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8/19/2019 Kuliah Geologi Umum 8 9 10
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RESOURCES
(SUMBERDAYA ALAM)
WATER, MINERAL AND
ENERGY
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Groundwater Hdro!o"Hdro"eo!o"
Interre!at#on$%#&$ 'etween "eo!o"# ater#a!$ and waterHow do ater#a!$ #n*uene %dro!o"# !e+
Trad#t#ona! ou$ on $u'$urae
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Hdro!o" #n t%e Hdro!o"# S#ene
-ro"ra
4/6/516Hydrology
Hydrogeology
Hydrometeorology
Vadose Zone
Hydrology
Fluvial Geomorphology/Open Channel Flow
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Hdrau!# Condut#.#t
S&at#a! d#$tr#'ut#on o / de0ne$"roundwater *ow $$te$
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Hdrau!# Condut#.#t
S&at#a! d#$tr#'ut#on o / de0ne$"roundwater *ow $$te$
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1!ow T%rou"% -orou$ Med#a ro "ra#n to a2u#er$1!ow de&end$ on &ro&ert#e$ o water and &ro&ert#e$ o
ater#a!
A2u#er3 a ro4 un#t t%at w#!! #e!d water #n a u$a'!e 2uant#t to a we!! or $&r#n"5
($aturated "eo!o"#a! orat#on, onta#n#n" and tran$#tt#n" $#"n#0ant 2uant#t#e$ o water under nora!0e!d 2uant#t#e$)6 ro43 unon$o!#dated $ed#ent$
A2u#!ude3 orat#on onta#n#n" water do not tran$#t $#"n#0ant 2uant#t#e$ A2u#u"e3 orat#on doe$ not onta#n nor tran$#t A2u#tard3 orat#on$ w#t% !ow &erea'#!#t7#n!ude$ 'ot% a2u#!ude and
a2u#u"e Con0n#n" 'ed3 ro4 un#t w#t% !ow %drau!# ondut#.#t to re$tr#t o.eent o
GW e#t%er #nto or out o ad8aent a2u#er$
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UNDERGROUND WATER
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GROUNDWATER VELOCITY
Time reqd by groundwater to moe !rom re"#arge to di$"#arge area$Few days !"ones ad#a$ent to dis$harge% to millennia !$entral part o& some re$harge
through deeper G'systems(
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Flow to Wells (Ch. 5).
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-otent#oetr# a&$
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)omesti$
use
A$A$
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)omesti$
use
A$A$
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irrigation)omesti$
use
A$A$
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)omesti$
use
A$A$
irrigation
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)omesti$
use
A$A$
irrigation
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)omesti$
use
A$A$
irrigation
A$
A$
A$
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Geologic Resources andEarth’s Systems
• Geologic resources 9 .a!ua'!e ater#a!$ o"eo!o"# or#"#n t%at an 'e e:trated rot%e Eart% – Man "eo!o"# re$oure$ or#"#nate #n t%e hydrosphere
• -etro!eu and oa! oe ro or"an#$$ t%at !#.edand d#ed #n water
• Ha!#te ($a!t) and ot%er e.a&or#te #nera!$ oe rodr !a4e 'ed$
– Weat%er#n" #nterat#on$ 'etween geosphere, atmosphere andhydrosphere &rodue eta! o:#de ores
– Huan$ (biosphere) #nterat d#ret! w#t% t%e "eo$&%ere,%dro$&%ere, and ato$&%ere w%en e:trat#n" and ut#!#;#n""eo!o"# re$oure$
– Groundwater (hydrosphere) #$ a renewa'!e "eo!o"# re$oure
• I #t an
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Tyes o! GeologicResources
• Geo!o"# re$oure$ are"rou&ed #nto t%ree a8orate"or#e$3
– Energy resources 9 &etro!eu(o#! and natura! "a$),
oa!, uran#u, "eot%era!re$oure$
– Metals 9 #ron, o&&er,a!u#nu, !ead, ;#n, "o!d,$#!.er, &!at#nu
– Non-metallic resources 9 $and
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Resources and Reser"es
• Resources 9 t%e tota!aount o a .a!ua'!e"eo!o"# ater#a! #n alldeposits, d#$o.ered and
und#$o.ered
• Reserves 9 d#$o.ered
de&o$#t$ o "eo!o"#re$oure$ t%at an 'ee:trated economically and legally under &re$ent
ond#t#on$
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COAL GEOLOGY
l # d# t 4 t% t t% t#
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oal #$ a $ed#entar ro4 t%at or$ ro t%e o&at#ono &!ant ater#a! t%at %a$ not o&!ete! deaed
– 1or$ ro $%a!!ow 'ur#a! and o&at#on o peat
• 1our .ar#et#e$ o oa!
– Lignite ('rown oa!) #$ $ot andru'!
– Sub-bituminous and bituminouscoal ($ot oa!)
• '!a4 and du$t
• 'urn w#t% a $o4 *ae• oon! $tr#&9#ned
– Anthracite (%ard oa!)
• $%#n and du$t9ree
• 'urn$ w#t% a $o4e!e$$ *ae
• !ow9!e.e! etaor&%# ro4
• Burn#n" o %#"%9$u!ur oa! an &rodue acid
rain6 $tr#& #ne$ an $ar !and$a&e
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#E$%&'%$G%$ '%T'%R%
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*our$e+ ,ueensland -esour$es Coun$il
ses o! Coal
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-ETROLEUM(MINYA/ BUMI DAN GAS
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• etroleum 9 o#! and natura! "a$ 9 our$ #nunder"round pools
• Ourrene o o#! &oo!$ re2u#re$3
– A source roc! (r#% #n or"an# atter) – A reservoir roc! #n w%#% #t an 'e $tored and tran$#tted
(e5"5, $and$tone)
– An oil trap ($et o ond#t#on$ %o!d#n" ro4 #n re$er.o#r ro4and &re.ent#n" #"rat#on)
– "eep enough burial (and $u=#ent t#e) to >oo4? t%e o#! and"a$ out o t%e or"an# atter
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Structural Trapsfor Gas and Oil
2300 m – 4600 m = Oil formation4600+ m = Gas formation
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Other Oil Traps in Geological Structures
# t l R
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#etroleum Reco"ery
• #il $elds are re"#on$under!a#n ' one or oreo#! &oo!$ – Lar"e$t #n Centra! Suatra and
Ea$t /a!#antan
• O#! and natura! "a$ are reo.edt%rou"% wells dr#!!ed down #nto an o#!tra& w#t%#n a re$er.o#r ro4
• Ne"at#.e en.#ronenta! e@et$ re$u!t#n"ro o#! reo.er and tran$&ort #n!udeoil spills, brine contamination o $uraewater, and ground subsidence
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Oil P k Oil P i ?
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Oil Peak, Oil Panic ?(Study by Amos Nur - Stanford
!"S"# $anada# %a&an# G'rmany# ran)'# *taly# !# ar' t,' bi'st
)onsum'rs of oil r's'r.'s /orld/id'"
Oil P k 1960'
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Oil Peaks – 1960's
*n t,' 10s oil mainly us'd
for 'ros'n' lam&s – r'mainin/as burn'd or disard'd"
$urr'nt oil &rodu)tion rat's &'a'din 560s but !"S" )onsum&tion rat'sin)r'as' dramati)ally abo.' t,is"
on't panic! -ry to )ons'r.' 'n'ry -S'' alt'rnati.' 'n'ry sour)'s
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Sistemidro*ar+on SE %sia
,%ustralasia -u+ungan
murReser"oirdanCadangan
owes (//0)
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Sistem idro*ar+on Ce*ungan1Ce*ungan2ndonesia
ardy et al .(//0)
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&etals and 3res
&etals and 3res
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&etals and 3res• Meta! ores 9 natura!! ourr#n" ater#a!$
t%at an 'e &ro0ta'! #ned
• W%et%er or not a #nera! de&o$#t #$ anore de&end$ on chemical composition,t%e percent e%tractable metal, andcurrent mar!et value o t%e eta!
• Meta!!# ore de&o$#t$ or#"#nate rocrystal settling #n #"neou$ #ntru$#on$,hydrothermal &uids oo!#n" #n &ore$ andature$, chemical precipitation #nwater, or $ed#entat#on #n r#.er$
( placers)
&ining and
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&ining and&etals
• Mining an 'e done at Eart%
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$on1metallic Resources
• Non-metallic resources 9 not
#ned to e:trat a eta! or anener" $oure – construction materials
• $and, "ra.e!, !#e$tone, and "&$u
– agriculture
• &%o$&%ate, n#trate and &ota$$#uo&ound$)
– industrial uses
• ro4 $a!t, $u!ur, a$'e$to$)
– gemstones
• d#aond$, ru'#e$, et5
– household and business products
• "!a$$ $and, *uor#te, d#ato#te, "ra&%#te)
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