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KÖK HÜCRE FiZYOLOJİSİ VE HEMATOPOEZ Duygu Uçkan-Çetinkaya Hacettepe Pediatrik Hematoloji – KİT Ünitesi ve Kök Hücre Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi-PEDİ-STEM 15-11-2014 Pediatrik Hematoloji Okulu Ankara

KÖK HÜCRE FiZYOLOJİSİVE HEMATOPOEZ - Türk Pediatrik … · 2017-12-08 · ST-HSC. MPP. NK+ Cell. T Cell. B Cell. GRAN. M. N PLT. ERT. CLP. Common . Lymphoid . Progenitor. Common

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Page 1: KÖK HÜCRE FiZYOLOJİSİVE HEMATOPOEZ - Türk Pediatrik … · 2017-12-08 · ST-HSC. MPP. NK+ Cell. T Cell. B Cell. GRAN. M. N PLT. ERT. CLP. Common . Lymphoid . Progenitor. Common

KÖK HÜCRE FiZYOLOJİSİ VE HEMATOPOEZ

Duygu Uçkan-Çetinkaya

Hacettepe Pediatrik Hematoloji – KİT Ünitesi veKök Hücre Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi -PEDİ-STEM

15-11-2014 Pediatrik Hematoloji Okulu Ankara

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KÖK HÜCRE ÖZELLİKLERİ • Kendini yenileme

• Çok yönlü farklılaşma

• Sessiz (Quiescent/G0) kalma

• Migrasyon (nişten çıkma- hasar yerine gitme – başka mikroçevreye gitme)

• Yeniden programlanma

• Apoptozis-----------------------

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KÖK HÜCRE

TOTİPOTENT morula---------

PLURİPOTENT (embryonik)----

MULTİPOTENT

BİPOTENT----UNİPOTENT

HSC

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HSCs HSCPROGENITORLER FARKLILASMIS

HUCRAELER

Replikasyon potansiyeli azalir

Farklila;ma artar

KÖK HÜCRE FARKLILAŞMASI

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SELF-RENEWAL CAPACITY

LT-HSCLong term HSCs Short term HSCs Multipotent

progenitors

ST-HSC MPP

NK+ Cell

T Cell

B Cell

GRAN

MN

PLT

ERT

CLP

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

Common Myeloid Progenitor

CMP

HEMATOPOETİK KÖK HÜCRE

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RadiationResearch13:115-125,1960

HEMATOPOETİK KÖK HÜCRE

IŞINLAMA «IRRADIATION

»

BALB/c BALB/c

IŞINLAMA İLE KEMİK İLİĞİ BOŞLUĞU BOŞALIR VE YENİ KÖK HÜCRELER VERiLEREK REKONSTİTÜSYON SAĞLANABİLİR.

CFU-S

INFÜZYON

Erit MK myeloid

Kemik iliği Transplantasyonu

Isinlanmisfare kemikIligi hucreleri

«Spleen colony-forming assay(CFU-s) inirradiated mice»

• Till & McCulloch: > 1960’lar: “Self-renewing, pluripotenthematopoetic stem cell (HSC)”

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For ingenious experiments that first identified a stem cell — the blood-forming stem cell — which set the stage for all current

research on adult and embryonic stem cells.Till JE,McCulloch EA. A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse

bone marrow cells . Radiat Res 14: 213-222, 1961

2005LASKERODULU

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FARE EMBRYONIK KÖK HÜCRELERİ

1971 & 81

MARTIN EVANS University of Cardiff U.K.

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IVF TÜPLERİNDEN INSAN EMBRYONİK KÖK HÜCRE ELDESİ

IVF

Thomson j. et al., 1998

İN VİTRO FERTİLİZASYON

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2007in Physiology and Medicine

Oliver SmithiesUniv North Carolina

U.S.A.

Mario CapecchiUniv of Utah

U.S.A.

Sir Martin EvansCardiff Univ

U.K.

"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"

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Yamanaka & Gurdon

Prize for:

“changing adult cells into stem cells”, which can become any other type of cell in the body.

“Prof Gurdon used a gut sample to clone frogs and Prof Yamanaka altered genes to reprogramme cells.”

2012 Nobel prize

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IPS (INDUCED PLURİPOTENT STEM CELLS )UYARILMIS PLURIPOTENT KÖK HÜCRE UPKH

Olgun hücrelerden embryonik kök hücre benzeripluripotent özellikte kök hücrelerin elde edilmesi .(örnek: fibroblasttan, olgun kan hücrelerinden)

de-differentiation

iPScells

Yamanaka 2006

Fibroblast--------pluripotent stem cell

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SÜREYYA TAHSIN AYGÜN -TÜRK VETERİNER

. Hayvan aşıları: şarbon, *şap aşısı, *sığır vebası tedavisi, çiçek aşısı.

Doku kültürü-virus üretimi

• İnsan hücre kültürleriHücrelerin tedavi edici özelligi

(santral sinir sistemi, kalp, dolasim bozukluklari vs)

• Kök hücrelerden doku ve organ üretilmesi .Dünyada ilk kez kök hücre adınıkullanmış. (Almanca, Italyanca yazılarda)

• Talidomit toksisitesinin önlenmesi : hücre kültüründe toksik----kullanımının Türkiye`deyasaklanmasi için çalışmış. Fokomeli önlenmis Türkiye’de.

Ord.Prof.Dr. SüreyyaTahsin Aygün1895 te doğmuş 18 kitap, 83 makale vediger yayinlar,Cok sayida atif(hucre-organ kulturleri)Oduller===================AÜ vet fak dergisi 29(1-2):256-76 F DinçerWww.mustafacetiner.com

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KÖK HÜCRENİN KADERİ ve KÖK HÜCRE «NİCHE»leri

1978NICHE: Kök hücreler için özellikli mikroçevre“A specialized microenvironment for stem cells”

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Scadden 2006

“No place like home”çAnatomy and function of stem cell niche. Jones, Wagers 2008

Kök hc ve mikroçevre dinamik etkileşim halinde

ECM / hücreler/ parakrin faktörler - parankim hc.den solublefaktörler/ sistemik sinyaller ( immunolojik, nöro-endokrin, metabolik, fiziksel)

Rando 2006

KÖK HÜCRE NİŞLERİ

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KÖK HÜCRE NİŞLERİ

Germ stem cell niche intestinal stem cell niche cilt- stem cell niche nöral stem cell nicheEpidermal stem cell niche

Spradling 2008

Niche ‘te glycoaminoglycan’lar kök hücre davranışını etkiler…Ör. heparan sulfate BMP sinyalini regüle eder.(Germ line stem cell niche ‘te)İe. Sertoli hc. GDNF salgılar. (self renewal)

Escort cell stromal hc

Germstem stem cellcell

Cap cellStem cell

intestinal SC

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endosteal niche vascular niche

KEMİK İLİĞİ “NICHE”

Peerani ,Zanstra 2010 JCI Wilson, Trumpp 2006

endosteal niche vascular niche

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Engraftment tıme

Day 0 stem cell infusion

Stem cell

Homing

Mobilization

HOMING MOBILIZATIONStem cellsdifferentiate

Lapidot 2006

Inflammatorystate

KÖK HÜCRE TRAFİĞİ HEMATOPOETİK KÖK HÜCRE NAKLİ

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Hematopoetik kök hücre trafiği

Kemik iliğine «HOMING»

DAY 0 %15-20%3-90?

DOLAŞIM

Kİ’de hematopoetikfarklılaşma(10-20 gün)

Farklılaşmış hücrelerkana çıkar

ENGRAFTMENT

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HOMING / RETENTION/ ENGRAFTMAN & REPOPULASYON

Homing /Lodging• Hızlı ( saatler – 1-2 gün) • Dolaşan hemat.hücreler

kan/kemik iliği endotelbariyerini geçer

• Kemik iliğinde adezyon ilişkileri ile en azından geçici süre «lodging»olur

• Prolifere olur

Engraftman/ RepopulasyonKısa- süreli engraftman( haftalar-aylar) )farklılaşan

projenitörler) (CD34+/CD38+ )

• Kalıcı/uzun süreli multilineage engraftmanözellikli nişlere yerleşmeyi gerektirir(CD34+/CD38- stem cells)

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Heazlewood 2014

Hematopoetic stem cell migration/homing

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He

ENDOSTEAL NİŞ“STEM CELL SYNAPSE”

NOTCHSELF RENEW

OSTEOPONTİN(QUİES--) SCF

(KİT aktiveADEZYON)

Mutasyon:Migrasyon/farklılaşma

N CADHERİN(REZERV)

ectopic expression of N-cadherin by OP9 stromal cells substantially increases theirability to maintain mouse HSCs in vitro

WNT PTH

ANG-1/TİE-1QUIES

MYCFARKL.

Adezyon inhibe

MYC-dependent retention orexit of HSCs from the niche!

Wilson

Hematopoetikkök hücre

Osteoblast(N-cadherin +)

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DC

CD4+T-Hücreleri

ALLOJENİK KÖK HÜCRENİN ALICININ KEMİK İLİĞİNE YERLEŞİMİ

MHC

HKK

ALICININ KÖK HÜCRESİ

DONÖRÜN KÖK HÜCRESİ

MHC

HKK

CD47

CD8+T-Hücreleri

NKHücreleri

NKTHücreleri

TReg

KOLAYLAŞTIRICI FAKTÖRLER

Regulatuar sinyallerSitoredüktif kemoterapiRadyasyon C-kit antikoruCXCR4 inhibitörü (AMD3100)

E. Kansu

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HEMATOPOETIK KÖK HÜCRE VE NICHE :MOLEKÜLER ETKİLEŞİMLER

Büyüme faktörleriSitokinlerKemokinler

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Lapidot ,Kollet

Mobilizasyon: Stres, hasar, chemotherapy, GCSF, other growth factors, CXCR4 antagonist /AMD3100/Plerixafor, IL8, RANKL,osteoclast, proteolytic enzymes (elastase, cathepsin G, Proteinase 3), MMP-9

Kemik iliğinden kök hücre mobilizasyonu

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Harvest in the right season!Cesari 2008

Ferre, Frenette Nature 2008Aydınlık-karanlık siklus

Genler

Sinir uçlarından lokalβ3 adrenerjik sinyal

Transkr. Faktörü CXCL12SP1 degradasyonu (SDF-1 inhibe)

Circadien clock genesBmal1,Per1,Per2

Ritmik kök hücresalınımı

CXCL12 (SDF-1 )homing için gerekli.Inhibe olunca mobilizasyon--- A recruitable source of immune

and inflammatory effector cells.Staudt

Sirkadien ritm ve kemik iliğinden mobilizasyon

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Kemik iliği öncül hücreleri/ mobilizasyon---hasar onarımı

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K.İ. & Endotel projenitör hücre

Vasküler travma (VEGF,PlGF)

MMP9 aktivasyonu

Soluble KitL

Vasküler VEGFR2+ ve lenfatikprojenitörlerinproliferasyonu

Mobilizasyon

HSC ko-mobilize & yeni damarlanma Vasküler hasar veya tümör gelişimi esnasında kanda dolaşan

EPC (endotel projenitör hücreler) bulunur

Shahin Rafii 003

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-Kemik iliği-Yağ dokusu-Kordon dokuları -Amnion-Plasenta -Dental pulpa-Tendon-Sinovial sıvı-İskelet kası -Diğer doku

K.İ. & Mezenkimal kök/stromal hücre

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MSCs & Adhesive interactions in the hematopoetic niche

S.Li Calzi

Homing: Injury,conditioning, chemokines (SDF-1/CXCL12), VLA4,VLA5, LFA1, CD26, E,P-selectin,Lodging/retention: SDF-1/CXCL12-CXCR4,osteopontin, hyaluronic A-CD44, E,P-selectin-glycoprotein ligand 1,CD26,membrane SCF

Endosteal vaskulerEndosteal vaskuler Endosteal vaskuler

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Perivascular stem cell niche. The perivascular niche is comprised of endothelial cells and several, likely overlapping, MSC populations. These stromal cells provide key niche signals, such as CXCL12, Kit ligand, and angiopoietin, that localize HSCs to the perivascular region and help maintain their quiescence and self-renewal capacity. Signals from the SNS regulate HSCs, at least in part, by targeting these perivascular stromal cells. MSC mesenchymal stem cell, CAR CXCL12-abundant reticular

Cellular Complexity of the Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche .2013 Laura M. Calvi • Daniel C. Link

Bone marrow niche cells/MSCs

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Wagers 2013

STEM CELL NICHE

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NICHEFİZİKSEL—KİMYASAL ORTAM

BİYOMEKANİK/BİYOKİMYASAL FAKTORLER

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Stem cell interactions with various inputs from the microenvironment. Soluble factors, ECM, intercellular contacts, and biophysical ,forces synergize to influence stem cell fate. The plasticity of progenitor cells enables them to self-renew, differentiate, remain quiescent, or enter apoptosis.

migration

NICHE-STEM CELL İNTERACTİONS

Metallo 2007

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Kemik iliği mikroçevresi

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Kemik iliği anatomisi

endosteal

MK

HSC-MK

HSC &MK

Lin cells

HSCs

KEMİK İLİĞİ,• Kemik ve• Vaskülarize alanları

bulundurur.

sinus

Scadden 2014

Low-pressure vascular channels surrounded by a

single layer of fenestrated

endothelium.

The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier, inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow.Mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium.

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Smith-Calvi 2013

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

PerivaskulerStromal hc

Endotel hc

Endostealmonosit/makrofaj

Glial non-myelizanSchwann

T cell

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Murine: ThY-1, c-kit, Sca-1 (Stem cell antigen), Mu-HSC: T-,B-,Gran-,mono-, Thy-1 lo,Sca-1+,c-kit + :

20% of these are LTR-HSCOther markers: SLAM family (Signaling lym activ molecule)

HSCs are: CD150+, CD244-,CD48-Multi,potent: lose CD150, ..CD150-,CD244+, CD48+

CD150+,CD48-, CD41- cells: %45 LTR-HSC

Human: CD34+,CD33- and intermediate forward light scatter:give rise to CFCs in long term Cx

CD34+,CD33+ (most colony forming cellls)G0 CD34+: resistance to 5FU in presence of SCF and IL3, c-kit+,

IL-6R +,IL-1R+donot form colony on direct methyl cellulose culturebut after 5 weeks on stromal cells form colonies on

metly cellulose (40% replatable)

HEMATOPOETİK KÖK HÜCRE

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İnsan HSC özellikleri: CD34+,Thy-1 + (CD90),Rhodaminzayıf,CD38-,DR-, 1/100.000-200.000Murine CD34: ? on LTR_HSCLong term : only in CD34 lo/- cellsHoecst 33342 dye exclusion (SP cells): Murine…. All LTR-HSC activity is included..

but is CD34-.Human CD34-??? Perhaps HSC CD34-.. HU lin – cells: CD34+ and CD34- fractions. SRC activity in both fractions(ability to reporpulate SCID)

CD34 expression is reversible: Resting murine HSC: CD34-Activated 5FU or GCSF: CD34+

activated CD34 +HSC transplanted. These HSCs can lose CD34 expression after returnof recipient to resting stateAnd still retain capacity to reconstitute secondaryrecipients……..

HEMATOPOETİK KÖK HÜCRE

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MURİNE HEMATOPOEZ

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CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem ve Projenitör hücrelerin sayımı

Sutherland yontemi

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BFU-EERİTROİD

CFU-GM GRANULOSİT MONOSİT

CFU-GEMM

.

Semi-solidMetil selüloz kültürler(hematopoetik büyüme faktörleri iceren)

; CFU (COLONY FORMİNG UNITS)

( GRANÜLOSİT-ERİTROİD-MONOSİT-MEGAK)

HSC ASSAY»LERİ / İN-VİTROHEMATOPOETİK KOLONİ OLUŞTURMA

MSC uzerindehematopoetik koloni

S AslanPEDi-STEM

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«Long-term» HSC: Hayvanın yaşamı boyunca tüm kan elemanları yapılması için gerekli.

«Short-term» HSC: Ani hasarın hemen sonrasında acil ihtiyacın karşılanması için gerekli.

HSC ASSAY» leri

CFU-S (Spleen colony forming Units) Artık HSc in-vivo assay olarak kullanılmıyor.

RGB işaretleme: 3 lentiviral vector . Nat Med 2011Kristoffer Weber

Transplantasyondan sonrabelirli günlerde koloni sayımı yapılır.

CFU-s 6: En matür.. Self renew,proliferasyon çok düşükCFU-s 8: Çoğunluk MEP projenitörler (megak-erit)CFU-s 12: %50 “Short term” ve multipotent projenitör

%50 MEP ve CMP (common myeloid projenitör)

(6. ,8.gün ve 12. gün kolonileri)

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HSC ASSAY»LERİ /İN-VİVO & İN-VİTRO

• SRC- SCID repoulatingcells. NOD SCID-insan hücreleri-5- 8 hafta.. Limiting dilüsyon ile kantifiye.---- SRC daha immatür ( LTCIC ye göre)•CFAC (human): Stromatabakası Üzerine değişik konsantrasyonlarda Kİ hücreleri (limit dilüs) 5 hafta sonra stromatabakasındaki “proliferating blasthücreler” sayılır (cobble stone areas)•LTC-Ics (limitingdilution assay): Stromaüzerinde 5 hafta Cx, koloni oluşturmayanlar

SRC

LTC-IC stroma

CAFC

HPP-CFC

Blast CFC

CFU-GEMMCFU-GMBFU-E

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STROMA TABAKASI ÜZERİNDE HKH KÜLTÜRÜ

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STROMA TABAKASI ÜZERİNDE HKH KÜLTÜRÜHEMATOPOETİK BÜYÜME FAKTÖRLERİ

EX VIVO KORDON KANI EKSPANSİYONU Hematopoetik büyüme faktörleri kombinasyonları: stem cell factor [SCF], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], interleukin [IL]-3, thrombopoietin [Tpo], IL-6 and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand [Flt-3L]).

1. static, serum-added, liquid culture for 7 and 11 days using 5 cytokine cocktails.2. 7 days using cytokines of cocktail 1, with and without IL-6 and Flt-3L, in serum-

added and serum-free culture media.

Cocktail 1 is the cocktail of choice for ex vivo expansion of CB stem cells in serum-free, liquid culture expanded for 7 days. 7 days is better than 11 days. the percent of CD95+ cells (apoptotic cells) was significantly increased on day 11 compared to day 7 in the cocktails tested.Mohamed 2006

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Cell Stem Cell

LT-HSCs utilize glycolysis instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to meet their energy demands.Survival in this low-oxygen microenvironmentrequires significant metabolic adaptation. «A unique low mitochondrial activity/glycolysis- dependent subpopulation that houses the majority of hematopoietic progenitors and LT-HSCs.» Meis1 and Hif-1a aremarkedly enriched in LT-HSCs and that Meis1 regulates HSC metabolism throughtranscriptional activation of Hif-1a.

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PRENATAL ve POSTNATAL HEMATOPOEZ

Stem cellMigration HomingDifferentiation

AGMPLASENTA

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İNTRAUTERİN HEMATOPOEZ

YOLK SAC

AGM

Aorta gonad mezonefroz

FETALKARACIGER/DALAK

KEMIK ILIGI

PRIMITIF HEMATOPOEZ/ DEFINITIV HEMATOPOEZ

PLACENTA

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İnsanda gestasyon 16. gününe kadar basit difüzyon ile: nutrientler, oksijen ve artıklarEmbryo belli bir büyüklüğe eriştiğinde basit diffüzyon yetersiz kalır (16.gün)

İNTRAUTERİN HEMATOPOEZ

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Primitif eritropoez vs Definitive HematopoezPrimitif

Çekirdekli eritrositler

Eritrositler çekirdeksiz

Erken embryonik dönemdeEmbryonik dönem ve erişkinde

İNTRAUTERİN HEMATOPOEZ

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İnsanda 18-20. günde Farede 7-8. gündeEkstraembryonik olarak yolk sakdailk kan hücreleri üretilmeye başlanır

Yolk Sak

Yolk SacEmbryo

PRİMİTİF HEMATOPOEZ DEFİNİTİF HEMATOPEZ

Embryobüyüdükçe yerini daha kompleks definitif sistem alır.

Primitif sistem nükleer eritrositler ---embryodokularına oksijen taşınması

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Yolk sac: hematopoezin ilk yeri- undifferansiye mesenchymal hücreler hemangioblastlara farklılaşır. Hemangioblastlarendotel ve primitif kan hücrelerine diferansiye olur. Embryodailk “kan damarı” benzer yapı.

Yolk Sac Hematopoezi (blood islands)

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AORTA GONADO MEZONEFROZ

İnsanda 25. günde AGM’dehematopoez başlar.İlk Definitif hematopoez

HKH’ler tüm kan hücrelerine farklılaşabilir.

AGM notochord ile somatik mezoderm arasında. Umbilicustan anterior limb bud’a uzanır.AGM bölgesi: Dorsal aorta, genital ridges ve mesonephrozdanoluşur

HKH’ler AGM nin dorsal aorta bölgesinin özellilkliendotelinden (hemojenik endotel) gelişir.

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.

Dorsal aortadaki Hemanjioblastlar

Erken embryodahemanjioblastlar var (mesodermal kaynaklı)Kan hücrelerine ve vaskuler endotelialhücrelere diferansiasyonpotansiyelleri var

HEMANJIOBLAST: Hematopoetik+ endotel markerlarVE-cadherin,endothel markerı, aortik endotelin luminal kısmında.

DORSAL AORTA duvarındalki hücreler : VE-cadherin+ ve CD34 + CD34: hematopoietic ve endotel ortak marker. CD45: hematopoetik marker.Thus the co-expression of cell surface markers from both lineages suggests that hematopoietic stem cells differentiate from hemangioblasts of the dorsal aorta in the AGM.

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Hemanjioblasttan endotel ve hematopoetik hücrelar

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Intrauterin hematopoez ve transkripsiyon faktörleri

PRİMİTİF HEMATOPOEZ: GATA1

DEFİNİTİF HEMATOPOEZ: RUNX1, NO,NOTCH1 -----------------HKH

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Intrauterin hematopoez ve transkripsiyon faktörleri

RUNX-1 :• KNOCK OUT: Bütün fetal dokularda definitif hematopoez durur• Embryo lethality 12. günde• AGM’de sadece mesenchymal hucre infiltrasyonu (hemangioblastlar gelişemediğinden)• Knock-outlara retroviral RUNX1 transferi>>tekrar HSC gelişti

NITRIK OKSIT: • Kan akımının oluşturduğu “Sheer stress” damar duvarındaki mekanoreseptorlerı uyararak

No salınımını uyarır.• NO knock-outlarda RUNX1 salınmaz, AGM HSC uretemez• NO endotelial diff için de önemli---- RUNX1 ve NO nasıl konuşur??

NOTCH 1:• NOTCH1 knockoutlarda yolk sakda hematopoez normalken, AGM’de durur• NOTCH1 overeksprese olduğunda AGM’da dorsal aortada buyük definitif hematopoez

adacıkları oluşur.NOTCH1 ekspresyonu arttıkça RUNX1 ekspresyonu da artar

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Kök hücre trafiği------Fetal karaciğerde hematopoez

HHK lerİlk olarak 25.günde AGM de.Hızla çoğalır (35.gün), 40.gün AGM den kaybolur.

Sonra HKH lerin fetalkaraciğere migrasyonu. (40gün)

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Plasental hematopoezDaha çok bilinmeyenli

Yolk sak ve Fetal Kc hematopoezi ile overlap yapan donemde

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Plasental hematopoez

Plasentanın fotal yuzundekı fotal damarlardan koken alan HSC’ler

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Kök hücre trafiği------SDF-1(CXCL12) /CXCR4 • Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) (CXCL12)

receptor CXCR4: Master regulatory pathway of both HSC migration and retention in the bone marrow, during ontogeny and adult life

• CXCL12 expression:fetal liver and BM concordant with the recruitment waves in these organs.

• CXCR4-dependent migratory capacity of progenitors .

• Mice born with genetic deficiency of SDF-1α, or its receptor, CXCR4, fail to establish bone marrow hematopoiesis, although fetal liver hematopoiesis is normal

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Intrauterin hematopoez ve mikrocevre

• Fetal karaciger mikrocevresi: Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed several properties unique to FL stromal cells compared to adult BM-derived stroma that included a greater than 10-fold enhanced proliferative capacity of FL stromal vs adult BM, and a 2-fold increase in the number of N-cadherin- and osteopontin-expressing cells. Martin MA et al, 2005

In order to test the hypothesis that fetal HSC migration is a timed developmental event, we collected blood from embryos ranging in age from 12.5 to 17.5 dpc to use in competitive reconstitution assays to measure long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) activity. HSC Are Found Constitutively Circulating in Fetal Blood..Synergistic Effects of SDF-1α and SLF on Chemotaxis of Fetal HSCsesp. From liver to BM migration•

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Intrauterin hematopoez ve mikrocevre

• Integrinler: The integrins are the only family of adhesion molecules shown to be necessary for fetal hematopoiesis.

α4 and β1 integrin expression is required for the colonization of the fetal liver and, consequently, of the fetal bone marrow.

Recent results implicate α4 integins displays a critical role in the migration of long-term repopulating HSCs in the adult BM

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Nishikawa, 2006

Intrauterin hematopoez ve mikrocevre

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Intrauterin hematopoez ve mikrocevreAGM VE KEMİK İLİĞİ MİKROÇEVRESİ

• AGM and BM-derived stromal cells were morphologically and phenotypically similar, and had the features of stromal cells

• AGM-derived stromal cells in comparison with the BM-derived stromal cells could not only support the expansion of HSCs but also maintain the self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation more effectively. They are promising in HSC transplantation.

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İnsanda 22.haftada başlarBu zamandan önce henüz kemikler henüz kalsifiye değil

Kİ hematopoezi tüm erişkin hayat boyunca devam eder, ama yeterli olmadığında kc ve dalakta da ekstramedüller hematopoezbaşlayabilir.

Kemik iliği hematopoezi

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Mezenkimal kok hucreler kemik iligimikrocevresinin komponentleridir

Ben-Ami 2011

Immun-modulasyon

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Shi 2012

Mezenkimal kok hucreler inflamatuvar sinyallerleactive olur

NicheKorunmasi?

Inflamasyononlenmesi?

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Shi 2012

Mezenkimal kok hucreler hasar yerine gider velokal inflamatuvar sinyallerle aktive olur

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Kemik iliği mikroçevresi bozuklukları

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Sl/Sld (steel-Dickie mice) Membrana bağlı stem-cell factor (SCF; veya KIT ligand) geninde mutasyon HKH nişte bozukluk

& kemik iliği yetmezliği

«Niche»/mikroçevre bozukluğunda hematopoez bozulur

Kemik gelişimi ve hematopoez bozuklukları

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• KEMİK İLİĞİ YETMEZLİĞİ (APLAZİ-SİTOPENİ)• LÖSEMİ

CXCL12, CaR,SCF Reseptör defekti

Endosteal yerleşimde problem

Replikatif tükenme

Kemik iliği yetmezliği Somatik mutasyon/Malign transformasyon

MİKROÇEVREYE YÖNELİKHEDEFLENMİŞ TEDAVİLER

«Niche»/mikroçevre bozukluğunda hematopoez bozulur

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Işınlanmamış farede allo-HSC’ler 30 gün “niş” bölgesinde kalmış.

Foxp3 pozitif regulator T lenfositler ile ko-lokalize…Calvarium/ Trabeküler kemik---

EndosteumT-reg deplesyonu ile “immune “privilege” kaybolur.

“Endosteal niş” immün korunmalı (immune privilege) bir dokudur. Sitotoksik kemoterapi hasarından ve patojenikimmüniteden korunur.

“Immune privilege” kaybı? Fujisaki 2011 Nature

T-reg’ler “niş” bölgesindeki HSC’leri tehlikeden korur…

«Niche»/mikroçevre bozukluğunda hematopoez bozulur

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Putative mechanisms for AML stem cell and niche interactions in vivo.Anormal kemik iliği mikroçevresiMyelodisplastik sendrom ve sekonder AML gelişimi

Osteoblast öncülerinde problem---------- malignite gelişimi?

İnsandaki durum??----

Raaijmakers. Nature 2010. Bone progenitor dysfunctioninduces myelodysplasia and secondary leukaemia.

Farelerde kemik iliği mikroçevre değişikliği ile MDS-AML gelişimi

Kemik iliği osteoblast öncülerinde Dicer-1 delesyonu

Global mikroRNA delesyonu…

MDS/sekonder AML gelişimi

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Niş modelleme / Niş hedefleme

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KÖK HÜCRE MİKROÇEVRESİ

• Proliferasyon• Sessiz kalma (idame)• Farklılaşma• Self renewal• Migrasyon• Retention• Apoptozis• Survival

Kompleks sinyaller

Solubl moleküller --- (doku veya Cx ortamı)ekStraSelüler matrİkS-----veya hüCre SubStratıbiofizik mikroçevre physical variations in the extracellular matrix)can influence cell fate.hüCre-hüCre Sinyalleria stem cell niche is unique to the individual or small populationand guides its dynamics.

Liu 2010

Microenvironment: the local surroundings of a cell that feed into its behavior.

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Kök hücre ve doku mühendisliği

Doku muhendisligiyaklasimlari:• Hücreler. • Bioaktif faktorler• Doku iskeleleri

Hastadan alınan hücreler ex vivoortamda çoğaltılır. Morfojenlerle uyarılır. 3-D iskele (scaffold)üzerinde farklılaşmaya yönlendirilir.

Direkt implante edilir veya ex-vivopreimplantasyonfarklılaştirildiktan sonraverilir

Mekanik stimulus

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Harvard Wyss Institute

Organs-on-ChipsMicrochips lined by human cells that could revolutionize drug testing and developmentThe paradigm used by pharmaceutical companies to discover and develop new drugs is broken. Clinical studies take years to complete and testing a single compound can cost more than $2 million. Meanwhile, innumerable animal lives are lost, and the process often fails to predict human responses because traditional animal models do not accurately mimic human physiology. For these reasons, the pharmaceutical industry needs alternative ways to screen drug candidates in the laboratory.The Wyss SolutionInstitute researchers and a multidisciplinary team of collaborators are engineering microchips that recapitulate the microarchitecture and functions of living organs, such as the lung, heart, and intestine. These microchips, called organs-on-chips, could one day form an accurate alternative to traditional animal testing. Each individual organ-on-chip is composed of a clear flexible polymer about the size of a computer memory stick that contains hollow microfluidic channels lined by living human cells. Because the microdevicesare translucent, they provide a window into the inner workings of human organs.

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Lung-on-a-ChipCombining microfabrication techniques with modern tissue engineering, lung-on-a-chip offers a new in vitroapproach to drug screening by mimicking the complicated mechanical and biochemical behaviors of a human lung.Bone-Marrow-on-a-ChipDevice captures complexity of living marrow in the laboratory; could help test new drugs to prevent lethal radiation exposure

Microfluidic organs-on-chips.Bhatia SN, Ingber DE.Nat Biotechnol. 2014 Aug 5;32(8):760-72.

Organ-on-a-chip platforms for studying drug delivery systems .J Control Release. 2014 Sep. Bhise NS1, Ribas J2, Manoharan V1, Zhang YS1, Polini A1, Massa S1,Dokmeci MR1, Khademhosseini A3.