT calkeuli individebisa misi motivebis - gancdebis, warmodgenebis, miznebi-sagan - veberi religiis gamokvlevebis drosac xelmZRvanelobs. amitom gasagebia, rom igi diurkemisagan gansxvavebiTyovelg-vari, maT Soris primitiuli, religiis savsebiT sxva moments usvams xazs - misi azriT magiur da kultobriv moqmedebebs mu-dam amqveyniuri (miwieri) miznebi aqvT. “moqmedebebi, romlebic motivirebulni arian religiurad an magiurad... dasawyisidanve amqveyniur miznebzea mimarTuli”. esaa uwinares yovlisa, amindis regulireba (wvimis gamowveva, qariSxlis moTviniereba - Cadgo-ma da a.S.) avadmyofobisagan gankurneba (maT Soris avadmyofis sxeulisagan boroti sulebis gandevna), momavali xdomilebebis winaswarmetyveleba da a.S. swored ramdenadac magiur da ritua-lur moqmedebebs - veberis rwmeniT - TavianT miznad garkveuli, savsebiT amqveyniuri da am azriT racionaluri rezultatebis - Sedegebis miRweva aqvT, amdenad igi SesaZleblad Tvlis es mo-qmedeba, rogorc “ukidures SemTxvevaSi SefardebiT racional-ur” moqmedebad daakvalificiros.

12. msoflio religiur-eTikur sistemaTa individualuri saxis ganxilvisas, veberi maT klasifikacias imis Sesabamisad akeTebs, Tu am sistemaTa mTavari matareblebi ,saxeldobr ro-meli socialuri fenebi iyvnen: konfucianelobis - msoflios ma-moZravebeli biurokrati, induizmis - msoflios momwesrigebeli

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magi - jadoqari, budizmis - msoflioSi moxetiale beri - mWvrete-li, islamis - msoflios mpyrobeli meomari; qristianobis - moxe-tiale xelosani.

13. poliTeizmi “RmerTTa maradiuli brZola” - veberis az-rovnebis msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvelia, religiis sociolo-giaSi igi yvelaze gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT gamoCnda, ramdenad-ac TviT veberi ganixilavs religias rogorc yvela RirebulebaTa ukanasknel, sxvaze dauyvanad safuZvels; erTmaneTis dapirisp-irebul - mebrZol “RirebulebaTa” Serigeba SeuZlebelia , rom veraviTari mecnieruli azrovneba, veraviTari filosofiuri meditacia, veraa SemZle RirebulebaTa erTi jgufis meoreze up-iratesobis dasadgenad sakmarisi safuZveli ipovos. ....aqac igive kamaTia gansxvavebul RmerTTa da kamaTi maradiulia... xolo am RmerTebze da maT brZolaze batonobs bediswera - bedi, magram ara “mecniereba...” …romeli adamiani gabedavs “mecnierulad uary-os” mTiani qadagebis eTika, magaliTad debuleba “borotebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobis Sesaxeb” an igavi adamianis Sesaxeb, romelic uSvers marcxena da marjvena loyas da miuxedavad amisa, naTelia, rom aq, Tu amas SevxedavT saero TvalsazrisiT, naqad-agebia eTika, romelic moiTxovs sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobebze uaris Tqmas. saWiroa, arCevani gavakeToT religiur Rirsebas, romelsac es eTika gvaZlevs da mamakacur Rirsebas Soris, rom-lis eTika qadagebs raRaca savsebiT sxvas: “winaaRmdegoba gauwios borotebas, sxvagvarad Sen pasuxismgebeli iqnebi Seni wili pasux-ismgeblobisa, Tu igi dagZalavs”. individis saboloo ganwyobis Sesabamisad erT-erTi am eTikuri poziciebidan eSmakisagan, meo-re - RmerTisagan amodis, da individma unda gadaWras, vinaa misT-vis RmerTi da vin - eSmaki”.

kiTxvebi:1. ganmarteT debulebis “Rirebulebebi Tavisi drois, epoqiszogadi ganwyobebis gamoxatulebaa” - sazrisi.2. ratom uwodebs veberi idealur tips “utopias”?3. ganmarteT gamoTqmis sazrisi “raTa gavigoT namdvili kavSirebi, Cven vagebT aranamdvils”.4. ra aris maqs veberis mixedviT socialuri mecnierebis umTavresi mizani?

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5. ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sxva, istoriulad arsebuli Tu Tanamedrove adamianTa moqmedebebis gageba SevZeliT?6. ra gansxvaveba arsebobs: qcevas, moqmedebas da socialur moqmedebas Soris?7. gagebis romel saxeebs gamoyofs m. veberi?8. ra komponentebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moqmedeba socialur moqmedebad CaiTvalos?9. rogor ganmartavs v. veberi racionalizaciis process?10. racionalizaciis zrdis Sesabamisad daalageT socialuri moqmedebis tipebi.11. ra umTavresi niSniT gansxvavdeba moqmedebis sxva tipebisagan mizanracionaluri moqmedeba?12. gaanalizeT debuleba “racionalizacia - es Tavad istoriuli procesiis tendenciaa”.13. racionalurobis ramden tips gamoyofen m.veberis moZRvrebis Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi?14. formaluri racionalurobis romel komponentebs gamoyofs jorj ritceri?15. rogor ganmartavs batonobisa da legitimuri batonobiscnebebs m. veberi?16. daaxasiaTeT morCilebis sami motivi da legitimuri batonobis sami wminda tipi.17. raSi mdgomareobs modernuli kapitalizmis suli, goni?18. veberis azriT, puritanizmma im “rkinis galiis” SeqmnaSi ra roli iTamaSa, romelSic Tanamedrove adamiani iZulebulia iarsebos?19. “msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikis”analizis erT-erT instruments romel cnebaTa dapirispirebuli wyvili warmoadgens?20. msoflio religiur-eTikur sistemaTa individualuri saxis ganxilvisas, maT klasifikacias veberi romeli socialuri fenebis Sesabamisad akeTebs?21. ganmarteT m. veberis msoflmxedvelobis gamoxatveli debulebis sazrisi “erTmaneTis dapirispirebul - mebrZol“RirebulebaTa” Serigeba SeuZlebelia , rom veraviTari mecnieruli azrovneba, veraviTari filosofiuri meditacia, veraa SemZle RirebulebaTa erTi jgufis meoreze upiratesobis dasadgenad sakmarisi safuZveli ipovos. ....aqac igive kamaTia gansxvavebul RmerTTa da kamaTi maradiulia...”

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leqcia meSvide

georg zimelis sociologia.formaluri sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi

1. georg zimeli: pirovneba da mecnieri2. sazogadoeba rogorc urTierTqmedebaTa (interaqciaTa) erToblioba: interaqciis formebi3. interaqciis formaTa(sociaciis) sam jgufad klasificirebis mcdeloba4. filosofiuri sociologia da gagebis meTodi5. socialuri filosofia da kulturis sociologia. obieqturi kultura.6. kulturis tragedia.7. individualuri (subieqturi) kultura da obieqturi kultura8. socialuri geometria:diada, triada, distancia.9. “fulis filosofia”, fuli da Rirebuleba, fuli, materializacia da racionalizacia.10. saidumlo, sociologiuri (case) kvleva zimelis moZRvrebaSi11. saidumlo da socialuri urTierTobebi.

sakvanZo sityvebi gamoTqmebi: dialeqtikuri azrovneba, subieqturi kultura da obieqturi

kultura, meti-cxovreba da meti-vidre-cxovreba, fuli da Ri-rebuleba, socialuri interaqcia (“asociacia”), socialuri ti-pebi: Raribi.ucxo, materializacia da racionalizacia. kultur-is tragedia,saidumlo.

im Teoretikosebs Soris, romlebic XIX-XXss. mijnaze moR-vaweobdnen da dRes dasavluri sociologiis klasikosebad iTv-lebian, gamorCeuli adgili georg zimels ukavia. is Zalze uSu-alo, magram winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis iyo, misi Semoqmedeba mudmivad yuradRebis centrSia, magram amave dros gansxvavebuli, xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego interpretaciebis safuZvelia. zimelis sociologiis Sefaseba istorikosebisa da Teoretikose-

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bis mier misi ideebis Rirebulebis sruli uaryofidan mis etapo-briv movlenad aRiarebamde meryeobs, romelmac sociologiis Sendgomi ganviTarebis Sinaarsi da mimarTuleba ganapiroba.

1. georg zimeli: pirovneba da mecnieri

georg zimeli 1858 wlis 1 marts berlinSi daibada. man ber-linis universitetSi saganTa farTo wre Seiswavla. Tumca, dis-ertaciis dacvis pirvel mcdelobaze uari eTqva. erT-erTma misma profesorma aRniSna: "Cven did samsaxurs gavuwevT mas, Tu ar SevuwyobT xels am mimarTulebiT mis momaval ganviTarebas". miuxedavad amisa, zimeli ganagrZobda bejiTad muSaobas da fi-losofiis doqtoris wodeba ukve 1881 wels miiRo. igi universi-tetSi 1914 wlamde darCa, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1885 wlidan 1900 wlamde privatdocentis sakmaod umniSvnelo Tanamdeboba eWira. SemdgomSi zimeli muSaobda leqtorad anazRaurebis gareSe da misi saarsebo wyaro studentTa gadasaxadebze iyo damokidebu-li. marginalobis miuxedavad, zimelma sakmaod bevrs miaRwia am Tanamdebobaze, met wilad imitom, rom igi iyo brwyinvale leqto-ri da (fasian) studentTa did raodenobas izidavda. misi stili imdenad popularuli iyo, rom berlinis sazogadoebis kulturu-li wevrebic ki iyvnen CarTuli mis leqciebSi, zimelis leqciebi sazogadoebriv movlenad iqceoda xolme.

zimelis marginalobas paralelurad Tan sdevda is faqti, rom igi winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis da amitomac gansacvifrebe-li pirovneba iyo. Tu Tavs movuyriT zimelis naTesavebis, mego-brebis, studentebis, Tanamedroveebis mier datovebul cnobebs, Cven georg zimelTan dakavSirebiT rig urTierT gamomricxav miniSnebebs aRmovaCenT. igi zogierTis mier aRwerilia rogorc maRali da tanadi, sxvebis mier - rogorc dabali da Sewuxebu-li gamometyvelebis mqone. misi garegnoba, rogorc amboben, ar iyo mimzidveli, mas tipiuri ebraelis garegnoba hqonda amasTan Zalian inteleqtualuri da keTilSobili iyo. gadmocemiT igi iyo Zalian bejiTi, amave dros iumoris grZnobiT dajildoebuli pirovneba iyo. da bolos, Cven gvesmis, rom igi inteleqtualurad brwyinvale, megobruli, keTil-ganwyobili, magram Sinaganad - iracionaluri, bundovani da veluri iyo.(citirebulia, ritceri klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebidan, gv.)

zimelma aRuricxavi raodenobis statia ("metropolisi da gonebrivi cxovreba") da wignebi (fulis filosofia) dawera. is germanul akademiur wreebSi kargad iyo cnobili da saerTaSo-riso mxardaWerac gaaCnda, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul Stateb-

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Si, sadac misi naSromi amerikuli sociologiis dabadebisTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone gaxda. da bolos, 1900 wels, zimelma oficialuri aRiareba moipova - sakmaod sapatio wodeba berlinis univeritetSi, romelmac ar misca mas sruli akademiuri statusi. zimels surda mieRo sxvadasxva akademiur Tanamdeboba, magram warmatebas ver miaRwia, miuxedavad iseT mecnierTa mxardaWerisa, rogoric maqs veberia.

rogorc zimelis biografebi aRniSnaven misi warumateblobis erT-erTi mizezi iyo is, rom igi iyo ebraeli mecxramete sauku-nis germaniaSi, sadac antisemitizmi iyo momZlavrebuli. zimelis Sesaxeb moxsenebaSi, romelic gaegzavna ganaTlebis ministrs, igi daxasiaTebuli iyo rogorc "suliT da xorciT ebraeli, rogorc Tavisi garegnobiT, ise Tavisi qceviTa da azrovnebis wesiT". sxva mizezi iyo saqmianoba, romelsac is eweoda. misi statiebis umetesobagazeTebsa da JurnalebSi ibeWdeboda; isini ufro zog-adi auditoriisTvis da ara marto mecnieri sociologebisaTvis iwereboda. amasTan, vinaidan mas ar ekava raime akademiuri Tana-mdeboba, igi iZulebuli iyo sajaro leqciebis xarjze ecxovra. zimelis auditoria, rogorc misi naSromebis, ise leqciebis, ufro inteleqtualuri publikisgan, vidre profesionali so-ciologebisagan Sedgeboda, ris gamoc kolega profesionalebis mxridan ironiuli damokidebuleba xSiri iyo. magaliTad, erT-erTi misi TanamedroveTagani ernst triolCi mas imis gamo adanaSaulebda, rom "misi zegavlena... zogad atmosferos scil-deboda da zegavlenas, upirveles yovlisa Jurnalistikis uma-Rles doneze axdenda". zimelis piradi warumatebloba, rogorc j. ritceri wers, SeiZleba agreTve dakavSirebuli iyos im dabal SefasebasTan, romelsac im droindeli germaneli mecnierebi aZlevdnen sociologias.

1914 wels zimelma sabolood daikava akademiuri Tanamdebo-ba strasburgis universitetSi, magram kidev erTxel ganicada marcxi. erTis mxriv nanobda, rom berlinis inteleqtualTa audi-toria miatova. rogorc misi meuRle maqs vebers werda: "georgma Tavis auditoriasTan ganSoreba Zalian mZimed gadaitana ... stu-dentebi Zalian guliTadi da mgrZnobiareni iyvnen... es aRsavse cxovrebasTan ganSoreba iyo. meores mxriv, zimeli Tavs axali universitetis cxovrebaSi CarTulad ver grZnobda. igi werda meuRles: "aq TiTqmis araferia mosayoli. Cven... izolirebuli, indeferentuli, gamocarielebuli garegnuli arsebobiT vcxov-robT. akademiuri aqtiuroba = 0, adamianebi... ucxoni da Sinaganad mtrulad ganwyobilni arian".

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zimelis strasburgSi daniSvnidan maleve I msoflio omi dai-wyo: saswavlo auditoriebi samxedro hospitlebad iqca, da stu-dentebi omSi gaiwvies. amgvarad, zimeli Tavis sikvdilamde (1918), germanul akademiur wreebSi marginalur figurad darCa. mas arasodes qonia normaluri akademiuri kariera. miuxedavad amisa zimels akademiuri mimdevari gauCnda, da misi rogorc mecnieris reputacia wlebis manZilze sul ufro gaizarda.

Teoriuli pozicia. zimelis filosofiis adeqvatur gagebasa da Sefasebas, j. ritceris swori SeniSvniT, sami momenti aZnelebs: misi urTulesi ideuri evolucia, misi interesebis dafantulo-bis didi diapazoni da misi ZiriTadi Sromebis ufro eseisturi vidre sistemuri stili.

brwyinvale leqtori da oratori, nayofieri mwerali (14 tomi) moRvaweobas rogorc e.w. ,,araoficialuri berlinuri kultur-is” mimarTulebis warmomadgeneli iwyebs. es mimarTuleba sakma-od rTuli bunebisaa, misi moRvaweobis CarCoebi Zneli dasad-genia, radgan naturalistur materializmze, meqanicizmze da social-darvinizmzea orientirebuli. es mimarTuleba bunebaT-mecnierebis mraval warmomadgenels, romelTaTvis mecniereba ,,Cveni drois religias” warmoadgens, Zalian moswons. zimelis pozicia naTlad SeimCneva mis naSromSi ,,darvinizmi da Semecnebis Teoria”. naturalisturi pozitivizmis gavlena Cans mis erT-erT adreul sociologiur naSromSi ,,socialuri diferenciacia: so-ciologiuri da fsiqologiuri gamokvlevebi”.

Semdeg zimelis SemoqmedebaSi dgeba periodi, romelsac piro-biTad SeiZleba ,,neokantianuri” daerqvas. swored am periodSi daiwera misi mravalricxovani Sromebi kantze, Seiqmna naSromi filosofiis istoriaSi. neokantianurma ideebma Rrma kvali daamCnia zimelis mier ,,formisa” da ,,Sinaarsis” kategoriebis da-muSavebas - romlebic misi sociologiuri koncefciis fundamen-turi cnebebia.

didia k.marqsis gavlena zimelze. zimelis erT-erTi fundamen-turi naSromi ,,fulis filosofia” faqtobrivad aris gaucxoebis cnebis kulturologiuri (gansxvavebiT marqsis sociologiuri-sagan) interpretaciis mcdeloba, sadac kapitalisturi wyobisa da burJuaziuli cxovrebis wesis marqsistuli kritikis frag-mentebs mudmivad imeorebs.

zimelis ideuri transformaciis bolo etapi skepticizmis zrdiT, aseve antiracionalistur da antinaturalistur mim-dinareobebTan daaxloebiT xasiaTdeba, rac faqtobrivad ,,si-cocxlis filosofiis” poziciebze gadasvlaa. am periodSi is daumegobrda mistikos poets - stefan georgs, romelsac Tavisi

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erT-erTi bolo wigni miuZRvna kidec.zimelis sociologiuri Semoqmedebis Sefaseba gaZnelebulia

agreTve misi interesebis mravalmxrivobiT. zimeli gaxldaT ara mxolod (da arc pirvel rigSi) sociologi, aramed iyo kultur-is filosofiis gavleniani warmomadgeneli, xelovnebis Teore-tikosi, bevrs werda socialuri fsiqologiis, eTikis, polite-konomiis, qalaqis sociologiis, religiis, sqesis da a.S. Sesaxeb. yovel sferoSi is agnebs da win wamoswevs iseT raRacas, rac mis sociologiur xedvas avsebs da srulyofs. zimeli faqtobrivad arc ki Seecada sistemaSi moeyvana Tavisi ideebi, amitom misi so-ciologiuri koncefcia ad hok daweril statiebSi, wignebSi, es-eebSia gafantuli, romlebic yovelTvis mniSvnelovan, magram kerZo problemebs exeboda. siWrele da mravalferovneba xSir-ad iseT STabeWdilebas qmnida TiTqos erTiani da mTliani arc ki arsebobs. sinamdvileSi ki es gansxvavebuli problemebi da interesebi sociologiuri mecnierebis sagnis, meTodisa da amo-canebis Sesaxeb im droisaTvis Zalze originalur Sexedulebebs aerTianebdnen.

2. sazogadoeba rogorc urTierTqmedebaTa (interaqciaTa) erToblioba: interaqciis formebi

zimeli Tanamedrove sociologiaSi yvelaze metad cnobilia im wvlilis gamo, romelic man sociaciis formebis, anu socialu-ri interaqciis gagebaSi Seitana. man Tavisi interesi socialuri realobis am donisadmi Semdegi gziT gamoxata:

Cven aq adamianuri, socialuri materiis SigniT mikroskop-ul-molekulur procesebTan gvaqvs saqme. es procesebi im faq-tobriv SemTxvevebs warmoadgenen, romlebic makrokosmiuri, mt-kice erTeulebisa da sistemebis Semadgeneli elementebi arian . is, rom adamianebi uyureben erTmaneTs da SurT erTmaneTis; is, rom erTmaneTs ugzavnian werilebs an sadiloben erTad; is, rom yovelgvari sagrZnobi interesebisgan damoukideblad miiCneven adamians sasiamovnod an piriqiT; is, rom madliereba altruistu-li moqmedebebis gamo qmnis dauyofel, mtkice erTobas; is, rom erTi Txovs meores mas garkveuli quCa aCvenos; rom adamianebi icmeven da moirTaven Tavs erTmaneTisaTvis - es yvelaferi ra-modenime ilustraciaa SemTxveviT SerCeuli mTeli rigi urTier-Tobebisagan (interaqciebisagan), romlebic pirovnebebs Soris TamaSdeba. isini SeiZleba iyos droebiTi an mudmivi, cnobieri an gaucnobierebeli, efemeruli an seriozuli Sedegis mqone, ma-

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gram isini mudmivad kraven adamianebs erTad. yovel wuTs aseTi Zafebi dairTveba, gawydeba, xelaxla Seikvreba, Canacvldeba sx-viT, Caeqsoveba sxvebs. msgavsi interaqciebi sazogadoebis atom-ebs Soris mxolod fsiqologiuri mikroskopisTvisaa xelmisaw-vdomi.

zimeli sazogadoebas interaqciasTan aTanabrebs: “sazogadoe-ba... mxolod am konkretuli interaqciebis erTianobis sinTezia anu zogadi cnebaa... “sazogadoeba” am urTierTobebis mTliani jamis identuria”. msgavsi mtkicebebi SeiZleba rogorc inter-aqciisadmi misi interesis kidev erT damamtkicebel argumentad SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli, magram rogorc Cven amas mis zogad da filosofiur sociologiebSi davinaxavT, zimels rogorc sazo-gadoebis, ise kulturis Sesaxeb ufro farTo - maStabiani koncef-cia aqvs.igive procesia realizebuli sazogadoebrivi arsebobis formisa da Sinaarsis gancalkevebisas, sakuTriv ,,sazogadoeba” TavisTavad aris iseTi arseboba sxvaTa gverdiT, sxvisTvis, sxvis winaaRmdeg, sadac materialuri an individualuri Sinaarsi da interesebi miswrafebebis an miznebis wyalobiT an iZenen an in-arCuneben formas. es formebi miiReben sakuTriv sicocxles, ar-sebobas iwyeben SinaarsSi sakuTari fesvebisagan mowyvetiT, Ta-visi TavisTvis da im momxiblvelobisaTvis aRniSnul mowyvetas rom axlavs.” (29, gv. 489) es aris swored movlena - urTierToba. ra Tqma unda, gaerTianeba ekonomikur an sisxliTnaTesaur kav-SirebSi, sakulto erTobebis an bandiutur jgufebis Seqmna - yov-elTvis gansakuTrebuli viTarebebis an miznebis Sedegia. magram TiTqosda yoveli SesaZlebeli Sinaarsis miRma, romlebic qmnian gansazogadoebrobis gansxvavebul formebs, arsebobs raRac kmayofilebis SegrZneba TviT gansazogadoebriobis faqtis gamo, gansazogadoebriobis, rogorc aseTis faseulobis SegrZneba, ltolva, romelic mouwodebs arsebobis am formisaken, zogjer TviT realuri Sinaarsis maZiebelia, romelic aris gansazoga-doebriobis ama Tu im konkretuli SemTxvevis motivi. msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor ,,amoiRebs” SemoqmedebiTi impulsi sagnebidan mis formas da aagebs gansakuTrebul, swored am impulsis Ses-aferis xats, aseve swrafva urTierTobisaken, misi wminda saxiT, gamoacalkevebs socialuri cxovrebis sinamdvilidan gansazoga-doebriobis wminda process, iRebs mas, rogorc raRac faseulsa da sasurvels, akanonebs imas, rasac Cven veZaxiT urTierTobas viwro gagebiT.

sulac araa SemTxveviTi da TviT sityvis xmarebidanac gamom-dinareobs, rom nebismier urTierTobaSi, yvelaze natur-

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alurSic ki, Tu, ra Tqma unda, is gaazrebulia da mdgradia, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania forma. radgan forma aris elemen-tebis urTierTqmedeba, romlis wyalobiTac isini qmnian erTiano-bas; da Tu gaqrebian urTierTobis sicocxlisaTvis konkretulad mizanSewonili motivaciebi, miT ufro meti Zala da qmedebisuna-riani iqneba wminda forma, ase vTqvaT, individebis iraosmagvari e.i. Tavisufali Sinaganadmoqmedi urTierTkavSirebi. imis gamo, rom urTierToba realobasTan wminda formalur Sesabamisoba-Sia, mis procesSi ar xdeba saWiro am ukanasknelis winaaRmdego-bis daZleva, Tumca urTierTobaSi yovelTvisa aqvs adgili (rac ufro ganviTarebulia is, miT ufro metad) sasicocxlo Zalebis simbolur TamaSs, agreTve sazrisi, romelsac zerele raciona-lizmi Cveulebriv eZebs mxolod konkretul SinaarsSi - Tanac Tu aseTi ram ar arsebobs, urTierTobas ubralod ar aqceven yuradRebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom mraval, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvela evropul enaSi ,,sazogadoeba niSnavs ubralod urTierTobaSi myofTa kavSirs. saxelmwifos, mrewvelobis mier, nebismieri sxva mizandasaxulobis mier erTianobad Sekruli sazogadoeba, mainc aris ,,sazogadoeba” yvelgan da yovelTvis.” (29, gv. 488) mxolod urTierTobaSi myofni qmnian ,,sazogadoebas saerTod”, yovel-gvari zewolis gareSe, radgan isini warmoadgenen wminda, prin-cipul gaerTianebas, Sinaarsisa da formis yovelgvari calmx-rivi maxasiaTeblebis gareSe, xorcs asxamen sazogadoebas raRac, TiTqos abstraqtul suraTSi, sadac formebis wminda TamaSSi mTeli Sinaarsi iSleba.

interaqcia: formebi da tipebi. zimelis erT - erTi ufro dominanturi interesis sfero SinaarsTan SedarebiT socialu-ri interaqciis forma iyo, es interesi filosofiaSi kantianur tradiciasTan zimelis identifikaciisgan warmoiSva, sadac umetesi definiciebi formasa da Sinaarss Soris gansxvavebidanaa gamoyvanili. zimelis pozicia aq, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod mar-tivi iyo. zimelis TvalsazrisiT, realuri samyaro uTvalavi mov-lenisagan, moqmedebisagan, interaqciisagan, da a.S. Sedgeba. imi-saTvis rom Tavi gaarTvan realobis am labirinTs (“Sinaarsebs”), adamianebi maT maTze nimuSebis an formebis miyenebiT alageben. amgvarad, nacvlad konkretul movlenaTa uzarmazari masivisa, aqtoris winaSe SezRuduli raodenobis formebi dgas. zimelis TvalsazrisiT, sociologis mizania gaakeTos zustad is, rasac adamiani akeTebs, anu SezRuduli raodenobis forma socialur realobas, kerZod interaqcias miuyenos ise, rom misi analizi ukeTesad iyos SesaZlebeli. es meTodologia zogadad konkret-

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ul movlenaTa farTo masivSi moZiebul msgavsebebis amoRebas moicavs. magaliTad, interaqciis superordinaciisa da subor-dinaciis formebi “saxelmwifoSi, iseve rogorc religiur gaer-TianebaSi, konspiratorTa bandaSi, iseve rogorc ekonomikur asociaciaSi, xelovnebis calkeul mimdinareobebSi arsebuli farTo wris gaerTianebebSi daiZebneba.“ (29, gv. 489)

amitom, ,,formisa" da ,,Sinaarsis" cnebebs g. zimelis wmida anu formalur sociologiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT . sazo-gadoeba fsiqikur movlenaTa erToblioba da istoriaa, yoveli fsiqikuri aqti SeiZleba ganvixiloT ori aspeqtiT: 1. rogorc fsiqikuri aqti - magaliTad, survili, gaxseneba, mtkiceba da a.S. 2. rogorc is, rac yvela am aqtSi aris survilis obieqti, rasac ix-seneben, rasac amtkiceben da a.S. Tu am ukanasknels gamovacalkev-ebT fsiqikuri aqtisagan, maSin miviRebT cnobierebis obieqtur Sinaarss, romelic ukve aRar aris fsiqikuri xasiaTis movlena.

swored es Sinaarsi aris socialuri urTierTqmedebis(in-teraqciis), ,,sxeuli”, ,,materia”, forma ki amTlianebs Sinaarss, struqturas aniWebs da gamoyofs sxva Sinaarsebisagan da urT-ierT SesabamisobaSi moyavs.

sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT formisa da Sinaarsis dapirisp-irebuloba niSnavs dapirispirebas, sadac erT mxarze dgas so-cialuri urTierTqmedebis ,,materia" (Sinaarsi) - anu adamianis sulis, swrafvis, individTa moTxovnilebebis kulturul-isto-riulad ganpirobebuli produqtebi da meores mxriv xSirad gan-meorebadi, yvela kulturul - istoriuli epoqisaTvis damaxas-iaTebeli urTierTqmedebebi - anu forma, romelSic es Sinaarsi xorcieldeba.

,,formis Sinaarsisagan gansxvaveba SeiZleba nebismier sazo-gadoebaSi. sazogadoeba, saerTod, warmoadgens individTa urT-ierTqmedebas. urTierTqmedeba yovelTvis yalibdeba rogorc garkveuli miswrafebebis an raRac miznebis Sedegi. erotikuli instinqtebi, saqmiani interesebi, religiuri impulsebi, Tavdac-va an Tavdasxma, TamaSi an warmoeba, swrafva daexmaro, iswavlo, aseve mravali sxva motivebi ubiZgeben adamians imoqmedos sxvisT-vis, sxvasTan, sxvis winaaRmdeg, imoqmedos Sinagani mdgomareobis Sesabamisad da masTan TanxmobiT, anu moaxdinos zemoqmedeba da Tavis mxriv aRiqvas isini. es erTmaneTze zemoqmedeba niSnavs, rom individualuri matareblebi, aRmZvreli impulsebi da miznebi qmnian erTobas ,,sazogadoebas”. “ (29, gv. 486)

yovelive is rac aris individSi (istoriuli sinamdvilis uSu-alo konkretuli matarebeli) swrafvis, interesebis, miznebis,

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fsiqikuri mdgomareobisa da moZraobis saxiT, is, risganac yal-ibdeba sxva adamianebze zemoqmedeba, an rac xels uwyobs am zemo-qmedebis aRqmas, me vuwodeb Sinaarss, anu gansazogadoebriobis materias. TavisTavad es materia, romelSic xorcieldeba si-cocxle, misi mamoZravebeli motivacia, arsebiTad ar aris so-cialuri. SimSili, siyvaruli, Sroma, religiuroba, teqnika, gonis moRvaweobis funqciebi da Sedegebi ar aris, erToblivi Tanaarsebobis garkveul formebSi individis uSualo sazoga-doebrivi arseboba, rac igulisxmeba urTierTqmedebis cnebaSi. maSasadame, gansazogadoebrioba realizebulia usasrulo ra-odenobis formaSi. am mravalnair formebSi - grZnobadsa Tu ide-alurSi, wamiersa Tu xangrZlivSi, cnobiersa Tu aracnobierSi, mizezobrivsa Tu teleologiur motivebsa da interesebSi indi-vidi qmnis gansakuTrebul erTobas, romlis SigniT es motivebi da interesebi xorcs isxamen.

amasTan aris dakavSirebuli sulieri moRvaweobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti. radgan praqtikuli moTxovnilebebi da urTierTobebi ubiZgeben adamianebs gonebis, nebelobis, emo-ciuri dinamizmis, SemoqmedebiTi motivebis ZaliT gadaamuSaon realobidan aRebuli cxovrebiseuli masala, aniWeben maT cx-ovrebiseuli miznebis Sesabamis formebs (masala ki mxolod aseT formebSia xelmisawvdomi Cveni zemoqmedebisaTvis), aRmoCnde-ba, rom es Zalebi da interesebi mowyvetilni arian cxovrebas - swored im cxovrebas, saidanac gamovidnen da romelsac unda umadlodnen TavianT arsebobas. adgili aqvs zogierTi energiis gamonTavisuflebasa da avtonomizacias, aRmoCnda, rom am ener-gias aRaraa aqvs kavSiri saganTan, romlis gaformebasac is emsax-ureboda da amiT uqvemdebarebda maT cxovrebis miznebs. isini ukve ,,TamaSoben” sakuTar TavSi da sakuTari TavisTvis, iTviseben da qmnian materias, romelic ukve mxolod maTi TviTrealizaciis saSualebaa.

amgvarad, zimeli mTlian socialur warmonaqmns or nawilad "materiad" da "formad" ki ar anawilebs, aramed sazogadoebis, rogorc adamianTaSorisi da individTaSorisi movlenebis Tem-atizirebas axdens.

zimels ainteresebs gamoarkvios adamianebs sxva adamianebTan urTierTqmedebis procesSi ra formebi akavSireben an piriqiT acalkeveben erTmaneTisagan. sazogadoeba xom adamianTa er-Toblivi Sromis, dapirispirebis Tu Tanxmobis procesia. am dros xdeba individTa urTierTqmedebebis gansazogadoebrioba, anu sazogadoebad - jgufad Camoyalibeba. am process zimeli "soci-

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aciis", "sociabelurobis" saxels uwodebs. adamianebi TavianTi miznebis miRwevisas sxva adamianebTn urTierTqmedebis uamrav wess da formas iyeneben, swored es formebia "sociaciis anu gan-sazogadoebriobis" formebi.

zimels TviTon ar moucia sociaciis anu socialuri formebis klasifikacia. magram man ikvlia socialuri cxovrebis iseTi re-aluri formebi, rogorebicaa:

1. batonoba da daqvemdebareba (morCileba).2. Sromis danawileba3. politikuri dajgufebebisa da partiebis Seqmna,4. Sejibri da a. S.adamianTa urTierTqmedebis yvela es formagansxvavebul

jgufebsa da socialur organizaciebSi: saxelmwifosa da reli-gur gaerTianebebSi, ojaxsa da samxatvro skolaSi da a.S. meordeba.

ramdenadac Tavad zimels ar mouxdenia socialuri urT-ierTqmedebebis (interaqciebis) formaTa klasifikacia da siste-matizacia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebi am formebis garkveuli kriteriumebiT dalagebas da klasifika-cias ar cdilobdnen. aqedan yvelaze cnobilia sami:

germaneli mkvlevari Teodor abeli ,,aseTi formebis Svid tips gamoyofs:

1. rTuli situaciebis aRmweri formebi: monoba, gacvla - ga-mocvla.

2. socialuri urTierTqmedebis normebi: adaT-wesebi, kanoni, morali, Rirseba.

3. socialuri tipebi: "ucxo", "Raribi", "maswavlebeli", "ubralo adamiani".

4. socialuri jgufebi: ojaxi, faruli sazogadoeba, politi-kuri partia.

5. jgufuri struqturebis elementebi: ierarqia, mdgradoba, mobiloba, centralizacia.6. individTaSorisi urTierTobebi: konfliqti, meufeba, batonoba, daqvemdebareba.7. did masStabiani socialur-istoriuli movlenebi: omi, revolucia...” (cit: 34, gv. 123)am klasifikaciis Tu sistematizaciis naklia is, rom mas logi-

kuri safuZveli da SerCevis naTeli kriteriumebi ar aqvs. ufro warmatebulia sociaciis sam jgufad klasificirebis mcdeloba, Tumca unaklo arc isaa:

1. socialuri procesebi,2. socialuri tipebi3. ganviTarebis modelebi.

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daswavlis efeqturobis Tvalsazrisi sociaciis igive inter-aqciis formebi jer am sami jgufis danawilebis TvalsazrisiT, xolo Semdeg sociaciis formebis sicocxlis nakadisagan daSo-rebis kriteriumis Sesabamisad davalagoT da gavaanalzoT.

socialuri procesebi. socialur procesebSi konkretuli viTarebisa da maTi realizaciisagan damoukidebeli movlenebi: batonoba, morCileba, Sejibri, Serigeba, dava, moda da ase Semdeg igulisxmeba.

socialuri procesebis mimdinareobis, procesualobis yvelaze kargi nimuSia modis zimeliseuli daxasiaTeba. moda erT-droulad: 1. mibaZvasac da 2. individualizaciasac gulisxmobs.

adamiani, romelic misdevs modas erTdroulad, cdilobs ga-nasxvaos da gamoyos sakuTari Tavi sxvebisagan da imavdroulad amtkicebs, rom is ama Tu im fenas, jgufs miekuTvneba. SeuZlebe-lia moda mibaZvisaken swrafvis, koleqtivTan Serwymis gareSe. rac mtkicdeba imiT, rom sazogadoebaSi, sadac adgili aqvs jgu-furi normebis rRvevas, arc moda arsebobs.

magaliTad, XIV s - is florenciaSi TiToeuli moqalaqe ica-vamda samosis sakuTar stils: moda ar arsebobda, radgan kole-qtivTan Serwymisadmi swrafva ar arsebobda. magram, rogorc ro-melime movlena (tansacmeli, ideebi, manqanebi, nivTebi da a. S.) gaxdeba "moduri", is maSinve - imav wams "modidan gasvlas"iwyebs.

swored amaSia modis silamaze, rom is erTdroulad axalicaa da gardamavalic. moda realobis SegrZnebas, drois dinebis Seg-rZnebas gvaZlevs.

miuxedavad ama Tu im konkretuli modis gardamavali xasiaTi-sa, mas rogorc socialur formas - garkveuli mdgradoba axasi-aTebs: moda ama Tu im saxiT yovelTvis arsebobs.

amgvarad, erTis mxriv, moda socialuri urTierTobebis for-maa, romelic uflebas aZlevs mas, visac surs Seeguos jgufis moTxovnebs, ase moiqces. meores mxriv, moda agreTve uzrunvely-ofs normas, romlsac maT, visac surs iyos individualuri, Seu-ZliaT gadauxvion. moda moicavs agreTve istoriul processac: sawyis etapze yvela iRebs imas, rac moduria; momdevno etapze, individebi axdenen misgan deviacias/misgan gadaixrebian; da bo-los, deviaciis procesSi, maT SeuZliaT sruliad axali Sexed-uleba miiRon imis Taobaze Tu ra aris modaSi. moda agreTve dia-leqtikuria im azriT, rom nebismieri mocemuli modis warmatebas da gavrcelebas mis SesaZlo uaryofamde/warumateblobamde mivyavarT. es niSnavs, rom raRac movlenis gamorCeulobas mis modurad CaTvlamde mivyavarT; Tumca, rac ufro meti raode-

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nobis adamiani aRiarebs mas, is wyvets iyos gamorCeuli da Tavis momxibvlelobas kargavs.

aseTive winaaRmdegobrivi (dualuri) da procesialuri xa-siaTisaa lideris roli modur moZraobaSi. amgvari (lideri) pirovneba jgufs, paradoqsalurad, modisadmi nebismier sxvaze ukeTesad midevnebiT, anu misi ufro Seupovrad/mtkiced aTvise-biT warmarTavs. da bolos, zimeli amtkicebda, rom ara mxolod modis midevneba moicavs dualobebs, ase xdeba zogierTi adami-anis mxridan modis miRma darCenis mcdelobisasac. aramoduri adamianebi imaT, vinc misdevs modas Tvlian mimbaZvelebad, xolo Tavis Tavs - individualistebad, magram zimeli amtkicebda, rom ukanasknelni ubralod erTvebian mibaZvis Sebrunebul formaSi. individebma SeiZleba Tavi aaridon imas, rac modaSia imitom, rom maT eSiniaT, rom sxvebis msgavsad Tavis individualobas dakar-gaven, magram zimelis azriT, aseTi SiSi didi pirovnuli siZlier-isa da damoukideblobis niSans naklebad warmoadgens.

socialuri procesebis da tipebis msgavsad, zimeli mTel rig socialur formebsac, maT Soris gacvlas, konfliqts, prosti-tucias da sociabelurobas ganixilavda. Cven SegviZlia vaCvenoT zimelis naSromi socialur formebze im ganazrebebis meSveo-biT romelic man dominirebis(batonobis da morCilebis) proce-sis Sesaxeb gamoTqva, rac superordinacias da subordinacias gulisxmobs.

superordinacia da subordinacia (batonoba da morCileba). superordinacias da subordinacias ormxrivi mimarTeba gaaCnia. liders ar surs mTlianad gansazRvros sxvebis azrebi da moq-medebebi. ufro metic, lideri daqvemdebarebulebisagan an pozi-tiur an negatiur reaqcias moelis. interaqciis verc es da verc sxva forma ormxrivi urTierTobis gareSe ver iarsebebs. domi-naciis(batonobis) yvelaze usamarTlo formis SemTxvevaSic ki daqvemdebarebulebi raime xarisxis pirad Tavisuflebas mainc inarCunebs.

umetesi adamianisTvis, superordinacia subordinaciis mTli-anad aRmofxvris mcdelobas moicavs, magram zimeli amtkiceb-da, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi socialuri urTierTobebi saerTod Sewyvetda arsebobas.

zimeli amtkicebda, rom SesaZloa adamiani daeqvemdebaros in-divids, jgufs an obieqtur Zalebs. erTi individis liderobas, rogorc wesi, lideris mxardasaWerad an masTan dasapirispireb-lad mWidrod Sekrul jgufTan mivyavarT. maSinac ki, roca amg-var jgufSi opozicia aRmocendeba uTanxmoeba ufro advilad

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SeiZleba gadawydes, rodesac mxareebi erTi da imave umaRlesi Zalauflebis qveS arian. mraval liderian subordinacias Sesa-Zloa sakmaod uTanasworo Sedegi moyves. erTis mxriv, mravalis mier marTvis obieqturobam SesaZloa gamoiwvios ufro didi er-Toba jgufSi, vidre amas erTi individis diqtatoruli / TviTne-buri marTva akeTebs. meores mxriv, SesaZloa daqvemdebarebulTa Soris mtroba gaCndes, Tu isini lideris pirad yuradRebas ver daimsaxureben.

zimelma subordinacia obieqturi principis qveS ganixila rogorc yvelaze arasasiamovno, albaT imitom, rom adamianuri urTierTobebi da socialuri interaqcia gamqralia. adamianebi grZnoben, rom isini upirovno kanonis mier arian ganpirobebuli, romelze zemoqmedebis unari maT ar gaaCniaT. zimeli individua-lurze subordinacias rogorc ufro Tavisufals da ufro spon-tanurs ganixilavda. “erTi adamianisadmi subordinacia Tavisu-flebis da Rirsebis elementebs flobs, romelTan SedarebiTac kanonisadmi yvelanair morCilebas raRac meqanikuri da pasiuri xasiaTi aqvs”. uaresia obieqtebisadmi (magaliTad, kerpebi / xate-bi) daqvemdebareba, romelsac zimeli “subordinaciis Seura-cxmyofelad uxeS da upirobo saxed” miiCnevs. imis gamo, rom in-dividze dominantobs sagani, “is Tavismxriv, fsiqologiurad Cveulebrivi sagnebis kategoriaSi iZireba”. (64, gv. 271)

socialuri tipi, rogorc socialuri urTierTqmedebaTa (in-eraqciaTa) formebis klasifikatori. garkveuli saxis mimarTe-bebSi CarTuli adamiani, garkveul specifikur Tvisebebs avlens, romlebic misTvis arsebiTia, anu es specifikuri Tvisebebi Tu niSnebi, miuxedavad ama Tu im konkretuli urTierTqmedebisa mudmivad iCens Tavs da vlindeba. zimelma gamoikvlia Semdegi so-cialuri tipebi:

1. cinikosi2. Raribi3. aristokrati4. ucxo5. kekluci6. Zunwi 7. mflangveli 8. Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli 9. aznauri da a. S. aqac zimeli iyenebs dialeqtikuri azrovnebis wess da sakvlevi

movlenis damaxasiaTebel winaaRmdegobebs avlens. magaliTad:

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aristokratis, rogorc socialuri tipis yofa, ori urTierTga-momricxavi maxasiaTeblis erTobliobas warmoadgens:

1. erTis mxriv, is mTlianad CarTulia Tavis jgufSi, gvarovnul tradiciebSi, rameTu sagvareulo xis erT-erTi ganStoebaa.

2. meores mxriv, is absoluturad dapirispirebulia da gamo-calkavebulia misgan, radgan Zala, Tavdajerebuloba, damou-kidebloba da pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba aristokratis, ro-gorc socialuri jgufis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia.

zimels Zalian sainteresod aqvs gaanalizebuli ucxos so-cialuri tipi, magram misi analizi socialuri distanciis rao-bas ukeT gamoTqvams da Sesabamisad dictanciis daxasiaTebisas mivmarTavT.

socialuri tipebis specifikis saCveneblad upriani iqneba Tu yuradRebas erT-erT tipze - Raribis daxasiaTebaze gavamax-vilebT.

Raribi. rogorc es Cveulia zimelis naSromSi mocemuli ti-pebisTvis, isic ganxilul iqna socialuri urTierTobis Tval-sazrisiT, rogorc iseTi, vinc sxvebisgan iRebs daxmarebas an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis ufleba aqvs. aq zimelma sakmaod naTlad uaryo Tvilsazrisi, rom siRaribe fulis odenobiT, an misi nak-lebobiT ganisazRvreba.

garda imisa, rom zimelma yuradReba Raribze damaxasiaTebe-li urTierTobebisa da interaqciis nimuSebis TvalsazrisiT gaamaxvila, man agreTve gamoiyena misi ese “Raribi” imisaTvis, raTa Raribsa da siRaribeze farTo wris saintereso ganazrebebi ganeeviTarebina. zimelisTvis yovel mis eseSi mravalricxovani ganazrebebis gadmocema iyo damaxasiaTebeli. marTlac, es misi erT-erTi udidesi ganacxadi iyo warmatebaze. magaliTad, zimeli amtkicebda, rom uflebebisa da valdebulebebis ormxrivi krebu-li gansazRvravs urTierTobas maT Soris, vinc iTxovs (Raribi) da vinc gascems. Raribs aqvs ufleba miiRos daxmareba, da es ufleba daxmarebis miRebas naklebad mtkivneuls xdis. da piriqiT, gam-cemi valdebulia gaWirvebuls daexmaros. zimelma funcqional-isturi pozicia daikava,raTa eCvenebina, rom RaribisTvis sazo-gadoebis mxridan gaweuli daxmareba Tavad socialuri sistemis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels. sazogadoebas Wirdeba RaribisTvis daxmarebis gaweva “imisaTvis, rom Raribi sazogadoebis aqtiur da saSiSi mtrad ar iqces, rom maTi Semcirebuli energia ufro produqtiuli gaxados da maTi STamomavlobis gamravleba Tav-idan aicilos“. (64, gv. 270)amgvarad RaribisTvis daxmareba sazo-

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gadoebisTvis aris sasargeblo da ara imdenad Tavad RaribisT-vis. saxelmwifo aq wamyvan rols TamaSobs. da, rogorc zimeli aRniSnavs, Raribebze zrunva sul ufro upirovno xdeba, vinaidan daxmarebis gacemis meqanizmi sul ufro biurokratizdeba.

zimels agreTve siRaribis relativisturi ganxilva aqvs mocemuli; Raribebi ar arian ubralod isini, vinc sazogadoebis yvelaze dabal safexurze (/fskerze) dganan. misi azriT, siRari-bes adgili yvela socialur strataSi aqvs. am koncefciam mogvi-anebiT SedarebiTi deprivaciis (uqonlobis) Sesaxeb sociologi-uri koncefciis warmoSoba ganapiroba. Tu adamianebs, romlebic umaRles klasebs ganekuTvnebian, ufro naklebi aqvT, vidre maTi klasis sxva wevrebs, isini maTTan SedarebiT Raribad CaiTvlebi-an. amitomac saxelmwifo programebma, romlebic siRaribis aR-mofxvrazea mimarTuli SesaZloa warmatebas verasodes miaRwios. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu qveviT/ZirSi myofebs zeviT avwevT, bevri stratifikaciuli sistemis SigniT maT mewyvileebTan SedarebiT Tavs mainc Raribad igrZnobs.

ganviTarebis modelebi. ganviTarebis modelis rogorc so-cialuri formis magaliTia jgufis gafarToebisa da individua-lurobis zrdis universaluri procesi.

jgufis moculobis zrdis paralelurad misi wevrebi sul ufro naklebad emsgavsebian erTmaneTs da Sesabamisad maTi ms-gavseba klebulobs. individualurobis gaZlierebas Tan sdevs jgufis degradacia da piriqiT, rac ufro mcirea, e. i. Tavise-buria jgufi, miT ufro naklebia mis wevrTa individualuroba.

socialuri jgufis zoma pirdapirproporciuliaa Tavisu-flebis im xarisxisa, romliTac sargebloben misi wevrebi:

rac ufro mcirea jgufi, miT ufro Sekrulad unda gamovides is, miT ufro mWidro kavSirSi unda iyvnen misi wevrebi sakuTari miznebis dasacavad garemos mtruli zemoqmedebisagan. jgufis raodenobrivi zrda afarToebs misi wevrebis identifikaciis sazRvrebs, Sesabamisad Cndeba individualuri varirebisa da aq-tiurobis SesaZlebloba, da izrdeba individualuri Tavisu-flebis xarisxi

jgufis gafarToeba uzrunvelyofs sociaciis sivrcobrivi aspeqtis realizacias, rasac fsiqikis ganviTarebis kuTxiT ab-strahirebis unaris gamovlenasTan mivyavarT.

jgufSi individebis raodenobrivi zrda rasac Tan misi ele-mentebis diferenciacia - danawevreba, garTuleba sdevs, asoci-aciebis gonebriv unars badebs, ase ibadeba inteleqti, cnobier-ebis unari.

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sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriuli procesi viTardeba in-dividualurobis gaZlierebis mimarTulebiT, individebis mier maTi unikaluri sulieri maxasiaTeblebis Semcirebis xarjze:

gafarToebuli (patriarqaluri) ojaxi icvleba damoukidebe-li, sruluflebiani individebiTa da nuklearuli ojaxiT.

sisxliT naTesauri organizacia icvleba samoqalaqo sazoga-doebiT da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maRali individualuri pa-suxismgeblobiT.

socialuri formebis aq moyvanili samsafexuriani klasifika-cia: 1. socialuri procesebi 2. socialuri tipebi 3. ganviTarebis modelebi - sakmaod arasrulyofilia.

ufro Sinaarsiani SeiZleba aRmoCndes socialuri formebis iseTi klasifikacia, romelsac safuZvlad maTi cxovrebis uSua-lo nakadisgan distancireba, daSorebuloba daedeba safuZvlad. cxovrebasTan yvelaze axlos iseTi spontanuri formebi dgas, rogorebica:

1. gacvla, 2. pirovnuli midrekilebebi, 3. mimsgavseba, 4. brbos rRvevasTan dakavSirebuli formebi.

cxovrebis nakadisagan e. i. socialuri da sazogadoebrivi ma-teriisagan Sors iseTi mdgradi da damoukidebeli formebi dgas, rogorebicaa:1. ekonomikuri 2. formaluri 3. organizebuli.

cxovrebisgan yvelaze daSorebuli da distancirebulia so-ciaciis iseTi formebi, romlebic azrobrivi abstraqciebi ki araa, aramed socialur cxovrebaSi realurad arsebuli Tama-Sis formebia, es formebi wmindaa, radgan Sinaarsi adre rom maT avsebda gaqra:

1. "Zveli reJimi“. anu is politikuri forma, romelmac dros ver gauZlo, radgan ver daakmayofila masSi monawile individebis moTxovnebi.

2. "mecniereba mecnierebisaTvis" - e. i. adamianis moTxovnebs da maT moTxovnilebebs mowyvetili codna, romelic aRar aris "ar-sebobisaTvis brZolis iaraRi."

3. "xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis" da a. S.Tavisufali urTierTobebi. rogorc socialuri TamaSis gan-

sakuTrebuli forma, Tavisufali urTierToba es aris urTier-Toba urTierTobisaTvis, dawyebuli yovelgvari konkretuli miznebis gareSe, garda erTisa - datkbe urTierTobiT - datkbe sxvasTan yofniT.

aseTi urTierToba (komunikacia) aris sociaciis TamaSiseu-li forma an socialuri procesis abstraqtuli modeli, rome-lic moklebulia yovelgvar iseT Sinaarsobriv elementebs,

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rogorebicaa: 1. unar -SesaZleblobebi2. simdidre3. statusi4. Zalaufleba5. mrwamsi6. warmomavloba da a. S.Tavisufali urTierToba TanasworTa urTierToba, komunik-

aciaa. am Tanasworobas ki uzrunvelyofs taqti, is zRudavs ko-munikaciis monawileTa yovelgvar Sinaarsobriv swrafvas da im-pulsebs:

utaqtobaa - saRamos wveulebaze isaubro, gaaba sja - baasi abstraqtul problemebze, moaxdino Seni gonisa da simdidris demonstrireba.

maSasadame taqti aris srulyofili normebis TamaSis forma.flirti (arSiyoba) an keklucoba - seqsualuri urTierTo-

bebis saTamaSo formaa, romelic moklebulia realur erotikul Sinaars.

aseTi Tavisufali komunikaciis - urTierTobebis dros sau-bari aris mizani TavisTavad, misi Tema araa sulerTi, magram mTa-varia ara Tema, ara misi Sinaarsi, aramed siamovneba miRebuli saubrisagan, baasisagan, raSic xorcieldeba Tavisufali urT-ierToba, urTierToba urTierTobisaTvis. ,,Tu gamoviyenebT so-ciologiur kategoriebs - urTierToba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc gansazogadoebriobis TamaSiseuli forma da rogorc mutatis mutandis - raRac, romelic exeba sakuTriv Sinaarsobrivad gansazRvrul konkretulobas, msgavsad xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarTebisa realobisadmi. urTierTobis CarCoebSi miiRebs Ta-vis, mxolod am CarCoebSi SesaZlebel, gadaWras sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani, Tu gnebavT, umniSvnelovanesi problema: ra aris individis socialur garemosTan mimarTebis mniSvnelobisa da rolis sazomi? ramdenadac wminda saxis urTierToba ar gulisx-mobs raime nivTier mizans, Sinaarss an Sedegs, romelic urTier-Tobis, rogorc aseTis, gareT devs, mis xasiaTs gansazRvraven pirovnebis iseTi Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa Tavazianoba, aRzrdi-loba, momxiblveloba da a.S. magram, swored imitom, rom aq yve-laferi pirovnebas awevs, is ver gamoavlens mkveTrad da xaz-gasmiT Tavis individualurobas. rodesac realuri interesebi erTiandebian an ejaxebian erTmaneTs, qmnian socialur formas, amiT ukve garantirebulia, rom individi Tavis unarsa da gansa-kuTrebulobas gamoavlens garkveul sazRvrebSi. urTierTo-

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bis buneba moiTxovs pirovnebam SezRudos Tavisi gandideba an TviTkmayofileba; amis gareSe erToblivi arseboba SeuZlebelia. swored amitomaa ase mniSvnelovani taqtis grZnoba, rac individs Tavisi qcevis daregulirbaSi exmareba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom taq-tis specifikuri funqciaa individualuri zraxvebis Sekveca, sakuTari ,,me”-s warmoCena, Sinagani da garegani pretenziulobis SezRudva iq, sadac amas moiTxovs sxvebis uflebebi.

aq Tavs iCens saintereso sociologiuri movlena. urTier-TobaSi ar Canan pirovnebis is Tvisebebi, romlebsac is flobs obieqturi struqturebis ZaliT. simdidre da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, ganswavluloba da popularoba, gansakuTrebu-li unarebi da individis damsaxurebebi urTierTobaSi ar unda asrulebdnen araviTar rols, yovel SemTxvevaSi maT SeuZliaT im immaterialurobis sust elferSi gamomJRavdnen, romelsac realoba iZens zogadad, rodesac urTierTobis socialur-mx-atvrul saxes SeeCexeba. udgiloa da utaqtobaa (radgan es ewi-naaRmdegeba urTierTqmedebis wesebs) Seitano urTierTobaSi siRrmiseuli pirovnuli - uSualod pirovnuli problemebi da gulgatexiloba, amaRlebuloba da daTrgunuloba, cxovrebis siRrmeebis naTeli da bneli saxeebi. pirovnebis aRniSnuli gam-oricxva ukiduresobamde midis: magaliTad, qalbatoni ver Se-Zlebda gamoCeniliyo intimur saRamoze mamakacebTan erTad iseT ,,dekolteSi”, romliTac ,,sazogadoebaSi” gamoCena normaluri da savsebiT misaRebia. aq is naklebadaa angaJirebuli rogorc in-dividualoba da SesZlebs misces Tavs Tavisufali usaxuri niR-bis ufleba, radgan, Tumc is aq - mxolod isaa, magram srulad ki ara, aramed, mxolod, rogorc erTobliobis formaluri arsebo-bis elementi.” (29, gv. 491)

adamiani, rogorc aseTi - es jer kidev Sinaarsis, Zalis, Ses-aZleblobebis Camouyalibebeli kompleqsia; cvalebadi yofis pirobebSi is gardaiqmneba diferencirebad obieqtad, romelsac sazRvrebi mkacrada aqvs gansazRvruli. ekonomikuri Tvalsaz-risiT, rogorc politikosi, ojaxis wevri an profesiis warmomad-geneli, is, SeiZleba iTqvas ad hoc konstruirebuli produqtia; misi sasicocxlo masala gansulierdeba yovelTvis romelime gan-sakuTrebuli ideiT, Camoisxmeba gansakuTrebul formad, misi Se-fardebiT damoukidebeli arseboba, ra Tqma unda, mxardaWerilia saerTo energiiT, magram ,,me”-s uSualod daudgeneli, gamouv-leneli wyaros mier. am azriT, urTierTobaSi adamiani Tavise-bur, sxva konteqstebSi rom ar gvxvdeba iseT fenomenad gamodis. erTi mxriv, man Camoicila sakuTari pirovnul -Sinaarsobrivi

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maxasiaTeblebi da urTierTobaSi Sedis, misTvis, rogorc zoga-dad, adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebiT, zraxvebiT da in-teresebiT. amasTanave, TviT es struqtura krZalavs siRrmiseul pirovnulsa da subieqturs. morideba (ridi), romelsac SeiZleba davarqvaT, sxvebTan urTierTobis procesSi pirveli moTxovna, aseve aucilebelia sakuTar ,,me”-sTan mimarTebaSi. am wesis dar-Rveva urTierTobis, rogorc sazogadoebis mxatvruli formis, sociologiur naturalizmad gadagvarebiT imuqreba. maSasadame, SesaZlebelia visaubroT individisaTvis urTierTobis ,,zeda” da ,,qveda” zRvaris arsebobaze. orive SemTxvevaSi obieqtur Si-naarssa da mizanze dafuZnebul urTierTqmedebas exeba saubari, Tu iseTs, sadac absoluturadaa gamoricxuli yoveli monawilis pirovnuli da subieqturi - urTierToba aRar aris centraluri formis ganmsazRvreli principi da formaluri, Sualeduri ro-lis Sesrulebas iwyebs.

,,urTierTobis arsis am negatiur gansazRvrebebs SeiZleba formisganmsazRvreli pozitiuri motivebi movuZebnoT. kantma samarTlis principebad Semdegi postulati wamoswia: yovelives unda qondes imdeni Tavisufleba, romelic dasaSvebia yvela sx-vis TvalsazrisiT. Tu vaRiarebT, rom urTierTobisaken swrafva aris misi, urTierTobis, wyaro an substancia, maSin saxezea prin-cipi, romelic daakanonebs urTierTobas: yovelivem imdenad unda daakmayofilos Tavisi swrafva urTierTobisaken, ramdenadac es yvela danarCenis aseTsave miswrafebas Seesabameba. Tu amis sxvag-varad gamoxatvas SevecdebiT, vaxsenebT ara swrafvas, aramed mis Sedegebs, maSin urTierTobis principi aseT saxes miiRebs: yove-livem unda urTierTobis Rirebulebis (sixaruli, simsubuqe, gamococxleba) igive maqsimumi misces sxvas, romelic mis mier miRebuli am Rirebulebebis maqsimums Seesabameba. rogorc kan-tis postulatze dafuZnebuli samarTali demokratizmis sim-boloa, aseve es principi nebismieri urTierTobis struqturis demokratiulobaze miuTiTebs, romelic,ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia ganaxorcielos yovelma socialurma fenam sakuTar TavSi da ro-melic xSirad sxvadasxva socialuri klasebis warmomadgenelTa urTierTqmedebas winaaRmdegobrivsa da mtkivneuls xdis. Ta-nasworoba aq pirovnulis, erTi mxriv, da yvela Sinaarsobrivisa, meore mxriv sruli Camocilebis ZaliT yalibdeba, e.i. imis, rac misi masalaa gansazogadoebriobamde da romlisganac is sxvasTan urTierTobis damyarebis Semdeg ganTavisufldeba.”(29, gv. 492)

demokratiuli urTierToba Tanasworebs Soris aris demokratiis TamaSi. urTierToba qmnis, Tu gnebavT, idealur so-

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ciologiur samyaros, sadac TiToeulis sixaruli uSualodaa dakavSirebuli sxvebis sixarulTan, da veravin principulad ver SesZlebs daikmayofilos Tavisi swrafva sxvebis daukmayo-fileblobis xarjze, rac bevr cxovrebiseul formebSi Tumca gabatonebuli eTikuri imperativis wyalobiT uzrunvelyofil-ia, magram uSualod maTi sakuTari Sinagani principebiT ar aris garantirebuli.

,,urTierTobis samyaro - erTaderTi, sadac SesaZlebelia Ta-nasworTa demokratia - xelovnuri samyaroa, Seqmnilia imaT mier, visac surs ganaxorcielos absoluturad wminda urTierTq-medebis ideali, romelic debalansirebis materialur aqcents moklebulia. Tu Cven vvaraudobT, rom Cven urTierTobaSi gavx-diT ,,adamianebi”, iseTebi, rogorebic varT sinamdvileSi, unda gavnTavisufldeT imisgan, rac amZimebs Cvens cxovrebas, gavnTa-visufldeT moWarbebuli aRfrTovanebebisa da gulgatexilo-bisagan, ,,nametani bevrisa” da ,,Zalze cotasagan”, anu yovelive imisgan, rac realur cxovrebaSi Cvens Sexedulebebs sakuTar Tavze amaxinjebs, es ki niSnavs, rom Tanamedrove cxovreba sub-ieqturi SinaarsiTa da obieqturi aucileblobiTaa gadatvir-Tuli. vTavisufldebiT ra maTgan urTierTobis garemoSi, Cven vvaraudobT, rom vubrundebiT sakuTar bunebriv-pirovnul yofas, magram amasTan erTad gvaviwydeba, rom adamiani urTier-TobaSi aris ara imdenad pirovneba Tavisi gansakuTrebuli da bunebrivi sisruliT, ramdenadac stilizaciiTa da daSvebebiT Seqmnili pirovneba. wina periodSi rodesac adamiani ar iyo iZu-lebuli uari eTqva aseTi simravlis obieqturi da Sinaarsobrivi momentebisaTvis, formis kanoni metad da naTlad pirovnul yof-ierebaze iyo orientirebuli: individualuri qceva adre bevrad ufro ceremoniuli iyo, ufro mkacr da mtkice zeindividualur regulaciebs eqvemdebareboda. (iqve) pirovnuli periferiis im donemde reduqciam, romelsac aZlevs individs sxvebTan urT-ierTqmedebis Tanasworoba, migviyvana meore ukiduresobamde: specifikuri gvaris qceva sazogadoebaSi gadaiqca kurtuazobad. aq Zlieri da gamoCenili ara mxolod ayenebda susts Tavis gver-diT, aramed varaudobda kidec, rom yoveli maTgani ufro Zvir-fasia, vidre Tavad. Tu gansazogadoebrioba saerTod warmoad-gens urTierTqmedebas, aq Cven saqme gvaqvs mis wminda, ase vTqvaT, mis ukiduresad stilizebul variantTan - urTierTqmedeba Ta-nasworebs Soris, zustad iseve, rogorc simetria da wonasworo-ba, warmoadgens TvalsaCino elementebis mxatvruli stilizaci-is yvelaze naTel formebs.” (29, gv. 493) ramdenadac, maSasadame,

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urTierToba TavisTavad aris gansazogadoebriobis, xelovnebis an TamaSis principiT ganxorcielebuli abstraqcia, is moiTxovs urTierTqmedebis wminda, gamWvirvale, miRwevad saxes - urT-ierTqmedebas Tanasworebs Soris; is unda gaTamaSdes im monaw-ileebs Soris, romlebic imdenad arian moklebuli Sinaarss, im-denad modificirebuli arian TavianT Sida da gare gamovlenebSi, rom urTierTobaSi gamodian, rogorc erTmaneTis sworebi da yovel maTgans urTierTobis Rirebulebebi mxolod im pirobiT mieniWeba, Tu danarCenebic zustad aseve miiReben.

es TamaSia, romelSic ,,iTvleba”, rom yvela Tanasworia da ro-melSic erTdroulad TiToeuli gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobs.

es ukanaskneli iseve mcire siyalbea, rogorsac adgili aqvs xe-lovnebaSi an TamaSSi, rodesac realobidan gadauxveven. sicrue Cndeba im momentSi, rodesac urTierTobaSi myofTa qcevebi da saubari Seexeba realuri cxovrebis perspeqtivebsa da movlen-ebs, zustad

iseve, rogorc suraTi gvacdens, rodesac sinamdvilis pano-ramuli asaxvis pretenzia aqvs. is rac Taviseburebebis CarCoeb-Si, urTierTobis formebis imanentur TamaSSi realizebulia, kanonzomieria, sworia, mowesrigebulia, gadaiqceva siyalbed, Tu urTierToba - mxolod moCvenebiTia, xolo sinamdvileSi sul sxva mizans isaxavs - rac araa urTierTobasTan kavSirSi - gvars. aseTi ram, ra Tqma unda advilad moxdeba realuri cxovrebis qso-vilSi urTierTobis faqtobrivi CarTulobis gamo.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, naTelia, rom ,,urTierTobis” cneba gulisxmobs yvelafers, rac Cveulebriv aRiniSneba, rogorc sociologiuri TamaSis forma, da pirvel rigSi, TamaSSi Tav-isTavad, romelsac mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia yvela epoqis urTierTobebSi. debuleba ,,sazogadoebrivi TamaSi” ukidure-sad mravalmniSvnelovania. urTierTqmedebisa da gansazogadoe-briobis yvela arsebuli formebi: swrafva Zalauflebisaken, gacvla, partiebis Seqmna, gancalkeveba, SemTxveviTi Sexvedrebi da daSorebebi, metoqeobisa da partniorobis monacvleoba, xa-fangi, revanSi - yovelive es seriozul cxovrebaSi SinaarsiTaa datvirTuli, TamaSSi ki sakuTari, am funqciebze dafuZnebuli gancdebiT da TviTmkmari sicocxliT cocxlobs. radgan iqac ki, sadac TamaSi fulzea, fuli - maTi Sovna sxvanairadac Sei-Zleba - ar gansazRvravs maT specifikas; naRdi moTamaSisaTvis TamaSis mimzidveloba TviT TamaSis qmedebis sociologiurad mniSvnelovani formis dinamikasa da azartSia. ,,sazogadoebrivi

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TamaSi Rrmad orazrovania: is ara mxolod ,,TamaSdeba” sazoga-doebaSi, romelic garegnulad icavs mas, aq faqtobrivad ,,sazo-gadoeba”,,TamaSdeba”.” (29, gv. 494)

es msjelobebi SeiZleba mivuyenoT sqesis sociologias: ero-tika qmnis TamaSis Tavis formas keklucobas, romelic urTier-TobaSi msubuqia, gamWvirvalea, magram srulad vlindeba (es Tema ganxilulia wignSi ,,filosofiuri kultura”). Tu orive sqesis warmomadgenelTa yvela erotikuli problema trialebs urT-ierTobasa da uaris TqmaSi (maTi obieqtebi, bunebrivia, usas-rulod gansxvavebulia da mravalnairia da Tavisi bunebiT ara mxolod radikalurad fiziologiuria, SeiZleba sulac ar ekuT-vnodes fiziologias), maSin qalis keklucobis arsi mdgomareobs urTierTobisa da uaris miTiTebebSi, imaSi, rom yovelgvari sab-oloo dapirebis gareSe miizidos mamakaci da Semdeg moicilos is, Tumca imedi dautovos. kekluci mamakacs xiblavs ufro imiT, rom dapireba Zalze axloa, magram Tavad amas seriozulobas ar aniWebs; is cxovrobs ,,ho”- sa da ,,ara”- s Soris, magram saboloo gadawyvetilebas ar iRebs.

mZime, erTmniSvnelovani da mkacri moTxovnilebisagan Tav-isufali realoba sikekluces simsubuqes, Tavisuflebas, ide-alurobas aniWebs, aq SeiZleba ,,xelovnebaze” da ara mxolod keklucobis ,,xerxebze” visaubroT. magram gamocdilebidan Cans, imisaTvis, rom sikekluce warmatebuli iyos, ayvavdes rogorc oTaxis yvavili, man savsebiT sruli pasuxi mamakacisagan, misi reaqcia unda miiRos. Tu mamakaci ar pasuxobs keklucobas, an kidev piriqiT, misi msxverplia da misdevs keklucis yvela nax-evar - hosa da naxevar - aras, sikekluce sakuTriv warmatebuli urTierTobis formas ver SeiZens. aq ara aqvs adgili Tavisufal urTierTqmedebebsa da elementTa eqvivalentobas, romelsac urTierTobis ZiriTadi kanoni moiTxovs. isini ar vlindebian mx-olod maSin, rodesac mamakaci miiswrafis swored am Tavisufa-li TamaSisaken, romelSic nebismieri erotikuli garkveuloba mxolod eqoa, raRac Soreuli simboloa, romelSic miTiTebebis momxiblveloba arsebobs TavisTavad da ltolvis an SiSisagan ar gamomdinareobs. sikeklucem im saxiT, ra saxiTac is mTeli Tavisi mSvenierebiT urTierTobis kulturis mwvervalebze dafrinavs amowura erotikuli survilebis realoba, dapirebebi da uarebi, is Crdilebis cvalebadi TamaSiT, realobis asaxviT kmayofil-deba. iq sadac es vlindeba an moqmedebs, Tan rCeba farulad, TviT movlena ukve ar aris oris piradi saqme da xorcs realobis do-neze isxams; urTierTobis sociologiuri rubrikis qveS, sadac

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ver Tavsdeba sakuTriv pirovneba rogorc sakuTari cxovrebis mis mierve organizebuli centri, sikekluce garTobad an iro-niul TamaSad gadaiqceva, romelSic erotika zemoqmedebis mx-olod wminda sqemaa, romelsac sakuTar materialur an mkacrad individualur SinaarsTan kavSiri aRar aqvs. Tu urTierTobaSi sazogadoebis formebi, maSin sikekluceSi - erotikis formebi - TamaSdeba, aq arsebiTi msgavsebaa, romelSic meore pirvelis el-ementebs gulisxmobs.” (29, gv. 495)

Tu ramdenad anxorcielebs urTierToba urTierTqmedebebis sociolgiuri formebis (mniSvnelovans, Tumca mxolod Tavisi SinaarsiT) abstraqcias da maT, ukve sakuTar TavSi Caketilebs, raRac moCvenebiT sxeuls aniWebs, es yvela adamianuri urTier-Tobebis universalur matarebelSi - saubarSi mJRavndeba. mTa-vari aq Zalze banaluri msjelobiT gamoixateba: cxovrebaSi seriozulad adamianebi saubroben raime mizniT, rodesac maT un-daT Seatyobinon, auxsnan, gaagebinon; urTierTobaSi saubari ki, naturalisturi azriT TviTmizania - rogorc laparaki, magram TviTgarTobis xelovnebis azriT, misi sakuTari kanonebiT; urT-ierToba - saubarSi sagani - momxiblvelia, aq mxolod replikebis gacvla elavs. am gacvlaSi xorcSesxmuli yvela formebi: dava an apelaciebi orive mxaris mier aRiarebuli normebisadmi, kompro-misiT miRweuli mSvidoba an saerTo azrebis aRmoCena, siaxlis keTilganzraxuli aRqma an uaris Tqma im Temebze sadac SeuZle-belia urTierTgagebis miRweva - sasaubro urTierobebis yvela es formebi, realurobaSi rom emsaxurebian adamianuri moRvawe-obis usasrulo miznebsa da Sinaarss, aq aRmoCndebian mniSvnelo-vani sakuTar TavSi, e.i. urTierTobebis TamaSSi, romelsac isini xels uwyoben, akaveben da aTavisufleben, amarcxeben da nebdebi-an, aniWeben da iReben; aq cxadia orazrovneba da ,,TviTgarToba”.

imisaTvis, rom ,,TamaSi gaxdes TviTkmari, rogorc carieli forma, Sinaarss ar unda qondes sakuTari wona: Tu diskusia sa-gnobrivia, is ukve aRaraa urTierToba, is brunavs Tavisi tele-ologiuri RerZis garSemo, radganac WeSmaritebis dadgena, ro-melic SeiZleba iqces mis Sinaarsad, mis miznad gadaiqca. zustad aseve, saubari angrevs Tavis Tavs, rogorc urTierTobas Tu is seriozul formaSi gadadis. WeSmaritebis erToblivi Ziebis forma, kamaTis forma SeiZleba SenarCunebul iqnas; magram man Tavis substanciaSi ar unda dauSvas Sinaarsis seriozuloba, msgavsad imisa Tu rogor ar Rirs daumato suraTs misi sagnis samganzomilebiani sinamdvile. ar vifiqroT, rom urTierToba - saubris Sinaarsi araa arsebiTi, piriqiT, is unda iyos saintere-

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so, gamtaci, mniSvnelovanic ki, magram is araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos saubris mizani, misi obieqturi Sedegi araa arsebiTi. amitom, garegnulad, ori saubari SeiZleba mogveCvenos savsebiT erTnairad: urTierTobad ki, misi Sinagani azris Tanaxmad, yalib-deba mxolod is, sadac Sinaarsi, ra Rirebulica da mimzidvelic ar unda iyos is TavisTavad, mxolod saubris funqciur mizanTan, rogorc aseTTan, mxolod metyvelebiTi urTierTqmedebis for-masTan, mis gansakuTrebul da TviTnormirebad mniSvnelobasTan kavSirSi marTebulad, droulad da mizanSesabamisad gadaiqce-va.” (29, gv. 496)

amitom sagnis advili da swrafi cvalebadoba saubar - urT-ierTobas TavisTavad axasiaTebs: sagani aq xom mxolod saSuale-baa, xolo cvalebadoba da SemTxveviToba, zogadad, miznebisagan gansxvavebiT saSualebebs axasiaTebs. ase, rom saubari, mxolod urTierTobaSia TviTmizani. radgan, imis wyalobiT, rom is, ro-gorc minimum, ormxrivia (Tu gamovricxavT ,,TviTpativiscemas”, es sociologiisaTvis nacnobi ormxrivobis uwmindesi da amaRle-buli formaa), is realizdeba rogorc urTierToba, romelsac, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, ara aqvs sxva survili, garda sakuTari Tavisa, sadac, is, sxva dros aris urTierTqmedebis carieli for-ma, mis TviTkmar Sinaarsad gadaiqceva.

Tavgadasavlebis, anegdotebis moyolasac ki - xSirad imisTvis, rom saubarSi Seivsos ,,sicariele”, - SeuZlia daxvewili taqti ga-moavlinos, romelSic urTierTobis yvela motivi gaiJRerebs. radgan, pirvel rigSi, taqtis wyalobiT saubari SenarCunebu-lia imis safuZvelze, rac moqceulia yovel individualuri in-timuris miRma, wminda pirovnulis meore mxares, e.i. yvelaferi urTierTobis kategoriis gamoklebiT. obieqturs moixmoben ara misi Sinaarsis, aramed urTierTobis interesebisaTvis; misi Tqma da aRqma ar aris TviTmizani, magram aris TviTgagebis, urTier-TobaSi myofi wris erTiani cnobierebis gamococxlebis wmin-da saSualeba. maSasadame, aq mocemulia ara mxolod yvelas mier erTnairad aRqmuli Sinaarsi, aramed saxezea urTierTobis indi-vidis niWic, Tan niWi, romlis momcemi, ase vTqvaT, uxilavia: dax-vewili urTierTobisas moyolili Tavgadasavali iseTia, rom mis ukan sruladaa gamqrali mTxrobelis pirovneba; yvelaze sruly-ofili moqceulia urTierTobis eTikiT uzrunvelyofil wonas-worobis centrSi, sadac, rogorc subieqturad individualuri da obieqturad Sinaarsobrivi mTlianad Serwymulia, qmnian urT-ierTobis wminda formas.

aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, ambobs zimeli, rom urTierTo-

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ba agreTve konkretuli sazogadoebis eTikuri Zalebis TamaSis formas gvaZlevs. sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari umniSvnelovanesi eTikuri problemebi: rogor gavuRviZoT individs survili Caer-Tos sayovelTao kavSirSi da icxovros misTvis; Tavis mxriv, ro-gor movaxerxoT, rom am kavSirma mianiWis individs Rirebulebe-bi da ideebi: rogor gadavaqcioT individis cxovreba mTlianis miznebi miRwevis saSualebad, xolo mTlianis sicocxle - indi-vidis miznebis miRwevis saSualebad. urTierTobis am problemis seriozulobas, metic, tragikulobas gadavyavarT Tavisi moCven-ebiTi samefos simbolur TamaSSi, sadac ar arsebobs aranairi winaRoba, rameTu moCvenebebi erTmaneTs xels ver uSlian. Tu gansazogadoebriobis eTikuri amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavisi elemenetebis SeZlebisdagvarad zusti SeerTeba da gan-calkeveba sakuTar Sinagan, cxovrebis mTlianobiT gapirobebul mimarTebebs gadaeces, maSin urTierTobaSi es Tavisufleba da adeqvaturoba sakuTari konkretuli Sinaarsobrivi pirobebisa-gan Tavisufldeba; ,,sazogadoebaSi” iqmnebian da iSlebian jgufe-bi, saubrebi aq miedineba impulsurad da SemTxveviT, Rrmavdeba, ifanteba, iwureba - yovelive es TiTqos miniaturulad asaxavs sazogadoebriv ideals, romelsac SeiZleba kavSiris damyarebis Tavisufleba davarqvaT. Tu yoveli erToblioba unda iyos Tavis Sinagan realobaSi mkacrad mozomili fenomeni, xolo es ukanask-neli aq ikargeba, maSin SenarCundeba da cocxlobs mxolod is movlena, romelic Tavisi TamaSiT, sakuTari formis kanonebis damjere, Tavisi srulyofili silamaziT esTetikurad im zom-ierebas aRadgens, romelic seriozul sinamdvileSi eTikurad aucilebelia.

urTierTobis es zogadi Sefaseba TvalnaTlivaa realizebuli garkveul istoriul procesebSi. germaniis adrindel Suasauku-neebSi, SeniSnavs zimeli, arsebobdnen raindTa saZmoebi, romleb-sac patriciebis damegobrebuli ojaxebi qmnidnen. am kavSirebis religiuri da praqtikuli miznebi sakmaod male moZveldnen; ukve XIV saukuneSi raindTa interesebi da qcevis xerxebi aRmoCndnen erTaderTi Sinaarsobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. male esenic gaqrnen, xolo TviT kavSirebi, rogorc aristokratiis warmomadgenelTa urTierTobis miznis damcavi gaerTianebebi darCnen.

cxadia, mocemul SemTxvevaSi urTierToba SenarCunebul iqna rogorc Sinaarsobrivad gansazRvruli sazogadoebis ,,rezidiu-mi”, rogorc ,,naSTi” romelic, radgan Sinaarsi dakargulia, war-moadgens mxolod formas da formebis erTobliobas. is, rom am formebis agebuleba gviCvenebs TamaSis mxolod Sinagan arss, an

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ufro Rrmad, xelovnebas, ufro naTlad sabuTdeba karis sazo-gadoebis Ancien regime magaliTze. aq konkretuli cxovrebiseuli Sinaarsis gaqrobis Sedegad, romlebic iyvnen, ase vTqvaT, ,,gamow-uruli” safrangeTis aristokratiis samefo Zalauflebis mier, gaCndnen Taviseburi formebi, romlebSic daixvewa fenis cno-biereba, formebi - romelTa mimarTuleba, gansazRvruloba da intensiuroba nakarnaxevia mxolod urTierTobis mier, magram ar iyvnen pirovnebis realuri kavSirebisa da Zalis simboloebi an funqciebi. karis etiketis wesebi TviTmiznad gadaiqcnen, isi-ni ukve aRar gulisxmoben Sinaarss, magram Seicaven xelovnebis kanonebis msgavs imanentur kanonebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania mxolod xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT da ar miiswrafian asaxon mod-elis sinamdvile - xelovnebis gareT arsebuli sagnebi.

am movlenebSi urTierTobam SeiZina Tavisi yvelaze sasargeb-lo da TviTmyofadi gamoxatuleba, romelic ukve aRar dgas kari-katuris zRvarze. ra Tqma unda, misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ,,realuri adamianuri” urTierTobebidan amoiRos realuroba da formis kanonebis mixedviT aagos sakuTari zeciuri samefo, masSi moZravi, magram mis gareT yovelgvar mizans moklebuli. siRrm-iseuli wyaro, romelic amoZravebs am samefos, ara TviTgansaz-Rvrebad formebSi, aramed realuri individebis cxovrebaSi, maT gamocdilebasa da miswrafebebSi, maTi impulsebisa da mrwamsis sisruleSi unda veZioT. yoveli urTierToba aris sicocxlis mxolod simbolo, rogorc is aisaxeba advili TamaSis nakadSi, magram swored amitomaa is sicocxlis simbolo, xati romelic icvleba mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac amas masTan mimarTebaSi miRweuli distancia moiTxovs;” (29, iqve) zustad aseve, yvelaze Tavisufali da fantastikuri, realobis aslis gadaRebisagan us-asrolod Sori, xelovnebas unda qondes masTan Rrma da swori kav-Sirebi, Tu surs rom carieli da yalbi ar aRmoCndes. xelovnebac, xom dgas Tumc sicocxleze maRla, magram sicocxleze maRlaa. gawyvets ra cxovrebis realobasTan damakavSirebel Zafebs, ro-melTagan is, sxvaTa Soris, sul sxva stilizebul qsovils qsovs, urTierToba ukve aRar aris TamaSi, aramed sicocxles moklebu-li carieli formebiT cariel garTobad da Tavisi aracocxali sqemiT motrabaxed gadaiqceva.”

aqedan Cans, rom sazogadoebrivi kontaqtebis zedapirulobis gamo saCivrebi Tu wuwuni kidec aris samarTliani da kidec ar aris. Cveni sulieri cxovrebis erT-erTi saintereso movlenaa is, rom yofierebis mTlianobas Cven raRac elementebs vglejT da maTgan Cvens sakuTar samefos vagebT, es samefo srulyofiladaa

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gamocalkevebuli mTlianis cxovrebisagan, mas SeuZlia aRmo-aCinos Tavisi uSinaarso arseboba, magram, Seicvala ra raRac TvalSeuvlebi faqtorebis gavleniT, swored uSualo realobis-agan gamoyofiT, SeiZleba ufro srulad, mTlianobaSi dainaxos am ukanasknelis arsi, vidre siaxloviT gaigos is realurad. amitom sakuTari normebiT ganviTarebuli cxovreba, romelSic urT-ierTobaSi cocxlobs socialuri urTierTqmedebebi, SeiZleba damokidebuli aRmoCndes aRqmis wesebze, simbolur TamaSze, misi esTetikuri brwyinvalebiT, romliTac sazogadoebrivi arsebo-bis daxvewili siRrmiseuli dinamika gadaecema.

xelovnebaSi, saelesio da religiuri cxovrebis simbolikaSi, mecnieruli formulebis sistemaSi Cven vxedavT da vgrZnobT-wers zimeli-, rom wminda moCvenebiTi sferos Taviseburebebi, zedapirulad SerCeuli elementebis kombinaciebi sruli real-obis siRrmesa da mTlianobasTanaa kavSirSi. es kavSiri xSirad Zneli asaxsnelia, magram swored misi wyalobiT moCvenebiToba uSualod realuri da fundamenturi arsebis matarebli da war-momadgenli aRmoCnda.

ase rom, gasagebia, bevri am wminda formebisagan agebuli same-foebis Semamsubuqebeli da ganmmuxtavi zemoqmedeba: maTSi Cven Tumc ki gagvanTavisufla sicocxlem, vcocxlobT. zRvis Wvreta Sinaganad gvanTavisuflebs Cven, magram ara amis sawinaaRmdegod, aramed swored amitom, rom masSi - talRebis moqcevasa da miqcev-aSi, talRebis gardatexaSi kvlavwarmoebulia sicocxle misi di-namikis umartivesi gamoxatviT, sicocxle, realobisaTvis ucxo gancdebi, erTeulTa bedis simZime, miuxedavad imisa romelTa siRrmiseuli sazrisi am martiv suraTSi raRacnairad Caqso-vilad gveCveneba; zustad aseve, magaliTad xelovneba niRabs xdis sicocxlis saidumloebas: Cven vTavisufldebiT ara imitom, rom Tvalebs vxuWavT da zurgs vaqcevT sicocxles, aramed imitom rom formebis moCvenebiT TviTkmarobaSi siRrmiseuli realobis sazrissa da zemoqmedebas vigebT da ganvicdiT, magram ukve TviT am realobis gareSe.

bevr Rrma adamianze, romlebic cxovrebis zewolas grZnoben, urTierTobas ar eqneboda aseTi ganmaTavisuflebeli da masaz-rdoebeli gavlena, Tu is sicocxlisagan mxolod gaqceva, seri-ozuli cxovrebis simZimis moklevadiani moxsna iqneboda. mas, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia qondes negatiuri sazrisic, iyos konvencia, formulebis sicocxlesmoklebuli rigi; ase xSirad emarTeba- wers zimeli Ansien regime - s, sadac realobis bundovani muqara ubralo uaryofas, seriozuli cxovrebisagan Tavdacvas aRviZeb-

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da. magram ganTavisuflebasa da Semsubuqebas, rasac swored Rrma adamiani poulobs urTierTobaSi, sxva mizezi aqvs: urTierTkav-Sirebi da qmedebiT gacvla, romelSic cxovrebis yvela amocanebi da simZime mdgomareobs, aq artistul TamaSebSi, amaRlebulsa da imavdroulad daxvewilSi xorcieldeba, sadac TiTqos Soridan namdvili cxovrebiseuli Sinaarsebis xmebi ismis, romelTa simZi-meebma momxiblveloba SeiZines.

zimeli Tavadac kargad xedavs, rom socialuri cxovrebis missave formalur momentebze dayvana SeuZlebelia. amitom misi sociologiuri koncefcia gulisxmobs filosofiur sociolo-gias, romelic wminda sociologias Teoriul SemecnebiTsa da msoflmxedvelobriv orientirebs aniWebs.

4. filosofiuri sociologia da gagebis meTodi

filosofiuri sociologia saWiroa maSin, rodesac konkret-uli mecnieruli azrovneba zogad msoflmexdvelobriv-filo-sofiur azrovnebaze gadadis. aq Tavs ori tipis sazRvari iCens:

pirveli Semecnebis wanamZRvrebs exeba. konkretuli mecniere-ba ar arsebobs wanamZRvrebis gareSe. maTi yoveli Semdgomi nabi-ji damtkicebas saWiroebs, anu Sinaarsobrivi da meTodologiuri xasiaTis wanamZRvrebs emyareba. swored am wanamZRvrebs ikvlevs filosofia.

meore sazRvari vlindeba iq, sadac pozitiuri-empiriuli codnis fragmentuli Sinaarsi cdilobs Seivsos sakuTari Tavi, qmnis samyaros suraTs da SesabamisobaSi unda movides cxovre-bis mTlianobasTan. TavisTavad, zogadmecnieruli meTodebi - induqcia, tipologizireba, deduqcia - socialur-istoriul movlenebis arss ver Cawvdebian. vinaidan bunebis mecnieruli midgomisgan ganxvavebiT socialuri Semecnebisas-kvlevisas ga-mosarkvevia:

1. Tu ra kavSiri arsebobs sakvlev movlenasa da TviT mkvle-varis interesebs Soris, an im socialur jgufs Soris romelsac mkvlevari warmoadgens.

2. Sedegad viRebT imas, rom sakvlevi socialuri movlena Se-dis ara mxolod im mecnerebis mier nomologiurad - anu zogad, abstraqtul kanonebiT Secnobili obieqtebis siaSi, aramed so-cialuri realobis, cxovrebis TvalsazrisiTaa gacnobierebuli da gagebuli.

amgvarad, gageba gveZleva, rogorc meTodi, romelic mxolod socialuri SemecnebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, radgan adeqva-

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turoba - Sesatyvisobis formaluri kriteriumebis nacvlad ax-ali, Sinaarsobrivi, Tavisi bunebiT socialuri kriteriumebi wamoiwevs win.

ra SemTxvevaSi aqvs gagebas adgili? gagebas maSin aqvs adgili, anu adamianuri moqmedebis romelime tipi SeiZleba CaiTvalos gagebulad:

- Tu fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa safuZvelze Camoyalibda garkveuli gacnobierebuli socialuri qmedeba (moqmedeba) in-terpretatorSic igive reaqcias iwvevs, rogorsac TviT moqmed pirovnebaSi.

- "obieqturi" qmedebis da ara moqmedi piris aseTi gageba so-cialuri Semecnebis procesis pirveli safexuria.

- meore safexurs, romlis aucilebloba istoriuli movlenis Semqmneli urTierTkavSirebis siRrmisa da sirTulisagan gamom-dinareobs, TviT moqmedi individis grZnobebisa da motivebis gageba warmoadgens. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes:

- mxolod iseTi gancdebis, warmodgenebisa da maTi Tanamdevi emociebis gageba aris SesaZlebeli, romlebic ara mxolod, ro-gorc: subieqturi sulieri cxovrebis wamier da SemTxveviT mov-lenebad, aramed, rogorc tipiuri, zogadi da aucilebeli niSne-bis saxiT gveZlevian.

- amgvarad, nebismieri sociologiuri msjeloba raime gvaris qmedebebis da urTierTkavSirebis Sesaxeb dasabuTebuladmx-olod maSin CaiTvleba rodesac is zogadmiRebuli Rirebulebis CarCoebSia Camoyalibebuli, da maSasadame, racionalur rekon-struqcias eqvemdebareba.

socialuri Semecnebis zimeliseuli gagebis arsi advili gasage-bi gaxdeba Tu mas zogadi Teoriul-SemecnebiTi poziciebidan - "Semecnebis metafizikis" poziciidan ganvixilavT. "mxolod sicocxles ZaluZs sicocxlis gageba" - "mxolod cxovrebis sam-yaros ZaluZs cxovrebis samyaros gageba" davumatebdiT Cven.

ai ratomaa rom yoveli obieqturoba, Semecnebis sagani, si-cocxlisaken unda iyos mimarTuli, raTa Semecnebis procesi, gagebuli rogorc sicocxlis funqcia, namdvilad iyos darw-munebuli, rom mis wi nmisTvis absoluturad SesaZlebeli (wvdo-madi) da arsebiTad misi igiveobrivi obieqti devs.

ai rogor xorcieldeba socialuri Semecneba: sazogadoeba in-dividis gagebis procedurebis gziT Seimecnebs sakuTar Tavs. is (sazogadoeba)sakuTar Tavs Semecnebis maregulirebel princi-pad warmoidgens, riTac movlenebsa da faqtebs aiZulebs social-ur sinamdvileSi, maTze gamoyofil kategoriebsa da formebSi ganxorcieldnen.

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gagebis es koncefcia formaluri sociologiis, romelic aR-wers sociaciis formebs, maT istoriul cvalebadobasa da ganvi-TarebaSi ganixilavs da socialuri filosofiis damakavSirebe-li rgolia.

mxolod mkvlevaris sulier "moRvaweobaSi," romelic awesri-gebs faqtebsa da isini gabatonebul ideebTan da RirebulebebTan SesabamisobaSi moyavs -"istoriuli WeSmariteba"ibadeba.

es socialuri moRvaweoba arsebiTad gagebiTi moRvaweobaa, xolo misi sawyisi, warmmarTveli da momwesrigebeli, misi mareg-ulirebeli principi socialuri samyaros "mTliani xatia," rome-lic socialur filosofiaSi figurirebs.

5. socialuri filosofia da kulturis sociologia. obieqturi kultura

am paradoqsis gadawyveta zimelis or sociologias Soris gansxvavebaSia mocemuli esaa formaluri sociologia, romel-Sic igi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb interaqcionistuli Tvalsazrisis-ken ixreboda da misi istoriuli da filosofiuri sociologia, romelSic igi sazogadoebas, rogorc damoukidebel socialur struqturas ganixilavda. ufro gviandel sociologiaSi igi sazogadoebas rogorc obieqturi kulturis ganviTarebis ufro farTo procesis nawilad miiCnevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom obieq-turi kultura ZiriTadad aRiqmeba rogorc kulturuli sferos nawili, zimeli masSi farTo-maStabiani socialuri struqturis, rogorc am procesis nawilis, zrdas moiazrebda. is, rom zimeli socialuri struqturis zrdas obieqturi kulturis gavrcele-basTan akavSirebda, naTlad am TezisSi Cans: “ Cveni kulturis mzardi obieqtifikacia, romlis fenomenic sul ufro met up-irovno elementebs da individualuris sul ufro nakleb su-bieqtur totalobas... agreTve sociologiur struqturebsac moicavs”. sazogadoebasa da obieqtur kulturas Soris kavSiris arsebobis damtkicebis garda am Tvalsazriss socialuri realo-bis kulturuli donis Sesaxeb zimelis naazrevTan mivyavarT.

obieqturi kulturaistoriuli da filosofiuri sociologiis erTerTi umTavre-

si interesis sfero socialuri realobis kulturuli sferoa, anu is, rasac “obieqtur kulturas”uwodeben. zimelis Tvalsaz-risiT, adamianebi qmnian kulturas, magram socialuri realobis ganxorcielebis,ganivTebis unaris gamo, kulturuli samyaro da socialuri samyaro sakuTar arsebobas, sicocxles iZens, romel-

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ic aqtorebze, romlebmac igi Seqmnes da yoveldRiurad gardaqm-nian mas,sul ufro batondeba. “kulturuli obieqtebi sul ufro da ufro dakavSirebuli xdeba erTmaneTTan gancalkevebul sam-yaroSi, romelsac [individualur]subieqtur sulTan da mis sur-vilebsa da mgrZnobelobasTan sul ufro naklebi kontaqti aqvs”.(cit: 64, gv. 272) miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi kulturis Se-qmnisa da gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas mudmivad inarCuneben, kul-turis ganviTareba aqtorze sul ufro meti maiZulebeli Zalis gamoavlenis tendencias avlens.

mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi obieqturi kulturis [indi-vidualur] subieqtur kulturaze ganviTarebuli upiratesoba dResac myarad izrdeba. yovel dRe da yvela mxridan obieqturi kulturis simdidre izrdeba, magram individualur gonebas misi sakuTari ganviTarebis formisa da Sinaarsis gamdidreba mxolod sakuTari Tavis am kulturisagan kidev ufro metad distancire-biT da sakuTari individualobis gacilebiT neli tempiT ganvi-TarebiT SeuZlia.

mocemul naSromSi sxvadasxva adgilze zimeli obieqturi kulturis rig komponentebsgansazRvravs. magaliTad, iaraRebi, satransporto saSualebebi, mecnierebis produqtebi, teqnolo-gia, xelovneba, ena, inteleqtualuri sfero, konvencionaluri sibrZne, religiuri dogma, filosofiuri sistemebi, samarT-lebrivi sistemebi, moraluri kodebi, da idealebi, (magaliTad, “samSoblo”). obieqturi kultura sxvadasxva gzebiT izrdeba da farTovdeba.jer erTi, misi zoma modernizaciis zrdasTan er-Tad izrdeba. es yvelaze naTlad mecnieruli codnis SemTxvevaSi Cans, romelic eqsponenturad farTovdeba, Tumca es kulturis sferos sxva umetesi aspeqtisTvisac aseve marTebulia. meorec, kulturuli sferos gansxvavebul aspeqtTa raodenobac aseve izrdeba. da bolos, rac SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovania, kul-turuli samyaros sxvadasxva elementebi ufro da ufro gada-jaWvuli xdebian yvelaze Zlier, vidre odesme, TviT-Semcvel samyaroSi, romelic aqtorebis kontrols sul ufro Sordeba. zimeli ara marto obieqturi kulturis zrdis aRweriT iyo dain-teresebuli, aramed amiT sakmaod Sewuxebulic iyo: “zimelze STabeWdileba moaxdina - da SesaZloa SeaSfoTa kidec - adamianu-ri produqtebis uricxvma raodenobam da nairsaxeobam, romlebic individuums Tanamedrove samyaroSi gars ertymian da SeuCereb-lad zemoqmedeben masze”. (cit: 64, gv. 273)

zimels yvelaze metad adardebda safrTxe, romelic individ-ualur kulturas obieqturi kulturis zrdis gamo emuqreboda.

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zimels piradad individualuri kulturiT dominirebuli samya-ro surda, magram amgvari samyaros arsebobis SesaZleblobas sul ufro da ufro nakleb SesaZleblad miiCnevda. es zimelma aRwera rogorc “kulturis tragedia”. (Cven amis Sesaxeb detalurad visaubrebT “fulis filosofiaSi”.) individualur subieqtur kulturaze obieqturi kulturis gavlenis gafarToebis Sesax-eb zimelis mier gakeTebuli analizi erT-erTi magaliTia im zo-gad principTa Soris, romelic mTels sicocxles gansazRvravs: “raimes mTliani Rirebuleba imdenive xarisxiT izrdeba, ramden-iTac misi individualur nawilTa Rirebuleba mcirdeba”.

Cven SegviZlia obieqturi kulturis Sesaxeb zimelis zogadi argumenti interaqciis formebis Sesaxeb miseul analizs davuka-vSiroT. erT - erT mis yvelaze cnobil eseSi, “metropolisi da mentaluri cxovreba”, zimeli ganixilavs interaqciis formebs, romlebsac Tanamedrove qalaqSi aqvs adgili. man Tanamedrove metropolisi rogorc obieqturi kulturis zrdis da individ-ualuri kulturis Semcirebis “namdvili arena” ganixila. swored fulad ekonomikas, da fulis batonobis scenas, rasac zimeli xSirad usvamda xazs, adamianur urTierTobaTa bunebaze Zireuli gavlena aqvs. fulis farTo gamoyenebas cxovrebis yvela sfero-Si kalkulaciurobisa da racionalurobis mniSvnelobis zrd-isTan mivyavarT. amgvarad, namdvili adamianuri urTierTobebi mcirdeba, da socialuri urTierTobebze rezervuli mimarTe-bebi batonobs. Tu patara qalaqs didi grZnobebi da emocional-uroba axasiaTebda, Tanamedrove qalaqebi zedapiruli intele-qtualobiT xasiaTdebian, romelic kalkulacias Seesabameba, rac fulad - sasaqonlo ekonomikisTvis aucilebelia. qalaqi aseve warmoadgens Sromis ganyofilebis centrs, da rogorc Cven davi-naxeT, specializacia zrdadi obieqturi kulturis qmnilebebSi, individualur kulturaSi Sesabamisi SemcirebiT centralur rols TamaSobs. qalaqi aris “saSineli adgili”, romelSic virtu-alurad yvela Semcirebulia imisaTvis, rom ugrZnob kalkulaci-urobas xazi gaesvas. obieqturi kulturis eqspansiis pirobebSi individualobis SenarCuneba sul ufro rTulia.

6. kulturis tragedia.

am mzardi gansxvavebis ZiriTadi mizezi Tanamedrove sazo-gadoebaSi Sromis mzardi danawilebaa. mzard specializacias kulturuli samyaros sxvadasxva komponentebis Seqmnis Sesa-Zleblobebis gaumjobesebasTan mivyevarT. magram amave dros ase

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specializirebuli individi mTliani kulturis SegrZnebas, da amasTanave misi kontrolis SesaZleblobas kargavs. adgili aqvs obieqturi kulturis zrdas da individualuri kulturis atro-fias. amis erT-erTi magaliTi aris is, rom ena Tavis mTlianobaSi Zalian gavrcelda,maSin roca mocemuli individebis lingvis-turi SesaZleblobebi mcirdeba. aseve, teqnologiebis zrdas-Tan erTad individualur muSaTa SesaZleblobebze da codnaze moTxovnileba dramatulad Semcirda. da bolos, Tumca adgi-li aqvs inteleqtualuri sferos farTod gavrcelebas, sul ufro da ufro naklebi individi imsaxurebs “inteleqtualis” tituls. Zlierad specializirebuli individebi pirispir dga-nan saganTa urTierTdakavSirebul da ufro da ufro Caketil samyarosTan, romelsac isini sustad akontroleben an saerTod ver akontroleben. meqanikuri samyaro devnis sulierebas, rom individebze ibatonos, da maTi cxovrebis stili sxvadasxvag-varad ganicdis gavlenas. warmoebis aqti ufro da ufro uazro moqmedeba xdeba, romelSic individebi TavianT rols ver xedav-en. adamianebs Soris urTierToba specializebuli da araperson-aluria - upirovnoa. moxmareba ufro neli tempiT izrdeba, vidre uazro produqciis aTviseba.

obieqturi kulturis masobriv aTvisebas cxovrebis ritmze dramatuli gavlena aqvs. zogadad, uTanasworoba, rac adreuli epoqebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, Tanamedrove sazogadoe-baSi cxovrebis ufro mudmivma nimuSebma Caanacvla. warsulSi sakvebis moxmareba cikluri iyo da xSirad Zalian gaurkveveli. ra sakvebi iqneboda moxmarebuli da rodis iqneboda is xelmisaw-vdomi mosavalze iyo damokidebuli. dRes Senaxvisa da transpor-tirebis gaumjobesebuli meTodebis pirobebSi, Cven praqtiku-lad nebismieri sakvebis nebismier adgilze moxmareba SegviZlia. SesaZlebloba, rom SevinaxoT didi raodenobiT sakvebi, dagvex-mara cudi mosavliT, bunebrivi katastrofebiT, da a.S. gamowveu-li moulodnelobebi dagvebalansebina.

komunikaciebSi iSviaTi da gauTvaliswinebeli saSualebebi telegrafma, telefonma, yoveldRiurma safosto servisma, faqs-ma ,eleqtronulma fostam Secvala rac komunikacias nebismier dros SesaZlebels xdis.

rogorc j. ritceri wers umjobesia kulturis tragedia Tavis globalur konteqstSi ganvixiloT. aseT konteqstSi kulturis tragediis saintereso interpretacia brijita nedelmanma Se-mogvTavaza kulturis sam problemis saxiT. modiT ganvixiloT pirveli ori problema vidre gadavalT nedelmanis fiqrebze kulturis tragediis problemas SevexebiT.

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pirveli aris kulturul krizisTagan erTerTi. es aris indi-vids, rogorc kulturis kreatorsa da im udroo da fiqsirebul kulturas Soris konfliqtis Sedegi, romelic mas ukavSirdeba. maSin roca individebma kulturuli formebis kreaciis proces-Si sakuTari Tavis realizeba unda moaxdinos, aseTi realizeba ar aris keisi, nawilobriv imitom rom “kulturuli sistema adami-anuri kreatiulobis ganviTarebas CamorCeba. individebis erTi pasuxi am dilemaze ukan daxevaa. amas kulturuli kreatiulobis individualizaciasTan mivyavarT. Tumca kriziss adgili imi-tom aqvs, rom vinmesTvis kreatiuloba rogorc dakmayofilebad, aseve ufro didi kulturuli formebis Seqmnad SeiZleba araso-des iqces. Tumca am kulturuli formebis ganaxleba individua-luri kreaciis gziT wydeba. Sedegi orives - kulturuli siste-misa da individualuri kreatiulobis sistemis “TandaTanobiTi TviTdestruqciaa”. (64, gv. 281)

meore problema kulturuli ambivalenturobaa. aq zimeli erTmaneTisagan stilsa da xelovnebas ganasxvavebs. stili zo-gads, xelovnebis obieqtis im elementebs ukavSirdeba, rac mas saerToimave kategoriis sxva elementebTan aqvs. Tanamedrove adamiani “uwesrigobas araesTetikuris sferoSi” imiT qmnis, “rom xelobis obieqtebs imgvarad xedavs TiTqos is xelovnebis nimuSe-bia da xelovnebis nimuSebs, rogorc xelobis obieqtebs aRiqvams. ”. adamianebs orive, xelobac (zogadoba) da xelovnebac (ganu-meorebloba) sWirdeba, magram orive maTganis uimedo aRrevaSi, “individualurobis dabalansebis SesaZlebloba ararealizebad idealad gadaiqca”.

bolo, yvelaze mniSvnelovani kulturis tragediaa. zimelis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebi am ideis saintereso interpretacias gvTavazoben, isini aRniSnaven, rom es aris tragedia, radgan “so-cialuri destruqcia kulturis imanenturi logikis aucilebe-li Sedegia”(64,iqve): kulturis ZiriTadi idea moicavs materi-alur obieqtebs, romlebic igulisxmeba, rom maTi Semqmnelebis subieqtur sferoSi integrirebul - internalizebulia da in-dividTa momaval Taobebs unda gadaeces. magram kulturuli kreaciis aqti TviTdestruqciul potencials warmoqmnis. kul-turis mimRebis rolSi subieqti im kulturuli obieqtebis de-struqciuli efeqtebis adresati xdeba, romelic Tavad man Seqm-na, roca kulturuli kreatoris(Semoqmedis) rolSi imyofeboda.

Tumca paradoqsuli da tragikulia, rom individs ar aqvs al-ternativa imis garda, rom kulturuli produqcia Seqmnas. uaz-ro produqtiulobis cxovrebaSi Caketvisas, individs ar aqvs

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“arc is energia, rom daupirispirdes kulturul sistemas, da arc is, rom masze reagireba deviaciis formiT, ganzogadebuli gziT moaxdinos”. (64, iqve) uZlureba, rom ver daupirispirde, es aris kidev erTi azri, romliTac Tanamedrove samyaro aris tragiku-li.

zimeli yvelaze metad im konfliqtebiT da dapirispirebebiT iyo dainteresebuli, romelic individebsa da farTo socialur da kulturul struqturebs Soris arseboben, romelsac indi-videbi qmnian. am struqturebs saboloo jamSi sakuTari cxovre-ba aqvT, romelsac individma SeiZleba mcired an saerTod ver gauwios kontroli.

7. individualuri (subieqturi) kultura da obieqturi kultura. adamianebze zegavlenas axdens, da safrTxes uqmnis ara mx-

olod socialuri struqturebi, aramed TavianTi kulturuli produqtebic. zimelma erTmaneTisagan gamoyo individualuri kultura da obieqturi kultura. obieqturi kultura exeba im sagnebs, romelsac adamianebi qmnian (xelovneba, mecniereba, fi-losofia da a.S.). individualuri (subieqturi) kultura aris aqtoris unari Seqmnas, SeiTvisos da akontrolos obieqturi kulturis elementebi. idealuri azriT, individualuri kul-tura ayalibebs da Tavad yalibdeba obieqturi kulturis mier. problema ki isaa, rom obieqtur kulturas sakuTari cxovreba aqvs.

meti-cxovreba da meti-vidre-cxovreba. zimelis azrovnebis sxva sfero, misi filosofiuri sociologia kidev ufro metad avlens mis dialeqtikur azrovnebas. socialuri da kulturuli struqturebis aRmocenebis Sesaxeb ganazrebebSi zimeli marqsis zogierT ideasTan axlos dgas. marqsi nivTis fetiSizmis cnebas imisaTvis iyenebda, rom adamianebsa da mis produqtebs Soris daS-oreba eCvenebina. marqisisaTvis, am daSorebam Tavis mwvervals kapitalizmSi miaRwia, igi SeiZleba gadalaxulimxolod momaval socialistur sazogadoebaSi yofiliyo, da Sesabamisad, specifi-uri istoriuli fenomeni iyo. magram zimelisaTvis es daSorebaa-damianuri cxovrebis bunebisaTvis Tandayolili da Sinagani iyo. filosofiuri azriT ,,met-cxovrebasa” da ,,meti-vidre-cxovre-bas” Soris Tandayolili - Sinagani da gardauvali dapirispireba arsebobs.

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meti - cxovrebis da meti-vidre-cxovrebis sakiTxi central-uria zimelis naSromSi ,,cxovrebis transcendenturi xasiaTi”. rogorc saTauri gvTavazobs da rogorc zimeli azustebs ,,tran-scendeturoba cxovrebis Cveuli - damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa”. adamianebi ormag transcendentur unars floben. pirveli, maTi SeuCerebeli, Semoqmedi unarebis gamo (meti-cxovreba), adami-anebs SeuZliaT TavianT Tavs gascdnen/aamaRlon Tavisi Tavi. meore, es transcendenturi, SemoqmedebiTi unari SesaZlebels xdis adamianebisaTvis mudmivad awarmoon im saganTa krebuli, rac maT aamaRlebs. am fenomenis obieqturi arseboba (meti-vidre-cx-ovreba) upirispirdeba SemoqmedebiT Zalebs (meti-cxovreba) ro-melic awarmoebs pirveli rigis sagnebs. sxva sityvebiT, social-uri cxovreba ,,qmnis da Tavisi Tavisagan aTavisuflebs raRac iseT, romelic ar aris cxovreba, magram ,,romelsac Tavisi mniS-vneloba da Tavisi kanoni aqvs”. sicocxle am ors Soris erToba-sa da konfliqtSi arsebobs. rogorc zimeli askvnis: ,,sicocxle Tavis arss, Tavis mdinarebas, meti-cxovrebad da meti-vidre-cx-ovrebad yofniT poulobs”. (64, gv. 265)

amgvarad, misi metafizikuri koncefciis gamo, zimeli mivida msoflios suraTamde, romelic veberiseulTan ufro axlosaa, vidre marqsiseulTan. zimeli, veberis msgavsad, amtkicebda, rom msoflio gadaiqceva obieqturi kulturis rkinis galiad, roml-idanac adamianebs gaqcevis sul ufro naklebi Sansi eqnebaT. Cven ufro meti ram gveqneba saTqmeli am sakiTxebze momdevno nawil-Si, romelic exeba zimelis ganazrebebs socialuri realobis um-Tavresi komponentebis Sesaxeb.

interaqciis(urTierTqmedebis) formebze zimeliseuli ga-nazrebebi yovelTvis gulisxmobs, rom aqtorebi erTmaneTze cnobierad unda iyvnen orientirebuli. ase, magaliTad, strat-ifikaciis sistemaSi interaqcia(urTierTqmedeba)moiTxovs, rom gabatonebulebma (an superordinantebma) da daqvemdebarebuleb-ma (an subordinantebma) orientireba erTmaneTze moaxdinon. interaqcia Sewydeba da stratifikaciis sistema daingreva, Tu urTierT-orientaciis procesi aRar iarsebebs. interaqciis sxva formebTanac msgavsi situaciaa.

cnobiereba zimelis naSromSi sxva rols TamaSobs. magaliT-ad, miuxedavad imisa, rom zimels swamda, rom socialur (da kul-turul) struqturebs damoukidebeli arseboba aqvT, man gaac-nobiera, rom adamianebma maTi konceptualizeba unda moaxdinon, imisaTvis, raTa maT adamianebze imoqmedon. zimeli amtkicebda, rom sazogadoeba ar aris ubralod ,,sadRac iq”, aramed agreTve

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aris ,,Cemi reprezentacia” - raRac, rac cnobierebis moRvaweoba-zea damokidebuli”.

zimeli agreTve aRiarebda individualur cnobierebas da im faqts, rom sazogadoebis normebi da Rirebulebebi individual-ur cnobierebaSi aiTviseba(internalizdeba). normebis da Rire-bulebebis arseboba rogorc Sinaganad, ise garegnulad

,,moraluri moTxovnis ormag xasiaTs gvixsnis: erTis mxriv, igi rogorc upirovno wesrigi gvipirispirdeba , romelsac ubralod unda davemorCiloT, meores mxriv ki, ara garegani Zala, aramed mxolod Cveni yvelaze piradi da Sinagani impulsebi ayenebs mas Cvenze maRla. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq mocemulia erT-erTi SemTx-veva, rodesac individi, Tavisi cnobierebis farglebSi, imeo-rebs urTierTobas, romelic mas, rogorc mTlian pirovnebasa da jgufs Soris arsebobs.” (64, gv. 268)

8. socialuri geometria.

zimelis formalur sociologiaSi zogierTi yvelaze naTlad mis socialuri urTierTobebis “geometriis” ganaviTarebis mc-delobas xedavs. geometriul koeficientTagan ori, romliTac igi dainteresda aris raodenoba da distancia (sxvebia - pozicia, TviT-CarTuloba da simetria.)

raodenoba. zimelis daintereseba imiT, Tu ra zegavlena aqvs adamianTa raodenobas interaqciis xarisxze, diadasa da triadas Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul naazrevSi SeiZleba davi-naxoT.

diada da triada. zimelisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba di-adasa (or-kaciani jgufi) da triadas (sam-kaciani jgufi) Soris gansxvavebas qonda. mesame adamianis damateba radikalur da fun-damentur cvlilebebs iwvevda. samis miRma wevrobis gazrdas ar-sad ar aqvs iseTive zegavlena, rogoric mesame wevris mimatebas aqvs. sxva yvela jgufisagan gansxvavebiT, diada am ori CarTuli individis miRma Tavis mniSvnelobas ver aRwevs. diadaSi damou-kidebeli jgufuri struqtura ar arsebobs; aq jgufisTvis sxva araferi garda ori daSorebadi individisa ar arsebobs. amgvarad, diadas TiToeuli wevri individualobis maRal xarisxs inarCu-nebs. individualuri jgufuris doneze ar dadis. es ase ar aris triadas SemTxvevaSi. triadas aqvs SesaZlebloba mniSvneloba masSi CarTuli individebis miRma moicvas. triada gacilebiT me-tia, vidre masSi CarTuli individebi. igi damoukidebel jgufur struqturas aviTarebs. Sedegad, wevrebis individualurobisT-

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vis udidesi saSiSroeba arsebobs. zogadad triadas mis wevrebze SeiZlebagaTanasworebis efeqti qondes.

jgufisTvis mesame wevris damatebiT mTeli rigi axali so-cialuri roli xdeba SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, mesame wevrs jgu-fis SigniT mimdinare kamaTSi arbitris an mediatoris roli Seu-Zlia aiRos. aseve mesame wevrs SeuZlia sxva ors Soris kamaTi misi sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoiyenos, an sxva ors Soris davis obieq-ti gaxdes. mesame wevrs agreTve SeuZlia ganzrax gamoiwvios kon-fliqti or sxva wevrs Soris imisaTvis, raTa upiratesoba (gaTiSe da ibatone) moipovos. maSin SesaZloa stratifikaciuli siste-ma da mmarTvelobiTi struqturac gaCndes. moZraoba diadadan triadaze socialuri struqturis ganviTarebisTvis arsebiTia, romelic SeiZleba gamocalkevdes da individebze gabatondes. amgvari SesaZlebloba diadaSi ar arsebobs.

diadadan triadaze gadasvlisas dawyebuli procesi, grZel-deba rac ufro izrdeba da izrdeba jgufi da, sabolood, sazo-gadoeba Cndeba. am farTo socialur struqtrebSi, individi, romelic sul ufro Sordeba sazogadoebis struqturas, sul ufro marto, izolirebuli da gancalkevebuli rCeba. sabolood es individsa da socialur struqturebs Soris dialeqtikur urTierTobebs iwvevs: “zimelis mixedviT, socializebuli indi-vidi sazogadoebasTan yovelTvis ormag urTierTobaSi rCeba: igi CarTulia masSi da amave dros mis winaaRmdegaa ... individi ganpirobebulia, amave dros Tavad ganapirobebs; zemoqmedebis qveSaa, amave dros Tavad zemoqmedebs”. aq winaaRmdegobrivi isaa, rom “sazogadoeba uSvebs individualobisa da avtonomiis gaCe-nas, magram igi agreTve ewinaaRmdegeba amas”.

jgufis zoma. cnobilia zimelis ambivalenturi mimarTeba im zegavlenis mimarT, romelsac jgufis zoma axdens. amis Sesaxeb zemoTac aRvniSneT. erTis mxriv, man daikava pozicia, romlis mixedviTac jgufis an sazogadoebis zomis zrda individualur Tavisuflebas zrdis. mcire jgufs an sazogadoebas mTlianad SeuZlia individi akontrolos. Tumca, ufro farTo sazogadoe-baSi, individi SesaZloa CarTuli iyos sxvadasxva jgufebSi, ro-melTagan TiToeuli misi mTliani pirovnebis mxolod mcire naw-ils akontrolebs, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “individualoba Tavis yofierebasa da moqmedebaSi zogadad im donemde izrdeba, ramdenadac izrdeba is socialuri wre, romelic individs gars ertymis”. Tumca zimeli miiCnevs, rom farTo sazogadoebebi mTel rig problemebs qmnian, rac sabolood individualur Tavisu-flebas safrTxes uqmnis. magaliTad, man erTi umartivesi ideiT

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Sepyrobil masebze miuTiTa. masis fizikuri siaxlovis gamo ada-mianebi advilad eqcevian zemoqmedebis qveS da umartives ideas miyvebian, azrs moklebul, emociur qmedebebs misdeven.

SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, zimelis mier interaqciis formebiT dainteresebis TvalsazrisiT, is aris, rom zomis zr-das da diferenciacias individTa Soris kavSiris gawyvetamde da maT adgilze gacilebiT Soreuli, upirovno da segmenturi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebamde mivyavarT. paradoqsia, magram didi jgufi, romelic individs aTavisuflebs, amave dros am in-dividualobas safrTxes uqmnis. agreTve paradoqsulia zimelis rwmena, rom erT - erTi gza individebisTvis imisaTvis, rommasis sazogadoebis safrTxes gaumklavdnen, aris iseT mcire jgufebSi Cafloba, magaliTad rogoricaa ojaxi.

distancia. zimelis sxva interesis sfero socialur geome-triaSi iyo distancia. socialur urTierTobebSi distanciis rolis Taobaze zimelis Tvalsazrisebis karg Sejamebas levini gvTavazobs: “formaTa Tviseba da saganTa mniSvneloba individeb-sa da sxva individebs an sagnebs Soris SedarebiTi distanciis funqcias warmoadgens”.(citirebulia j. ritcerisagan). ganaz-rebebi distanciasTan dakavSirebiT zimelis naSromSi sxvadasxva adgilas aris gadmocemuli. yvelaze naTlad igi “fulis filoso-fia”-sa da mis erT-erT uWkvianes eseSi - ,, ucxo ,,The stranger”)” aris gaanalizebuli.

eqskursi ucxoze miekuTvneba georg zimelis, yvelaze mniS-vnelovan naSromebs. mcire moculobis, daaxloebiT 8 gverdiani TxzulebiT zimelma didi avtoriteti moipova “ucxos, ucnau-ris, ucnobis sociologiaSi”. gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli amerikul sociologiaSi „The Stranger“ mecnierul klasikad iTvleba. georg zimelis teqsti pirvelad 1908 wels ga-moqveynda, magram ara rogorc damoukidebeli nawarmoebi, aramed rogorc me-8 Tavi didi moculobis mqone naSromisa “sociolo-gia. kvlevebi gansazogadoebis formebis Sesaxeb”. zimelis mixed-viT ucxo - sociologiurad danaxuli - aris yovelTvis raime jgufis wevri, romelSic is TvalSi sacemia, Tumca gansakuTre-buli mdgomareoba aqvs. amitom Cans is ucnauri. is erTdrou-lad axlobelicaa da Soreulic, es mis statuss gansakuTrebul obieqturobas sZens, amitom xSirad andoben mas saidumloebebs, niSnaven msajad da a.S. magram es obieqturoba mas saeWvosac xdis. zimelTan ucxo/ucnobi dakavSirebulia sivrcis kategoriasTan, ucxo ar aris moxetiale. is dabadebidanve ki ar ekuTvnis rome-lime socialur jgufs, aramed sxvagvarad gaiara socializacia

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da SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavebul socio - kulturul gare-mocvaSi gaizarda.

Tu xetiali rogorc gancalkeveba nebismier momentSi fiqsire-bulobis cneburi antonimia, sociologiuri forma ucxosi / uc-nobis/ucnauris metnaklebad orive gansazRvrebis erTianobas asaxavs.cxadia aqac gacxadebulad, rom mimarTeba sivrcesTan mx-olod erTis mxriv piroba, meore mxriv adamianebTan mimarTebis simboloa, anu aq ucxo aqamde bevrjer ganxiluli azriT araa na-gulisxmevi. ara rogorc moxetiale, romelic dRes modis da xval midis, aramed iseTi, romelic dRes modis da xval rCeba - poten-ciurad moxetiale-ase rom vTqvaT,romelmac win veRar gaiwia, magram verc wasvla-mosvlas SeeSva mTlianad. igi fiqsirebulia raRac garkveuli sivrciTi Semogarenis SigniT - an iseTis SigniT, romlis sazRvrebi sivrciTis analogia. magram misi pozicia masSi imiTaa arsebiTad gansazRvruli, rom is mas winaswar, imTaviTve ar miekuTvneba., rom mas Tvisebebi, romlebic misgan ar modian da ar SeiZleba modiodnen, masSi Seaqvs. siaxlovisa da siSoris er-Tianoba, romelic nebismier mimarTebas adamianebs Soris Seicavs, aq daiyvaneba Semdeg konstelaciaze, romelic yvelaze mokled Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: distancia mimarTebebs So-ris niSnavs, rom axlosgan Sorsaa, magram ucxooba/ucnauroba siSoresTan axlosaa. radgan ucxooba aris, bunebrivia, sruliad pozitiuri urTierToba, urTierTzemoqmedebis gansakuTrebu-li forma. siriusis macxovrebelni CvenTvis ucxoni ki ar arian, am sityvis ara sociologiuri mniSvnelobiT, aramed isini saer-Tod ar arseboben CvenTvis, isini dganan axlosa da Soris iqiTa mxares. ucxo jgufis elementia, sxvanairi ara rogorc Raribe-bi an uricxvi “Sida mtrebi”, elementi, romlis imanenti da or-ganizmic erTdroulad gares da sapirispiros moicavs. is gza, rogorc repelirebuli da distancirebuli momentebi aq urT-ierTzemomqmed erTianobis formas qmnian, SeiZleba Semdegi gan-sazRvrebebiT (araviTar SemTxvevaSi srulyofilad mosazrebu-li), iqnes miniSnebuli.

ekonomikis mTeli istoriis manZilze ucxo Cndeba yvelgan ro-gorc vaWari, ufro zustad ki vaWari rogorc ucxo. rac ekono-mika arsebiTad Tavisi sargeblobisTvis arsebobs an Tavisi pro-duqciis sivrciT ufro patara wres cvlis, mas TavisTvis ar sWirdeba gamyidevli vaWari saWiro xdeba iseTi produqciisTvis rac wris gareT iwarmoeba. imdenad, ramdenadac pirovnebebi ar daexetebian raTa es SemoTavazebebi SeiZinon, Sors, sadac isini Tavismxriv ucxo vaWrebi iqnebodnen, aq vaWari unda iyos ucxo -

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sxvixTvis ar aris arsebobis SesaZleblobebi. ucxos es pozicia Zlierdeba cnobierebisTvis, rom man imis nacvlad rom Tavisi sacxovrebeli datovos, iq rCeba. radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi misT-vis iseTi yofnac SesaZlebeli xdeba, roca mas gamyidvlad Seu-Zlia cxovreba.

garkveuli saxiT daxuruli ekonomikuri wre, ganawilebuli fuZiT, miwiTa da xelosnebiT, romlebic moTxovnilebebs akmay-ofileben, vaWris arsebobis garantias iZlevian, radgan mxolod vaWroba iZleva usazRvro kombinaciebis SesaZleblobas, maSi poulobs Wkua-goneba gafarToebis da gaSlis axal gzebs. vaWro-bas SeuZlia yovelTbvis ufro meti xalxi aiyvanos vidre pirve-ladi produqciaa da amitomaa is Sesaferisi sfero ucxosTvis, romelic garkveulwilad rogorc Suprenumerarius raRac wreSi SeRwevas cdilobs, romelSic ekonomikuri poziciebi ukve dakave-bulia. amis klasikuri magaliTia evropeli ebraelebis istoria. ucxo Tavisi bunebis mixedviT ar aris mkvidri miwismflobeli, sadac miwa ara mxolod fizikuri mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari, aramed gadatanilia cxovrebis substanciaSi, romelic ara sivrciT, ar-amed sazogadoebis idealur adgilas aris dafiqsirebuli.

ucxos SeuZlia intimur urTierTobebSi pirovnebidan pirovne-bamde yvela mimzidveloba miiRos. magram is, ramdenadac is ucx-od aRiqmeba, mkvidri arsad aris.

da aZlevs es damokidebuleba gadamyidvelebze sufTa fulis biznesze ucxos moZraobas im specifikurc xasiaTs, romelSic, ramdenada is SemosazRvruli jgufis SigniT mdebareobs, arse-bobs is sinTezi siSorisa da siaxlovisa, romelic ucxos for-malur pozicias qmnis. radgan ubralo moZravs Sexebis wertili SeZlebisdagvarad TiToeul elementTan aqvs, magram arc erT maTganTan araa naTesauri, lokaluri, profesiuli, dafiqsire-bulobiT organulad dakavSirebuli. am konstelaciis sxvaga-vari gamoxatva ucxos obieqturobaSi devs. radgan is fuZidan ki ar aris, jgufis calkeuli nawilebisTvis an erTmxrivi tenden-ciebisTvis dadgenili, aramed dgas “obieqturobis” poziciiT am yvelafris pirispir, rac ara ubralod distanciaa da monaw-ileobis arqonas niSnavs, aramd gansakuTrebuli naxatia siSori-sa da siaxlovisgan, gulgrilobisa da angaJirebulobisagan. “Uber-und Unterordnung”-is TavSi miuTiTebs jgufis ucxos domini-rebul poziciebze, romlis tipiur warmomadgenladac gamodgeba im italiur qalaqebis praqtika, TavianT msajulebs garedan rom iwvevdnen, radgan arc erTi iq dabadebuli ojaxis interesebisa da araneitraluri Sexedulebebisgan Tavisufali ar iyo. ucxos

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obiqturoba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs monawileobis ar miRebas- radganac es saerTod obieqturi da subieqturi qcevis miRmaa-aramed niSnavs monawileobis pozitiurad gansakuTrebul saxeobas, iseve rogorc Teoriuli dakvirvebis obieqturoba saerTodac ar niSnavs, rom suli pasiuri tabula rasa aris, ro-melSic sagnebi TavianT niSan-Tvisebebs Caweren, aramed sruli saqmianoba sakuTari kanonebiT moqmedi sulisa. esec mxolod ise, rom an SemTxveviTi gadawevebi da aqcentis gadatanebi gamorTo, romelTa individualur-subieqtur gansxvavebulobebs erTi sagnis sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTebis miwodeba SeuZliaT. SesaZlebelia obieqturobis aRwera, rogorc Tavisuflebisa: obieqturi adamiani araviTari borkilebiT araa daWerili. es Tavisufleba, romelic ucxos, rogorc axlo ise Soreuli per-speqtividan SeuZlia ganicados da daamuSaos, Seicavs aseve saSiS SesaZleblobebs. Semtevi partiebis nebismieri saxis amboxebisas amtkiceben, rom biZgi amisken garedan iyo, ucxo mogzavnilis an wamqezeblis mier. Tu es marTlac asea, maSin es niSnavs ucxos specifikuri rolis Secvlas. is aris Tavisufali. praqtikulad da Teoriulad is qcevebs kliSeebis gareSe uyurebs da ar aris SeCveviT, respeqtabelurobiT dabmuli. (ufro dawvrilebiT ix-ile: 66)

“fulis filosofia”-Si zimelma Rirebulebis Sesaxeb zogadi principebis mTeli rigi - da agreTve is rac sagans Rirebulad aqcevs - gadmosca, rac fulis miseuli analizis safuZvels war-moadgens. vinaidan detalurad am naSroms mogvianebiT SevexebiT, aq mxolod mokled ganvixilavT am sakiTxs. umTavresi sakiTxi isaa, rom raimis Rirebuleba misi aqtorisagan distanciiT gan-isazRvreba. igi ar aris Rirebuli, Tu igi an Zalian axlosaa da Zalian advilad misawvdomi, an Tu igi zedmetad Sorsaa da zed-metad rTulad misaRwevia. obieqti, romelic xelmisawvdomia, ma-gram mxolod didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, yvelaze Rirebulia.

distancia agreTve centralur rols rogorc ukve vnaxeT zimelis (,,ucxo - ,,the stranger”) -Si TamaSobs, es aris ese aqtoris iseT tipze, romelic arc Zalian axlosaa da arc Zalian Sors. is Zalian axlos rom yofiliyo aRar iqneboda ucxo, magram Zalian Sors rom yofiliyo igi yvelanair kavSirs jgufTan Sewyvetda. in-teraqcia, romelSic ucxo jgufis wevrebTan erTveba siaxlovis da distanciis kombinacias moicavs. ucxos Taviseburi distancia jgufisagan saSualebas aZlevs mas wevrebTan rigi uCveulo in-teraqciis nimuSebi gaaCndes. magaliTad, ucxos SeuZlia jgufis wevrebTan urTierTobaSi ufro obieqturi iyos. imis gamo, rom

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is ucxoa, sxva jgufis wevrebi mis mimarT ndobas ufro Tavisu-flad gamoxataven. am da sxva SemTxvevaSi, koordinaciis nimuSi da Tanmimdevruli interaqcia Cndeba ucxos da jgufis sxva wev-rebs Soris. ucxo jgufis organuli nawili xdeba, magram zimel-ma ara mxolod ucxo, rogorc socialuri tipi, aramed agreTve ucxooba (ucnauroba),rogorc socialuri interaqciis forma ganixila. ucxoobis (ucnaurobis) xarisxi, romelic siaxlovis da daSorebis kombinacias moicavs, yvela socialur urTierTobaSi, yvelaze intimurSic ki Sedis. amgvarad Cven konkretul inter-aqciaTa farTo wre imisaTvis SeiZleba SeviswavloT, rom maTSi mocemuli ucxoobis (ucnaurobis) xarisxi aRmovaCinoT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom geometriuli ganzomilebebi rig zimeli-seul tipebsa da formebSi Sedian, isini gacilebiT mets moicaven, vidre ubralod geometria. tipebi da formebi konstruqciebia, romelTac zimeli imisaTvis iyenebda, raTa farTo wris inter-aqciis nimuSebi ukeTesad gaego.

9. “fulis filosofia”, fuli da Rirebuleba, fuli, materializacia da racionalizacia.

fulis filosofia zimelis azrovnebis masStabisa da sirTu-lis karg ilustrirebas axdens. is aaSkaravebs imas, rom zimeli misi zogadi Teoriis gamo iseTive aRiarebas imsaxurebs, rogorc mikrosociologiaSi misi eseebis gamo, romelTagan bevri SeiZle-ba rogorc misi generaluri Teoriis specifikuri gamovlineba ganvixiloT.

Tumca es saTauri gveubneba imas, rom zimeli fulzea foku-sirebuli, misi interesi am fenomenis mimarT filosofiuri mo-sazrebebisa da Teoriebis ufro farTo qselSia CarTuli. mag, rogorc Cven ukve davinaxeT, zimeli dainteresebuli iyo Rire-bulebebis sakiTxiT, da fuli SeiZleba, rogorc specifikuri formis Rirebuleba ganvixiloT. sakiTxis sxva doneze ganxilvi-sas zimeli ara TavisTavad fuliT, aramed fenomenTa iseT farTo rigze, rogoricaa aqtorTa “Sinagani samyaro” da obieqturi kul-tura mTlianobaSi misi gavlenis SeswavliT iyo dainteresebuli. sxva doneze is fuls rogorc specifikur fenomens ganixilavda, romelic cxovrebis sxvadasxva komponentebis iseT variaciebTa-naa Serwymuli, romelic gacvlas, sakuTrebas, sixarbes, eqstrav-agantulobas, cinizms, individualur Tavisuflebas, cxovrebis stils, kulturas, pirovnebis Rirebulebas da sxvebs moicavs.” zogadad zimeli fulSi cxovrebis specifikur komponents xeda-vda, romelsac cxovrebis mTlianobis gagebaSi SeuZlia dagvexma-ros.

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fuli da Rirebuleba.rogorc adre ganvixileT zimelis erT - erTi ZiriTadi mosaz-

reba naSromSi fulisa da Rirebulebis kavSirs exeba. zogadad, is fiqrobs, rom adamianebi Rirebulebebs obieqtebis SeqmniT, am obieqtebidan sakuTari Tavis gamoyofiT, da Semdeg “distanciis, dabrkolebebis, sirTuleebis” daZlevis mcdelobis meSveobiT qmnian. rac ufro didia obieqtis mopovebis sirTule, miT ufro didia misi Rirebuleba. Tumca zogadi principi aris is, rom sa-ganTa Rirebuleba gamomdinareobs adamianTa SesaZleblobebidan moaxdinon sakuTari Tavis distancireba obieqtebidan. sagnebi, romlebic Zalian axloa, advilad mopovebadia, ar aris Zalian Ri-rebuli. Zalisxmevaa saWiro imisaTvis,rom raime CaiTvalos Ri-rebulad. amasTanave, sagnebi, romlebic Zalian Soreulia, Zalian rTulia, an TiTqmis SeuZlebelia maTi mopoveba, aseve ar aris Zalian Rirebuli. sagnebi, romlebic Zalian ewinaaRmdegeba da TiTqmis SeuZlebels xdis Cvens mcdelobas, movipovoT isini, kar-gaven Rirebulebas. is sagnebi, romlebic yvelaze Rirebulia arc Zalian axloa da arc Zalian Sors. im faqtorebs Soris, romlebic aqtorisa da obieqtis distancirebaSia CarTuli aris dro, rome-lic misi mopovebisaTvisaa saWiro, misi nakleboba, sirTuleebi, romlebic Tavs misi mopovebis procesSi iCens, da saWiroeba, rom SeveSvaT sxva sagnebs, raTa is movipovoT. adamiani cdilobs obi-eqtidan sakuTari Tavis marTebuli distancireba moaxdinos, ro-melic daZlevadi iqneba, magram arc Zalian martivad.

Rirebulebis am zogad konteqstSi ganixilavs zimeli fuls. ekonomikis sferoSi, fuli rogorc obieqtidan distancire-bas, aseve am distanciis daZlevis saSualebasac uzrunvelyofs. fuladi Rirebuleba romelic Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi obi-eqtebTan aris mimagrebuli, Cvengan maT distancirebas axdens. Cven maTi mopoveba fulis gareSe ar SegviZlia. fulis mopovebis da aqedan gamomdinare obieqtebis mopovebis sirTule maT CvenT-vis Rirebuls xdis. amave dros, Tu erTxel movipoveT sakamrisi fuli, Cven SegviZlia distancia Cvensa da obieqtebs Soris gadav-laxoT. fuli adamianebisa da obieqtebis distancirebaSi saint-ereso funqcias asrulebs da amave dros am distanciis daZlevis-aTvis saSualebebis mopovebas uzrunvelyofs.

fuli, materializacia da racionalizacia. Rirebulebis Seqmnis procesSi, fuli aseve bazris, Tana-

medrove ekonomikis da modernuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZvels uzrunvelyofs. fuli uzrunvelyofs saSualebebs, romliTac es erTeulebi arseboben da romlebic aqtorTan

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mimarTebaSi garegani da maiZulebelia. es upirispirdeba adreul sazogadoebebs, sadac barteri da vaWroba ar iyo wamyvani, rac fuladi ekonomikis ganmsazRvreli produqtia. fuli am ganvi-Tarebas mravalgvari gziT uwyobs xels. mag. zimeli fiqrobda rom fuli mravlmxrivi kalkulaciis, didi sawarmoebis da gr-Zelvadiani kreditebis miRebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. mogvi-anebiT zimeli ityvis, rom “fulma yvelaze obieqturi praqtika, yvelaze logikuri, wminda maTematikuri normebi, personaluri-sagan absoluturi Tavisufleba ganaviTara ” is materializaciis am process rogorc ufro zogadi procesis nawils ganixilavda, romliTac goneba obieqtebSi sakuTari Tavis CarTvas da sim-bolizirebas axdens. es CarTuloba da simboluri struqtura sagndeba da aqtorebze makontrolebel Zalauflebas avrcelebs.

fuli ara mxolod gasagnebul socialur samyaros qmnis, ar-amed socialuri samyaros racionalurobis zrdas uwyobs xels. es kidev erTi mosazrebaa zimelis, romelic axloa veberTan. fu-ladi ekonomika ufro raodenobriv, vidre Tvisebriv faqtorebs aCqarebs. zimeli amtkicebda:

advili iqneboda mogveyvana mravali magaliTi, romelic imis ilustrirebas moaxdenda, rom TvisobrivTan SedarebiT raode-nobis kategoriis upiratesoba izrdeba, an ufro zustad, im ten-denciis, rom xarisxi raodenobaSi gadadis, rom ufro da ufro gadaitanos elementebi xarisxidan, rom maT aqtivobis specifiku-ri forma mianiWos da yovelive imis interpretireba moaxdinos, rac aris specifikuri, individualuri da xarisxobrivad gan-pirobebuli rac aris misawvdomi ricxobrivi determinaciisaT-vis-Tumca am tendenciam adamianuri saSualebebiT SeiZleba Tav-is absolutur mizans verasodes miaRwios. Tumca, cxovrebis erT - erTma ZiriTadma tendenciam - xarisxis raodenobaze reduqciam, Tavis umaRles brwyinvale reprezentacias fulSi miaRwia. fuli ganviTarebis kulturul istoriuli seriis mwvervalia, romel-ic mis mimarTulebas gansazRvravs.

fuli inteleqtualurobis mniSvnelobis zrdiT Tanamedrove msoflioSi racionalizacias xels uwyobs. erTi mxriv, fula-di ekonomikis ganviTareba mentaluri procesebis mniSvnelovan eqspansias winaswarve gulisxmobs. rogorc magaliTze, zimeli miuTiTebs rTul mentalur procesebze, romelsac iTxovs ise-Ti fuladi transaqciebi, rogoricaa sabanko angariSebis naRdi fuliT dafarva. meore mxriv, fuladi ekonomika sazogadoebis normebsa da RirebulebebSi cvlilebas uwyobs xels. is “kultur-is inteleqtualurobis mimarTulebiT fundamentur reorient-

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acias ”exmareba. inteleqti, nawilobriv fuladi ekonomiis gamo, Cveni mentaluri energiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan Rirebulebad iTvleba.

zimeli individis Rirebulebis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas acno-bierebda, roca fuladi transaqciebi sazogadoebis mniSvnelo-vani nawili xdeba da roca gasagnebuli struqtura vrceldeba. es aris obieqturi kulturis eqspansiis fonze individualuri su-bieqturi kulturis Semcirebis Sesaxeb zogadi argumentis nawi-li. (“kulturis tragedia”)

fulis swrafi cirkulacia xarjvisa da mopovebis Cvevebis in-ducirebas axdens. is fulis specialur raodenobas fsiqolo-giurad ufro naklebad mniSvnelovans da Rirebuls xdis, maSin roca fuli zogadad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac fuladi saqmee-bi gavlenas individze ufro vitalurad axdens, vidre vidre amas adgili naklebad wynari cxovrebis stilis pirobebSi hqonda. Cven aq vawydebiT imis Zalian zogad fenomens, rom raimes mTliani Ri-rebuleba im xarisxiT mcirdeba, ramdenadac misi individualuri nawili mcirdeba. obieqturi kultura, gaucxoeba da misi konte-qstis sicocxlisunarianoba umaRles dones Sromis ganawilebiT aRwevs, rac xSirad am kulturaSi individualur reprezentacias da monawileobas zRudavs, rom specializaciis, siviwrovis da moqmedebis monotoruloba moaxdinos. mTeli ufro srulyofi-li da harmoniuli xdeba, mcire individi harmoniuli arsebaa.

10. saidumlo, sociologiuri kvleva zimelis moZRvrebaSi

am nawilSi interaqciis specifikuri formis - saidumloobis Sesaxeb zimelis mosazrebebs ganvixilavT. saidumlooba idum-aleba ganisazRvreba rogorc mdgomareoba, roca adamiani malavs raRacas maSin, roca sxva eZebs imas rac damalulia. aq Cven gvain-teresebs ara marto zimelis ideebi saidumloebis Sesaxeb, aramed isic rom SevajamoT is sociologiuri ideebi, romelic am TavSia mocemuli.

zimeli im ZiriTadi faqtidan iwyebs, rom adamianebi sxva ada-mianebis Sesaxeb raRac informacias unda flobdnen, rom maTTan interaqcia SeZlon. mag. Cven unda vicodeT visTan gvaqvs saqme (megobarTan, naTesavTan, maRaziis mepatronesTan). Cven SeiZleba bevri ram vicodeT adamianebis Sesaxeb, magram maTi absoluturi codna SeuZlebelia. anu Cven ar SegviZlia vicodeT sxva adamianis yvela fiqri, ganwyoba da a. S. magram Cven vqmniT raRac unitarul

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warmodgenas sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb im informaciis safuZvelze, romlic maT Sesaxeb gagvaCnia. Cven vaxdenT im adamianTa Tanmim-devruli mentaluri suraTis formirebas, visTanac interaqcia-Si vimyofebiT. zimeli dialeqtikur kavSirs xedavs interaqciasa da im mentalur suraTs Soris romelic sxvebis Sesaxeb gagvaCnia: “Cveni urTierToba urTierTcodnis bazaze, da es codna realuri urTierTobis safuZvelze viTardeba. orive erTmaneTTan Zlier aris dakavSirebuli.”

cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi Cven ara mxolod WeSmarit, aramed mcdar da arasrulyofil informaciebs movipovebT. es, sxva ada-mianebTan kavSirSi, arasrulyofili da mcdari informacia gan-sakuTrebul xasiaTs iZens. es im adamianTa Sinagan cxovrebas uka-vSirdeba, romlebTanac Cven vurTierTobT. adamianebs, codnis nebismieri sxva obieqtisagan gansxvavebiT,SesaZlebloba aqvT mi-zanmimarTulad gaamJRavnon simarTle sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, an icruon da aseTi informacia damalon.

faqtia, rom Tu adamianebs yvelafris gamJRavnebis survili eqnebodaT, (rasac isini TiTqmis arasodes ar akeTeben), isini amas, imitom ver SeZlebdnen rom informacia imdenad didia, rom “ nebi-smiers giJebis TavSesafarSi miiyvanda”. amitom adamianma unda airCios is sakiTxebi, romelsac sxvebi gauziarebs sxvebs. ra-odenobriv sakiTxebze zimelis mosazrebidan Cven virCevT frag-mentebs, romlebsac ganvixilav, da romlebsac ar vexebiT. yvela interaqciaSi Cven vamJRavnebT sakuTari Tavis mxolod nawils, da romel nawils avirCevT es damokidebulia imaze Tu rogor Se-varCevT da CamovayalibebT fragmentebs, romelTa gamJRavnebac gvinda.

amas mivyevarT sicruemde, interaqciis im formamde, roca matyuara simarTles sxvebisagan mizanmimarTulad malavs. tyui-li ar aris mxolod is, rom sxvebs mcdari koncefcia miewodeba, aramed aseve isic, rom Secdoma mohyveba im faqts, rom matyuara miznad sxvebis motyuebas isaxavs.

zimeli tyuils socialuri geometriis konkretulad dis-tanciis Sesaxeb ideebis terminebSi ganixilavda. magaliTad zimelis SexedulebebSi Cven SegviZlia miviRoT ukeTesi da mi-vuaxlovdeT imaT sicrues, vinc Cvengan Sors aris. Cven SeiZleba gagviWirdes imis gageba, rom vaSingtonSi damkvidrebuli poli-tikosebi gvatyueben. da piriqiT, “Tu CvenTan axlos mdgomi ada-miani gvatyuebs, cxovreba autaneli xdeba”. meuRlis, Seyvare-bulis, bavSvis tyuili Cvenze ufro mtkivneul gavlenas axdens, vidre mTavrobis im warmomadgenelTa tyuili, romlebsac Cven mxolod televiziidan vicnobT.

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ufro zogadad, distanciis terminebSi, yoveldRiuri komunik-acia moicavs elementebs, romlebic cnobilia orive mxarisaTvis da aseve elementebs, romelic mxolod erTi maTganisaTvis aris cnobili. swored ukansakneli ganapirobebs “distanciurobas” socialur urTierTobebSi. zimeli ambobs, rom socialuri urT-ierTobebi orive elements iTxovs, imas, romelic interaqciis subieqtebisaTvis cnobilia, da imas, romelic erT - erTi maTgan-isaTvis cnobili ar aris . sxva sityvebiT, yvelaze intimuri urT-ierTobac ki siaxlovesac da distanciasac, urTierTcodnas da ormxriv dafarvasac iTxovs. amgvarad saidumlooba yoveli so-cialuri urTierTobis integraluri nawilia, Tumca urTierTo-ba SeiZleba dairRves, Tu saidumlo cnobili xdeba im pirisaTvis, romlisgan mas faravdnen.

saidumloeba Serwymulia sazogadoebis zomasTan. patara jgufebSi, rTulia saidumlos ganviTareba; “radgan yvela ax-losaa erTmaneTTan da erTmaneTis garemosTan. kontaqtis six-Sire da intimuroba moicavs Zalian bevr Zalisxmevas, rom gam-JRavndes.” patara jgufebSi saidumlo arc aris saWiro, TiTqos yvela erTmaneTs gavs. did jgufebSi ki piriqiT, saidumlo Sei-Zleba ufro advilad ganviTardes da ufro metadac aris saWiro, vinaidan adamianebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxavavebaa.

zomis ufro makroskopul doneze, Cven SegviZlia SevniSnoT, rom saidumlo ara mxolod interaqciis formaa, aramed (rac ro-gorc vnaxeT gavlenas axdens bevr sxva formaze.) man SeiZleba jgufi Tavis mTlianobaSi daaxasiaTos. gansxvavebiT saidumlos-agan, romelsac calkeuli individi flobs, saidumlo saidum-lo sazogadoebaSi gaziarebulia yvela wevris mier da maT Soris urTierTobas gansazRvravs. rogorc individualur SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba daimalos samudamod. aseT sazogadoebaSi, aris mud-mivi daZabuloba gamowveuli im faqtiT, rom saidumlo SeiZleba gamJRavndes da saidumlo sazogadoebis arsebobis am safuZvelma SeiZleba Zala dakargos.

11. saidumlooba da socialuri urTierTobebi

zimeli socialuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva formas urT-ierTcodnisa da urTierTgasaidumlebis Tvalsazrisidan ganix-ilavs. mag. Cven yvelani CarTulebi varT interesTa sxvadasxva jgufSi, romlSic Cven sxva adamianebTan interaqciaSi SezRudul safuZvelze vimyofebiT, da am adamianTa mTliani pirovnuloba Cveni specifikuri interesebisaTvis irelevanturia. universi-

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tetSi studenti dainteresebulia imiT Tu ras ambobs profe-sori da akeTebs auditoriaSi da ara profesoris cxovrebis da pirovnulobis yvela aspeqtiT. akavSirebs ra am ideas farTo sazogadoebasTan, zimeli fiqrobs, rom kulturis mzard obieq-tivizacias Tan SezRuduli interesTa jgufebi, da maTTan daka-vSirebuli urTierTobaTa tipebi moaqvs. aseTi urTierToba pre-modernul sazogadoebebSi arsebul gaerTianebebTan SedarebiT, individis (individualuri kulturis) subieqtur mTlianobas sul ufro naklebad iTxovs.

arapersonalur urTierTobebSi, romelic Tanamedrove obi-eqtivirebuli sazogadoebsaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, ndoba, ro-gorc interaqciis forma ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. zimelisaTvis “ndoba adamianis Sesaxeb codnasa da arcodnas So-ris Sualedia ”. premodernul sazogadoebaSi adamianebs ufro meti codna hqondaT imaT Sesaxeb, visTanac urTierTobdnen. ma-gram Tanamedrove samyaroSi Cven am SesaZleblobas moklebulni varT. studentebma ar ician Zalian bevri TavianTi profesorebis Sesaxeb (da piriqiT) magram maT unda hqondeT rwmena, rom maTi profesori daniSnul dros gamoCndeba da konkretul Temebze isaubrebs.

socialuri urTierTobis sxva tipi aris nacnoboba. Cven vic-nobT Cvens nacnobebs, magram maT Sesaxeb detaluri codna ar gvaqvs: “erTma meores Sesaxeb icis Tu ras warmoadgens is gareg-nulad, an wminda social-reprezentatuli TvalsazrisiT, is ra-sac Tavad uCvenebs.” nacnobebs Soris ufro meti saidumloebaa, vidre axloblebs Soris. “nacnobebSi” zimeli ganixilavs urT-ierTobis sxva formas-sifrTxiles. Cven nacnobebTan “ yovelive imisagan, rac ar aris misawvdomi da gamJRavnebuli sxvebis mier Sors vrCebiT. es ar exeba konkretulad raimes, risi codnac Cven gvekrZaleba, aramed zogadad pirovnulobasTan mimarTebaSi”. imis gamo, rom varT frTxilebi , Cven xSirad gvixdeba gavigoT is-eTi rame, vidre isini Tavad gagvimJRavneben. ufro konkretulad, Cven vigebT imas, ris damalvasac sxvebi cdiloben Cvengan. zime-li fiqrobs, rom adamianuri interaqcia damokidebulia sifrTx-ileze da faqtze, rom Cven xSirad vigebT imaze mets, vidre unda vicodeT.

gadadis ra urTierTobis sxva formaze-megobrobaze, zimeli ar eTanxmeba varauds, rom megobroba gansakuTrebul siaxloveze, ormxriv srul codnazea dafuZnebuli. sruli siaxlovis nak-leboba gansakuTrebiT realuri Tanamedrove diferencirebul sazogadoebaSia: “Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamians SeiZleba

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Zalian bevri hqondes dasamali imisaTvis, rom megobroba antiku-ri azriT ganamtkicos”. Cven gvaqvs diferencirebuli megobro-bis seria, romlebic iseT movlenebs emyareba, rogoricaa saerTo inteleqtualuri interesi, religia da gaziarebuli gamocdile-ba. aseT megobrobaSi siaxlove Zalian SezRudulia, saidumloeba ki sakmaod didi raodenobiTaa. am SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, megobroba raRac siaxloves moicavs. magram urTierToba, romel-ic sifrTxiliTaa SezRuduli, SeiZleba totaluri pirovnulo-bis centridan gamomdinareobdes. es SeiZleba pirovnulobis nam-dvili safuZvlis SesustebiT iqnes miRweuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom is pirovnebis periferiis nawils asazrdoebs. Tavis ideaSi, is iseTive emociur siRrmes da TavganwirvisaTvis mzaobas moicavs, rac epoqebis diferenciacias naklebad axdenda da pirovnebebs cxovrebis im saerTo mTlian sferosTan akavSirebs, romlisTvi-sac dafarva da sifrTxile problemas ar warmoadgens.

arsebobs, gaerTianebis naklebad gasaidumloebuli forma, romelic rogorc yvelaze intimuri moiazreba - es aris qorwine-ba. zimeli fiqrobs, rom qorwinebaSi aris mcdeloba partniors gaumJRavno yvelaferi, rom ar arsebobdes saidumlo. misi az-riT es Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba Secdoma iyos. yvela SemTxvevis-aTvis socialuri urTierToba iTxovs “simarTlis da tyuilis raRac wils” da socialuri urTierTobis gaTavisufleba yvela cdomilebisagan SeuZlebelia. ufro konkretulad, sruli TviT-gamJRavneba (Tu aseTi rame SesaZelbelia) qorwinebas faqtad aqcevda da yovelive moulodnelobas gamoricxavda. sabolood, umetes Cvengans SezRuduli Sinagani resursebi aqvs da yoveli gamJRavneba amcirebs (saidumlos), rac sxvas unda SevTavazoT. mxolod im mcireds, romelsac personaluri miRwevebis didi maragi aqvs, SeuZlia qorwinebis partniorTan sxvadasxva aspeqt-Si gulaxdili iyos. sxva danarCeni ukiduresi TviTgamJRavnebis SemTxvevaSi uinteresoa.

rogorc jorj ritceri aRniSnavs, georg zimelis naSromebs „amerikul sociologiur TeoriaSi mravali wlis manZilze qon-daT gavlena. am gavlenis centri, rogorc Cans, mikrosociologi-idan zogad sociologiur Teoriamde gadaadgildeboda. zimelis mikrosociologia moTavsebulia ufro farTo dialeqtikur Te-oriaSi, romelic erTmaneTTan kulturul da individualur do-neebs akavSirebs“(64, gv. 286)

zimeli dialeqtikuri orientaciiT azrovnebda, Tumca es ise kargad ar aris formulirebuli, rogorc es karl marqsTanaa. Cven zimelis dialeqtikuri interesis sfero sxvadasxva gzebiT

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vaCveneT. Cven SevexeT imas, Tu rogor gamJRavndeba isini inter-aqciis formebSi - gansakuTrebiT, modaSi. zimeli agreTve dain-teresebuli iyo individisa da socialur struqturebs Soris arsebuli konfliqtiT, magram misi ZiriTadi yuradRebis cen-trSi is konfliqtebi moeqca, romlebic individualur kultu-rasa da obieqtur kulturas Soris ganviTarda. igi CauRrmavda ZiriTad process, romliTac obieqturi kultura farTovdeba da individualuri kultura ki sul ufro ifiteba am ganviTare-bis winaSe. zimelma es konfliqti, Tavis mxriv, rogorc ,,meti-cx-ovrebasa”da ,,meti-vidre-cxovreba”-s Soris gacilebiT farTo filosofiuri konfliqtis nawili dainaxa.zimelis namdvili in-teresi makro doneze obieqturi kultura iyo. mas ainteresebda rogorc am kulturis eqspansia, ise individebze misi damangreve-li zegavlena (,,kulturis tragedia”).

fulis filosofiaSi zimelis ganxilvebi fulidan Tana-medrove sazogadoebis problemaTa da, saboloo jamSi, zogadad cxovrebis problemaTa SefasebaSi gadaizarda. gansakuTrebuli dainteresebis sagania kulturis tragediis zimeliseuli ana-lizi. „fulis Sesaxeb zimelis naSromis ganxilva, iseve rogorc misi ideebi saidumloebaze aCvenebs, rom mas gacilebiT ufro moxdenili da rTuli Teoriuli orientacia aqvs, vidre mas mi-aweren isini, vinc mxolod mikro-donis fenomenebis Sesaxeb mis naazrevs icnoben“(64, gv. 287).

mokle Sinaarsi1. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT formisa da Sinaarsis da-

pirispirebuloba niSnavs dapirispirebas, sadac erT mxarze dgas socialuri urTierTqmedebis "materia" (Sinaarsi) - anu adamian-is sulis, swrafvis, individTa moTxovnilebebis kulturul-is-toriulad ganpirobebuli produqtebi da meores mxriv xSirad ganmeorebadi, yvela kulturul-istoriuli epoqisaTvis damaxa-siaTebeli urTierTqmedebebi - anu forma, romelSic es Sinaarsi xorcieldeba.

2. socialuri procesebi. socialur procesebSi konkretuli viTarebisa da maTi realizaciisagan damoukidebeli movlenebi: batonoba, morCileba, Sejibri, Serigeba, dava, moda da ase Sem-deg igulisxmeba.socialuri procesebis mimdinareobis, proce-sualobis yvelaze kargi nimuSia modis zimeliseuli daxasiaTe-ba. moda erTdroulad: 1. mibaZvasac da 2. individualizaciasac gulisxmobs.

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adamiani, romelic misdevs modas erTdroulad, cdilobs ga-nasxvaos da gamoyos sakuTari Tavi sxvebisagan da imavdroulad amtkicebs, rom is ama Tu im fenas, jgufs miekuTvneba. SeuZlebe-lia moda mibaZvisaken swrafvis, koleqtivTan Serwymis gareSe. rac mtkicdeba imiT, rom sazogadoebaSi, sadac adgili aqvs jgu-furi normebis rRvevas, arc moda arsebobs.rogorc romelime movlena (tansacmeli, ideebi, manqanebi, nivTebi da a. S.) gaxdeba "moduri", is maSinve - imav wams "modidan gasvlas"iwyebs.

3. socialuri tipi , rogorc socialuri urTierTqmede-baTa(interaqciaTa) formebis klasifikatori. garkveuli saxis mimarTebebSi CarTuli adamiani, garkveul specifikur Tvisebebs avlens, romlebic misTvis arsebiTia, anu es specifikuri Tvise-bebi Tu niSnebi, miuxedavad ama Tu im konkretuli urTierTq-medebisa mudmivad iCens Tavs da vlindeba. zimelma gamoikvlia Semdegi socialuri tipebi:1. cinikosi, 2. Raribi, 3. aristokra-ti, 4. ucxo, 5. kekluci, 6. Zunwi, 7. mflangveli. 8. Tavgadasav-lebis moyvaruli, 9. aznauri da a. S. aqac zimeli iyenebs diale-qtikuri azrovnebis wess da sakvlevi movlenis damaxasiaTebel winaaRmdegobebs avlens. magaliTad: aristokratis, rogorc so-cialuri tipis yofa, ori urTierTgamomricxavi maxasiaTeblis erTobliobas warmoadgens: erTis mxriv, is mTlianad CarTulia Tavis jgufSi, gvarovnul tradiciebSi, rameTu sagvareulo xis erT-erTi ganStoebaa. meores mxriv, is absoluturad dapirisp-irebulia da gamocalkavebulia misgan, radgan Zala, Tavdajere-buloba, damoukidebloba da pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba aris-tokratis, rogorc socialuri jgufis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia.

4. ganviTarebis modelebi. ganviTarebis modelis rogorc so-cialuri formis magaliTia jgufis gafarToebisa da individ-ualurobis zrdis universaluri procesi. jgufis moculobis zrdis paralelurad misi wevrebi sul ufro naklebad emsgavse-bian erTmaneTs da Sesabamisad maTi msgavseba klebulobs. indi-vidualurobis gaZlierebas Tan sdevs jgufis degradacia da piriqiT, rac ufro mcirea, e. i. Taviseburia jgufi, miT ufro na-klebia mis wevrTa individualuroba.

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriuli procesi viTardeba in-dividualurobis gaZlierebis mimarTulebiT, individebis mier maTi unikaluri sulieri maxasiaTeblebis Semcirebis xarjze:

5. socialuri formebis aq moyvanili samsafexuriani klas-ifikacia: 1. socialuri procesebi, 2. socialuri tipebi, 3. ganvi-Tarebis modelebi - sakmaod arasrulyofilia.

ufro Sinaarsiani SeiZleba aRmoCndes socialuri formebis

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iseTi klasifikacia, romelsac safuZvlad maTi cxovrebis uSua-lo nakadisgan distancireba, daSorebuloba daedeba safuZvlad. cxovrebasTan yvelaze axlos iseTi spontanuri formebi dgas, rogorebica:1. gacvla,2. pirovnuli midrekilebebi,3. mimsgavse-ba,4. brbos rRvevasTan dakavSirebuli formebi.cxovrebis nak-adisagan e. i. socialuri da sazogadoebrivi materiisagan Sors iseTi mdgradi da damoukidebeli formebi dgas, rogorebicaa: 1. ekonomikuri 2. formaluri 3. organizaciuli formebi.

cxovrebisgan yvelaze daSorebuli da distancirebulia so-ciaciis iseTi formebi, romlebic azrobrivi abstraqciebi ki araa, aramed socialur cxovrebaSi realurad arsebuli Tama-Sis formebia, es formebi wmindaa, radgan Sinaarsi adre, rom maT avsebda gaqra: 1. "Zveli reJimi“. anu is politikuri forma, ro-melmac dros ver gauZlo, radgan ver daakmayofila masSi monaw-ile individebis moTxovnebi. 2. "mecniereba mecnierebisaTvis" - e. i. adamianis moTxovnebs da maT moTxovnilebebs mowyvetili cod-na, romelic aRar aris "arsebobisaTvis brZolis iaraRi." 3."xe-lovneba xelovnebisaTvis" da a. S.

Tavisufali urTierTobebi. rogorc socialuri TamaSis gan-sakuTrebuli forma, Tavisufali urTierToba es aris urTier-Toba urTierTobisaTvis, dawyebuli yovelgvari konkretuli miznebis gareSe, garda erTisa - datkbe urTierTobiT - datkbe sxvasTan yofniT.Tavisufali urTierToba TanasworTa urTier-Toba, komunikaciaa. am Tanasworobas ki uzrunvelyofs taqti, is zRudavs komunikaciis monawileTa yovelgvar Sinaarsobriv swrafvas da impulsebs: utaqtobaa - saRamos wveulebaze isaubro, gaaba sja-baasi abstraqtul problemebze, moaxdino Seni gonisa da simdidris demonstrireba.

6. filosofiuri sociologia saWiroa maSin, rodesac konkret-uli mecnieruli azrovneba zogad msoflmxedvelobriv-filo-sofiur azrovnebaze gadadis. aq Tavs ori tipis sazRvari iCens: pirveli Semecnebis wanamZRvrebs exeba. konkretuli mecniereba ar arsebobs wanamZRvrebis gareSe. maTi yoveli Semdgomi nabiji damtkicebas saWiroebs, anu Sinaarsobrivi da meTodologiuri xasiaTis wanamZRvrebs emyareba. swored am wanamZRvrebs ikvlevs filosofia.

ra SemTxvevaSi aqvs gagebas adgili? gagebas maSin aqvs adgili, anu adamianuri moqmedebis romelime tipi SeiZleba CaiTvalos gagebulad: Tu fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa safuZvelze Cam-oyalibda garkveuli gacnobierebuli socialuri qmedeba (moq-medeba) interpretatorSic igive reaqcias iwvevs, rogorsac TviT

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moqmed pirovnebaSi. "obieqturi" qmedebis da ara moqmedi piris aseTi gageba socialuri Semecnebis procesis pirveli safexuria. meore safexurs, romlis aucilebloba istoriuli movlenis Semqmneli urTierTkavSirebis siRrmisa da sirTulisagan gamom-dinareobs, TviT moqmedi individis grZnobebisa da motivebis gageba warmoadgens. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes: mxolod iseTi gancdebis, warmodgenebisa da maTi Tanamdevi emociebis gageba aris SesaZlebeli, romlebic ara mxolod, rogorc: subieqturi sulieri cxovrebis wamier da SemTxveviT movlenebad, aramed, rogorc tipiuri, zogadi da aucilebeli niSnebis saxiT gveZlevian.

7. istoriuli da filosofiuri sociologiis erT-erTi um-Tavresi interesis sfero socialuri realobis kulturuli sferoa, anu is, rasac “obieqtur kulturas”uwodeben. zimelis TvalsazrisiT, adamianebi qmnian kulturas, magram socialuri realobis ganxorcielebis,ganivTebis unaris gamo, kulturuli samyaro da socialuri samyaro sakuTar arsebobas, sicocxles iZens, romelic aqtorebze, romlebmac igi Seqmnes da yoveldRi-urad gardaqmnian mas, sul ufro batondeba

8. kulturis tragedia. am mzardi gansxvavebis ZiriTadi mizezi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Sromis mzardi danawilebaa. mzard specializacias kulturuli samyaros sxvadasxva komponentebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebasTan mivyevarT. magram amave dros ase specializirebuli individi mTliani kulturis SegrZnebas, da amasTanave misi kontrolis SesaZleblobas kar-gavs. adgili aqvs obieqturi kulturis zrdas da individualuri kulturis atrofias.

9. meti - cxovrebis da meti - vidre - cxovrebis sakiTxi cen-traluria zimelis naSromSi ,,cxovrebis transcendenturi xas-iaTi”. rogorc saTauri gvTavazobs da rogorc zimeli azustebs ,,transcendeturoba cxovrebis Cveuli - damaxasiaTebeli Tvise-baa”. adamianebi ormag transcendentur unars floben. pirveli, maTi SeuCerebeli, Semoqmedi unarebis gamo (meti-cxovreba), ada-mianebs SeuZliaT TavianT Tavs gascdnen/aamaRlon Tavisi Tavi. meore, es transcendenturi, SemoqmedebiTi unari SesaZlebels xdis adamianebisaTvis mudmivad awarmoon im saganTa krebuli, rac maT aamaRlebs. am fenomenis obieqturi arseboba (meti-vidre-cx-ovreba) upirispirdeba SemoqmedebiT Zalebs (meti-cxovreba) ro-melic awarmoebs pirveli rigis sagnebs. sxva sityvebiT, social-uri cxovreba ,,qmnis da Tavisi Tavisagan aTavisuflebs raRac iseT, romelic ar aris cxovreba, magram ,,romelsac Tavisi mniS-vneloba da Tavisi kanoni aqvs”. sicocxle am ors Soris erToba-

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sa da konfliqtSi arsebobs. rogorc zimeli askvnis: ,,sicocxle Tavis arss, Tavis mdinarebas, meti-cxovrebad da meti-vidre-cx-ovrebad yofniT poulobs”.

10. socialuri geometria.zimelis formalur sociologiaSi zogierTi yvelaze naTlad mis socialuri urTierTobebis “geo-metriis” ganaviTarebis mcdelobas xedavs. geometriul koefi-cientTagan ori, romliTac igi dainteresda aris raodenoba da distancia (sxvebia - pozicia, TviT-CarTuloba da simetria.)

diada da triada. zimelisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba di-adasa (or-kaciani jgufi) da triadas (sam-kaciani jgufi) Soris gansxvavebas qonda. mesame adamianis damateba radikalur da fun-damentur cvlilebebs iwvevda. samis miRma wevrobis gazrdas ar-sad ar aqvs iseTive zegavlena, rogoric mesame wevris mimatebas aqvs.

jgufis zoma. cnobilia zimelis ambivalenturi mimarTeba im zegavlenis mimarT, romelsac jgufis zoma axdens. amis Sesaxeb zemoTac aRvniSneT. erTis mxriv, man daikava pozicia, romlis mixedviTac jgufis an sazogadoebis zomis zrda individualur Tavisuflebas zrdis. mcire jgufs an sazogadoebas mTlianad SeuZlia individi akontrolos. Tumca, ufro farTo sazogadoe-baSi, individi SesaZloa CarTuli iyos sxvadasxva jgufebSi, ro-melTagan TiToeuli misi mTliani pirovnebis mxolod mcire naw-ils akontrolebs, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “individualoba Tavis yofierebasa da moqmedebaSi zogadad im donemde izrdeba, ramdenadac izrdeba is socialuri wre, romelic individs gars ertymis”.

distancia agreTve centralur rols zimelis ,,ucxo - ,,the stranger”) -Si TamaSobs, es aris ese aqtoris iseT tipze, ro-melic arc Zalian axlosaa da arc Zalian Sors. is Zalian axlos rom yofiliyo aRar iqneboda ucxo, magram Zalian Sors rom yofiliyo igi yvelanair kavSirs jgufTan Sewyvetda. interaq-cia, romelSic ucxo jgufis wevrebTan erTveba siaxlovis da distanciis kombinacias moicavs. ucxos Taviseburi distancia jgufisagan saSualebas aZlevs mas wevrebTan rigi uCveulo in-teraqciis nimuSebi gaaCndes. magaliTad, ucxos SeuZlia jgufis wevrebTan urTierTobaSi ufro obieqturi iyos. imis gamo, rom is ucxoa, sxva jgufis wevrebi mis mimarT ndobas ufro Tavisuflad gamoxataven. am da sxva SemTxvevaSi, koordinaciis nimuSi da Tan-mimdevruli interaqcia Cndeba ucxos da jgufis sxva wevrebs So-ris.

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11 fuli da Rirebulebarac ufro didia obieqtis mopovebis sirTule, miT ufro di-

dia misi Rirebuleba. Tumca zogadi principi aris is, rom sagan-Ta Rirebuleba gamomdinareobs adamianTa SesaZleblobebidan moaxdinon sakuTari Tavis distancireba obieqtebidan. sagnebi, romlebic Zalian axloa, advilad mopovebadia, ar aris Zalian Rirebuli. Zalisxmevaa saWiro imisaTvis,rom raime CaiTvalos Rirebulad. amasTanave, sagnebi, romlebic Zalian Soreulia, Zalian rTulia, an TiTqmis SeuZlebelia maTi mopoveba, aseve ar aris Zalian Rirebuli. sagnebi, romlebic Zalian ewinaaRmdegeba da TiTqmis SeuZlebels xdis Cvens mcdelobas, movipovoT isini, kargaven Rirebulebas. is sagnebi, romlebic yvelaze Rirebulia arc Zalian axloa da arc Zalian Sors.

12. saidumlo, sociologiuri kvleva zimelis moZRvrebaSi saidumlooba idumaleba ganisazRvreba rogorc mdgomareo-

ba, roca adamiani malavs raRacas maSin, roca sxva eZebs imas rac damalulia.zimeli im ZiriTadi faqtidan iwyebs, rom adamianebi sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb raRac informacias unda flobdnen, rom maTTan interaqcia SeZlon. mag. Cven unda vicodeT visTan gva-qvs saqme (megobarTan, naTesavTan, maRaziis mepatronesTan). Cven SeiZleba bevri ram vicodeT adamianebis Sesaxeb, magram maTi ab-soluturi codna SeuZlebelia. saidumloeba Serwymulia sazo-gadoebis zomasTan. patara jgufebSi, rTulia saidumlos gan-viTareba; “radgan yvela axlosaa erTmaneTTan da erTmaneTis garemosTan. kontaqtis sixSire da intimuroba moicavs Zalian bevr Zalisxmevas, rom gamJRavndes.” patara jgufebSi saidumlo arc aris saWiro, TiTqos yvela erTmaneTs gavs. did jgufebSi ki piriqiT, saidumlo SeiZleba ufro advilad ganviTardes da ufro metadac aris saWiro, vinaidan adamianebs Soris mniSvnelo-vani gansxavavebaa.

13. saidumlooba da socialuri urTierTobebizimeli socialuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva formas urT-

ierTcodnisa da urTierTgasaidumlebis Tvalsazrisidan ganix-ilavs. mag. Cven yvelani CarTulebi varT interesTa sxvadasxva jgufSi, romlSic Cven sxva adamianebTan interaqciaSi SezRudul safuZvelze vimyofebiT, da am adamianTa mTliani pirovnuloba Cveni specifikuri interesebisaTvis irelevanturia. universi-tetSi studenti dainteresebulia imiT Tu ras ambobs profe-sori da akeTebs auditoriaSi da ara profesoris cxovrebis da pirovnulobis yvela aspeqtiT. akavSirebs ra am ideas farTo sazogadoebasTan, zimeli fiqrobs, rom kulturis mzard obieq-

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tivizacias Tan SezRuduli interesTa jgufebi, da maTTan daka-vSirebuli urTierTobaTa tipebi moaqvs. aseTi urTierToba pre-modernul sazogadoebebSi arsebul gaerTianebebTan SedarebiT, individis (individualuri kulturis) subieqtur mTlianobas sul ufro naklebad iTxovs.

arapersonalur urTierTobebSi, romelic Tanamedrove obi-eqtivirebuli sazogadoebsaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, ndoba, ro-gorc interaqciis forma ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. zimelisaTvis “ndoba adamianis Sesaxeb codnasa da arcodnas So-ris Sualedia ”. premodernul sazogadoebaSi adamianebs ufro meti codna hqondaT imaT Sesaxeb, visTanac urTierTobdnen. ma-gram Tanamedrove samyaroSi Cven am SesaZleblobas moklebulni varT. studentebma ar ician Zalian bevri TavianTi profesorebis Sesaxeb (da piriqiT) magram maT unda hqondeT rwmena, rom maTi profesori daniSnul dros gamoCndeba da konkretul Temebze isaubrebs.

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kiTxvebi1. ganmarteT „Sinaarsisa“ da „formis“ cnebebis zimeliseuli daxasiaTebis arsebiTi niSnebi.2. gamoyaviT interaqciis socialur procesebad, tipebad da ganviTarebis modelebad klasifikaciis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.3. ra upiratesoba aqvs cxovrebis uSualo nakadisgan distancireba, daSorebulobis mixedviT interaqciaTa dalagebas daklasifikacias? 4. daaxasiaTeT Tavisufali interaqciebis(urTierTobebis) raoba da roli adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.5. ganmarteT debulebis arsi: „filosofiuri sociologia saWiroa maSin, rodesac konkretuli mecnieruli azrovneba zogad msoflmxedvelobriv - filosofiur azrovnebaze gadadis“.6. ganmarteT „kulturis tragediis“ arsi.7. ganmarteT debuleba: socialuri cxovreba ,,qmnis da Tavisi Tavisagan aTavisuflebs raRac iseT, romelic ar aris cxovreba, magram ,,romelsac Tavisi mniSvneloba da Tavisi kanoni aqvs”.sicocxle am ors Soris: “meti-cxovrebis” da “meti-vidrecxovrebis” erTobasa da konfliqtSi arsebobs.8. ra aris socialuri geometria? ra mniSvneloba aqvs jgufis struqturuli mdgradobisaTvis misi wevrebis raodenobas?9. ra aris socialuri distancia?10. socialuri distancia, fuli, Rirebuleba - ra kavSiri arsebobs am cnebebs Soris?11. ndoba, rogorc interaqciis forma ratom xdeba ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani modernul sazogadoebaSi, vidre es premodernul sazogadoebaSi iyo?

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leqcia merve

vilfredo paretos sociologiuri koncefcia

1. cxovreba da mecnieruli moRvaweoba.2. ideuri wyaroebi da msoflmxedvelobis Tavisebureba3. meTodologia: logikur - eqsperimentuli meTodi4. logikuri da aralogikuri qcevebi (qmedebebi)5. fsiqologiuri reduqcionizmi6. warmoebulebi(derivacioni) - ideologiis koncefcia7. sazogadoeba, rogorc individTa urTierTqmedebis sistema - sociologiuri sinTezi.8. elitaTa wrebrunvis koncefcia

sakvanZo sityvebi dagamoTqmebi: logikur - eqsperimentalurimeTodi, funqcionaluri axs-

na, ,,arseba - esaa sagani, romelic ucnobia mecnierebisaTvis“, ,,dinamikuri wonasworoba“, ,,logikur“ da ,,aralogikur“ moq-medebebi, grZnobebi, rogorc adamianuri istoriis WeSmariti ma-moZravebeli Zalebi. ,,rezidui“ -,,narCenebi“ - naSTi, ,,kombinaci-aTa instiqtebi“, „agregatTa mudmivoba“, ideologiebi rogorc ,,grZnobaTa enebi“, elitaTa wrebrunvis koncefcia, socialuri heterogenoba, ,,Tanxmoba da Zala istoriis mTel manZilze marT-vis instruments warmoadgens“, socialuri mobiloba, ,,istoria aristokratiis sasaflaoa“.

1. vilfredo pareto: cxovreba da mecnieruli moRvaweoba.

vilfredo pareto 1848 wlis 15 ivliss, qalaq parizSi italie-li markizis ojaxSi daibada, misi ojaxi warmoSobiT liguriidan (italia)

iyo, romelic XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi damsaxurebebisa gamo jer didebulebSi, xolo Semdeg genuis patriciatSi aRmoCnda. paretos babua jovani benedeto pareto 1811 wels, napoleonis imperatorobisas, baronis xarisxSi aiyvanes - wodeba uboZes. pa-retos mama, romelic mazinis momxre iyo, Tavisi liberaluri da respublikuri Sexedulebebis gamo iZulebuli iyo emigraciaSi

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wasuliyo. parizSi is mari metenieze daqorwinda; paretos deda frangi aristokrati iyo, amitomac vilfredom bavSvobidanve orive mSoblis ena erTnairad kargad icoda. magram, rogorc misi biografebi weren, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi is Tavs uwin-aresad yovlisa italielad grZnobda da miiCnevda.

1858 wels paretos ojaxi italiaSi brundeba. aq is saukeTeso erTdroulad klasikur humanitarul da teqnikur ganaTlebas iRebs. did yuradRebas maTematikis Seswavlas uTmobda. turin-Si, politeqnikuri skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1869 wels Temaze: „myar sxeulebSi wonasworobis fundamenturi principebi“ dis-ertacias icavs. Tu mis momdevno ekonomikur da sociologi-ur SromebSi wonasworobis cnebis mniSvnelovan adgils (rols) gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin es winaswarmetyvelur Temad aRiqmeba.

1887 - 1892 wleebis manZilze mas rkinigzis samarTvelosa da metalurgiul kompaniaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi ekava. samsaxureobrivi movaleobebis gamo mas xSirad sazRvar-gareT, gansakuTrebiT inglisSi mivlinebebiT gamgzavreba uw-evs. igi florenciis adam smitis sazogadoebasTan erTad ital-iis mTavrobis militaristuli politikis, proteqcionizmisa da saxelmwifo socializmis winaaRmdeg gamarTul kampaniebSi iRebs monawileobas. am periodSi igi demokrati da liberalizmis Tan-mimdevruli momxrea. mecxramete saukunis 90 - ian wleebSi igi politikuri saqmianobis wamowyebas warumateblad cdilobs. amave dros igi bevrs kiTxulobs, mraval publicistur werils aqveynebs da klasikur teqstebs Targmnis.

1889 wels rusi erovnebis aleqsandra bakuninaze qorwindeba. amave wels qalaq romSi gamarTul kongresis „mSvidobisa da saer-TaSoriso arbitraJisaTvis“ muSaobaSi monawileobs. misi wina-dadebiT kongresi Tavisufali vaWrobis sasargeblod mimarTvas avrcelebs.

1991 wels pareto maTeo pantaleonis Sromas „wminda ekono-mikis safuZvlebi“ ecnoba. es ukanaskneli paretos l. valrasis, kurnosa da ejuortis Sromebs acnobs. erT-erTi misi leqcia milanSi policiam akrZala. ecnoba leonel valrass. amave dros italiis mTavroba politikuri ekonomiis kursis ufasi kiTxvaze uars eubneba.

mecxramete saukunis 90 - ian wleebis pirvel naxevarSi pare-to ekonomikurei Teoriisa da maTematikuri ekonomikis sferoSi gamokvlevebs aqveynebs.

1892 wels, l. valrasi paretos sTavazobs mis nacvlad lozanis universitetSi politikuri ekonomiis kaTedras uxelmZRvane-los.

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1893 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde igi SveicariaSi lozanis universitetis politikuri ekonomiis profesori iyo. am wlidan iwyeba misi axali gza, romelic mTlianad mecnierebas eZRvneba da misi Txzulebebis publikaciebis simravliTaa aRsaniSnavi.

1896 – 1897 ww. lozanaSi paretos Sroma“politikuri ekonoomi-is kursi“ frangul enaze gamoqveynda.

1898 wels pareto Tavisi biZisagan memkvidreobiT did qonebas iRebs. SveicariaSi igi milansa da paviaSi areulobebis Sedegad represirebul italiel socialistebs iRebs.

1901 wels pareto Jenevis kantonSi, selinSi Jenevis tbis sana-piroze, sakuTar vila „angoraSi“ saxldeba. misi Sexedulebebi ufro konsevatiuli xdeba da dekadenturi burJuaziis humanita-rizmTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis. amave wels parizis umaRles sko-laSi leqciebis kursis wasakiTxad miemgzavreba. coli tovebs da ruseTSi miemgzavreba. pareto dauyovnebliv gayras iTxovs.

1902 wels igi Jana reJisTan erTad iwyebs cxovrebas, romel-zec sikvdilamde cota xniT adre daiwera jvari(iqorwina); es is qalbatonia, romelsac paretom „zogadi sociologiis traqta-ti“ miuZRvna.

1901 - 1902 ww parizSi frangul enaze misi Sroma „socialistu-ri sistemebi“ gamoica. xolo 1907 wels milanSi italiur enaze „politikuri ekonomiis saxelmZRvanelo“ daibeWda.

1907 - 1908 wleebSi pareto avadmyofobis gamo politikuri ekonoomiis

kursis kiTxvas TandaTanobiT paskal boninzenis uTmobs.1912 wels is wyvets politikuri ekonomiis swavlebas da mx-

olod sociologiis Semoklebul kurss itovebs.1909 wels „politkuri ekonomiis saxelmZRvanelos“ mniS-

vnelovnad gadamuSavebuli franguli Targmani gamodis.1911 wels parizSi frangul enaze qveyndeba paretos naSromi

„saTno miTi da uzneo literatura“.1916 wels pareto ukanasknelad kiTxulobs leqciebs socio-

logiaSi. florenciaSi ki misi „zogadi sociologiis traqtati“ gamoica.

1917 - 1919 ww lozanasa da parizSi, misi „zogadi sociologiis traqtatis“ franguli Targmani daibeWda.

1918 wels lozanis universitetSi dabadebidan 70 wlis iubile gadauxades.

1920 wels florenciaSi pirveli msoflio omisadmi politikuri statiebis krebuli saTauriT „xdomilebebi da Teoriebi“ gamoica.

1921 wels qveyndeba Sroma „demokratiis gardaqmnebi“.

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1922 wels igi Sveicariis socialistebis mier msxvili qonebis dabegvris Taobaze Setanil winadadebas aprotestebs da ram-

denime TviT divonSi saxldeba. wlis bolos igi eTanxmeba erTa ligaSi italiis mTavrobis (b. musolinis meTaurobiT) wardgenis winadadebas.

paretos sicocxlis ukanasknel wels italiaSi faSisturi reJimi damyarda. am reJimis zogierTi cnobili warmomadgeneli da

Tavad duCec ki, lozaneli profesoris moswavleebad miiCnevd-nen Tavs. amis gamo 1923 wels paretos italiis senatoris wodeba mianiWes.1923 wels paretom „JerarCii“ - Si dabeWdil or statiaSi axali reJimis mimarT TavSekavebuli mxardaWera gamoxata, Tumca amave dros maT mouwoda liberalurni yofiliyvnen da akademiu-ri Tavisufleba ar SeezRudaT.

vilfredo pareto 1923 wlis 19 agvistos se - linSi (Sveicaria) gardaicvala, sadac is sicocxlis bolo wleebSi cxovrobda; iqve dakrZales.

rogorc ukve iTqva, paretos pirveli mecnieruli Sromebi ekonomikas eZRvneboda. „mecnierebis istoriaSi is upirveles yovlisa ekonomistis saxeliTaa cnobili. mas Semosavlebis ganaw-ilebis, monopolisturi bazris gamokvlevebSi, ekonometriis Cam-oyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis“(22, leqcia meSvide). magram TandaTanobiT igi adamianis rogorc Homo Oeconomicus - ze warmodgenebis arasakmarisobas da araadeqvaturobas ac-nobierebs. Tavis mxriv, es gacnobiereba im dros gaZlierebuli adamianis racionaluri koncefciisadmi paretos uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT iyo gapirobebuli. adamianis arsebis ufro ad-eqvaturi da mTliani modelis Ziebas sociologiuri kvlevebisas mimarTavs. sociologiisadmi es mobruneba SedarebiT gvian xde-ba, roca is ukve Camoyalibebuli da cnobili mecnieri iyo, magram es mobruneba ara uceb, aramed nel - nela da TandaTanobiT xde-ba. amgvari Sexedulebebi, jer kidev mis iseT arasociologiur SromebSia SesamCnevi, rogorebicaa: „politikuri ekonomiis kur-si“ (1896 – 1997), „socialisturi sistema“(1906) da „politikuri ekonomiis saxelmZRvanelo“(1906). ukve 1897 wels pareto loza-nis universitetSi sociologiis kurss kiTxulobs, romlis kiTx-vasac is maSinac ki agrZelebs, rodesac avadmyofobis gamo iZu-lebuli iyo ekonomikis swavlebaze uari eTqva.

paretos yvelaze didi Sroma, romelSic misi sociologiuri Teoriebia warmodgenili - „:zogadi sociologiis traqtatia“. pareto am Sromas 1907 wlidan 1912 wlamde werda. „traqtatis“ italiuri originali pirvelad 1916 wels gamoqveynda, franguli

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varianti, romelic paretom Tavad Seamowma da moiwona, 1917 – 1919 wleebSi gamoqveynda. misi uzarmazari moculobis Sroma bunebi-smecnieruli da geometriuli stiliTaa dawerili. igi daaxloe-biT didi formatis 2 aTasamde nabeWd gverds, 13 Tavs, 2612 para-grafs, Tu damatebebs ar CavTvliT - moicavs.(ufro dawvrilebiT ixile: 22, leqcia meSvide)

2. ideuri wyaroebi da msoflmxedvelobis Tavisebureba.

paretos sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis wyaroebi mraval-ferovania. rogorc v. paretos sociologiuri memkvidreobis rusi mkvlevari a. gofmani aRniSnavs, masze inJinris, maTematiko-sis da ekonomistis, - romlebsac zust monacemebTan da praqti-kul efeqturobasTan aqvT saqme - codnam da gamocdilebam ueWve-lad imoqmeda. garda amisa arsebobda iseTi gavlenebic, romlebic humanitaruli da socialuri codnis sferoebidan modioda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ekonomikuri wonasworobis Teoriis avto-ris leon valrasis garda, upirveles yovlisa, nikolo makiaveli, aseve social - darvinizmi, g. lebonisa da g. tardis instiqtivis-turi fsiqologia, italiuri kriminologiuri skola, Zaladobi-sa da socialuri miTis Teoretikosi JorJ soreli, sazogadoebis mmarTvelebad da marTulebad danawilebis Teoretikosi italie-li politikuri mecnieri gaetano moska unda davasaxeloT.

marTalia, pareto marqsis Teorias mTlianobaSi uaryofiT-ad afasebda, da mas erT-erT ZiriTad „ideologiad“ ganixila-vda, miuxedavad amisa marqsis moZRvrebis zogierTi koncefci-is(istoriis materialisturi gageba, klasTa brZolis Teoria) mecnierul Rirebulebas da mniSvnelobas aRiarebda. klasobrivi brZola, paretos TvalsazrisiT, farTo mniSvnelobiT unda ga-nixilebodes, radgan mas mTeli kacobriobis arsebobis manZilze aqvs adgili da klasobrivi konfliqtebi „Sromisa da kapitalis“ konfliqtis gaqrobasTan erTad srulebiTac ar gaqreba. istori-uli materializmi, paretos Tanaxmad, „WeSmaritebis mxolod naw-ils moicavs, romelic ekonomikisa da sxva socialuri movlenebis urTierTdamokidebulebis arsebobaSi mdgomareobs. Secdoma ki am urTierTdamokidebulebis mizezisa da Sedegis urTierTobad gadaqcevaSia“ (iqve).

paretos sulieri evoluciis, misi RirebulebiTi orienta-ciebis radikaluri metamorfozis gavlenas misi sociologiu-ri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebaze, paretos mecnieruli Semo-

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qmedebis mkvlevarebi erTxmad aRniSnaven. Tavdapirvelad is, rogorc mamamisi, demokrati, liberali da humanisturi Sexed-ulebebis momxre iyo. magram Semdeg, daaxloebiT 1900 wels, misi Tanamedrove italiis politikur cxovrebaze dakvirvebebma, pa-reto Rrma imedgacruebasTan da axalgazrdobis idealebis gada-fasebasTan miiyvana. am RirebulebaTa gadafasebas misi egoizmi, aristokratiuli crurwmenebi, politikur karierasa da pirad cxovrebaSi gancdili warumateblobebi amwvavebda. rogorc es Rrmad imedgacruebul

adamianebSi, romlebmac Rrma ideur - fsiqologiuri krizisi gadaitanes, xSirad xdeba, misi msoflmxedvelobisa da xasiaTis ZiriTad niSnebad TandaTanobiT pesimizmi da cinizmi iqca.

pareto mudmivad da energiulad, xSirad boroti ironiiT, gansxvavebul politikur, moralur, metafizikur moZRvrebebs „niRbebs xdis“. Tavisi epoqis mravalferovan idealebs: demokra-tias(romelsac is „plutokratias“ uwodebs), Tavisuflebas, hu-manizms, solidarobas, progress, Tanasworobas, samarTlianobas „amxels da aSiSvlebs“. rogorc amerikeli ekonomisti b. seligme-ni wers: „dabadebiT meamboxe, esalmeboda yvelas, vinc Tavis mTav-robasTan konfliqtur dapirispirebaSi iyo. misi warmosaxuli mtrebi yvelgan iyvnen; rogorc demokratebi, ise pangermaniste-bi, rogorcx alkoholis moxmarebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli femin-iustebi, ise pranWia qalebic da misi Tanamemamuleebidan isinic ki vinc misi Txzulebebis mifuCeCebas cdilobdnen“ (cit: 22, le-qcia meSvide ).

Tavad sociologia, rogorc mecniereba paretosaTvis social-uri idealebis mxilebis iaraRi, „niRbebis moxdis“ saSualeba xde-ba. socialuri mecnierebis mowodebis amgvari gageba paretos iseT gansxvavebuli stilis mqone moazrovneebTan anaTesavebs, rogorebic k.marqsi, a. gobino da g. gumploviCi iyvnen, romlebic aseve cdilobdnen dasabuTebinaT, rom „lamazi sityvebis“ fasa-dis miRma dauvarcxneli, Seuxedavi realoba imaleba.

amave dros paretos pozicia diurkemis poziciasac ewinaaRm-degeba, romelic, piriqiT fiqrobda, rom sociologiam idealebi unda daafuZnos, daasabuTos, rom maT fesvebi Rrmad da safuZ-vlianad socialur sinamdvileSi aqvT gadgmuli. Tu diurkemi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom yvela religia Taviseburad WeSmari-tia, radgan isini ase Tu ise socialur realobas gamoxataven, maSin pareto, piriqiT amtkicebda, rom yvela religia mcdaria, radgan isini socialuri qmedebis WeSmarit motivebs niRbaven. Tu diurkemi amtkicebs, rom mecnierebas ar SeuZlia da arc unda im obieqts angrevdes, romelsac swavlobs, maSin pareto swored,

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rom am obieqtis dangreva, daSlas eswrafvis. TviTon pareto Tav-is Tavs „yvela religiis aTeists“ uwodebda. (iqve,).

pareto iseve, rogorc diurkemi, idealebs realur moqmed Za-lebad miiCnevs, magram diurkemisagan gansxvavebiT mas arcerTi am idealis ar swams da sjera. misTvis mxolod efeqturad moq-medi miTebi da „Teoriebi“ - sarkastuli elferiT“ arseboben, romlebic xan keTilsindisieri Secdomis Sedegi, xan ki motyue-bis instrumentia, romlis meSveobiT elitebi TavianT batonobas axorcieleben.

zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, rogorc a. gofmani sworad SeniSnavs, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom paretos adamianis bunebaze da arsze maRali warmodgena ar aqvs. mis SexedulebebTan Zalian axlosaa misi sulieri winamorbedis nikolo makiavelis Sexed-ulebebi, romelic amtkicebda, rom adamianebi Tavisi bunebiT egoistebi, xarbni, orgulni, farisevlebi da matyuarebi arian.

paretos filosofiuri anTropologia, pirvel rigSi, adami-anis racionalisturi modelis winaaaRmdegaa mimarTulii, rome-lic emyareba warmodgenas, rom adamiani jer iazrebs Tavis qcev-ebs, xolo Semdeg imis Sesabamisad moqmedebs, rac man gaiazra da Caifiqra. paretos azriT ki, adamiani jer moqmedebs, xolo Sem-deg, post factum igonebs dasabuTebebs ukve Sesrulebuli qmede-bebis gasamarTleblad, anu xsnis(xSirad mcdari saxiT) da racio-nalizebas eweva. aq zogierTi mkvlevari v. paretosa da z. froidis Sexedulebebs Soris paralels avlebs. froidis msgavsad, pare-toc adamians rogorc iracionalur, grZnobebiT, instiqtebiT, aracnobieri impulsebiT marTul arsebas ganixilavs. rogorc froidi isic adamianis qmedebis iracionaluri safuZvlebis gan-sakuTrebiT racionalurad axsnas iswrafvis.

amgvarad, adamianis arsebis racionaluri modelis uaryofiT, pareto logikasa da eqsperimentze mTlianad dafuZnebuli ul-tra racionaluri mecnierebis poziciaze dgeba. „mecnier - so-ciologis es racionalizmi, mowodebulia is mcdari motivebi, iluziebi, „Teoriebi“ amxilos, romlebiTac adamianebi TavianT qmedebebs aracionalureben - amarTleben da WeSmariti motive-bis dafarviT, sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs atyueben.“ (iqve,).

amgvarad, Tu paretos zogad - meTodologiur orientaciebs gaviTvaliswinebT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ueWvelad scientis-turia, magram Tu imasac gaviTvalliswinebT, rom mecnierebis rwmenac misTvis iseTive iluzia iyo, rogorc sxva nebismieri sxva, maSin amis Tqma gagviWirdeba. igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom garkveuli Teoriebis eqsperimentaluri WeSmariteba da maTi so-

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cialuri sargeblianoba - erTmaneTisagan savsebiT gansxvavebu-li nivTebia: isini ara mxolod erTmaneTs ar emTxvevian, aramed yvelaze xSirad erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebian. socialuri wyobis WeSmariti safuZvlebis mecnieruli axsna Tavad am socialuri wyobisaTvis damangreveli da saSiSia.

3. meTodologia: logikur - eqsperimentuli meTodi

ZiriTadi idea, romelic asuldgmulebda paretos, sociolo-giuri codnis iseTi principebis SemuSavebaSi mdgomareobda, romlebic mis ueWvelobas, saimedobasa da dasabuTebadobas uz-runvelyofdnen. sociologiis mizani aris WeSmariteba, da ara sargeblianoba da am ori fenomenis damTxvevas dauSvebelad miiCnevda. romaeli mxedarTmTavrebi, brZolis dawyebamde im cx-ovelebis Signeulobaze mkiTxaobdnen, romlebsac am SemTxvevas msxverplad wiravdnen. es qceva aralogikuria Tundac imiT, rom sardlebs sjerodaT, TiTqos msxverplis Signeuloba maT sasia-movno ambebis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas aZlevda da am wi-naswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb cnobili xdeboda meomrebisTvisac, rac maT damatebiT Tavdajerebulobas matebda, meomrebisTvis ki marTlac Zalian mniSvnelovania icodnen, rom moigeben. marTa-lia es magaliTi romis istoriidan moklebulia aqtualurobas da ar aRZravs interess,Tumca Cven vcxovrobT epoqaSi, romel-ic msgavs urTierTobebSi cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba Zvelisagan: imis nacvlad rom vimkiTxaoT cxovelis Signeulobaze, istori-uli momavlis misteriaSi veflobiT. orive SemTxvevaSi Sedegi erTia. beladebs SeuZliaT Tqvan: ,,sabolood yvelaferi kargad iqneba, Tqven iqnebiT gamarjvebuli”. yovelive es sasargebloa, jariskacebs sjerodeT avgurebis, xolo meomrebs - saboloo mo-gebis, magram ara WeSmariteba.

logikur - eqsperimentuli mecniereba skefsisis (skepti-cizmis) moyvarulia. ueWvelia, sazogadoebisTvis ar aris sa-sargeblo imis aRiareba, rom adamianebi ver xedaven momavals. amitomac, aralogikuri qcevis logikur-eqsperimentuli gamokv-leva SeiZleba saziano iyos garkveuli jgufisTvis da mTeli sazogadoebisTvisac ki. pareto werda: ,,rom mefiqra, rom Cems ,,traqtats” bevri mkiTxveli eyoleboda, me mas ar davwerdi,” radgan, vinaidan es ..traqtati” fardas xdis realobis siRrmes, is SeuTavsebelia sazogadoebriv wonasworobasTan. amgvarad, aral-ogikuri qcevebis logikur-eqsperimentuli analizis erTaderT mizans warmoadgens WeSmariteba da ar SeiZleba igi usargeblod

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miviCnioT. ,,Teoriis sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis mis WeS-maritebasTan cdiT damtkicebuli Tavsebadoba, aris erT-erTi im principTagani, romlebsac Cven apriori uarvyofT. yovelTvis gaerTianebulia Tu ara es ori mxare? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia mxolod faqtebze dakvirvebiT da maSin aRmoCnde-ba, rom isini zogierT SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisagan sruliad da-moukidebelni arian. amgvarad, me vTxov mkiTxvelebs gamudmebiT mxedvelobaSi qondeT is, rom iq, sadac me vamtkiceb Teoriis us-azrisobas, me araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miviswrafi iribad vamtki-co, rom igi mavnebelia sazogadoebisaTvis, piriqiT, igi SeiZle-ba Zalianac sasargeblo iyos. erTi sityviT erTidaigive Teoria SeiZleba uaryofil iqnes eqsperimentuli TvalsazrisiT, da aR-iarebul iqnes sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis TvalsazrisiT, da piriqiT.” (cit: 12, gv. 409) paretos azriT, mecnierebis miza-ni-WeSmariteba da sazogadoebrivi qmedebis mizani-sargebliano-ba erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT, amasTan es ori mizani sulac ar emTxveva aucileblobiT erTmaneTs.

Semdgom, logikur - eqsperimentuli mecnierebis mizani nebi-smieri eqstra Tu metaempiriuli gagebisgan Tavis aridebaSi md-gomareobs. yvela gamoyenebuli sityva, termini aRniSnul Tu dakvirvebul faqtebTan SesabamisobaSi unda iyos, yvela cneba uSualod dadgenil realobasTan mimarTebaSi an im realobasTan mimarTebaSi unda ganisazRvrebodes, romelic SeiZleba eqsperi-mentis dros warmoiSvas. anu, religiur Tu samyaros sxva, fenome-nebTan SeuTavsebel cnebebs logikur - eqsperimentul mecniere-baSi adgili ar unda hqondes. yvela filosofiuri, an fenomenis arsebis Sesaxeb cnebebi usityvod unda iyos gamoricxuli. bevri swavluli Tu fsevdoswavluli dausruleblad ikvlevs imas Tu ra aris progresi, an WeSmariti socializmi, an utyuari Tanas-woroba. sityvebze amgvar kamaTs mecnierebasTan kavSiri ar aqvs. mecnieruli definiciis xasiaTi mJRavndeba maSin, rodesac Cven logikur da aralogikur qcevebs erTmaneTisagan vmijnavT. pare-tos azriT, uSedegoa dava imaze, ukeTesia Tu ara vuwodoT logi-kur qcevebs - racionaluri, xolo ara logikurs - iracionaluri. sityvebs mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT, maT moxerxeblobisTvis iyene-ben; sxvagvarad, SesaZlebelia ,,logikuri qcevis” nacvlad gamov-iyenoT X, xolo aralogikuri Y- iT aRvniSnoT. zustad amgvarad, msjeloba klasis cnebis Sesaxeb, usazriso qmedebaa. yvelaze meti, rac SesaZloa klasis problemebidan gamoviyvanoT aris is, rom davsvaT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu, ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi ra doziT aris gavrcelebuli msgavsad gansazRvruli movlena, ro-

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melic yovelgvari azris gareSe sityvebs ,,klasi” an ,,struqtura” miekuTvneba. gansazRvrebebi mniSvnelovania. TiToeuli aniWebs gamoyenebul sityvas im mniSvnelobas, rac surs; mniSvnelovania, rom fenomeni zustad gansazRvron.

mecnierebaSi adgili ar aqvs arafers, rac gamocdilebis Car-Coebs scildeba. logikur-eqsperimentuli mecnierebisgan, rome-lic dakvirvebad fenomenebTan mimarTebaSi naTlad gansazRvru-li cnebebiT sargeblobs, rTuli definiciebi mocilebuli unda iqnan. mecnieruli diskusiebi yovelTvis realobas da ara im mniS-vnelobebs unda exebodes, romlebsac sityvebs vaniWebT.

Tumca, aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom mecniereba mxolod Cvens mier SemCneuli da dakvirvebuli movlenebis ubralo asax-va - kvlavwarmoebaa. piriqiT: mecniereba gonebis anu xelovnebis qmedebas gulisxmobs, romlis pirveli niSanic gamartivebaa. adamianis samyaro, iseve rogorc bunebis samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, zedmetad rTuli da mdidaria imisaTvis, rom mecnierebam misi mTlianad mocva uceb SeZlos. amitomac igi yov-elTvis iwyebs gamartivebiT. is akvirdeba da afiqsirebs konk-retuli fenomenebis gansazRvrul aspeqtebs, aRniSnavs maT zus-ti cnebiT da gamudmebiT cdilobs SeaTanxmos gamartivebuli -midgomebi, raTa rTuli realoba xelaxla aRadginos (aawyos). magaliTad, ,,zogadi sociologiis traqtati” amodis aralogi-kuri qcevis gamartivebuli gansazRvrebidan, raTa daafuZnos klasifikacia da ganixilos amxsneli fenomenebi; sabolood ki ga-moamJRavnebs aralogikuri qcevebis mizezebis tipologias, rom-lebic aucileblad iqneba martivi da arazusti rTul realobas-Tan mimarTebaSi. rogorc Teoriuli meqanika aris abstraqtuli samyaros axsna, iseve wminda ekonomikuri Teoria aris ekonomi-kuri sistemis sqematuri interpretacia, magram gamovdivarT ra ubralo modelebidan, gamudmebuli garTulebis gziT, Cven vuax-lovdebiT realobas. Cven verasodes mivaRwevT realobas mTeli misi sirTuliT; mecnierebas, mTeli Tavisi bunebiT ar SeuZlia iyos srulyofili da is vinc Tvlis, rom mecniereba rodisme mogvcems imas, rasac Tavis TavSi atarebda religia - ubralod iluziis msxverplia. sociologebi, romlebic diurkemis ms-gavsad fiqroben, rom mecnierul sociologias SeuZlia moicvas moralis safuZvlebi, romlebic religiis dogmebs Seicaven, Tun-dac gauazreblad aralogikuri azrebis tyveobaSi imyofebian. isini mecnierebas miaweren maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic mis mflob-

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elobaSi arasodes iqneba, radgan igi yovelTvis arasrulyofili da arasodes - normatiuli iqneba. Zalian sayuradReboa paretos msjeloba adamianuri qmedebebis miznebsa da da maT wamoyeneba-Si mecnierebis rolis Sesaxeb. paretos azriT, mecniereba mu-dam faqtebsa Tu mizezebze iseTi msjelobis sistemad darCeba, saidanac SeuZlebelia gamoitano daskvna imaze, Tu rogor unda moiqce. uSedegoa mtkiceba, raxan realobaSi esa Tu is regularu-li Tanmimdevroba SeimCneva: am eqsperimentuli korelaciebidan radac ar unda dagvijdes morali unda gamoviyvanoT. ,,mecniere-bas adamianis mier fsevdologikur ganviTarebaSi gancdili us-asrulo moTxovnebis dakmayofileba ar ZaluZs. mas mxolod erTi faqti meoresTan misadageba SeuZlia, Sesabamisad mudmivad faqtebze Cerdeba.” paretos Tanaxmad, mecniereba mTeli Tavi-si bunebiT logikur - eqsperimentulia. saWiroa gansazRvrebis orive nawili zustad avxsnaT. termini ,,logikuri” niSnavs, rom dadgenili gansazRvrebebisa Tu dakvirvebuli kavSirebis sa-fuZvelze, dasaSvebia mxolod iseTi Sedegebis gamoyvana, rom-lebic wanmZRvrebidan gamomdinareoben. ,,eqsperimentulis” ukan erTdroulad dakvirveba - sityvis viwro gagebiT da eqsperimen-tireba imaleba. mecniereba eqsperimentulia vinaidan Seiswavlis realobas, romelic mis safuZvlad da misi msjelobebis kriteri-umad gvevlineba. msjeloba, romelic mtkicebas an gamocdilebis damowmebas ar moiTxovs, mecnieruli ar aris. raimon aronTan, romelic am situaciasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi maswavleblis si-tyvebs imeorebs, Cvenc SegviZlia gavimeoroT, msjeloba, romlis simcdaresac ver aRmoaCen, srulebiTac ar aris aucilebli WeS-mariti iyos. es aSkaraa, sinamdvileSi, is msjeloba, romelic ise-Ti xarisxiT bundovani da aranaTelia, rom aranair gamocdilebas misi uaryofa ar SeuZlia - aramecnierulia; mas SeuZlia aRZras grZnobebi, mogvgvaros kmayofileba an guliswyroma gamoiwvios. imisTvis, rom gaxdes mecnieruli, igi erTaderTi Rirebulebis mqone kritikis - daskvnebis da faqtebis kritikis - dartymis qveS unda moxvdes.

erTi sityviT, logikur-eqsperimentul meTods miznad aqvs aR-moaCinos is, rasac pareto eqsperimentul erTgvarobas, anu mov-lenebs Soris regularul kavSirs uwodebs. es eqsperimentuli erTgvarobebi, rogorc aseTni ar arian aucilebelni. misi azriT, movlenebs Soris regularuli damokidebuleba Sinagan aucileb-el Tanmimdevrobas ar gulisxmobs. regularuloba metnaklebad dasaSvebia erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli fenomenebisa da garemoe-bebis bunebidan gamomdinare, romlebTan kavSirSic igi arsebobs.

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paretos mier aRniSnul gzas, romelic logikur-eqsperimen-tuli meTodis wesebs moicavs, misi moZRvrebis frangi mkvlevari raimon aroni Semdegnairad alagebs:

1. Cven araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar vapirebT vikvlioT WeSmarite-ba, romelic nebismieri religiisTvis, metafizikuri, moraluri Tu sxvagvari rwmenisaTvisaa damxasiTebeli. es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvelafer amisadmi Cven zizRiT savseni varT; es niSnavs, rom isini im CarCoebidan gadian, romlebSi darCenac Cven gvsurs. re-ligiebs, rwmenebs da msgavs sakiTxebs Cven mxolod garedan, im doziT ganvixilavT, ra doziTac isini socialur faqtebad, maTi WeSmariti Rirebulebis gareSe gvevlinebian. mdgomareoba: ,,t < unda gautoldes B-s raime zebunebrivi gamocdilebisa da princi-pis ZaliT”-Tanmimdevrulad, mecnieris mier ar ganixileba; ma-gram mecnierulad savsebiT dasaSvebi da aucilebelic kia imis Seviswavla, Tu es rwmena rogor warmoiSva, ganviTarda da sxva socialur faqtebTan ra mimarTebaSi imyofeba.

2. mecnieruli saqmianobis obieqtad gamocdilebis da dakvir-vebis sfero gvevlineba. sociologma es cnebebi im mniSvnelo-biT unad gamoiyenos, ra mniSvnelobac maT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi - mag: astronomiaSi, qimiaSi, fiziologiaSi aqvT da ara im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac isini igeben gamonaTqvamSi ,, piradi qristianuli gamocdileba”, romelic, TiTqmis sityvis Seucvlelad, martivad sityvis metafizikosebis TviTdakvirve-bas aRadgens. sociologi am TviTdakvirvebas, rogorc garegnul faqts, rogorc aseTs, ganixilavs, da ara rogorc CvenTvis damax-asiaTebel grZnobas Seiswavlis.

4. sociologi Teoriebis konstruirebisas, faqtebidan amodis da yovelTvis cdilobs rac SeiZleba minimalurad daSordes maT. sociologebma ar viciT, ra aris sagnebis arsi, arc vinteresdeb-iT misiT, radgan misi Seswavla Cveni mizani ar aris. sociologebi faqtebSi msgavsebebsa da ganmeorebebs veZebT da isini kanonebam-de agvyavs, Tumca faqtebi ki ar eqvemdebarebian kanonebs, aramed piriqiT. kanonebi ar arian gardauvalni, isini hipoTezebia, rom-lebic didi Tu patara raodenobis faqtebis mokled gadmoce-mas emsaxurebian da arseboben manam sanam ukeTesi kanonebiT ar Secvlian.

5. amgvarad, mecnieri – sociologis yvela Zieba SemTxveviTia, pirobiTia da met-naklebad dasajerebel sando Sedegebs iZleva. yvela Cveni debuleba, maT Soris logikuric, SeTanxmebiT unda miviRoT: isini Semoifarglebian im droiT (epoqiT) da gamoc-dilebiT arian SeZRuduli, romelic Cven ukve SevimecneT.

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6. sociologebi vmsjelobT mxolod sagnebze, da ara im grZnobebze, romlebsac CvenSi maTi dasaxelebebi aRZraven. Tavad am grZnobebs sociologi rogorc ubralo garegan faqtebs Seis-wavlis, anu, sociologebi uars vambobT magaliTad, vidaoT imaze aris Tu ara samarTliani an moraluri A qceva, Tu winaswar ar aris gamovlenili is realoba, romelTan kavSirSic am terminebs viyenebT. Tumca, sociologebi vikvlevT, rogorc garegan faqts, imas, Tu mocemuli qveynis macxovreblebs, mocemul dros, moce-muli sazogadoebrivi klasis warmomadgenlebs ra surdaT gamo-exataT, roca amtkicebdnen, rom A qceva samarTliani an moral-uria.

7. sociologi sakuTari debulebebis damamtkicebel sabuTebs iseve, rogorc maT logikur Sedegebs, mxolod gamocdilebasa da dakvirvebaSi eZebs, da gamovricxvaT nebismier mtkicebulebas, romlic grZnobebTan Tanxmobas da aSkara sicxadis moSveliebas efuZneba.

8. Sesabamisad, sociologma mxolod is sityvebi unda gamoi-yenos, romlebic konkretul obieqtebs Seesabamebian, da mTeli ZalisxmeviT unda izrunos imaze, rom maT rac SeiZleba zusti mniSvneloba mianiWos.

9. Cven vmoqmedebT miaxloebiTi Sefasebebis meTodiT, anu Tav-dapirvelad, ganvixilavT fenomens mTlianobaSi, ganzrax ugul-vebelyofT im kerZo maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic Semdgom miaxloe-biT SefasebebSi iqnebian mxedvelobaSi miRebulni.” (12. gv. 413)

mecniereba, im saxiT, ra saxiTac aris ganmartebuli, mxolod realobis SezRudul sferos moicavs. Cven Sors varT imisgan, rom SevimecnoT yovelive, samyaroSi momxdari da aqedan gamom-dinare,SesaZlebobisagan gamomdinare yvela bunebriv procesze vibatonoT. logikuri qceva moicavs da SeuZlia adamianis yoveli saxis qcevaTa (qmedebaTa) mxolod SezRuduli nawili moicvas. Tu qcevis logikurobis winapirobad sakuTari qcevebis Sedegebis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZlebloba da sasurveli miznebis az-rovnebis gziT gansazRvra gvevlineba da Tu mecniereba miznebis aRniSvnis an qcevebis Sedegebis winaswarmetyvelebisa (garda Sez-Ruduli sferosi) saSualebas ar iZleva, maSin adamianis qceva

aucileblad mniSvnelovnad aralogikuri iqneba. Tumca, pa-retosTvis, qcevisTvis aralogikuris daZaxeba sulac ar niSnavs mis gakicxvas. Tu cneba ,,aralogikuri” Tavis TavSi moicavs aSka-ra Tu farul ironias, maSin igi mimarTulia maT winaaRmdeg, vinc aralogikurad qcevisas, Tvlis, rom logikurad iqceva. damkvir-veblis ironia ar ubiZgebs adamianebs logikuri qcevisken, igi ex-eba im faqts, rom adamianebi imdenad arian ugunurni, ramdenadac

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rezonerni. adamianis bunebis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba isaa, rom ixelmZRvanelos grZnobebiT da sentimentalur qmedebebs fse-vdologikuri gamarTleba misces.

4. logikuri da aralogikuri qcevebi (qmedebebi)

paretos sistemis wvdoma logikuri da aralogikuri qcev-ebis gagebis zust interpretacias moiTxovs, anu am cnebebis SeswavliT unda daviwyoT. logikuri qcevis gasagebad yvelaze martivia inJineris da spekuliantis qcevas davakvirdeT, miT umetes, rom inJinerisa da ekonomistis gansja da dakvirveba pa-retos sociologiis amosavali arsia. inJineri, rodesac igi ar cdeba logikurad iqceva. ekonomists, roca igi sakuTari codnis Sesaxeb iluziebs ar Txzavs, SeuZlia adamianTa qcevis garkveuli formebi gaigos. magram sociologias saqme aqvs adami-anebTan, romlebic, rogorc wesi, arc inJinrebis da arc frTxili spekuliantebis msgavsad ar iqcevian. inJinerma, romelic aSenebs xids, icis im miznis Sesaxeb, romelsac surs miaRwios. man Seis-wavla masalebis gamZleoba da SeuZlia miznisa da saSualebebis mimarTeba gaTvalos. Semdeg or mimarTebas: erTis mxriv, mimarTe-bas “mizani-saSualeba” im saxiT, rogoradac igi gonebiT aRiqmeba, da meores mxriv, msgavsi mimarTebiT Camoyalibebul oRond obi-eqturad arsebul mimarTebas - Soris msgavseba arsebobs.

analogiuria spekuliantis-ekonomikuri subieqtis proto-tipis qcevac. mas naTlad dasaxuli mizani aqvs - gamoimuSavos fuli. is mis mier gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da sasurvel mizans Soris logikur kavSirs avlens. kerZod, igi sakuTari kapitalis gazrdis mizniT Zvirfas nivTebs maTi dabali Rirebulebis mo-mentSi yidulobs. Tu saqme misi varaudis Sesabamisad midis, maSin saSualebebisa da miznebis urTierTqmedeba ise warimarTeba, ro-gorc es manamde subieqtis mier Cafiqrebuli iyo.

spekuliantis SemTxveva, ra Tqma unda, iseTi martivi ar aris, rogoric inJinris. “mizan - saSualebis” Cafiqrebul mimarTebas da WeSmarit mimarTebas Soris droSi acdena SeimCneva. magram, Tuki vivaraudebT, rom spekuliantis molodinebi gamarTldnen faqtebiT, maSin miznis saSualebasTan mimarTebis Sesabamiso-bas SevamCnevT, im saxiT, ra saxiTac iyo Cafiqrebuli-anu Tavad am mimarTebis realizaciis saxiT. mizansa da saSualebas Soris logikuri kavSiri subieqtis gonebasa da obieqtur realobaSic arsebobs, da es orive mimarTeba (obieqturi da subieqturi) erT-maneTs Seesabamebian.

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inJineris da spekuliantis gamocdilebis analizi gviCvenebs, Tu ra aris logikuri qceva. imisTvis, rom qceva iyos logikuri, saWiroa rom mimarTeba - “mizani - saSualeba” obieqtur realoba-Si subieqtis gonebaSi msgavs mimarTebas Seesabamebodes.

,,erTxel da samudamod, Cven logikur qcevas vuwodebT qmede-bebs, romlebic logikurad arian dakavSirebulni Sesabamis mizan-Tan, ara mxolod im subieqtTan mimarTebaSi, romelic asrulebs am qmedebas, aramed imasTan mimarTebaSic, vinc flobs bevrad farTo codnas, anu esaa qcevebi, romlebsac zemoT gansazRvruli subieqturi da obieqturi mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. yvela sxva qcev-as ewodeba aralogikuri, rac maT alogikurobas ar niSnavs.”

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aralogikuri qcevebis kategoriaSi xvdebian is qmedebebi, romlebSic subieqturad Tu obieqturad logikuri kavSiri ar SeimCneva. SegviZlia SevadginoT adamianTa qcevebis amgvari cxrili:

gvari da saxe aqvs Tu ara qcevas logikuri mizani?

obieqturi

I klasi. logikuri qcevebi

obieqturi mizani aris subieqturis identuri

subieqturi

diax diax

II klasi. aralogikuri qcevebi

obieqturi mizani gansxvavdeba subieqturisagan

ara araI saxe

ara diaxII saxe

diax araIII saxe

diax diaxIV saxe

III da IV gvaris saxeebi

III, IV

III, IV

subieqti daTanxmdeboda obieqtur mizans, Tu ecodineboda mis Sesaxeb

subieqti ar daTanxmdeboda obieqtur mizans, Tu ecodineboda mis Sesaxeb

rogoria aralogikuri qcevebis TiToeuli am formaTaganis mniSvneloba?

gvari ,,ara-ara” niSnavs, rom qceva aralogikuria, e.i. saSuale-bebi arc realobaSi da arc gonebaSi mizanTan TanxvedraSi ar

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arian. saSualebebi ar iZlevian aranair Sedegs, romlisTvisac SevZlebdiT maTTan (saSualebebTan) logikurad dakavSirebu-li gvewodebina da amave dros subieqts mizanze an mizansa da sa-Sualebas Soris mimarTebaze warmodgenac ki ar aqvs. Ggvari ,,ara-ara” iSviaTad gvxvdeba, vinaidan adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebelia rezoneroba. rogoric ar unda iyos misi qcevis absurduloba, is mainc cdilobs mas mizani mouZebnos. ,,adamianebs gaaCniaT mkveT-rad gamoxatuli midrekileba sakuTar qcevebs logikuroba mian-iWon, amgvari qcevebidan TiTqmis yvela meore da meoTxe gvarebs miekuTvneba. bevri qceva Seracxulia Cvevad, raTa TavianTi qcev-ebi gaamarTlon, rasac es ukanasknelni meore gvarSi gadayavs.” (49, gv. 34) srul nusxaSi, gvari ,,ara-ara” unda SevinaxoT, rogorc erT-erTi SesaZlebeli.

meore gvari, piriqiT, Zalian gavrcelebulia, razedac mag-aliTebis didi raodenoba metyvelebs. qceva logikurad ar aris dakavSirebuli SedegTan, romelTanac mas mivyavarT, magram sub-ieqti SecdomiT miiCnevs, rom mis mier gamoyenebuli saSualebe-bi TavianTi bunebiT iseTebi arian, rom sasurvel mizans aRweven. am gvars miekuTvneba im adamianTa qceva, romlebic msxverpls swiraven RmerTs, rodesac surT moixmon wvima da darwmunebul-ni arian imaSi, rom maTi locva gavlenas axdens amindze. am SemTx-vevaSi subieqturad arsebobs mimarTeba ,,mizani-saSualeba,” mi-uxedavad imisa, rom obieqturad is ar arsebobs.

mesame gvari - Sedegis gamomwvevi qcevebi, romlebic logikurad arian dakavSirebulni gamoyenebul saSualebebTan, Tumca amasTa-nave subieqti ver acnobierebs mimarTebas ,,mizani - saSualeba,” am kategoriis qcevebis uamravi magaliTi arsebobs. maT miekuTvneba refleqtoruli (Tu refleqsuri?!) qcevebi. Tuki me vxuWav qu-TuTos im momentSi, roca TvalSi mtvris nawilaki mivardeba, obi-eqturad me Cavdivar logikur qcevas, xolo subieqturad - ara. me ar mifiqria manamde da ar vfiqrob qmedebis momentSi Cems mier gamoyenebul saSualebasa da mizans Soris mimarTebaze, romel-sac me mivaRwev. instiqturi qceva an cxovelTa qceva aris adapta-ciuri qceva da ara logikuri qceva, Tuki Cven ukidures SemTx-vevaSi, vaRiarebT, rom cxovelebi, romlebic imgvarad iqcevian, raTa gadarCnen maT mier gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da im miznebs, romlebsac isini am saSualebebiT aRweven, Soris mimarTebaze ar fiqroben.

meoTxe gvars miekuTvneba qcevebi, romelTa Sedegi gamoy-enebul saSualebebTan logikurad dakavSirebulia, magram su-bieqti mizansa da saSualebebs sxvagvarad akavSirebs, ise rom obieqturi Sedegi subieqturs ar emTxveva. mocemul SemTxveva-Si, paretos ZiriTadad mxedvelobaSi kacobriobis keTilismy-ofelTa - pacifistebis da revolucionerebis qceva aqvs, rom-

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lebsac surT arsebuli sazogadoeba Secvalon an maTi Secdomebi gamoasworon. amgvarad, “revolucioneri bolSevikebi ityvian, rom maT surT Zalauflebis mopoveba imisaTvis, rom uzrunvely-on eris Tavisufleba. axdenen ra revolucias Zaladobis gziT, isini movlenaTa ucilobeli ganviTarebis logikis Sesabamisad avtoritaruli reJimis damyarebis procesSi erTvebian. am SemTx-vevaSi saxezea obieqturi kavSiri qmedebasa da mis Sedegs Soris da aseve subieqturi kavSiri uklaso sazogadoebis utopiasa da revoluciur qmedebebs Soris. Tumca, is rasac xalxi akeTebs, maT Canafiqrs ar pasuxobs. miznebi romlebic maT surT miaRwion, gam-oyenebuli saSualebebiT realizebuli ver iqneba. am saSualebebs logikurad gansazRvrul Sedegebamde mivyavarT, magram obieq-tur da subieqtur Sedegebs Soris Sesabamisoba ar arsebobs” (12, gv.406).

meoTxe gvari Sedgeba qveklasebisgan imisda mixedviT, daTanx-mdebodnen Tu ara moqmedi subieqtebi miznebs, romlebsac isini saqmeSi aRweven, Tu maT Sesaxeb winaswar ecodinebodaT. vivar-audoT, rom leninma icoda sustad ganviTarebuli warmoebis mqone qveyanaSi, im revoluciis gardauvali Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelic socialistur xasiaTze pretenzias acxadebda. uars ityoda ki igi revoluciaze Tu xangrZlivi gardamavali periodis manZilze totalitarul xelisuflebas arsebobas daTanxmdebo-da? es aralogikuri qcevebi sulac ar arian aucileblad alogi-kurni. qcevebi, romlebic mesame gvars (,,ki-ara”) miekuTvnebian, garkveul SemTxvevaSi sakmaod kargad arian garemoebebTan Sewyo-bilni, isini ubralod ,,mizani-saSualeba” mimarTebas bolomde ver acnobiereben. aralogikuri qcevebis es oTxi gvari aris ,,zo-gadi sociologiis traqtatis” pirveli nawilis sagani. logiku-ri qcevebi gadadebulia gverdze; maTze saubari iwyeba mxolod meore nawilSi, roca pareto analitikur meTods sinTeTikuriT cvlis.

sociologiisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aralogiku-ri qcevebis ori gvari.

pirveli-is, romelic aRniSnulia, rogorc meore gvari da ,,ara - diax” mimarTebiT ganisazRvreba. is gadaajgufebs aralogikur qcevebs, romlebsac obieqturi mizani ar gaaCniaT, Tumca subieq-tur saboloo mizans floben. igi Tavis TavSi wes - CveulebiTi Tu simboluri qcevebis saxesxvaobaTa umravlesobas moicavs. mezR-vauri, romelic poseidons zRvaSi gasvlis win evedreba, ar axo-rcielebs aqts, romelic zRvaSi curvaze ramenairad gavlenas moaxdens, magram is, Tavisi Rrma rwmenis samyaroSi, varaudobs, rom es qceva misi survilebis Sesabamis Sedegebze zemoqmedebas iqoniebs. SemTxvevebis umravlesobisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom yvela religiuri saxis qceva, anu yvela qceva, romelic

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mimarTulia wminda realobis emblemisa Tu simbolosadmi, meore gvars miekuTvneba.

rogorc raimon aroni SeniSnavs, aralogikuri qmedebebidan meore mniSvnelovani gvari - meoTxe gansazRvruli mimarTebiT ,,diax-diax” gvaria, Tumca subieqturis obieqturTan damTxvevis gareSe. mas miekuTvneba qcevis yvela is tipi, romelic mecnieruli SecdomebiT aixsneba. gamoyenebul meTods efeqtur realur Se-degamde mivyavarT da moqmedi subieqtis mier dasaxul miznebTan TanxvedraSia, Tumca momxdari ar Seesabameba imas, rac moqmedi subieqtis imedebisa da varaudebis Tanaxmad unda momxdariyo. Secdomis Sedegia - obieqturi Tanmimdevrobebis subieqturTan ardamTxveva. aralogikuri qcevebis am gvars erTnairad miekuT-vneba iluziebiT gamowveuli qmedebebis yvela nairsaxeoba, gansa-kuTrebiT ki politikosebis da inteleqtualebis qcevebi. roca idealistebi warmoidgenen, TiTqos isini qmnian uklaso, araeqsp-loatatorul sazogadoebas erTerovan nacionalur (erovnul) erTobas, maTi qmedebebis Sedegebi maT ideologias ar Seesabame-ba, xolo subieqtebis imedebsa da maTi (idealistebis) qmede-bebis Sedegebs Soris aSkara Seusabamoba SeimCneva, miuxedavad imisa, rom saSualebebi miznebTan rogorc obieqturad, ise subi-eqturad dakavSirebuli iyo.

am abstraqtuli gansazRvrebebis gareT, logikur da aral-ogikur qcevebs Soris fundamentaluri gansxvaveba ubralo da arsebiT kriteriumebs emyareba, Tumca pareto ar gamoyofs mas: mimarTebisaTvis ,,mizani-saSualeba”, obieqturisa da subieqtur-is damTxveva gulisxmobs, rom qmedeba(qceva) gonebiT(gansjiT) iqneba gansazRvruli. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia davuSvaT, rom logikuria is qcevebi, romlebic gansjas efuZnebian. subieqtma gaiazra sakuTari qmedeba da mis mier dasaxuli mizani, xolo misi qcevis gamomwvev mizezad kidec gvevlineba is daskvna, romelic man am gaazrebis Sedegad gamoitana. mis sawinaaRmdegod, yvela aralogikuri qmedeba, ama Tu im xarisxiT Tavis TavSi grZnobebiT motivacias moicavs; amasTan, es ukanasknelni yvelaze xSirad ro-gorc nebismieri, logikuri gansjisagan gansxvavebuli, sulieri mdgomareoba ganisazRvrebian.

amgvarad, paretom socialuri moqmedebani dayo ,,logikur“ da ,,aralogikur“ moqmedebebad, xolo imisTvis, raTa epova maTi gansxvavebis kriteriumi, moqmedeba mis Semadgenel elementebad daanawevra – garegnulad garedan dakvirvebadi moqmedeba, misi racionaluri dafuZneba – dasabuTeba (romelic Cveulebrivuka-na ricxviT gveZleva), moqmedi piris fsiqikuri mdgomareoba. es ukanaskneli ganxilul iqna, rogorc is mudmivi sidide, romelic Zevs ra moqmedebis safuZvelSi,mis xasiaTs gansazRvravs. indi-vidis fsiqikur mdgomareobas socialuri fenomenis ,,obieqtur“

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safuZvlad pareto Tvlida gansxvavebiT misi subieqturi safuZ-vlisgan, romlis qveSac mas moqmedi pirebis mier racionalurad wamoyenebuli argumentebi esmoda.

rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, paretos azriT yvela winamorbed sociologTa Secdoma, iyo is, rom isini saqmis obieqtur mxares ugulvelyofdnen da mxolod mis niadagze warmoSobil Teoriul koncefciebs swavlobdnen, e.i. sinamdvilis subieqturi aspeqtis SeswavliT ifarglebodnen. ,,obieqturi“ - sociologiuri gamokv-leva ki fsiqikur ganwyobaze da mis mier ganpirobebul ,,aralogi-kuri“ moqmedebebis Seswavlaze unda iqnes mimarTuli, romlebic sazogadod yvela adamianur moqmedebaTa Semadgenel ZiriTad ma-sas Seadgenen.

,,aralogikuri“ moqmedebani xasiaTdebian imiT, rom maTma Cam-denma adamianebma ar ician movlenebs Soris arsebuli WeSmariti obieqturi kavSirebi da amitom mizanTa misaRwevad araadeqvatur saSualebebs iyeneben, anu miznebsa da saSualebebs ,,aralogiku-rad“ akavSireben; miznisa da saSualebebis kavSiri mocemul SemTx-vevaSi iluzorulia da mxolod moqmedi subieqtis warmodgenebSi arsebobs. aseTia, magaliTad, msxverplSewirva da sxva religiuri wes-Cveulebebi, adaTebi, romelTa mizani RvTaebis mowyalebis miReba da amiT dasaxuli miznis miRwevaa. amgvari saSualebebi ar aris mizanTan obieqturad dakavSirebuli da amitomac maT aR-srulebasac ver aRweven.

,,logikuri moqmedebani“ xelmZRvaneloben ara grZnobebiT, aramed gonebiT da normebiT regulirdebian. isini ekonomikis, mecnierebis, nawilobriv politikis sferoSi moqmedebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am SemTxvevaSi saSualeba da mizani erTmaneTs Soris dakavSirebulia obieqturi logikiT, romelic namdvil arsebul kavSirebs eyrdnoba da amitom mivyavarT kidec miznis aRsrulebasTan. paretom am ukanaskneli momentis mniSvnelobaze miuTiTa, ramdenadac subieqturi TvalsazrisiT yvela moqmedeba logikuri eCveneba imas, vinc mas asrulebs.

TavisTavad socialuri moqmedebis struqturisa da elemen-tebis ganxilva, aseve maTi klasifikacia motivaciis gacnobiere-bis donisa Tu upiratesi tipis mixedviT, upirobod sworia. magram socialuri moqmedebis paretoseul koncefcias individualis-turi da iracionalisturi xasiaTi aqvs, adamianur miswrafeba-Ta emocionalur bunebas calmxrivad usvams xazs, romelTa ax-snisas italieli sociologi mxolod maT bunebriv warmoSobaze miTiTebiT kmayofildeba. did socialur jgufTa, klasTa so-cialur moqmedebaTa gamomwvevi mizezebis axsna am poziciebidan SeuZlebelia. klasebi zogjer aerTianeben adamianebs, romlebic yvelaze gansxvavebul fsiqikur niSnebsa da Tvisebebs floben,

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magram es ar uSlis xels am individebs istoriis ama Tu im momen-tSi solidarulad imoqmedon.

„paretos mier damuSavebul socialuri moqmedebis koncef-ciis safuZvelSi adamianis garkveuli koncefcia ido. individis iracionaluri, aralogikuri bunebis xazgasmisas, igi amtkiceb-da, rom adamianis moqmedeba arasdros ar warmoadgens imas, radac TviTon mas igi eCveneba. „specifikurad adamianuri mdgomareobs ara gonebaSi, aramed unarSi moCvenebiTi logikuri Teoriebisa da argumentebis daxmarebiT goneba Tavisi ,,aralogikuri“ mo-qmedebebis SeniRbvisaTvis gamoiyenos“ (22, leqcia 7). adamians gansxvavebiT cxovelisagan, werda pareto, ,,aqvs azrovnebis un-ari da amitom, Tavis instinqtebsa da grZnobebs saburvelSi xvevs da faravs“. swored imitom, rom yvela adamiani rogorc grZno-bad, ise gonier arsebas warmoadgens, gonebisa da grZnobebis, grZnobebisa da ideologiis Tanafardobis problema warmoiqmne-ba. pareto yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe prioritets grZnobebs aniWebda da isini adamianuri istoriis WeSmarit mamoZravebel Zalebad miaCnda. istoriuli kanonzomierebebi mas calkeul in-dividTa iracionaluri fsiqikuri cxovrebis kanonzomierebebze dayavs, xolo ideologiebs ki ,,grZnobaTa enebs“ uwodebs.

socialuri sistemis dinamizmis safuZvlad, emociebis CaT-vliT, paretom biologiuri fundamenti Semoacura, ramdenad-ac adamianis fsiqika, raoba da misi Tvisebebi mis mier social-ur-ekonomikuri konteqstis gareSea ganmartebuli.

5. fsiqologiuri reduqcionizmi

adamianuri saqmianobis emocionaluri sferos Tavisi so-ciologiuri sistemis mTavar rgolad qcevisas, paretom gaake-Ta SeniSvna, sociologiis yuradRebis Rirsia ara yvela grZnoba, aramed mxolod isini, romlebic vlindebian garkveuli gvaris moqmedebebSi, rac maTi mkacri klasificirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, isini ucvlelni arian da amitom socialuri sistemis im elementebs warmoadgenen, romlebic ,, socialur wonasworobas gansazRvraven“.

italielma sociologma am elementebs misca araCveulebrivi da Znelad gadasaTargmni saxelwodeba ,,rezidui“ (rezidui) daarqva, rac qimiur mecnierebaTa enaze ,,narCenebs“ – naSTs, an ,,naleqs“ aRniSnavs, riTac surs maT simyares, unars gausvas xazi ,,darCes“ mas Semdegac, rogorc ki socialuri moqmedebidan yve-la racionaluri mosazreba gamoricxuli iqneba.

,,narCenebs-naSTs“ rogorc grZnobebis, emociebis, vnebebis,

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instiqtebis, fsiqikuri mdgomareobisa da midrekilebebis, gan-wyobilebebis safuZvels, paretos azriT, TanaSobili, bunebrivi, gareSe pirobebisgan damoukidebeli xasiaTi aqvs. isini Sinagani biologiuri impulsebia, romlebic adamianis socialur moqmede-bebs gansazRvraven. ,,naSTTa“ ,,reziduaTa“ eqvsi mTavari klasis, romelic mraval qvesistemadaa dayofili, safuZvelze pareto Seecada adamianur moqmedebaTa yvela mravalricxovani varianti aexsna.

pareto naSTa eqvs klass, TiToeul klasSi - gvareobebs, xolo zogierT gvarSi saxeebs gamoyofs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani da-nawevreba da klasifikacia gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT da masStaburobiT gamorCeuli eqvsi klasia:

- pirvel klasi: instinqtTa kombinacia;- meore klasi: agregatTa uryeoba;- mesame klasi: garegan qmedebebSi grZnobaTa gamovlenis moTx-

ovnileba;- meoTxe klasi: sxva individebTan urTierTobis, anu social-

urobis moTxovnileba;- mexuTe klasi: individis da misi damokidebuleba - mimarTe-

bebis mTlianobis grZnoba;- meeqvse klasi: seqsualobis instinqti.naSTa - „reziduaTa“ am eqvsi klasidan sazogadoebis konstru-

irebis TvalsazrisiT seriozuli mniSvneloba pirvel or klass aqvs.

pirveli klasi im naSTebisgan warmoiqmneba, romlebic kom-binirebis, SeerTebis, dakavSireba - sinTezirebis instinqts See-sabameba. es aris adamianis arsebis yvelaze siRrmiseuli plasti, romelic faqtobrivad naSTebisa da grZnobebis safuZvelTa sa-fuZvelSi devs. kombinirebis instinqti farTo azriT es ideeb-sa da nivTebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis, gacxadebuli princi-pebidan Sedegebis amoRebis, swori an araswori ganazrebebis gakeTebisadmi midrekilebaa. swored kombinirebis instinqtis wy-alobiT aris adamiani - adamiani Tavisi saqmeebiT, Tavisi eqspre-siulobiT, sakuTari TeoriebiT, dasabuTebebiT, SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebiT, rogorc am instinqtis garduvali konstruirebis Sedegi.

kombinaciis instinqtis erT - erTi nairsaxeobaa: „logikuri ganviTarebis moTxovnileba“. igi kacobriobis inteleqtualuri progresis, gonebisa da civilizaciis ganviTarebis safuZvelSi devs. yvelaze srulyofilia is sazogadoeba, sadac pirveli kla-sis naSTebis anu „kombinirebis instiqtTa“ siuxvea.

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„kombinirebis instiqtTa“ klasi Tavis mxriv, ramdenime gvarad iyofa. aqedan yvelaze martivi da abstraqtuli „zogadad, anu de-talizaciis gareSe, kombinirebis instiqtia“.

meore gvari - „msgavs an dapirispirebul nivTTa kombinirebis instinqtia“. paretos azriT, magiur qmedebaTa umravlesoba am tipis kombinaciebisagan Sedgeba.

mesame gvari - ganisazRvreba rogorc „zogierT nivTTa da zo-gierT saqmeTa saidumlo Zalaufleba, Zliereba“.

meoTxe - „naSTebis gaerTianebis moTxovnilebadaa“ wodebuli.mexuTe - „logikuri ganviTarebis moTxovnilebad“, xolomeeqvse - „kombinirebaTa namdvilobis rwmenad“ iwodeba.mexuTe gvari „logikuri ganviTarebis moTxovnileba“ im

naSTTa umravlesobas moicavs, romlebic warmoebulebs(deri-vaciebs) gansazRvravs. „logikuri ganviTarebis moTxovnilebis“ swored es moTxovnileba gansazRvravs Teoriebis usasrulo gan-viTarebas da mecnierebis progress.

2. naSTTa meore klasi, pirvelis sruli sapirispiroa. Tu kom-binirebis instinqti aris is, rac adamians saqmianobis erTi wesis an erTi sazogadoebis mudmivad SenarCunebaSi uSlis xels, axali codnisa da rwmenaTa axali sistemis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, maSin „agregatTa mudmivobis moTxovnileba“ inercias, anu ukve mopovebuli mdgomareobis, stabilurobis, arsebuli wesrigis Senarunebis moTxovnilebas, SeiZleba SevadaroT. esaa ukve Cam-oyalibebuli da ganmtkicebuli kombinaciebisadmi, cvlilebebze uaris Tqmisadmi, imperativebis mimarT Tanxmobisa da morCilebi-sadmi adamianuri midrekileba.

zogierTi kombinacia nawilebisagan myarad Sekruli sxeulis msgavs agregats warmoadgens, romelic sabolood realuri ar-sebebis individualobebis analogiur individualobas iZens. es kombinaciebi xSirad SeiZleba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi niSnebis mixedviT gamovicnoT, romlebic mas nawilTa ubralo CamonaTvalisagan ganasxvavebs. agregatis Seqmnas ki xSirad raRac instinqtis warmoqmna moyveba xolme; romelic aseTi wesiT gaer-Tianebuli nivTebis nawilebad daSlas warmatebiT upirispird-eba da umklavdeba kidec. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu danawevrebis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia, maSin mis dafarvas cdilobs, raTa agregatis forma Tu saxe SeinarCunos. sazogadod es instinqti SeiZleba meqanikur inercias SevadaroT. igi sxva instinqtebiT aRZrul moZraobas upirispirdeba. swored aqedan momdinareobs, paretos azriT, meore klasis naSTebis seriozuli sazogadoe-brivi mniSvneloba.

amgvarad, naSTebis meore klasi, pirvelTan erTad kontras-tul wyvils qmnis. am orive ZiriTad tendencias uSualod wvdo-madi sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba aqvs. erTi cvlilebas da ganax-

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lebas, xolo meore - stabilurobas da arsebulis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels, erTi inteleqtualuri konstruqciebis agebisaken, meore ki kombinaciaTa stabilurobisaken gvibiZgebs. aqve pareto SeniSnavs, rom revoluciebi ama qveynis ZlierTa Zalauflebas, zogjer sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis organizacias, ideebs, ro-melTa meSveobiTac isini sazogadoebas marTaven ufro advilad cvlian, vidre zneoba, Sexedulebebi Tu religiebi. saqme isaa, rom yvelaferi, rac zneobas, ojaxis instituts da religiur Sexedulebebs exeba sazogadoebis arsebas Seadgenen da „agregat-Ta uryeoba-mudmivobiT“ inarCuneben arsebobas. politikosebis mier Zalismieri Tavsmoxveuli gardaqmnebi, pirvel rigSi, meore klasis naSTebis mxridan Zlier winaaRmdegobas awydeba.

3. naSTTa mesame da meeqvse klasi yvelaze martivia da paretoc yvelaze lakonurad maT axasiaTebs.

mesame klass „garegan qmedebebSi grZnobebis gamovlena - aR-moCenis moTxovnileba ewodeba. es moTxovnileba ritualuri qmedebebiT gamoiTqmeba, magaliTad aplodismentebiT, romelic madliereba - kmayofilebis gamosaxatadaa gamiznuli. Tumca yve-la sazogadoebaSi aplodismentebi mxolod Tanxmobisa da kmay-ofilebis gamosaxatad ar keTdeba. Jestebi da xmauri, romelTa meSveobiTac Tanxmoba an uTanxmoeba aRiniSneba sazogadoebidan sazogadoebamde varirebs da icvleba. am fenomenebis saxesxvaoba - mravalgvaroba cvalebadi nawilia, maSin rodesac rogorc saer-To nawili, anu naSTi, grZnobebis demonstraciis didi metad Tu naklebad moTxovnilebaa. pareto mesame klasis naSTebis mxolod or gvarze - ubralod kombinirebaSi gamovlenili moqmedebis moTxovnilebaze, da religiur egzaltaciaze saubrobs. yovelg-vari Zaldatanebis gareSe yvela warsul Tu Tanamedrove sazoga-doebaSi auracxeli viTareba SeiZleba warmovidginoT, romelTa SemTxvevaSi grZnobebis gamoTqmis moTxovnileba Tavisuflad kmayofildeba. Cvens epoqaSi am grZnobebis gamoxatvis yvelaze kargi SesaZlebloba politikuri demonstraciebi da sportuli sanaxaobebia.

4. naSTTa paretoseul klasifikaciaSi bolo klasi „seqsualu-ri naSTebia“. aq Cven instiqtis zRvarze, anu im realobis zRvarze varT, romelic rogorc aseTi sociologiis Seswavlis sferoSi ar Sedis. naSTebis klasifikaciaSi wminda saxis instinqtis adgi-li ar aris. pareto wers „ubralo seqsualuri survili(vneba), mi-uxedavad imisa, rom adamianTa modgmas exeba saubari, sociolo-giuri kvlevis sagani ar aris“ (cit:12, gv.428). amgvarad, qcevis is formebi, romlebic seqsualuri instinqtiT imarTeba, sociolo-

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giuri analizis sferoSi ar Semodis, magram sociologs seqsua-lur naSTTan dakavSirebuli qcevis zogierTi nairsaxeoba mainc ainteresebs. „Cven unda SeviswavloT ganazrebaTa da TeoriaTa seqsualuri naSTi. Cveulebriv es naSTi da misgan momdinare es grZnoba, uamrav fenomenSi gvxvdebian, magram isini xSirad da-farulia, gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove adamianebSi“(iqve) ramde-nadac adamianebi TavianT survilebsa da vnebebs ikmayofileben, isini sociologs ar ainteresebs, Tu isini seqsualobasTan daka-vSirebiT qcevis filosofias an morals ar qmnian. vinaidan nebi-smieri aRmsarebloba seqsualobis mimarT gansazRvrul ganwyo-bebs imuSavebs da qadagebs.

5. meoTxe klass - „socialurobasTan dakavSirebul naSTebs“ - pareto Semdegnairad ganmartavs:

„am klass Seadgenen is naSTebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv cx-ovrebas exebian. aq SeiZleba isinic CavrToT, romlebic dis-ciplinas exebian, Tu davuSvebT, rom misi Sesabamisi grZnobebi swored, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis meSveobiT mtkicdebi-an da arseboben. aq aRsaniSnavia is, rom yvela Sinauri cxoveli, katebis garda, moSinaurebamde, rodesac bunebaSi Tavisuflad danavardobdnen, jogebad(gaerTianebebad) cxovrobdnen. amave dros sazogadoeba SeuZlebelia disciplinis gareSe, amgvarad socialurobas da disciplinas Sexebis wertilebi uciloblad aqvT.“ (paragrafi 1113, cit: 12, gv. 429).

naSTTa es meoTxe klasi, romelic sazogadoebas da disci-plinas exeba - rogorc raimon aroni SeniSnavs - garkveuli saxiT naSTTa meore klass „agregatTa mudmivoba - uryeobas“ ukavSirde-ba. Tumca isini raRac punqtebSi erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansx-vavdebian. paretos mier gamoyofili sxvadasxva gvarebi naSTTa am klasis konkretizirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

pirveli gvari - „calkeuli sazogadoebebia“. pareto imaze migvaniSnebs, rom yvela adamians asociaciaTa Seqmnis, kerZod nebayoflobiT gaerTianebaTa midrekileba da Sesabamisi unari aqvs. asociaciebi ki TandaTanobiT erTgulebisa da loialobis grZnobebs badeben, romlebic maT yofierebas(arsebobas) gana-mtkiceben. martivi magaliTi - sportuli sazogadoebaa. igi ro-meliRac spor tuli klubis fanebis nebayoflobiTi gaerTiane-baa, romelsac kluburi patriotizmi axasiaTebs, rasac matCebze dasaswrebad didZali publikis mozidva ZaluZs. nebayoflobiTi asociaciebi mxolod misi monawileebis erTgulebis wyalobiT arsebobs. rodesac Tqveni sayvareli gundis mogeba garkveul si-amovnebas ganiWebT, am erTgulebis logikuri axsna da dasabuTeba

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verc ki SeZloT. magram swored imisagan, rom adamianebi calkeu-li sazogadoebebis mimarT erTgulebas inarCuneben, pareto akeTebs daskvnas, rom amgvari erTguleba TiToeul CvenTaganSi meoTxe klasis naSTebis arsebobiTaa gapirobebuli.

naSTebis meoTxe klasis meore gvars „erTgvarovnebis moTx-ovnileba“ warmoadgens. es moTxovnileba adamianebSi erT - erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da yvelaze Zlieri moTxovnilebaa. Ti-Toeuli CvenTagani Tvlis, rom misi cxovrebis wesi - yvelaze saukeTesoa. nebismieri sazogadoeba, rogoric ar unda iyos misi forma, arsebobas ver SeZlebs Tu Tavis wevrebs azrovnebis garkveuli stili, rwmenis garkveuli saxe, moqmedebis garkveu-li wesi Tu ar Caunerga an ver aaTvisebina. ramdenadac nebismieri sazogadoeba cxovrebis ama Tu im wess Tavisi wevrebisaTvis saval-debulod miiCnevs, amdenad logikuria, igi am wesis damrRvevTa devnas cdilobdes. erTgvarovnebis moTxovnileba aris is naSTi, romelic istoriaSi gansxvavebul moazrovneTa anu disidentTa devnis saxiT ase xSirad meordeba. Tanac, SeniSnavs pareto, ere-tikosobisa da eretikosebis devna, rogorc morwmuneebis, ise Tavisufal moazrevneebisaTvis erTnairad damaxasiaTebelia. aTeistebi, romlebic samRvdeloebas iTvalwuneben da crurw-menis mamxilebeli racionalistebic ki, romelTa oficialuri dogma rwmenis Tavisuflebaa, am erTgvarovnebis moTxovnilebas avlenen. sworad SeniSnavs r. aroni „rogorc fsiqoanalitikosebi laparakoben kompleqsebis xafangze, ise paretosac SeeZlo naS-Tebis xafangze elaparaka“ (12, gv.430).

mesame gvars „TanagrZnobisa da simkacris“ fenomenebi Sead-gens. faqtobrivad pareto sakuTar TavSi gancdil, sxvaze ga-datanil sibralulis grZnobas, sazogadod tanjvisadmi instin-qturi zizRis da fuWi tanjvebisadmi dasabuTebuli zizRis fenomenebs aanalizebs. paretos mxedvelobaSi aqvs is, rom sxve-bis tanjvis aRuqmeloba normaluria da keTilgonierebam sxve-bis tanjvaTa Semcirebaze unda wagvmarTos. magram sibralulis grZnobis SeuzRudaoba mkvlelebisa da teroristebis (anarq-istebis) mimarT Semwynareblur damokidebulebas uwyobs xels, rodesac mosamarTleebi da humanistebi ufro mkvlelebis tan-jvaze da ara maTi msxverplis tanjvis Sesaxeb fiqroben. ai ras wers pareto amis Sesaxeb: „ ukve erTi saukunea rac Cadenili dana-SaulisaTvis sasjeli mudmivad msubuqdeba. iqmneba STabeWdile-ba, rom damnaSaveebis mimarT TanagrZnoba da sibralulis grZno-ba izrdeba, maSin rodesac maT msxverplTa mimarT TanagrZnoba mcirdeba“ (iqve). pareto aseT gulmowyalebas gmobs da miaCnia,

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rom xSirad gulmowyalebis da TanagrZnobis borotad gamoyeneba amboxebebsa da omebs win uswrebs da faqtobrivad maT gaCaRebas uwyobs xels. rodesac sazogadoebaSi koleqtiuri disciplina azrs kargavs, axlovdeba revolucia, romelic RirebulebaTa gadafasebas iwvevs. sxvebisadmi brma TanagrZnobis adgils sxve-bis tanjvisadmi gulgriloba ikavebs, xolo disciplinis moSla Zlieri da „rkinis xelis“ mqone xelisuflebis mosvlas uwyobs xels. pareto Zaladobas ar amarTlebs, magram isic marTalia, rom orive ukiduresoba - rogorc usazRvro humanizmi da uzomo simkacre - sazogadoebrivi wonasworobisaTvis saSiSia.

meoTxe gvars „sxvebis keTildReobis mizniT sakuTar Tavze borotebis, siavis gamowvevis midrekileba“ warmoadgens. anu sx-vebisaTvis Tavdadebis, Tavis gawirvis midrekilebaa. paretos moZRvrebaSi Tavdadeba ara logikuri qmedebaa. gansazRvruli interesiT ganxorcielebuli qmedeba ki, rodesac moqmedi piri saSualebebs maqsimaluri TviTdakmayofilebis miRwevis mizan-Tan akavSirebs, logikuria. es dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom raime qmedebis aralogikurad CaTvla mis gaufasurebas ar niSnavs. es, paretos azriT, ubralod imas niSnavs, rom qmedebis determinan-ti iseT grZnobas gamoxatavs, romelic TviT maTi subieqtebi-sTvisac ki mTlianad da savsebiT gasagebi ar aris. aq pareto saintereso SeniSvnas akeTebs. is rom gabatonebuli klasis war-momadgenlebi, romlebic morCili klasebis mxares ikaveben da maTdami mxardaWeras gamoxataven, imas ar niSnavs, rom isini sxve-bis sakeTildReod da sakuTari Tavis sazianod moqmedeben. rev-oluciuri partiebis mxardamWeri burJuas mizani xSirad poli-tikuri da finansuri sargeblis mopovebaa. burJuebi rogorc dainteresebuli pirebi, paretos azriT, uangarobis komedias TamaSoben. „dRes mrewvelebma da finansistebma aRmoaCines, rom Tu socialistebs dauWeren mxars amiT did sargebels miiReben. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT imas, milionebis mflobeli mrewvelebi da bankirebi „socialuri kanonebis“ miRebas rogor moiTxoven, SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom maT TiTqos moyvasis siyvaruli amoZ-ravebT da am siyvaruliT aRgznebulT erTi suli aqvT sakuTari simdidre morCili klasis warmomadgenlebs gaunawilos. magram gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rac „socialuri kanonebis“ miRebis Sendeg moxdeba da Tqven dainaxavT, rom maT sxvebs araTu raime gaunawiles da misces, aramed, piriqiT, amiT garkveuli mogeba miiRes, garkveuli Tanxa gamoimuSaves“ (12, gv. 432).

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TviT revoluciuri partiebis beladebic ki iSviaTia, rom cinikosebi iyvnen, vinaidan, paretos SeniSvniT, SeuZlebelia gaorebulma icxovro. memarjvene an memarcxene moZRvrebebisa da ideologiebis mqadagebeli adamiani amTavrebs imiT, rom am Sexed-ulebebis mxolod imitom swams, raTa sakuTar TavSi sulieri wonasworoba da simSvide uzrunvelyos. magram paretos azriT, es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom maT mxolod sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli amoZravebT. isinic ki sakuTari naSTebisa da warmoe-bulebis msxverpli SeiZleba aRmoCndnen: naSTebisa, romlebic maT politikuri karieris gakeTebisken ubiZgeben da aseve war-moebulebebisa, romlebic maT cnobierebaSi amis iluzaias qmnian, isini wminda idealisturi mosazrebebiT iseT taqtikas irCeven, romelic reformebisa da revoluciebisaTvis yvelaze sasurve-li da efeqturia.

mexuTe gvari ierarqiasTan anu morCilis (daqvemdebarebulis) ufrosisadmi mowiwebiT damokidebulebis gamomxatvel - keTil-

ganwyobisa da mfarvelobis - grZnobebTanaa dakavSirebuli. erTi sityviT, esaa grZnobebi, romlebsac ierarqiis sxvadasxva doneze myofi koleqtivis wevrebi erTmaneTis mimarT ganicdian. cxadia, rom ierarqiuli sazogadoeba SeuZlebeli iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu umcros-morCilebs morCilebas ar aiZulebdnen an Tu isini vinc xelZRvanelobs da brZanebebs gascems iZulebu-li ar iqnebodnen umcros - daqvemdebarebulebebidan morCileba ar moeTxovaT da amave dros maTdami keTilganwyobac gamoexataT. paretos azriT, ierarqiis SegrZneba rogorc dabali, ise maRali mxareebidan ukve cxovelebSic ki SeimCneva, yvelaze metad igi adamianebSia gavrcelebuli. ufro metic, sazogadoeba, romel-mac sirTulis garkveul dones miaRwia, am grZnobebis gareSe ar-sebobas ver SeZlebda. ierarqiis principebi icvleba, magram igi im sazogadoebaSic ki inarCunebs arsebobas, romelic individebs Soris Tanasworobas formalur da kanonier raimed acxadeben.

meoTxe klasis naSTTa ukanaskneli gvari asketizmis feno-menTanaa dakavSirebuli. paretos azriT, adamianebSi grZnobaTa iseTi gansakuTrebuli saxeebi SeimCneva, romelTa msgavsac cx-ovelebSi ver ipoviT. aseTi grZnobebi adamians aiZulebs amqveyni-uri sikeTeebis miRebaze uari Tqvas, raime piradi sargeblis miRebis gareSe uari Tqvas siamovnebis miRebaze da im instinqtis sapirispirod imoqmedos, romelic cocxal arsebebs sasiamovnos miRebisa da usiamovnos Tavidan aridebis mimarTulebiT gansaz-Rvravs. paretos azriT, swored amgvar fenomens ganekuTvneba asketizmis saxeliT cnobili movlenebi. paretos asketebi ar uy-

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vars dascinis da maT erTdroulad gaocebiT, agdebulad aRta-cebiTac ki Sescqeris.

asketizms erTi myari niSani - adamianTa mier sakuTar Tavze sa-kuTari nebiT misjili tanjva - axasiaTebs. adamianebs imis gamo, rom sakuTari survilebis dakmayofileba ar ZaluZT, realu-rad iZulebulni arian daTrgunon isini. bunebam adamianSi imde-ni survili Cado, rom maTi dakmayofilebis saSualebebi mudam ara sakmarisi iqneba. disciplinisadmi survilTa daqvemdebare-bis grZnobebi sazogadoebrivad sasargebloa, magram roca ms-gavsi grZnobebi usazRvrod viTardebian, maSin maT swored rom asketizmTan mivyavarT, romelic paretos azriT, adamianebisaT-vis sasargeblo ukve aRar aris. realurad igi survilTa disci-plinis paTologiur formad warmogvidgeba. asketizmis qmedeba-ni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis safuZvelSi mdebare naSTebisagan ganuyofelia, magram asketur saxes maSin iReben, rodesac sas-rgeblos niSans kargaven. amitom asketizmis naSTi, rasakvirve-lia socialurobasTan dakavSirebul naSTebs unda mivakuTvnoT, romelic sinamdvileSi socialurobis grZnobis hipertrofi-as(gaqrobas) moaswavebs.

meoTxe klasis narCenebi, Tu TanagrZnobisa da asketizmis ukidures formebs ar CavTvliT, paretos azriT, konservatiul socialur funqcias asruleben. am kuTxiT isini naSTebis meore klasis - „agregatTa mudmivobis“ naSTebTan axlo kavSirSi imy-ofebian. aseve axlosaa erTmaneTTan religiurobisa da social-uri konservatizmis grZnobebi. „religiuri agregatebis“ uryeo-ba da mudmivoba religiaTa arsebobas uwyobs xels. ierarqiasTan dakavSirebuli grZnobebi socialuri struqturebis SenarCune-basa da ganmtkicebas uwyobs xels. amave dros, maTi msgavseba ara srulia. vinaidan, paretos azrT, TanagrZnoba da asketizmi Sei-Zleba socialurad sazianoc ki aRmoCndes.

naSTTa mexuTe klasi „individis da misi mimarTeba - damok-idebulebebis mTlianobad“ iwodeba. es grZnoba interese-bad wodebul grZnobebTan Zalian axlosaa. magram pareto, am grZnobebs sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis TvalsazrisiT iseT did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rom maT naSTebisagan gancalkevebu-lad ganixilavs.

ramdenadac individi sasiamovnosadmi stiqiurad miiswrafis, amdenad logikurad moqmedebs is, visac maqsimaluri siamovnebis miReba surs da amave dros am miznis miRwevisas saSualebebs erT-maneTTan da mizanTanac racionalurad akavSirebs. amgvarad, Tu Zlevamosilebis da simdidris survili normaluria, maSin poli-tikosi, romelic Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad sxvadasxva sa-

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Sualebs angarebiT aerTianebs, logikurad moqmedebs. simdidrisa da gavlenis gaZlierebis miswrafebisagan gamomdinare interese-bi, Sesabamisad mravali logikuri qmedebis mizezi da determinan-ti xdeba. individis da misi damokidebulebebis mTlianobis naSTi aralogikuris sferoSi imis warmomadgenelia, rasac logikur sferoSi interesebi warmoadgenen. sxva sityvebiT, roca individi naSTebisa da grZnobebis meSveobiT egoisturad imkvidrebs Tavs, maSin igi aralogikurad iqceva, simdidrisa da Zalauflebis dau-flebis swrafvisas ki logikurad moqmedebs da iqceva.

naSTTa mexuTe klasis meore gvaris- „morCil - daqvemdebare-bulTa Tanasworobis grZnoba“- advili gasagebia, radgan igi umcrosebs da morCilebs ufrosebTan da xelmZRvanelebTan Ta-nasworobis moTxovnisaken ubiZgebs. igi ierarqiasTan dakavSire-buli da uTanasworobisadmi morCileba - Seguebis maiZulebeli grZnobebis kompensaciaa. esaa naSTi, romlis gamovlinebasac saerTo Tanasworobis moTxovna warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, xSirad es „grZnoba dabali klasebis warmomadgenel individTa mTlianobis damcveli da umaRles klasebSi maTi gadasvlis wesi aRmoCndeba xolme. araa aucilebeli, raTa individma, romelic mocemul grZnobas ganicdis namdvil da moCvenebiT mizans Soris gansxvaveba gaacnobieros. sakuTari interesis nacvlad is sazo-gadoebrivi klasis interess ubralod imitom icavs da ayenebs, rom es sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebisa da gamoTqmis Cveulebrivi wesia.

mesame gvari paretos mier wodebulia ,,SfoTis ganmcdeli su-bieqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qmedebebis daxmarebiT mTlia-nobis aRdgena“. pareto ixilavs da aanalizebs fenomenebs, rom-lebis SeiZleba zogadi terminiT ,,ganwmnedis wes - Cveulebebi“ - T aRvniSnoT: religiurobis sferoSi qmedebebis garda isini SeiZleba sxva sferoebSic arsebodbnen. am naSTis dasaxasiaTeb-lad paretos Semoqmedebis frag mkvlevar, sociolog raimon ar-ons frangi moqalaqis giustav erves SemTxvevis analizi mohyavs, romelmac safrangeTSi, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi revoluci-uri eqstermizmis dros, vidre 1914 – 1918 wlebSi ultrapatri-oti gaxdeboda, presiT ganacxada: ,,safrangeTis droSa nexvSia amosavlebi“. mravalma farngma es sityvebi am simbolos winaaRm-deg Seuracxmyofel sisaZagled CaTvala da qveyanaSi ganwmendis mravalaTasiani demonstraciebi Catarda.

esaa naSTebis tipiuri magaliTi, romelsac mTlianobis aRd-genasTan im qmedebebis aRdgenis ZaliT mivyavarT, romlebic an damnaSave subieqts an obieqts mRelvarebis msxverpls exebian.

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uRirsoba - uwmindurobis cneba yvela religiaSia, dawyebuli totemizmidan, Tanamedrove religiebiT damTavrebuli - yvelas gaaCnia adaT - wesebi, romlebic mowodebulia morwmuneni codve-bis an uRirsi saqmeebisgan ganwmindon. paretos azriT, es adaT - wesebi im narCenebsac axasiaTebs, romlebic individebs sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari damokidebulebebis mTlianobis ganmtkicebisa an aRdgenisaken warmarTavs.

pirveli gvari - ,,sazogadoebrivi wonasworobis darRvevebi-sadmi kontrastSi myofi grZnobebia“. isini individebs imaT da-sasjelad agulianeben, romlebmac samarTlianobisa da usamarT-lobis sesaxeb sazogadoebrivi warmodgenebis da imperativebis sapirispiro qmedeba Caidines. mexuTe klasis narCenebi nebismieri sazogadoebis wevrebs samarTlianobis moTxovnebis dogmatur ganmartebas avaldebulebs. rodesac boroteba saxezea, individ-is mTlianobis naSTebi rogorc sanqciebis aRSfoTebisa da devnis survilebad gvevlinebian.

paretos mier naSTebis amdenad detaluri tipologiis aucileblobas raimon aroni ase asabuTebs: ,,naSTebisa da warmoe-bulebis klasifikacia, es sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi gamovle-nili adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaa. naSTebis sxvadasxva klasebi grZnobaTa im jgufebs Seesatyvisebian, romlebic yove-li sazogadoebis istoriaSi fiqsirdeba. paretos azriT, naSTTa klasebi mcired icvlebian. sxvagvarad, amgvari wesiT gansaz-Rvruli adamiani, ZiriTadad, ar icvleba. mtkiceba, rom adamiani arsebiTad ar icvleba naSTTa klasebis miaxloebiT mudmivobis Sesaxeb TezisTan SeuTavsebelia. moazrovnis pesizmismis wyaroc esaa. Tu progresis idea da adamianuri bunebis gardaqmnis Sesa-Zlo rwmena memarcxeneebis mimarTulebas axasiaTebs, maSin pare-to, uciloblad, memarjveneebs miekuTvneba“ (12, gv. 436).

6. warmoebulebi (derivacioni) - ideologiis koncefcia

fsevdologikuri msjelobani, fuWi ybedoba, mcdari argumen-tebi, yalbi gamarTlebebi ,,adamianis mier gancdili azrovnebis SimSilis“ produqts warmoadgenen. socialuri moqmedebis gam-amarTlebel fsevdologikur TeoriaTa moTxovnileba, romleb-Sic miznis mimRwevi saSualebebi obieqturi logikis miznebTan ar arian dakavSirebuli, Teologiur moZRvrebaTa, eTikur da poli-tikur doqtrinaTa SeqmnaSi gamoixateba, romlebic religiis, moralis, politikis WeSmarit arsebas Cqmalaven. amitom social-

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urma mecnierebam am moZRvrebaTa safuZveli, e.i. maTi ganmap-irobebeli emociebi unda aRmoaCinos da axsnas. ideologiebi, pa-retos mixedviT esaa wmindad sityvieri safarveli, moxerxebuli demagogiuri xrikebi, fandebi, romelTac moqmedebis aralogi-kuri xasiaTis SeniRbvis mizniT Teoriuli forma aqvT miniWebu-li. ideologiebi iqmnebian imisaTvis, raTa moqmedebaTa gamom-wvevi WeSmariti mizezebi dafaron, romelTac fesvebi adamianis fsiqikis iracionalur plastebSi aqvT gadgmuli. ideologiuri koncefciebi, sistemebi, Teoriebi paretom ,,derivaciis“ (deri-vacioni) terminiT aRniSna, rac warmoebuls-nawarmoebs niSnavs, riTac xazi maT meorad, grZnobebisgan warmoebul xasiaTs gausva.

ra aris warmoebuli(derivacia)? - pirvel rigSi igi sistemis cvalebadi elementia, romelic adamianis qmedebiT da misi si-tyvieri TanxlebiT iqmneba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, faqto-brivad igi imis eqvivalentia, rasac gamamarTlebel Teorias, anu ideologias uwodeben. pareto warmoebulebs ZiriTadad „sub-ieqturad, im damarwmuneblobis“ TvalsazrisiT swavlobs, ro-goric maT SeuZliaT hqondes. magaliTad, mitingze oratoris si-tyvis smenisas, romelic amtkicebs, rom sayovelTao - sakacobrio morali sikvdil misjilis dasjas uzneobad acxadebs da krZala-vs, SeiZleba misi sityva sami TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT; pirveli - logikis TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT da gaviazroT Tu rogori TanmimdevrobiT aris igi dalagebuli da warmoTqmuli; meore - SeiZleba es sityva da masSi gamoTqmuli sakacobrio moralis ideologia realurad arsebul msoflios faqtobriv viTarebas SevadaroT; da bolos, SeiZleba vusminoT orators da vkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs Tu ratom arwmunebs misi sityvebi auditorias?

sociologiuri kvleva arkvevs, Tu rogor iyeneben adamianebi fsiqologiur, logikur an fsevdologikur meTodebs, raTa sxve-bi TavianTi sityvebis(azrebis) simarTleSi daarwmunon da miimx-ron. aRsaniSnavia, rom pareto Seecada logikosisa da sociol-ogis amocanebi erTmaneTisagan gaemijna. ,,rodesac logikosi aRmoaCens Secdomas daskvnaSi, sofizmi mxilebulia, gaSifrulia da logikosis Sroma damTavrebulia, mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba sociologis muSaoba, romelmac unda ikvlios, Tu sazogadod ratom miiRebian es mcdari argumentebi mravalTa mier, Tu ra-tom gvarwmunebs da gvajerebs es sofistika... logika ikvlevs Tu ratomaa daskvna mcdari, sociologia – Tu ratom moipovebs igi aseT farTo gavrcelebas“. magram paretos pasuxi am kiTxvaze zo-gadad aseTia msmenelebSi mtkicebani im emociebis aRgznebiTa da gaRizianebis meSveobiT miiRebian da moipoveben prestiJs, rom-lebic ,,dasabuTebis“ statuss iReben.

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paretom daamuSava derivaciaTa klasifikacia, ris Sedegadc isini oTx klasad dayo.

pirvel klasSi Sedian mtkicebulebebi, romlebic SemoTava-zebuli arian, rogorc absoluturi WeSmaritebani, anu dogmebi. pirvel klass Seadgens - „martivi mtkicebuleba“ - ris nimuSadac am SemTxevevaSi dedis Svilisadmi mimarTva gamogvadgeba: mismine, imitom rom unda momismino. bavSvs, mSobels Tu kariskacs yvelas esmis es formula: „ asea saWiro, imitom rom asea saWiro“. pirve-li klasis derivaciuli moqmedeba „saWiroa, imitom rom saWiroa“ Sesabamisi toniT da Sesabamisi saxiT unda iqnes warmoTqmuli. pirovnebaTa Sorisi urTierTobebis gansazRvruli tipi xels uwyobs, rom ubralo warmoebulma mtkicebam da moTxovnam Tavis mizans miaRwios.

meore klasSi Sedian arakompetenturi msjelobani, romlebic TavianT Tavs avtoritetis damowmebiT amarTleben. meore klasi SeiZleba dedis Segonebis saxiT warmovadginoT: „Sen unda dagvi-jero imitom, rom mamas ase unda“. abstraqtulad, rom vTqvaT es aris avtoritetebis moSveliebiT raimes WeSmaritebis da sis-woris mtkiceba - „Philosophus dixit”. is saSualebas gvaZlevs Zveli avtoritetebi (arisotele) Tanamedrove moduri avtoritetebiT CavanacvloT. saubari yovelTvis iseT derivaciebs (warmoe-bulebs) exeba, romlebic damajereblobis Zalas gansazRvruli piris, tradiciis an Cveulebis avtoritetisagan iZenen.

Tu mamis avtoriteti ara sakmarisi maSin, deda derivaciebis mesame klass mimarTavs da mama futers (zRapris personaJi, ro-melic adamianebs aSinebs.) an Tovlis babuas gamoiyenebs. sx-vagvarad, rom vTqvaT derivaciebs SeuZliaT grZnobebsa da principebs, iuridiul da metafizikur arsebebs daeyrdnon an zebunebriv Zalebsac ki mimarTon. am SemTxvevaSi damajereblo-bis Zalas isini „grZnobebTan da principebTan Tanxmobidan“ iReben. rodesac pareto warmoebulebis mesame klass gvarebad axarisxebs Tanmimdevrulad CamoTvlis im grZnobebs, individu-alur da koleqtiur interesebs, iuridiul arsebebs (magaliTad samarTali, samarTlianoba), metafizikur arsebebs (solidaro-ba, progresi, kacobrioba, demokratia), zebunebriv Zalebs, anu yvela im arsebebs, romlebic warmoebulebSi (derivaciebSi) mud-mivad vlindebian. derivacia (warmoebuli) Sesabamisi grZnobebis gaRviZebiT, navaraudev da realur interesebs Soris kavSirebis miTiTebiT, zebunebrivi arsebis navaraudev nebaze dayrdnobiT mtkicebulebebs, imperativebs an akrZalvebs damajereblobas da damarwmunebelobas sZens.

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meoTxe klasi im warmoebulebebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic dam-arwmuneblobis Zalas sityvieri „verbaluri dasabuTeba - mt-kicebulebebidan“ iRebs. „verbaluri (sityvieri) warmoebulebi - realobis sapirispiro ganusazRvreli, saeWvo, orazrovani ter-minebis gamoyenebis Sedegia“ (12, gv.437). magaliTad, romeliRac reJimi demokratiad cxaddeba imis gamo, rom igi xalxis interese-bis Sesabamisad funqcionirebs. es debuleba ormxvriv saeWvoa. ras vuwodoT demokratia? ras niSnavs masebis interesebiT fun-qcionireba? politikur sityvaTa umravlesoba verbalur mt-kicebulebebs ganekuTvneba. saWiroa davamatoT da es paretosac kargad esmis, rom sityvas, romelic mxolod logikur - eqsperi-mentul mtkicebulobebs da argumentebs eyrdnoba, publika au-ditoriaSic ki ar moismens. warmoebulTa aralogikuri xasiaTis mimarT pareto ironiul damokidebulebas gamoxatavs, magram im-eorebs, rom mas ar surs politikosebis qcevis manera logikur - eqserimentaluri xasiaTis iyos: es SeuZlebeli da ara efeqtu-ri iqneboda. sainterso mosazrebebs gvTavazobs pareto, roca politikosebis mier masebze zemoqmedebis fsiqologiur xerxebs aanalizebs. pareto hitleramde jerkidev didi xniT adre werda, rom adamianTa darwmunebis erT - erT yvelaze efeqtur saSuale-ba - erTi da igives mravaljer gamorebaa ,,ganmeoreba gansakuTre-biT grZnobebze moqmedebs da naSTebs cvlis; logikur - eqsperi-mentaluri mtkiceba gonebaze moqmedebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi mas warmoebulebis Secvla ZaluZs, magram sustad zemoqmedebs grZnobebze. rodesac mTavroba an romelime finansuri xelisu-fleba erTguli gazeTebidan maTi Rirsebis dacvas moiTxovs, aR-saniSnavia, rom isini xSirad saukeTeso argumentebs da sabuTebs ki ar mimarTaven, aramed ubralod avtoritetTa yvelaze cud verbalur warmoebulebs iyeneben, magram es ubedureba ar aris, piriqiT, zogjer sasargebloa; gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu waroebu-li imdenad martivia, rom yvelas TviT yvelaze gaunaTleblebsac ki misi gageba da usasrulod gameoreba ZaluZT“ (12, gv. 438). aseve hitleramde didi xniT adre man Tqva, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani ara azrebis racionaluri da logikuri dalageba, aramed STabe-Wdilebis Seqmnis unaria. rom arsebobs sityvebi, romlebsac masebze magiuri zemoqmedeba SeuZliaT. maSasadame, jer arss, es sityvebi maSinac ki gamoviyenoT, rodesac maT naTeli sazrisic ki ar gaaCniaT. ,,paretos warmoebulTa (derivaciebis) Teoria - politikis sferoSi arsebuli pirovnebaTaSoris da jgufTaSo-ris urTierTobebis fsiqologiaSi didi Senatania“ (12, gv. 438).

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7. sazogadoeba, rogorc individTa urTierTqmedebis sistema - sociologiuri sinTezi.

paretos erT-erTi centraluri idea sazogadoebis rogorc sistemis, romelic TandaTanobiT darRvevad da aRdgenadi wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba ganxilva iyo. wonasworo-bis cneba man valrasis ekonomikuri Teoriisgan isesxa, romelsac paretom meqanisturi xasiaTi misca, riTac sazogadoebis pirvel-saxe wonasworobis iseT modelSi ganWvrita, romlis TiTeuli nawili erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia da urTierTze meqaniku-rad zemoqmedeben. cvlileba sistemis erT nawilSi dauyovnebliv gadaicema mis meore nawilSi, da mTeli sistema iwyebs moZraobas, sanam ,,dinamikuri wonasworoba“ kvlav ar aRsdgeba.

paretom ekonomika rogorc socialuri sistemis qvesiste-ma ganixila. ekonomikuri sistema, misi azriT, gansakuTrebuli molekulebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic moZraobaSi moTxovnile-bebiTa da racionaluri interesebiT modian, romlebsac ekono-mikurad sasurvelis miRwevis gzaze winaaRmdegoba xvdebaT. socialuri sistema ufro rTulia. socialur moqmedeba - qcev-aSi adamianuri individebi monawileoben, romlebic aRWurvilni arian grZnobebiT. swored grZnobebi, romlebic ganpirobebul-ni arian individTa fsiqikuri wyobiT, aris mTavari zambara, ro-melsac mTeli sistema moqmedebaSi mohyavs, grZnobebis gageba ki nebismieri racionaluri mosazrebis gagebaze gacilebiT Znelia. sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi adamianis bunebis naSTebisa da deriva-ciebis Seswavlis Semdeg pareto, sazogadoebis rogorc funqcio-naluri sistemis analizze gadadis. misi es miswrafeba asaxulia „traqtatSi zogadi sociologiis Sesaxeb“: „naSTebisa da deriva-ciebis Tvisebebi“, „sazogadoebis zogadi forma“, „sazogadoebis wonasworoba istoriaSi“.

cnobilia, rom naSTebis klasi umniSvnelod icvleba. Tu ga-davxedavT istorias da istoriuli masalebs gavaanalizebT, vnaxavT, rom naSTebis eqvsive klasi TavianT mniSvnelobas stabi-lurad inarCunebs. Tumca aseve SeiZleba logikur-eqsperimentu-li azrovnebis neli progresic davinaxoT.

garkveuli periodis manZilze pareto ganicdida socialuri darvinizmis gavlenas, e.i.sicocxlisaTvis brZolisa da bune-brivi gadarCevis Sesaxeb mTel sazogadoebaze gavrcelebis ideas iziarebda. Tumca garkveuli gaazrebis Semdeg paretom ar ganavrco es interpretacia, rac misi azriT metad meqanistu-ri da erTgvarovani iyo. is im ideis erTguli darCa, rom grZno-

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ba an naSTi cxovrebis pirobebs ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes. Tu admianebis Sexedulebebi da msofmxedveloba koleqtivis mier moTxovnil cxovrebis wesTan SeuTavsebelia, aseTi sazogadoeba ver gadarCeba. yovelTvis saWiroa adaptaciis minimumi.

pareto mogvianebiT amatebs, rom SeiZleba abstraqciis doneze warmovidginoT sazogadoebis ori „kritikuli tipi“: 1. sazo-gadoeba sadac batonobs mxolod da mxolod grZnobebi. savar-udoT, cxovelebis sazogadoeba Zalian axlos aris am tipTan. 2. sazogadoeba, sadac batonobs mxolod logikur-eqsperimentuli msjelobebi. (12, gv. 445).

adamianebis sazogadoeba am or tips Soris SualedSi imyofe-ba. es forma ara mxolod garegnuli mdgomareobiT grZnobebiT, interesebiT, logikur-eqsperimentuli daskvnebis, aramed ga-Sualebulad warmoebulTa meSveobiTac ganisazRvreba, rom-lebic gamoTqvamen da zogjer amarTleben grZnobebsa da inter-esebs, garkveul SemTxvevebSi ki propagandistul saSualebebadac ki gvevlinebian.

sazogadoeba, romelic mxolod logikur - eqsperimentuli mo-qmedebis tipiT iqneboda struqturirebuli, ara mxolod arse-bobas ver SeZlebda, aramed warmodgenac ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda, vinaidan logikur - eqsperimentalur azrovnebas misi arsebiTi da gadamwyveti mniSvnelobi mqone miznebis gansazRvra ar Zalu-Zs. „humanitarebisa da pozitivistebisTvis sawyeni ar iqneba Tu vityvT, rom sazogadoeba determinirebulia mxolod gonebiT, ara arsebobs da verc iarsebebs. da ara imitom, rom crurwmene-bi adamianebs gonebis miTiTebebis Sesabamisad qmedebebSi xels uSlian, aramed imitom, rom paretos azriT, ar arsebobs im prob-lemis amosaval monacemTa sisrule, romlis gadaWrasac logi-kur - eqsperimentaluri gziT iswrafvis. aq Tavs sargeblianobis cnebis ganuzRvreloba iCens Tavs, vinaidan adamianebis mier gam-oyenebul cnebebs rodesac isini sakuTari TavisTvis da sxvebi-sTvis sikeTeebis Sesaxeb msjelobs, arsebiTad gansxvavebuli Si-naarsi aqvs da maTi gaerTianebis wessic ar arsebobs“ (12, gv. 446)

miznis aralogikur - eqsperimentuli determinacia bunebriv garemosTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoebis Tavisuflebis problemas gulisxmobs. es ar gulisxmobs bunebis gavlenis uaryofas sazo-gadoebaze: is grZnobebze da naSTebze, adaptaciis minimumze aisaxeba.

amgvarad, aucilebeli adaptaciis minimumi dasawyisidanve ig-ulisxmeba, amitom ufro mizanSewonili iqneba Tu bunebriv gare-mos frCxilebs gareT gavitanT da sazogadoebis funqcionirebis

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gagebas ZiriTadad naSTebis, warmoebulebis, interesebis da so-cialuri mravalferovnebis gaanalizebis meSveobiT vecdebiT.

pareto interesis qveS im tendenciebs gulisxmobs, romelic instiqtisa da gonebis saxiT individs aiZulebs materialuri, sa-sargeblo da sasiamovno faseulobebi (Rirebulebebi) cxovrebas moargos da dafasebasa da pativiscemas miaRwios. es tendenciebi yvelaze ukeT erTis mxriv ekonomikuri subieqtis, xolo meores mxriv politikuri aqtorebis qmedebebSi vlindeba, anu yvelaze ukeT imaTi qcevebi avlenen, vinc sazogadoebriv SejibrSi mate-rialuri siamovnebis miRebis maqsimumis an Zalauflebis da aRi-arebis maqsimumis miRebas eswrafvian.

pareto mixedviT, muSis an inJineris moqmedeba aris logi-kur-eqsperimentaluri. miznis problema aris mogvarebuli. ga-davxedoT xidis konstruqcias. xidis aSenebis gadawyvetileba ara logikur - sistemuri da teqnikuri davalebis Sesruleba damokidebulia aralogiku - eqsperimentuli gadawyvetilebebi-sagan Tan ise, rom es sasargebloa dainteresebuli individebi-saTvis.

ekonomiuri subieqtebis moqmedeba - dainteresebuli da logi-kur -eqsperimentulia, anu ekonomikuri mecnierebebi amodian principidan, rom individebi miiswrafian garkveuli miznis mis-aRwevad da maT misaRwevad maqsimalurad sasargeblo garemos iyeneben.

am miznebis gansazRvris dros ekonomikuri mecnierebebi priv-ilegirebul mdgomareobaSi arian, radgan arCevans TviTon in-dividi akeTebs. Tu erTi idividi ukanaskneli TanxiT yidulobs Rvinos, xolo meore purs, maSin ekonomistebi yuradRebas am gadawyvetilebze da ara maT mniSvnelobebze amaxvileben. ekon-omistebi miiCneven, rom TiTeuli adamiani arsebuli garemos piroebebSi maqsimaluris miRebas cdilobs. TiToeuli individis sargeblis zoma specifiuria, azri ara aqvs mTelis mogebaze sau-bars, is ubralod ar arsebobs da misi ganxilva SeuZlebelia.

sazogadoebrivi sargebeli - es aris sazogadoebis mocemuli mdgomareoba, romelic cvlilebas ganicdis. sazogadoebrivi sargebelis araerTgvarovani gageba arsebobs da is ufro naTeli da gasagebi xdeba Tu sociologi gansazRvravs am mosazrebas.

ase, rom SeiZleba saubari gonivruli da samkarisi sargeblia-nobis maqsimumi sazogadoebisaTavi, rac ganisazRvreba indi-videbiTvis sakmarisi da goniivruli sargeblianobisagan damou-kideblad. da piriqiT, sakmarisi gonivruli sargeblis maqsimumi koleqtivisaTvis ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes.

sociologiaSi SeiZleba koleqtivisaTvis maqsimluri sarge-

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blisa da koleqtivis sargeblis erTad analizi, rogorc raRac eqvivalenturi pirovnebebi. maqsimaluri sargebeli koleqtivs ar SeiZleba logikur - eqsperimentalurad iyos determinirebu-li. erTis mxriv misi gansazRvra saWirobs kriteriumebis SeCevas: sityva, siZliere. meores mxriv - koleqtivi ara individi xolo Rirebulebebis sistema aris gansxvavebuli, amitom maqsimaluri sargebeli koleqtivs yovelTvis iqneba derivatuli determina-cia, e.i. ar warmoiqmneba logikur-eqsperimentuli meTodidan.

8. elitaTa wrebrunvis koncefcia

paretos sociologiaSi heterogenobis cneba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. imis gamo, rom individTa RirebulebiTi sistemebi erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebuli da mimofantulia, swored amitom paretos azriT, SeuZlebelia sazogadoeba rogorc erTi, calkeuli piri ganvixiloT. pareto aseve „sazogadoebrivi het-erogenobis“ gamoTqmas im faqtis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs, rom yvela aqamde cnobili sazogadoeba marTul individTa masebisa da maTi mmarTveli, Tu mbrZanebeli mcire raodenobis anu elitis gansx-vavebas da garkveuli azriT dapirispirebasac ki gulisxmobs. rogorc raimon aroni wers: „Tu marqsTan fundamenturi mniSvn-eloba klasobriv gansxvavebas aqvs, maSin paretos sociologia-Si gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas masebsa da elitas Soris gansxvaveba iZens“ (12, gv.451).

paretos elitis ori gansazRvreba aqvs mocemuli: farTo, ro-melic mTlian sazogadoebriv elitas moicavs da viwro, romelic mxolod mmarTvel elitas moicavs. elitis farTo gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, elitas miekuTvneba mxolod im individTa mcire ra-odenoba, romelTagan TiToeulma sakuTari saqmianobis sferoSi warmatebas miaRwia da profesiuli ierarqiis umaRles eSeloneb-Si daimkvidra adgili. davuSvaT, rom saqmianobis yvela sferoSi individi iRebs Tavisi SesaZleblobebis maCvenebels (indeqss), ise rogorc skolaSigamocdis Cabarebis Semdeg niSans gviweren. magaliTad, is vinc warmatebulad akeTebs Tavis saqmes mivaniWoT indeqsi 10, xolo imas vinc ver aRwevs saerTod warmatebas daer-Ti klienti hyavs - indeqsi 1, kretins ki SeiZleba mivaniWoT - 0. man vinc gamoimuSava milioni(ara aqvs mniSvneloba es kargad Tu cudad), Cven davuwerT -10, xolo vinc gamoimuSava aTasi franki - 6. xolo is vinc TiTqmis SimSilisagan kvdeba - 1, xolo is vinc RaribTa TavSesafarSi cxovrobs - 0. qal politikosebs, iesTebs rogorebic iyvnen magaliTad, aspasia perikles, menTenoni ludo-

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viko XIV, pompaduri ludoviko XV dros, romlebmac Zlier mmarT-velTa madliereba daimsaxures da sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis marTvaSi seriozuli roli iTamaSes 8 an 9 vuwerT. im qalebs ki vinc am adamianebis survilebs akamyofileben da aranairi gav-lena sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze ar aqvT vuwerT - 0. TaRliTs, romlic adamianebs atyuebs, magram veravin daiWira Cven - 8 an 9 davuwerT,Tumca SeiZleba -10-ic davuweroT, Tu man didi raode-nobis fuli iSova.duqnebsa da traqtirebSi dana - Canglis amwap-nel Rarib TaRliTs, romelic Jandarmam daiWira davuwerT 1-s. iseT poets, rogoric miusea gemovnebis Sesabamisad 8 an 9 vuwerT, xolo riTmebis iseT mTxvzels, romlis sonetebis mosmenisas ada-mianebi garbian 0 vuwerT. da ase Semdeg saqmianobis yvela sfero-Si moRvawe adamianebisaTvis. amgvarad, Cven SevadgenT im klass, visac TavianTi saqmianobis sferoSi yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli (indeqsi) aqvT, mas elitas vuwodebT. Cveni miznisaTvis ubralod anbanis pirveli asoc ki SeiZleba gamomdgariyo“ (12, gv. 452). ara saWiro metafizikuri an moraluri sazrisis Zebna elitis gage-baSi, saubari mxolod socialur kategoriazea. ara aqvs azri davsvaT kiTxvebi imaze WeSmaritia Tu ara es elita, vis aqvs masSi yofnis ufleba da vis ara da a.S. radgan elitaSi arian isini vinc cxovrebis konkursSi maRali qulebi miiRes da aseve „sazogadoe-brivi cxovrebis latariaSi“ bednieri nomeri amouvidaT.

pareto elitis farTo gansazRvrebas praqtikulad ar iyenebs, misi mizania elitis rogorc mcire wris ganxilva, romelSic politikur Tu sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi warmatebas miRweuli adamianebi Sedian. Cven vswavlobT sazogadoebis stabilurobis sakiTxs, amitom es klasi or nawilad unda gavyoT. Cven gamovyofT imaT vinc pirdapiri an ara pirdapiri gziT did rols asruleben mmarTvelobaSi. isini mmarTvel elitas Seadgenen. magaliTad, cnobili moWardake ra Tqma unda elitas miekuTvneba, magram mis niWerebas Wadrakis TamaSSi ar SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos mmarT-velobaze da Tu is mis sxva SesaZleblobebs ar gamoiyenebs, pare-tos azriT, is mmarTveli elitis wevri ver iqneba. absoluturi monarqebis an gamoCenili politikosebis sayvarlebi silamazisan gonierebis Sedegad xSirad aRmoCndebian elitaSi. magram maTi mxolod mcire nawili, romelic politikis sferoSi gansakuTre-bul unarebs flobs, mmarTvelobaSi garkveuli rolis TamaSs Se-Zlebs. amgvarad, Cven saqme „sazogadoebis or fenasTan gvaqvs: 1. dabali fena - klasi, romelic elitas ar miekuTvneba, jer Tavi SevikavoT am klasis mmarTvelobaze gavlenis ganxilvisagan. 2. maRali fena, elita, romelic or: a). mmarTvel elitad da b) aram-marTvel elitad iyofa“ ( 12, gv. 453).

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sazogadoebebs erTmaneTisagan maTi elitis gansakuTrebiT mmarTveli elitis buneba ganasxvavebT. yvela sazogadoebas Tav-isi gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTebeli aqvs da sociologi valdebu-lia maT konstantireba gaukeTos: sazogadoebaSi Rirebulebebi araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli, prestiJi ki ufro arasworad aris ganawilebuli, asevea Zalauflebac. materialur da moral-ur RirebulebaTa es araTanabari ganawileba imitomaa SesaZle-beli, saboloo jamSi umciresoba marTavs umravlesobas, rom-lis drosac saSualebaTa or tips iyenebs: Zalas da cbierebas (darwmunebas). masa imarTeba elitis mier, imitom rom am uknask-nels Zala da unari aqvs gavlena moaxdinos umravlesobaze e.i. met - naklebi mudmivobiT maTi SecdomaSi Seyvana ZaluZs. kanon-ieri mTavroba - isaa, visac unari Seswevs mmarTulebs STaagonos, TiTqos maTi interesebi, movaleoba Tu Rirseba umciresobisadmi morCilebaSia. mmarTvis ori saSualebis - Zalisa da darwmunebis (cbierebis) gansxvaveba - es lomebad da meliebad makiaveliseuli gansxvavebis perifrazia. politikuri elita or saxeobas moiaz-rebs. aqedan erTs SeiZleba lomebis ojaxi, isini upiratesobas aniWeben Zalis gamoyenebas, xolo meores - meliebis ojaxi ewo-dos, radgan isini resursebis siuxviT da gamomgoneblobiT ga-moirCevian.

pareto socialuri heterogenulobis da elitis Teorias „traqtats zogadi sociologiis Sesaxeb“ - Si aviTarebs, Tumca aseve mis iseT Sromebsac unda gadavxedoT rogorebic: „politi-kuri ekonomiis kursi“ da „socialisturi sistemaa“.marqsis sa-pirispirod, paretos miaCnia, rom „uTanasworoba SemosavalTan mimarTebaSi adamianis bunebaze da ara sazogadoebis ekonomikur struqturazea damokidebuli. Semosavlebis ganawilebis kanonis modifikaciisaTvis am organizaciis Rrma cvlilebebic ki ar iqne-boda sakmarisi“(12, gv.458). amgvarad, sazogadoebis stabiluro-bis ideas ekonomikuri safuZveli aqvs. sociologma unda dasvas kiTxva: ratomaa rom aristokratia an mmarTveli umciresoba am-denad ara myari, arastabiluri da arc xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba.

pareto aristokratiis sikvdils Semdeg mizezebs aanalizebs:1. bevri aristokrati, brZolaSi yofnis dros daiRupa. meomari

aristokratebi advilad nadgurdebian radgan iZulebulebi ari-an brZolis velze sicocxle gariskon.

2. ramodenime Taobis Semdeg aristokratia sicocxlis unari-anobas an Zalis gamoyenebis unars kargavs. adamianebis marTva Zaladobisadmi midrekilebis arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. magram amave dros Zala da Zaladoba erTmaneTSi ar unda agveri-

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os, vinaidan misi azriT Zaladoba xSirad sisustis da ara Zlier-ebis Tanamgzavria. Zalauflebis mompovebelTa SviliSvilebi an SvilisSvilis Svilebi dabadebidanve privilegirebul mdgo-mareobaSi imyofebian, maT naSTebis pirveli klasis „kombinirebis instiqti“ unarebi SeiZines da maT winaprebTan SedarebiT ufro inteleqtualuri kombinaciebisaken arian midrekilebi, misdeven xelovnebas da a.S. isini im unarebs rogorsac sazogadoeba maTgan moiTxovs TandaTanobiT kargaven. xSirad iseTi aristokratia (elita), romelic yvelaze zomieri da amis gamo yvelaze tole-rantuli da damTmobi adamanebisgan Sedgeba, swored amgvari si-susteebisa gamo ajanyebebis gamo nadgurdeba da mkacri elitiT icvleba. paretos azriT, meTvramete saukunis safrangeTis eli-tis daRupvis mizezi misi dasusteba iyo, rac uwinares yovlisa humanisturi filosofiis ideebis miRebaSi, cxovrebis siameebiT tkbobaSi da liberaluri ideebis waxalisebaSi gamoixateboda. igi eSafotze daiRupa. misi daRupva erTdroulad samwuxaroc da samarTlianic iyo, ukidures SemTxvevaSi istoriuli samarTlia-nobis TvalsazrisiT, romelic aristokratiisagan (elitisagan) pirvel rigSi Tavisi saqmeebis keTebas da ara im „mgrZnobelobis“ daxvewas moiTxovda, romlebic SeiZleba pativiscemis Rirsi ki iyo, magram paretos azriT , namdvilad ar uwyobda xels imas, rom igi mmarTvel elitad darCeniliyo.

„yoveli tipis elita, romelic mzad ar aris ibrZolis Tvisi md-gomareobisaTvis SesanarCuneblad da dasacavad ibrZolos, ece-ma. mas sxva meti araferi darCenia Tavisi adgili im elitas dauT-mos, romelic im simamaces flobs, romelic mas aSkarad ar aqvs. Tu elitas hgonia, rom mis mier gacxadebul humanur principebs vinme maT mimarT gamoiyenebs Zalian cdebian: gamarjvebulebi mas ulmoblad gaJuJaven. sanam safrangeTis mmarTveli klasebi Tav-ianT „grZnobebs“ aviTarebdnen, danebi ileseboda; giliotinebi; es umaqnisi, fuWi da frivoluri sazogadoeba parazituli cx-ovrebis wess misdevda, da TavianT daxvewil vaxSmobebze samyaros „crurwmenebisagan gaTavisuflebasa da urCxulis ganadgurebis“ aucileblobaze bWobda, da verc ki warmoedgina, rom TviTonve iqneboda ganadgurebuli“(iqve).

3. arsebiTia is garemoeba, rom elitasa da mis garemoSi arse-buli individebis niWiereba da unarebi SeuZlebelia mis mier dakavebul socialur poziciebs xangrZlivad emTxveodes. so-cialuri poziciebisa da da misi damkavebeli individebis unare-bi da niWiereba, ZiriTadad damfuZnebeli mamebis TaobaSi emTx-veva erTmaneTs. magram, SeniSnavs pareto, memkvidreobis Sesaxeb

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kanoni gveubneba, rom aranairi aucilebloba ar arsebobs imisa, ro mbZanebelTa Svilebi igive TvisebebiT iqnebian dajildoebu-li. elitaSi yovelTvis arian saqmisaTvis gamosaudegari adami-anebi, magram mTlianobaSi masSi saqmisaTvis gamosadegi unarebis mqone adamianebic sakmarisadaa.

amgvarad, elitaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi grovdebian adamiane-bi, romlebic saqmisaTvis gamousadegari arian, magram dakavebul socialur poziciebs inarCuneben. aseT pirobebSi - kiTxvas svams pareto - rogoraa SesaZlebeli sazogadoebrivi stabilurobis SenarCuneba?

nebismier elitas, romelic adamianTa masaSi liderobisa da xe-lmZRvanelobis niWiT dajildoebul pirebs aRmoaCenen, SeuZlia, erTdroulad, magram sxvadasxva proporciebiT ori wesis- xerxis mixedviT imoqmedos: Tavidan moicilos da elitaSi Sesvlis Ses-aZlebloba ar misces, an maTi absorbireba moaxdinos. paretos azriT, es ukanaskneli wesi yvelaze humanuri, efeqturi da ga-mosadegia, vinaidan revoluciuri gadatrialebebis Tavidan ac-ilebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Tavis droze, wers igi, inglisurma elitam virtuozulad SeZlo potenciuri revolucionerebis ab-sorireba: ukve saukuneebia, mas zogierTi niWieri da unaris mqone pirebisaTvis, romlebic srulebiTac ar arian privilegirebuli klasis warmomadgenlebi, elitaSi Sesasvleli karebi Ria aqvs. arasasurvel potenciur liderTa Tavidan mocilebis gansxvave-buli wesebi da xerxebi arsebobs. yvelaze humanuri aqedan, pare-tos azriT, gadasaxlebaa. sazogadoebas, romelsac emigraciis damcavi saSualeba ar aqvs, Sinagani mRelvarebebisTvisaa ganwir-uli. evropuli elitebi revolucionerebis koloniebSi gadasax-lebiT sakuTar poziciebs SesaniSnavad icavdnen. nebismier sazo-gadoebaSi ipoviT arsebuli reJimiT da wesrigiT ukmayofilo liderebs, romelTa Tavidan mocileba an absorbireba unda mox-des. Tavidan mocilebis yvelaze araadamianuri xerxi, ris Sesaxe-bac samarTlianad wers pareto, raskvirvelia - mkvlelobaa. sam-wuxarod, istoriaSi es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneboda.

unarebisa da socialuri poziciebis urTierTdamok-idebulebis ciklebis Sesabamisad, nebismier sazogadoebaSi cno-bilia elitaTa cirkulacia, romelic paretos mixedviT sazoga-doebrivi wyobis ZiriTadi elementia.

individTa memkvidreobiT miRebul niWierebasa Tu unarebs da ierarqiaSi dakavebul pozicias Soris sruli harmoniis dam-kvidrebis SeuZleblobis Sedegad, nebismieri sazogadoeba ara-

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stabilurobis matarebelia. sazogadoebriv stabilurobas, paretos azriT, aseve xels uSlis naSTebis pirveli klasis(kom-binirebis instinqti) da meore klasis (agregatTa mudmivobis) ga-movlinebaTa sixSiris cvalebadoba. Tu elita didi xnis ganmav-lobaSi imyofeboda xelisuflebis saTaveSi, maSin igi pirveli klasis naSTis moWarbebas ganicdis. igi Zalian inteleqtualuri ( es „Zalian goniers“ ar niSnavs) xdeba, marTvis Zalismier xerxebze uars ambobs da amitom susti da advili mosaxelTebeli xdeba. ma-saSi Casaxuli ulmobeloba da simkacre ki mas elitis winaaRmdeg razmavs da warmarTavs.

sazogadoebrivi wonasworoba da stabiluroba, romelic rev-oluciis saSiSroebas amcirebs, elitaSi naSTebis pirveli kla-sis („kombinirebis instinqtis“) gakveul siWarbes da masaSi naS-Tebis meore klasis („agregatTa mudmivobis“) ufro met siWarbes gulisxmobs. stabilurobisa da wesrigis SesanarCuneblad „xalxs sWirdeba religia, mmarTvelebs - goneba“, anu masebSi didi unda iyos agregatTa mudmivobis gavlena, xolo elitaSi, romelsac produqtiuli da nayofieri qmedebebi esaWiroeba - kombinirebis instiqtis siWarbe.

pirveli klasis naSTebis zrdis Sesabamisad individebi sul ufro metad piradi da egoisturi interesebis ganxorcielebaze zrunaven. amgvarad, paretos azriT, mmarTvelma klasma, romel-sac TviTgadarCenisaTvis goneba sWirdeba, raTa garemoebebze reagireba da arsebul realiebze adaptireba SeZlos, upirveles yovlisa movaleobis grZnoba da interesTa erTianobis cnobiere-ba unda SeinarCunos.

amgvarad, kombinaciebisadmi midrekilebebsa da sazogadoe-brivi da moraluri solidarobis grZnobas Soris garkveuli wi-naaRmdegoba arsebobs, Tanac elitas erTic da meorec aucileb-lad sWirdeba. amitom, paretos azriT, istoriaSi didi Tu mcire xangrZliobis mqone ryevebi garduvalia. periodi, romlis ganmav-lobaSi eWvebisa da skepticizmis suliskveTeba vlindeba, uecrad meore klasis naSTebis gamovlinebebiT icvleba. naSTTa meore klasis gaaqtiurebas koleqtiuri rwmenis giganturi cvlilebe-bi mosdevs Tan. amitom, daaskvnis pareto, istoria skepticizmisa da gonebis periodTa, aseve patriotul an religiur rwmenaTa mo-nacvleobis usasrulo ganmeorebebisganaa moqsovili. urTierT-damokidebulebaTa ciklebs swored masebSi da elitebSi naSTebis ryevebi gansazRvravs.

socialuri sistemis arsebiT elements, paretos Tanaxmad, socialuri heterogenoba Seadgens, romelic individTa Tavda-

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pirveli fsiqologiuri uTanasworobiT ganisazRvreba. ama Tu im socialuri jgufis Tavisebureba misi wevrebis bunebriv unareb-sa da talantzea damokidebuli, xolo es ki Tavis mxriv sazoga-doebis ierarqiuli kibis ama Tu im safexurze jgufis mier daka-vebul sazogadoebriv adgils gansazRvravs. imaT, visac TavianTi saqmianobis sferoSi umaRlesi maCvenebeli aqvs, Cven elitas vu-wodebT – werda igi. elita, esaa mosaxleobis rCeuli nawili, da-narCeni nawili ki ,,misgan miRebul stimulebs mxolod egueba“. Tavis mxriv, elita iyofa or nawilad: erTi pirdapirad an iribad monawileobas iRebs sazogadoebis marTvaSi (mmarTveli elita, anu mmarTveli klasi), xolo meore ar monawileobs mmarTvelo-baSi da mxatvrul an mecnierul sferoSi moRvaweobs (arammarT-veli elita).

elita da araelita Sesabamisad sazogadoebis umaRles da um-dables fenebs (maRal da dabal fenebs) qmnian. dabal fenaTa yvelaze niWieri warmomadgenlebi ,,maRldebian zeviT“, avseben ra mmarTveli elitis rigebs, romlis wevrebi Tavis mxriv, degra-direbis ganicdisas, ,,qveviT masebSi eSvebian“ warmoiqmneba-mim-dinareobs elitaTa cirkulacia, anu wrebrunva, heterogenuli sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris urTierTqmedebis procesi, romel-ic paretos elitiT saTaveSi piramidis saxiT warmoudgenia.

elitas TviTflobisa da angariSianoba - yaiaraTianobis maRa-li xarisxi, sxvebSi susti da yvelaze mgrZnobiare adgilebis danaxvisa da maTi Tavisi sargeblianobisTvis gamoyenebis unari axasiaTebs, maSin rodesac masebi Cveulebrivad emociebisa da crurwmenebis badeSi ixlarTebian. es amarTlebs ,,sazogadoebis dayofas or nawilad: isini, romlebSic Warbobs codna, marTaven da xelmZRvaneloben imaT, romlebSic Warbobs grZnoba, ise, rom bolos da bolos maTi moqmedeba energiuli da brZnulad warmar-Tuli aRmoCndeba“. (34, gv. 247)

pareto aCvenebs mmarTvelTa or mTavar Tvisebas: adamianTa emociebiT manipulirebisas darwmunebis unars da Zalis gamoy-enebis unars iq, sadac es aucilebelia. es unarebi urTierTgamom-ricxavia. mTavrebi marTaven an Zalis gamoyenebiT, an darwmunebi-sa da SeTanxmebulobis daxmarebiT. ,,Tanxmoba da Zala istoriis mTel manZilze marTvis ZiriTad instrumentebs warmoadgens“. (iqve)

pareto masebis marTvis Sesaxeb maTi grZnobebis manipulirebis gziT da im ideebis daxmarebiT, romlebic masebs mmarTveli kla-sis interesebs uqvemdebareben ideas aviTarebs.

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,,mTavrobis politika miT ufro efeqturia, rac ufro warmatebiT iyenebs igi emociebs“. am principis marjved gamoy-enebas, paretos mixedviT, SeuZlia agvixsnas yoveli politikuri warmateba, magram politikuri istoriis msvlelobaSi swrafad aRmoCndeba, rom mxolod darwmunebis meTodebi arasakmarisia, raTa mmarTvelma klasma SeinarCunos Zalaufleba, mas unda See-Zlos gamoiyenos Zala, amitom paretoseuli mamxilebeli kri-tika mimarTulia liberalizmis ,,sentimentaluri ideologiis winaaRmdeg, humanurobis, kolegialurobis maTive qadagebebTan erTad. Zalis gamoyenebis unari mmarTvel elitaSi degradacias ganicdis da iZulebulia dauTmos Tavisi adgili sxvas,romelsac aqvs didi gambedaoba, Seupovroba da Zalis gamoyenebis unari, SeuZlia mimarTos Zaladobas, ,,istoria aristokratiis sasaf-laoa“. mmarTvel klasTa aRmavlisa da dacemis, aRmavlobisa da kraxis axsnis gasaRebi, paretos azriT, mmarTvelobis ori tipis urTierTgamomricxvel xasiaTSi imyofeba.

meqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba mmarTveli elitis ga-naxleba mSvidobianobis dros, aris socialuri mobiloba. rac ufro ,,Riaa“ mmarTveli klasi, miT ufro ,,myaria“ misi janmrT-eloba, miT ufro Seswevs unari SeinarCunos Tavisi batonoba. rac ufro Caketilia,miT ufro Zlierdeba dacemis tendencia. ,,mmarTveli klasi axldeba ara mxolod ricxobrivad, aramed rac ufro mniSvnelovania, Tviseburad, dabali klasebidan Tavis SevsebiT gziT. maT Tan moaqvT ,,naSTTa-reziduaTa“

energia da proporciebi, romlebic aucilebelia Zalau-flebis SenarCunebisTvis. mmarTveli klasi kvlav aRorZindeba da aRdgeba, kargavs ra Tavis yvelaze gaxrwnil wevrebs“. (iqve)

mTlianad Caketili elitis garda, romelic kastad iqceva, mmarTveli elita Cveulebriv imyofeba mudmivi neli trans-formaciis viTarebaSi. Tu elitaTa cirkulacia mimdinareobs Zalian nela, maSin umaRles fenebSi grovdeba elementebi, rom-lebic ganasaxiereben uZlurebas, gaxrwnasa da dacemas. es fene-bi kargaven fsiqikur Tvisebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen maT elitarul mdgomareobas da pasiuroben Zaladobis gamoyenebis aucileblobis winaSe. dabal fenaTa Soris ki izrdeba individ-Ta ricxvi, romlebic floben Tvisebebs, romlebic aucilebelia sazogadoebis marTvisaTvis. maT unari SeswevT xelSi Caigdon Za-laufleba Zalis gamoyenebis meSveobiT, magram axali mmarTveli klasi, Tavis mxriv, droSi transformirdeba uZlur da xrwnad organizmad da kargavs mmarTvelobis unars. kvlav ganmtkiceba mas SeuZlia an imiT, rom isrutavs Zalebs dabali fenebidan, an fizikurad spobs elitis gaxrwnil, gamousadegar wevrebs. Tuki

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am zomebis miuxedavad, dabal klasebSi grovdebian individebi, romlebic aRematebian Tavisi RirsebebiT umaRles klass, dgeba revoluciis epoqa, romlis sazrisic, paretos azriT, mmarTveli elitis Semadgenlobis ganaxlebaSi, mmarTvelobisaTvis aucile-beli fsiqikuri Zalebis SekrebaSi da amgvarad sazogadoebrivi wonasworobis aRdgenaSi mdgomareobs.

elitaTa aRmasvlisa da dacemis, amaRlebisa da kraxis cikle-bi, paretos rwmeniT, aucilebeli da gardauvalia. elitaTa cvla, ryeva, monacvleoba warmoadgens sazogadoebis arsebobis kanons. raRa Zevs am kanonis safuZvelSi? paretoseuli Teoria amodis mtkicebisagan, rom elitaTa wrebrunva maTSi arsebuli pirveli da meore klasis ,,naSTebis“ monacvleobis Sedegad war-moiqmneba. yovel elitas mmarTvelobis gansazRvruli stili See-sabameba. ,,kombinaciaTa“ instiqti ganapirobebs darwmunebasa da motyuebas, masebis gabriyvebis maxvilgonivruli saSualebebis gamoyenebas, masebis SecdomaSi Semyvan saSualebaTa gamoyenebas. ,,agregatTa mudmivobis“ instiqti ganapirobebs mmarTvelTa sa-pirispiro instiqtebs; isini agresiulni, avtoritarulni arian, midrekileba aqvT Zalis gamoyenebisken. eWviT uyureben manipu-lirebas, manevrirebasa da kompromisebs. Tu mmarTvelTa pirveli tipi cxovrobs mxolod awmyo-dRevandelobiT, maSin meore miis-wrafvis momavlisken - miiswrafis momavalSi. mmarTvelni Txzaven saero da sasuliero religiur idealebs, maTi miznebi Zalian win midis. sazogadoebis samsaxurisTvis individis Sewirva, individ-ualuri interesebis sazogadoebisadmi daqvemdebareba, vaJkaco-ba da simtkice am idealebis midevnebisas – aseTia mmarTvelTa am tipisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirovnuli niSnebi da sulieri Rire-bulebani.

mmarTvelebs, romlebSic Warbobs ,,kombinaciaTa“ ,,naSTe-bi-reziduebi“, pareto meliebs uwodebs, xolo imaT, romelSic sWarbobs ,,agregatTa mudmivobis naSTebi“ - lomebs.

,,meliebi“ eSmakobis, cbierebis, veragobis simboloa, ,,lomi“ ki – Zalis, sijiutis, Seupovrobis, Seugueblobis, vaJkacobis sim-boloa.

sameurneo da finansuri saqmianobis sferoSi ,,meliebs“ da,,lomebs“ Seesatyvisebian ,,spekuliantebisa“ da ,,rantieTa“ tipebi. ,,spekulianti“ - biznesmenis, moxerxebuli saqmianobis, kombinatoris, mewarmis prototipia, romelic mogebisken miis-wrafis. igi Caflulia sarisko kombinaciebSi, ar icis sindisis qenjna, warmatebas yovelgvar fasad aRwevs. ,,rantie“ misi sru-li dapirispirebaa. esaa mxdali mewarme, romelic cxovrobs fiq-

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sirebuli SemosavliT, eSinia gadadgas nabiji, raTa ziani ar miay-enos Tavis kapitals da dazaraldes TviTonac. sazogadoebaSi ,,rantielTa“ siWarbe sazogadoebis stabilizaciis maCvenebelia, romelic Semdeg lpobis mdgomareobaSi gadadis. ,,spekuliantTa“ siWarbe winaswar gansazRvravs ganviTarebis socialur da ekono-mikur cxovreba.

ekonomikur da politikur ciklTa (erToblioba) monacvleoba paretos socialuri wonasworobis koncefciaSi sulieri warmoe-bis - inteleqtualuri, mxatvruli da a.S. warmoebis ciklebTanaa dakavSirebuli. aq mimdinareobs rwmenisa da skepticizmis peri-odTa ritmuli cvla, romelTa safuZvelSi saboloo jamSi devs pirveli da meore klasis narCenebi (rezidui). icvleba ,,narCen-Ta“ proporcia gansazRvrul socialur jgufSi. aseT jgufebSi ukmayofiloni arian garemomcveli sinamdviliT, kritikulad epyrobian arsebul wesrigsa da gabatonebul Rirebulebebs, is-wrafvian ra Seqmnan TavianTi metad dasabuTebuli da logiku-rad gamZle Teoriebi da programebi. isini amas Tvlian gonebi-saTvis gzis gawmendad, crurwmenebisgan gaTavisuflebad. magram rodesac es fsevdointeleqtualuri Teoriebi gaimarjveben, sazogadoebaSi gardauvalobiT warmoiqmneba sulieri cxovre-bis sapirispiro mimdinareoba. individebi, romlebSic gaZlierda ,,agregatTa mudmivobis simyaris“ grZnobebi, akritikeben axal TeoriaTa saCvenebel logikurobasa da gonierebas, daZebnian ra maTSi Secdomebsa da Seusabamobebs. ase warmoiqmnebian antiin-teleqtualuri, mistikuri Teoriebi, romlebidanac TandaTano-biT gamodevnian pozitivizmsa da racionalizms.

,,elitaTa wrebrunvis“ Teoria, msgavsad sazogadoebrivi aq-tivobis Teoriisa, paretos mier igeboda ara sazogadoebrivi urT-ierTobebisa da socialuri institutebis analizis safuZvelze. Zalauflebis mis koncefciaSi pirveladia mmarTvelTa pirovnu-li Tvisebebi, romlebsac isini jer kidev manamde unda flobd-nen, sanam daikaveben elitarul mdgomareobas, sazogadoebaSi bi-ologiuri da socialuri diferenciaciis Tanafardobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmis mcdelobisas, pareto Tvlida, rom burJuaziuli ekonomika misi ganviTarebisTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis arsebo-bisas, farTo gasaqans aZlevs sazogadoebis saukeTeso nawils win waiwios misi mwvervalebisken. italieli sociologi ar fiqrob-da, rom mmarTvelobisaTvis aucilebeli pirovnuli Tvisebebis floba mxolod erT-erTi pirobaTagania batonobis institutis warmoqmnisaTvis. Tanac ara mTavari da ara gadamwyveti. sinam-dvileSi ki burJuaziuli konkurencia regulirdeba kerZo sa-

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kuTrebis institutiT. individebi iwyeben brZolas ise, rom ukve CarTulni arian sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gansazRvrul sistemaSi, floben ra garkveul upiratesobebs, romlebic gan-pirobebulni arian sazogadoebaSi da maT mier dakavebuli adg-iliT. es aris kidec politikuri warmatebebisa da ZalauflebaTa mopovebis pretendentTa ricxvidan ,,saukeTesoTa“ SerCevis mTa-vari faqtori, im klasTa da politikur dajgufebaTa Zala, rom-lebic am pretedentTa ukan dganan.

sazogadoebaSi politikuri, ideologiuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi ar arian, rogorc pareto Tvlida, mmarTveli um-ciresobis pirad SemadgenlobaSi cvlilebebis ubralo Sedegi. ,,elitaTa cirkulaciis“

procesi, sinamdvileSi Rrma sazogadoebriv procesebs gamox-atavs, uwinares yovlisa, socialur - ekonomikuri xasiaTis poli-tikuri cvlilebebi xdeba maSin, rodesac dajgufebebi ar arian im socialur - ekonomikuri problemebis gadamWrelni,romlebic sazogadoebrivi praqtikis procesSi warmoiqmnebian da iZulele-bulni arian politikur manevrirebas mimarTon.

„italielma sociologma daxata cinizmiT savse suraTi isto-riisa,

romelic Sedgeba Zaladobis, afioris, danaSaulis, sasaxli-seuli

kombinaciebisa da Zalauflebis damkavebel pretendentTa kin-klaobis epizodebisagan. humanizmi am pirobebSi sxva araferia, Tu ara crurwmena da TviTdamcirebis ideologia,momavali imy-ofeba politikosebis xelSi, romlebic moklebulni arian sindis-s,ar fiqroben TavianT qmedebaTa sazogadoebrivi Sedegebis Sesaxeb, oRondac ki am moqmedebebiT sasurvel mizans miaRwion. sazogadoebrivi wonasworoba SeiZleba uzrunvelyos mxolod iseTma,romelsac SeuZlia sargebeli naxos Zalauflebisagan,ar iwunebs aranair saSualebebs,yovel SemTxvevaSi, zrunavs mxolod sakuTar interesebze. „mizani amarTlebs saSualebas’’, imeorebs pareto makiavelis aforizms, romelsac igi ufro maRla ayenebs, vidre nebismieri Tanamedrove avtori. paretos koncefcia Rrmad pesimisturia. istoria, misi warmodgeniT, ganwirulia maradiul ganmeorebad ciklSi monacvleobisaTvis, romelTa cvlaSic ar SeimCneva raime progresi: mrudis aRmavali nawili warmoadgens misi daRmavali nawilis ,,mizezs’’ an pirobas da mets arafers“.(34, gv.250)

,,reziduis“ cnebis sibnelem, misma kompleqsurobam, masSi Semaval terminTa mravalgvarobam, mag.: ,,grZnoba“, ,,instiqti“,

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,,grZnobaTa gamovlena moqmedebaSi“ am cnebis ormagi subieqt-obi-eqturma bunebam (fsiqologiuri da socialuri) migviyvana iqam-de, rom igi sociologiuri mecnierebis leqsikonSi ver Sevida.

paretos koncefciis iracionalizms hqonda Rrma gnoseolo-giuri da socialuri fesvebi. misi realuri safuZveli adamianis pozitivistur-racionalisturi modelis krizisi iyo. amasTan erTad iracionalur fsiqikur ZalTa gadamwyveti rolisaTvis xazgasma Rrma sazogadoebriv pesimizmTan, adamianis gonebisadmi rwmenis dakargvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelmac socialuri krizisis epoqaSi diskreditacia ganicada. mTeli arsebulis go-nierebis ideis nacvlad misi aragonivrulobis, aralogikurobis idea Semoitaneba; racionalurobis idea biofsiqologiuri gage-bis iracionalizmiT icvleba. paretos sociologiuri Teoria sazogadoebis adeqvaturi gagebis sayrdenis gareSe pirovnebi-sa da socialuri moqmedebis mecnieruli Teoriis Seqmnis Seu-Zleblobis naTeli mowmobaa.

mokle Sinaarsi:1. logikur - eqsperimentuli mecnierebis mizani nebismieri

eqstra Tu metaempiriuli gagebisgan Tavis aridebaSi mdgomare-obs. yvela gamoyenebuli sityva, termini aRniSnul Tu dakvirve-bul faqtebTan SesabamisobaSi unda iyos, yvela cneba uSualod dadgenil realobasTan mimarTebaSi an im realobasTan mimarTe-baSi unda ganisazRvrebodes, romelic SeiZleba eqsperimentis dros warmoiSvas. anu, religiur Tu samyaros sxva, fenomenebTan SeuTavsebel cnebebs logikur - eqsperimentul mecnierebaSi adgili ar unda hqondes. yvela filosofiuri, an fenomenis arse-bis Sesaxeb cnebebi usityvod unda iyos gamoricxuli.

2. mecnierebaSi adgili ar aqvs arafers, rac gamocdilebis CarCoebs scildeba. logikur-eqsperimentuli mecnierebisgan, romelic dakvirvebad fenomenebTan mimarTebaSi naTlad gansaz-Rvruli cnebebiT sargeblobs, rTuli definiciebi mocilebuli unda iqnan. mecnieruli diskusiebi yovelTvis realobas da ara im mniSvnelobebs unda exebodes, romlebsac sityvebs vaniWebT.

3. mecniereba, im saxiT, ra saxiTac aris ganmartebuli, mxolod realobis SezRudul sferos moicavs. Cven Sors varT imisgan, rom SevimecnoT yovelive, samyaroSi momxdari da aqedan ga-momdinare,SesaZlebobisagan gamomdinare yvela bunebriv pro-cesze vibatonoT. logikuri qceva moicavs da SeuZlia adamian-

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is yoveli saxis qcevaTa (qmedebaTa) mxolod SezRuduli nawili moicvas. Tu qcevis logikurobis winapirobad sakuTari qceve-bis Sedegebis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZlebloba da sasurveli miznebis azrovnebis gziT gansazRvra gvevlineba da Tu mecniere-ba miznebis aRniSvnis an qcevebis Sedegebis winaswarmetyvelebi-sa (garda SezRuduli sferosi) saSualebas ar iZleva, maSin ada-mianis qceva aucileblad mniSvnelovnad aralogikuri iqneba. adamianis bunebis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba isaa, rom ixelmZRvane-los grZnobebiT da sentimentalur qmedebebs fsevdologikuri gamarTleba misces.

4. paretom socialuri moqmedebani ,,logikur“ da ,,aralogi-kur“ moqmedebebad dayo, xolo imisTvis, raTa maTi gansxvave-bis kriteriumi epova, moqmedeba mis Semadgenel elementebad – garegnulad garedan dakvirvebad moqmedebad, romlis raciona-luri dafuZneba - dasabuTeba Cveulebriv ukana ricxviT gveZle-va), moqmedi piris fsiqikur mdgomareobad daanawevra. es ukanask-neli ganxilul iqna, rogorc is mudmivi sidide, romelic Zevs ra moqmedebis safuZvelSi, mis xasiaTs gansazRvravs. individis fsiqikur mdgomareobas pareto socialuri fenomenis ,,obieq-tur“ safuZvlad Tvlida, gansxvavebiT misi subieqturi safuZ-vlisgan, romlis qveSac mas moqmedi pirebis mier racionalurad wamoyenebuli argumentebi esmoda.

5. yvela winamorbed sociologTa Secdoma, paretos azriT, mdgomareobda imaSi, rom isini saqmis obieqtur mxares ugul-vebelyofdnen da mxolod mis niadagze warmoSobil Teoriul koncefciebs, e.i. sinamdvilis subieqturi aspeqtis SeswavliT ifarglebodnen. ,,obieqturi“ - sociologiuri gamokvleva ki fsiqikur ganwyobaze da mis mier ganpirobebul ,,aralogikuri“ moqmedebebis Seswavlaze unda iqnes mimarTuli, romlebic yve-la adamianur moqmedebaTa Semadgenel ZiriTad masas Seadgenen sazogadod.

6. ,,aralogikuri“ moqmedeba imiT xasiaTTeba, rom maTma Cam-denma adamianebma movlenebs Soris arsebuli WeSmariti obieqtu-ri kavSirebi ar ician da amitom mizanTa misaRwevad araadeqva-tur saSualebebs iyeneben, miznebsa da saSualebebs erTmaneTTan „aralogikurad“ akavSireben. miznisa da saSualebebis kavSiri mocemul SemTxvevaSi iluzorulia da mxolod moqmedi subieq-tis warmodgenebSi arsebobs. aseTia, magaliTad, msxverplSewirva da sxva religiuri wes-Cveulebebi, adaTebi, romelTa mizania Rv-

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Taebis mowyalebis miReba da amiT dasmuli miznis miRweva. amgvari saSualebebi mizanTan obieqturad ar aris dakavSirebuli da ami-tomac maT aRsrulebasac ver aRweven.

7. ,,logikuri moqmedeba“ ara grZnobebiT, aramed gonebiT xelmZRvanelobs da normebiT regulirdeba. is ekonomikis, mecnierebis, nawilobriv politikis sferoSi moqmedebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am SemTxvevaSi saSualeba da mizani erTmaneTs Soris obieqturi logikiTaa dakavSirebuli, romelic namdvil arsebul kavSirebs eyrdnoba da amitom miznis miRwevasTan mivya-varT kidec. paretom am ukanaskneli momentis mniSvnelobas xazi gausva, ramdenadac subieqturi TvalsazrisiT, yvela moqmedeba imas, vinc mas asrulebs logikuri eCveneba da hgonia

8. paretos mier damuSavebul socialuri moqmedebis koncef-ciis safuZvelSi adamianis garkveuli koncefcia ido. individis iracionaluri, aralogikuri bunebis xazgasmisas, igi amtkiceb-da, rom adamianis moqmedeba arasdros ar warmoadgens imas, radac TviTon mas igi eCveneba. specifikurad adamianuri mdgomareobs ara gonebaSi, aramed unarSi moCvenebiTi logikuri Teoriebisa da argumentebis daxmarebiT goneba Tavisi ,,aralogikuri“ moq-medebebis SeniRbvisaTvis gamoiyenos. adamians gansxvavebiT cx-ovelisagan, ,,azrovnebis unari aqvsda amitom Tavis instiqteb-sa, grZnobebs da saburvelSi niRbavs“. swored imitom, rom yvela adamiani warmoadgens rogorc grZnobad, ise gonier arsebas, warmoiqmneba gonebisa da grZnobebis, grZnobebisa da ideologi-is Tanafardobis problema. pareto yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe prioritets grZnobebs aZlevda, da maT adamianuri istoriis WeSmarit mamoZravebel Zalebad Tvlida. amgvarad, socialuri sistemis dinamizmis safuZveli emociebia.

9. mxolod is grZnobebi, romlebic ucvlelni arian socialu-ri sistemis im elementebs warmoadgenen, romlebic ,, socialur wonasworobas gansazRvraven“.

italielma sociologma am elementebs misca araCveulebrivi da Znelad gadasaTargmni saxelwodeba ,,rezidui“ (rezidui), rac qimiur mecnierebaTa enaze aRniSnavs ,,narCenebs“ - naSTs, an ,,nale-qs“, amiT surda mas Semdeg, rogorc ki socialuri moqmedebidan gamoricxuli iqneba yvela racionaluri mosazrebani ucvlelad „darCenis“ unarisaTvis xazi gaesva.

,,narCenebs - naSTs“ rogorc grZnobebis, emociebis, vnebebis, instiqtebis, fsiqikuri mdgomareobisa da midrekilebebis, gan-wyobilebebis safuZvels, paretos azriT, TanaSobili, bunebrivi, gareSe pirobebisgan damoukidebeli xasiaTi aqvs. isini Sinagani

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biologiuri impulsebia, romlebicadamianis socialur moqmede-bebs gansazRvraven. ,,naSTTa“ ,,reziduaTa“ eqvsi mTavari klasis, romelic mraval qvesistemadaa dayofili, safuZvelze pareto Seecada adamianur moqmedebaTa yvela mravalricxovani varian-ti aexsna. xazi ,,reziduaTa“ or pirvel klass gausva.

10. pirvel klass ,,kombinaciaTa instiqtebad“ wodebuli ,,naS-Tebi“ Seadgens, romlebic TiTqos yvela socialur cvlilebaTa safuZvelSi Zevs. esaa adamianis Sinagani midrekileba Seagrovos, sxvadasxvanairad gadaadgilos da SeaerTos, kombinacia gauke-Tos nivTebs, nawilobriv amisgan miRebuli siamovnebis gamo, nawi-lobriv imitom, rom adamians Sekrebisa da kombinirebisagan Tavis Sekaveba ar SeuZlia.

,,naSTTa“ meore klasia - ,,agregatTa mudmivoba“, romelic erTxel Camoyalibebul kavSirTa mxardaWerisa da SenarCunebis tendencias gamoxatavs, es konservatiuli grZnoba yovelive ax-lis miuReblobis safuZvelSi Zevs.

,,naSTTa“ danarCen klasebSi paretom adamianis miswrafeba, gamoavlinos Tavisi grZnobebi, sazogadoebriv moqmedebebisa da qcevis socialurobis grZnoba, sakuTrebis grZnoba da bolos, sqesobrivi instiqti Seitana.

11. adamianuri fsiqikis grZnobad sferoTa safuZvelmdebare rolis ganamtkicebisagan, paretos maTgan ideologiis, social-uri stratifikaciisa da mmarTvel elitaTa cvlis Teoriebi gam-oyavs.

ideologiebi iqmnebian imisaTvis, raTa moqmedebaTa gamom-wvevi WeSmariti mizezebi dafaron, romelTac fesvebiadamianis fsiqikis iracionalur plastebSi aqvT gadgmuli. ideologiuri koncefciebi, sistemebi, Teoriebi paretom,,derivaciis“ (deri-vacioni) terminiT aRniSna, rac warmoebuls niSnavs, riTac xazi maT meorad, grZnobebisgan warmoebul xasiaTs gausva.

paretom derivaciaTa oTx klasi gamoyo.pirvel klasSi Sedian mtkicebulebani, romlebic SemoTava-

zebuli arian, rogorc absoluturi WeSmaritebani, anu dogmebi. „moismine,imitom,rom unda moismino“, „asea saWiro,imitom,rom saWiroa“.

meore klasSi Sedian arakompetenturi msjelobani, romlebic TavianT Tavs amarTleben avtoritetis damowmebiT. „unda mois-mino, imitom, rom es surs mamas“, „sworia imitom, rom aristote-lem Tqva“.

mesame klasSi Sedian apelaciebi sayovelTaod miRebuli grZnobebisa da principebisadmi; xSirad amgvari dasabuTebani

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eyrdnobian moqmedi piris grZnobebs, romelic flobs garkveul ,,naST-reziduis“, magram gamoixateba, rogorc ,,yvela adamianTa“, ,,umravlesobis“ an ,,yvela Tavisi Tavis pativismcemel adamianTa“ grZnobebTan damTxveva-Sesatyvisoba.

derivaciaTa meoTxe klass qmnian wminda sityvieri sabuTebi, mosazrebebi, ,,verbaluri dasabuTebani“, araviTari obieqturi eqvivalentis mqone gamoTqmebi. aseTebia formaluri logikidan cnobili sofizmebi.

12 ama Tu im socialuri jgufis Tavisebureba damokidebulia misi wevrebis bunebriv unarebsa da talantze, xolo es ki Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs jgufis sazogadoebriv adgils sazogadoe-brivi kibis ama Tu im safexurze. imaT, visac aqvT TavianTi saqmi-anobis sferoSi umaRlesi maCvenebeli, pareto elitas uwodebs. elita or nawilad: mmarTvel da arammarTvel elitad iyofa.

elita da araelita Sesabamisad qmnian sazogadoebis umaRles da umdables fenebs (maRal da dabal fenebs). dabal fenaTa yvelaze niWieri warmomadgenlebi ,,maRldebian zeviT“, avseben ra mmarTveli elitis rigebs, romlis wevrebi Tavis mxriv, de-gradirebisas, ,,qveviT masebSi eSvebian“, -mimdinareobs elitaTa cirkulacia, anu wrebrunva warmoiqmneba.

13. meqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac mSvidobianobis dros, mmarTveli elitis ganaxleba xdeba aris socialuri mobiloba. rac ufro ,,Riaa“ mmarTveli klasi, miT ufro ,,myaria“ misi jan-mrTeloba, miT ufro Seswevs unari SeinarCunos Tavisi batono-ba. rac ufro Caketilia,miT ufro Zlierdeba dacemis tendencia. ,,mmarTveli klasi axldeba ara mxolod ricxobrivad, aramed rac ufro mniSvnelovania, Tviseburad, dabali klasebidan Ta-vis SevsebiT gziT. maT Tan moaqvT ,,naSTTa-reziduaTa“ energia da proporciebi, romlebic aucilebelia Zalauflebis SenarCu-nebisTvis. mmarTveli klasi kvlav aRorZindeba da aRdgeba, kar-gavs ra Tavis yvelaze gaxrwnil wevrebs“.

14. elitaTa aRmasvlisa da dacemis, amaRlebisa da kraxis ciklebi, paretos rwmeniT, aucilebeli da gardauvalia. eli-taTa cvla, ryeva, monacvleoba sazogadoebis arsebobis kanons warmoadgens. raRa Zevs am kanonis safuZvelSi?

paretoseuli Teoria amodis mtkicebisagan, rom elitaTa wre-brunva warmoiqmneba maTSi arsebuli pirveli da meore klasis ,,naSTebis“ monacvleobis Sedegad. yovel elitas mmarTvelobis gansazRvruli stili Seesabameba. ,,kombinaciaTa“ instiqti gana-pirobebs darwmunebasa da motyuebas, masebis gabriyvebis maxvil-

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gonivruli saSualebebis gamoyenebas, masebis SecdomaSi Semyvan saSualebaTa gamoyenebas.

,,agregatTa mudmivobis“ instiqti mmarTvelTa sapirispiro Tvisebebs ganapirobebs; isini agresiulni, avtoritarulni ari-an, midrekileba aqvT Zalis gamoyenebisken. eWviT uyureben manip-ulirebas, manevrirebasa da kompromisebs. Tu mmarTvelTa pirve-li tipi mxolod awmyo-dRevandelobiT, maSin meore momavlisken miiswrafvis - momavaliT cxovrobs.

kiTxvebi:1. ganmarteT logikur - eqsperimentaluri meTodis ZiriTadi paTosi.2. gamoacalkeveT da erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi gaanalizeT logikurisa da eqsperimentaluris cnebebis Sinaarsebi.3. pareto socialur fenomenTa „obieqtur“ da „subieqtur“ safuZvlad ras miiCnevda?4. ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba „aralogikuri moqmedeba“?5. riT xelmZRvanelobs „logikuri moqmedeba“?6. socialuri moqmedebis koncefciis safuZvelSi ra xasiaTis anTropologiuri wanamZRvari ido?7. ras uwoda paretom „rezidua“, anu „naSTebi“? gaanalizeT misi roli.8. ratom uwoda paretom derivaciebs „warmoebuli“?9. CamoTvaleT „reziduaTa“, igive „naSTTa“ eqvsive klasi da daaxasiaTeT isini.10. paretom derivaciaTa ramdeni klasi gamoyo.11. ganmarteT paretos gamoTqmis „ideologiebi grZnobaTaenebia“ sazrisi.12. ra aris paretos azriT elitis cnebis arsobrivi maxasiaTebeli?13. ra devs elitaTa monacvleoba - wrebrunvis safuZvelSi?14. rogor hgoniaT, ratom ar damkvidrda sociologiis enaSi paretos mier Semotanili „reziduisa“ da „derivaciis“ cnebebis aRmniSvneli terminebi?

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leqcia mecxre

ferdinand tionisis sociologiuri koncefcia

1. ferdinad tionisi : cxovreba da moRvaweoba2. sociologiis ZiriTadi problema3. Temi - erToba (gemeinschaft) da sazogadoeba (gesellschaft)4. formaTa sociologia5. formalizmi da istorizmi6. sociologia da politika7. tionisis sistemis kritika8. tionisis sociologiis mecnieruli mniSvneloba.

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi: Temi - erToba (gemeinschaft), sazogadoeba (gesellschaft), neba da az-

rovneba, arsebis (mTlianobis - "Wesenwille") neba, kerZo suverenu-li neba ("Willkur"-i), erTobriv urTierTobaTa tipebi: "gvarovnu-li urTierTobani", "mezobluri", "megobruli", sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis tipebi: socialuri urTierTobebi; jgufebi; korporaciebi, racionalurobis zrdis procesi.

1. ferdinad tionisi: cxovreba da moRvaweoba

ferdinand tionisi 1855 wlis 26 ivniss, SlezvigSi patara qa-laq oldensvortis maxloblad, mdidari glexis ojaxSi daibada. 1872 wels igi strasburgis universitetSi Sevida da sauniversi-teto ganaTleba 1875 wels tiubingenis universitetSi klasikur filologiaSi disertaciis dacviT daasrula.

misi mecnieruli interesebi yvelaze gansxvavebul social-ur - mecnierul disciplinaTa problemebis farTo wres moica-vda. mecxramete saukunis oTxmoci - oTxmocdaaTiani wlebi man me -18 -e, me -19 -e saukuneebis socialuri filosofiis Seswavlas miuZRvna. am kvlevis Sedegad 1896 wels gamocemuli t. hobsis so-cialuri doqtrinis Sesaxeb Sroma mogvevlina. aseve am wleebSi man laibnicis, spinozas, spenseris, nicSes, marqsis da a.S. Sesaxeb mravali statia dawera. aseTi statiebis wera arc SemdgomSi Seu-wyvetia. risi erT-erTi Sedegic, 1921 wels gamocemuli Txzuleba „marqsi. cxovreba da moRvaweoba“ iyo.

hobsis Teoriuli memkvidreobis dauflebam tioniss isto-riis filosofiisa da samarTlis filosofiis Rrmad Seswavla gadaawyvetina. Tavisi koncefcia man 1881 wels daweril SromaSi

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, „erToba da sazogadoeba (kulturis filosofiis Teorema)“ Ca-moayaliba. swored es Sroma warmoadgens tionisis sociologiu-ri koncefciis safuZvels.

aseve me -19 - saukunis 80 - iani wleebis dasawyisSi tionisi so-cialuri statistikiT, kerZod, danaSaulis, siRaribis, TviTmkv-lelobis problemebiT dainteresda. wigni „danaSauli rogorc socialuri movlena“ 1909 wels gamovida. empiriul kvlevasTan erTad tionisi mudmivad eweoda Teoriul Sromas sociologiis sferoSi. amis dasturia wignebi: „morali“(1909), „sazogadoebrivi azris kritika“(1922), „sakuTreba“(1926), „progresi da socialuri ganviTareba“(1926), „Sesavali sociologiaSi“(1931).

misi farTo Teoriuli, empiriuli, aseve publicisturi moR-vaweobis miuxedavad, tionisma akademiuri aRiareba sakmaod gvi-an moipova. mxolod 1913 wels gaxda is uStato profesori kilis universitetSi. 1910 wels frankfurtSi germaniis sociolo-giuri sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli yriloba Catarda, romlis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli tionisi iyo. 1921 wels igi am sazogadoe-bis prezidentad airCies da am Tanamdebobaze faSistebis mier mis faqtobriv darbevamde 1933 wlamde darCa. social - demokra-tiuli politikis suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli, igi vaimaris re-spublikasa icavda da nacional - socializms ebrZoda, sazoga-doebas „barbarosobaSi Cavardnis“ saSiSroebaze afrxilebda, ris gamoc nacisti demagogebis mxridan Tavdasxmebis obieqti iyo.

2. sociologiis ZiriTadi problema sociologiis mTavari problemis dayeneba tionisis mier me-

18-e, me-19-e saukuneebis socialur - filosofiuri azris ganvi-Tarebis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis, saxelmwifos, samarTlis da socialuri institutebis warmoSobisa da arsebobis probleme-bisadmi racionalisturi da istoriuli midgomebis winaaRmde-gobis kvlevisagan gamomdinareobda.

„ganmanaTleblobis ideebze dafuZnebuli azrovnebis racio-nalisturi wesis momxreebisaTvis adamianis bunebrivi, xelSeuva-li uflebebis aRiareba da Sesabamisad xalxis suverenuli Zalau-flebis, adamianis bunebis Sesatyvisi gonieri sazogadoebrivi wyobis da gonebiseuli kanonebis dadgenis ganuyofeli uflebis aRiareba iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

istoriuli midgomis momxreebi, romlis meTodologia yvelaze naTlad samarTlis istoriuli skolis da nacionalu-ri ekonomikis istoriuli skolisSromebSi gamovlinda, piriqiT adamianuri Tanacxovrebis tradiciuli normebis da procesebis

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mniSvnelobas da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis saxelmwifoebrivi da samarTlebrivi regulirebis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli formebis arsebobis aucileblobas usvamdnen xazs.

tionisma racionaluri mecnieruli meTodis upiratesobis socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb arsebul istoriul TvalsazrisTan SeerTeba, racionaluri da istoriuli msoflmxedvelobis gaer-Tianeba daisaxa miznad“(34, gv. 104). am dros igi samarTlis is-toriuli skolis fuZemdeblis karl savinis Sromebs( uwinares yovlisa, patara moculobis, magram didi saxelis mompovebel SromaSi „ kanonmdeblobisa da samarTalmcodneobis mimarT Cveni epoqis mowodebis Sesaxeb“, gamoTqmul da formulirebul ideebs) ingliseli mkvlevaris ser henrix menis msoflioSi cnobil wigns "Zveli samarTali", romelSic (statusisa da kontraqtis da-pirispirebaSi). tionisma antinomiur cnebaTa wyvilis SemuSave-bisaTvis konceptualuri safuZveli ipova, romelmac gansazRvra kidec saboloo jamSi misi sakuTari sociologiuri koncefciis Sinaarsi, aseve morganis, baxofenis da im drois sxva eTnografTa, istorikosTa da samarTalmcodneTa Sromebs eyrdnoboda.

me-19-e saukunis germaniis ekonomikur azrSi nacionaluri ekonomiis istoriuli skola batonobda. saukunis dasasruls istoriuli skolis Tavkac h. Smolersa da maTematikoss, filo-sofoss da ekonomist k. mengers Soris aqtiurad warmoebulma kamaTma mengeris mier xazgasmuli deduqciuri meTodis, Sesabam-isad ki sazogadod racionalur - cnebobrivi azrovnebis sasarge-blod istorizmis gavlenis Sesusteba gamoiwvia. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisadmi racionaluri midgomis safuZvlebi tionisma me-17-e saukunis evropuli filosoofiis memkvidreobaSi, uwinares yovlisa hobsisa da spinozas racionalistur filosofiaSi, aR-moaCina.

hobsis Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT pirvel istori-ul-filosofiur SromaSi tionisma im cnebaTa Teoriuli Sinaar-si Camoayaliba, romlebic mis sakuTar sociologiur Teorias daedo safuZvlad. tionisis ideebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani abzaci am Sromidan gvauwyebs: "hobsTan misi mim-devrebis erTi nawili" - erTobis nebis absoluturi suvereni-tetis koncefciisadmi mxardaWeras eZebda, am epoqis istoriul sinamdvileSi mas SeuzRudavi monarqiis movlena Seesabameboda, meore nawili adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb optimisturi warmodgen-ebidan amodioda da TviT am axal, yvela danarCenis damrCdilav avtoritets uaryofda, isini sakuTriv erTobas aucileblad saerTod ar Tvlidnen, rameTu varaudobdnen, rom kacobrio-

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bis SesaZlebeli umaRlesi bedniereba SeiZleba wminda sazoga-doebaSi sazogadoebrivi saxelmwifos meSveobiT. e.i. individTa erTmaneTTan Tanabari, tol-ormxrivi, dadgenili da moSladi urTierTdamokidebulobis meSveobiT iqnes miRweuli. am ideis pirveli warmomadgeneli, romelsac warmateba xvda, iyo loki, man Tavisi Sromebis wyalobiT ZiriTadad politikuri ekonomi-is sferoSi gaimarjva. msgavs SexedulebaTa realuri safuZveli liberaluri konstitucionalizmis saxiT gamodioda“(cit: 34, gv. 105).

sazogadoebis ori tipis es principuli dapirispireba tionis-ma Tanmimdevrulad 1881 wels daweril patara SromaSi "erToba da sazogadoeba" gaatara, romelmac mas msoflio aRiareba moutana.

3. erToba (Temi) (gemeinschaft) da sazogadoeba (gesellschaft).

am Sromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi socialur kavSirTa ori tipis - erToblivis (gemeinschaftliche) da sazogadoebrivis (geselschaftliche) - dapirispirebaSi mdgomareobs. pirveli saxis urTierTobebs fes-vebi emociebSi, erTgulebasa da siyvarulSi, sulier gatacebebsa da midrekilebebSi aqvs gadgmuli da sakuTar TavTan igiveobas, rogorc cnobierad tradiciebis dacvis, ise aracnobierad, emo-ciuri kavSiris ZaliT da saerTo enis gamaerTianebeli zegavle-nis wyalobiT inarCuneben. tionisi wers: "me erTobliv urTier-TobaTa Semdeg tipebs gamovyof:

1) "gvarovnuli urTierTobani". bunebrivia, pirvel rig-Si aseTebad sisxliT - naTesauri kavSirebi iTvlebian; 2) "me-zobluri" urTierTobani, romlebic qorwinebisa da viwro az-riT ojaxuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTad cxovrebiT gamoirCevian. 3) "megobruli" urTierTobani, romlebic sulier siaxlovesa an naTesaobis cnobierebas emyarebian, ramdenadac aseTi cnobiereba erToblivi cxovrebis romelime saxis safuZ-velSi devs. isini gansakuTrebul socialur mniSvnelobas iZenen maSin, rodesac maTi rogorc saerTo religiuri mikuTvnebulo-bis, rogorc „Temis“ gacnobiereba xdeba.

meore saxis, anu sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa safuZvelSi socialuri gacvla, sakuTrebaSi myof nivTTa cvla Zevs. maSa-sadame am urTierTobebs nivTobrivi buneba aqvT damonawileTa dapirispirebulad warmarTuli miswrafebebiT xasiaTdebian. es urTierTobani nawilobriverToblivi tipis urTierTobebs efuZnebian, magram maT arseboba gancalkavebul da erTmaneTi-saTvis ucxo individebs, TviT mtrebs Sorisac ki SeuZliaT, maTSi

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monawile individis Segnebul - gacnobierebuli gadawyvetilebis wyalobiT. amgvari urTierTobebis subieqtebi rogorc sxvadsx-va saxis jgufebi, koleqtivebi, gaerTianeba, ise saxelmwifoebic ki SeiZleba iyos, romlebsac rogorc formalur "pirebs" ganixi-laven. "yvela am urTierTobaTa da kavSirTa arseba im sargeblo-bisa da Rirebulebebis gacnobierebaSi mdgomareobs, romelsac erTi adamiani meoresTvis flobs an SeiZleba flobdes da romel-sac es meore adamiani aRmoaCens, aRiqvams da acnobierebs". (cit: 34, gv. 106)

urTierTobaTa da kavSirTa es ori gvari - erTobrivi da sazo-gadoebrivi, mowodebulia ara mxolod adamianis adamianTan urT-ierToba, aramed sazogadoebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebac daaxasiaTos. erTobaSi socialuri mTeli logikurad win uswrebs nawilebs, sazogadoebaSi piriqiT, socialuri mTeli - nawilTa erTobliobaa. gansxvaveba erTobasa da sazogadoebas Soris so-cialuri mTelis Semadgenel nawilTa organul da meqanikur ka-vSirebs Soris gansxvavebaa. socialuri cxovrebis organizaciis am ori tipis fundamenti nebis ori tipia: romelsac tionisi, ro-gorc "Wesenwille" da "Kurwille-s" (Tavdapirvelad iyo - "Willkur"-i) aRniSnavs. pirveli esaa arsebis neba, e.i. mTelis neba, romelic socialuri cxovrebis yvela, TviT umniSvnelo aspeqtsac ki gan-sazRvravs. meore maintegrirebeli moqmedebis sxva tips, social-uri nebis Sesustebas, mis mraval kerZo suverenul nebad danaw-evrebas aRniSnavs, romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTelSi meqanikurad erTiandebian.

„tionisis mier nebis kategoriisadmi pirvelxarisxovani mniS-vnelobis miniWebam mraval mkvlevars safuZveli misca misi idee-bi sociologiaSi fsiqologiuri mimarTulebisaTvis miekuT-vnebina. saeWvoa am azris siswore. tioniss neba srulebiTac ar esmis rogorc wminda fsiqologiuri faqtori. Tumca igi mudam wers imis Sesaxeb, rom nebis gareSe ar arsebobs adamianuri moq-medeba. neba mis koncefciaSi friad abstraqtuli cnebaa, rome-lic uSualo fsiqologiur sazriss moklebulia, neba "adamianis yoveli sulieri saqmianobaa", - werda tionisi. neba aRiniSneba az-rovnebis monawileobiT. amitom, "me ganvasxvaveb nebas, ramdenad-ac igi Seicavs azrovnebas, da azrovnebas, ramdenadac masSi Sedis neba". meore SromaSi igi ufro naTel gansazRvrebas iZleva: "neba Tavisi adamianuri saxiT azrovnebis ZaliT ganisazRvreba", xolo tionisis mier Tavisi mTavari Sromis erT-erT ganyofilebaze wamZRvrebuli laTinuri epigrafi, romelic spinozadanaa aRebu-li - "Voluntas atque intelleqtus unum et sunt"- (neba da goneba erTi da ig-

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ivea) - saSualebas gvaZlevs adamianuri nebis Sesaxeb misi warmod-genebis warmoSobas da maSasadame sazrissac naTeli movfinoT“ (iqve, gv.107).

sociologiis tionisiseuli dafuZnebis tionisis racionalis-turi xasiaTi individTa socialuri qcevis miseul ganmartebaSic gamovlinda. socialuri qcevis analizisas tionisma Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel SromaSi "Einfuhrung in die Soziologie"-Si gamoaqveyna maqs veberiseuli tipologia, romlis mixedviTac socialuri mo-qmedebis (qcevis) mizan-racionaluri, RirebulebiT - racional-uri, afeqturi da tradiciuli formebi arsebobs. am formaTagan pirvelSi, tionisis azriT, Kurwille, danarCen samSi ki (romelTa-gan mxolod erTi gulisxmobs fsiqologiur faqtors, rogorc ganmsazRvrels) - Wesenwille realizdeba. amgvarad, gonebis ra-cionaluri, muSaoba nebis ori tipisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis ori tipis gansxvavebis kriteriumia. so-cialuri moqmedebis (qcevis) tionisiseuli analizis safuZvelSi miznebisa da saSualebebis urTierTdamokidebulebis analizi, e.i. racionalurobis analizi Zevs, maSin, rodesac socialuris buneba individebis mier sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis rogorc sazogadoebis wevrTa saxiT, gacnobierebis meSveobiT aRmoCnda gansazRvruli.

ramdenadac tionisma faqtobrivad (spinozas kvalad) neba da goneba gaaigiva. es ukve imas niSnavda, rom erToblivi socialuri cxovrebis, socialuri urTierTqmedebisadmi, "gansazogadoebi-sadmi" survili, tionisis mixedviT (iseve, rogorc - saxelmwifos warmoSoba hobsis mixedviT) ara eklesiis nakurTxi tradiciisa-gan, rogorc amas romantizmis politikuri filosofiis momxree-bi amtkiceben (da arc RmerTisgan, rogorc amas hobsis mowinaaRm-dege skolastikosebi amtkiceben), aramed gonebisagan modis.

nebisyofis tipebis Sesaxeb tionisis moZRvrebaSi misi da-pirispireba romantizmisadmi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis rao-bis racionaluri axsnisadmi miswrafeba cxadad gamovlinda.

4. formaTa sociologia

sad SeiZleba empiriulad davakvirdeT socialuri warmon-aqmnebs, romlebSic nebis es tipebia realizebuli da ganxor-cielebuli? sxva sityvebiT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara saerTod, em-piriulad davakvirdeT erTobas da sazogadoebas? am kiTxvaze tionisis uaryofiTi pasuxi aqvs. yoveli konkretuli socialuri warmonaqmni erTobrivi da sazogadoebrivi elementebis SeerTe-

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baa, TviTon es cnebebi ki - kontininumis polusebia, romlebSic SeiZleba yvela konkretuli istoriuli sazogadoeba ganlagdes. TiToeuli am polusTagan TavisTavad ar arsebobs. eseni - az-rovnebiTi nivTebi, abstraqtuli arsebebi, idealuri an

konstruirebuli tipebia.„yvelaze gavrcelebuli Secdoma, romelSic tionisis komen-

tatorebi da interpretatorebi xSirad vardebian, am tipTa em-piriuli gaigivebis mcdelobaSi mdgomareobs. amgvari mcdelo-bebi tionissiseul midgomas Zirfesvianad amaxinjeben, tionisma SemTxveviT ar uwoda Tavisi Sromis erT-erT qveTavs "kultur-is filosofiis Teorema". "erTobisa" da "sazogadoebis" cnebebi sociologiis formaluri, garkveuli azriT "geometrizirebu-li" koncefciis SemuSavebis pirvel nabijebad iqca, romelsac tionisi „wminda sociologias“ uwodebda (sabolood socialu-ri azris istorikosebis SromebSi mas formaluri sociologia ewoda, xolo tioniss Sesabamisi „skolis“ damfuZnebelis saxe-li uwodes). tionisi SemTxveviT ar eyrdnoboda hobss, maSasa-dame, hobsis mixedviT, werda igi, wminda e.i. apriori, dasabuTebuli mecniereba SesaZlebelia: a) azrovnebiTi nivTebis; abstraqtuli sagnebis Sesaxeb (geometria); b) "politikuri "sxeulebis", e.i. so-cialuri institutebis principebis Sesaxeb, romlebic adamianu-ri azrovnebidan gamomdinareoben da romelTa grZnobadi aRqmac SeuZlebelia, magram "romelTa tipebsac vagebT, [konstruqcias vukeTebT]"(iqve, gv. 108). aseTive principi ido tionisis sakuTari mecnierebaTmoZRvrebis safuZvelSi. rogorc hobsi da spinoza darwmunebuli iyvnen more geometrico Semecnebis usazRvro Sesa-ZleblobebSi, ise tionisic fiqrobda, rom individTa intereseb-iTa da midrekilebebiT, agreTve jgufTa da klasTa miznebiTa da angarebiT aumRvrevel socialuri cxovrebis sxvadsxva formaTa formaluri deduqcia saSualebas mogvcems universalur da say-ovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone socialur Semecnebas mivaRwioT. amitomac gamoCnda mis SromaSi sityva "Teorema" rogorc empi-rizmisa da iracionalizmis mzardi tendenciebis sapirispirod cnebobrivi, konstruqciuli azrovnebis uflebis ganmtkicebis gamoxatuleba.

amgvari racionalisturi sociologiis meTodis pirvelx-arisxovani moTxovna, logikurad mkacri gamokvlevebis uzrun-velyofisa da sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone Semecnebis miRwev-is azriT, socialur movlenaTa obieqtivaciis moTxovna iyo

obieqtivaciis iaraRebi: abstragireba, idealizacia, idealur tipTa konstruireba iyo. miRebuli tipebi ar iyvnen absoluti-

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zirebulni, maT namdvil arsebobas ar miaweren, piriqiT, TviT am tipebs - cnebiT "sazomebs" - socialuri cxovrebis cocxal sinamdviles adeben, riTac misi sociologiuri Seswavlis Sesa-Zleblobebs gvaZleven. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-vania, vinaidan, konstruirebuli cnebebis da

empiriuli sinamdvilis gaigivebis SeuZleblobisadmi xazgas-miT, tionisi sociologiis mecnierul relsebze dayenebas is-wrafvoda.

amgvarad, sociologiis sawyisi abstraqcia gaxda. aseTi midgo-ma istoriuli skolisa da sicocxlis subieqtur-empiriuli fi-losofiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da sazogadoebis bunebrivi mdgomareobis ganmanaTlebluri ideis reabilitaciisa, da, maSa-sadame, istoriis, ganviTarebis ugulvebelyofisaken unda wavey-vaneT.

magram tionisma am safrTxis Tavidan acileba SesZlo. saqme isaa, rom sawyisi idealizacia, romelzec is Tavis sociologias afuZnebda, Tavis TavSi ara erT (rogorc magaliTad hobsTan an lokTan, an sxva ganmanaTleblebTan iyo), aramed or abstraqtul cnebas Seicavda. tionisis sociologiuri azrovnebis safuZvel-Si cnebobrivi antinomiis principi ido: rogorc socialuri nebis yoveli konkretuli gamovlena erTdroulad nebis da gonebis movlenasac warmoadgens, ise yoveli socialuri warmonaqmni Ta-vis TavSi rogorc erTobis, ise sazogadoebis niSnebsa da Tvise-bebs erTdroulad Seicavs.

amgvarad, erToba da sazogadoeba socialur formaTa klas-ifikaciis ZiriTadi kriteriumi gaxda. sazogadoebriv arsebebs, anu socialuri cxovrebis formebs igi sam tipad: 1) socialur urTierTobebad; 2) jgufebad; 3) korporaciebad, anu gaerTiane-bebad yofs. socialuri urTierTobani arseboben maSin, rodesac masSi monawile individebis mier isini ara mxolod SeigrZnobian da gacnobierdebian rogorc aseTi, aramed rodesac maT mier maTi aucilebloba im zomiTaa gacnobierebuli, ra zomiTac maTgan monawileTa urTierTvaldebulebebi da uflebebi warmoiqmnebi-an. sxva sityvebiT socialuri urTierTobebi - obieqturi xasi-aTis mqone urTierTobebia.

orze met monawileTa Soris socialur urTierTobebis er-Toblioba "socialur wres" warmoadgens. socialuri wre urT-ierTobebidan jgufze gadasvlis safexuria. jgufi warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac individTa gaerTianeba raRac miznis misaRwevad rogorc aucilebeli ram, maT mier Segnebulad - gacnobiereb-ulad ganixileba. esa Tu is socialuri forma korporaciad an

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gaerTianebad im SemTxvevaSi iwodeba, rodesac igi Sinagan or-ganizacias flobs, e.i. rodesac gansazRvruli individebi masSi gansazRvrul funqciebs asruleben, Tanac maT mier Catarebuli aqtebi korporaciis aqtebs warmoadgenen.

urTierTobebad, jgufebad da gaerTianebebad dayofa "ba-tonoba-amxanagobis" kriteriumis mixedviT adamianTa urTier-Tobebis klasifikacias gadaejvareba. Semdeg aseTi klasifik-aciis Sedegad miRebuli tipebi yvelaze zogadi kriteriumis mixedviT "erTobiseul" da "sazogadoebiseul" tipebad nawil-debian.

aseve rTulia socialur normaTa tionisiseuli klasifikacia, romlebic wesrigis normebad, samarTlebriv da moralur norme-bad iyofian. pirveli - es zogadi - saerTo normaTa erTobliobaa, romlebic Tavidanve saerTo Tanxmobaze anu konvenciazea da-fuZnebuli. socialuri wesrigis normebi faqtTa normatiuli ZaliT ganisazRvrebian. samarTali, tionisis mixedviT, adaTebi-sagan an formaluri kanonmdeblobis Seqmnis gziT warmoiqmne-ba. morali religiis an sazogadoebrivi azris mier dgindeba. miTiTebuli normatiuli formebi Tavis mxriv "erTobiseul" da "sazogadoebiseul" formebad iyofian. normaTa yvela tipis gansxvavebebs mxolod da mxolod isev "idealur-tipiuri", anal-izuri xasiaTi aqvT. realobaSi isini wminda saxiT ar gvxvdebian. socialur formaTa normatiuli sistemebi socialuri wesrigis, samarTlisa da moralis normaTa erTobliobisagan Semdgari aR-moCndnen.

5. formalizmi da istorizmi

socialur RirebulebaTa tionisiseuli tipologia nakleb rTuli xasiaTisaa.

yvela es detaluri da danawevrebuli tipologiuri msjelo-bebi absoluturad ara istoriuli da abstraqtuli xasiaTis iqmnebodnen, maTi erTobiseulad da sazogadoebiseulad mud-mivad gatarebuli dayofa rom ara. konkretuli socialuri mov-lenebisadmi am principis gamoyenebam tioniss istoriuli ganvi-Tarebis movlenebisaTvis xelis CaWidebisa da konceptualurad asaxvis SesaZlebloba misca.

swored es iyo aRwerili klasifikaciaTa sazogadod da tion-isis wminda sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebis -kerZod erTobisa da sazogadoebis gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba. tionisis zogierTi mimdevaris mier gamoyenebiTi sociologia rogorc "istoriis

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mecnieruli filosofia" ganixileba. TviTon tionisma Tavdapir-velad Zalian moridebulad gansazRvra misi mizani. "Tu wminda sociologia - werda is - socialur arsebaTa gaazrebiTa da uZ-rav mdgomareobaSi aRweriT ifargleba, maSin gamoyenebiT so-ciologias saqme dinamikasTan, e.i. ganixilvasTan maT moZraoba-Si aqvs". gamoyenebiTi sociologiis meTodad tionisTan cnebiTi antinomiis principi iqceva. socialuri urTierTobebis funda-mentSi mdebare nebisa da gonebis dialeqtikuri urTierTzemo-qmedeba, tionisis mixedviT, gonebis gabatonebis mimarTulebiT viTardeba, e.i. sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba racionalurobis zrdis process warmoadgens.

„sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mimarTuleba - erTobidan sazogadoebisaken amiT ganisazRvreba. "racionalobis Camoyal-ibeba - wers tionisi - aris sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, romelic nawilobriv erTobasTan rogorc erTobrivi Tanacxovrebis Tav-dapirvel an ukidures SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zvel formasTan Tanx-mobaSi, nawilobriv masTan Seuwynarebel winaaRmdegobaSi viTar-deba". am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi gamoyenebis safuZvelze, tionisi sxvadsxva saxis socialur struqturaTa ganviTarebis dinamikas aanalizebs, misi Tanamedrove sazoga-doebis socialur problemebs ikvlevs, amave dros sakuTari mi-TiTebebis realizaciis nimuSebs demonstracias ukeTebs: "... am midgomis safuZvelSi mdebare ganxilvis wesi yoveli istoriuli mdgomareobis, agreTve mTeli socialuri cxovrebis ganviTare-bis gasaanalizeblad ukidures SemTxvevaSi imdenad gamoviyenoT, ramdenadac es ganviTareba erTobidan sazogadoebrivi formebi-sa da Sinaarsebisaken midis ". (iqve, 111).

Tavisi sociologiuri koncefciis Rirsebad tionisi, pirveli, mis obieqturobas, meore, misTvis damaxasiaTebel naturalistur tendencias, mesame, RirebulebiTi wanamZRvrebisa da praqtikuli socialuri saqmianobisagan mis damoukideblobas Tvlida. so-ciologiis mecnieruloba da obieqturoba tioniss rogorc say-ovelTao mniSvneloba esmis, romelic mas sociologiur cnebaTa logikuri simkacrisa da erTmniSvnelovnebisagan gamoyavs.

misi azriT, sociokulturul fenomenebs aucileblad unda mivudgeT naturalisturad, e.i. im Teoriul-SemecnebiTi prin-cipebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia bunebis Semswavleli mecnierebisaTvis. saWiroa - ambobda igi, am fenomenTa ganxilva "nivTTa msgavsad, zustad ise, rogorc bunebismetyveli akvirdeba mcenarisa da cxovelis sasicocxlo pricesebs". amgvari midgoma socialur movlenaTa sazrisiseuli

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mxaris Taobaze gamoTqmul sakiTxTa "frCxilebis gareT gatanis" aucileblobas niSnavda. dae isini waiRos sicocxlis filosofi-am, subieqturi mecnieruli sociologiis sagani ar aris.

Rirebulebebisagan Tavisufleba rogorc mecnieruli so-ciologiis principi tionisTan gamomdinareobda obieqturobisa da naturalizmis principisagan. erTis mxriv wminda konstruqci-uli, idealur - tipiuri midgoma unda gamxdariyo saimedo safari sociologiuri konstruqciis safuZvelSi Cadebuli kavSirebisa da urTierTobis realobidan TviTneburi e.i. arsebiTad raRac-nairi pirveladi upiratesobebiT, crurwmeniT, SefasebebiT, ga-pirobebuli gamocalkavebis winaaR-mdeg. meores mxriv, social-uri procesebisadmi, rogorc bunebrivi movlenisadmi midgomam mkvlevari aiZula uari eTqva socialuri praqtikis moTxovnile-bebze, yovelgvari tipis SefasebiT poziciebze da eZeba maTSi misi sakuTari logika ise, TiTqos igi savsebiT ucxo yofiliyos socialuri azrovnebis, socialuri praqtikis logikisagan.

am ori principis Tanmimdevrulma gatarebam, tionisis azriT, unda ganaTavisuflos mecnieruli sociologia eTikisagan erTis mxriv da politikisagan meores mxriv, amitom SeuZlebelia tion-isSi davinaxoT romantikuli idealebis mqadagebeli, vinaidan misi miswrafeba gaanTavisuflos mecniereba RirebulebiTi msj-elobebisagan, swored misi sociologiis antiroman-tikul-pozi-tivisturi suliskveTebis tendencias mowmobs.

6. sociologia da politika.

pozitivisturi gagebiT mecnierebis Tavisufleba politiki-sagan Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs. sociologiisa da politikis urTierT-

damokidebulebis sakiTxi tionisis mier Zalian farTodaa dayenebuli, rogorc socialuri Teoriisa da socialuri praq-tikis anu Tanamedrove eniT, rom vTqvaT, Semecnebisa da inter-esis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis formiTaa dasmuli. RirebulebiT msjelobebze uaris Tqma, maTi Tavidan acileba ar aris tionisis mixedviT socialur RirebulebaTa kvlevaze uaris Tqma, piriqiT, RirebulebaTa mxolod sociologiuri, mecnieru-li, obieqturi da naturalisturi Seswavla politikas saimedo safuZvels da politikur saqmianobis mecnierulad dasabuTebul - dafuZnebuli formebis gamomuSavebis SesaZleblobas miscems. politika - erT-erTi xelobaa, romelic mecnierebaTa mier mop-ovebul monacemebs iyenebs, maT Soris gansxvaveba imaSia, rom

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mecniereba Rirebulebas kvlevis sagnad aqcevs, xolo politika ki - saqmianobis safuZvlad. „mecnieruli Tvalsazrisis, dakvir-vebisaTvis savsebiT cudi an sazianoc kia icodes „sasurvelia“ Tu ara raRaca mocemuli miznis miRweva. praqtikosi ki swored sa-survelisagan amodis, igi iswrafvis am miznisken da surs icodes, Tu es saerTod SesaZlebelia vicodeT mecnieruli utyuarobiT, rogori saSualebebiT SeiZleba am mizans mivaRwioT. rogorc mkv-levars, mas saqme mizezebTan da SedegebTan aqvs, mecnieri kaci mxolod da mxolod imecnebs. praqtikoss adamians ki moqmedeba surs“ (34, gv. 112).

wminda da gamoyenebiTi sociologia tionisis sociologiur ideaTa specifikur Sinaarss faqtobrivad amowuraven. magram tionisma empiriuli sociologiis ganviTarebazec didi gavlena moaxdina.

misi Sexedulebisamebr, Tu wminda sociologia aanalizebs sazogadoebas statistikur mdgomareobaSi, gamoyenebiTi - cvalebadobasa da ganviTarebaSi, maSin empiriuli sociologia, anu sociografia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis cxovrebis faqtebs ikvlevs. Tu wminda sociologiis meTodi - cnebiTi konstruire-ba, xolo gamoyenebiTi sociologiisa - hipoTezur-deduqciuri, maSin sociografiis meTodi TviT socialur faqtTa kvlevaSi mdgomareobs, es dakvirvebisa da mis safuZvelze warmoebuli Se-darebis meTodi, empiriuli, maSasadame, induqciuri meTodia.

sociografiisaTvis amosavali monacemebi statistikis mo-nacemebia, rasakvirvelia, wers tionisi, oficialuri statis-tikisadmi sociografiis ndoba usazRvro ar aris, oficialuri publikaciebi xom im mizezebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, romlebsac mTavroba da saxelmwifoebrivi dawesebulebani misdeven, magram „sociografia aanalizebs imave masalas, oRondTavisi gansa-kuTrebuli miznebisagan amodis“ (iqve) garda amisa, sociografi agrovebs sakuTar statistikas, Tavisi Sromis miznebis Sesaty-visad mimarTavs sxvadasxva monacemebs, romlebic ar arian asax-uli oficialur publikaciebSi. da bolos, sociografma, Tu mas sursmecnierul niadagze idges, saWiroa ara marto wignebidan amokrefili cifrebidan warmoidginos qveyana da xalxi, aramed mas kidev mis mier gaanalizebuli ricxvebis gaazrebac, misi saz-risis gagebac unda SeeZlos.

tionisis sakuTriv empiriuli gamokvlevebis sagani damnaSa-veoba, TviTmkvleloba, demografiuli cvlilebebi, mrewveloba da politikur partiaTa saqmianoba iyo, magram am sferoTa gam-oyofa TavisTavad pirobiTia, vinaidan yovel problemas tion-

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isi farTo konteqstSi aanalizebda. magaliTad, damnaSaveobis Seswavla ekonomikur-demografiul analizTan mWidro kavSirSi xdeboda. Slezvig-golSteinis provinciaSi damnaSaveobis ana-lizisaTvis monacemebis Sekrebisas, tionisi ar kmayofildebo-da da ar ifargleboda oficialuri kriminaluri statistikiT, romelic cnobebs mxolod samarTaldarRvevaTa raodenobisa da sixSiris Sesaxeb Seicavda. misTvis saintereso faqtebis Camona-TvalSi Sedioda agreTve monacemebic TviT damnaSavis Sesaxeb, romlebsac igi ZiriTadad policiisa da gamasworebeli dawese-bulebebis arqivebSi poulobda: misi warmoSoba (adgilobrivi iyo Tu „ucxo“); misi mSobliuri adgilebis (sofeli an qalaqi) ekonomikur-geografiuli maxasiaTeblebi, daxasiaTeba, ojax-uri pirobebi (gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda ucoloeb-sa da gayrilebs); ganaTleba da misi xarisxi (xvdeboda gaunaT-leblebi), profesia (swavlebis mixedviT), faqtobrivi saqmianoba, profesiis cvla, mamis profesia, mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvlis faqtebi da a.S.). ukve mxolod am faqtorTa CamoTvla, Tanac gaanalizebuli 3500 adamianze, tion-isis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebis siRrmisa da masStabebis Ses-axeb warmodgenas gvaZlevs.

empiriuli gamokvlevebi, rogorc sociologiuri Semecneba mTlianobaSi, ar yofila tionisisTvis TviT mizani. Tumca so-ciografia saerTod da mTlianad misi sociologiis Camketi iyo, darCa kidev erTi,marTalia sistemaSi ar Sesuli, sfero magram miuxedavad amisa, misi Sromis didi nawilis STanTmTqmneli. esaa praqtikuli sociologiis, e.i. praqtikuli socialuri da poli-tikuri saqmianobis sfero.

mecnierebis politikisagan gamoyofisas, tionisi srulebiTac ar isaxavda miznad mecnierebisagan politikis gamoyofas. igi is-wrafvoda politikis „gamecnierebas“, da ar surda saqmianobis am or saxes Soris gauvali kedeli aego. tionisis mier mecnierisa da praqtikuli miRvawis SemecnebiTi poziciebis aRwera faqto-brivad aris erTi da imave adamianis mier praqtikaSi gamoyenebu-li ori gansxvavebuli SemecnebiTi ganwyobis aRwera, romelic xan politikosia, xan sociologi. es SeiZleba iTqvas TviT tion-isze, romelic misi Tanamedroveebis mowmobiT, Tavis TavSi miud-gomeli mecnieris Tvisebebs, konstitucionalistis, social-re-formistis, da demokrati politikosis vnebebTan aerTianebda. tionisis politikuri saqmianoba, mis mier arCeuli mimarTuleba, mizani da saSualeba, misi sociologiuri moZRvrebis ZiriTad debulebebs namdvilad Seesabamebodnen.

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gamoyenebiTi sociologiis CarCoebSi sazogadoebrivi ganvi-Tarebis procesSi racionalurobis zrdis Sesaxeb formulire-bul debulebas demokratizacisaTvis, wodebrivi da feodaluri crurwmenebis winaaRmdeg, brZolis aucileblobasTan miyavda sazogadoeba. tionisi aqtiurad monawileobda social-demokra-tiul da muSaTa moZraobaSi, icavda sityvis Tavisuflebis, pro-fesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnis uflebebs, 1896 - 7 wleebSi kilis cno-bili gaficvis dros meamboxeebis mxareze gamodioda.

7. tionisis sistemis kritika.

tionisis sociologiuri moRvaweoba TiTqmis ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze grZeldeboda. mis Teoriul msjelobebsa da kon-cefciebSi

me-19-e saukunis dasasrulisa da me-20-e saukunis dasawyisis germaniaSi momxdari sicialuri cvlilebebis Taviseburebebi naTlad aisaxa.

es cvlilebebi germaniaSi kapitalizmis gaZlierebiT, misi gan-viTarebis imperialistur stadiaze gadasvliT iyo gamowveuli. Tu es procesi evropis kontinentze ufro nela mimdinareobda, vidre inglisSi, romelmac Tavisi burJuaziuli revolucia jer kidev me - 17 -e saukuneSi moaxdina, maSin socialuri cvlile-bebis procesi kide ufro nela mimdinareobda germaniaSi, rome-lic im dromde evropis yru „provinciad“ rCeboda. teritori-uli daqucmacebuloba, mtkice saxelmwifoebriobis ararseboba, mravali feodaluri da wodebrivi gadmonaSTebis arseboba - yve-laferi es amuxruWebda germanuli imperializmis Camoyalibebis process, romelmac aqtiuri ganviTareba mxolod me-19-e sauku-nis 70-80 - ian wleebSi daiwyo.

ingliseli da germaneli eTnologebis, iuristebis da saxel-mwifosmcodneebis Sromebze dayrdnobiT, tionisma Tavisi so-ciologiis ZiriTad cnebebSi am gardamavali periodis sazoga-doebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli - saxelmwifoebriv - samarTlebriv da RirebulebiT - normatiul sferoebSi momxdari - cvlilebebi daafiqsira.

cvlilebebis realuri materialuri safuZveli tioniss ar aR-mouCenia. amis mizezi, rogorc marqsisti sociologebi amboben, Tavad socialuri procesis bunebis idealisturi gageba iyo. „ swored azrovnebis, maSasadame, gonebis faqtori nebismieri kul-turuli ganviTarebis, iseve rogorc erTeuli adamianis sulier - goniTi ganviTarebis dinamiuri elementia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom

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igi calkeuli adamianebis qmedebebs, aseve azrovnebas, ... aseve jgufebisa da kavSirebis Semadgenel pirTa erTobliv saqmianobas da saerTo nebas sul ufro metad gansazRvravs“. socialuri pro-cesis aseTi ganmarteba istoriuli procesebis safuZvelSi mde-bare realuri socialur - ekonomikuri procesebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas bunebrivad Seicavda. aRsaniSnavia, rom tionisi kargad icnobda karl marqsis warmoebis kapitalisturi wesis an-alizisadmi miZRvnil Sromebs. ufro metic, marqsizmisadmi misi interesi mtkice da mudmivi iyo. misive aRiarebiT, „kulturis krizisis“ problematikisadmi interesi marqsis Sromebis analiz-ma gauRviZa(igulisxmeba marqsis „kapitalis“ pirveli tomi). Tum-ca, pirdapiri gavlena misi ideebis SemuSavebaze, rogorc tioni-si damatebiT SeniSnavs, marqsizms ar mouxdenia.

sinamdvileSi, ara mxolod principuli daskvnebi, aramed prob-lemebis TviT marqsistuli dayenebac ki ucxo iyo tionisisaTvis. saerTaSoriso profkavSiruli leqsikonisaTvis daweril stati-aSi „istoriuli materializmi“, man marqsis moZRvreba sazoga-doebaze faqtorTa abstraqtuli Teoriis suliskveTebiT gan-sazRvra: socialuri sinamdvile sami yvelaze zogadi faqtoris - ekonomikis, politikis, gonis urTierTzemoqmedebas warmoad-gens. TiToeulis ganviTareba erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad mimdinareobs, magram sameurneo(ekonomikuri) cxovreba „Sedare-biT yvelaze damoukidebel cvlads warmoadgens“. faqtorebze da cvladebze amgvari dogmaturi dayofa marqsizmis sulikveTebi-saTvis ucxoa.

rac Seexeba kritikul mosazrebebs, unda iTqvas is, rom sab-olood erTobisa da sazogadoebis, rogorc adamianuri er-Toblivi cxovrebis ZiriTadi formebis arsebobis wyaro mainc gaurkveveli rCeba. magaliTad, saidan viRebT imas, Tu rogor yalibdeba erTobrivi neba - Wesenwille, romelic individualur moqmedebebs mTlian sazogadoebriv cxovrebad aerTianebs da mtkiced kravs mas? kerZo nebis Kurwille-s batonobisas adamianTa meqanikuri urTierTqmedeba rogori wesiT qmnis garkveul so-cialur mTlianobas?

xSirad socialuri urTierTobebis orive tipi gagebulia ro-gorc individualuri fsiqikuri miswrafebebis - instinqturi da racionalurad gapirobebuli impulsebis realizaciis produq-ti. aseTi, vundtis mier Semotanili ganmarteba - interpretacia, tionisis mier socialuri nebis cnebaSi Cadebul sazriss amaxin-jebs. pirveli, aseT SemTxvevaSi nebisa da inteleqtis erTmane-Tisagan absoluturi gamijvna xdeba. meore, neba rogorc wminda

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fsiqikuri movlena ganimarteba, am cnebis(Seadare - xalxis neba, amomrCevelTa neba) socialur - politikuri sazrisi ikargeba, romelic tionisis sistemaSi TiTqmis umTavres rols TamaSobs.

mag. marqsizmi Tvlis, rom socialur nebaSi gamoixateba sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli klasis neba, romelicadamianur urTierTqmedebaTa konkretul gamovlenaTa struqturasa da formebs gansazRvravs. tionisi ki imuSavebs farTo definiciebs, erTobisa da sazogadoebis dawvrilebiT aRweras iZleva, magram uZluria nebis buneba, e.i. socialuri Zalauflebis buneba, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi calkeul adamianze socialuri mTelis Zalauflebis - batonobis buneba axsnas. tionisis sociologi-is orive ZiriTadi cneba realuri socialuri cxovrebis anal-izidan ki araa gamoyvanili, aramed postulirebulia. aqedanaa swored erTobis friad abstraqtuli da araadeqvaturi daxa-siaTebac socialuri urTierTobebi erTobis CarCoebSi tion-isis mier rogorc sulieri keTilganwyobis, TanamSromlobis, megobrobis urTierTgagebisa da Tanxmobis urTierTobebad ga-moisaxeba. emocionaluri azriT yvela „uaryofiTi“urTieroba, agreTve Tavisi bunebiT konfliqturi urTierTobebi tionisis mier ugulebel-yofilia. rogorc r. kionigi SeniSnavs, igi uars ambobs erTobaSi iZulebis elementebi dainaxos, sinamdvileSi ki tionisi erTobis araistoriul idealizirebul saxes xatavs.

tionisi socialuri codnis formalizacias eswrafvoda, cdi-lobda maxasiaTebelTa garkveuli universaluri sistema Seeqmna, romlis gamoyenebac, sagnis Sinaarsobrivi mxarisagan damoukide-blad sazogadoebis TviT yvelaze gansxvavebul sferoTa gasaan-alizeblad iqneboda SesaZlebeli. magram tionisiseul klas-ifikaciaTa formalurma xasiaTma, urTierTobaTa da jgufTa gadamwyvet, ganmsazRvrel tipTa gamocalkavebis kriteriumTa ar arsebobam isini mxolod realurad mimdinare procesTa, cvl-ilebaTa aRwerisTvis gamosadeg raimed aqcia, da maTi daxmarebiT istoriuli procesis sociologiuri axsnis SemuSavebis Sesa-Zlebloba gamoricxa. sxva sityvebiT, es klasifikaciebi garkveu-li saxis konvenciebad, pirobiT enad gadagvardebian, romelsac sakvlevi realobis Sesaxeb dadebiTi codnis mocema ar ZaluZs. amgvarad, tionisis sociologiuri sistema, istoriuli ganvi-Tarebis procesebis axsnaSi ar gamogvadgeba. „erToba - sazoga-doeba“ rogorc tipologia socialuri procesebis axsnaSi ide-ologiurad neitralur saSualebas ar warmoadgens. marTalia, tionisi misi warmodgenebis ideur - RirebulebiTi neitralobis dasabuTebas Zlier cdilobda, magram misi Sromebis analizi da

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istoriuli ganviTarebis erTobidan sazogadoebisaken svla, sa-Sualebas aZlevs mraval mkvlevars tionisis moZRvreba rogorc kulturis daRupvis ideologia, rogorc istoriis faruli fi-losofia ganmarton, romelsac savsebiT garkveuli politikuri mimarTuleba aqvs.

8. tionisis sociologiis mecnieruli mniSvneloba.

tionisi sociologia, romelic dasavluri sociologiis ori epoqis gzaSesayarze dgas. „Tavisi Semoqmedebis erTi mxriT igi mecxramete saukunis epoqazea mimarTuli, amaze misi miswrafeba istoriis „filosofiis“ rogorc sociologiis Seqmnis, farTo kulturul - istoriuli Semecnebis konstruirebis mcdeloba, agreTve mis koncefciaSi sakuTriv sociologiuri, samarTle-brivi, saxelmwifoTmcodneobis ideebis mkacri diferenciaciis ararseboba metyvelebs.

meores mxriv, tionisma wamoayena ideebis mTeli rigi, romel-ic Semdgom damuSavda da realizacia gaukeTda meoce saukunis dasavlur sociologiaSi. uwinares yovlisa esaa sociologiis analitikuri - istoriulis sapirispirod - agebis idea, rac so-ciologiis mier sakuTari Tavis rogorc mecnierebis gacnobier-ebis, TviTgansazRvrebisadmi miswrafebis, sazogadoebis anal-izis sakuTari midgomis mopovebis Sesaxeb metyvelebs. tionisma, dasavleli sociologebidan erT - erTma pirvelma, socialuri struqturis problema daayena, romelic swored am droidan moyolebuli rogorc specifikurad sociologiuri, probleme-bis xedvis da dayenebis gansakuTrebuli wesis da meTodis gamoy-enebis garantias iZleva. formaluri sociologiis Seqmnis idea, romelic Tavis sagans Sinaarsobrivi maxasiaTeblebisagan da-moukideblad aanalizebs, mecxramete saukunis dasasrulisa da meoce saukunis dasawyisis cnobili sociologis georg zimelis mier iqna atacebuli, xolo Semdeg leopold fon vizesa, a. fir-kandtis sxva mkvlevarTa mier iqna ganviTarebuli“(34, gv. 116).

tionisis sociologiis erT-erTi arsebiTi mxare socialuri Semecnebis naturalisturi Teoria iyo, romelic mravali vari-antiT gagrZelda da ganviTarda dasavleli sociologebis mier.

magram yvelaze ZiriTadi rac tionisma dautova Tanamedrove sociologias, socialuri kavSirebisa da urTierTobebis ori tipis erTobrivisa da sazogadoebrivis gamoyofis idea iyo. es idea kargad gamoiyena emil diurkemma, romelmac sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisagan solidarobis ori tipis „meqanikuris“ da „organ-

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ulis“ safuZvelze ganasxvava. Sesbamisi wesiT gadamuSavebuli es tipologia Tanamedrove sociologebis mier Tanamedroveobis istoriuli ganviTarebis ZiriTadi konfliqtis asaxsnelad dRe-sac gamoiyeneba.

tionisze gavlena hobsis politikurma filosofiam, Sopen-haueris iracionalisturma filosofiam da agreTve marqsizmis fuZemdebelTa Sexedulebebma moaxdina. mas hobsisa da marqsis biografiebi aqvs dawerili. tionisis sociologia sociologi-is formaluri „wminda“ kategoriebis sistemis agebis erT -erTi pirveli mcdelobaa, romelic SesaZleblobas mogvcemda awmyo-Si da warsulSi arsebuli yoveli socialuri movlena, agreTve socialuri cvlilebebis tendenciebi gagveanalizebina. tioni-si sociologias „zogad“ da „specialur“ sociologiebad yofs. pirvels dawvrilebiT ar ganixilavs. misi CanafiqriT, igi ada-mianTa Tanaarsebobis yvela formas, bioanTropologiuris, de-mografiulis da sxva aspeqtebis CaTvliT, romelic saerToa cx-ovelTa socialuri cxovrebis formebTan, unda Seiswavlides. meore, romelsac igi „wminda“ (Teoriul) gamoyenebiT da empir-iul sociologiebad yofs, sakuTriv socialur cxovrebas Seis-wavlis. sakuTriv socialuri, tionisis mixedviT, mxolod maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac Tanaarsebuli adamianebi „urTierTdadg-inebis“ mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. socialuri kavSiris safuZ-velSi tionisi nebas (mis mierve pirvelad iqna Semotanili ter-mini „voluntarizmi“ Sesatyvisi filosofiuri mimdinareobebis aRsaniSnavad)

debs. nebis tipi kavSiris tips gansazRvravs. SesaZlebelia ne-baTa urTierTuaryofa, urTierTukugdeba, magram igi „wminda“ sociologiis CarCoebSi ar unda ganixilebodes, ramdenadac iq, sadac mtroba mTavar rols TamaSobs, aris adamianTa raRac er-Toblioba, magram namdvilad socialuri kavSiri ar aris.

urTierTdamdgeni nebis tipologia tionisis mier dawvrileb-iTaa damuSavebuli mis ZiriTad SromaSi „erToba da sazogadoeba“.

igi ganasxvavebs „nebas“, ramdenadac igi Seicavs azrovnebas da ‘’azrovnebas’’, radenadac igi moicavs nebas. arsobrivi neba „sxe-ulis fsiqologiuri eqvivalentia“. amitom yvela emocionaluri, afeqturi, naxevrad instinqturi miswrafebebi, midrekilebebi da ganzraxvani, romlebic realizebulia saqmianobaSi, swored mocemul tipTan kavSirSi ganixileba. azrovneba ki varaudobs, rom neba rogorc organizmi ukve savsebiT Camoyalibebulia -formulirebulia, masSi momavali saqmianobis usasrulo Cana-saxebi, warmodgenebi arsebobs. azrovnebas igi sistemaSi moyavs,

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mizanTa ierarqias alagebs. Tu arsobrivi neba instiqturi mid-rekilebebis, Cvevebis da mexsierebis formaSi warmogvidgeba, ma-Sin arCeviTi neba warmoadgens mizanTa azrobriv sistemas, mTel aparats, romelic arsebobs adamianTa TavebSi da „miswrafebad - gaqanebad“ iwodeba. nebis yvela tipi da forma garkveul saqmi-anobasa da yofaqcevaSi gamoixateba. socialuri, adamianTa urT-ierTdamdgeni damokidebulebani maTi saqmianobis warmarTveli nebisagan warmoiqmnebian. aqedan momdinareobs socialurobis ZiriTadi tipologia tionisTan: erToba, sadac batonobs nebis pirveli tipi da sazogadoeba, sadac batonobs meore. arsobrivi nebis subieqts tionisi uwodebs „TviTobas“ e. i. iseT organul erTianobas, romelic gansazRvrulia Tavisi TaviT, magram un-ari Seswevs Tavis TavSi sxva mcire organuli erTobebi moicvas an sxva mis tol erTobebTan Sefardebisas SeuZlia Seadginos da warmoadginos mTeli. magaliTad, naTesauri urTierTobebi-sas ojaxs, rogorc mTels warmoadgenen misi nawilebi: deda da Svilebi, da -Zmebi, (esaa ojaxSi urTierTobaTa - daamokidebule-baTa da poziciaTa sxvadasxva saxeebi), Tanac yoveli adamiani - damoukidebuli organuli erTeulia, mxolod ojaxSi, rogorc mTelSi aris is mama an Zma, xolo ojaxi rogorc mTeli agebulia mis wevrTa urTierTdamokidebulebebiT. amavdroulad es mTeli aris forma, romelic ar aris damokidebuli mocemul konkret-ul adamianebze, romlebic Seadgenen mis gardamaval materias. am saxiT igi wminda sociologiis sagans warmoadgens. garda ojaxi-sa, erTobrivi tipis urTierTobebs mezobloba da megobroba mie-kuTvneba.

arCeviTi nebis subieqtia „piri“ (rac formalur - iuridi-ul cnebas gulisxmobs). „TviTobis“ erTianoba misi Sinaganad aucilebeli TviTgansazRvrebiTaa uzrunvelyofili. „piri“ aris garegani meqanikuri erTianoba, romelic garegani SemTxveviTi wesiTaa gansazRvruli. esaa azrovnebis idealuri konstruqcia, romelic erTianobas eZebs gamovlenaTa simravleSi da rogorc aseTi rogorc individs, ise koleqtivs SeiZleba exebodes. „in-dividualuri piris“ bunebrivi warmomadgenelia calkeuli ada-miani, romelic am saxiT sxva pirebisagan damoukidebelia. isini miznebisa da saSualebebis arCevanSi Tanasworni arian - aqedanaa maT Soris racionalur - arCeviTi da ara emocionalur - organ-uli urTierTobani da damokidebulebani. mraval pirs SeuZlia Seadginos sistema da aagos „fiqtiuri piri, romelic warmodge-nilia adamianTa krebuliT an isev calkeuli individis mier. Tu „erTobrivi“ urTierTobebi „umaRles TviTobas“, maSin „sazoga-

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doebrivi“ - „xelovnur pirs“ gulisxmobs, ZiriTad ekonomikur - samarTlebriv kategoriebs Soris gansxvavebac aqedan gamom-dinareobs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi (erToba) bWoba „flobas - mflo-belobas“, „teritoriebs“, „ojaxur samarTals“, meoreSi (sazoga-doeba) „qonebas“, „fulebs“, „savaldebulo (savaWro) samarTals“ exeba. aqve tionisi statusis da kontraqtis (xelSekrulebis) da-pirispirebas amatebs. es opoziciebi tioniss saSualebas aZlevs ara mxolod aagos „wminda“ sociologiuri kategoriebis danaw-evrebuli sistema, aramed am TvalTaxedvis kuTxiT istoriul - cvalebadobaTa procesi da sazrisic ganixilos, rac misi „spe-cialuri sociologiis“ meore nawilis gamoyenebiTi sociologi-is amocanad iqca kidec. tionisis ZiriTadi azri mdgomareobs imaSi rom istoriis msvlelobaSi erTobrivi tipis socialuroba sul ufro da ufro upiratesad sazogadoebrivi tipis social-urobiT idevneba da nacvldeba. aqedan ki zne -Cveulebebis, samar-Tlis, ojaxis, meurneobriobis, sofluri da qalaquri cxovre-bis, religiis, saxelmwifos, politikis, sazogadoebrivi azris da a.S. analizisTvis gza xsnili iyo. droTa ganmavlobaSi tionisma adrindel SromaSi mocemuli sqema gaarTula, masSi iseTi maxas-iaTeblebi Seitana, rogoricaa socialuri kavSiris simWidrove (erTianobis didi an mcire xarisxi - done), monawileTa raodeno-ba, amxanaguri xasiaTi batonobisa da morCilebis dapirispire-basTan kavSirSi, ris Sedegadac Zalian dawvrilebiTi sqema miiRo. SeiZleba aqve dayofis sxva safuZvlebic davamatoT (mag. jgufe-bi SeiZleba bunebriv, sulier da socialur jgufebad daiyos. sruli saxiT es sqema mis erT -erT ukanasknel SromaSi „Sesavali sociologiaSi“ (1931) aris warmodgenili. tionisi cnobili iyo rogorc sociolog -empirikosi, didi statistikuri da socio-grafiuli gamokvlevebis organizatori. magram sociologiis is-toriaSi igi rogorc „erToba da sazogadoeba“- s avtori darCa, romelmac ara mxolod germanul, aramed mTel dasavlur socio-logiaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia.

mokle Sinaarsi:1. sociologiis mTavari problemis dayeneba tionisis mier me-

18-e, me-19-e saukuneebis socialur - filosofiuri azris ganvi-Tarebis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis, saxelmwifos, samarTlis da socialuri institutebis warmoSobisa da arsebobis probleme-bisadmi racionalisturi da istoriuli midgomebis winaaRmde-gobis kvlevisagan gamomdinareobda.

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ganmanaTleblobis ideebze dafuZnebuli azrovnebis raciona-listuri wesis momxreebisaTvis adamianis bunebrivi, xelSeuvali uflebebis aRiareba da Sesabamisad xalxis suverenuli Zalau-flebis, adamianis bunebis Sesatyvisi gonieri sazogadoebrivi wyobis da gonebiseuli kanonebis dadgenis ganuyofeli uflebis aRiareba iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

istoriuli midgomis momxreebi, romlis meTodologia yvelaze naTlad samarTlis istoriuli skolis da nacionalu-ri ekonomikis istoriuli skolisSromebSi gamovlinda, piriqiT adamianuri Tanacxovrebis tradiciuli normebis da procesebis mniSvnelobas da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis saxelmwifoebrivi da samarTlebrivi regulirebis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli formebis arsebobis aucileblobas usvamdnen xazs.

tionisma racionaluri mecnieruli meTodis upiratesobis socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb arsebul istoriul TvalsazrisTan SeerTeba, racionaluri da istoriuli msoflmxedvelobis gaer-Tianeba daisaxa miznad.

2. am Sromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi socialur kavSirTa ori tipis - erToblivis (gemeinschaftliche) da sazogadoebrivis (geselschaftliche) - dapirispirebaSi mdgomareobs. pirveli saxis urTierTobebs fes-vebi emociebSi, erTgulebasa da siyvarulSi, sulier gatacebebsa da midrekilebebSi aqvs gadgmuli da sakuTar TavTan igiveobas, rogorc cnobierad tradiciebis dacvis, ise aracnobierad, emo-ciuri kavSiris ZaliT da saerTo enis gamaerTianebeli zegavle-nis wyalobiT inarCuneben.

3. meore saxis, anu sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa safuZvel-Si socialuri gacvla, sakuTrebaSi myof nivTTa cvla Zevs. ma-Sasadame am urTierTobebs nivTobrivi buneba aqvT damonawile-Ta dapirispirebulad warmarTuli miswrafebebiT xasiaTdebian. es urTierTobani nawilobriverToblivi tipis urTierTobebs efuZnebian, magram maT arseboba gancalkavebul da erTmaneTi-saTvis ucxo individebs, TviT mtrebs Sorisac ki SeuZliaT, maTSi monawile individis Segnebul - gacnobierebuli gadawyvetilebis wyalobiT. amgvari urTierTobebis subieqtebi rogorc sxvadsx-va saxis jgufebi, koleqtivebi, gaerTianeba, ise saxelmwifoebic ki SeiZleba iyos, romlebsac rogorc formalur "pirebs" ganixi-laven.

4. socialuri cxovrebis organizaciis am ori tipis funda-menti nebis ori tipia: romelsac tionisi, rogorc "Wesenwille" da "Kurwille-s" (Tavdapirvelad iyo - "Willkur"-i) aRniSnavs. pirveli esaa arsebis neba, e.i. mTelis neba, romelic socialuri cxovre-

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bis yvela, TviT umniSvnelo aspeqtsac ki gansazRvravs. meore maintegrirebeli moqmedebis sxva tips, socialuri nebis Sesus-tebas, mis mraval kerZo suverenul nebad danawevrebas aRniSnavs, romlebic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTelSi meqanikurad er-Tiandebian.

5. sad SeiZleba empiriulad davakvirdeT socialuri warmon-aqmnebs, romlebSic nebis es tipebia realizebuli da ganxor-cielebuli? sxva sityvebiT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara saerTod, em-piriulad davakvirdeT erTobas da sazogadoebas? am kiTxvaze tionisis uaryofiTi pasuxi aqvs. yoveli konkretuli socialuri warmonaqmni erTobrivi da sazogadoebrivi elementebis SeerTe-baa, TviTon es cnebebi ki - kontininumis polusebia, romlebSic SeiZleba yvela konkretuli istoriuli sazogadoeba ganlag-des. TiToeuli am polusTagan TavisTavad ar arsebobs. eseni - azrovnebiTi nivTebi, abstraqtuli arsebebi, idealuri an kon-struirebuli tipebia.

6. aseTi midgoma istoriuli skolisa da sicocxlis subi-eqtur-empiriuli filosofiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da sazogadoebis bunebrivi mdgomareobis ganmanaTlebluri ideis reabilitaciisa, da, maSasadame, istoriis, ganviTarebis ugulve-belyofisaken unda waveyvaneT.

magram tionisma am safrTxis Tavidan acileba SesZlo. saqme isaa, rom sawyisi idealizacia, romelzec is Tavis sociologias afuZnebda, Tavis TavSi ara erT (rogorc magaliTad hobsTan an lokTan, an sxva ganmanaTleblebTan iyo), aramed or abstraqtul cnebas Seicavda. tionisis sociologiuri azrovnebis safuZvel-Si cnebobrivi antinomiis principi ido: rogorc socialuri nebis yoveli konkretuli gamovlena erTdroulad nebis da gonebis movlenasac warmoadgens, ise yoveli socialuri warmonaqmni Ta-vis TavSi rogorc erTobis, ise sazogadoebis niSnebsa da Tvise-bebs erTdroulad Seicavs.

7. socialuri urTierTobebis fundamentSi mdebare nebisa da gonebis dialeqtikuri urTierTzemoqmedeba, tionisis mixedviT, gonebis gabatonebis mimarTulebiT viTardeba, e.i. sazogadoe-brivi ganviTareba racionalurobis zrdis process warmoadgens.

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mimarTuleba - erTobidan sazo-gadoebisaken amiT ganisazRvreba. "racionalobis Camoyalibeba - wers tionisi - aris sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, romelic naw-ilobriv erTobasTan rogorc erTobrivi Tanacxovrebis Ta-vdapirvel an ukidures SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zvel formasTan TanxmobaSi, nawilobriv masTan Seuwynarebel winaaRmdegobaSi vi-

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Tardeba". am midgomis safuZvelSi mdebare ganxilvis wesi yoveli istoriuli mdgomareobis, agreTve mTeli socialuri cxovrebis ganviTarebis gasaanalizeblad ukidures SemTxvevaSi imdenad gamoviyenoT, ramdenadac es ganviTareba erTobidan sazogadoe-brivi formebisa da Sinaarsebisaken midis.

kiTxvebi:1. raSi mdgomareobs socialur kavSirTa ori tipis - erToblivis (gemeinschaftliche) da sazogadoebrivis (geselschaftliche) - dapirispirebis safuZveli?2. nebis romel tipebs gamoyofs Tavis SromaSi f. tionisi?3. ganmarteT debuleba : "me ganvasxvaveb nebas, ramdenadac igi Seicavs azrovnebas, da azrovnebas, ramdenadac masSi Sedis neba";4.rogor interpretacias gaukeTebdiT debulebas: tionisis sociologiuri azrovnebis safuZvelSi cnebobrivi antinomiis principi devs?5. Tu wminda sociologiis meTodi - cnebiTi konstruireba, xolo gamoyenebiTi sociologiisa - hipoTezur-deduqciuri, maSin sociografiis meTodi TviT socialur faqtTa kvlevaSimdgomareobs. am Tezisis safuZvelze aCveneT Tu ra mimarTeba arsebobs tionisis azriT wminda, gamoyenebiT da sociografiul sociologiebs Soris?6. ra iyo f. tionisis sakuTriv empiriuli gamokvlevebis sagani da mis mier Catarebuli konkretuli kvlevebi ra TaviseburebiT gamoirCeoda? 7. ra ZiriTadi kavSiri da gansxvaveba arsebobs f. tionisis azriT politikasa da socialur mecnierebas Soris? 8. gaanalizeT f. tionisis mtkiceba - sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba racionalurobis zrdis process warmoadgens da igi m. veberis analogiur debulebas SeadareT;9. ganmarteT f. tionisi debuleba: sazogadoeba - erTobidan sazogadoebisaken mimarTulebiT viTardeba; 10. f. tionisis koncefciis kritikosebis mier wamoyenebuli argumentebidan romels gamoyofdiT?

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gamoyenebuli da citirebuli literatura:

1. berZeniSvili a. politikuri sociologia, meore Sevsebuli gamocema, gamomcemloba inteleqti, Tbilisi, 2011.2. diurkemi e. socialuri Sromis danawileba, gamomcemloba Carpe diem Tbilisi 2012.3. diurkemi e. sociologiis meTodis wesebi, gamomcemloba „ioane petriwi“, Tbilisi 2012.4. diurkemi e. religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebiTbilisi5. veberi m. politika, rogorc mowodeba da xeloba. Tb., 1994.6. veberi m. xarizmuli batonoba. broSuraSi “o. Spengleri politikis filosofia. m. veberi xarizmuli batonoba” Tb., 1995.7. kaWkaWiSvili i. socialuri Teoria, gamomcemloba inteleqti, Tbilisi, 2008. 8. kodua e. sociologiis istoria, meore nakveTi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb. 1996 9.kodua e. sociologiis Sesavali, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb. 1986.10. marqsi k. politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis. winasityvaoba. wignSi „marqsistul-leninuri filosofia“ (qrestomaTia) t. I. Tb. 1953, 11. marqsi k. filosofiur-ekonomiuri xelnawerebi, t. 42. 12. Арон Р , Этапы развития социологической мысли М , «прогресс», 1993 13 Бендикс Р Образ общества у Макса Вебера В кн : Вебер М Избранное Образ общества : Пер С нем – М : Юрист, 1994(Лики культуры) 14 Буравой М , Райт Э О Социологический марксизм (Часть 1 – 2), Социологические исследования, № 9 - 10, 2011 15 Вебер М Избранные произведения М , Прогресс, 1990 16 Вебер М Избранное Образ общества : Пер С нем – М : Юрист, 1994(Лики культуры) 17 Вебер М Основные понятия стратификации В кн : А И Кравченко Социология Макса Вебера: Труд и экономика – М : На Воробьевых 1997 18 Вебер М О некоторых категориях «понимающей» социологии // Вебер М Избранные произведения М , 1990; 19 Вебер М Избранное: протестантская этика и дух капитализма М , 2006;20 Вебер, Марианна Жизнь и творчество Макса Вебера М , 2007 21 Гаиденко П П Давидов Ю Н История и рациональность: Социология Макса Вебера и веберовский ренессанс М , 1991

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