188

KRAJOLICI: MEĐUDJELOVANJE TEKTONIKE I KLIME

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Krajolik je kontroliran sustavom Zemlje: stijenskim ciklusom -magmatizam, metamorfizam, zagrijavanje, precipitacija, trošenje i erozija, taloženje, zatim klimom, oceanskom cirkulacijom, evaporacijom, vanjskim izvorom topline (solarna energija).

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

• promatranje utjecaja glavnih geoloških sila: geološka povijest, tektonika, klima, trošenje, erozija i sedimentacija

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

189

Oblici na Zemlji:

• karakteristične forme krajolika koje su se formirale procesima erozije i sedimentacije

- planine i brda- platoi- strukturno kontrolirani klifovi- strukturno kontrolirani hrbtovi i doline- riječne doline- tektonske doline

• topografske karte

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Nazivlje

• topografija:

• nadmorska visina (elevacija):

• izohipse:

• reljef:

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Topografska karta vrha

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

190

Topografska karta doline

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Digitalna elevacijska karta

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Karta padina

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

191

Vrste reljefapadinski reljef:

reljef glavnog kanala:

pritočni

reljef

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Topografske karte najviših i najnižih elevacija na Zemlji

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Karta i pogled pod kutem na plato Tibeta*, koji je najviši i najširi na Zemlji

• plato:

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

192

Mesa u dolini Monument, Arizona

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

•• kuestikuesti:

pješčenjak otporan na eroziju

lako erozioni šejl

Strukturno kontrolirani klifovi

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

"hogbacks":

Strukturno kontrolirani klifovi

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

193

• topografija hrbtova i dolina boranih sedimentnih stijena - Zagros gorje (Iran)

Strukturno kontrolirani hrbtovi i doline:

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Stadiji razvoja hrbtova i dolina u

boranim planinama

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Valley and Ridge (Dolina i hrbat) provincija u Apalačima

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

194

a) Rani stadij boranja: hrbtovi na antiklinalama, tokovi na sinklinalama.b) Kasni stadij erozije: hrbtovi prekrivaju osi sinklinala ako su izgrađeni od otpornih stijena.

a) b)

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Erozija je kontrolirana balansom između snage toka i otpornosti prema eroziji

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

otpornost prema

eroziji se povećava s

povećanom veličinom

zrna, volumenom

sedimenta i čvrstoćom

temeljne stijene

erozija se povećava s

povećanom snagom

toka, koja se

povećava s nagibom

padine i otjecanjem

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

195

rezultat je mrežna erozija dolina

Prevladava erozija

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

rezultat je balansizmeđu erozije i taloženja

Otpornost i erozija ujednačeni

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

rezultat je mrežno taloženje i punjenje dolina sedimentom

Prevladava otpornost

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

196

Utjecaj erozije: izdizanje potiče eroziju

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Utjecaj erozije: izostatski odskok potiče izdizanje

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Klasičan model razvoja krajolika

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

197

Davisova teorija razvoja krajolika

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Penckova teorija razvoja krajolika

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

Hackova teorija razvoja krajolika

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

198

Metode apsolutnog datiranja krajolika

• mjerenje odnosa izdizanja i erozije

planina

• datiranje:

• datiranje temeljeno na činjenici da su

nuklearne reakcije potaknute svemirskim zračenjem koje probija vršni metar stijene ili tla

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________