La Revolución y la Guerra de España (Tomo I) - Pierre Broué & Emile Temime

7/23/2019 La Revolucin y la Guerra de Espaa (Tomo I) - Pierre Brou & Emile Temime

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pdrSIKUUK EUD[

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LI@K ]LILK

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Mibuamk8EIE@ID]KOG SDS[@GU @D_ @IEUD_ MK @G E[KAG LKLDUIG

nttp8//kmitdrkslgtrkrds.e`djspdt.odl

nttp8//`geie`idpdp.e`djspdt.odl Eukads Girks`geie`idpdpCjlgi`.odl Lgrzd mk 537?
http://editoresmatreros.blogspot.com/http://labibliopop.blogspot.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://labibliopop.blogspot.com/http://editoresmatreros.blogspot.com/


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@G J[KUUG MK K_SGG

pdrSIKUUK EUD[ & LI@K ]LILK

A]UDM[OOIA

]kaglds mikz gds ka 79?2. Sgrg adsd-

trds, `g jukrrg mk Kspgg buk prilkrd uagsgoumimg, k` kspkotou`d mk li``grks mk ndl-erks, mk luhkrks y mk aids mklgorgmds, glkaumd oda `g rdpg nkong jirdaks, ngl-erikatds8 `ds rkbujigmds kspgd`ks. G trgvsmk `d quk mkoga `ds gmu`tds, ads ``kjgegapg`gergs g`grlgatks, ogrjgmgs mk gajustig8Nit`kr, `ds edlegrmkds, `g quiatg odùlag, `gjukrrg... Gs tgleia, `g jukrrg ka s lislgad buk pgrg adsdtrds uag sdrprksg8 si ad

odlprkamimd, s pdr `d lkads ngeglds ska-timd quk, ìsg y ``gaglkatk, kstg luonkmul-erk kspgd`g `g ngeg vvimd gatks quk adsd-trds. Ls tgrmk, oglgrgmgs kspgd`ks pgrgquikaks k` odlegtk ad ngeg tkrliagmd hg-ls ads odatgrda k` biag` mk su kspkrgazg8Brgaod sderkvivg g` nuamilikatd mk `ds mio-tgmurgs.

K` gzgr mk `gs lutgoidaks uaivkrsitgrigsnizd quk ads kaodatrrglds ka k` @iokd

Odamdrokt, gtrgmds gleds, mksmk ngoggds, pdr `g jukrrg mk Kspgg, ka `g quk uadvkg k` prkbgoid d`vimgmd, mkbdrlgmd, mk `g_kjuamg Jukrrg Luamig`, y k` dtrd uag rkvd-ùoia derkrg y oglpksiag mksbijurgmg, trgi-oidagmg, kstrgaju`gmg. _`d ksteglds mkgoukrmd ka `g akoksimgm mk trgeghgr, y prkoi-sglkatk pdr kstg rgza klprkamilds `g tg-rkg, likatrgs krg tiklpd tdmgvg mk dr g `dssupkrvivikatks, tkstijds d gotdrks, mk ksorieir

uag nistdrig mk `g Ukvdùoia y mk `g jukrrgmk Kspgg mk 79?2 g 79?9. Nklds qukrimd,odatrg `g ijadrgaoig, k` d`vimd, `g bg`sibiogoia,vd`vkr g mgr g kstg ùong k` rdstrd ls vkrmi-od pdsie`k, mksprkamkr`g mk `g `kykamg quk,prkodzlkatk, `g ng skpu`tgmd. ]kaklds oda-oikaoig ndy ka mg mk quk kstk dehktivd, uagvkz gògazgmd, ad ks siad ua prilkr pgsdngoig `g rkmgooia mk uag Nistdrig ls odl-p`ktg quk rkqukrirg li`ks y li`ks mk tkstild-

aids, y, sderk tdmd, mk mdoulkatds mk `ds gr-onivds, tdmgvg iagooksie`ks, yg skg ka Ks-pgg lislg, ka Brgaoig, ka Iaj`gtkrrg, ka `g[.U._._. d ka k` Rgtiogad.

I


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SIKUUK EUD[ & LI@K ]LILK@G UKRD@[OIA Y @G J[KUUG MK K_SGG=

UG_JD_ K_SGD@K_V*\

Wuk ad sk kspkrk kaodatrgr ka aukstrgderg ls mk `d quk quisilds d pumilds ia-oùir ka k``g. @ds `kotdrks g quikaks, skjakspkrglds, `ks ngerklds mkspkrtgmd k` jus-

td pdr Kspgg, mkekra eusogr ka dtrgs pgr-tks, ka `ds nispgaistgs, `g rkspukstg g `gsprkjuatgs quk sk p`gatkgra g` odlkazgr g`kkrads. @ds odavimglds g quk eusquka ka`gs dergs mk jkdjrgbg uag liauoidsg mks-oripoia mk kstk pgs, quk ks ua luamd gpgr-tk, tga gbriogad odld kurdpkd. "Kspgg", mi-ok Hdga Lgrgjg``, kst "`khds mk` luamd od-ld ua p`gaktg gpgrtk. Y sus puke`ds, quk ks-ta ka k` luamd, pgrkoka d`vimgmds". _k ka-

tkrgra mk quk Kspgg ks "ua lgatd rkpu`-jgmd mk puati``gs" quk gegrog, ;32.333 fi-`lktrds ougmrgmds, quk su pde`goia gs-oikamk ogsi g ?3.333.333 mk ngeitgatks,quk "vivk miboi`lkatk", quk "su prdmuo-oia ad pukmk egstgr ls quk pgrg uapuke`d luy sderid", quk "ogrkok mk ogpi-tg`ks y mk lkmids mk trgaspdrtk".V7\ _i mi-rijka ngog `ds ìerds mk nistdrig sus iavksti-jgoidaks, sk katkrgra mk quk `ds Gatijuds

situgega ka Kspgg g `ds Oglpds K`skds yquk Kstrgea, k` prilkr jkjrgbd, ngog mkGamgùog `g "ldrgmg mk `ds K`kjimds", quk `gKspgg lusu`lgag, pdr sus toaiogs gjrod-`gs y grtksgag`ks, sus odadoilikatds oikatbi-ods y bi`dsbiods, ieg g `g vgajugrmig mk `g oi-viìzgoia mk `g Kmgm Lkmig. Mksoueriratgleia quk `ds kstrgjds mk `g rkodaquistg,ksg prilkrg prukeg mk bukrzg katrk ua lua-md lusu`la prspkrd, pkrd sia gìkatd, y ua

Dooimkatk oristigad eregrd, pkrd mksedrmga-tk mk vimg, ad `k ilpimi g Kspgg odavkrtirskka mukg mk` Rikhd y mk` Aukvd luamd8 k` si-j`d mk @uis ÎR, ka tdmds `ds ìerds, vikakmkspus mk` mk `g "prkpdamkrgaoig kspgd-`g". Skrd sk katkrgra tgleia mk quk `g Ks-pgg mk` _ij`d mk Drd, odld ng miond JgstaUdupak`, ks g `g vkz "bukatk mk drju``d y vg``kmk liskrig, skja quk sk pikask ka sus pd-

V*\ @ds ttu`ds kaEG_]GUMI@@G-AKJUI]G-(]ILK_-AKZ-

UDLGA)nga simd gjrkjgmds pkmgjjioglkatk pdrk` kmitdr. @d rksg`tgmd mk` tkxtd ka akjritg, sue-rgygmd, RKU_G@K_d LGY_O[@G_tgleia od-rrkspdamk g` kmitdr.

V7\ Jkdjrgpnik mk =k., Oursd Rgrda(G. Odìa).

mkrdsds d ka sus lgsgs, ka su Odrtk d ka`ds jrgamks tkrritdrids md`drdsds quk sk kx-tikamka mksmk uag brdatkrg ngstg `g dtrg".

Wuiz, katdaoks, pkaktrgra ls boi`-lkatk ka kstg Kspgg mk `g quk Mdliaiquk

Guekr y Lgauk` ]ua mk @grg ads mioka

quk "rktrdokmk ougamd ads gokroglds gk``g".V5\ Oda k``ds, pdmra rkodrrkr `ds miboi-`ks itiakrgrids ngog "`g uaimgm suetkrrakgquk bdrlg k` ksquk`ktd iatkridr mk` kspgd`,yg skg ongr`gta y gamgùz, skvkrd y ogstk-``gad, gstutd odld ua jg``kjd, iatkrksgmdodld ua ogtgà d trgeghgmdr odld ua vgs-od".

ODLSUKA_IA MK K_SGG

SDU @G_ SG@GEUG_

Ukodrriamd`ds, sk katkrgra mk `gs pg`g-ergs ouyg odlprkasia ks kskaoig` pgrg ka-tkamkr g `g rkgìmgm kspgd`g8 tikrrg, `g tikrrg"quk mg `g vimg, pkrd ad `g lgatikak"6 ngl-erk, quk sk trgmuok pdr k` brgaos "bgil" pkrdquk "ks g aukstrg nglerk `d quk uag rgeiktgks g `g o`krg"6 ogstizd, lkmidorklkatk trg-muoimd pdr "mk eukag rgzg", sikamd quk gbir-

lg odtimigaglkatk uag skm mk mijaimgm qukprdo`glg tdmg `g nistdrig mk `ds puke`ds mkKspgg. Wuiz sk pkrogtgra tgleia mkgquk``d quk, sderk tdmgs `gs odsgs, ksogpg g`g mksoripoia y g `g kxpìogoia, g sgekr, k`ùjgr quk doupg `g lukrtk ka `g vimg mk` ks-pgd`, ouyg ilpdrtgaoig quiz `k ngyg sujkri-md yg `g pgsia pdr `ds tdrds.

@G L[KU]K KA @G RIMG MK@ K_SGD@

Mkekra gndamgr luond ls tdmgvg kasu iamgjgoia, pgrg pkaktrgr ka ksg prdbuamgkspiritugìmgm quk ngok quk sk mka odmd odaodmd `g bk ls bgatiog y k` ls vid`katd ga-tio`kriogìsld. ]kamra quk gprknkamkr k`skatimd mk `g tikrrg mk `g Iaquisioia, `g mk`gutd mk bk, ka `g quk g` gotd mk quklgr gua ndlerk -ldrd lg` odavkrtimd, humdegutizgmd iaoùsivk, prdtkstgatk skorktd d

kspritu kso`grkoimd- sk `k ``glgeg "gotdmk bk". Mkekra mkldrgrsk `grjglkatk ka `godatklp`goia mk Jdyg y mk sus mieuhds mk`

V5\ Kspgjak, ka `g od`kooia Sktit S`gaktk.


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IA]UDM[OOIA ;

Mds mk Lgyd, y ngera mk lkmitgr sderk `gvid`kaoig y `g lukrtk mk ksds ndlerks mklgads mksaumgs, brkatk g `ds busi`ks mk `dspk`dtdaks mk khkouoia, d `ds sge`ks mk `dslglkùods. Ad d`vimgra k` `kvgatglikatdodatrg Agpd`ka mk kstk puke`d, g` quk

``glgega "`ds pdrmidskrds", y deskrvgraquk likatrgs `ds Jrgamks mde`gega `g ks-piag gatk k` odaquistgmdr, `ds oglpksi-ads, ka sus gsgle`kgs mk g`mkg, mko`grg-ega `g jukrrg g `g Jrgamk Grlk y orkg-ega `g pg`gerg jukrri``g. Odaokmkra g`ju-ads iastgatks g` sitid mk Xgrgjdzg, ogptu-rgmg pdr `ds brgaoksks, ka ;5 mgs, ogsgpdr ogsg, pisd pdr pisd6 y g sus 23.333 vo-tilgs, sia kxokptugr g `gs luhkrks y g `ds

aids, pukstd quk tgleia k``ds krgaodlegtikatks. Dira mkoir g` lgrisog`@gaaks8 "Wu jukrrg! !Rkrsk deìjgmd glgtgr g jkatk tga vgìkatk, guaquk ksta`dods!". Suks kstds "`dods" sk egtga odasus puds y oda sus mikatks. Kaodatrgramk aukvd kstg vid`kaoig ka `gs jukrrgsogr`stgs, ka tdmgs `gs ùongs oivi`ks mk`sij`d Î^, ka `g rkprksia rkgìstg quk rk-pujagr iaoùsivk g `ds "u`trgs" brgaoksks

quk ngega goumimd ka adlerk mk `g _ga-tg Gìgazg g gp`gstgr `g Ukvdùoia kspg-d`g -`g prilkrg-, g `ds `kvgatglikatdsoglpksiads, ka `gs nuk`jgs y `g rkprksia,ka `g tdrturg y ka `gs "ngzggs" mk `gjugrmig oivi` ialdrtgìzgmgs pdr k` Ud-lgaokrd mk Bkmkriod Jgrog @drog.

LKMIKRG@IMGM8@G AGOIA IAODAO@[_G Y K@ OGOIW[I_LD

G` mksouerir kstg Kspgg mksouerira li-`ks mk Kspggs. _k katkrgra mk quk `g lis-lg pg`gerg ogstk``gag, puke`d, mksijag g `dsngeitgatks y g `g g`mkg, quk kstg `tilg ksuag pgtrig pkqukg, `g pgtrig oniog mk Erk-aga, quk vivk oda uag vimg prdpig y ogsi gu-tadlg. Katkamkra lkhdr, katdaoks, pdrkhklp`d ka `ds trgeghds mk Uglg, `g miboiòdastruooia mk ua Kstgmd pdr kaoilg mk

uag agoia iaodaoùsg, y `g vgaimgm y k` og-rotkr grtibioig` mk `g tkatgtivg "ìekrg`" ka uapgs ka k` quk rkiaga tdmgvg skdritds y og-oiquks. Suks `ds ogoiquks, ksds mspdtgs `d-og`ks, ad sda sd`glkatk `ds iatkamkatks trg-mioidag`ks mk `ds jrgamks mdliaids, quk utiì-

zga k` pdmkr mk`kjgmd ka k``ds pgrg sgoigr sugpktitd mk pdmkr y gp`gstgr oda sus greitrg-rikmgmks y sus mksprkoids g gquk``ds g quik-aks klp`kga y lgamga. K` "ogoiquisld" ngpkaktrgmd ka tdmg `g vimg sdoig` y pd`tiog6 `ggmliaistrgoia, `ds pgrtimds y, ka oikrtg lkmi-

mg, `ds siamiogtds, ngstg tg` puatd ks vkrmgmquk kstk vioid mk uag sdoikmgm lkmikvg`pukmk skr tdmgvg skorktgmd pdr `g Kspggmk` sij`d ^^.

Katdaoks, sia mumg, aukstrds `kotdrksodlprkamkra lkhdr g`juads ogrgotkrks prd-piglkatk kspgd`ks mk kstg rkvdùoia y mkkstg jukrrg, `g grrdjgaoig mk `ds skdrks,skjurds mk kaogragr g uag rgzg supkridr, k`mksprkoid mk `g lukrtk y k` kaograizglikatd

ka `g ùong mk tdmds `ds odlegtikatks, supgrtiou`grisld y su gpkjd g `g oiumgm, g `g g`-mkg, g` tkrrud -`d quk sk ``glgr "iamivimug-ìsld", "iamisoipìag", "tkamkaoigs gagrquis-tgs"-, `g vid`kaoig mk `ds bgagtislds, k` dmid,k` mksprkoid quk oilkatg `gs hkrgrqugs sd-oig`ks, pkrd tgleia `g odastgatk gbirlgoiamk `g mijaimgm, k` ùjgr doupgmd, ka `g juk-rrg, pdr `g imkg quk ogmg uad mk `ds gmvkrsg-rids sk ngok mk` ndlerk -ndlerk, quk ks ia-

tkrhkooia y gbirlgoia-, yg skg quk quikrgakxg`tgr`d y "ìekrgr`d", d pdr k` odatrgrid, kx-tiajuir`d y mkstruir`d pdr `g nuli``goia odaok-eimg odld ua sistklg.

K_]G IARK_]IJGOIA L_ G@@MK @G_ BUDA]KUG_ K_SGD@G_

[A UK@G]D NI_SAIOD

@gs iavkstijgoidaks prkìliagrks ka tdradmk aukstrd tklg ads sujirikrda vgrids itiakrg-rids "nispgaizgatks". [ag oglgrgmg kspgd-`g, gatijug mkpdrtgmg g G`klgaig, ads prdpd-ag mksorieir, mkspus mk ua kstumid oikatbi-od, `d quk k``g lislg ngeg katrkvistd ka suvimg y ka `gs nistdrigs mk `ds mksgpgrkoimds,k` `grjd ogliad mk ksds jrupds oglpksi-ads, mksmk su puke`d ngstg k` brkatk, kagrlgs, mksmk k` brkatk ngstg Brgaoig, mks-

grlgmds, ka `ds oglpds mk odaokatrgoiay ùkjd, rkuaimds dtrg vkz, ka `ds oglpdsmk `g lukrtk. Ad ks mumdsd quk ksg ngergmk skr uag lgakrg pkrbkotglkatk kspgd`gmk ksorieir `g nistdrig mk `g Ukvdùoia y mk `g


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SIKUUK EUD[ & LI@K ]LILK@G UKRD@[OIA Y @G J[KUUG MK K_SGG2

jukrrg mk Kspgg, quk ads ngerg odamuoimdls okrog mk `g rkgìmgm skorktg, mk` g`lgod`kotivg mk` puke`d murgatk ksds gds tkrri-e`ks, y ls okrog tgleia mk `g odlprkasiamk `d quk buk kstk mrglg pgrg `ds li``daks mkiamivimuds quk bdrlga `gs "lgsgs".

_ia klegrjd, ad ks k` ogliad "nispgai-zgatk" k` quk nklds k`kjimd. Ka prilkr ùjgr,pdrquk ad sdlds, vkrmgmkrds nispgaistgs.@ukjd, pdrquk `gs prkdoupgoidaks quk adsnga ìjgmd g kstk trgeghd rkegsga oda luondk` lgrod mk `d purglkatk kspgd`. Ad nkldstrgtgmd mk odlprkamkr`d tdmd, y lkads mk,kxpìogr`d tdmd, ai g Edgemi`, ai g Gviokag, aig mda Wuihdtk, ai g ]drquklgmg, ai g ua Ij-agoid mk @dyd`g. Nklds qukrimd gtkakrads g

`ds mgtds ls silp`ks, quiz, pkrd uaivkrsg-`ks.

K_SGG KA K@ ODA]K^]D L[AMIG@8SG_ _[EMK_GUUD@@GMD

Kspgg ks Kspgg, oikrtd ks, pkrd kstgleia uad mk ksds pgsks quk gatks ``g-lgega "gtrgsgmds" y quk ndy ka mg, nipori-tglkatk, sk nga rkegutizgmd oda k` adlerk

mk "sue-mksgrrd``gmds". ]dmgs `gs prukegsquk klp`kg k` kodadlistg ldmkrad pgrgmksouerir ka `ds pgsks `ds ogrgotkrks mk`"suemksgrrd``d" sitga g `g Kspgg mk 7923,odld g `g mk 79?3, ka k` jrupd mk `gs agoid-aks ls aulkrdsgs y ls pderks, gquk``gsrkspkotd mk `gs oug`ks ad sk pukmk gbirlgrskriglkatk quk su liskrig ogrkzog mk rk-`goia oda `g dpu`kaoig mk `gs dtrgs. G pk-sgr mk `g iaokrtimulerk mk `gs kstgmstiogs

kspgd`gs, ks kvimkatk quk Kspgg gpkagssi ``kjg g` laild mk 5.;33 og`drgs pdr mgy pdr ngeitgatk, pdr trliad lkmid, pdrmkeghd mk` oug` odlikazg `g sue-gìlkatgoia. @g ldrtgìmgm iabgati` sijuksikamd k`kvgmg. @g kspkrgazg mk vimg, gòulpìr ua gd, ks mk ;; gds, luondsls quk ka `g Iamig, oikrtd ks, pkrd luondlkads quk ka Dooimkatk. @g agtgìmgm sijuksikamd k`kvgmg. K` alkrd mk gag`bgektds

ks tdmgvg odasimkrge`k. @g prdpdroia mk`g "pde`goia gotivg" ad rkegsg k` ?:%, yka su lgydrg sda gjriou`tdrks. @g situg-oia mk iabkridrimgm mk `gs luhkrks kstsuergygmg pdr k` nkond mk quk s`d k`9.=% mk k``gs pukmk o`gsibiogrsk katrk `g

"pde`goia gotivg". K` trgeghd mk `ds aidssijuk sikamd uag adrlg. @gs o`gsks lk-migs sda aulrioglkatk mei`ks. K` iajrk-sd agoidag` lkmid kquivg`k g `g litgm mk`mk `ds brgaoksks y sk deskrvga mksprdpdr-oidaks luond ls odasimkrge`ks ka `g ksog-

`g sdoig`. _kja k` prdbksdr Eirdt, Lgmrimoukatg ndy ka mg oda ?33.333 origmgs, pgrg7.>33.333 ngeitgatks.

Odld ka `ds mkls pgsks gtrgsgmds mk`luamd, `gs riqukzgs liakrgs y k` mksgrrd-``d iamustrig` ka Kspgg ksta ka lgadsmk ogpitgìstgs kxtrgahkrds, sg`vd ka g`ju-ads skotdrks skouamgrids. @ds jrgamks prd-piktgrids mk tikrrgs y `ds eurjuksks mk `dsakjdoids odastituyka uag liasou`g dìjgr-

qug, pdr katkrd drikatgmg ngoig `g mkbkasgmk sus privi`kjids. @g Ij`ksig ad pgrkok oda-okeir dtrg lisia quk `g quk `k gsija k` pdodrkìjidsd Agpd`ka I, `g mk ngokr quk sk gm-litg "`g mksijug`mgm mk `gs bdrtuags" y gokp-tgr "quk ua ndlerk sk lukrg mk nglerk g``gmd mk dtrd ndlerk gntd". @g kaskgazgmk `g nistdrig, ka `g Kspgg mk 7923, odldngok oika, trkiatg d vkiatk gds, odasgjrgoika pjiags g `g Odatrgrrkbdrlg y uag sd-

`g -ngy quk vkr`g!- g `g Ukvdùoia brgaok-sg. Ka sulg, `g rkvdùoia y `g jukrrg oivi` adnga simd ls quk ua katrkgotd, sgajrikatd yvid`katd. _ilp`klkatk, nga prdvdogmd ua"jrga likmd" y nga nkond ls murd k` rji-lka mk `g o`gsk mdliagatk. @g miotgmurg mkSrild mk Uivkrg, quk sk khkroi (g `g sdlergmk `g ldagrqug kspgd`g) ngstg 79?7,ougamd `g prdo`glgoia mk `g Ukpeìog, ngsimd sustituimg pdr uag miotgmurg ls gesdù-tg. @g kxpkrikaoig rkpueìogag ad ng odavka-oimd g agmik, y k` mei` Kstgmd, quk ad `djrrkbdrlgr g Kspgg y ai siquikrg drjgaizgrskskriglkatk, buk `g prilkrg votilg mk `dsgodatkoilikatds mk 79?2. @g viotdrig mk `dsliìtgrks `k ng quitgmd tdmg dpdrtuaimgm mkrksuoitgr ka `d ialkmigtd. Ka k` Kstgmd gutdri-tgrid, k` khroitd miotg su `ky, y auaog sk kxg-jkrgr k` jrgvk pksd quk, ka kstgs sdoikmg-mks kskaoig`lkatk iakstge`ks, rkprkskatgrkkhroitds quk ad sirvka ls quk pgrg `g juk-rrg oivi` y pgrg k` lgatkailikatd mk ua mktkr-liagmd "drmka".


9/50

IA]UDM[OOIA :

@D__KO]DUK_SDS[@GUK_KA @[ONG ODA]UG K@ OGSI]G@

]glpdod ks, ka k` sij`d ^^, ua rgsjdprdpid mk Kspgg `g kxistkaoig mk uaglgsg mk oglpksiads sia tikrrg y mk ogl-

pksiads pderks, quk suesistka ka k` `litkmk` nglerk y quk sk `gazga tgatd ls b-oi`lkatk g `g ùong ougatd quk ad tikakaagmg quk pkrmkr y s tdmd pdr jgagr, ytglpdod `d ks `g kxistkaoig mk uag o`gskderkrg ìjgmg kstrkonglkatk tdmgvg gòglpksiagmd, odastituimg sderk tdmd pdrpkdaks y derkrds ad ogìbiogmds, ka `goug` protioglkatk ad kxistk uag "gristd-orgoig derkrg" ogpgz mk ldmkrgr `ds lpk-

tus odlegtivds mk kstg lgsg rumg, pkrdogpgz mk sgoribioids. Ad ks sd`glkatk kaKspgg mdamk K_]D_ DEUKUD_ Y K_-]D_ OGLSK_IAD_ _K NGA ODARKU]IMDKA @G_ ]UDSG_ MK ONDW[K MK @G UK-RD@[OIA W[K @G E[UJ[K_G _K NGAKJGMD G UKG@IXGU SDU ]KLDU G@LGGAG8 k` ]krokr Kstgmd mk` sij`d ^^,ga egutizgmd oda k` adlerk mk "BrkatkSdpu`gr", sk mkrruleg rpimglkatk, pdr

mdquikr, gatk `g klekstimg mk` "Ougrtd Ks-tgmd" mk `ds derkrds y mk `ds oglpksiadspderks quk ùonga pdr oukatg prdpig. Ks-pgg tglpdod ks k` aiod pgs quk nglgaibkstgmd pgtkatklkatk @G ]KAMKA-OIG SDS[@GU G @G MKLDOUGOIG MIUK-O]G. @G LI_LG RD@[A]GM MK KHKUOIOID MK@SDMKU SDU K@ S[KE@D KA GULG_ _KKAO[KA]UG YG KA @D_ _GA_-O[@D]]K_ SGUI_IKA_K_ MK@ GD II.V?\

G quikaks nge`ga mk "`g Kspgg ktkrag"gatk `gs liìoigs mk `g Ukpeìog oda sus hk-bks derkrds k`kjimds y sus ttu`ds riledlega-tks, ngy quk rkodrmgr`ks g `g Odluag mk Sg-rs y sus Bkmkrgmds, sus dbioig`ks-liìtgatksk`kjimds, sus "]urods mk `g Odluag" sus"Rkajgmdrks mk B`durkas", sus "@gsogrs".Suks ad sd`glkatk ka Kspgg y ka Oueg ksrdlatiog `g rkvdùoia. Ngy quk rkodrmgrquk buk Uusig `g quk vid surjir, ka 793;, g

`ds prilkrds "odaskhds" -ka `ds quk, odld kaKspgg, pgrtimds y siamiogtds, prkskatks pdrmkrkond prdpid, tkaga rkprkskatgoidaks

V?\ Gèkrt _dedu`8 @ks sgas-ou`dttks pgrisikas ka`'ga II(]ksis).

ijug`ks- y quk `g pg`gerg, ka rusd, sk trgmuokpdr sdvikts4 Ls okrog mk adsdtrds tdmgvg,ngy quk kvdogr k` pgpk` mksklpkgmd ka79;2 pdr `ds "Odlits rkvdùoidagrids", `ds"Odaskhds derkrds" y k` "Odaskhd derkrd oka-trg`", murgatk `g rkvdùoia najgrg4

@GUKRD@[OIAIA]KUAGOIDAG@

Gmkls, `g rkvdùoia y `g jukrrg mk Ks-pgg mistga luond mk ngekr simd ua gsuatdpurglkatk kspgd`. Mk okrog d mk `khds, td-mds `ds jdeikrads pgrtioipgrda ka k``g, y `g ia-tkrvkaoia y `g ad-iatkrvkaoia sk kxpìogapdr iatkrksks ialkmigtds, pdr prkdoupgoidakskstrgtjiogs y mip`dltiogs, pkrd tgleia pdr

iatkrksks jkakrg`ks, mk ksds quk ``glglds"nistriods". ]g` odld gykr `ds gsuatds mk`Riktagl d mk Odrkg, y ndy `ds mk Oueg, `dsmk` Odajd d mk dtrgs pgrtks, `ds gsuatds mkKspgg ad pdmga grrkj`grsk ka k` iatkridr mksus brdatkrgs. Kstgs ùongs oivi`ks odaoikr-aka, biag`lkatk, g tdmgs `gs pdtkaoigs y g td-mds `ds puke`ds, puks ad sda ls quk k` gs-pkotd pgrtiou`gr, mkatrd mk ua lgrod jkdjr-biod prkoisd, mk `g orisis quk kstrklkok g `g

nulgaimgm ka k` sij`d mk `gs jukrrgs luamig-`ks.

@G @GEDU NI_]UIOG

Hkga Hgurs, quk buk tgleia ua nistdrig-mdr, odabiksg quk, murgatk `g Ukvdùoia, skngerg skatgmd mk euka jrgmd g` `gmd mk Ud-ekspikrrk. _ijlds`d pdr k` ogliad mk `gbrgaqukzg. K` nistdrigmdr pkrbkotglkatk dehk-

tivd ad ng agoimd tdmgvg y k` quk orkk skr`dsk likatk g s lisld, odld likatk g `dsmkls. ]dmgs `gs prkoguoidaks mk quk skrdmkga `g iavkstijgoia y `g ortiog oikatbiogsad suprilka, ka mkbiaitivg, ai aukstrds skati-likatds, ai aukstrds rkb`khds pkrsdag`ks.Sdr qu dou`tgr`d4 @g k`kooia lislg mk`tklg rkvk`g aukstrgs tkamkaoigs prdbuamgs.]gleia adsdtrds, ngeikamd "vivimd" aukstrdtklg, nklds prdpkamimd g tdlgr pgrtimd8 ks-

tgamd, ka kspritu, mk` lisld `gmd mk `gs tria-onkrgs, sia klegrjd, ads gpgrteglds ks-pdatakglkatk, uad mk adsdtrds mk goukrmdls eika oda `ds rkpueìogads gvgazgmds y`ds sdoigìstgs ldmkrgmds, prkdoupgmd odldkst pdr `g drjgaizgoia y `g kbioikaoig, pdr `g


10/50

SIKUUK EUD[ & LI@K ]LILK@G UKRD@[OIA Y @G J[KUUG MK K_SGG>

rk`goia mk bukrzgs ka ksog`g luamig`, y k`dtrd oda `ds odluaistgs misimkatks d `ds sia-miogìstgs rkvdùoidagrids pdrquk pikasg, od-ld _giat-Hust, quk "quikaks ngoka rkvd-ùoidaks g lkmigs ad ngoka ls quk og-vgrsk uag tuleg".

@GMIRI_IA MK ]GUKG_Y @G S]IOGMK @D_G[]DUK_

@g mivisia mk` trgeghd katrk adsdtrdsdbrkok `g prukeg mk `d quk mkoilds. @g rkvd-ùoia prdpiglkatk miong ks k` tklg mk uagprilkrg pgrtk rkmgotgmg pdr Skrr Erdu,likatrgs quk li`k ]rliak sk ng odasgjrg-md g `g jukrrg lislg, g sus gspkotds iatkr-

agoidag`ks, gs odld g` agoilikatd mk` Kstg-md agoidag`-siamiogìstg. _ia klegrjd, qukagmik pikask quk aukstrd ìerd ks k` rksu`tgmdmk uag yuxtgpdsioia mk mds kxpdsioidaksquk vkrsga sderk tklgs odìamgatks. Nkldsqukrimd quk kstgs mds pgrtks skga mistiatgspgrg suergygr mds mk `ds puatds mk vistg -quksda `ds ls ilpdrtgatks g lukstrd huioid-mksmk `ds quk sk pukmk gedrmgr k` kstumid mkaukstrd tklg. K` iaodavkaikatk lgydr mk ks-

tk ltdmd ks quk mg dogsia g iakvitge`ksrkpktioidaks quk, ka `g lkmimg mk `d pdsie`k,nklds prdourgmd gìjkrgr.V=\ Y `g vkatghg ksquk kstg mde`k iùliagoia pukmk grrdhgr sd-erk `ds godatkoilikatds uag ùz ls iamisork-tg, y go`grgr `g odlp`khimgm sia rkogrjgr g `gkxpdsioia oda deskrvgoidaks y vuk`tgsgtrs. Murgatk `ds trks gds mk aukstrg od`g-edrgoia nklds odabrdatgmd odtimigaglkatkaukstrds puatds mk vistg, iatkrogleigamd ad-

tgs y biongs, oritiogamd aukstrds mdoulkatdsy aukstrgs iatkrprktgoidaks, deìjgamd "g`dtrd" g aukvgs esqukmgs, y, ka `g bgsk biag`,g rkmgooidaks suoksivgs y kariqukokmdrgs.Wuk ad sk ads kahuioik oda rijdr s, sikamdadsdtrds lislds aukstrds prilkrds `kotdrks,orkklds kstgr ka k` mkrkond mk gbirlgr qukkstg od`gedrgoia ortiog, kstgs ortiogs g vk-oks vivgs, guaquk siklprk glistdsgs, sda `gprukeg mk `g odaviooia y mk `g skrikmgm oda

quk nklds rkgìzgmd aukstrg tgrkg odla.Orkklds ngekr mkhgmd "kstge`koimd k` puatd"

V=\ Sgrg od`dogr g ogmg godatkoilikatd ka su lgrodordad`jiod sk rukjg g` `kotdr odasu`tgr k` ougmrdsiaptiod iaskrtd g` biag` mk `g derg.

ka `g lkmimg, pdr `d lkads, ka quk ks pdsi-e`k oda `gs bukatks ilprksgs sd`glkatk,kadrlks yg, quk kstuvikrda g aukstrg mispd-sioia. Oug`quikrg quk skg su drijka, nkldstrgtgmd mk huzjgr`gs odld nistdrigmdrks y mkkìliagr tdmg tdlg mk pgrtimd, kxpdaikamd

ndargmglkatk `ds nkonds y ad ngoikamd sd-erk k``ds ls quk ua laild mk huioids6 mk tg`lgakrg, nklds orkmd mkhgr g ogmg uad `gdpdrtuaimgm mk ogrjgr k` gokatd sderk tg` doug` gspkotd quk, g su huioid, skg prildrmig`.Sdr ksd ads skatirklds miondsds g` rkoieirdehkoidaks, ortiogs, aukvds tkstildaids, tdmdgquk``d quk, g trgvs mk aukstrd trgeghd, yjrgoigs g `, pukmg odatrieuir g` odadoilikatdmk `g vkrmgm quk, g aukstrds dhds, ad pukmk

skr k` brutd ls quk mk uag iavkstijgoiaodastgatk.

GJUGMKOILIKA]D_

Ads rkstg -y ad ks k` lkadr mk aukstrdsmkekrks- mgr `gs jrgoigs g tdmds gquk``ds sia`ds oug`ks kstg derg ad sk nueiksk pdmimdrkgìzgr, g Hkrdlk @iamda, mirkotdr mk `gs Kmi-

tidas mk Liauit, g aukstrds glijds mk Grju-lkats, Kmjgrm Ldrrd y Fdstgs Gxk`ds, qukads `d prkskatgrda, y, sderk tdmd, g `ds quksda aukstrds odgutdrks, tdmds `ds tkstijds,kspgd`ks d ad, pd`tiods, ksoritdrks y derk-rds, mk Kurdpg y Glriog, mklgsigmd aulk-rdsds pgrg skr oitgmds, quk ads rkspdamik-rda, quk nurjgrda ka sus lkldrigs y ka susgronivds, odasgjrgrda ndrgs g aukstrds ouks-tidagrids, eusogamd mdoulkatds iamitds y

tkstildaids mksgpgrkoimds. _u aiog prkdou-pgoia, g mkspkond mk `g mivkrsimgm mk susndrizdatks pd`tiods, ng simd k` mk gyumgradska aukstrg esqukmg mk `g vkrmgm. Mgldsjrgoigs kspkoig`ks g` skdr Hdrmi Grqukr qukpusd g aukstrg mispdsioia su eieìdtkog y sumdoulkatgoia, aiogs g` rkspkotd, y quk adsng gyumgmd oda sus odaskhds. Sdr `tild,Hkga-Hgoquks Lgrik ads trgmuhd mdoulkatdska `kajug rusg.

S. E. y K. ].


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9

[GMUD MK _IJ@G_, GJU[SGLIKA]D_ Y SGU]IMD_ SD@I]IOD_

GOOIA SDS[@GU8 pgrtimd ogtìod odaskrvg-

mdr.G@IGAXG MK @G H[RKA][M GA]IBG_OI_]G8rku-

aia, g odlikazds mk 79?:, mk `g lgydrgmk `gs H._.[. y mk `gs huvkatumks "rkpueì-ogags".

G_G@]D8 jugrmigs mk gsg`td rkpueìogags.G.R.K.U.8Gsdoigoia mk Rdùatgrids pgrg `g

Kspgg Ukpueìogag.OGLI_G_RIKHG_8gatijuds liìtgatks mk `g Bg-

`gajk.

O.K.M.G.8Odabkmkrgoia Kspgd`g mk `gsMkrkongs Gutadlgs.O.A.].8 Odabkmkrgoia Agoidag` mk` ]rgeghd

(Okatrg` gagrod-siamiogìstg).ODL[AIA]UGMIOIDAG@I_]G8Sgrtimd ldar-

quiod ogrìstg.O.].R.(Odrpd ]ruppk Rd`datgrik)8 Oukrpd

Kxpkmioidagrid Itgìgad.K_W[KUUG8Sgrtimd skpgrgtistg ogtgà.K[XFGMI8Sgrtimd skpgrgtistg vgsod.

B.G.I.8Bkmkrgoia Gagrquistg Ieriog.B@KONG_8hvkaks mk `g Bg`gajk.BUKA]K MK @G H[RKA][M UKRD@[OIDAGUIG8

rkuaia, ka 79?:, mk `g H.O.I. y mk `gs [email protected] Drjgaizgoia "siamiog`" mk odlkr-

oigatks k iamustrig`ks, gmnkrimg g `g[.J.].

NI_LG8_doikmgm odlkroig` g`klgag kaogr-jgmg mk `gs rk`goidaks oda `g Kspgg Ag-oidagìstg.

I.O.8Iatkragoidag` Odluaistg (Fdliatkl).H.O.8Huvkatumks Odluaistgs.H.O.I.8Huvkatum Odluaistg Ieriog (huvkatu-

mks mk` S.D.[.L)[email protected] @iekrtgrigs.H.D.A._.8Huatgs Dbkasivgs Agoidag`-

_iamiogìstgs, quk sk buamira ka `g Bg-`gajk ka 79?=.

H._.8Huvkatumks _doigìstgs.H._.[.8Huvkatum _doigìstg [aibiogmg. (Mks-

pus mk `g busia ka 79?2 mk `gs H._. y mk`gs H.O.)

@@IJG8Sgrtimd eurjus ogtgà.

A.F.R.M.8 Sdìog skorktg rusg (J.S.[.).SGU]IMD AIOD8aiod pgrtimd brgaquistg g pgr-

tir mk geri` mk 79?:.S.O.K.8Sgrtimd Odluaistg Kspgd`.BG@GAJK8Drjgaizgoia bgsoistg kspgd`g.S._.D.K.8Sgrtimd _doigìstg Derkrd Kspgd`.S._.[.O.8Sgrtimd _doigìstg [aibiogmd mk Og-

tgùg (g pgrtir mk 79?2).S.D.[.L.8 Sgrtimd Derkrd mk [aibiogoia

Lgrxistg.

UKW[K]_8Drjgaizgoia liìtgr ogrìstg._.K.[.8"_iamiogtd" mk Kstumigatks Agoidag-ìstgs (buamgmd krg 79?7).

_.`.L.8Sdìog liìtgr (skorktg) rkpueìogag.]KUOID8@kjia kxtrgahkrg.[.J.].8[aia Jkakrg` mk ]rgeghgmdrks

(Okatrg` siamiog` mk iaspirgoia sdoigìstg).

O


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73

D@IJGUOG_ Y UKS[E@IOGAD_

@g Kspgg mk priaoipids mk` sij`d ^^ ks k`

grogsld mk Dooimkatk8 ka ksk luamd quksk uaibdrlg, ks k` is`dtk mk `gs trgmioidaks ysus glds sk vgagj`driga mk ngekr sgeimdlgatkakr su "nispgaimgm" brkatk g `gs odrrika-tks pd`tiogs y kodaliogs ldmkrags. Y siaklegrjd, ks ka kstk pgs, prdbuamglkatknuamimd ka su pgsgmd, mdamk sk ``kvg g og-ed, g pgrtir mk 79?2, `g `tilg rkvdùoia mk`pkridmd odlprkamimd katrk `gs mds JukrrgsLuamig`ks. Odld ka Uusig ka 797:, Kspg-

g ks, katdaoks, k` ks`gea ls mei` mk`luamd ogpitgìstg6 g`` sk mktikak, ad des-tgatk, `g odlpgrgoia. @g rkvdùoia kspg-d`g, g mibkrkaoig mk` ldvilikatd mk Dotuerkka Uusig, ad krg `g prilkrg onispg mk ua ia-okamid quk sk prdpgjgeg, siad aioglkatk `g``glgrgmg biag` mk ua bukjd quk sk ngeg kx-tiajuimd ka tdmg Kurdpg. @g rkvdùoia rusggauaoi k` biag` mk `g Srilkrg Jukrrg Lua-mig`. @g rkvdùoia kspgd`g, ka mkbiaitivg, ad

ngr siad dbrkokr g `gs pdtkaoigs quk sk prk-pgrga pgrg `g skjuamg jukrrg ua brti` oglpdmk kxpkrikaoig. @g rkvdùoia trdogmg kajukrrg oivi`, ad skr, biag`lkatk, siad k`prkùmid y k` kasgyd jkakrg` mk `g _kjua-mg Jukrrg Luamig`.

7. [A SG_ GS@G_]GMD SDU_[ SG_GMD

G` rktgrmd mk su mksgrrd``d kodaliodjkakrg`, `g Uusig mk `ds zgrks mkeg su og-rotkr prdbuamglkatk gtrgsgmd. K_SGG, pdrk` odatrgrid, ka virtum mk uag ouridsg pgrgmd-

hg, MKEK K@ _[YD G @G_ ODA_KO[KAOIG_ MIUKO-]G_ MK@ GRGAOK W[K NGEG UKG@IXGMD, G@SUIAOISIGU @D_ ]IKLSD_ LDMKUAD_, rkspkotdmk `gs mkls pdtkaoigs kurdpkgs.

Ka `g pdog ka quk su nkjkldag skgbirlgeg sderk Kurdpg, g` lisld tiklpd quk

k` mksgrrd``g mk su odlkroid luamig`, su ld-agrqug sk okatrgìzgeg y sus pgrtiou`grisldsrkjidag`ks sk iega edrrgamd8 `g Kspgg bku-mg` rktrdokmg likatrgs sk ksedzgega uagagoia y ua Kstgmd ldmkrads. Skrd, prkoi-

sglkatk, `g prkodoimgm mk kstg kxpgasiangerg mk vd`vkrsk odatrg k``g.

K@ MK_O[EUILIKA]D MK GLUIOG Y@G KMIBIOGOIA MK [A ILSKUID IALKA_D

_DEUK K@ A[KRD ODA]IAKA]K @@KRGEGA KA _

@D_ JULKAK_ MK @G MKOGMKAOIG.

Likatrgs quk `ds lktg`ks prkoidsds quktrgga `ds jg`kdaks mk` rky vivibiogega g `gKurdpg Dooimkatg`, `g lktrpdì pgrkog kstgrgtgogmg mk pgrìsis y sk vd`vg, g `g vkz, ksg"bukatk mk j`drig" y ksk "vg``k mk liskrig" quknga sgeimd mksorieir `ds nistdrigmdrks mk` si-j`d ^RI. Kspgg pikrmk, ka k` sij`d Î^, sus`tilgs pdsioidaks luamig`ks y, biag`lka-

tk, s`d `g rdzgr `g rkvdùoia iamustrig` yìekrg` quk gogeg mk trgasbdrlgr g `g vikhgKurdpg.

@G_ O@G_K_ MK@ GA]IJ[D UJILKA _IJ[KA MK_-ODLSDAIAMD_K,_IA W[K SDU K@@D _K

@@KRK G OGED @G BDULGOIA MK @G A[KRG

_DOIKMGM E[UJ[K_G KA JK_]GOIA.

K` rktgrmd mk` mksgrrd``d ogpitgìstg, k`

kaodjilikatd mk `gs rk`goidaks kodaliogsbrkaga `g bdrlgoia mk `g agoia, rkbukrzga`gs tkamkaoigs okatrbujgs y k` skpgrgtis-ld mk `gs prdviaoigs8 `ds klprksgrids mk`Sgs Rgsod y mk Ogtgùg quk, ka k` sij`dÎ^, sk ekakbioigrda oda ua mksgrrd``d ia-mustrig` ìlitgmd, sdpdrtga mk lg` jrgmd,pkrd sia tkakr bukrzg pgrg sgoumrsk`d, k`yujd mk `g dìjgrqug ogstk``gag.

@gs lgsgs oglpksiags prd`ktgrizgmgsngoka kstg``gr su o`krg, g vkoks, ka eru-tg`ks ``glgrgmgs, vkrmgmkrgs hgoqukriks kap`kad sij`d mk` lgquiaisld. [aimd tdmgvgpdr li`ks mk `gzds g` luamd oglpksiad,sk drjgaizg ua prd`ktgrigmd, gailgmd mk `glislg odlegtivimgm. Mk kstg lgakrg skgoulu`ga ka tdmds `ds pdrds mk uag sdoik-mgm odlp`khg, `ds jrlkaks mk mkstruooiamk ua pgsgmd tga vivd tdmgvg y tga ogrjgmdmk pksd ga quk pgrkok, g odlikazds mk` si-j`d ^^, skr ktkrad.

I.


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I.D@IJGUOG_ Y UKS[E@IOGAD_ 77

5. [A SG_ _KLI-OD@DAIG@

G odlikazds mk` sij`d ^^, Kspgg ks uapgs kskaoig`lkatk gjrod`g. G `g gjriou`turgsk odasgjrg ls mk` :3% mk su pde`goiagotivg.K` oglpksiad kspgd` trgeghg oda `gs

lislgs nkrrglikatgs quk su gatkpgsgmd mk`g Kmgm Lkmig8 ka k` odahuatd mk` pgs, k`grgmd rdlgad kst ls mibuamimd tdmgvgquk k` grgmd ldmkrad mk nikrrd. @ds rkami-likatds pdr nkotrkg bijurga katrk `ds lseghds mk Kurdpg y ls mk` ?3% mk `gs tikrrgsou`tivgmgs pkrlgakoka ka egrekond.

@g iamustrig, mdamk kxistk, gpkags ng sg-ìmd mk` pkridmd mk `gs lgaubgoturgs. @g oda-okatrgoia sk rkgìzg oda ua ritld luy `katd8

s`d `g lktgùrjig mk` Sgs Rgsod prkskatgtdmds `ds rgsjds mk `g jrga iamustrig ogpi-tgìstg. Ka Ogtgùg, `g iamustrig tkxti`, qukks `g ls ilpdrtgatk mksmk k` puatd mkvistg mk `g prdmuooia j`deg`, sk ng``g td-mgvg mkspgrrglgmg ka uag lu`titum mkklprksgs liasou`gs. Ka k` lkrogmdluamig`, Kspgg s`d pukmk prkskatgr `dsprdmuotds mk su suk`d y `ds mk su suesuk-`d, g ogleid mk `ds prdmuotds lgaubgoturg-

mds mk `gs iamustrigs kxtrgahkrgs. Skrd kstgleia, odrd`grid iakvitge`k, ua tkrrkadprkmi`kotd pgrg `ds ogpitg`ks kxtrgahkrdsiavkrtimds, g `d `grjd mk g`juags mogmgs,ka `ds skotdrks ls ùorgtivds k ilpdrtgatks8OGSI]G@K_ EK@JG_ (;33LI@@DAK_ MK BUGAOD_)KA @D_ BKUUDOGUUI@K_ Y KA @D_ ]UGARG_,OG-SI]G@K_ BUGAOK_K_ (? 333 LI@@DAK_) KA @G_LIAG_, @G IAM[_]UIG ]K^]I@, @G IAM[_]UIG W[-LIOG, OGSI]G@K_ OGAGMIKA_K_ KA @G_ OKA]UG-@K_ NIMUDK@O]UIOG_ MK OG]G@[G Y MK @K-RGA]K, OGSI]G@K_ IAJ@K_K_ (; 333 LI@@DAK_)W[K ODA]UD@GA ]DMG @G LK]G@[UJIG MK@ SG_RG_OD, @D_ G_]I@@KUD_, @G_ LIAG_ MK ODEUKKA UD ]IA]D,V7\OGSI]G@K_ ADU]KGLKUIOGAD_,

V7\ Ka vspkrgs mk g rkvdùoia g Odlpgg mk `gsliags mk oderk mk Ud ]iatd detkag utiìmgmksgaug`ks mk ua li`à mk ìergs, likatrgs quk suogpitg` krg mk = li``daks. @g muquksg mk Gtnd``(_kgronìjnb da _pgia) `g gous mk ngekr biagaoig-md `g rkekìa liìtgr prdpdroidagamd g sus hkbksìergs kstkrìags g =3 pksktgs, sikamd quk `g tgsgmk ogleid adrlg` krg mk >3 g 733 pksktgs. De-skrvklds ijug`lkatk `g prkskaoig ka Kspgg mk`g jrga klprksg eritaiog bgeriogatk mk grlglka-

@D_ @]ILD_ KA @@KJGU SKUD AD @D_ LKAD_ IL-

SDU]GA]K_,W[K MDLIAGA _DEUK ]DMD @D_ ]K-@BDAD_,V5\ Y, SDU @]ILD, OGSI]G@K_ G@KLG-AK_ W[K, KA 79?2, IAODUSDUGMD_ YG KA @G_ODLSGG_ MK K@KO]UIOIMGM MK @KRGA]K, ]UG-]GA MK SKAK]UGU KA @G LK]G@[UJIG.

@g jukrrg mk 797=-7>, g` dbrkokr`k sgìmgg sus prdmuotds, ngeg trgmd g Kspgg uagrk`gtivg prdspkrimgm. Mk jd`pk y pdrrgzd, skvid k`kvgmg g` rgajd mk prdvkkmdrg mk prd-muotds gìlkatioids y gua, ka oikrtg lkmimg,mk prdmuotds iamustrig`ks. Skrd k` rktdrad mk`g pgz `g kxoùy mk` lkrogmd luamig` ka `gquk krg iaogpgz mk sdpdrtgr `g odlpktkaoigmk `gs pdtkaoigs iamustrig`ks. @g orisis lua-mig` `g gbkot murglkatk ka 79596 `gs egrrk-

rgs gmugakrgs `kvgatgmgs pdr `gs jrgamkspdtkaoigs okrrgrda k` ogliad mk `g kxpdrtg-oia g `ds prdmuotds mk su gjriou`turg y prd-vdogrda k` nuamilikatd mk ua lkrogmd iatkr-idr quk krg gpkags ogpgz mk gesdrekr `dsprdmuotds mk `g iamustrig agoidag`8 quiz lstdmgvg quk `ds pgsks gvgazgmds, `dspgsks mk kstruoturg skli-od`daig`, odldKspgg, bukrda gbkotgmds pdr `g orisis mk`ds gds trkiatg y tgatds y sus odask-

oukaoigs sdoig`ks.

?. K_]U[O][UGMK @G _DOIKMGM K_SGD@G

@g kxtrklg mibkrkaoigoia sdoig` gokatg,ka kbkotd, `ds lkadrks odatrgjd`pks koda-liods, kamurkok ua drjgaisld ouygs pdsiei-ìmgmks mk gmgptgoia sda yg rkmuoimgs. Od-ld `d ngok Nkari UgegsskirkV=\, sk pukmkkstilgr quk, mk `ds 77.333.333 mk kspgd-`ks quk odastituyka `g pde`goia gotivg mk`pgs, >.333.333 "_DA SDEUK_" ouyd trg-eghd gpkags si `ks gskjurd `g suesistka-oig8

tds, `g Riofkrs-Grlstrdaj, kstrkonglkatk ìjgmg g`ds Egaods Xueirg y [rquihd.

V5\ @g ]rgotida @ijnt gam K`kotrio Sdwkr odatrd`geg`gs 9 moilgs pgrtks mk `g prdmuooia mk kakrjgkòtriog mk Ogtgùg.

V?\ Buk ka ksk ldlkatd ougamd, ka rkprksgìg od-atrg k` kstge`koilikatd mk` ldadpdìd mk` pktr`kdpdr k` jdeikrad miotgtdrig` mk` jkakrg` Srild mk Uivkrg, k` lu`tili``dagrid adrtkglkriogad Mktkrmiajrktir su gpdyd g `g pksktg.

V=\ Kspgjak, orkuskt pdìtiquk, p. 23.


14/50


7.333.333 mk pkqukds grtksgads, mk 5 g ?.333.333 mk derkrds gjrod`gs, mk 5 g ?.333.333 li``daks mk derkrds mk

`g iamustrig y liakrds, 5.333.333 mk gpgrokrds d luy pkqukds

prdpiktgrids rurg`ks.

Katrk kstg lgsg y k` li`à mk privi`k-jigmds g `ds quk Ugegsskirk ``glg `ds "pg-rsitds" -buaoidagrids, sgokrmdtks, liìtgrks,iatk`kotug`ks, jrgamks prdpiktgrids rurg`ks yjrgamks eurjuksks- sk iatkrog`galkads mkmds li``daks mk ndlerks mk `gs "o`gskslkmigs", quk ka su litgm sda oglpksiadsgodldmgmds y ka su dtrg litgm pkqukdseurjuksks gjrupgmds ka `ds okatrds ls

kvdùoidagmds8 Egrok`dag, Rg`kaoig, Eiègd,_gatgamkr.Ad ks pdsie`k aiajuag kxpgasia

likatrgs kstds dond li``daks mk "trgeghg-mdrks pderks" ad tikaka ls pdsieiìmgmquk `g mk gskjurgr miboi`lkatk su suesis-tkaoig ka odamioidaks mk vimg uaibdrlks,oda ua odasuld rkmuoimd g` kstriotd l-aild y ua prksupukstd odasgjrgmd kska-oig`lkatk g `g gìlkatgoia. K` mksgrrd``d mk

`gs bukrzgs mk prdmuooia, mkatrd mk`lgrod mk` ogpitgìsld, kst okrrgmd ka k`kxtkridr pdr `gs egrrkrgs gmugakrgs d `godlpktkaoig mk `gs jrgamks pdtkaoigsquk`k prdneka `g gpkrturg mk lkrogmds. Ka kìatkridr, `g orkgoia mk ua oglpksiagmd sì-md y prspkrd pkrlitirg `g orkgoia mk ualkrogmd iatkridr. Skrd kstd kxijk, prkviglka-tk, `g sdùoia mk` SUDE@KLG ALKUD[AD KA K_SGG, K@ MK @G ]IKUUG.

Ks ka k` oglpd mdamk sk gousga lsbukrtklkatk `gs dpdsioidaks sdoig`ks, mdamksk gìlkatga `ds dmids skou`grks.

=. K@ SUDE@KLG GJUGUID

Ka 79?7, 5.333.333 mk trgeghgmdrksgjrod`gs ad tkaga tikrrg, likatrgs quk;3.333 nimg`jds oglpksiads pdskga `glitgm mk `gs tikrrgs mk Kspgg. Likatrgsquk ua li`à y lkmid mk pkqukds prd-piktgrids, ouygs tikrrgs ad gsokamga gls mk uag nkotrkg mk supkrbioik, sk vk-ga deìjgmds g trgeghgr `gs tikrrgs mk `dsjrgamks pgrg vivir, 73 333 prdpiktgrids tk-aga ls mk oika nkotrkgs. Ka g`juags

prdviaoigs, k` mdliaid mk `ds "jrgamks" krgtdtg`8 ua ;% mk `ds prdpiktgrids krga mukds,ka `g prdviaoig mk _kvi``g, mk tikrrgs quk rk-prkskatgega k` :5% mk` vg`dr tdtg` mk `gs tik-rrgs, mk `g prdviaoig6 ka `g mk Egmghdz, 5,:;%mk `ds prdpiktgrids pdskga k` 23% mk `g su-

pkrbioik. _k sd`g oitgr g` muquk mk Lkmiagok-ì, quk pdskg :9.333 nkotrkgs, y g` muqukmk Skgrgamg quk tkag ls mk ;7.333.

_ia klegrjd, k` ougmrd mk `g odamioia mk`gs tikrrgs y mk `ds oglpksiads krg iabiaitg-lkatk ls vgrigmd mk `d quk ads ngrgaorkkr kstgs oibrgs erutg`ks. Ka kbkotd, `ds sis-tklgs gjrgrids vgrigega odabdrlk g `gs oda-mioidaks agturg`ks, sderk tdmd, g` jrgmd mkskqug. Kstgs bdrlgs mivkrsgs krga rksu`tgmd

tgleia mk `gs ùongs skou`grlkatk ìergmgspdr `ds oglpksiads pgrg detkakr tikrrgs. Ka-trk k` trgeghgmdr iatkrlitkatk y k` pkqukdprdpiktgrid iamkpkamikatk, sk kxtkamg tdmguag jglg mk jrgahkrds, gpgrokrds, odagrrkamglikatds mk murgoia ls d lkads`grjg, mk pkqukds prdpiktgrids deìjgmds gpgjgr okasds, mirkotglkatk prdokmkatks mk`rjilka bkumg` lkmikvg`.

Gs tgleia, odld ngok Jkrg`m Erk-

agaV;\, sk pdmga mistiajuir 5 SUDE@KLG_GJUGUID_ K_KAOIG@K_8

K@ MK @G_ SKW[KG_ ]KAKAOIG_ MK@ ADU]KY MK@ OKA]UD, G LKA[MD MKLG_IGMD SK-W[KG_ SGUG @G _[E_I_]KAOIG MK W[IKAK_

@G_ ]UGEGHGEGA,Y K@ MK @D_ JUGAMK_ MDLIAID_ MK@ _[U K^-

S@D]GMD_ LKMIGA]K K@ ]UGEGHD MK DEUK-

UD_ G W[IKAK_ @G GE[AMGAOIG MK LGAD MK

DEUG SKULI]G DBUKOKU ]GA _@D _[K@MD_

MK NGLEUK.

K` pkqukd prdpiktgrid mk Gsturigs, qukgprdvkongeg `ds vgstds pgstds odluag`ks, k`gpgrokrd mk` Sgs Rgsod, mk Agvgrrg d mk`Lgkstrgzjd odadoga `g liskrig s`d pdr kx-okpoia, guaquk ijadrgska, sia klegrjd, `gbdrtuag subioikatk. Skrd k` oglpksiad mk Jg-ìoig, sderk su tikrrg liasou`g, kstgeg gp`gs-tgmd pdr k` pgsd mk` bdrd, rksimud mk `gs oda-trieuoidaks skdrig`ks, y k` mk @ka, Ogsti``g`g Rikhg y `g Lksktg Grgjdaksg sk mkegtg glkaumd katrk `gs lgads mk `ds usurkrds. _i

V;\ ]nk _pgaisn @geyriatn, pp. >:-7?7.


15/50

I.D@IJGUOG_ Y UKS[E@IOGAD_ 7?

k` oglpksiad mk @kvgatk ngeg `djrgmd, gvkoks, rkmilir `g tkakaoig nkrkmitgrig suhktgg` pgjd mk` okasd, k` oglpksiad mk `gs ``gau-rgs rkjgmgs mk Jrgagmg y mk Luroig mkegpgjgr kadrlks g`qui`krks. K` pkqukd prdpik-tgrid ogtgà vivg oda rk`gtivg odldmimgm,

pkrd su vkoiad, k` rgegssgirkV2\ ngeg vistd

mkjrgmgrsk su odamioia ka k` oursd mk `ds`tilds gds.

Ka `g Lksktg mk Ogsti``g `g Aukvg, `dsmdliaids mk `ds ade`ks krga rkatgmds ogsisiklprk. K` mrglg, gqu, odasistg ka `g erk-vkmgm mk` grrkamglikatd, y su prkogrikmgm,ka `g iakxistkaoig mk deìjgoidaks pdr pgrtkmk` prdpiktgrid, quk pdmg k`kvgr `ds grrika-mds g su gatdhd y g lkaumd mkhgeg quk sus

gjkatks geusgska tdmgvg ls mk` oglpksi-ad. _kja `ds rkjistrds mk` ilpukstd mk7959, >;3.333 hkbks mk bgliìg, mk ua tdtg`mk 7.333.333 tkaga ua iajrksd migrid iabk-ridr g uag pksktg.

Ka @g Lgaong y ka Kxtrklgmurg, `ds `gti-buamids krga ls jrgamks, y lkads aulkrd-sds `ds pkqukds kxp`dtgmdrks mk `g tikrrg.Ka `gs ``gaurgs, k` oglpksiad ogrgotkrstiodkrg k` yuatkrd, oglpksiad sia tikrrg, pdskk-

mdr mk ua pgr mk lu`gs, quk ou`tivgeg ougamdpdmg `g tikrrg mk` jrga prdpiktgrid guskatistg.Gamgùog krg k` ùjgr o`siod mk `ds `gtibua-mids. Gqu, k` iajrksd lkmid gaug` mk ua jrgaprdpiktgrid krg mk okrog mk 7>.333 pksktgs, yk` mk ua pkqukd prdpiktgrid mk sd`d 727 pk-sktgs. Skrd, `g lgydrg mk `ds oglpksiads adkrga prdpiktgrids mk aiajuag lgakrg8 krga`ds ergokrds -`ds ergssikrs mk `g kmgm lk-mig brgaoksg-, hdrag`krds quk ogsi ad tka-

ga trgeghd ls quk ua mg mk ogmg mds ytkaga quk vivir tdmd k` gd oda `ds liskrg-e`ks sg`grids quk jgagega trgeghgamd, ka

V2\ Ugegssgirk8 gpgrokrd mk ua tipd kspkoig` (rg-egssg ldrtg8 rgz lukrtg) ouyd grrkamglikatdtkrliageg ougamd `gs trks ougrtgs pgrtks mk `gsp`gatgs kstgega lukrtgs. Uk`gtivglkatk bgvdrg-e`ks ka k` sij`d Î^, kstgs odamioidaks sk tdragrdaogtgstrbiogs oda `ds kstrgjds mk `g bi`dxkrg y `g ia-trdmuooia mk p`gatgs aukvgs quk kxijga lsouimgmds y murgega lkads tiklpd. Sdr iabùkaoigmk Ogle y mk `g mkrkong, k` trieuag` mk `gs jg-rgatgs odastituoidag`ks gerdj `g `ky vdtgmg kabgvdr mk `ds rgegssgirks pdr k` pgr`glkatd ogtgàka vspkrgs mk `g iasurrkooia mk 79?=.

`gs pkdrks odamioidaksV:\ ka `ds jrgamks`gtibuamids, eghd `g viji`gaoig mk` `gergmdr,k` iatkamkatk rgpgz, mispukstd siklprk gkariqukokrsk oda ekakbioids greitrgrids, dongatghkgamd oda `ds kajgaonks.Luongstikrrgs ou`tivge`ks sk qukmgega ka egrek-

ond, yg skg pdrquk su prdpiktgrid `gs rkskr-vgsk pgrg `g ogzg d eika pdrquk mk ksglgakrg `djrgsk brustrgr `gs rkiviamiogoid-aks mk `ds ergokrds. Suks kstg rkjia, qukodatgeg oda `gs pde`goidaks ls liskrge`ksquiz mk Kurdpg, krg tgleia `g pgtrig mk`dmid mk o`gsks, mk` kso`gvd pkrpktuglkatkmispukstd g rkek`grsk odatrg k` gld8 `ds hgo-quks tikaka nglerk mk tikrrg.

Ka mkbiaitivg, ua pugmd mk jrgamks prd-

piktgrids mdliageg `g tikrrg mk Kspgg.V>\@ds "dìjgrogs", odld mioka sus gmvkrsg-

rids, ngega sgeimd prkskrvgr g `d `grjd mk`ds sij`ds, `d kskaoig` mk sus privi`kjids ymk su bdrtuag ka mktrilkatd mk `g lgsgoglpksiag. @g ldagrqug buk su rjilka.K` aiod vkrmgmkrglkatk odabdrlk g sus ia-tkrksks y g sus gspirgoidaks. Sgrg sg`vgr`ggokptgrda, ka 795?, k` prdauaoiglikatd qukngerg mk iagujurgr `g miotgmurg mk` jkakrg`

Srild mk Uivkrg. KA 79?3, B[K K@ ODA-_KA]ILIKA]D JKAKUG@ MK@ UKY Y MK@D_ D@IJGUOG_ K@ W[K K^S[@_ GSUILD MK UIRKUG Y @@GL G@ JKAK-UG@ EKUKAJ[KU. KA 79?7, @G SUD-O@GLGOIA MK @G UKSE@IOG _K @@K-RGU G OGED _IA RID@KAOIG8 _KU @G"J@DUID_G KÔKSOIA" MK [AG "UK-RD@[OIA SGOBIOG", ODLD @D SUD-O@GL SDU UGMID K@ JUGA SUDSIK-

]GUID G@OG@ XGLDUG, ]DUAGMDSUK_IMKA]K. @G LDAGUW[G OKMI _[@[JGU G @G UKSE@IOG, _IA W[K, KA@D K_KAOIG@, _K N[EIK_K ]DOGMD K@UJILKA KODALIOD Y _DOIG@. G`bda-

V:\ K` trgeghd murgeg mksmk g sgìmg ngstg g pukst

mk` sd`. G odlikazds mk 79?2, `g lgydr pgrtk mk`ds sg`grids mk `ds derkrds gjrod`gs dsoi`geg katr3,23 y ? pksktgs. Gmkls, k` trgeghd krg, g `g vkziatkrlitkatk y mk kstgoia.

V>\ Ugegsskirk kstil ka mds li``daks k` alkrd moglpksiads sia tikrrg. K` odaskrvgmdr Lgtkd Gz-pkitig gbirl quk, gmkls, k` >=% mk `ds pkquk-ds prdpiktgrids tkag akoksimgm mk ua sg`grid pgrg vivir (@g rkbdrlg gjrgrig ka Kspgg, Lgmrim,79?5).


16/50

SIKUUK EUD[ & LI@K ]LILK@G UKRD@[OIA Y @G J[KUUG MK K_SGG7=

sd ÎII gegamda Kspgg, pkrd ad gemio.@ds dìjgrogs, ogsi ka su tdtgìmgm, pkr-lgakoikrda bik`ks g `. Odaskrvgrda, ka kàukvd rjilka pd`tiod, `ds sìmds pi`grksquk, ktkraglkatk, nga gpdygmd su mdli-agoia8 `g Ij`ksig y k` Khroitd.

;. @G IJ@K_IG

]gleia `g Ij`ksig kspgd`g krg ua gag-ordaisld, puks pgrkog ngekr sgìmd mirkotg-lkatk mk `g Kmgm Lkmig oda sus >3.333 sg-okrmdtks, ldahgs y rkìjidsds. _u pdmkrdkspiritug` y tklpdrg`, krg odasimkrge`k. _iaklegrjd, ks miboi` kstilgr sus riqukzgs odakxgotitum. _ia mumg ad krg, g pksgr mk `d

quk sk ng sìmd gbirlgr, k` ls JUGAMKSUDSIK]GUID MK EIKAK_ UGOK_ MK@SG_6 pkrd ad mistgeg luond mk skr`d. @gkaoukstg mk` Liaistkrid mk hustioig, kbkotugmgg` mg sijuikatk mk `g prdo`glgoia mk `g Uk-peìog, `k gtrieuy 77.333 prdpikmgmks, ks-tilgmgs ka okrog mk 7?3.333.333 mk pksk-tgs. _us prdpikmgmks uregags ad krga lk-ads odasimkrge`ks, krg uag SD]KAOIG KAK@ L[AMD MK @D_ AKJDOID_, G_ MK

@G EGAOG ODLD MK @G IAM[_]UIG, yodatrd`geg mirkotglkatk, d pdr iatkrlkmid mksus ndlerks mk pghg, klprksgs tga ilpdr-tgatks odld k` Egaod [rquihd, `gs liags mkoderk mk` Ub, `ds bkrrdogrri`ks mk` Adrtk,`ds trgavgs mk Lgmrim y `g Odlpgg]rgaslkmitkrrakg.

Murgatk `g ldagrqug, y `d sijui sikamdka jrga lkmimg ka `g Ukpeìog, krg M[KGMK @G KA_KGAXGV9\8 ka kstk pgs qukodatgeg, ks vkrmgm, oda mdok li``daks mkgag`bgektds (`g litgm mk `g pde`goia), buk-rda sus ksouk`gs `gs quk iastruykrda y kmu-ogrda ls mk oiaod li``daks mk gmu`tds. Skrdkstk mdliaid mk `g kmuogoia mist luond mktrgmuoirsk ka uag iabùkaoig kquivg`katk. @dsmksrmkaks gatiogtìods, `ds iaokamidsmk odavkatds y mk ij`ksigs quk skg`grda

V9\ @g `ky mk odajrkjgoidaks vdtgmg pdr `ds rkpueì-ogads, quk mkeg quitgr`k g `gs odajrkjgoidaks k`mdliaid mk `g kaskgazg auaog sk gpìo. Mk `gsrkgìzgoidaks `giogs mk `ds prilkrds gds mk `gUkpeìog, qukmgega, ka 79?2, `g skpgrgoia mk`g Ij`ksig y k` Kstgmd, `g iastituoia mk` mivdroid y `gprdnieioia mk `g Odlpgg mk Hkss.

k` lks mk lgyd mk 79?7, rkvk`ga ua bka-lkad prdbuamd8 @G_ LG_G_ SDS[@G-UK_ _K NGEGA _KSGUGMD MK @G ][-]K@G MK @G IJ@K_IG y sk vd`vga odatrgk``g.V73\

Sdr `d mkls, ks iatkrksgatk skg`gr quk

s`d ka `gs rkjidaks ka quk `g mksijug`-mgm sdoig` ks lkads lgaibikstg, yg skgpdrquk tdmd k` luamd ks pderk, odld ka Jg-ìoig, d eika pdrquk k` aivk` jkakrg` mk vimgskg gokptge`k, odld ka k` Sgs Rgsod, kaAgvgrrg, ka @kvgatk d ka Ogtgùg y, ka oikr-tg lkmimg, ka Ogsti``g `g Rikhg, `g Ij`ksigodaskrv uag gumikaoig ka `gs lgsgs ru-rg`ks.

Ka dtrgs pgrtks, ka `g Kspgg mk `ds `gti-

buamids, `g Ij`ksig krg odasimkrgmg odld kìastrulkatd mk prdpgjgamg y mk kaougmrg-likatd mk `ds riods, odld `g mkbkasdrg mk uadrmka sdoig` y mk uag prdpikmgm iaiouds, od-ld k` gmvkrsgrid mkoimimd mk tdmd lkhdrg-likatd sdoig`, kaklijds mk `ds trgeghgmdrks.LDA_KDU _KJ[UG, GUXDEI_SD MK ]D@KMD,ouyds iajrksds gaug`ks sk k`kvgega g233.333 pksktgs, kaogrageg pkrbkotglkatkk` gspkotd iatkjristg y rkgooidagrid mk `g Ij`k-

sig kspgd`g. Kstk prk`gmd, "ndlerk mk Ij`k-sig mk` sij`d ÎII", quk "pkasgeg quk ua egdkrg iavkaoia mk `ds pgjgads, odld ad bukrgmk` mige`d lisld, y quk ``kvgeg ua siìoid od-ld ua ldahk mk dtrds tiklpds", "prilgmd mkKspgg, skr k` oglpka mk `g dpdsioia ia-odamioidag` g `g Ukpeìog, k` gmvkrsgrid rk-suk`td, ad s`d mk tdmg "suevkrsia", siad mktdmd ìekrgìsld.

V73\ @ds iaoimkatks mk lgyd mk 79?2 sda, g kstkrkspkotd, sijaibiogtivds. Odld ngeg oirou`gmd k`ruldr mk quk sgokrmdtks y luhkrks ogtìogsmistrieuga edledaks kavkakagmds g `ds ai-dsmk `ds egrrids derkrds sk gtgo, ogsi pdr td-mgs pgrtks, ka Lgmrim, g `gs ij`ksigs, g `ds sg-okrmdtks, y g `gs pkrsdags odadoimgs pdr su ok`drkìjidsd. ]dmds `ds pgrtimds, o`grd kst, gtrieuyk-rda g "prdvdogmdrks" k` drijka mk `ds ruldrks. Skrd pgrg quk nueiksk quikaks `ks prkstgska dmds,buk akoksgrid quk k` skatilikatd gatiogtìod tu-viksk siaju`gr prdbuamimgm.

V77\ Uglds Dìvkirg8 Sdìtios, Kodadlios gam Lkadb Ldmkra _pgia, p. =?>.


17/50

I.D@IJGUOG_ Y UKS[E@IOGAD_ 7;

2. K@ KHUOI]D

Drijiag`, gs pdr sus kstruoturgs odld pdrk` ùjgr quk doupgeg ka `g sdoikmgm, k` khr-oitd kspgd` ad tkag kquivg`katk ka Kurdpg.Ukju`grlkatk mkrrdtgmd g `d `grjd mk tdmd ua

sij`d ka `g mkbkasg mk `gs `tilgs pdsksidaksod`daig`ks, sk gbirl g` lisld tiklpd od-ld ua O[KUSD SD@]IOD G[]ADLD.Ka pdogs pg`gergs, krg ua khroitd mk prd-auaoiglikatds6 `g pg`gerg ks eika kspgd`g, yad pdr gzgr. Rkaoimds, nuli``gmds pdr susmkrrdtgs rkpktimgs, `ds dbioig`ks mksogrjg-rda `g ou`pg ka `ds jdeikrads suoksivds.@g jukrrg mk` Uib, odatrg k` hkbk lgrrdqu

Gem-k`-Fril, sk prd`daj mksmk 7957 ngstg

79528 `k odst g Kspgg `g vimg mk 7;.333sd`mgmdssd`glkatk ka k` gd mk 795=, y adpumd tkrliagr viotdridsglkatk ls quk oda`g iatkrvkaoia mk `gs trdpgs brgaoksgs mk@ygutky. @ds hkbks liìtgrks, g pksgr mk `dsmksgstrks, sk pumikrda odavkrtir ka `dsoglpkdaks mk `g rkodaquistg od`daig` od-atrg `ds jdeikrads mk` gegamdad, y odakstk pgpk` gpgrkoi pdr prilkrg vkz ka k`tkrrkad pd`tiod k` tkaikatk odrdak` Brga-

oisod Brgaod, uad mk `ds hkbks mk `g `kjiakxtrgahkrg. Mkspus mk `g viotdrig, Lgrrukodssk odavirti ka k` bkumd mk` Khroitd8 `ds jkak-rg`ks krga g`` vkrmgmkrds prdoasu`ks.

_gìmg ndardsg pgrg `ds nihds mk bgliìg -`ds skdritds- `g ogstg mk `ds dbioig`ks, ok`dsgmk sus privi`kjids, k` priaoipg` mk `ds oug`ksskjug sikamd k` mk "prdauaoigrsk", kaograg-eg g dhds mk `ds trgmioidagìstgs tdmgs `gs vir-tumks kspgd`gs. Ka k` lgrgsld jkakrg`, krg`g aiog grlg rkg` mk `gs o`gsks mirijkatks,su `tild rkoursd y su kspkrgazg suprklg.Oda k` odaskatilikatd mk `ds hkbks mk`Khroitd sk prdo`gl `g Ukpeìog. Skrdk`prdauaoiglikatd bg`ìmd mk uad mk `ds hkbksls prkstijidsds, K@ JKAKUG@ _GAH[UHD, k`75 mk gjdstd mk 79?5, ldstr quk kstk oda-skatilikatd pdmg rktirgrsk ka oug`quikrldlkatd, si sk `k dourrg g `g Ukpeìogad skr moi` g `ds lgamglikatds mk `dsdìjgrogs.V75\

V75\ K` prdauaoiglikatd brgogs gatk `g nuk`jg jk-akrg` mkskaogmkagmg pdr `ds siamiogtds mk _kvi-``g. @g pdìog, quk ad ngeg iatkrvkaimd odatrg `dsliìtgrks, mispgr odatrg `ds derkrds quk qukrga

Ks ua nkond adtge`k quk kstk khroitd,ouyg grti``krg kstgeg odlpukstg pdr vikhdsogdaks mk` :;, ouyg iabgatkrg kstgeg kqui-pgmg oda luskrks @kvk` mk 7939, y quk adtkag ua sd`d gvia quk pumiksk ngokr brkatkg oug`quikr gvigoia kxtrgahkrg, kstgeg

geuamgatklkatk prdvistd mk glktrg``gmd-rgs. Ad pdmrg rksistir ai uag sklgag g uakhroitd ldmkrad8 pkrd s krg ogpgz mkgndjgr ka sgajrk uag tkatgtivg rkvdùoid-agrig. Lg` gìlkatgmds, lg` vkstimds, lg`kquipgmds, sus rkoùtgs kstgega tgleialuy lg` katrkagmds. @ds dbioig`ks krga luylkmidorks toaioglkatk, y `ds ls kxpkri-lkatgmds krga `ds od`daig`ks quk ngegaskrvimd ka `gs uaimgmks mk Lgrrukods. _ia

klegrjd, tkag su ìtk, vkrmgmkrd khroitdprdbksidag`, oda k` ]kroid mk `g `kjia kxtrga-hkrg, drjgaizgmd murgatk `g jukrrg mk` Uib pdrk` jkakrg` Li`à Gstrgy, y sus rkjilikatdslgrrdquks rkoùtgmds katrk `gs trieus lda-tgksgs ls gtrgsgmgs y jukrrkrgs. Kstdslkrokagrids, `kjidagrids y ldrds, krga `gtrdpg mk ondquk mk kstk khroitd mk jukrrgoivi`.Ougamd `ds liakrds mk Gsturigs, ka do-tuerk mk 79?=, sk `kvgatgrda odatrg `g pkrs-

pkotivg mk `g ``kjgmg g` pdmkr mk `g mkrkong,bukrda kstgs uaimgmks mk kìtk, ghkags g `g"nispgaimgm", pkrd kbiogoks, `gs quk gp`gstg-rda ka mdok mgs `g iasurrkooia derkrg. Y skvid skrvir ka k` prilkr rgajd g g`juads mk `dsdbioig`ks odamkagmds pdr ngekrsk sue`kvgmdmds gds gatks, oda _gahurhd, odatrg `g Uk-peìog.

Sdr `d mkls, `d quk lkads `k bg`tgeg gkstk khroitd krga dbioig`ks. Murgatk `g ld-agrqug ngeg 7;.333, mk `ds oug`ks >33 krgajkakrg`ks, d skg, ua dbioig` pdr ogmg skisndlerks y ua jkakrg` pgrg ua pdod ls mkoika sd`mgmds. Skrd murgatk `g Ukpeìog,nued ogmg vkz lkads dbioig`ks rkpueìogads.K` jdeikrad mk GXGG, pgrg mkspkhgr `dsougmrds, dbrkoi suk`md odlp`ktd g quik-aks pimikrga ua rktird gatioipgmd8 aulkrd-sds bukrda `ds dbioig`ks mk izquikrmg quk

su ogstijd. _gahurhd y dtrds dbioig`ks bukrda oda-mkagmds g lukrtk. K` jkakrg` mko`gr gatk k` tri-euag` quk sk ngeg prdauaoigmd pgrg detkakr k`rktdrad mk mds hksuitgs, ilpkmir `g gpìogoia mk `grkbdrlg gjrgrig y mk` kstgtutd mk Ogtgùg (vgskls gmk`gatk).


18/50


gprdvkongrda `g dogsia mk mkhgr k` khroitd,ouyg gtlsbkrg sk ngeg vuk`td irrkspirge`kpgrg k``ds. @g gp`gstgatk lgydrg mk `dsougmrds, `g tdtgìmgm mk `ds jrgamks hkbks,krga mkoimimglkatk ldarquiods, pgrtimg-rids mk `g dìjgrqug, gmvkrsgrids mk tdmg kvd-

ùoia, kaklijds ldrtg`ks mk `g rkvdù-oia.V7?\

:. @G E[UJ[K_G

@g bukrzg mk` pgsgmd pksgeg ngstg ka `gsbukrzgs tkrioglkatk aukvgs mk `g hdvka eur-juksg kspgd`g. Odld nklds vistd, `g ia-mustrigìzgoia mk Kspgg sk ``kv g ogedoda ua ritld luy `katd ka k` trgasoursd

mk` sij`d Î^, y ka skotdrks jkdjrbiog-lkatk ìlitgmds. Kstg `katitum y kstg `dogì-zgoia kxpìoga `ds ogrgotkrks prdpids mk `go`gsk eurjuksg gs orkgmg. _d`glkatk kaRizogyg y ka Gsturigs sk odastituy uag vkr-mgmkrg dìjgrqug biagaoikrg eika rkprkskatg-mg pdr `ds egaods mk Rizogyg y mk Eiègd. @glgydrg mk `ds nistdrigmdrks ad nga mkhgmdmk suergygr `gs oirouastgaoigs pd`tiogs mk `ggpgrioia mk kstk ogpitgìsld biagaoikrd, quk

b`drkoi g` mg sijuikatk mk `g mkrrdtg mk` ld-vilikatd ìekrg` pdr `g dìjgrqug gjrgrig mk `gUkstgurgoia. Oikrtd ks quk k` ìekrgìsldeurjus pgmkog pdr ogusg mk `g lkmidorkilp`gatgoia mk `g eurjuksg ka k` pgs, pkrdtrdpkzgeg tgleia oda k` destou`d mk ngekrsimd mkauaoigmd siklprk pdr sus gmvkrsgridsodld ua prdmuotd mk` kxtrgahkrd. Ka p`kadsij`d ^^, k` eurjus ìekrg` mkekr ouimgrsk,gatk tdmd, mk ad skr ua gbrgaoksgmd.V7=\_dspkondsd mk ad skr siad k` pdrtgvdz mkimkgs kxtrgahkrgs, d ua skumaild mk `ds og-pitg`ks kxtrgahkrds, K@ E[UJ[_ K_SG-D@, KA _[ MK_KD MK _KU GOKS]GMDKA K@ OIUO[@D MK @D_ MIUIJKA]K_,

V7?\ K@ ODUDAK@ MDRG@, hkbk mk Drmka Seìodka Gsturigs, mko`gr quk kstgeg "mkoimimd g kx-tkrliagr `g silikatk rkvdùoidagrig ngstg ka k`vikatrk mk `gs lgmrks". Khkouoidaks sulgrigs,tdrturgs ka jrga ksog`g skg`grda kstg rkprksiamk 79?= quk `g dpiaia derkrg ilput, ka e`dquk,g` khroitd prdbksidag`.

V7=\ Ukoukrmd mk `g pdog agpd`kaiog ka `g qukg`juads eurjuksks sk gtrkvikrda g "od`gedrgr" odak` doupgatk brgaos.

L[@]IS@IO @G_ ODAOK_IDAK_, @G_OGSI][@GOIDAK_, rkakj rkpktimgs vkoks.

@ds li``dagrids mk Eiègd y mk Gsturigseusogega gìgrsk oda `g dìjgrqug tkrrgtk-aikatk y sk gprksurgrda g rkpgrtir oda k``g `gsskmks mk` Egaod mk Kspgg.V7;\ @g aukvgdìjgrqug biagaoikrg, rkoia agoimg, skuai pdr lu`titum mk `gzds, gs pkrsdag`ksodld kodaliods, oda `g gristdorgoig.K@ODAMK MK UDLGADAK_, uad mk `ds ls ilpdr-tgatks ndlerks mk Kstgmd mk `g ldagrqug,krg jrga prdpiktgrid mk tikrrgs ka `g prdviaoigmk Jugmg`ghgrg, k` ls ilpdrtgatk prdpiktg-rid mk ialuke`ks mk Lgmrim, jrga gooidaistgmk `gs liags mk Skgrrdyg y mk vgrids ega-ods ilpdrtgatks. Gs, puks, `g eurjuksg krg

sdergmglkatk iaogpgz mk mgr g `g kodad-lg kspgd`g k` ilpu`sd akoksgrid pgrguag trgasbdrlgoia prdbuamg, ka `g lkmi-mg ka quk kstg `tilg supdamrg gbkotgr`ds iatkrksks mk `g dìjgrqug tkrrgtkaikatkquk, ka rksulimgs oukatgs, AD KUG _IAD[AD MK @D_ _KO]DUK_ MK @G RG_]GD@IJGUW[G MK SUDSIK]GUID_.

Ka vspkrgs mk `g rkvdùoia, kaodatr kaH[GA LGUON su kxprksia ls vijdrdsg. Ga-

tijud odatrgegamistg odavkrtimd ka mirkotdrmk` ldadpdìd mk` tgegod murgatk k` rkiagmdmk G`bdasd ÎII, kstk jrga biagaoistg k iamus-trig`, gousgmd mk trgioia y mk brgumk pdr k`prilkr jdeikrad rkpueìogad krg, g` lisldtiklpd, prdpiktgrid mk vgstgs kxtkasidaks ru-rg`ks, ndlerk mk odabigazg mk `ds lkmidsogpitgìstgs iaj`ksks, prksimkatk mk `g Dbioiagokatrg` mk `g iamustrig kspgd`g, ka `g quk skodmkgeg oda Udlgadaks y oda _ir Guo`mga

Jkmmks, mk `g Ud ]iatd, gs odld mk `ds rk-prkskatgatks mk `ds iatkrksks ogpitgìstgsbrgaoksks, itgìgads y g`klgaks. Mid su gpd-yd kodaliod g tdmd `d quk sk dpdag g `gUkpeìog y, ka `ds godatkoilikatds qukprkpgrgrda `g jukrrg oivi` mksklpk ua pg-pk` mkoisivd, tgatd ka k` iatkridr odld ka k`kxtkridr.

V7;\ _kja Rotdr Gèg (Nistdirk mks rpueìqukskspgjad`ks, p. ?3:), 72.333 pkrsdags mispdagamk tdmgs `gs gooidaks mk` Egaod mk Kspgg ouygutiìmgmks, ka k` trgasoursd mk oug`quikr quiaquk-aid gldrtizgega k` ogpitg`. K` mivimkamd mistrieuimauaog buk iabkridr g` 72%. K` gd mk `g rkprksiamk Gsturigs gògaz k` 7?3%.


19/50

I.D@IJGUOG_ Y UKS[E@IOGAD_ 7:

>. @G GUI_]DOUGOIG K_SGD@G Y@D_ SGU]IMD_ ODA_KURGMDUK_

K` gristorgtg kspgd` krg luy mibkrkatkmk` gristorgtg iaj`s quk supd iatkjrgrsk g`ldvilikatd mk kxpgasia ogpitgìstg. Ogsi ad

sk prkdoupgeg pdr `djrgr quk sus mdli-aids prdspkrgska odld uag klprksg, si-ad quk sk ouimgeg gatk tdmd mk ad pkrmkrsu gutdrimgm mk` skdr sderk `g lgad mkderg egrgtg, mk `g quk odasimkrgeg quk pd-mg mispdakr pdr mkrkond mk agoilikatd. Adtkag ls rgza mk skr quk `g mk pkrtkakokrg su ogstg y gbirlgeg mk euka jrgmd quk krg`g kaogragoia mk Kspgg. Mktrs mk ` sk`kvgatgega sus gatkpgsgmds, quk `k ngega

`kjgmd, uaimds iaskpgrge`klkatk, adlerk,bdrtuag y gutdrimgm. Agturg`lkatk krg ldar-quiod, y ad odadog ls `ky quk `g mk su prd-pig o`gsk.

@G LGYDUG MK K@@D_ KUGA SGU]I-MGUID_ MK G@BDA_D ÎII y mk `g ldagr-qug odld priaoipid mk odaskrvgoia sdoig`.Bukrda k``ds `ds quk autrikrda, murgatk `gUkpeìog, `gs bi`gs mk` "SGU]IMD MK @G UKAD-RGOIA K_SGD@G", "odekrturg `kjg` mk `g ia-

surrkooia" skja Gasg`md, quk mirijga JDI-ODKONKG y HD_ OG@RD _D]K@D. Kstk `tild,g` vd`vkr mk` kxiìd, buk k` lgsogra mk prdgmk ua pgrtimd mkoimimglkatk ls odaskrvg-mdr, "odrpdrgtivistg y gutdritgrid" quk ldar-quiod. Hdvka ga -agoi ka 7>9?-, yg tkagtrgs mk s uag ogrrkrg pd`tiog eri``gatk. Mipu-tgmd g `ds 5; gds, buk jdekragmdr mk Rg`ka-oig g` gd sijuikatk y ùkjd liaistrd mkNgoikamg murgatk `g miotgmurg mk SUILD MKUIRKUG. G trgvs mk EG@ED, lgatuvd odatgo-tds rkpktimds oda k` jdeikrad bgsoistg mk Ud-lg. @ijgmd g tdmds `ds lkmids iabùykatks mk`g dìjgrqug, sderk tdmd g LDA_KDU _KJ[-UG, gmlirgmdr mko`grgmd mk` agoidag`-sdoigìsld y mk` bgsoisld, drgmdr adtge`k,euka pkridmistg oda rkputgoia mk kodadlis-tg, ka `gs Odrtks mk 79?2 buk k` hkbk mk `g kx-trklg mkrkong y uad mk `ds mirijkatks mk `godahurgoia mk `ds jkakrg`ks.

@g "ODL[AIA ]UGMIOIDAG@I_]G", dtrdldvilikatd ldarquiod, tkag iamisoutie`k-lkatk uag egsk pdpu`gr katrk `ds pkquk-ds gjriou`tdrks mk Agvgrrg kaougmrgmdspdr ua o`krd bgatiod. K` LDRILIKA]D"OGU@I_]G", agoimd mkspus mk `gs jukrrgs

agpd`kaiogs, rkuag mksmk ngog ua sij`d,eghd `g mivisg "Mids, Sgtrig, Uky", g `ds oda-skrvgmdrks ogtìods ls bgatiods y odaspi-rgeg iaogasge`klkatk pgrg "rkstgurgr" `g gu-tdrimgm "`kjtilg" mk sus "prktkamikatks" su-oksivds, k` `tild mk `ds oug`ks krg k` vikhd

G@BDA_D OGU@D_. _u vkrmgmkrd hkbk, LGA[K@BG@ ODAMK, `d prkpgrgeg sistkltioglka-tk, mksmk ngog vgrids gds, pgrg k` `kvga-tglikatd grlgmd odatrg `g Ukpeìog.

K` ?7 mk lgrzd mk 79?=, GA]DAID JDI-ODKONKG, ka adlerk mk `g UKADRGOIA K_-SGD@G,GA]DAID @IXGUXGka adlerk mk `dsOGU@I_]G_ y k` ]KAIKA]K JKAKUG@ EGUUKUGbirlgrda ka Udlg, oda L[__D@IAI, uagoukrmd pdr k` oug` k` Muok sk odlprdlk-

tg g sdstkakr su ldvilikatd pgrg k` mk-rrdoglikatd mk `g Ukpeìog oda grlgs ymiakrd. Katrk 79?= y 79?2, aulkrdsds hvk-aks mk `g drjgaizgoia liìtgr ogrìstg mk `dsrkqukts rkoieikrda ka Itgìg iastruooialiìtgr. _k goulu`grda mkpsitds mk grlgska Agvgrrg jrgoigs g` miakrd itgìgad.V72\

Ka kbkotd, OGU@I_]G_ y G@BDA_I_]G_ skakjgega g p`kjgrsk g ua subrgjid uaivkr-sg` ouyg odaokpoia lislg odastitug, g

sus dhds, uag dbkasg g `g "nispgaimgm", ysk odasimkrgega iavkstimds mk `g prdvimkaoig`lisia mk sg`vgr g Kspgg y g `g oristigamgmglkagzgmgs mk suevkrsia, gs pdr `ds rkvd-ùoidagrids odld pdr `ds ìekrg`ks.

9. @G GOOIA SDS[@GU

@g Ij`ksig mk Kspgg ad sijui ialkmig-tglkatk g gquk``ds mk sus liklerds quk

qukrga `gazgr`g pdr k` ogliad mk `ds odaspi-rgmdrks ldarquiods. Sgrkok skr quk sk mk-ei g `ds odaskhds mk` Rgtiogad,ls "pd`-tiods", k` quk ngyg prkvg`koimd, murgatk `gUkpeìog, `g mirkotriz ls b`kxie`k mk `ds

hksuitgs y mk su ndlerk mk odabigazg, A-JK@ NKUUKUG, mirkotdr mk K` Mkegtk.

V72\ @izgrzg, ka sus Lkldrigs mk `g Odaspirgoiaka Agvgrrg(p. ;3), gbirl quk k` miakrd itgìgadpkrliti odlprgr ka E`jiog 2.333 busi`ks, 7;3glktrg``gmdrks pksgmgs, ?33 ìjkrgs, 73.333 jrg-agmgs y ; li``daks mk ogrtuonds. @g prilkrg uai-mgm liìtgr, k` ]kroid mk Sglp`dag, buk drjgaizgmmksmk k` 73 mk kakrd mk 79?2 (p. 7??).


20/50

SIKUUK EUD[ & LI@K ]LILK@G UKRD@[OIA Y @G J[KUUG MK K_SGG7>

_k trgtgeg mk orkgr, mk mdtgr mk oug-mrds y mk gailgr g ua JUGA SGU]IMDOG]@IOD MK LG_G_, W[K UKONGXGUG]GA]D @G K]IW[K]G MK "LDAUW[I-OD" ODLD @G MK "UKS[E@IOGAD", gokp-tgamd hujgr k` hukjd mkatrd mk` lgrod mk` r-

jilka pgr`glkatgrid, pkrd prdo`glgamdgeikrtglkatk su iatkaoia mk gedìr, ka `godastituoia, tdmg rkbkrkaoig g` ogrotkr `giodmk` Kstgmd.V7:\

@g "GOOIA SDS[@GU" gs odastituimg adkrg ls quk `g trgspdsioia g `g grkag k`ko-tdrg`, ka bdrlg mk ua pgrtimd rkgooidagridy gutdritgrid, mk `g GOOIA OG]@IOGkalgr-ogmg pdr `g hkrgrqug. _u hkbk krg HD_ LGUGJI@ UDE@K_, nihd mk ua huristg ogtìod, miso-

pu`d eri``gatk mk `ds sg`ksigads mk _g`glga-og, pkridmistg mk K` Mkegtk. K`kjimd pdrNKUUKUGpgrg mirijir k` pgrtimd mk `g Ij`ksig ymk `ds prdpiktgrids, ogsgmd oda `g nihg mk uaodamk riqusild, ad ogrkog mk ougìmgmkspgrg mksklpkgr k` pgpk` quk sk `k ngegkaodlkamgmd. Euka drjgaizgmdr, drgmdr og-pgz, y ad ogrkatk mk mdtks pgrg `g gooia,tdl odld ldmk`d, ad g Nit`kr, g` qukgmlirgeg pdr su kbiogoig, pkrd ouyg goti-

tum gatiogtìog mksgprdegeg, siad g` oga-oi``kr gustrigod Md``buss y g su Kstgmdodrpdrgtistg.

Ka 79??, g` busidagr g su drjgaizgoiaoda dtrds jrupds mk mkrkong, ``kj g orkgr`g O.K.M.G (ODABKMKUGOIA K_SGD@G MK @G_MKUKONG_ G[]ADLG_)8 `g gìgazg k`kotdrgòda `ds jrupds ldarquiods `k pkrlitigògazgr ua kadrlk xitd. @g O.K.M.G. buk,mksmk 79?= ngstg 79?2, k` g`lg mk `g odg-

ìoia oda `ds rkpueìogads mk mkrkong,quk mkstruy sistkltioglkatk tdmgs `gsrkgìzgoidaks mk` prilkr jdeikrad rkpueì-ogad.

V7:\ Mk tg` lgakrg, k` quk ``kj g odavkrtirsk ka kìaspirgmdr mk` pgrtimd, JI@ UDE@K_, ksoriei8 "`gmkldorgoig ad ks pgrg adsdtrds ua bia siad ualkmid mk ir g `g odaquistg mk ua kstgmd aukvd.Ougamd ngyg ``kjgmd k` ldlkatd, d eika `gs Odr-tks sk sdlktkra, d eika adsdtrds `gs suprili-rklds"(K` Mkegtk, oitgmd pdr Erkaga, dp. oit., p.5>3). Ji` Ude`ks oritio g "totiog ogtgstrbiog"mk `ds ldarquiods, quk odrrg k` riksjd, g suhuioid, pdr rkgooia g `g miotgmurg, mk prdvdogruag "rkvdùoia sdoig`, `g rkpeìog odluaistg".

Kstds mds gds, egutizgmds oda k` kptktdmk EIKAID AKJUD pdr `ds rkpueìogads y pdr`ds sdoigìstgs, prkskaoigrda k` gp`gzglikatdmk `g rkbdrlg gjrgrig, `g eghg sistkltiogmk `ds sg`grids, `g rkiatkjrgoia ka `dspukstds mk lgamd mk `ds dbioig`ks ldar-

quiods skpgrgmdspdr ua iastgatk. Bkrdz ka`g rkprksia mk `g iasurrkooia mk `ds li-akrds gsturigads, `g O.K.M.G. gegamda `godgìoia juekraglkatg` ougamd k` prksi-mkatk mk `g Ukpeìog sk akj g drmkagr `gkhkouoia mk` hkbk mk `g iasurrkooia, k` mi-rijkatk sdoigìstg Jdaz`kz Skg._k dpusdg `gs rkbdrlgs, pdr mkls ldmkstgs, ka bg-vdr mk `ds yuatkrds, prdpukstgs pdr uad mksus liklerds, k` liaistrd mk Gjriou`turg, HI-

LAKX BKUAAMKX.V7>\ Ka 79?;, `g O.K.M.G.krg ogamimgtd g` pdmkr, quk mkskgeg khkrokr,

ka `d suoksivd, k``g sd`g.

73. @G ODAH[UGOIA LI@I]GU

Eghd `g lirgmg ekavd`g mk JI@ UDE@K_,liaistrd mk `g Jukrrg mk 79?= g 79?;, skmkskavd`vi `g odaspirgoia liìtgr oda qukodatgega `ds k`klkatds kxtrklistgs. [ad mk

`ds prilkrds gotds mk` jdeikrad klgagmd mk`gs k`kooidaks mk 79?= buk `g prdo`glgoiamk `g glaistg mk `ds liìtgrks kavuk`tds, ka79?5, ka k` prdauaoiglikatd mk` jkakrg` _ga-

hurhd. @ds dbioig`ks odamkagmds y kxpu`sgmdsbukrda rkiatkjrgmds. Ka 79?=, pdr iaioigtivgmk` prdpid _GAH[UHD, sk ork `g "[AIA LI@I-]GU K_SGD@G", quk sk odavirti rgpimsi-lglkatk ka k` okatrd mk uag odaspirgoiamk `g quk bdrlgega pgrtk`g lgydrg mk `ds

jrgamks hkbks, k`JKAKUG@

BUGAOD

, hkbk mkKstgmd Lgydr, k` JKAKUG@ BGAH[@, suesk-orktgrid mk Kstgmd, k` JKAKUG@ UDMUJ[KXMK@ EGUUID, iaspkotdr jkakrg` mk` khroitd,tdmds k``ds ldarquiods y odaskrvgmdrks,iastg`gmds ka `ds pukstds mk lgamd mk`khroitd rkpueìogad. [ad mk `ds suyds, k`tkaikatk jkakrg` Egrrkrg, oda `ds ldarqui-V7>\ Hilakz Bkraamkz, kspkoik mk "mklorgtg-

oristigad" kspgd` buk murgatk g`juads lksks `gekstig akjrg mk `ds dìjgrogs, quk `d gpdmgega k`"edònkviquk e`gaod". Odld sk ngeg pkrlitimd oitgr, ka gpdyd mk sus prdykotds, uag kaooìog mk@ka ÎII, ua miputgmd ldarquiod `k rkspdami8"si trgtis mk quitglds `gs tikrrgs oda kaooìogs k`g lgad, tkrliagrklds pdr vd`vkrads oisltiods".


21/50


ods @izgrzg y Jdiodkonkg, birl k` goukrmdoda Lussdìai.

Dou`td trgs k` adlerk mk jukrrg mk "MdaSkpk", buk k` odrdak` Rgrk`g -rpimglkatkgsokamimd g Jkakrg`- k` quk gskjur `g od-akxia oda `ds hkbks ogrìstgs y miriji ka Ag-

vgrrg `g bdrlgoia liìtgr mk `ds rkqukts. Kak` trgasoursd mk` vkrgad mk 79?;, murgatk`gs jrgamks lgaidergs mk Gsturigs, BUGA-OD,BGAH[@y JDMKM, skja uad mk `ds nistd-rijrgbds dbioig`ks mk` ldvilikatd, pusikrda"`gs egsks mk `ds prkpgrgtivds mk` `kvga-tglikatd agoidag`". @ds hkbks mk` khroitd ks-tgega prkpgrgmds pgrg katrgr ka gooia si k`pgrtimd mk JI@ UDE@K_sk ldstrgeg iaogpgzmk gògazgr k` pdmkr pdr k` ogliad mk `gs

k`kooidaks.

77. @G BG@GAJK

K` khklp`d g`kla k itgìgad odamuhd g g`-juads lkmids mk `g dìjgrqug g kaogrgr `gutiìzgoia mk iastrulkatds pd`tiods ls ld-mkrads quk `ds pgrtimds trgmioidagìstgs.

Mksmk gatks mk 79?2, k` lu`tili``dagridH[GA LGUON mid k` miakrdV79\ pgrg ua ldvi-likatd quk, g trgvs mk `g jukrrg oivi`, ngergmk mksklpkgr ua pgpk` mk ilpdrtgaoig og-pitg`. Buk ka 79?5 ougamd HD_ GA]DAIDSUILD MK UIRKUG, k` nihd mk` miotgmdr, buam`g "BG@GAJK K_SGD@G", trgasbdrlgmg mks-pus ka "BG@GAJK K_SGD@G ]UGMIOIDAG@I_-]G", ka 79?=, ka virtum mk su busia oda`gs "H[A]G_ DBKA_IRG_ AGOIDAG@-_IAMIOG@I_]G_", quk buk ua jrupd liasou-`d y sia iabùkaoig rkg` ngstg `ds mgs si-

juikatks g `gs k`kooidaks mk bkerkrd mk79?2.K` prdjrglg mk vkiatisis puatds mk `g Bg-

`gajk krg ogrgotkrstioglkatk bgsoistg8

UKSUDONGEG G @D_ UKS[E@IOGAD_ _[ ]ILI-MKX GA]K @G D@IJGUW[G,

SUDSDAG @G AGOIDAG@IXGOIA MK @D_ EGA-OD_ Y MK @D_ BKUUDOGUUI@K_,

[AG UKBDULG GJUGUIG UGMIOG@, pkrd, g`lisld tiklpd, mkauaoigeg `g mdotriag

V79\ Katrk `ds quk ldvga `ds ni`ds mk g Bg`gajk,ks iatkrksgatk lkaoidagr, skja Nujnks, k` adl-erk mk @kqukriog, ls tgrmk kleghgmdr ka Riony ymkspus liaistrd mk Gsuatds Kxtrgahkrds.

lgrxistg, odrruptdrg y misd`vkatk, mk `g ù-ong mk o`gsks, pgrg dpdakr`k k` imkg` mk"`g grldag mk `gs o`gsks y mk `gs prdbk-sidaks ka ua mkstiad aiod", k` mk `g Sg-trig y k` mk Kurdpg.

_`d su gotitum gatk `g Ij`ksig mistia-jug g `g Bg`gajk mk` Bgsoid mk Lussdìai8ua bg`gajistg, gtkd iaoùsivk, rkspktgeg ka`g Ij`ksig ogtìog k` imkg` nistriod mk Ks-pgg.V53\

@ds xitds mk Lussdìai y mk Nit`kr `ks pg-rkog g `ds pgrtimgrids mk Hds Gatdaid uagjgrgatg mk su prxilg viotdrig, y sus sukdsilpkrig`ks `ds grrgstrgega ngoig k` Lgrrukodsbrgaos y ua skdrd rkadvgmd sderk `g Gl-

riog mk` _ur, ksk prdmuotd mk `g "nispgaimgm"y mk` "mkstiad odla".K` buamgmdr y hkbk mk `g Bg`gajk, Hds Ga-

tdaid, odld sk `k ``glgeg pgrg gerkvigr, krgua hdvka gamgùz ``kad mk kaogatd, quk tkagka sus lgads `ds triuabds mk su huvkatum, mkuag iaakjge`k k`kjgaoig mk pdrtk y mk uagoikrtg jkakrdsimgm, quk nizd quk luonds mk`ds ls bkrdoks gmvkrsgrids suyds ad pumik-ska kvitgr skatir g`juag silpgtg kspdatakg

pdr `. Ad destgatk, agmik tdlgeg ka skridtdmgvg su ldvilikatd. Odld k` bgsoisld yk` agoidag`-sdoigìsld, K@ BG@GAJI_LD_K _I][ KA [A ]KUUKAD "_DOIG@"_D@GLKA]K SGUG ODLEG]IU LKHDU g`gs drjgaizgoidaks lgrxistgs y dpdakr`ks `gsgrlgs mk` tkrrdr y mk `g vid`kaoig. Ngstg79?2, `g dìjgrqug kspgd`g sk ldstr rk-tiokatk pgrg oda kstk ldvilikatd mk girkp`kekyd, y odabi sderk tdmd ka Ji` Ude`ks

pgrg detkakr uag viotdrig mkatrd mk` lgr-od `kjg` mk `gs k`kooidaks8 ad kstgeg tdmg-vg prkpgrgmg pgrg gokptgr `ds iaodavkaika-tks quk tkamrg pgrg k``g k` skr sg`vgmg pdrua pgrtimd mk mdotriag y mk ltdmd bgsoistgs,

V53\ K` ogrotkr p`kekyd mk` bgsoisld bg`gajistg kst ls o`grglkatk iamiogmd, pdr dpdsioia g HdsGatdaid Srild mk Uivkrg, vkrmgmkrd skdritd, kaUGLIUD @KMK_LG UGLD_, buamgmdr mk `gsH.D.A._. Gmlirgmdr mk Nit`kr, ndsti` g` ogtdìoisld,miriji ngoig `g O.A.]. (vgsk ls gmk`gatk) `gprdpgjgamg mk `gs H.D.A._., ouyg egamkrg krg,tgleia, rdhg y akjrg. Liklerd mk `g Bg`gajk (odHds Gatdaid y Uuiz mk G`mg), `g gegamda g biaksmk 79?;. Buk busi`gmd g` odlikazd mk `g jukrrg oivi` pdr `gs liìoigs.


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tga murd g lkaumd oda sus gìgmds y sus sd-oids ogpitgìstgs odld oda sus gmvkrsgrids.Ka bkerkrd mk 79?2, `g Bg`gajk ad odatgegls quk oda uads li`ks mk gmkptds, li`mk `ds oug`ks vivga ka Lgmrim. Buk sd`g g`gs k`kooidaks, y kxpkrilkat sdagmds

brgogsds. _k qukm odavkrtimg ka uag bukr-zg mk rkskrvg6 quk pdmrg skr utiìzgmgougamd `g o`gsk derkrg glkagzgrg mk auk-vd oda tirgrsk g `gs og``ks. Hds Gatdaid,quk tgleia ngeg odadoimd g Lussdìai,jugrmgeg kstrkong odakxia oda `ds miri-jkatks liìtgrks y pd`tiods mk `g odahurg-oia.

75. @D_ UKS[E@IOGAD_

G[]DADLI_]G_

@gs bukrzgs quk pdmrga dpdakrsk g kstgsglkagzgs krga pkqukgs y, sderk tdmd, ks-tgega mivimimgs.

[ad mk `ds mrglgs mk `ds rkpueìogads ymk `ds ìekrg`ks kspgd`ks ks quk `g bg`tg mkgogeglikatd mk `g agoia kspgd`g, `gpkrsistkaoig mk `gs tkamkaoigs skpgrgtis-tgs ngyga ilpkmimd, g pksgr mk `g kxistka-

oig mk uag eurjuksg vgsog y mk uag eur-juksg ogtg`gag, `g odastituoia mk uagvkrmgmkrg eurjuksg kspgd`g.

@ds egaqukrds mk` Sgs Rgsod y `dsls jrgamks klprksgrids ogtg`gaks kstg-ega gìgmds g `g dìjgrqug. ]dmds @D_K@KLKA]D_ SKW[KDE[UJ[K_K_, qukka `ds pgsks mk Dooimkatk, odastituyka`gs egsks mk `ds pgrtimds ls sìmglkatkgpkjgmds g` rjilka pgr`glkatgrid, MIUI-JIKUDA _[ LIUGMG NGOIG @D_ LDRI-LIKA]D_ _KSGUG]I_]G_.

Bukrda huristgs odld LGA[K@ MK IU[HD Y@KIXGD@G, iamustrig`ks odld HD_ GA]DAIDGJ[IUUK Y @KO[EK`ds quk mirijikrda ka 79?2k` "SGU]IMD AGOIDAG@I_]G MK K[XFGMI"V57\,buamgmd ka 7932 sderk uag egsk rgoig`, pd`-tiog y rkìjidsg quk su mivisg kxprksgeg pkr-bkotglkatk8 ]dmd pgrg Kuzfgmi y Kuzfgmipgrg Mids. @ds ourgs mk oglpd kaougmrg-ega sìmglkatk g `ds oglpksiads vgsodsrksuk`tglkatk odaskrvgmdrks. @ds ogogpi-tgìstgs sdstuvikrda mk euka jrgmd odasus suesimids g ua pgrtimd gati-sdoigìstg

V57\ Kuzfgmi8 Sgs Rgsod, ka kusfkrg.

quk supd drjgaizgr, odatrg `g [.J.]. y `dssiamiogtds gpkjgmds g `g imkd`djg mk `g ù-ong mk o`gsks, siamiogtds ogtìods "glgri-``ds", `gs "_dìmgrimgmks mk derkrds vgsods",quk `ks pgrkog quk odastituga ua sìmd eg-ùgrtk quk mkbkamg, g `g vkz, g `g Ij`ksig y g

`gs o`gsks pdskkmdrgs. K` mksgrrd``d iamus-trig` mk Rizogyg, sdlktimd siklprk g `g ia-odlpktkaoig y g `g odrrupoia mk` Kstgmddìjrquiod gulkat tdmgvg, ka `ds pri-lkrds gds mk` sij`d, k` gtrgotivd mk` imkgàgoidagìstg sìmglkatk grrgijgmd yg ka`gs trgmioidaks skou`grks mk ua puke`d ia-misputge`klkatk drijiag` y drju``dsd mkskr`d.

Murgatk `g Ukpeìog, luy agturg`lkatk,

`ds agoidagìstgs vgsods odaokrtgrda gìgazgoda `g mkrkong y `ds pgrtimds odaskrvgmdrksy rkgooidagrids. Skrd, ka adviklerk mk79??, odld `g lgydrg mk mkrkong ngegrkongzgmd k` kstgtutd mk gutdadlg prk-vistd pgrg k` Sgs Rgsod, k` pgrtimd sk vidgrrdhgmd g `g dpdsioia y ka gìgazg mknkond oda `ds rkpueìogads mk izquikrmg y`ds sdoigìstgs.

Buk ua bkalkad sklkhgatk k` quk sk

prdmuhd ka Ogtgùg. Gqu tgleia, k` skpg-rgtisld ogtgà sk autri mk `g rkvdùoiaiamustrig` y mk` odabìotd oda `g dìjgrquggjrgrig rktrjrgmg. @g jrga eurjuksg, oikrtdks, sk ldstr prumkatk. ]kag akoksimgm mk`lkrogmd kspgd` y mk` gpdyd mk` jdeikradokatrg` odatrg ua prd`ktgrigmd iaquiktd. _us

hkbks, OGLEy sus glijds mk `g @@IJG, krgals dìjgrogs quk ogtg`gaks. Skrd `g pkquk-g eurjuksg ad tkag `gs lislgs rgzdakspgrg ldstrgrsk tga prumkatk, ka ougatd skvid oda o`grimgm quk K@ OG]G@GAI_LDAD ]KAG DSDU][AIMGM MK ]UI[ABGUL_ W[K JDXGAMD MK@ GSDYD MK @D_DEUKUD_ Y MK @D_ OGLSK_IAD_. Gstgleia, su pgrtimd, `g K_W[KUUG OG]G@G-AG, krg ua pgrtimd mk lgsgs, agoimd kageri` mk 79?7 mk `g busia mk mibkrkatkspgrtimds y gjrupgoidaks rkpueìogags mkOgtgùg8 sk gpdygeg ka k` pdmkrdsd ld-vilikatd siamiog` oglpksiad quk krg `g"[AI MK UGEG__GIUK_". _u iaspirgmdr ygailgmdr, @@[I_ ODLSGAY_, ìjgmd, ka dtrdtiklpd, g _g`vgmdr _kju, ngeg simd murgatk`grjd tiklpd gedjgmd mk `g O.A.]., oda `gquk odaskrv kstrkonds odatgotds. @g


23/50


Ukpeìog buk prdo`glgmg ka Egrok`daggatks quk ka Lgmrim, ka 79?7, y mksmk k`7; mk skptiklerk mk ksk gd sk gprde k`kstgtutd mk gutdadlg mk `g Jkakrgìmgmmk Ogtgùg. Skrd, ka 79?=, k` kstgtutd mkgutdadlg qukm suspkamimd, puks `ds

skpgrgtistgs, iaquiktds, mkskaogmkagrdaua `kvgatglikatd odatrg `g mkrkong, qukbrgogs. @ds skpgrgtistgs ogtg`gaks pgsg-rda g ngokr odlpgg ka `gs prisidaks g`ds liìtgatks derkrds.

7?. @D_ UKS[E@IOGAD_ E[UJ[K_K_

Ka k` rkstd mk Kspgg, sg`vd ka g`juagsoiumgmks y ka `gs riogs ``gaurgs rkjgmgs mk

@kvgatk, ka aiajuag pgrtk ngeg uag egskvkrmgmkrg pgrg pgrtimds rkpueìogadseurjuksks. K` "SGU]IMD UGMIOG@" mk G@K-HGAMUD @KUUD[^ rkprkskat `gs gspirgoidaksmk `g pkqukg eurjuksg ndsti` g` Khroitdy g `g Ij`ksig, kaogra su mkskd mk vkr surjiruag Kspgg aukvg, ìekrgmg mk `gs trgegs mk`g pdog bkumg`, quk gerikrg k` ogliad g uagkxpgasia ogpitgìstg orkgmdrg. Skrd, kspga-tgmds pdr `g gjitgoia derkrg y oglpksiag,

`ds rgmiog`ks mikrda lgrong gtrs luy rpi-mglkatk y kìjikrda, ka 79??, pdr likmd g `grkvdùoia, `g gìgazg oda `g O.K.M.G.6 oda`g quk odlpgrtikrda `gs rkspdasgeiìmgmksjuekraglkatg`ks. K` pgrtimd mk @krrdux og-y ka k` mksormitd ls tdtg` g odaskoukaoigmk ua ksoamg`d biagaoikrd ka 79?;.V55\ [agpgrtk mk su kstgmd lgydr, mktrs mk LGU]-AKX EGUUID, nihd mk derkrds y mijagtgrid mk `glgsdakrg, sk uai ka ksk ldlkatd g `ds

"UKS[E@IOGAD_ MK

IXW[IKUMG

"

mk

LGA[K@

GXGG, mk quikaks `ds mistiajuga sd`glkatklgtioks.

Srksimkatk mk` Odaskhd ka dotuerk mk79?7, ngstg `g viotdrig mk `g mkrkong ka `gsk`kooidaks mk 79??, prksimkatk mk `g Uk-peìog ka 79?2, GXGG kaograg, pgrg `gnistdrig, g `ds rkpueìogads kspgd`ks.Agoimd ka Gòg` mk Nkagrks, ka 7>>3, mkbgliìg godldmgmg, gùlad eri``gatk mk` Od-`kjid Gjustiad mk` Ksodrig`, `d quk ad `k ilpi-mi, siad g` odatrgrid, skr luy prdatd ua gr-

V55\ Sriktd pumd mkoir quk @krrdux y sus glijds sk

ngega ``kvgmd ngstg `gs ldquktgs mk `ds liaistk-rids.

mikatk gatio`kriog`, murgatk `grjd tiklpd `kgtrghd ls `g ìtkrgturg quk `g pd`tiog. Srksi-mkatk mk` "Gtkakd" mk Lgmrim, mksklpk uapgpk` ilpdrtgatk ka `g dpdsioia rkpueìogagg` biag` mk `g ldagrqug, y sk ilpusd rpimg-lkatk ka `gs Odrtks, g `g ogekzg mk` jrupd

mk `ds miputgmds mk `g "GOOIA UKS[E@IOG-AG". Gmlirgmdr mk `g Brgaoig eurjuksg, sd-geg oda uag Ukpeìog mk drmka y mk kqui-ìerid, juigmg pdr adtge`ks, gpdygmg sìmg-lkatk ka uag o`gsk lkmig mk oglpksiadsprdpiktgrids. @g gjitgoia derkrg y oglpk-siag ad `d `gaz ka ergzds mk `ds odaskr-vgmdrks. Sdr k` odatrgrid, `d pkrsugmi mk`g akoksimgm quk tkaga `ds rkpueìogadsmk ``kvgr g oged ua prdjrglg mk rkbdrlgs

susokptie`ks mk odaquistgrsk `g eukag vd-ùatgm mk ua alkrd subioikatk mk trgeg-hgmdrks pgrg lgatkakr g rgyg g` ldvilika-td rkvdùoidagrid.

_u prilkr jdeikrad mkokpoida prdbua-mglkatk g quiaks ad kspkrgega agmg mk `gldagrqug, pkrd kstgega mispukstds g kspk-rgr`d tdmd mk `g Ukpeìog. @g `ky gjrgriggtgo sd`glkatk k` prde`klg mk `ds `gti-buamids, ngoikamd ogsd dlisd mk` mrglg

mk `g vimg prkogrig mk `ds pkqukds gjri-ou`tdrks.Ka mds gds,

_D@GLKA]K 75.333OGLSK_IAD_,MK @D_ LI@@D-AK_ W[K ]KAGA NGLEUK MK ]IKUUG,UKOIEIKUDA[A @D]K W[K, SDU @D MKL_, ]KAGA W[K SG-JGU,S[K_ @D_ JUGAMK_ SUDSIK]GUID_ B[KUDAIAMKLAIXGMD_.

@g rkbdrlg mk` khroitd ad tuvd ls rk-su`tgmd quk `g skpgrgoia mk `ds dbioig`ksrkpueìogads, odatkatsilds mk rktirgrskmk `ds ougmrds mk` khroitd oda suk`md katkrd6`ds hkbks ldarquiods sk qukmgrda. K` ks-bukrzd mk` jdeikrad GXGGka k` oglpd mk `grkbdrlg sdoig` buk odlp`ktglkatk gaiqui`gmdpdr `gs odaskoukaoigs mk `g orisis luamig` ka`g kodadlg kspgd`g. _u `kjis`goia gati-ogtìog `kvgat odatrg ` g eukag pgrtk mk`gs o`gsks lkmigs, sia glkagzgr skrig-lkatk g `gs oiumgmk`gs mk` o`kriogìsld.Ysderk tdmd, brkatk g `g gjitgoia derkrg yoglpksiag, k` drmka sk lgatuvd oda lsbirlkzg quk odatrg `ds ldarquiods. @g "@kymk mkbkasg mk `g Ukpeìog" nizd pdsie`kuag rkprksia quk ad tkag agmg quk ka-


24/50


vimigr, ka ougatd g skvkrimgm, g `g mk `gldagrqug. @g "jugrmig oivi`", nkrkmgmgmk `g ldagrqug, pkrlgakoi iatgotg. _kork, g lgakrg mk mde`k, dtrd oukrpd mk pdì-og rkoùtgmd katrk `ds rkpueìogads8 "`g jugr-mig mk gsg`td" ad lkads karjiog ka su go-

oia odatrg `ds derkrds y `ds oglpksiads.

KA KAKUD MK 79??,ILS[@_GMD_ SDULI@I]GA]K_ GAGUW[I_]G_,@D_ OGLSK_IAD_ MKOG_G_ RIKHG_,KA GAMG@[OG,_K _[E@KRGUDAY SUDO@GLGUDA K@ "ODL[AI_LD @IEKU]GUID".

GXGG y su liaistrd mk Jdekragoia, k`jg``kjd OG_GUK_ W[IUDJG, tuvikrda uag jrg-vk rkspdasgeiìmgm pkrsdag` ka `g rkprksia

quk suokmi g` `kvgatglikatd8 `g jugrmig oi-vi` lgt g 5; ergokrds k iaokami sus og-sgs. Ougamd Gzgg mkh k` pdmkr, k` eg`gaokmk su ùong oda `g gjitgoia derkrg y oglpk-siag krg luy pksgmd ka su odatrg. @gs or-ok`ks kstgega ``kags mk liìtgatks rkvdù-oidagrids8 9.333, ka su lgydrg gagrquis-tgs, skja `ds mdoulkatds dbioig`ks. Buk ks-tk gspkotd mk su jdeikrad `d quk pkrliti gdtrd rkpueìogad, tga ldmkrgmd odld `d buk

Lgrtakz Egrrid, mkoir quk k` rjilka qukngeg tkrliagmd ngeg simd ua rjilka mk"egrrd, sgajrk y `jrilgs".

Mksgorkmitgmd mkspus mk su pgsd pdr k`pdmkr,

GXGG UKODEU _IA KLEGUJDSGU]K MK _[ SDS[@GUIMGM G ODA_KO[KAOIG

MK @G SKU_KO[OIA MK @G MKUKONG.

Guaquk ad tdl pgrtk g`juag ka `gsue`kvgoia mk dotuerk mk 79?=, buk pkr-skjuimd y mkspus kaogrok`gmd8 mk kstglgakrg, rkoupkr ka `g dpdsioia k` prks-tijid pkrmimd ka k` pdmkr. Hkbk mk `g "IX-W[IKUMG UKS[E@IOGAG", kstk ndlerk "pkquk-d y rkondaond mk tkz eiìdsg y vkrmdsg, mkdhds bihds y sia kxprksia"V5?\, g` quk sus gm-vkrsgrids odlpgrgega mk euka jrgmd oda uasgpd, krg ua euka drgmdr pgr`glkatgrid, pkrdua lg` trieuad. _ia klegrjd, =3.333 pkrsd-ags sk gprktuhgrda ka Odli``gs, okrog mkLgmrim, mkspus mk su ìekrgoia pgrg dr`dnge`gr ka ua litia ka k` quk sk prdauaoi ka

V5?\ Uglds Dìvkirg, dp. oit., pp. ?37 ss.

bgvdr mk `ds mktkaimds pd`tiods. Y ks quksiledìzgeg mk aukvd g `g uaia mk `dsrkpueìogads y mk `ds sdoigìstgs, g `g Uk-peìog pgr`glkatgrig quk qukrg quk `dstrgeghgmdrks `g gpdygrga pgrg orkgr uagKspgg rkadvgmg y ldmkraizgmg, ìekrgmg

mk `g dìjgrqug.

7=. K_SGG Y K@ LDRILIKA]D DEUKUD

SDU K_]K SUDE@KLG _K SUDM[HD @G U[S][UGKA @G_ BI@G_ MK @D_ UKS[E@IOGAD_

E[UJ[K_K_.@KUUD[^ K@IJI @G G@IGAXGODA @G O.K.M.G.SDU ]KLDU G @G UKRD@[OIADEUKUG.GXGG Y LGU]AK] EGUUID K@IJIKUDA

G@IGU_K G @D_ SGU]IMD_ DEUKUD_ Y

GNDUUGU@K G K_SGG [AG UKRD@[OIA.

Odasimkrgega quk k` lgrod odastituoidag`dbrkog tdmgs `gs pdsieiìmgmks pgrg kbkotugrprdbuamgs rkbdrlgs mk kstruoturg. @gs Odr-tks, olgrg aiog k`kjimg pdr subrgjid uai-vkrsg`, mirkotd y skorktd, pdr oiumgmgads mkgleds skxds, pdmga, jrgoigs g `g `ky k`kotd-rg` quk mgeg k` >3% mk `ds gsikatds g `gs ìs-tgs lgydritgrigs ka `gs oirouasoripoidaks rk-

jidag`ks, dbrkokr lgydrgs kstge`ks. @ds pd-mkrks glpìgmds mk` prksimkatk mk `g Ukp-eìog, mkrkond mk k`kjir y mk rkvdogr g` prksi-mkatk mk` Odaskhd y mkrkond mk dpdakrsk guag `ky, gs odld `g kxistkaoig mk` ]rieuag`mk `gs jgrgatgs odastituoidag`ks `ks pgrkogaskr, g` lisld tiklpd, uag jgrgatg odatrg `gsgvkaturgs. Kspkrgega tkrliagr, mkatrd mk ks-tk lgrod, `g derg, gpkags ksedzgmg ka 79?7,mk

ODA_]U[OOIA MK [A RKUMGMKUD K_]GMD

@IEKUG@,@GIOD Y MKLDOU]IOD,Y MKUKJKAKUGOIA MK @G _DOIKMGM LKMIGA]K

[AG UKBDULG GJUGUIG W[K ODARKU]IUG

KA SUDSIK]GUID_ G LI@@DAK_

MK OGLSK_IAD_ _IA ]IKUUG.

Ad pdmga kspkrgr ``kvgr g euka trli-ad sklkhgatk tgrkg sia k` gpdyd mk` ld-vilikatd derkrd mk `ds siamiogtds y mk `dspgrtimds.Ka k` trgasoursd mk` sij`d, kstk ld-vilikatd sk ngeg odavkrtimd ka uag bukrzgmkoisivg ouyg iabùkaoig sk ngog skatir prd-buamglkatk ka k` odrgza lisld mk Kspgg,ka k` luamd oglpksiad.


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5?Oikrtd ks, `ds oglpksiads mk Kuzfgmi

pkrlgakoga gpkjgmds g sus trgmioidaks y g`pgrtimd agoidagìstg, `ds agvgrrds y `ds mk`Lgkztrgsjd bdrlgega `g egsk pdpu`gr mkògrìsld y `ds pkqukds gjriou`tdrks mk Ogtg-ùg y mk @kvgatk vdtgega mk euka jrgmd pdr

`ds rkpueìogads, mk mkrkong d izquikrmg. Sk-rd `g iabùkaoig mk `ds sdoigìstgs krg il-pdrtgatk ka `ds oglpds gsturigads, katrk`ds derkrds gjrod`gs mk Ogsti``g `g Rikhg,katrk `ds jrgahkrds sìmglkatk drjgaizg-mds, ka `gs RkjgsV5=\ mk Jrgagmg y mkLuroig.

_DA @D_ GAGUW[I_]G_ @D_ W[KDUJGAIXGEGA K IA_SIUGEGA @G_ @[ONG_ MK

@D_ _[EBDUGMD_V5;\MK JG@IOIG,

@G_ UKR[K@]G_ MK @D_ EUGOKUD_ GAMG@[OK_,@G_ @[ONG_ MK @D_ OGLSK_IAD_ _IA ]IKUUG

MK GUGJA8K@ LDRILIKA]D DEUKUDK_]GEG G S[A]D MK ODAW[I_]GU

G @G O@G_K OGLSK_IAG.

Krg g `g vkz, k` gmvkrsgrid y `d quk kstgegka hukjd. Ka virtum mk sus rkiviamiogoidaks,gua mk `gs ls ldmkrgmgs, glkagzgeg mi-

rkotglkatk g `ds iatkrksks vitg`ks mk `g dì-jgrqug.Sdrquk krg uag bukrzg tkrrie`klkatk

kxp`dsivg, `g pkqukg eurjuksg rkpueì-ogag euso su gìgazg y k` gpdyd pgrg suprdpig pd`tiog.@k pgrkog iamispkasge`k tk-akr`g g su `gmd, odatrg gmvkrsgrids bdrlimg-e`ks, pgrg rkgìzgr, ka k` oglpd kspgd`, ksk7:>9 quk k` pgs ad odadoi, y sia k` ougàiaja prdjrksd sdoig` y kodaliod skrid `k

pgrkog pdsie`k.Skrd k` ldvilikatd derkrd kspgd` tk-ag tgleia sus prdpigs kxijkaoigs y de-

hktivds. G biaks mk 79?; pgrkog kstgr mis-pukstd g `kvgatgrsk tgatd odatrg `ds dì-jgrogs, quk qukrga mkstruir`d, odld od-atrg `ds rkpueìogads, quk pkasgega utiì-zgr`d.

V5=\ ]ikrrg mk rkjgmd.V5;\ Oglpksiads suhktds g` pgjd mk` bdrd.

K@ LDRILIKA]D DEUKUD

K` ldvilikatd derkrd kspgd` tikak tgl-

eia uag bisdadlg drijiag`. Ka `ds mklspgsks mk Kurdpg, `g ùong odlkazgmg ka k`skad mk `g prilkrg iatkragoidag` katrk `dspgrtimgrids mk Lgrx y `ds mk Egfuaia, prkska-oi `g viotdrig mk `ds prilkrds, g quikaks sk``glgeg katdaoks `ds "gutdritgrids"6 odastru-ykrda `ds pgrtimds sdoig`mklorgtgs gbiìgmdsg `g skjuamg iatkragoidag` y `gs okatrg`kssiamiog`ks rkbdrlistgs. Ka Kspgg, pdr kòdatrgrid, `g viotdrig mk `ds "ìekrtgrids",

`ds glijds mk Egfuaia gjrupgmds ka `g sd-oikmgm skorktg mk `g "G@IGAXG MK @G MKLD-OUGOIG _DOIG@I_]G", tuvd odaskoukaoigsmurgmkrgs, y skg` murgatk `grjd tiklpdg` ldvilikatd derkrd kspgd` oda k` sk``drkvdùoidagrid mk `gs trgmioidaks gagr-quistgs y gagrod-siamiogìstgs.

7. @D_ GAGUW[I_]G_

G. @G_ IMKG_ MK EGF[AIA

Ad tikak agmg mk sdrprkamkatk kstgviotdrig8 ka kstk pgs gjrod`g ka k` quktgatds `gzds ìjga g` derkrd mk iamustrigoda k` oglpksiad sia tikrrgy oda k` hdrag`k-rd, ka k` quk `g hgoqukrik, rkvuk`tg erkvk yvid`katg, y k` egamimghk mk `ds bukrg-mk-`g-`ky sda `g bdrlg skou`gr mk kxp`dsia mk`gs o`krgs y mk `gs vkajgazgs pdpu`grks, `gs

imkgs mk Egfuaia kaodatrgrda ua tkrrkadbgvdrge`k.G sus dhds, ka kbkotd,

_@D K@ MK_KAOGMKAGLIKA]D K_SDA]AKD MK

@G_ B[KUXG_ MK @D_ DSUILIMD_ SDMG MKUUD-

OGU G@ OGSI]G@I_LD,Y @G GOOIA KAUJIOG MK[AG LIADUG DUJGAIXGMG AD MKEG IA]KURKAIU

L_ W[K SGUG ODDUMIAGU @G_ IAIOIG]IRG_ MK

@G_ LG_G_ @KRGA]GMG_ ODA]UG @G_ B[KUXG_

MK UKSUK_IA.

II.


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SIKUUK EUD[ & LI@K ]LILK@G UKRD@[OIA Y @G J[KUUG MK K_SGG5=

G `g gooia pd`tiog mk `ds pgrtimds, skmuo-tdrg ka `ds pgsks gvgazgmds, Egfuaia y susglijds dpdaga `g gooia iasurrkotivg, `g irrg-migoia mk` khklp`d rkvdùoidagrid, ls oda-bdrlks g `gs trgmioidaks mk `gs ùongs mk o`g-sks kspgd`gs8 gs gtrieuga, ka `g derg mk

klgaoipgoia, ua pgpk` mkoisivd g `ds "eikaglgmds egamimds", g `ds "ajk`ks vkajgmd-rks mk `ds pderks" quk k` oglpksiad kspgd`glgeg, guaquk tklg.V7\

Gmvkrsgrids bkrdoks mk` Kstgmd odasimk-rgmd odld `g bdrlg skou`gr mk dprksia, `dsmisopu`ds mk Egfuaia, g` rkongzgr "tdmg dr-jgaizgoia mk ua pdmkr pd`tiod, supuks-tglkatk prdvisidag` d rkvdùoidagrid"V5\vkga k` kleria mk `g sdoikmgm buturg, hustg

y brgtkrag` ka ksg "ODL[AG @IEUK", tgasklkhgatk g `gs odluaimgmks oglpksiagslkmikvg`ks, ka `g oug` ogmg rkvuk`tg mk Ks-pgg vd`vg g kaodatrgr su sukd.

E. K@ GAGUOD-_IAMIOG@I_LD

@g iabùkaoig mk `ds tkriods gagrquistgs,odld k` o`kerk SKMGJDJD BUGAOI_OD BK-UUKUy, sderk tdmd, GA_K@LD @DUKAXD, `g mk

`ds siamiogìstgs rkvdùoidagrids mk `g O.J.].brgaoksg, sk odleiagrda pgrg prdmuoir k` ag-oilikatd, ka 7977, g pgrtir mk `ds ao`kdsìekrtgrids ogtg`gaks, mk `g OdabkmkrgoiaAgoidag` mk` ]rgeghd, drjgaizgoia siamiog`rkvdùoidagrig g `g quk `g rkprksia ad `k il-pimi mirijir, g pgrtir mk 797:, `g jrga d`g mknuk`jgs mk Ogtgùg.

]katgmg pdr ua ldlkatd mk uairsk g `gIA]KUAGOIDAG@ ODL[AI_]G, odld `d prdpda-

ga mds mk sus mirijkatks, `ds lgkstrds GA-MU_ AIAy HDGW[A LG[UAV?\, kavigmds pdrk``g g Ldso y odavkrtimds g` odluaisld, `g

V7\ Rgsk, ls gmk`gatk `g bijurg mk Murruti. G`` skkaoukatrg `g rgz mk `d quk pdmklds ``glgr `g trg-mioia "Oim-jukrri``krd-egamimd".

V5\ Odajrksd mk _giat-Ilikr, 7>:5.V?\ Rotdr _krjk, nge`gamd mk sus prilkrds kaouka-

trds oda k``ds ka Ldso, ksoriei8 "sg`tgeg g `g vis-tg `g ogìmgm mk ksk lgkstrd mk @rimg, Lgura, ymk ksk lgkstrd egrok`das, Aia. Lgura tkag uagirk mk hdvka ogeg``krd odld `ds quk mieuhgega `dsprkrrgbgkìtgs6 Aia, mktrs mk sus kspkhuk`ds odagrd mk drd, tkag uag kxprksia odaokatrgmg quk`g g`kjrg mk vivir gìjkrgeg" (Lkldirks m'ua rkvd-ùtidaagirk, p. 7=3).

O.A.]., mkspus mk `ds suoksds mk Ordas-tgmt, vuk`vk g pdakrsk g mistgaoig.

Ka su egstia mk Ogtgùg, ka `ds gdssijuikatks tuvd quk sdstkakr uag ùongsgajrikatg odatrg k` JDEKUAGMDU LGU]AKXGAIMD8 okatkagrks mk liìtgatks ogykrda

eghd `gs eg`gs mk `ds pistd`krds y, katrkk``ds, k` skorktgrid mk `g O.A.]., _G@RGMDU_KJ[.V=\

Eghd `g miotgmurg mk Srild mk Uivkrg,ka p`kag rkprksia, sk drjgaiz, ka 795:,`g BKMKUGOIA GAGUW[I_]G IEUIOG,@G B.G.I.,tga listkridsg odld pdmkrdsg, y quk luyrpimglkatk mdlia pdr odlp`ktd g `gO.A.].

DUJGAIXGOIA _KOUK]G G ILGJKA MK @G G@IGA-XG, BDULGMG SDU JU[SD_ MK GBIAIMGM _KLK-HGA]K_ G @DJIG_ LG_AIOG_, EGHD @G G[]DUI-MGM MK [A ODLI] SKAIA_[@GU O@GAMK_]IAD,@G B.G.I._K ODARIU]I L[Y USIMGLKA]K KA K@G@LG MK @G OKA]UG@ GAGUOD_IAMIOG@I_]G.

Y ks quk ad s`d krg ua jrupd gaaild ydpkrgatk, siad ua kstgmd mk kspritu ogrgotk-rstioglkatk kspgd`. Odld ksoriek k` siami-

ogìstg brgaos Udekrt @duzda, odadokmdr ysilpgtizgmdr mk` gagrod-siamiogìsld kspg-d`8 "K@ 'BGI_LD' K_ @G HGOW[KUIK]UGA_S[K_]G G@ S@GAD MK @G @[ONGDEUKUG SDU @G LG_G OGLSK_IAG KA@G O[G@ _K UKO@[]G, agturg`lkatk, kaKspgg odld ka dtrgs pgrtks, g` derkrd ks-pgd`, y sistklgtizgmg, 'tkdrizgmg' ka oikrtgbdrlg".V;\ @g B.G.I. gmdptg k` ltdmd rkvd-ùoidagrid prdpukstd pdr k` gagrquistg itgìgad

LG@G]K_]G8"GSDMKUGU_K MK [AG OI[MGM D MK[AG G@MKG,SDAKU G @D_ UKSUK_KA]GA]K_ MK@K_]GMD KA IAOGSGOIMGM MK LD@K_]GU, K IARI-]GU G @G SDE@GOIA G DUJGAIXGU_K @IEUKLKA-

]K SDU _ LI_LG".Goiogtkgmgs pdr k``g, kstg``grda murgatk `g

Ukpeìog erkvks rkekìdaks, vid`katgs ``glg-V=\ _g`vgmdr _kju, gpdmgmd k` Adi mk` _uork, "k`

aid mk` gzogr", krg, odld Hds Akjrk, k` prilkrskorktgrid mk `g O.A.]., ua liìtgatk gagrquistg,bdrlgmd pdr Gask`ld @drkazd. Odld k` lktgùr-jistg Skstgg, quk buk su suoksdr ka `g hkbgturgmk `g O.A.]., ngeg pkrtkakoimd g` odlikazd mk svimg liìtgatk g` jrupd mk K`s Bi``s mk Sutg.

V;\ @g Uvdùtida prd`tgrkaak, 5; mk kakrd mk79?2.

Documents

La Revolución y la Guerra de España (Tomo I) - Pierre Broué & Emile Temime