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LAI PAU ~ M. Nguldoukhup

Lai i chih thu leh akigelhkhia genna ahi. Hiai kammal chi nih in kizang thei hi. Khatna ah, siamtak leh kilawmtak a gelh ahihna ziak apoimohna/manphatna nei lai kigelhte; anihna ah bang hiam thu theihsak (information) pe diing a lai kigelh khatpeuh. Atung akigen khatna pen i thu paipih diing ahi. Lai pau (Literary language) i chihchiang in lai gelhna a kizang pau kilawm leh pau hoih, pom leh zat tangpi' theih, i genna ahi hi. Pau tengteng agelhthoh (written) om ma a paukhiak/kam a paukhiak (spoken/oral) ana hi masa ahi hi. Laipau (Literature) i chih a kigelhkhia (written works) genna himahleh akigelhkhiak ma in a thu ana om masa hi. Nidanglai a i khanglui tangthute, i ngeinate leh i thuginte (folk-lore), i late kam akigen (oral) a hong paisawn/kipesawn ahi hi. Laipau chih in kam agen (oral) leh agelh thoh (written) huapkhawm hi. Etsakna di'n, nidanglai tangthu manphatak i zak chim theihlouh, i gen chim theih louh Neinou tangthu, Vanlengtanu tangthu, Lengtonghoih tangthu, Khupching leh Ngambawm tangthu, Thanghou leh Liandou tangthu, Ngalngam tangthu leh a dangdangte, i pi-le-pute' lavuite i laipau a dia goumanpha ahi uhi. Kam a kigen (oral form) kia a ana om pen laimal zang a hong kigelhkhiak chia'n hoihtak a kepbit theih diing laipau (literature) i hon nei hi.

Lai pau (Literary Language) bang hi hiam chih dotna pen adawnna ah akigelhkhia pau ahi i chih ngei ka um hi. Ahi a, a kigelhkhia nazong 'lai pau' hoih leh dik bel ahi kei hi. Pau-le-haam tengteng ah lai pau leh kholak pau (kihouna pau vaantang) a om chiat hi. Kholak pau i chihpen a za-huapzaw di'n 'Pau Vaantang' leng i chi thei hi.

Pau Vaantang (informal language) in kihouna a kizang pau vaantang (colloquialism) bang, kholak a kizang pau kilawmkhollou leh zahmoh pau deuh (slang) bang, khobing pau ahihkeileh tualpau (localism) a huap vek hi.

Lai pau pen formal language toh thu kibang ahi chih theih ahi. Tua bang pau ah pau zatdan (grammar) diktak a zuih ahi a, kammal zatdan leh zatte (style and choice of words) adik theipen, atang theipen zon ahi. Pau vaantang ah bel pau zatdan dik leh kammal dik lam ngentel tak a sui ahi kei hi.

Lai pau a tuam mawng om hi diing hia ahihkeileh pau vaantang leh lai pau akibatlouhna uh leh akizopna uh bang hi diing hiam chih tamlou suut le'ng i chi hi.

Amasa in, kihouna pau vaantang (colloquailism) ah kammal nih kizomte laktom/kaihtom (contracted form) kizang deuh hi. Etsakna: di' (diing), di'n (diing in), chia'n (chiang in), hichi'n (hichi in), huchi'n (huchi in), k'ong (ka hong), n'on (na hon), n'ong (na hong), k'on (ka hong). Hiai kammal laktomte kihouna thu akigelhkhiak chia'n kizang a, 'lai pau' ah leng zat ahihchiang in apostrophe kikoih hi. Pau vaantang ah pronominal concord particle ing, ing e, teh, ung, ung e, uteh, hang chihte kizang hi.

Etsakna:

Pai ing/ Pai ing ei; Pai ung/ Pai ung ei; Nang zekai teh; Nou zekai uteh; Ei zekai hang.

Pau vaantang ah pronoun (subject) nang, nou, kei, kou, ei, amah, aman, amau chihte sentence kipatna a kigen diing pen genlou in, theihsa (understood) in kikoih zel hi.

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Etsakna:

Na pai in (Nang na pai in); An ne un (Nou an ne un); Lou ka kuan (Kei lou ka kuan); Lou ka kuan uh (Kou lou ka kuan uh); Mikhual i hi (Ei/Eite mikhual i hi); Lai a sim (Aman lai a sim); Skulpu ahi (Amah skulpu ahi); A paita uh (Amau apaita uh).

Atung a Pau Vaantang a kizangte pen akigelh chia'n lai pau a hong hi mai uhi. Himahleh pau vaantang a kammal leh kampau kizang khenkhat laipau di'a pomtaak lou om hi.

1. Pau Vaantang (informal language) ah pau dangte apat thil/na min leh kammal i laksawnte kizang deuh hi. Etsakna : kaanna lou (phatuamlou); hisap (tuat), chalak (pilkhel chihna dan a i zat), ngian (mahni angmasial tak a pilkhel), bahara (gari tuanman/ inn luahman), kahase (koi ah – hi saklouhna leh utlouhna genna) chih leh a dangdang. Hiaite lak ah kaanna lou, hisap, chalak, ngian, kahase chihte ei pau a leng hiaite genna i na neihsa ahihman in vazat kullou hi. Lai pau di'n zat taaklou hi.

2. Pau dangte apat i laksawn (borrowed terms & loan words) khenkhat bel ei pau a i na neih geih louh ziak hiam ei pau a phuahkhiak i sawm louh ziak a hong piang ahi uhi. Etsakna : Television (Vangla Melmuh) Telephone (Vangla Tongsan), Telescope (Vangla Etna), gari/motor, radio, gas, x-ray, xerox, atom, oxygen, rocket, result, pass, examination (ekzam), generator, inverter, computer, diesel, scooter, jeep, bus, bike, brake, leh a dangdang. Hiaite ei pau a i phuahkhiak masiah pau dangte i kikoppih touh lai uh ngai mai diing hi.

3. Kholak pau ah kammal leh kampau (expression) khenkhat khobing pau/tualpau (localism), khenkhat pau phuahtawm a kilawm khollou (slang) om hi. Tuate leng i pau himahle uh lai pau di'a zat taaklou leh pomtaaklou ahi uh. Etsakna: Set tawk, houh chi set, kawi thahah, chi kawi, thahah, peuhset, adu, mawle, vial mahmah, zen houh, thathalou, teuhlou, duailou, fuh, hihfuh, che, chethei, chi leuh tel, nguar ang, hih cheuh leh a dangdang.

Huaiziak in, i pau zat nazong pau dik, lai pau a pom theih hilou hi. Kholak pau a kizang kampau khenkhat bel hong kizangzang leh pau hoih, pau dik a pom theih pawl hong om kha diing hi. Etsakna: thaibawi, second-hand sing, fuh, hihfuh, fang (bial fang), chawm (sponsor), fel (kizen), changkang (kichi-thei), zei, leh dangdang. Tuate ban ah kholak paute pen kihouna thugelh khawng ah, zat a ngaih hun om sam hi.

I LAIPAU:

I theih chiat bang in Paite/Tedim Zoumi pau sung ah regional ahihkeileh local dialect tuamtuam ana om hi. Myamar gam sung ah Dim, Sihzang, Teizang leh a dangdang om a, India gam sung ah Bukpi, Dapzar, Lamzang, Lousau, Ngennung, Tuichiap, Valpau leh a dangdang om hi. I teenna gam leh khua a tuam dungzui a pau zat a kibatlouhna zekzek (variation) hong om ahi hi. Tuate tualpau/khobing pau (kho khat sung a pau/ kampau kiphuahkhia, kholak pau, kihouna pau vaantang i chihte ahi. I pau kibatlouhna zekzek om i chihte a tamzaw aw-kaihdan (intonation) lam hi lel zaw ahi. I pau paipi, i pau lui luang bel lui khat ahi.

I pau sung a local dialect ahihkeileh localism i chiht ah kholak pau ahihkeileh tualpau a tuam zekzek om hi. Tuate mun teng a mi teng in a zat vek theihlouh ahi uhi. Etsakna: Set tawk, mawk thahah, mawle, chaw, adu, kawi thahah chih leh a dangdangte ban ah akul kholloupi

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pau dang i va kawm khakte. Etsakna: Thohtanni (Seppatni), Thohlehni (Sepnawnni), Pathian (Pasian) leh a dangdang.

Paite Zoumi pau leh lai phungvuh a, keembit diing a nasem Paite Literature Society ahihkeileh Paite Laipau Saipawl (PLS) in pau kibangte i laigelhdan leng kibang diing chih tup-le-ngim a nei in laibute a hon suahkhia uhi. School leh college tan a zil (tawi) diing laibute (textbooks) sunkhia in hon suahkhia uhi. Tua lai kisuah khempeuh laipau phungvuhna leh taaklatna ahi hi. I Bible (Laisiangthou) leh labute ah i zatkhawm theih vek, laipau kepbit a om hi in i mu hi. Laigelhdan thu ah bel 'hichi zaw leh' chih om lai kha in teh. Etsakna: J leh Z zatna, AW leh O (awh/oh) chihte khawng.

I pau sung a kammal kibanglou ahihhang a a gen leh a kawk lah kibang ahihkeileh kizawitawnte pau tuam, ham tuam hilou in synonym hi lel uhi. Etsakna: kaamsia – vangsia, kipak – lungdam, thupha pia – vualzawl, um – gingta, ngaihtuah – ngaihsun, nawtkuang – kiatkou/meigiit, a hang – a ziak, kammal – thumal, leng – zong, malta – thaksik/ zasan, antang – anngawl, bek – kia/chauh, sakhituihuup – sakhizouzum, leh a dangdang. Tuate pen i zat bangbang i pau hi mai uhi.

THUSITNA:

Pau kibangte i laigelhdan leng kibang in kituak leh i pau leh i lai in masawn diing, huai in i nam kipumkhatna kipsak in hatsak diing hi.

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LAIMAL LEH LAI GELHDAN

~ Dr Tualchin Neihsial

1.1 LAI I NEIHNA: Tanglai hun akipat in ‘Lai’ cih kammal i nei ua, khanglui tangthute ah

Zangpitam a teengte’n savun a kigelh lai nei ngei ua, himahleh uipi gilkial khat in hon neekgaihsak hi ci in na gen uhi.Zangpitam khuate mah bang in Luika khua a teeng masate’n zong singhawng a kigelh lai na nei uhi.Tua lai pen tual laam inn sung a akoih uh gampalak meikaang in a khua uh a peh man in kangtum kha hi.Kuamah lai thei a om louh ciang in patau in Zangpitam khote’n Kawlpi a asanggamte uh lai thei khat sam in laimal, asimdan leh agelhdan kihilhsak sawm uhi.Lai hilh diing a Kawlpi a kipan Zangpitam khua zuan a hong kuan hinapi, Zangpitamte’n tavak a zoulou ana khoh kum uh ahi a, tua a lou ua luut vasa, zusa leh gamsate matna dia tuithaang, pial leh adangdang akamte uh a muh ciang in “Hi bang a thaangkam thei in lai thei lou kei un teh” ci in Zangpitam khua pha lou in Kawlpi lam ah kilehkiksan hi.

Huai hun akipan in lai kimangsak siang hi. Unau Thadou, Hmar leh Luseite’n Vaipau

a lai cihna Likha apan kila lehkha cih zatpih ua, Falam leh Khalkhate’n Kawlte’n lai a cihna uh Sa cih zatpih uhi. Lai i cih English ah script kichi ahi a,laimal i cih ciang in Greek alphabet a laimal masa nihte alpha leh beta kigawm “alphabet” toh kibang ahi hi.

2.1. LAIMAL HONG KIPATNA BUL: Leitung ah Phoenician-te’n laimal (alphabet) bawlkhe

masapen ua, hiai Phoenician sumdawngte akipan in Greekte’n lai gelhdan leh kammal gindan hon theikhia in, amaute akipan in alasawn uhi.BC 800 ma lam in Greekte’n hiai Phoenician’symbol[ciamtehna] 22 lasawn in amau awgin toh kituak diing in ahon puahpha thak uhi.Greek pau a consonant tampi kisam lou ahihman in unusual consonant signs 5te pen vowel sound in hon gingsak uhi. Phoenician alphabet [laimal] masa , aleph a cih uh bawngtal (ox) chihna ahi a, Greek ah alpha (α - A) hong suak hi. Tuamah bang in laimal nihna kichi inn (house) cihna Greek a beta (β - B) hong suak hi.

2.2. LAIMAL HONG KIPATDAN:Leitung bup ah lai gelhdan hong kipatna bulpi –

pictograms[alim akigelh] kicite pawl ahi a, tanglai Aigupta(Egypt) gam a hong kipan ahi hi.Aiguptate aa toh kibang sim ahihhang a amau a tuamdin pictogram hithou bangzah hiam a om a, huaite ahihleh Summerian,Elamite,Cretan,Hittite,India leh Chinate’ aa cihte khawng ahi uhi. Ahihhang in hiai Aiguptate’ pictogram-te pen hong ki-ideogram (conventionalised pictograms)in BC 1500 kum vel akipan in phonetization[aw-ginkhiak nei] in hong kibawl a, huai akipan in syllabary pawl khat hong kibawlkhia hi. Hiai syllabary-te pen acrophyny principle dungzui in consonant alphabet hong suak uhi. Etsakna diing in Semitic ideograms –inn (house) i chih Beth ( ) ahi a, Gimel ( ) kichi camel (sangawngsau), Daleth ( ) kichi kongkhak (door) cihna a hong kipan ahi uhi.

2.3. MANOHNA LAM NEI IN LAI KIGELH: Lai khat peuh akigelh ciang in manohna lam

kineisak a, pawl khatte pen atung a kipan anuai lam manoh in kigelh hi, gentehna diing in, China’ lai i cihte; khenkhatte lah khut taklam akipan veilam manoh akigelh pawl –adiak in Arabic,Hebrew, Kharosthi i chihte ahi ua,tua mah bang in Greek laimal masapente zong atuunglam in taklam akipan veilam manoh akigelh ahi ua, BC 500vel akipan in veilam akipan taklam manoh in hong kigelh thak hi.

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2.4. ROMAN ALPHABET: Greekte akipan in Etruscante’n laimal 26 hon bawlkhia ua, Rome mite’n Rome gambup a hon uk tak un hiai Etruscante’ laimal avek a alaak louh hang un laimal 3te- theta, phi, khi pen namber 100, 1000, 500 leh 50 simna diing in hon la uhi. Etruscan’ laimal sigma pen S hon hisak in ks gin a ging diing in x behlap laimal nanungpen ah akoih uhi. BC 312 vel in Latin pau a Z gin a ging om lou ahihman in Z (Zeta) paikhia in laimal thak C pen bawllamdang zek in G hon bawlkhia uhi.

BC 100 hun in Greek kammal zenit leh zephyros teikhiakna (transliteration) diing in Y leh Z hon behlap nawn uhi. I leh J tang in I kizang a, U leh V akibang in kizang hi. Huai hunlai in W kici a om nai kei hi. Norman script a U aw-suah tuankhenna diing in English aw-suah W (semi-vowel = double U) hon behlap nawn uhi.J kici William Shakespear (AD 1630) nung a hon behlap phet uh ahi hi.Tuni a leitung buppi a laimal kizang tangpipen Roman alphabet ahi hi.

3.1. KHRISTIAN MISONARITE’N LAI NEI LOUTE AA DIING IN ROMAN ALPHABET HONG

PATPIH UH: Mangkang kumpite’n India hong uk lai un India Malsuah gam a khristian misonari hong luut masate’n Bengali script leh Assamese script zang in Khasi leh Garo paute gelh in na bulpatpih uhi. Ahihhang in hiai in deih bang a ma asawn theihlouh ziak kia hi lou in, laimal theih diing mahmah zong tam lua hi.1842 kum khawng akipan in Rev Thomas Jones in Roman laimal zang in Khasi pau a Thukhun Thak agelhkiak pen lohchingzaw leh theihbaihzaw hi in atheikhia uhi.Hibang a zuihnouneelsa (experienced) hoihtak a neihte uh ziak in 1893 kum in Assam[tuin Meghalaya kici]gam sung a om khua khat Tura ah American Baptist Mission Conference om a, huai khawmpi ah hiai bang in thupuukna na bawl uhi.[Hiai hun tan in Chin Hills leh Manipur Hills ah Khristian misonari kuamah luut om nai lou uhi].

“...in the opinion of this conference the Roman Alphabet is the best for the Hill tribes, about Assam, that have no written language and it was resolved that ‘Italian system of pronunciation of the Roman character should be adhered to,

Whereas The Missionaries of the Union are commencing work on both the Assam and Burma side of the Hills between Upper Assam and Burma, and it may be expected that at no distant day our missionaries on the two sides will be touching hard across these hills; and as it seems desirable that contiguous tribes have the same alphabet, therefore, Resolved. That clerk of the conference be instructed to send this expression of our opinion to the missionaries for the Cachar and the Chins of Burma.” Paite pau in atung a American Baptist Conference Report,1893,p 8 hiai dan ahi hi:

[1] Hiai Conference ngaihdan in Assam gam a singtangmi, lai nei loute aa diing in Roman alphabet hoih akisapen a;

[2] Upper Assam leh Burma gamgi a singtangmite lak a nasemte’n kikhutzopna kinei nuam pah ahih ciang in, alphabet kibang aneih uh deihhuai leh akilawm a, huaiziak in,

[3] Conference a clerk in Kachin leh Burma a Zoumite [Chinte] lak a misonarite kiang ah hiai thupuuknate na khaak hen cih pha kisa hi”

Atung a thupuukna omsa bang in Baptist Misonarite gentaak louh London a om Arthington Aborigins misonarite leh Presbyterian misonarite tengteng in zong a luutna gamte uah hiai Roman alphabet a hon poluut chiat ua, Baptist misonarite luutna Chin Hills,Ukhrul leh mun dangdang ah Roman alphabet a zatpih ua, Presbyteriante luutna leh huzapna nuai a om Khasi & Jaintia Hills leh Lushai Hills chihte ah modified [bawllemsa]Roman laimal hong kizang hi.Gen tam kul lou in gam khat a mission khat nuai om kha tuung hi le hang i laimal[alphabet] zat kibang (kikhat) diing hi. 3.2. PHONETIC HUNTERIAN SYSTEM OF ORTHOGRAPHY: Lushai Hills a J H Lorrain (Pu

Buanga) leh FW Savidge (Sap Upa) in Roman alphabet modified [bawllemsa leh leptawm] khat apatpih uh atuung in hiai bang ahi hi:

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A Â B D E F G H I K J M N O P R S T U V Z CH

ci in kivual (kigelh) a A pen Aw chi a, J pen chei chi a lam ahi.1897 kum in D E Jones (Zousaphluia) leh Edwin Rowland (Zousapthara) in Pu Buanga bawlsa pen hiai bang in hon lemthak uhi:

A Â AW ÂW B CH D E Ê F G H I Î K L M N O P R S T Ţ U Û V Z

3.3. KAWLGAM ZOUMITE’ LAI HONG KIPATDAN:Kawlgam in a huapkhak Zoumite lak a

Pasian’ thu nasepna pen kum 1837 in kipan a, Zoumite lak a khristian suak masapen zong numei melhoih mahmah khat ahi hi.Ahihhang in ei Zougam leh Zoumite lak a thunasepna hong kipat taktak bel 1899 kum ahi hi.1899 kum November 16 ni Dr A.E.Carsonte nupa pen Khalkha[Haka]khua ahong tung ua, ei gam a Pasian’ thu hong puak masapen ahi uhi.1902 kum March kha ni 21 ni in Dr E.H.East zong Khalkha khua hong tung hi.1910 kum in Khalkha kipan in Tedim ah Dr Joseph Herbert Copete nupa hong kisuan uhi.Rev.Carsonte nupa in Dr E.H.East’ huhna toh kum 5 sung Haka pansan in Pasian’ thu nasepna pan mahle uh kuamah angahzou kei hi.Hiai toh kisai in Rev (Dr)E.H.East in 1909 kum February 15 ni a, Rih Lake[dil] pansan a alaigelhna ah,“From what I have seen, it is quite probable that had our Mission undertaken work up here in the beginning, the Northern and Central sections would are this have been Christianized. I also know that the Superintendent of the Hills suggested to the founder of our work to start in Tedim, but it seemed best to him to take to Haka as a start” na chi hi.Tua agente Paite pau in gen thak le hang,“kei muhna dan in chi leng mission nasepna pen Mallam[Saklam] leh gamlai akipan kipan kha masazaw hileh nakpitak in baihzaw diing a, khristian zong suakkhin baihzaw diing uhi.Chin Hills a Superintendentpa’n zong Tedim pan a mission nasep kipat diing thu na gen ngeelzaw hiven, aphuanciilpa [Rev. Carson] in Khalkha a ana pat khit man lel a kipan kha lou ahi achih zong ka thei”acihna ahi hi.Dr.E H.East’ gen bang in Chin Hills a piangthak masapente zong Tedim gam mi ahi uhi.Dr J H Cope in 1910 kum apan in Tedim khua pansan in nasep hong kipan a, hiai mipa’n Roman Alphabet bulphuh in laigelh patpih hi.Hiai Roman laimal zang a lai kibawlte pen Pauchinhau’ Lai leh Kawl laite sang a leng theih baihzaw ahihman in leh ni 7 sung khawng a theizou uh ahihman in ‘Ni Sagih Lai’ zong aci uhi.

4.1. PAU HIMHIM DYNAMIC AHI: Pau pen apautu/zangtute mah bang in thilhing (dynamic)

ahihman in a kikhek gige khat ahi. Pau khempeuh ah pau lui, pau thak, pau hoih, pau sia, pau si, pau khanglian cihte om thei hi.Pau a kikhek mah bang in a kigelhdan (spelling) zong kikhek in kipuahpha toutou ahi hi.Gentehna diing in, kumzabi 12 hunlai a biakna late lak a khat A Moral Ode or Poema Morale kici ah:

Ich aem elder den ich wes, a wintre and a lore: Ic waelde more panne ic dude: mi wit ah to be more. Wel lange ic habbe child ibean a worde and ec a dede. Den ic beo a wintre eald, to yung i eom a rede’ Tulai English ah hiai bang in hong kigelhta hi: I am older than I was, in winter and lore. I wield more than I did: my wit ought to be more.

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Well long I have been a child, in word and eek in deed. Though I be old in winters, too young I am in rede (counsel) (C.L. Wrenn :The English Language[1993], pp 113)

Laipau kia hilou in Laisiangthou sung a thumal gawmdan leh gelhdan[spelling and word formation]nangawn nakpitak in hong kikhek hi.1611 kum a King James Version kisuahkhia ah S.Iohn[John] 3:16-17 hibang in kigelh hi:

For God so loued y world, that he gaue his only begotten Sonne: that whosoeuer beleeueth in him, should not perish, But haue euerlasting life. For God sent not his Sonne into the world to condemne the world: but that the world through him might be saued.

1979,1980,1983,1985 leh 2004 kum a Thomas Nelson in Thukhun Thak [New King James Version] asuahkhiak uah hiai bang in spelling hon gelh uhi:

“For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world through Him might be saved.”

American Lexicographer Noah Webster (1758-1843) in 1783 kum a American Spelling Book abawl leh 1828 kum a American Dictionary of the English Language agelh ah, favor, nabor, hed, proov, hiz, giv, det, ruf, wel [favour, neighbour, head, prove, his, give, debt, rough, well] ci in na guang hi. G.A.Grierson in akaihkhawm leh a etdik[compiled and edited] Linguistic Survey of India Volume III Tibeto-Burman Family Part III “Specimens of the Kuki-Chin and Burman Groups”sung a Paite pau akoihtel zong Major Shakespear in 1900 kum a Lusei gam a Paite omte akipan a laak‘Tapa Taimang Tangthu’ akipan ahi a, huai ah hici in gelh hi:

Mi kua-hiam-a ta-pa pa-nhi a nei-a. A-nao-pang-za in a pa lak-a, ‘He pa, go ka chan-ai on-pia-in, ‘a chi a. Chin a sum-te pa-ni-u lak-a a ham-a. Ni shat-lo-tak in a naopang-za in sum a vek in akham-a,gam la-tak-a a pai-pih-ta’

Pu Vialphung’ Diary[Kaihlam 1/1/1919]:

“Hiai kum in hi a leng a, a lu uleh a nung uh a na a, ashi ding teng a hai ua, ni 10 na le a om kei a, ashi pahpah uhi. Januari 1 ni akipan Feb.3 tan in mi pasal 20 leh numei 41 ahi.A vek in 61 ahi.” “Huai chiah a kum mah Epril 25 akipan shum phuk a leng nawn a, Awgast 13 tan in a veng a. Hiai tan kal in mi 91 a shi. Chi nat shung a kha in kha 3 leh ni 23 ahi a, aniin ni 133 ahi”

Hiai tan lel et in leng,1919 kum a spelling leh tulai a i zat spelling akilamdang in akikhe mahmah cih i mu hi:Gentehna in, shi=si,shum phuk =suumphuk; chi nat=chinat; shung=sung cihte.Pu Vialphung in alaigelhna ah Shuang kot, shawm shang, shuangdai, haosa, shum, shuangdawh,shung, shi, Dishember, Epril,Awgast ciin agelh hi. 4.2. PAU AKHANGTOUTOU AHI: Pau i chih a kibehlap, akipuahpha toutou leh akhang

toutou ahi a, tua toh kizui in a gelhdan zong a hun toh kituak a kikhek leh kipuahpha toutou ahi. Lai lam ah latest[athak leh a nanungpen]apoimoh a,khangthu leh phung-le-taang kisuutna khawng ah bel upapen[oldest]a kul hi.Nidang in bii inn, gua a kibawl inn, sing inn ah i teeng ua, tu chiang in Pasian hehpihna toh sing inn, langva inn, teeklei inn, suang inn, siik inn khawng ah i teengta uhi.Ka pu ka pate ua kipat bii inn a

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teeng ka hi uh cih paulap in langva inn, sing inn, suang inn ahi thei kei diing chi in pankhoh sawmle hang tulai hun aa diing in khanletna diing lampi tam hetlou diing hi.

Lai leh pau i chih zong tua bang dan mah ahi hi. PHOENICIAN ALPHABET

Letter Name Meaning Roman Alphabet

āleph - ox - A

bēth - house - B

gīmel - camel - G

dāleth - door - D

hē - window - E

wāw - hook - W

zayin - weapon - Z

ḥēth - wall - CH

ṭēth - good - T

yōdh - hand - F

kaph - palm (of a hand) K

lāmedh - goad - L

mēm - water - M

nun - serpent - N

sāmekh - pillar - S

’ayin - eye - I

pē - mouth - P

ṣādē - papyrus plant - C

qōph - eye of a needle - Q

rēš - head - R

šin - tooth - Ś, Š

tāw - mark - TH [Paper prepared & presented by Dr Tualchin Neihsial during Laipau Orientation-I at Mimbung, Mizoram on January 25, 2009, jointly organised by PLS, EBC & GBC Home Based Care]

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PAITE NAM LAILAM POLITIKS ~ John K. Ngaihte

Thupatna: Tulai hun chii leh nam kizonkhiak a, kigawm sawm hun ahihman in michih namchih kitaitehna thupitak om ahi chih a khawdaak thei chiang in i thei vek. Zoumi kichi nuai a nam tuamloute- eite bang a na kikhen khate toh kigawmkhawmna lampi tot i sawmkhawm ahi. Ei Paite nam namlian leh thupi huntawk diing leh gam khat neihtham hial hinapi in, i khophawklouh kal leh i deihteelna omloupi in, i gam laizang ah International Boundary ana pai in, khua i hon phawk chiang un, gam nih a khen i na i maimah uhi. Huchi in, India a omte, Paite na na kichi in Myanmar a omte Tedim ana kichi hi. Himahleh i hihna, i pianphung, i paute i sut chiang in a kibang, nam khat i na hi uhi. Ei India a omte’ pau lak a Vaipau, Lushei pau leh Meitei pau i lak teng i paihkhiak chiang in Tedim pau a na hi maimah a, huchimah bang in Myanmar a i pau lak ua Kawl pau teng i paihkhiak chiang in Paite pau chiangtak i ana hizel. Lapau leh pau upate ngialhouh kilamdanna khat lel leng a om kei hi. Ei India a omte ngialhouh, State nih Mizoram leh Manipur ah khen in i omlai ua, politiks sai a haksa mahmah mai hi. Manipur ate’n 1949 a PNC ana phutkhia in tuni tanpha in kithutuak tak in politiks i sai ua, PNC khawmpite ah thu lianpipi : State, Union Territory leh District Council-te i gen phur mahmah sek hang un ei gam, ei lei chih diing i saikhe nai kei uh hi. Tua naksang in i Lamka khopi i pupate’n ana satsa uh leh sisan toh ana luah uh khua natan leng tang zoulou phialphial in, mite’n suak-le-sal a hon kaithei dinmun ahita! Tua ahihman in, ei vuak a thil vasai di’n Paite milip 60,000 vel omte, Kolkata a khutdoh seh sawmsuah sehkhat leng phaloute a di’n i kibatpihte toh kizopkhawmna in Paite mipite aa diing in bitna omlel diing a, tua bang in i kibatpihte mahmah leng ei bit bang in a bit diing uhi. Kigawmkhawmna in suahtaakna hon tun diing ahi chih muhchian ziak in Zoumi ah i kigawm uhi. Zoumi chih pomthei i unaute ban ah Myanmar a om i unaute toh namkhat i hihna uh midangte’n hon theile uh, ei adi’n bitna om ngei diing hi chih i gingta uhi. I sai leh tup uh khosuahna taktak diing ahi. Huaiziak in, tuate toh kizopna (Chin Re-unification i chi masa a tuin chetna toh Zomi Re-unification) neih PNC in Preamble a nei hial in, tua pen alui (outdated) dek i chihsim chiang in leng Paite milip i kikhopkhawm hial chiang in Zomi Re-unification loungal Paite mipite’ lungsiim hiip leh huau (inspire) zou IDEOLOGY dang a om kei hi. Tua Unification i ngaklah un, i lunggulh peetmah uhi. Paite mipite’ lungsim a hiai lunggulh ngoihngoihna athupi luat ziak in PTC makaite’n hiai lam awn a hon pikhaklouh dek chiang un i kiphin in pawl dang bang hong piangthei dek hial sek hi. Huaiziak in PTC in Zoumi chih nomenclature in i na pomta uh hi. Tuithapi khua a 1983 kum May 6-9 ni in PNC Hqtrs General Assembly ah hiai bang thupuukna na la uhi: Resoluton No. III : PNC General Assembly in nomenclature tungtang toh kisai in General Discussion sawt kuam tak a kineih khit in ngeina leh tawndan: “Khangthu, ngeina leh tawndan kibang Zoumi nam tuamtuam leh pau tuamtuam zangte kal ah kitanauna leh kizopkhawmna a om pah diing kideih hi. Tua toh kisai in Saptuam, Literature, Politics tungtawn in septouh diing pha kisa hi...

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Nam kikhensate kigawmkhawm utna hang in politiks a mailam sawn thei in i om a, Zoumi khazaak nuai ah Paite leng i om hi. I nam in hihtheih-bawltheih aneihte bawl in i hahkat mahmah hi. Lunggulh ngoihngoih in tum mah lehang pichinna diing in maban a sah mahmah lai a, paina ding lampi sautak i nei lai uhi. Politiks a kigawm a, gam huamsung khat a teenkhawm a, gamgi khat huamsung a khosakkhawm diing thil baihlam ahi kei hi. Himahleh boundary neilou laipau (literature) beek a kigawm masakpen kigawmna dia kalbi masapen ahihdan i phawk tinten hi. Laipau a kigawmna pen in kuamah gamgi giitsa a kaltan moh kei a, kuamah Dan in leng a kalh kei hi. Kuamah Kumpi in leng a nang thei kei a, e’n ‘Tak Heh’ chi a i zatpat ni pen Laipau a Kigawmkhawmna ni, politiks a kigawmna dia kalbi khat kipatna ni a himai hi. Tuabang thil ahihman in PNC in lunggeel taktak ni chi in Paite nam uap Pawlpi tuamtuam: YPA, SSPP, PLS, Saptuam heutu lian leh i nam sung a laisiam leh dottham chingte samkhawm in Nisim October 2, 30 leh November 1, 1982 in ni thum vingveng kikupna a nei ua, ani masa in mi poimoh ngen 34 paikhawm ua, ani nih leh thum ni in heutu 57 paikhawm in, tua ah thupuukna hiai bang in na lata uhi: Thupukna 1: Paite pau zang khempeuhte'n paudik leh lai gelhdan (spelling) kibang i neih kul hi

chih hiai Joint Meeting in sawtkuamtak a genkhawm nung in pau le lai gelhdan kibang zat hita hen chih thukim hi. Tua bang in pau leh lai gelhdan kibang i neih pah theihna ding in GUIDE BOOK kichi Paite Pau Gelh Dik Dan laibu Paite Literature Society in hon bawl uh hen chih pha kisa hi.

Thupukna 2: Paite pau zang India gam a omte leh Chin Hills a i unau Zoumite toh lai gelhdan

kibang neih ahih theihna ding in Common Alphabet neih hi hen chih zong hiai Joint Meeting in pha kisa hi. Tua Common Alphabet diing tungtang toh kisai in PLS (Paite Literature Soceity) in Chin Hills a om Zoumite toh kithuah in a thukimna bangbang un hon bawlkhia uh hen chih pha kisa hi.

Kum khat vingveng tua thupuuknate etkhiak ahihnung in bangmah nialna omlou a akitheih man in, a kum nawn Ocotber 14 – 15, 1983 sung Joint Meeting mah YPA Hall ah genkhawm nawn ahi. Hiai hun ah heutu 70 paikhawmte’n anuai a bang thupuukna la nawn uhi: Thupukna 1: PNC Hqtrs leh Pawlpi tuamtuam makaite kikhopna Joint Meeting Thupukna

Resolution No. 2, dated Lamka 1st November 1982 dungzui in Manipur leh Mizoram a om ei mite leh simlam a om Zoumite kikal ah Common Alphabet i neih diing uh deihna ziak in tua toh kisai Joint Meeting ah palai kisawl diing pha kisa hi. Huan, tua kikhopna a palai diingte PLS in ana sepkhia uh henla ana kisawl uh hen chih lem kisa hi. Huan, tua palaite khut ah akul leh poimoh dungzui in thuneihna piak lem kisa hi

Thupukna 2: Pau leh laimal gelhdan diing toh kisai in 'Paite (Tedim) Pau Gelhdan Ding' kichi Guide Book Dr H Kamkhenthang, MSc, Ph D in PNC/PLS etc Joint Meeting thupukna (dated Lamka 1st November 1982 Resolution No. 1) dungzui in a hon bawlkhit pen tu dinmun ah zatphot diing (in principle) in pomkip pha kisa hi.

Hiai bang thupuknate Paite Literature Society vaisaite’n mipi thupuukna ahi chi a ngaihsun in, seh leh sawl a a om bang un, palai na kisawl uhi. 1984 kum March ni 27 ni in Moreh ah Chin State leh Myanmar a om unau Zomi Christian Literature Society (ZCLS) toh kimu in, anuai a bang in thupuukna laak ahi. Tua pen Moreh Resolution i chihsek uh ahi. Hiai a houlimna khempeuh tape cassette a hoihtak a khum vek ahi.

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Thupukna 1: Laimal pen Roman alphabet 26 zat a alamdan vowel teng ei (mallam ate) lam leh zatdan a lam di. Tua ban ah consonant 'C' pen 'cha' leh 'G' pen 'ga' hihsak a, vowel a 'O' tulai a zatdan 'O' leh 'OU' kal a ginsak hileh chi a thukim ahi

Thupukna 2: Primer (Laibul) leng puahthak a zatkhop lemsak ahi. Hiai thupuuknate bawlkhit ahihchiang in PLS palaite kipaktak in hong tungkik in, sep diing bangbang hon semzui pah ziahziah uhi. Myanmar ate leh India ate naupang laisim bu kibang in kibawl pah a, himahleh a bu kawm kibanglou lel in kibawl hi. Myanmar ah Zo Lai Sim Bu Tan Langh kici a, India ah Laisimna Bu i chi hi. Paite-te’n lailam ah kalbi sangzaw i suantouta uh hi. Kumpi lam ah i heutute leh i Siamsinpawlte thahatna kithuahkhawm in kituaktak in i pang ua, Class X tan kia hi nawn lou in TDC/ BA tan ah Paite pau tawi in hong om hi. PLS in ahun geihgeih in pan kila in, skul laibute apoimoh bang in kiningching tak in om kikeih gige hi. Manipur leh India pumpi et in leng singtang mi lak a laibu haupen i hi ua, hiai leng India a Paite-te kia laibu bawl hilou in Mynmar alam ate a toh i simkhawm ziak a hiai tan tung i hizaw uhi. Hichi bang a lai gelhdan kichiang leh hoih i hon neih ua, paizia khat i hon neih nung un Zoumi sung ah lailam khanlohna thupi leh kinaihzawkna a hong om hi. Khangthak lungsim ah khatvei thu a tua thupuknate zat diing chih himahleh laipau khangthu himhim i suut chiang in awlawl a pai /khang ahi tangpi hi. Huchi bang a awlawl a i paikawm in tuni chiang in Paite sung a Myanmar, Mizoram, Manipur leh mundang a omte lak ah lai gelhdan paizia khat nei in i hong om theita uhi. Hu chi bang in Zoumi sung a tribe tuamtuam a kiloute’ lai gelhdan bangleng hong kinaih sot mahmah hi. Nidang a gelhdan kigamla mahmahte tuin gelhdan kinaihthei tawp (nearest common writing system) dinmun i tungta uhi. Ngaklah mahle kinoh hetlou a i paileh tunung chiang in gelhdan kibang (common writing system) a hong piangkhe ngeingei diing chih PLS muhkholhna khat ahi. Gelhdan khat i hong tun hun chiang in kigawm ni chihchih ngailou in ahong tung diing a, i pau a dia market buai ahih nawn kei diing hi. Huchi bang in i Zoumi pih sung a tribe tuamtuam inleng simtu leh leitu hon hau sot diing ua huai in kigawmna kalbi pen hon nengdet/sudet diing hi. NIALKALHNA : Laipau himhim khatvei thu a khangkhia a, a khantouhna teng khangthu ah tuang hi. Paite pau leh lai lam khantouhna hunbi li in khen theih a, tuate : Khristian Misonarite hong luutma hun (1900 AD malam), 1900 – 1940, 1940- 1980, 1980 – tuni dong. Laipau khansakna diing in hiai hunbi poimoh tak lite nawlkhiin leh paih theih tuam a om kei a, deihtuam leh teeltuam diing leng a om sam kei hi. I nam khandan dungzui in i laipau in hunbi paisate kalbi a nei in masuan zel hi. Hunbi teng apoimohdan uh kibang vek hi. Hunbi khat bang ana kimaihkha om hita zenzenleh tuni chiang in hiai tan dong i tung nai kei diing uh hi. Paite pau khanna diing a pan hahtak a i nam pumpi in i laak a, i nam sung a Pawl tuamtuam leh makai muan mahmahte toh pangkhawm a i paidan diing kichiantak guan ahi. Hichi kawmkal ah hunbi paisate a khawldet sawmpawl bang, laipau bang mahni gou dan a ngai pawl bang, mahni mimal hoihsakdan leh deihdan mipite tunga zat mawk sawm a kipei pawl i lak ah hong om kha sek hi Tuabang a nialkalhna bawlbawlte’n a dinna mun uh leng thei lou in, mumal loutak in mi mipite kaibuai thei diing in pan ana lakha sek uhi. Lai gelhdan leh paizia mumal omlou, tuni a agelh uh ani zing chiang a kituam a, kingakna taak mahmah lou, sui leh suut detdet omlou, ‘huchi ahi’ chi a sumkuang chiangpeh mai pawl bang i omkha sek uhi. Huchi bang mah in,

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mahni tualpau (dialect/khopau) pen kia hoihsa in Paite pau chi 10 val dangte nawlkhiin pawl leng a om lai hi. Hi bang a kalhna tangpi a paulam a aneihte uh lak ah A AW B CH leh A B C thu; O leh OU, O leh AW, C leh CH chih khawngte paulam in nei uhi. Hiaite ah tu hunbi ah buaina a om kei a, hun paisa (past history) pen tu khangthu (modern history) a koih i sawm khak ziak lel uh ahizaw hi. Huan O leh OU zatna ah leng i chiang mahmahta ua, TOPA sang a TOUPA mah tou taktak hi a, to-vang himailou ahihdan i chiang uhi. Huchi bang in O leh AW ah leng sing bong leh sing bawng i khentheita uhi. C leh CH zatna tungtang ah ngaihdan khialpi a om a, huai tuh Myanmar lamte C (si) i sak ziak un thangpai mahmah pawng mawk i om uhi. Himahleh Moreh Resolution dungzui in Roman Alphabet 26 zat diing, lai-awte/vowels (a,e, i, o, u) eilamte ginsakdan a ginsak a, C pen cha leh G pen ga chih diing chih ahizaw hi. Hiai pen kuamah aa hilou in ei aa liauliau ahi chih theih hi. Himahleh ‘C gelh veuhvouh’ chi a ho mahmah i tam ziak in PLS Board of Director in 1988 kum June 11 in tutkhawmna ah thupuukna kichian leh tel mahmah Thupukna 3(iii) ah C leh CH utut mimal in i zatdan ngeina a zat theihna diing in zaleenna i kipia uhi.

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MOREH RESOLUTION LEH A GAHSUAH ~ Paite Literature Society

Mihing a khanna om toh kizui in nam a kiphawkchianna leh gam leh nam itna hong khang in, mailam sawn zel a kalsangzaw tawi zel tuh nam leh mite ngeina ahi. Nam leh gam itna hong khan toh kiton in Paite sung a pawl lian mahmah Paite Tribe Council/PTC (huailai a PNC), Young Paite Association (YPA), Siamsinpawlpi (SSPP), Paite Literature Society (PLS) leh Saptuam in laipau toh kisai awlmohna leh ngaihkhawkna hong uang hiaihiai hi. Hun paisa a mimal lunglutte leh PLS mai in laipau khansakna dia ma ana laktouh ngitnget uh naaktak a khansak thak poimoh sakna hong om in, tua diing in PTC makaih in October 2, 30, 1982 & November 1, 1982 in YPA Hall ah Pawlpi Tuamtuam Makai U-liante Kikhopna (Joint Meeting) chih minvuah in ana kikhawm uhi. Hiai meeting a Agenda : Pau leh laimal (literature) tungtang hi a, a theme : 'If the people will not follow their language they will become slaves' chih ahi. Amasa pen October 2, 1982 dak 11:30 am in pan ua, hiai ah makai tuamtuam in ngaihdan kum uhi. Hiai hun masa a thugenna tangkhate : Pu Vung D Tombing, Principal & President PLS; Dr H Kamkhenthang, Sr RO; Pu N Phungzapau, Fin Secy ECC; Pu G Lalthanglhun, President SSPP; Rev B Ginneihthang, Director of Evangelism ECC; Pu K Ginkhanthang, Gen Secy SSPP; Pu V Ngulthuam, Chairman CEC YPA; Pu Piangzathang; Pu Tualchin, Editor, Zogam News; Pu H Khatkhojam; Pu T Thangsei, Lecturer; Dr S Ngulzadal; Pu Lalneihthang; Pu Pachungnung; Pu Kaigin, Treasurer PNC; Pu Sumkhanjam MDC leh Pu L Chinkhanlian, Editor Manipur Express ahi uh. Hiai kikhopna masapen ah thupukna (resolution) om lou hi. Hiai meeting a thukup tangpite ahihleh laimal zatdan ah uniformity neih kisam ahihdan nak tak a gen in om a, Roman alphabet 24 mah hia zat di 26 chihleh agindan tuamtuamte, G (ek/zi) pen 'ga' hiam 'ge' hiam a ginsak hoih diing chih khawng ngaihdan tampi luut hi. Hiai meeting masa a telte mi 36-te : Vung D Tombing, Principal & President PLS; H Khatkhojam; Vungkham Tonsing, Member CEC PNC; V Thangkhum, Chairman CEC PNC; Thangkhum, Ex-Chairman; L Suakhnun; H Lalbuang, Town Commissioner & Member CEC PNC; Dr H Kamkhenthang, Sr RO; K Hanghal, Member CEC PNC; K Ginkhanthang, General Secretary SSPP Hqtrs; Lalthanglhun Guite, General President SSPP Hqtrs; Phungzapau, Fin Secy ECC, T Thangsei, Lecturer; Rev Ginneihthang, Director of Evangelism ECC, Khamvum, Headmaster CES Geljang; Thuamhau, Member CEC PNC; Pauchinkham, Member CEC PNC; H Haukung, Gen President YPA Hqtrs; Tualchin Neihsial, Editor Zogam News; Ginthiau, Member CEC PNC; V Ngulthuam, Chairman CEC YPA; T Jamkhanthang; T Mangkhopau, Ex-Vice President PNC; Vumsuan, Member CEC PNC; T Haukholian, Asst Gen Secy PNC; Lalneihthang; Thangkim Ngaihte; Piangzathang; Dr S Ngulzadal; Sumkhanjam, MDC& Member CEC PNC; G Kaigin, Treasurer PNC; L Chinkhanlian, Editor Manipur Express; LB Sona, Gen Secy, DCC(I); K. Guite, Headmaster; T Phungzathang, MLA & Gen President PNC. Pawlpi Tuamtuam Makai U-liante Kikhopna (Joint Meeting) masa sutzopna ding in October 30, 1982 dak 10am in YPA Hall mah ah om nawn hi. Hiai hun a thugenna nei leh a thupite uh hiai bang ahi: Dr H Kamkhenthang M Sc, Ph D, Sr RO in I pau leh laimal zatdan; Rev T Jam Khothang BA, BD, M Ed(USA), Secretary General ECC in Kristian La, Paite

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Spiritual, Lapau leh La lehdan toh kisai theih ding tuamtuamte; Pu Vung D Tombing MA, M Div (USA), Principal & Chairman PLS in Paite Literature Pawlpi bang chileh nasep silbawl ah a kihat thei dia; Rev H Nengzachin, Supt (Rtd) Mission Compound (MSD) in Paite leh Tedim mite'n lai gelhdan i neih ding ahi; Pu H Hanghal BA, SDC (Rtd), Member CEC PNC Hqtrs in La leh lapau poimohna; TS Hangzo BA (Hons), MA, Head Master, Rostad Memorial High School & Chairman, Paite Customary Law & Practice PNC in Paite Vernacular dinmun leh poimohna; Pu N Gouzanang, Asst Teacher, Songtal Govt High School (MSD) in Paite Grammar, etc leh Pu Valte Doutluang, BA (Eng), MA (Prev), Gen Secy PNC Hqtrs in Namdangte pau akipan kila Paite pau khenkhatte (Foreign influence in Paite language & vocabulary) chih pansan in genkhiakna nei uh hi. Hiai hun a meeting na ah thupukna la naisam lou in November 1, 1982 a kikupkhawmna nouneelzaw a neih diing chi in kikhen uhi. Hiai hun ah Paite lak a suantham ching makai 56 paikhawmte: Rev H Nengzachin, Supt (Rtd) & Bible Translator; Rev T Jam Khothang, Secy Gen ECC; Rev Thangsut, Supt ECC; Dr H Kamkhenthang, Sr RO; Dr S Ngulzadal, Medical Officer; Thuamson Hangzo, Headmaster RM High School; T Thangsei, Lecturer; Vumkhokam, Invitee; Pauchinkham, Member CEC PNC; H Tunzakham, Member CEC PNC; K Thangkhogin, Invitee; T Chinzam, Invitee; H Thawngkhomang, Invitee; Lal Neih Thang, Invitee; Piangzathang, Invitee; Kamkhotuan, Asst Engineer; Kaithang, Invitee; Ginkhopau, Invitee; Thuamhau, Member CEC PNC; T Ginzatun, Invitee; Kaithang Tombing, President New Lamka YPA; S Vungzagin, Invitee; T Jamsuan, Invitee; Gouzanang, Asst Teacher Songtal; N Jamneng, Invitee; Chinkholian Guite, Lecturer; S Vungsing, Asst Inspector of Schools; H Lalbuang, T/C & Member CEC PNC; H Thangsei BA BT, Asst Teacher; D Khaizalian, Town Commissioner; Tualchin, Editor Zogam News; H Nengkhothon, Invitee; K Hanghal BA, SDC & Member CEC PNC; John Deng, DAO (South); N Thangkhum, Chairman CEC PNC; Tualsin, Agricuture Officer; Mrs T Pauli, Headmistress; H Khupjam Mahajon, Invitee; Thangkhum Mahajon, Invitee; John K Ngaihte, Invitee; V Ngulthuam, Chairman CEC YPA; N Sarat Chandra Singh, Jr Research Fellow; TK Hangzo BA LLB, Manipur Judicial Services; T Khamtual, Invitee; Ginzakap, Invitee; Sumkhanjam MDC, Member CEC PNC; Thongkhotuan Guite, Agricutre Officer; Vungkham Tonsing, Member CEC PNC; Haukung, Gen President YPA Hqtrs; Nengzagin, Invitee; Gin Khat Suan, Invitee; Tuanzathang, Invitee; Vungzapau, Invitee; Vumzakhup, Invitee; E Khannang, Invitee; Liankhovung, Invitee, T Phungzathang MLA, Gen President PNC. November 1 pen Kut toh kituakkha ahihman in 11am – 1pm sung khawl in huchi in amun ngei mah ah meeting zom uhi. Hiai hun a kikupkhawm tangpite uh ahihleh laimal 24 maw 26 zat ding, bangchi gin diing, spelling thu, Laimal, J leh Z, G gindan diing ge, ga, ek thu, AW leh O, O leh OU, CH leh C, ban ah J Q R X Y W chihte leng i pau a poimoh pah ding ahihdan khawng leh grammar (r poimoh pah maw) thu naktak in kikum uhi. Ni thum sung kikupkhawmna om nung in hiai anuai a bang thupukna la uhi: Resolution No. 1: Paite pau zang khempeuhte'n paudik leh lai gelhdan (spelling) kibang i neih kul hi chih hiai Joint Meeting in sawtkuamtak a genkhawm nung in pau le lai gelhdan kibang zat hita hen chih thukim hi. Tua bang in pau leh lai gelhdan kibang i neih pah theihna ding in GUIDE BOOK kichi Paite Pau Gelh Dik Dan laibu Paite Literature Society in hon bawl uh hen chih pha kisa hi. Resolution No. 2: Paite pau zang India gam a omte* leh Chin Hills a i unau Zoumite toh lai gelhdan kibang neih ahih theihna ding in Common Alphabet neih hi hen chih zong hiai Joint

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Meeting in pha kisa hi. Tua Common Alphabet ding tungtang toh kisai in PLS (Paite Literature Soceity) in Chin Hills a om Zomite toh kithuah in a thukimna bangbang un hon bawl khia uh hen chih pha kisa hi. *PTC Constitution a Paite pau a chihte :Bukpi, Dapzal, Khotak, Lamzang, Lousau, Ngennung, Teizang, Tedim, Tuichiap, Val , etc Resolution No. 3:Tua sang a hatzaw sem in PLS in na a hon septheihna ding deihna ziak in hiai Joint Committee in hiai anuai a mi 7 te leh Pawlpi 3 ( PNC, SSPP, YPA) U-liante chiat Interim period hunsung a Co-opted member diing in kisep hi.

Rev Nengzachin, Supt (Rtd) Rev T Jamkhothang, Secy General, ECC R Kamkhanthang, Principal, JN Model School T Goukhenpau H Tunzakham John Deng, DAO (S) Pawlpi U-liante Gen. President – PNC Gen. President – SSPP Gen. President – YPA

Resolution No. 4: I pau leh laimal gelhdan a kibat theihna ding leh kitanauna hoihzaw leh khantouhna a pian theihna ding in i pau a laibu gelh diingte kuapeuh in PLS approval la masa zelta uh hen chih zong pha kisa hi. Resolution No 5: PLS bye law puahphatna ding leh kiteel thakna diing thu hiai ah tuang hi. [PLS objective-te lak ah 'khovel gamteng a Paite pau zangte Literature (laipau) khat nuai a omkhawm theihna ding ngaihtuah ahi' chih tel hi] Hiai bang a ni thum vive kikupkhawmna leh nouneel tak a lai leh laimal suina aneih nung ua thupukna a lakte uh tuni chiang na ngawn a i tunzoh nai/nawnlouh uh thute ahi mawk hi. Mohpuakna a kipiak bang un mohpuakna neite'n buching tak a semkhia in maban sawn zel uhi. Huchi in PTC leh PLS makaihna mah in October 14-15, 1983 in YPA Hall a meeting nei nawn uhi. Hiai hun a thugenna taktak kipat ma in PLS Secretary Dr S Ngulzadal in report pia hi. Hiai hun a thugente: TC Tiankham IAS (Rtd); John Deng, President PLS; Dr H Kamkhenthang, M Sc, Ph D; H Haukung, Gen President YPA; Pumzachin, Chairman Church Hymnal & Music ECC; N Phungzapau, Fin Secy ECC; Rev Ginneihthang BA BRE, Chairman, Bible Translation Committee ECC; Upa Thang-au; Mrs T Pauli, Headmistress; H Tunzakham BA; Sumkhanjam MDC; Rev G Khamkam B Th, Principal GBC; Upa T Khamtual; H Jamchinlian MA; H Thangdam MA ahi uh. Hiai hun ah laimal thu leh laimal gawm N + G, K + H, A + W, C + H, chih leh uniformity khat nei a common alphabet neih diing mah gen pipen ahi. Ani zing October 15, 1983 in YPA Hall mah ah zinglam dak 10 in meeting sunzom nawn uhi. Hiai hun a thugentute: Rev T Jamkhothang BA BD M Ed, Secy Gen ECC; H Ginkap, Mission Compound; D Khaizalian; K Hanghal SDC (Rtd), Chairman CEC PNC; Zoukhankhual Group (Lalneihthang Tg); Liantual; M Kaizathang Guite; V Ngulthuam, Chairman CEC YPA; H Lalbuang, Town Commissioner; TS Hangzo MA; VK Tonsing, Member CEC PNC; TC Tiankham IAS (Rtd) ahi uh.

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Ni nih sung Joint meeting zoh in hiai anuai abang in thupuukna la uhi: Resolution No. 1: PNC Hqtrs leh Pawlpi tuamtuam makaite kikhopna Joint Meeting Thupuukna Resolution No. 2, dated Lamka 1st November 1982 dungzui in Manipur leh Mizoram a om ei mite leh simlam a om Zoumite kikal ah Common Alphabet i neih ding uh deihna ziak in tua toh kisai Joint Meeting ah palai kisawl diing pha kisa hi. Huan, tua kikhopna a palai dingte PLS in ana sepkhia uh henla ana kisawl uh hen chih lem kisa hi. Huan, tua palaite khut ah akul leh poimoh dungzui in thuneihna piak lem kisa hi. Resolution No. 2: Pau leh laimal gelh diing dan toh kisai in 'Paite (Tedim) Pau Gelh Ding Dan' kichi Guide Book Dr H Kamkhenthang, MSc, Ph D in PNC/PLS etc Joint Meeting thupukna (dated Lamka 1st November 1982 Resolution No. 1) dungzui in a hon bawlkhit pen tu dinmun ah zatphot ding (in principle) in pomkip pha kisa hi. Resolution No 3: Bibliography & Literature Award: Paite pau laibu gelhte leh tua laibu gelhtute min chiamtehna laibu Biobliography sutkhiak diing lem kisa hi. Huan, Simlamte toh i kikawmtuahna a i palaite kiang ah Literary Award piak diing lem kisa hi. Hiai hun a member paikhawmte: 1. TC Tiankham IAS (Rd), 2. Dr H Kamkhenthang, Vice President PLS, 3. Dr S Ngulzadal, Secretary PLS, 4. John Deng, President PLS, 5. Doutluang Valte, Gen Secy PNC Hqtrs, 6. TS Hangzo, Headmaster RM High School, 7. G Khamkam, Principal GBC, 8. Thangkhum, Board of Directors PLS, 9. M Kaizathang Guite, Member CEC PNC, 10. Chin Gouthang, Fin Secy PNC Hqtrs, 11. Thuamhau, Member CEC PNC, 12. Ginthiau, Member CEC PNC , 13. Ginlang, Author, Paite Bible Concordance, 14. Pumzachin Hangzo, Board of Director, PLS, 15. Miss Manlianniang, Editor, Thuthang, 16. D Khaizalian, Spl Invitee, 17. Upa Thang-au, Spl Invitee, 18. Phungkhogin, Spl Invitee, 19. Vumsuan, Member CEC PNC, 20. H Ginzakap, Spl Invitee, 21. H Lalbuang Town Commissioner, Member CEC PNC, 22. Kamkhotuan, Spl Invitee, 23. Thongkhotuan Guite, AO, Spl Invitee, 24. H Thangdam MA, Headmaster, Govt High School, 25.K Hanghal SDC (Rtd), Chairman CEC PNC, 26. H Tunzakham BA, Internal Auditor PLS, 27. N Raltawn, Member CEC PNC, 28. Vumzakap, Spl Invitee, 29. Phungzapau B Sc, B D, Fin Secy ECC, 30. Enkhannang, Editor & Spl Invitee, 31. V Ngulthuam, Chairman CEC YPA, 32. H Haukung, Gen President YPA Hqtrs, 33. Mrs T Pauli, Headmistress, Vimala Raina Govt H/S, 34. Mrs Chin Gouman, Spl Invitee, 35. S Tualhnun Ngaihte AE, Internal Auditors PLS, 36. E Vungkholian, Spl Invitee, 37. T Nengzathang, Spl Invitee, 38. Tualkhanjam BA, Spl Invitee, 39. Lalneihthang, Spl Invitee, 40. Ginzakhai, Spl Invitee, 41. T Chinkhothang MCS, SDO Thanlon, 42. K Ginhau, Manager(Handloom) DIC, 43. T Khamtual, Spl Invitee, 44. Thangkim Ngaihte, Spl Invitee, 45. Vumzalang BA BT, DI, 46. Rev Thangsut, Supt ECC, 47. Suakhnun Mahajon, Spl Invitee, 48. Rev Ginneihthang BA, BRS, Spl Invitee, 49. Pauchinkham, Member CEC PNC, 50. B Liantual, Author & Historian, 51. Chinkhokam Hangshing SDC, 52. L Thangchinlian Guite SDC, 53. T Chinjam, Spl Invitee, 54. Nengkhothon, Spl Invitee, 55. G Mangzagou, Spl Invitee, 56. Lalthanglhun Guite BA, Gen President SSPP, 57. K Ginkhanthang MA(Prev), Gen Secy SSPP, 58. NK Khuptong B Sc(Agri), Fin Secy SSPP, 59. Sumkhanjam MDC, Member CEC PNC, 60. H J Jamchinlian MA, Spl Invitee, 61. Thangsiankham, Town Commisioner, Member CEC PNC, 62. T Thangzakam, Member CEC PNC, 63. T Pumzalian, Member CEC PNC, 64. G Kaigin, Treasurer PNC, 65. T Haukholian, Asst Gen Secy PNC, 66. G Thangchinlian Editor, Member CEC PNC, 67. S Thangkhanpau Guite, Member CEC PNC, 68. VK Tonsing, Member CEC PNC, 69. Piangzathang, Spl Invitee, 70. Rev T Jam Khothang BA BD M Ed(USA), Secy Gen ECC, 71. T Phungzathang MOS (Med), Gen President PNC Hqtrs & Convenor.

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Paite Pawlpi leh makai tuamtuam Joint Meeting 1982 leh 1983 a kikupkhawmna neih nung in kimin dimdiam khin uhi. Hichi bang a Paite sung a milian leh dottham ching tengteng khatle siit omlou a ana kikupkhawm theih kia uh leng thil thupi lua hi khin hi. Heutu chin ngen ahih man un kimin dimdem (digest) khitna diing in kinoh hetlou in, kum nih vive hun alasak uhi. Hichi bang a kimin khit nung in thupuukna leh mohpuakna piak a om bang in Paite Literature Society in Simlam a unaute toh kithuahkhawmna diing geel uhi. India lam ate PLS in a makaih bang in Simlam ate Zomi Christian Literature Soceity (ZCLS) in makaih uhi. Hun bangtan hiam laithon leh lehkha a kidawptuahna leh a kithuzakna ban uah, mimal a kimuhna a neihkhit nung un March 27, 1984 in Liankhovung' Inn Moreh ah IST 6:30am / BST 7:30am in meeting pan uhi. Hiai ah Recording in Tape Recorder zang ua, PLS Award piakkhiakna Dr S Ngulzadal in nei a, a dongtu ahihleh T Gin Khat Suan ahi. Hiai hun a a kikup uh : 1. NIV Translation thu etzuina, 2. Women of the New Testament lehna thu, 3. Zoulai Gelhdan bu kikhupna, 4. Thu tuamtuam kikupkhawmna – mailam ding ngimkolhna leh adangdang. Hiai PLS leh ZCLS seminar a paikhawmte : S Ngulzadal, TK Tuan, T Gin Khat Suan, Tualchin Neihsial, Ginneihthang, H GE Cin, T Jam Khothang, C Pau, Rev T Thang. (ZCLS lam ate' mintawn gelh diing ah Burma Solkal toh kisai a buaitheihna om ziak in gelhlouh ahi). Hiai hun a thupuukna hiai anuai a bang ahi: Resolution No. 1: Laimal pen Roman alphabet 26 zat a alamdan vowel teng ei (mallam ate) lamdan leh zatdan a lam di. Tua ban ah consonant 'C' pen 'cha' leh 'G' pen 'ga' hihsak a, vowel a 'O' tulai a zatdan 'O' leh 'OU' kal a ginsak hileh chi a thukim ahi. Resolution No. 2: Primer (Laibul) leng puahthak a zatkhop lemsak ahi. Resolution No. 3: Laigelhdan leh min gelhdan pen tua i zatdan a hoihlam tum in mimal ki-enkik leng deihhuai hi. Hiai ahive MOREH RESOLUTION kichi. Hiai Moreh Resolution hong piankhiakna pen Paite sung a Pawl tuamtuam in 1982 & 83 sung a seminar leh workshop ana neihte uh gahsuah khat ahi. Paite sung a Pawl tuamtuam makai ban a dottham ching heutute kiminna leh muhsuah ziak in Simlam ate toh kipolh lunggulhna hong piangkhia hi. Paite laipau toh kisai a kiminna chiantak nei in, policy leh ideology chiang mahmah toh saupi muhkholhna (vision) heutu masate'n ana neihna hang un India a Paite kia hilou a gamdang ate toh kizopna hoihzawk deihthu ana sam thei uh hilel hi. Huan, hiai Moreh Resolution chiantak a vel a i sui chiang in Manipur a PTC, YPA, SSPP, PLS, Saptuamte leh i nam makai leh dottham chingte' duhthusam gahsuahna a ana himai mah hi. Manipur a Paite-te pen Burma a Tedim-te kiang a ki-surrender hilou in, Tedim-te leng Paite kiang a ki-surrender ahi tuan kei bok uhi. Laimal 26 diing chih himahleh Tedim-te zatdan a English laimal gindan A B C.. chih hilou in ei toh kituak diing a gindan bawlthak A (ak), B, C (cha)… chih a hong hizaw lai hi. Hichi bang a Paite laipau in kisingsatna (movement) thupi tak nei in, laigelhdan leh paizia ah kalsangzaw i suantou zel uhi. I kipatna sang in gamla i tungzawta chih theih hi. I omna ngeimah ah i ding den kei a, kalsangzaw suan thei diing in Jehovah Pasian in i ma uh hon pi zel hi. Laipau khangthu a gen diingin a hat lawi mahmah i hi moh kei diing uh. I nasep thil hoih leh nam a dia khanlohna thupi tak himahleh khatvei thu a thil hoih hihkhiak phong pen laipau a diing in ngeina ahi kei hi. Ze-nei tak a hong khangtoutou diing ahi chih muhna toh pan i laak theihtawp a panla in laipau khansakna thupi tak i hon nei uhi. Huchi in i laigelhdan uh awlawl a hong kinaih zaw thei in i hong om uhi. Paite pau a khanna in ei kia a

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diing a phatuam hilou in i kim-le-kiang a i unau laiguizomte toh leng kilamdanna neu chik leh kibatna tampi neite toh kinaihna a hong om hiaihiai hi. Huchi in kum 1985 in ei Zo suan sung ate toh Common Writing System toh kisai seminar bang i hon sai uhi. Paizia leh omze nei, scientific deuh a biksan nei a laigelh i hihna uah mite’ suizui tham i hong ching uhi. Huchih ziak mah in tuni chiang in Zo suan sung ah, a biik in G group-te lak ah laigelhdan kinaih mahmah in, maban limchi tak i nei thei uhi. Paite kia hilou in unau Zou, Vaiphei, Thadou, Simte, Gangte, leh adangdang ban ah R group toh leng kinaihzawkna i hon nei theita uhi. Zou, Vaiphei, Thadou, Simte, Gangte, etc pau a kigelhte Paite pau sim a i simleh adik thei a, tuabang in Paite pau leng Zou, Vaiphei, Thadou, Simte, Gangte, etc a i simleh dik thei diing in a om hi. Hiai in kuamah suptuamna leh hamphat tuamna pelou diing bangmahleh ahun hong tung ngeingei diing hi. Huai ni diing i ngaklah mahmah uhi.