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Kushog Lake Biological Monitoring Lake Fact Sheet Created By: Emily McDonald & Caitlyn Bondy Trent University 2015. Community Based Educa?on Project carried out through ULinks. The Importance of Monitoring Benthic Macro Invertebrates What are Benthic Macro Invertebrates? Benthic invertebrates are a common and diverse group of organisms, such that changes in their diversity and abundance can be tracked through both space and ?me. Aqua?c invertebrates (e.g. worms, mollusks, insect, crustaceans, and mites) are all common indicators used in biologicalmonitoring programs. Benthic invertebrates are used as water quality indicators for rivers, streams and lake health, through an analysis of their community structure. They can tolerate specific environmental condi?ons, and some are more or less sensi?ve to disturbances such as pollu?on and habitat altera?on. Indicator What it tells us # of taxa collected (Richness) The # of taxa (i.e. types of organisms) is a measure of biological diversity or richness. Richness increases with increasing habitat diversity. A healthy community will be reflected by a greater number of taxa. % of collec?on made up of mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, and caddisflies (% EPT) Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies) are very sensi?ve to pollu?on and habitat altera?on. % of collec?on madeup of midges (% Chironomidae) Midges are tolerant of pollu?on and habitat changes so their dominance indicates water quality problems. % of collected animals that are predators (% Predators) Extreme fluctua?ons in the balance of predators and prey signify that the ecosystem is sick. % of collected animals that are adapted to feeding on coarse plant maVer (% Shredders) Shredders are a group of plant eaters adapted to breaking down leaves, wood, and other plant maVer that originates on land but gets transported into water. Such animals should be abundant if there is a good connec?on between a lake and its watershed. % of collected animals that are adapted to feeding by collec?ng small pieces of organic maVer (% collector/gatherers) Collectorsgatherers feed on small pieces of organic maVer that arise from the processing ac?vi?es of shredders. Their presence indicates a good popula?on of shredders. They play a vital role in energy cycling. Organic Pollu?on Score (Hilsenhoff Index Value) The Hilsenhoff index combines informa?on about the abundances of different types of animals collected at a site with informa?on about those animals’ sensi?vi?es to various contamina?ons and sources of nutrients. Indices used to summarize lake health with regard to aqua=c invertebrates sampled within Kushog Lake Provided by the Muskoka Water Web : Benthic Macro invertebrate Monitoring Depic9ons of the EPT Invertebrate: E phemeroptera Mayflies P lecoptera Stoneflies T richoptera Caddisflies

Kushog Factsheet #2 (Biological)

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Page 1: Kushog Factsheet #2 (Biological)

Kushog  Lake    Biological  Monitoring  

Lake  Fact  Sheet  

Created  By:  Emily  McDonald  &  Caitlyn  Bondy  Trent  University  2015.  Community  Based  Educa?on  Project  carried  out  

through  U-­‐Links.  

The  Importance  of  Monitoring  Benthic  Macro  Invertebrates  

What  are  Benthic  Macro  Invertebrates?    Benthic  invertebrates  are  a  common  and  diverse  group  of  organisms,  such  that  changes  in  their  diversity  and  abundance  can  be  tracked  through  both  space  and  ?me.  Aqua?c  invertebrates  (e.g.  worms,  mollusks,  insect,  crustaceans,  and  mites)  are  all  common  indicators  used  in  biological-­‐monitoring  programs.    

Benthic  invertebrates  are  used  as  water  quality  indicators  for  rivers,  streams  and  lake  health,  through  an  analysis  of  their  community  structure.  They  can  tolerate  specific  environmental  condi?ons,  and  some  are  more  or  less  sensi?ve  to  disturbances  such  as  pollu?on  and  habitat  altera?on.    

Indicator   What  it  tells  us  #  of  taxa  collected  

(Richness)  The  #  of  taxa  (i.e.  types  of  organisms)  is  a  measure  of  biological  diversity  or  richness.  Richness  increases  with  increasing  habitat  diversity.  A  healthy  community  will  be  reflected  by  a  greater  number  of  taxa.  

%  of  collec?on  made  up  of  mayflies,  dragonflies,  damselflies,  and  caddisflies  

(%  EPT)  

Ephemeroptera  (mayflies),  Plecoptera  (stoneflies),  and  Trichoptera  (caddisflies)  are  very  sensi?ve  to  pollu?on  and  habitat  altera?on.  

%  of  collec?on  made-­‐up  of  midges  (%  Chironomidae)  

Midges  are  tolerant  of  pollu?on  and  habitat  changes  so  their  dominance  indicates  water  quality  problems.  

%  of  collected  animals  that  are  predators  (%  Predators)  

Extreme  fluctua?ons  in  the  balance  of  predators  and  prey  signify  that  the  ecosystem  is  sick.    

%  of  collected  animals  that  are  adapted  to  feeding  on  coarse  plant  maVer  

(%  Shredders)  

Shredders  are  a  group  of  plant  eaters  adapted  to  breaking  down  leaves,  wood,  and  other  plant  maVer  that  originates  on  land  but  gets  transported  into  water.  Such  animals  should  be  abundant  if  there  is  a  good  connec?on  between  a  lake  and  its  watershed.  

%  of  collected  animals  that  are  adapted  to  feeding  by  collec?ng  small  pieces  of  organic  

maVer  (%  collector/gatherers)  

Collectors-­‐gatherers  feed  on  small  pieces  of  organic  maVer  that  arise  from  the  processing  ac?vi?es  of  shredders.  Their  presence  indicates  a  good  popula?on  of  shredders.  They  play  a  vital  role  in  energy  cycling.    

Organic  Pollu?on  Score  (Hilsenhoff  Index  Value)  

The  Hilsenhoff  index  combines  informa?on  about  the  abundances  of  different  types  of  animals  collected  at  a  site  with  informa?on  about  those  animals’  sensi?vi?es  to  various  contamina?ons  and  sources  of  nutrients.    

Indices  used  to  summarize  lake  health  with  regard  to  aqua=c  invertebrates  sampled  within  Kushog  Lake  

Provided  by  the  Muskoka  Water  Web  :  Benthic  Macro  invertebrate  Monitoring    

Depic9ons  of  the  EPT  Invertebrate:    

Ephemeroptera              Mayflies  

Plecoptera  Stoneflies  

 

Trichoptera  Caddisflies  

Page 2: Kushog Factsheet #2 (Biological)

Informa?on  provided  by:  MuskokaWaterWeb.ca  –  Biological  Monitoring  Data                                            Benthic  images  retrieved  from  General  Entomology    -­‐  hVp://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/index.html  

                                                                                                                         Ontario  Benthic  Biomonitoring  Network:  Protocol  Manual                                                                                                                              Data  provided  by  Fleming  College                                                                                                                                  

Monitoring  on  Kushog  Lake  

Recommenda9ons  for  Kushog  Lake  Benthic  Monitoring  Suggested  by  Muskoka  Water  Web  

ü  Richness  in  biodiversity  should  be  high.  ü  %  EPT  will  decrease  and  %  Chironomids  will  increase  over  ?me  with  water  quality  

impairment.  ü  %  Predators  should  be  less  than  the  other  types  of  benthos  and  this  percentage  should  

remain  the  same  rela?vely  constant  over  ?me.  ü  The  Hilsenoff  index  value  should  be  rela?vely  low  as  lower  values  indicates  healthier  water.  ü  Sampling  in  the  Spring  rather  than  Fall  is  strongly  recommended  for  comparison  with  other  

basins  and  reference  indices  

On  Kushog  Lake,  the  approach  to  benthic  sampling  has  been  to  survey  lake  inflows  using  the  Rapid  Bioassessment  Protocol  as  described  by  the  Ontario  Benthos  Biomonitoring  Network  (OBBN).  This  is  executed  by  comparing  benthic  communi?es,  at  test  sites  where  biological  condi?ons  are  in  ques?on,  to  that  of  mul?ple  –  minimally  impacted  reference  sites.  From  various  assessments  conducted  by  Fleming  College,  it  can  be  concluded  that  the  water  quality  for  the  inflows  into  Kushog  lake  is  generally  good.  There  are  minor  indica?ons  which  suggest  that  organic  pollu?on  is  present;  however,  a  reliable  comparison  between  test  sites  could  demonstrate  that  this  is  a  normal  occurrence.    

Margaret  Creek  North  Basin  (less  developed)  

 

Harrison  Creek  Middle  Basin  (more  developed)  

 

Legend  of  Invertebrate  Taxon    

11%  

10%  

24%  40%  

6%  

4%  5%  

12%  

5%  

22%  

31%  

0%  

25%  

5%  

Oligochaeta  (Segmented  Worms)   Hydracarina  (Water  Mites)  Ephemeroptera  (Mayflies)   Chironomidae  (Midges)  Gastropoda  (Snails)   Trichoptera  (Caddisflies)  Amphipoda  (Scuds)  

Comparison  of  benthic  communi9es  for  varied  creek  inflows  to  Kushog  Lake    Various  stream  inflows  to  Kushog  Lake  were  sampled  in  the  Fall  months  (2014)  by  students  at  Fleming  College  in  order  to    characterize  the    benthic  invertebrates  present.  The  rela?ve  abundance  of  species  (%)  is  compared  for  two  streams  in  the  pie  charts  below.  Margaret  Creek  is  situated  on  the  north  end  of  Kushog  lake  where  the  shoreline  and  catchment  are  less  developed  or  more  natural.    Harrison  Creek  is  situated  in  the  middle  basin,  which  has  significantly  more  land  use  development.  By  doing  this  analysis,  it  can  be  determined  whether  or  not  urban  development  has  made  an  impact  on  the  benthic  communi?es  within  each  of    the  stream  inflows.  The  data  show  that  Margaret  creek  has  higher  Chironomidae  and  Ephemeroptera  popula?ons,  while  Harrison  Creek  has  a  higher  Trichoptera  popula?on.  In  general,  both  inflows  have  fairly  similar  abundances    for    the  remaining    species  listed.