“PETROLEUM GEOLOGY”

Kursus/Kuliah Singkatdi Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi,

Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Bandung 23 Februari 2007

Oleh:

Dr. Hermes Panggabean MSc2007

PUSAT SUMBER DAYA GEOLOGI Bandung

PUSAT SURVEI GEOLOGIBandung

“PETROLEUM GEOLOGY”

PREDIKSI DUNIA KEBUTUHAN SUMBERDAYA ENERGI

Hingga Tahun 2025 sumber daya energi “fossil fuel”masih merupakan kebutuhan utama dunia

PENDAHULUAN DAN PENGENALAN PETROLEUM

“Petroleum” – “Rock-Oil” berasal dari kata latin “petra” yang artinya “batu” dan “oleum” artinya “oil”

Petroleum = Hydrocarbon = kerosene

Kimia petroleum adalah campuran antara “hydrogen” dan “carbon” (C-H)

Definisi

Petroleum Geology or Geology of Petroleum or Petfroleum Geoscience

Petroleum Geology is defined as geology applied to petroleum (North, 1985)

“Geology itself is an integrative science”

Physical Science Mathematics Life science

M ineralogy

Petrology

Com puting Science

Statistics

Descriptive Geom etry

Paleontology

Stratigraphy

Structural Geology

Sedim entary Geology

GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICSGEOCHEMISTRY

PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE

Therm odynam ics Engineering Fluid mechanics

The Interrelationship between petroleum geology and other sciences

SIFAT DASAR AWAL TERBENTUKNYA MINYAK(NATURE OF THE FIRST-FORMED HYDROCARBON)

1. Hasil Proses Reduksi CO2 oleh Hydrogen (Oleh media bakteri): CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O

2. Hasil dari asam lemak (fatty acids) oleh “decarboxylation”

CH3COOH + H2O CH4 + H2CO3

Sumber Hidrokarbon danEvolusi bahan organik(Tissot & Welte, 1984)

KEBERADAAN/KETERDAPATAN HIDROKARBONDI DALAM SISTEM CEKUNGAN BATUAN SEDIMEN

CEKUNGAN SEDIMEN (UMUM)

CEKUNGAN BUSUR BELAKANG

CEKUNGAN TANAH MUKA (FORELAND BASIN)

CEKUNGAN BUSUR MUKA

CEKUNGAN ANTARPEGUNUNGAN (INTERMONTAIN BASIN)

CEKUNGAN ANTARA KONTINEN (INTER-CONTINENTAL BASIN)

CEKUNGAN TEPIAN KONTINEN (CONTINETAL MARGIN BASIN)

CEKUNGAN “PULL-APART”

Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Sedimentary Rock Melange & AccretionaryPrism

Oceanic FloorSubduction zone Volc. Arc

Fore-arc Basin

Few Oil & GasRare Coal & Oil shale

Abundant Oil & GasAbundant Coal

Oil ShaleCommon

Back-arc Basin

Continental Margin

Intermontane Basin

Inter-arc

Retro-arcBasin

Rifting Basin

Abundant Oil & GasAbundant CoalCommon Oil Shale

Abundant GasCommon OilAbundant CoalAbundant Oil Shale

Schematic diagram of Tectonic basin setting in Indonesia showing the occurrence of fossil fuel resources

Bentuk-bentuk Cekungan Batuan sedimen

JENIS CEKUNGAN MENURUT KLEMME

A. INTRAKONTINEN PADA KRATON - “Single-cycle cratonic basins - Composite cratonic basins - Graben on rift basins

B. EXTRACONTINENTAL, BORDERLAND BASINS - Downwarps into small oceanic basin - Pull-apart basins - Subduction basins, second cycle, intermontane, fore-arc, back-arc; non-arc - Median basins, also second-cycle, intermontane - Delta basins

Jenis/tipe Cekungan menurut Klemme

TEKTONIK DAN CEKUNGAN SEDIMEN TERSIER DIINDONESIA DAN KETERDAPATAN HIDROKARBON

(CCOP, 2006

(CCOP, 2006

(CCOP, 2006

explorasi petroleum(Assessment & evaluation)

HYDROCARBON LEADS

• OIL AND GAS SEEPAGES

• OCCURRENCE OF SOURCE ROCK

• OCCURRENCE OF STRUCTURAL TRAP (ANTICLINE, FAULT)

• RESERVOIR & SEAL ROCKS

• OIL AND GAS SEEPAGES

• OCCURRENCE OF SOURCE ROCK

• OCCURRENCE OF STRUCTURAL TRAP (ANTICLINE, FAULT)

• RESERVOIR & SEAL ROCKS

• To find out Lithological Types, Name of Rocks, Physical Properties of Rocks

• Facies and Environmental Deposition

• Age of Rocks

• To know Hydrocarbon Source Potential and Oil Generation

• To know the Composition of Hydrocarbon (bulk oil), Biomarker and the Source of Hydrocarbons

• Reservoir Potential

FIELD DATA COLLECTION

• MEASURED SECTION• COMPREHENSIVE DATA RECORD: - DIP & STRIKE - SIMPLE, DETAILED AND CLEAR DESCRIPTION - SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE COLLECTION - SYSTEMATIC FRESH & CLEAN ROCK SAMPLE COLLECTIONS : Age (Paleontolology), Source rock, Reservoir rock (porosity & permeability, diagenesis),Composition, Facies and Provenance Purposes.• OIL AND GAS SEEPAGE COLLECTIONS• PHOTOGRAPH OF OUCROP, STRUCTURE, BOUNDARY OF LITHOLOGY, UNCONFORMITY, ETC.

TYPE OF ROCK SAMPLE & PURPOSES

A. Age, Env. Deposition &Facies: - limestone, marl, shale, coaly shale, claystone, siltstone.

B. Sedimentology, facies, provenance, rock type: - limestone, sandstone, siltstone, pyroclastics, etc.

C. Source Rock & Oil Generation: - Shale, coaly shale, carbonaceous shale, coal, claystone, carbonaceous claystone, siltstone, marl, mudstone (carbonate & clastics), oil & gas seep.

D. Reservoir Rock: - Sandstone, conglomerate, pyroclastics, limestone (Grainstone,Packstone & Wackstone, bioclastics), granite & granite wash, etc.

E. Seal: - Claystone, Shale, marl, limestone (pelagic, mudstone), tuff, etc.

• Thin Section Petrography• Organic Petrology• Grain size analysis• SEM• CL• XRD• Age Dating (Fission Track, K-Ar)

Sedimentology

• Foraminifera (Planktonic & Benthonic)

• Macrofossil• Nannoplankton• Palynology

Biostratigraphy

• Thin Section Petrography• SEM• CL• XRD• Paleontology• Porosity & Permeability• Etc

Reservoir Rock

• SEM• CL• XRD• Etc

Seal and Cap Rock

Geologist dalam aksi untuk tahapan Awal Eksplorasi Petroleum

1. Identifikasi suatu cekungan sedimen

2. Interpretasi awal terhadap tipe cekungan

3. Pelajari stratigrafi dan paleontologi batuan

4. Identifikasi “lead” atau tanda-tanda keberadaan hidrokarbon di permukaan

5. Pelajari tataan struktur geologi

6. Perbandingkan dengan data cekungan lain yang sudah berproduksi

7. Siapkan tinjauan lapangan

PETROLEUM SYSTEM

Petroleum System is defined as natural system that encompasses a pod of Active source rock an all related-hydrocarbon geologic elements and processes That are essential if a hydrocarbon accumulation is to exist.

Petroleum System: - Reservoir, Seals, trapping styles, source rocks, maturity, thermal and burial history, migration and accumulation

PLAY OF PETROLEUM

Play is define :as exploration perception or models of how a number of Geological factors may combine to produce petroleum accumulations at A specific stratigraphic level in the basin

Petroleum play: - Reservoir unit, capable of storing petroleum fluids - Thermally mature petroleum source rocks capable of expelling petroleum fluids into porous an permeable carriers beds/faults - Seal or caprock- stratigraphic level unit - Petroleum trap

Play can be considered as “proven” if petroleum accumulations (pools or fields) are known as a result from the application of geological factors.

Jenis Pekerjaan Analisa Geologi Analisa Geofisika Analisa Laboratorium

Pemetaan Geologi

Measured-Section

Struktur Geologi

Landsat Inja

Gravity & Magnetik

Air Borne

W ell Logging

Paleomag

Paleontologi

Sed. & Stratig.

Rock Petrology

Organic Petrology

Organic Geochemistry

Rock Physics

Stable Isotop

Seismic Refl.(2D &3D)

Sangat Penting

Penting

Agak Penting Kurang Penting tetapi Pendukung

Tingkat Penilaian Pekerjaan Untuk Petroleum

BATUAN SUMBER PETROLEUM (SOURCE ROCKS)

1. SERPIH, BATULEMPUNG, NAPAL

2. BATUBARA, SERPIH BATUBARAAN

3. BATUGAMPING BERGANGGANG (ALGAE)

Maturity Assessment

Tmax of the Rock-Eval

Vitrinite Revlectance (%Rv)

TAI – Thermal Alteration Index

Fluorescence of organic matter (Liptinite)

• Vitrinite Refl. (Ro)• Maceral Analysis• Geochemistry:• TOC• Rock-Eval• Soxhlet Extraction• LC of Extract• C5+ Gas Liquid

Chromatography• GC-MS• Carbon Isotope

• Bulk Oil• Gas Analysis (Type of

gas)• Liquid Chromatography

Separation• Whole Oil & Gas GC• GC-MS• Carbon Isotope

Rock Samples Fluid & Gas Samples

0

2

4

6

Immature Sub-Mature Over-MatureMature

Intensitas Generasi Migas

Fase Pembentukan Migas

General correlation of organic maturation indivates, based on the works of B.S. Cooper, A. Hood, B.Tissot, N.B

Vassoyevich, and their co-workers, (From A.J. Kantsler et al., Oil Gas J. 20November 1978)

Plot of vitrinite reflectance agains depth for all samples

Plot of Ro Against Depth for samples,Showing a synthesis of thermal event in the area

Schematic section through the Basin with profile of isoreflectance surfaces,

Schematic section through the Basin with profile of isoreflectance surfaces.

Peta hubungan isorank dan tektonik deformasi yang menunjukkan “syntectonic coalification” (hasil penelitian P3G, Wahono dkk, 2001)

The burial history model, using Lopatin’s method, showing isomaturity zone (oil generation) starting from 0.50 (Rvmax) and TTI = 3 where the

bottom of oil generation is not reached

1 0 01 0215

1 0

5

2

1

5

1

FAIR

GO

OD E X C E L L E N T

G O O D

FA IR

O IL PR O N E

G A S PR O N E

Tota

l Gen

erat

ion

Pot

enti

al (

PY

)(m

g H

C/g

roc

ks)

To ta l O rg a n ic C a rb o n (T O C ) (w t. % )

P O O R

1 0 0

5 0

2 0

P O O R

Diagram TOC vs Pirolysis Yields (PY)

yang menunjukkan potensi Hidrocarbon dalam F. Sangkarewang

SAMPLE LOCATION :

SANG KAREWANG River

LUBUK TARUK

SIPANG RIVER

TANJUNG BALIT

SETANG KAI

TALAWI

KO LO K-SW.LUNTO

KU NANG AN

0

300

600

900

375 405 435 465 495 525 555 585

Tmax ( C)0

Iso - reflec tance

1.35

Type III

Type II

POST-MATUREMATU RE IM MATURE

Type I

Hyd

rog

en

Ind

ex

(mg

HC

/ g

ro

ck)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

TOC (wt % rock)

Hyd

roge

n In

dex

(HI)

Poor Fair Good V. Good Excellent

COAL

TOC vs HI

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

TOC (wt % rock)

S1

+ S

2 (P

oten

tial Y

ield

) in

Kg/

Ton

rock

Poor Fair Good V. Good Excellent

20.0

COAL

TOC vs S1+S2

Organic Matter QualityOrganic Matter Quality

HYDROCARON SOURCE POTENTIALHYDROCARON SOURCE POTENTIAL

Organic Matter Type and QualityOrganic Matter Type and Quality

Most of the Jurassic sediments contain Type II Kerogen whilst those of Tertiary sediments mainly contain Type III Kerogen

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

390 405 420 435 450 465 480 495 510 525

Tmax (°C)

HI (

mg

HC

/g T

OC

)

0.6 iso-reflectance

1.2

Immature Oil Zone Gas Zone

TIPE I

TIPE II

TIPE III

Gas

Mix

edO

I L

Jurassic Sediments

Tertiary Sediments

Thermal Maturity LevelThermal Maturity Level

TOC vs Ro%

400

405

410

415

420

425

430

435

440

445

450

455

460

465

470

475

480

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Ro%

Immature Mature Post Mature

Tm

ax (

°C)

Imm

atu

reM

atu

rePost

Matu

re

Reworked OM, innertinitic or

oxidized materials?THERMAL MATURITYTHERMAL MATURITY

100

7025

55

100

5

60

Am

ount

Immature0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.3 2.0

Dia/(Dia + Reg)-Steranes

/()-C29 Steranes

20S/(20S + 20R)-C29 Steranes

Ts/(Ts + Tm)

)-C30 Hopanes

22S/(22S + 22R)-C32 Hopanes

Early Mature

Post MatureCondensates / Wet Gas

Fully Mature

Ste

ran

es

Tri

terp

ane

s

State of Oil Generation

% Ro 0.5

Sediments Seep Oils

Range of MaturityRange of Maturity

All sediments, either from Tertiary or Jurrasic Fms. are definitely thermally immature – early mature.

At such maturity level, none of the potential source rocks is capable to generate hydrocarbons.

SOURCE TO OIL CORRELATIONSOURCE TO OIL CORRELATION

TOS-19

C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27

C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27

TOS-20

C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27

TOS-21B

C29C27 Dias

C28

C27

KTD-2B

C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27

Oil seepsTOS-21A

Steranes (m/z 217)Steranes (m/z 217)C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27

TOS-16A

C29

C27 Dias

C28C27

TOS-16B

C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27TOS-17A

C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27TOS-17B

Lalengan

C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27

TOS-37A

C29

C27 Dias

C27

TOS-41D

C29

C27 Dias

C28

C27

TOS-49B

Bobong

Source Rock Depositional EnvironmentSource Rock Depositional Environment

Pristane/Phytane (Pr/Ph) vs Canonical Variable (Cv) 13C Saturate vs 13C Aromatic

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

12

15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Pristane/Phytane (Pr/Ph)

Can

on

ica

l V

aria

ble

(C

v)

REDUCTIVE OXIDATIVE

TERRESTRIAL

MARINE LACUSTRINE/

ALGAE NON-MARINE -32

-30

-28

-26

-24

-22

-20

-18

-16

-33 -31 -29 -27 -25 -23 -21 -19 -17

13C Saturate (per mil)

LACUSTRINE/MARINE

TERRESTRIAL

13C

Aro

ma

tic

(p

er m

il)

SOURCE – SOURCE RELATIONSHIPSSOURCE – SOURCE RELATIONSHIPS

Oil seepsTOS-19, TOS-20, TOS-2A, TOS-21B and KTD-2B

Steranes (m/z 217) oil to oil correlationSteranes (m/z 217) oil to oil correlation

OIL TO OIL CORRELATIONOIL TO OIL CORRELATION

TOS-20

KTD-2B

TOS-21A

Pregnanes C29

C27 Dias

C28C27

TOS-21B

TOS-19

Aquatic plants OM, clay rich marine or lacustrine deltaic, closed system depositional environment

Thin suberinite cell walls of a cortex and phlobaphinite cell fillings

Suberinite (SB) with fluorinite (F)

SB

F

Cuticules (Cutinite)

Botryococcus algae (B) with pollens (sporinite) (Sp)

B

B

SpSp

Botryococcus algae

Fluorinite (F)

Resinite

Tasmanaceae algae

Diatomaceous bloom

Dinoflagelate

Fungus Filament

BATUAN RESERVOIR

1.BATUPASIR

2. BATUGAMPING

3. BREKSI VOLKANIK

4. GRANITE “WASHED”

5. BATUAN MALIHAN

Oil globule in pore spaces of clastic rocks, undergoing distortions as it migrates through pore throat. (R.R Berg, AAPG Bull.,1975)

Klasifikasi kualitas porositas batuan

Klasifikasi Permiabilitas batuan

Hubungan kedalaman dengan nilai porositas batuan

Plate 2 .21a O u tcrop pho tograph o f gran ite basem ent consisting o f b iotite g ran ite , g reen ish , hard -very hard , jo in ted

(Loc . LLG 18)

P late 2 .21b . P ho tom icrograph o f g ran ite (L LG 18) w ith a llo triom orph ic g ranu lar textu recom posed o f plagioclase (2e , 7b , 2b , etc), m ic roc line (9c , 6a), o rthoclase (4 i, 2k, e tc )

b io tite (1c, 6d , 6i, etc), quartz (6f, 8 j, e tc), La lengan , Weste rn Peleng Is land

Plate 2 .15a O utc rop pho tograph o f R ed B eds show ing p lanar c ross bedd ing and parallel lam ina tion o f fine g rain a ren ite , Ba lan tak traverse,

East A rm of Su law esi (Loc. TO S 2) P late 2 .15b . Pho tom icrograph o f calca reous fe ldspa th ic w acke (TO S 2 A ) very fine to m edium ,poorly sorted , sub-angu la r to sub-rounded , com posed p redom inan tly of m ono quartz,

less feldspar, and vo lcan ic rock fragm ents. W ith m atrix o f carbonate m ud , o f Triassic R ed Beds,B alan tak traverse , E as t A rm of Su law es i

OUTCROP OF THE TRIASSIC-JURASIC “RED BED” OF SANDSTONE, POTENTIAL RESERVOIR ROCK

HASIL SEM, MENUNJUKKAN KAOLINITE, BUTIRAN KUARSA DAN PERTUMBUHAN KUARSA

K

K

K

AUTHIGENIC KAOLINITE MATRIX, SEM MICROPHOTOGRAPH

D I AG EN ETI C EVEN TM ESODI AGEN ESI SEO DI AGENESI S

I NCREASI NG BURI AL

EARLY LAT E

T ELO DI AGENESI S

BURI AL

PORE F I LLI NG BY M AT RI X

QU ART ZOVERGRO W T H S

CO M PACT I ON

GRAI N & M AT R I X DI SSOLUT I O N

REPLACEM ENT & RECRY STALI ZED

PRECI P I TAT I ON O F KAOLI N I T E & SER I CI T E

FORM AT I I O N OF I RO N OXI DE & LAUM O NT I T E

Unim portant

S lighltly I mportant

I mportant

Legend

A . W ith c ross po larized ligh t b . W ith para llel po la rized ligh t

Photomicrograph of subarkose (TOS 43 C), medium grained, well sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded, closed fabric with point to long grain contact. Composed of dominantly quartz (7d, 2g, etc), feldspar (3e), and rock fragment (5a). This plate shows inter

granular pores.

A . W ith c ross po larized ligh t b . W ith para llel po la rized ligh t

Photomicrograph of bioclastic wackestone (LLG 10 B) developing a mud supported and opened fabric. Dark brownish to black mottled is an enlarged dissolution of fracture resulting vug pore,(5k) which partially filled by

iron oxides.

FOSSIL INDICATED BY CATHODOLUMENESCENCE (CL),Photographer by S. Maryanto, 2004.

FOSSIL IN LIMESTONE INDICATED BY CATHODOLUMENESCENCE (CL),

TRAP

1.STRUKTUR: ANTIKLIN, SESAR

2. STRATIGRAFI : PERUBAHAN FASIES

3. BIDANG “UNCONFORMITY”

SEALING (CAP ROCK)

1. BATULEMPUNG

2. NAPAL

3. BATUGAMPING PELAGIK

4. TUF

Posisi dan urutan hidrokarbon gas, minyak dan air

Terum bu Fasies (Reefa l Facies) m erupakan salah satu target reservoir petro leum

Penampang Seismik memperlihatkan satuan stratigrafi Kapur-Tersier

Peta Struktur (a) dua dimensi; (b) tiga dimensi; hasil seismik

Peta “isopach” dari interval terubu yang menghasilkan minyak(North, 1985)

Peta “isopach” dari suatu lajur lipatan tanah muka (foreland fold belt) (North, 1985)

DATA EVALUATION

A. Source Rock & Oil Generation: - Source rock Potential: TOC, Tmax, Ro, PY, HI, Maceral Type, Spore

Color Index, H/C & O/C ratios, Biomarker Characters, etc.

- Oil Generation: Tmax, Ro, Fluorescence Color, Biomarker Charcaters, etc. - Burial History : Isomaturity, Loaptin’s Method, etc.

B. Source Rock & Oil Correlation: - Source Rock to Source Rock Correlation - Source rock to Oil Correlation - Oil to Oil Correlation

A. Source Rock & Oil Generation: - Source rock Potential: TOC, Tmax, Ro, PY, HI, Maceral Type, Spore

Color Index, H/C & O/C ratios, Biomarker Characters, etc.

- Oil Generation: Tmax, Ro, Fluorescence Color, Biomarker Charcaters, etc. - Burial History : Isomaturity, Loaptin’s Method, etc.

B. Source Rock & Oil Correlation: - Source Rock to Source Rock Correlation - Source rock to Oil Correlation - Oil to Oil Correlation

DATA EVALUATION

C. Reservoir & Seal Rocks:

- Porosity & Permeability: Porosity and Permeability analysis, Petrography, SEM, CL, XRD

- Diagenesis History: Petrography, XRD, SEM, CL, Chemistry, Stable Isotop, etc.

C. Reservoir & Seal Rocks:

- Porosity & Permeability: Porosity and Permeability analysis, Petrography, SEM, CL, XRD

- Diagenesis History: Petrography, XRD, SEM, CL, Chemistry, Stable Isotop, etc.

The Tools of Subsurface AnalysisThe Tools of Subsurface Analysis

Well logsWell logs Cores Cores SeismicSeismic Gravity & Gravity &

magneticsmagnetics

Facies analysis of subsurface Facies analysis of subsurface data depends on tools which data depends on tools which delimit of surfaces and provide delimit of surfaces and provide clues as to the sediments they clues as to the sediments they contain:contain:

Well Logs Versus SeismicWell Logs Versus Seismic Well logs Well logs

Great vertical resolution Great vertical resolution Delimit bounding surfacesDelimit bounding surfacesEstablish lithology of sediments Establish lithology of sediments

penetratedpenetrated SeismicSeismic

Great lateral continuity and Great lateral continuity and resolutionresolution

Define gross sediment geometryDefine gross sediment geometry

Well LogsWell Logs

Resistivity LogsResistivity Logs Spontaneous Potential (SP) LogsSpontaneous Potential (SP) Logs Gamma Ray LogsGamma Ray Logs Neutron LogsNeutron Logs Density LogsDensity Logs Sonic (acoustic) LogsSonic (acoustic) Logs

Delimit of surfaces & identify sediments Delimit of surfaces & identify sediments penetratedpenetrated

Play of Petroleum

SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH