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Korea’s Knowledge Economy: Korea’s Knowledge Economy: Education in the Information Education in the Information
Age Age
James F. Larson, Ph.D.James F. Larson, Ph.D.Deputy DirectorDeputy Director
Fulbright Commission, SeoulFulbright Commission, SeoulSpring 2008Spring 2008
Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview
• The Knowledge Economy framework The Knowledge Economy framework in Historical Context.in Historical Context.
• Key features of South Korea’s Key features of South Korea’s education sector.education sector.
• Aspects and indicators of Korea’s Aspects and indicators of Korea’s evolving information society.evolving information society.
• How Fulbright Korea can help you.How Fulbright Korea can help you.
Economic and Institutional
Regime
Provides incentives for the efficient creation, dissemination, and use of existing knowledge
Knowledge Economy Framework
EducationEconomic and Institutional
Regime
Provides incentives for the efficient creation, dissemination, and use of existing knowledge
Necessary for the creation and effective
use of knowledge
Knowledge Economy Framework
Education
Innovation
Economic and Institutional
Regime
Provides incentives for the efficient creation, dissemination, and use of existing knowledge
Necessary for the creation and effective
use of knowledge
Effective system of firms, research
centers, universities that can tap into
global knowledge, assimilate and adapt it
and create local knowledge
Knowledge Economy Framework
Education
InnovationInformation Infrastructure
Economic and Institutional
Regime
Provides incentives for the efficient creation, dissemination, and use of existing knowledge
Necessary for the creation and effective
use of knowledge
Effective system of firms, research
centers, universities that can tap into
global knowledge, assimilate and adapt it
and create local knowledge
To facilitate the effective communication, dissemination, and processing of information
Knowledge Economy Framework
Education
InnovationInformation Infrastructure
Interconnected
Interdependent
Interconnected
Interdependent
Economic and Institutional
Regime
Provides incentives for the efficient creation, dissemination, and use of existing knowledge
Necessary for the creation and effective
use of knowledge
Effective system of firms, research
centers, universities that can tap into
global knowledge, assimilate and adapt it
and create local knowledge
To facilitate the effective communication, dissemination, and processing of information
Knowledge Economy Framework
Knowledge & Economic GrowthKnowledge & Economic GrowthKnowledge Makes the Difference
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Rea
l GD
P p
er c
apit
a (2
000
US
$)
South Korea
Mexico
Difference in output due to growth in labor and capital in Korea
Difference in output due to TFP growth or knowledge accumulation in Korea
Korea’s Education SectorKorea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.Specialized and private high schools.
Specialized High SchoolsSpecialized High Schools
• A high school with an animation A high school with an animation department department http://www.bchs.hs.kr/http://www.bchs.hs.kr/
• Korea Game Science High School Korea Game Science High School http://www.game.hs.kr/http://www.game.hs.kr/
• Daewon Foreign Language High Daewon Foreign Language High School School http://daewon.seoul.kr/dflhs/dflhs_enhttp://daewon.seoul.kr/dflhs/dflhs_eng/daefh_mseng01.aspg/daefh_mseng01.asp
Korea’s Education SectorKorea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.Specialized and private high schools.
• Korea has the world’s highest rate of Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S. graduates going on to higher H.S. graduates going on to higher educationeducation
Advancement/Employment Advancement/Employment Rate for High School GraduatesRate for High School Graduates
Advancement/Employment Advancement/Employment Rate for University GraduatesRate for University Graduates
Korea’s Education SectorKorea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.Specialized and private high schools.
• Korea has the world’s highest rate of Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S. graduates going on to higher H.S. graduates going on to higher educationeducation
• Korea is the number one source of Korea is the number one source of international students in the United international students in the United States.States.
Academic Level of Korean Academic Level of Korean Students in the U.S. (2006/7 Students in the U.S. (2006/7 Open Doors)Open Doors)• 45.2%45.2% undergraduateundergraduate
• 38.4%38.4% graduate studentsgraduate students
• 7.2% 7.2% otherother
• 9.2%9.2% OPT (Optional Practical OPT (Optional Practical Training)Training)
Korean Students in U.S. by Level
41.1 40.342.3 43.3 43.9
45.7 45.247.2 48.3 47.8 47.2
45.2
41.4
38.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006year
perc
ent
%UG
% Grad
Open Doors Data-Intensive Open Doors Data-Intensive EnglishEnglishRank Place of Origin
Students
S-Weeks
WORLD TOTAL 45,167 636,522
1 Korea, Rep. of (South) 10,026 141,336
2 Japan 7,453 94,649
3 Saudi Arabia 5,047 126,996
4 Taiwan 4,748 68,868
5 Brazil 1,572 14,351
6 China 1,461 18,686
7 France 1,008 7,688
8 Thailand 975 13,105
The Education DeficitThe Education Deficit
• Refers to the growing number of Refers to the growing number of students going overseas for students going overseas for education, especially at the education, especially at the secondary level and earlier.secondary level and earlier.
• Large recent growth in secondary Large recent growth in secondary level students going abroad.level students going abroad.
Korea’s Education SectorKorea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.Specialized and private high schools.• Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S. Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S.
graduates going on to higher educationgraduates going on to higher education• Korea is the number one source of Korea is the number one source of
international students in the United international students in the United States.States.
• It invests more private funds in education It invests more private funds in education than other countries. Private institutes are than other countries. Private institutes are a major political issue.a major political issue.
Korea’s Services DeficitKorea’s Services Deficit
More Americans Coming to More Americans Coming to KoreaKorea
Korea’s Education SectorKorea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.Specialized and private high schools.• Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S. Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S.
graduates going on to higher educationgraduates going on to higher education• Korea is the number one source of Korea is the number one source of
international students in the United international students in the United States.States.
• It invests more private funds in education It invests more private funds in education than other countries. Private institutes are than other countries. Private institutes are a major political issue.a major political issue.
Private Versus Public Private Versus Public ExpenditureExpenditure
Private Education is Big Private Education is Big Business in KoreaBusiness in Korea
• The industry is estimated to be worth The industry is estimated to be worth 20-30 trillion won ($21 billion to $32 20-30 trillion won ($21 billion to $32 billion).billion).
• Samsung Securities estimated the Samsung Securities estimated the market would reach 28.6 trillion won market would reach 28.6 trillion won this year.this year.
Private Institutes in KoreaPrivate Institutes in Korea
• 77 percent of Korean students are 77 percent of Korean students are getting private educationgetting private education
• Averaging 7.8 hours per weekAveraging 7.8 hours per week
• 222,000 won per child222,000 won per child
• 20.4 trillion won expenditure last 20.4 trillion won expenditure last yearyear
Investment in English Investment in English EducationEducation• Koreans spend an estimated $16 billion Koreans spend an estimated $16 billion
per year on private institutes and per year on private institutes and tutoring.tutoring.
• This estimate includes English lessons at This estimate includes English lessons at the kindergarten level and expenses for the kindergarten level and expenses for those families who go overseas for study.those families who go overseas for study.
Source: Samsung Research InstituteSource: Samsung Research Institute
Korea’s Education SectorKorea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.Specialized and private high schools.• Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S. Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S.
graduates going on to higher educationgraduates going on to higher education• Korea is the number one source of Korea is the number one source of
international students in the United States.international students in the United States.• It invests more private funds in education It invests more private funds in education
than other countries. Private institutes and than other countries. Private institutes and the “education deficit” are major political the “education deficit” are major political issues.issues.
• President-elect Lee Myung Bak’s government President-elect Lee Myung Bak’s government pledges major educational reforms.pledges major educational reforms.
President-elect Lee Myung President-elect Lee Myung Bak’s Promised ReformsBak’s Promised Reforms
• Doing away with the former “three nos” Doing away with the former “three nos” policy which prevented policy which prevented universities fromuniversities from– administering administering their own entrance their own entrance examsexams– ranking high schools and ranking high schools and – accepting accepting donations donations for admitting students.for admitting students.
• Giving universities full autonomy in the Giving universities full autonomy in the selection of students.selection of students.
President-elect Lee Myung President-elect Lee Myung Bak’s Promised ReformsBak’s Promised Reforms
• Reducing the role of private Reducing the role of private education and strengthening the education and strengthening the public education system.public education system.
• Education Ministry has become the Education Ministry has become the Ministry of Education, Science and Ministry of Education, Science and TechnologyTechnology
Highlights of the New Highlights of the New Government’s English-Friendly Government’s English-Friendly Plan Plan • Gov’t to invest $4.2 billion over the next Gov’t to invest $4.2 billion over the next
five yearsfive years• To introduce Teaching English in EnglishTo introduce Teaching English in English• To outsource 23,000 teachersTo outsource 23,000 teachers• Reduce English class size from 35 to 23Reduce English class size from 35 to 23• Offer immersion and other training to Offer immersion and other training to
English teachersEnglish teachers• Utilize housewives and overseas KoreansUtilize housewives and overseas Koreans• Introduce an English proficiency test to Introduce an English proficiency test to
replace current testsreplace current tests
Government Plan is Government Plan is ControversialControversial
LG Electronics Adopts LG Electronics Adopts EnglishEnglish
2. Korea’s Information 2. Korea’s Information RevolutionRevolution
• Broadband Internet and household Broadband Internet and household communications expenditurescommunications expenditures
• Exports of telecoms equipmentExports of telecoms equipment
• Digital Opportunity IndexDigital Opportunity Index
• Korea’s Ubiquitous Networked Society Korea’s Ubiquitous Networked Society planplan
• Limits placed by languageLimits placed by language
• Korea’s Digital DivideKorea’s Digital Divide
Is this service or is this Is this service or is this service?service?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2001 2002-Q2 2002 2003-Q2 2003 2004-Q2 2004 2005-Q2 2005 2006-Q2 2006
Denmark
Netherlands
Switzerland
Iceland
Korea
Broadband penetration, historic, top five OECD countries for Dec. 2006
Source : OECD
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Denm
ark
Nethe
rland
s
Icela
nd
Korea
Switzer
land
Norway
Finlan
d
Sweden
Canad
a
Belgiu
m
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Luxe
mbo
urg
Franc
e
Japa
n
Unite
d Sta
tes
Austra
lia
Austri
a
Ger
man
y
Spain
Italy
New Z
eala
nd
Portu
gal
Irelan
d
Hunga
ry
Czech
Rep
ublic
Polan
d
Slova
k Rep
ublic
Gre
ece
Turke
y
Mex
ico
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
Broadband penetration (subscribers per 100 inhabitants, Dec. 2006)
GDP per capita (USD PPP, 2005)
Simple correlation = 0.649
Broadband penetration, Dec. 2006 GDP per capita, 2005
OECD broadband penetration and GDP per capita
Source : OECD
Household Internet Access-Household Internet Access-OECDOECD
Weekly Internet Access Weekly Internet Access HoursHours
Household Investments in Household Investments in OECD CountriesOECD Countries
Relative Communication Relative Communication Expenditures by OECD Expenditures by OECD CountriesCountries
Korea’s Exports of Korea’s Exports of Telecommunications Telecommunications EquipmentEquipment• A key measure of the information society.A key measure of the information society.
• Telecommunications Equipment Includes, Telecommunications Equipment Includes, Among OthersAmong Others– Various kinds of phone handsetsVarious kinds of phone handsets– Fax machines, printersFax machines, printers– Telephone switching devicesTelephone switching devices– Broadcasting apparatusBroadcasting apparatus– In general—components of modern networksIn general—components of modern networks
Korea’s Exports of Korea’s Exports of Telecommunication EquipmentTelecommunication Equipment
• In 2005 Korea ranked third among In 2005 Korea ranked third among OECD countries, after the UK and OECD countries, after the UK and Germany and ahead of the U.S. with Germany and ahead of the U.S. with over $20 billion in exports (OECD over $20 billion in exports (OECD Communications Outlook 2007).Communications Outlook 2007).
• The same year it ranked 17The same year it ranked 17thth in in telecoms equipment imports with telecoms equipment imports with about $3 billion.about $3 billion.
Samsung and LG TVs and Samsung and LG TVs and DisplaysDisplays
Indicators of the Information Indicators of the Information Age in KoreaAge in Korea
•The growth rate of the IT industry in 2006 surpassed that of the non-IT industry by 3.9 times,whose proportion in total GDP exceeded 16.2% for the first time in history.
•Korea leads the world in the ITU’s Digital Opportunity Index
Indicators of the Information Indicators of the Information Age in KoreaAge in Korea
•Korea’s current rate of Internet usage by those over the age 6 had reached 75.5% by June 2007,
•The number of broadband Internet subscribers had reached 14.44 million, indicating 90% of total households in Korea had access to broadband Internet.
The u-Korea Master PlanThe u-Korea Master Plan
• to establish developmental strategy in to establish developmental strategy in coping coping withwith the future informatization the future informatization paradigm paradigm shift to the ubiquitous societyshift to the ubiquitous society
• To facilitate IT growthTo facilitate IT growth– Next generation mobile communicationNext generation mobile communication– Digital TV broadcastingDigital TV broadcasting– DisplaysDisplays– Next generation semiconductorNext generation semiconductor
The u-Korea Master PlanThe u-Korea Master Plan
– Digital contentDigital content– Intelligent robotsIntelligent robots– Intelligent home networksIntelligent home networks– Software solutions (built-in software)Software solutions (built-in software)– Next generation batteryNext generation battery– Next generation PCsNext generation PCs
http://www.ubiquitousdream.orhttp://www.ubiquitousdream.or.kr/.kr/
Korea’s Digital Divide: Korea’s Digital Divide: Communications and National Communications and National ReunificationReunification• The problem with “indicators” of the The problem with “indicators” of the
information age is that they apply to information age is that they apply to only half of the Korean peninsulaonly half of the Korean peninsula
• Recent approval of .kp domain name Recent approval of .kp domain name for North Koreafor North Korea
• Two parts of communication Two parts of communication disparity: infrastructure and disparity: infrastructure and news/information flow.news/information flow.
Language as a Limiting Language as a Limiting FactorFactor• People, including Koreans, prefer to People, including Koreans, prefer to
surf the web in their own language.surf the web in their own language.• In Korea, almost everyone uses In Korea, almost everyone uses
Naver to search, for one reason. It is Naver to search, for one reason. It is all in Korean.all in Korean.
• Web usage in Korea only started to Web usage in Korea only started to increase when the number of .kr increase when the number of .kr domains dramatically increased, domains dramatically increased, indicating Korean-language content.indicating Korean-language content.
Growth of .kr domainsGrowth of .kr domains
The Fulbright Commission in The Fulbright Commission in Seoul, KoreaSeoul, Korea
• Founded by the U.S. and Korea just before Founded by the U.S. and Korea just before the Korean War broke out.the Korean War broke out.
• One of the largest Fulbright Commissions One of the largest Fulbright Commissions worldwide.worldwide.
• Three major areas of activity:Three major areas of activity:– Fulbright grants and some other smaller grant Fulbright grants and some other smaller grant
programs.programs.– U.S. Education Center –a State Department U.S. Education Center –a State Department
Affiliated Advising CenterAffiliated Advising Center– Academic Testing Academic Testing
Services for U.S. Educational Services for U.S. Educational InstitutionsInstitutions
• Our U.S. Education Center works with Our U.S. Education Center works with all major U.S. study fairs in Korea. all major U.S. study fairs in Korea.
Services for U.S. Educational Services for U.S. Educational InstitutionsInstitutions
• Our U.S. Education Center works with Our U.S. Education Center works with all major U.S. study fairs in Korea. all major U.S. study fairs in Korea.
• We provide an array of web and We provide an array of web and event services to help U.S. schools event services to help U.S. schools promote themselves to prospective promote themselves to prospective Korean students.Korean students.
Services for U.S. SchoolsServices for U.S. Schools
• Our U.S. Education Center works with Our U.S. Education Center works with all major U.S. study fairs in Korea. all major U.S. study fairs in Korea.
• We provide an array of web and We provide an array of web and event services to help U.S. schools event services to help U.S. schools promote themselves to prospective promote themselves to prospective Korean students.Korean students.
• We work closely with the Korea We work closely with the Korea Overseas Study Association (KOSA)Overseas Study Association (KOSA)
Services for U.S. SchoolsServices for U.S. Schools
• We’re launching an English-language We’re launching an English-language blog for U.S. schools and educational blog for U.S. schools and educational organizations organizations http://fulbrightkorea.wordpress.com/http://fulbrightkorea.wordpress.com/
• A description of our services and A description of our services and prices can be found at prices can be found at http://www.educationusa.or.kr/en/usehttp://www.educationusa.or.kr/en/usec/services.php#02c/services.php#02
