Laporan Praktek Kerja Nyata New (Autosaved)

7/18/2019 Laporan Praktek Kerja Nyata New (Autosaved)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/laporan-praktek-kerja-nyata-new-autosaved 1/64

LAPORAN PRAKTEK KERJA NYATA

PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA X

PG. KREMBOONG

SIDOARJO

DISUSUN OLEH :

ANGEL HERUWATY NOVALINDA S. NIM. 12.14.009

LISA LUKITA GUNAWAN NIM. 12.14.022

JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL MALANG

2015



LEMBAR PENGESAHAN



PABRIK GULA KREMBOONG SIDOARJO

27 JULI – 28 AGUSTUS 2015

DISUSUN OLEH :

ANGEL HERUWATY NOVALINDA S. NIM. 12.14.009

LISA LUKITA GUNAWAN NIM. 12.14.022

Laporan n !"#a$ %&"!'(' o#"$ Do&"n )"*+*+n, :

M"n-"!'('

Do&"n )"*+*+n,

Rn Kar!/a D" ST MT.

NI). ). 10 0100 0

M"n,"!a$'

K"!'a 3'r'&an

T"/n/ K*a ITN Ma#an,

3**- ST MT.

Koor%na!or )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a

a%#-a$ N#na Mna$ ST MT.



NI). Y. 10 9900 0 NI). ). 10 0400 92

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN



PABRIK GULA KREMBOONG SIDOARJO

27 JULI – 28 AGUSTUS 2015

T"#a$ %p"r/&a %an %&"!'(' o#"$ :

M"n-"!'('

Mana,"r 5'a#!- 6on!ro#

Yo&"7 A.A.K S).

)"*+*+n, )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a

3'# Tr Har-a% ST.

M"n,"!a$'

)T. )"r/"+'nan N'&an!ara 8

)a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon,

Ir. Ga!o! So"+(a/!o MMA

G"n"ra# Mana,"r

)T. )"r/"+'nan N'&an!ara 8

........................................

Mana,"r SDM



KATA )ENGANTAR

)'( &-'/'r /"pa%a T'$an YME -an, !"#a$ *"*+"r/an ra$*a! &"r!a $%a-a$n-a

&"$n,,a /a* %apa! *"n-"#"&a/an )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a n %an *"n-'&'n #aporan )ra/!"/

K"r(a N-a!a % )T)N 8 pa+r/ ,'#a Kr"*+oon,.

)"#a/&anaan %an p"n-'&'nan #aporan )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a n *"r'pa/an &-ara!

/"#'#'&an *a!a /'#a$ )ra/!"/ K"r(a n-a!a. T'('an %ar )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a n a%a#a$ 'n!'/

*"#$a! &"ara #an,&'n, /"a%aan %an %*"n& a#a! pa+r/ &"r!a *p#"*"n!a& pro&"& %a#a*

&/a#a pa+r/.

Da#a* *"n-"#"&a/an #aporan )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a n /a* +an-a/ *"n%apa!/an #*'

%an +an!'an %ar +"+"rapa p$a/. Ma/a %ar !' /a* *"n,'ap/an +an-a/ !"r*a /a&$

/"pa%a :

1. Dr"/& )T. )"r/"+'nan N'&an!ara 8 S'ra+a-a.

2. apa/ Ir. Ga!o! So"+(a/!o MMA &"#a/' G"n"ra# Mana,"r % )a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon,.

. apa/ Yo&"7 A.A.K S) &"#a/' Mana,"r 5'a#!- 6on!ro# )a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon,.

4. apa/ 3'# Tr Har-a% ST &"#a/' A&&!"n Mana,"r 5'a#!- 6on!ro# (',a &"+a,a

p"*+*+n, #apan,an )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a /a* % )a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon,.

;. apa/ H"n%ra &"#a/' p"n%a*pn, #apan,an )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a /a* % )a+r/ G'#aKr"*+oon,.

<. I+' Rn Kar!/a D" ST. MT &"#a/' %o&"n p"*+*+n, )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a.

. apa/ 3**- ST. MT &"#a/' K"!'a 3'r'&an T"/n/ K*a ITN Ma#an,.

=. I+' a%#-a$ N#na Mna$ ST. MT &"#a/' /oor%na!or )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a.

9. )ara +apa/>+' /ar-aan )a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon,.

10. R"/an>r"/an )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a a!a& /"r(a &a*an-a &"$n,,a )ra/!"/ K"r(a N-a!a %

)a+r/ G'#a /r"*+oon, %apa! !"r&"#"&a/an %"n,an +a/.

S"*o,a #aporan n %apa! +"r*an7aa! +a, p"*+aa pa%a '*'*n-a %an p"n-'&'n pa%a

/$'&'&n-a.

S%oar(o 0 3'# 201;

)"n-'&'n



INTISARI

)a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon, *"r'pa/an )a+r/ G'#a -an, +"ra%a % +aa$ )T. )"r/"+'nan

N'&an!ara 8 -an, +"r/"%'%'/an % 3#. 3"*+a!an *"ra$ No. >9 S'ra+a-a. )a+r/ n !"r#"!a/

% D"&a Kr"*+'n, K"a*a!an Kr"*+'n, Ka+'pa!"n S%oar(o.

)ro%'/ '!a*a )G Kr"*+oon, a%a#a$ ,'#a SHS %an $a&# &a*pn, +"r'pa !"!"& %an

a*pa&. Kapa&!a& ,#n, ra!a>ra!a ? 1100 !on !"+'@$ar. )ro&"& p"*+'a!an ,'#a n %#a/'/an

+"r!a$ap %a#a* < &!a&'n : &!a&'n p"n,,#n,an p"*'rnan p"n,'apan *a&a/an p'!aran

%an p"n-"#"&aan.

T"+' &"+a,a +a$an '!a*a %an,/'! %"n,an !r'/ a!a' #or /" !"*pa! p"na*p'n,an %an

%!a*p'n, %a#a* "*p#a&"*"n. S"!"#a$ !' %p"r&ap/an % S!a&'n )"n,,#n,an

p"n,,#n,an %#a/'/an 4 !a$ap. )a%a !a$ap /"!,a %#a/'/an p"na*+a$an ar *++&

+"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"*a/&*a#/an p"*"ra$an nra.

S"!"#a$ *"#a#' !a$ap p"n,,#n,an nra *a&'/ /" S!a&'n )"*'rnan. Nra -an,

%$a&#/an %pro&"& %a#a* )"*ana&an )"n%a$'#'an I )) 1B Nra *a&'/ /" ('" !an/ %"n,an

pH ;< C <0 pr" L*n, /"*'%an *a&'/ /" ('" H"a!"r )) 1B %pana&/an &a*pa =0o6.

K"*'%an %a#r/an /" R"a/!or %an %!a*+a$/an &'&' /ap'r %an &aa! o"r#oa% %!a*+a$/an

,a& SO2 &a*pa pH nra <9 C 2 7'n,& &'&' /ap'r %an +"#"ran, 'n!'/ *"n,/a! /o!oran

-an, a%a % nra %"n,an r"a/& 6a2 SO3

2-

6aSO. S"!"#a$ !' nra

%a#r/an /" )) 2 #a#' %pana&/an % p"*ana& II &a*pa &'$' 100 C 10;o6 #a#' nra % a#r/an

/" #a&$ Tan/ -an, +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n,$#an,/an ,a& -an, !%a/ !"r"*+'n/an /ar"na ,a-a

&"n!r7',a# #a#' nra !'r'n /" Door 6#ar7"r %!a*+a$/an 7#o/'#an -an, +"r7'n,& 'n!'/

*"n,"n%ap/an /o!oran %&n 7#o/'#an -an, %,'ana/an a%a#a$ Amyfloc. )ro&"&

p"n,"n%apan n %+an!' %"n,an p"n,a%'/ 'n!'/ *"n,$o*o,"n/an 7#o/'#an %"n,an nra.

La#' nra %p&a$/an nra /o!or *a&'/ /" Ro!ar- Va'* #!"r *"n,$a&#/an +#o!on, %an

nra ("rn$ %!a*p'n, % 6#"ar 3'&! Tan/ /"*'%an nra *a&'/ /" )) %an %pana&/an #a,

&a*pa &'$' 10; o6 pa%a +a%an p"n,'apan I "apora!or IB. Kar"na % )) nra $an-a

%#"a!/an &a(a.

Da#a* &!a&'n p"n,'apan +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n,'ap/an /an%'n,an ar %a#a* nra ("rn$

&"$n,,a %%apa! nra /"n!a#. Nra ("rn$ %ar 'n! p"*'rnan a/an %'ap/an pa%a &"ran,/aan

"apora!or *"#a#' &&!"* F'a%r'p#" "77"!. D"n,an *"n,,'na/an pro&"& !"/anan a'*.

)a%a &!a&'n *a&a/an +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n,/r&!a#/an nra /"n!a# %"n,an pro&"&

p"n,'apan #an('! pa%a /on%& !"/anan a'* &"$n,,a %%apa! /r&!a# %"n,an '/'ran %an

&p"&7/a& !"r!"n!'.

)a%a &!a&'n p"*'!aran ,'#a -an, %$a&#/an % &"n!r7'," 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an /r&!a#,'#a %ar &r'pn-a. G'#a -an, *a&$ +a&a$ n %/"rn,/an %a#a* !a#an, ,"!ar -an,



%#"n,/ap %"n,an p"n,"rn,. Ha&#n-a +"r'pa ,'#a /r&!a# ,'#a $a#'& %an ,'#a nor*a#. G'#a

nor*a# a%a#a$ pro%'/ '!a*a -an, /"*'%an %pa/n, %an &ap 'n!'/ %pa&ar/an.

S!a&'n p"*'!aran %an p"n,"*a&an +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an /r&!a# %"n,an #ar'!an

n%'/n-a. Kr&!a# a/an %/"rn,/an %&arn, %/"*a& %an %!*+an, pa%a 'n! p"n,"*a&an.



DAFTAR ISI



DAFTAR GAMBAR



BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

G'#a *"r'pa/an &a#a$ &a!' /"+'!'$an po/o/ *a&-ara/a! In%on"&a. T"r%apa! +"r+a,a

*aa* ,'#a % In%on"&a na*'n -an, +an-a/ %/on&'*& o#"$ *a&-ara/a! a%a#a$ ,'#a -an,

+"r+a$an %a&ar !"+' a!a' -an, +a&a %&"+'! %"n,an ,'#a pa&r. Da#a* *"*"n'$ /"+'!'$an

,'#a %a#a* n","r *a/a %%r/an pa+r/ ,'#a +ar' 'n!'/ *"n,'ran, /"!"r,an!'n,an a/an

,'#a *por. )G Kr"*+oon, *"r'pa/an &a#a$ &a!' pa+r/ ,'#a -an, %%r/an 'n!'/

*"*"n'$ /"+'!'$an ,'#a %a#a* n","r.

)ro&"& p"*+'a!an ,'#a %*'#a %"n,an p"*o!on,an %an p"naa$an !"+'. )"naa$an

!"+' !"r&"+'! %,#n, % 'n! p"n,,#n,an.Nra $a&# p"n,,#n,an %&arn, /"*'%an

%*'rn/an %"n,an pro&"& &'#7!a& /on!n-'. Nra "n"r$a&# p"*'rnan %"n%ap/an 'n!'/ %p"ro#"$ nra ("rn$. Nra ("rn$ /"*'%an %'ap/an %a#a* "apora!or $n,,a %p"ro#"$ nra

%"n,an +r <0><2 -a!' /"/"n!a#an nra 'n!'/ p"*a&a/an. Nra /"n!a# %p'a!/an %a#a*

!an,/ &'#7!a& &"+"#'* %*a&a/ %a#a* pan *a&a/an. S"!"#a$ !' nra %*a&a/ 'n!'/

%%apa!/an /r&!a# ,'#a %an &!rop $a&# /r&!a#&a& %p&a$/an &"ara &"n!r7',a#. )ro%'/

'!a*a -an, %$a&#/an a%a#a$ ,'#a /r&!a# p'!$ GK)B ("n& Superior Hooft Suiker SHSB.

Ha&# &a*pn, pro&"& +"r'pa !"!"& +#o!on, %an a*pa& -an, %,'na/an &"+a,a +a$an +a/'

p"*+'a!an monosodium glutamate MSGB p'p'/ ar p"r*"n %an +a$an +a/ar /"!"# &"r!a

/"r!a&.

D"n,an %%r/ann-a )G Kr"*+oon, n %an +"+"rapa pa+r/ ,'#a #ann-a %$arap/an%apa! *"*"n'$ /"+'!'$an ,'#a na&ona# &aa! n.

I.1 S!"#"$ S%&'(") PG K#*+,,&'

PG. K#*+,,&' %%r/an O#"$ N.-. OOY %an OSTER -AN -OOR HOUT pa%a

!a$'n 1=4 % D"&a Kr"*+'n, /a+ &%oar(o. )a%a &aa! !' pa+r/ ,'#a Kr"*+'n,

*"*pro%'/& G'#a *a&$ %"n,an !"na,a *an'&a -an, %+an!' %"n,an p"ra#a!an -an, *a&$

&"%"r$ana.

)a%a &aa! "#an%a *"n,a#a* /"/a#a$an p"ran, a!a& !"n!ara 3"pan, &"$n,,a

/"%'%'/an "#an%a % In%on"&a %,"&"r o#"$ 3"pan,. )a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon, pa%a *a&a

/"%'%'/an 3"pan, !%a/ $an-a %,'na/an 'n!'/ *"*pro%'/& ,'#a !"!ap (',a %,'na/an

'n!'/ p"*+'a!an &"n(a!a )"ran,.

S"#an, +"+"rapa !a$'n p"a$ )"ran, D'na II an!ar 3"pan, M"#aan S"/'!' 3"pan,

M"n,a#a* /"/a#a$an &"$n,,a !"r(a% K"a/'*an K"/'a&aan % N",ara In%on"&a.

S"$n,,a )a%a !a$'n 194; In%on"&a M"*pro/#a*a&/an K"*"r%"/aann-a &"#an('!n-a



pa+r/ G'#a -an, %/'a&a o#"$ 3"pan, %a*+# a#$ o#"$ In%on"&a. )a%a &aa! !' )G.

Kr"*+oon, +"#'* %apa! *"*pro%'/& ,'#a /ar"na &!'a& n",ara -an, *a&$ +"#'* &!a+#.

S"!"#a$ )"ran, D'na II pa%a !a$'n 194= "#an%a *a&'/ La, K" In%on"&a &"$n,,a

)"r'&a$aan>)"r'&a$aan "#an%a -an, a%a % In%on"&a %/'a&a #a,. ar' pa%a !a$'n 19;0

)G. Kr"*+oon, %+an,'n #a, %an *'#a +"rpro%'/& /"*+a#.

)a%a !a$'n 19; &aa! !"r(a% p"r"+'!an Iran ara! &"*'a p"r'&a$aan % In%on"&a

-an, %/'a&a o#"$ +an,&a a&n, %a*+# o#"$ an,&a In%on"&a. )a%a !a$'n !' /"p"n,'r'&an

%!an,an o#"$ K"*"n!ran )"r/"+'nan La*a )"r'&a$aan )"r/"+'nan N",ara La*a B

%'+a$ *"n(a% )"r'&a$aan N",ara )"r/"+'nan )N) B. K"*'%an !a$'n 19 )N) %'+a$

#a, *"n(a% )T) )"r&"roan T"r+a!a& )"r/"+'nan B. D"n,an !"r+"n!'/n-a )T) n *a/a)N) 88I %an )N) 88II %#"+'r *"n(a% &a!' -a!' )T) 88I>88II. D*ana )G. Kr"*+oon,

!"r*a&'/ %%a#a*n-a.

"r%a&ar/an p"ra!'ran p"*"rn!a$ RI no.1; !a$'n 199< !an,,a# 14 "+r'ar 199< *a/a

%a%a/an )T) 88I>88II %an )T) 8I8 /#a!"n 3aa T"n,a$ %an )T) 88VII 3"*+"r 3aa

T*'r %,a+'n, *"n(a% )T) N'&an!ara 8 )"r&"ro B."r%a&ar/an a/!" p"n%ran p"r&"roan

!"r+a!a& )T)N 8 B %"n,an &'ra! /"p'!'&an no.4 !an,,a# 11 Mar"! 199< &"&'a %a7!ar

/"p'!'&an M"n!"r K"$a/*an RI no. 6>2>== HT.01.01 !a$'n 199< %'*'*/an %a#a*

"r!a RI no.=1 !an,,a# 0= O/!o+"r 199<.

Un! )"r'&a$aan ,'#a % 3aa T*'r -an, !"r,a+'n, % )T. )"r/"+'nan N'&an!ara 8

)"r&"ro B an!ara #an :

1. )G. Kr"*+oon, S%oar(o

2. )G. To"#an,an S%oar(o

. )G. Wa!o"!o"#& S%oar(o

4. )G. G"*po#/r"p Mo(o/"r!o

;. )G. D(o*+an, ar' 3o*+an,

<. )G. T(o"/r 3o*+an,

. )G. L"&!ar K"r!o&ono



=. )G. M"r!(an K"%r

9. )G. N,a%r"%(o K"%r

10. )G. )"&an!r"n ar' K"%r

11. )G. Mo%(opan,,on, T'#'n,a,'n,

I.2 L,("/% P"+#%( PG K#*+,,&'

)G Kr"*+oon, !"r#"!a/ % D"&a Kr"*+'n, K". Kr"*+'n, Ka+. S%oar(o !"pa!n-a ?

20 /* &"+"#a$ &"#a!an /o!a S%oar(o pa%a /"!n,,an *%p# %an 'ra$ $'(an 14;0 C 1<;

**@!a$'n &"r!a ("n& !ana$ a##'a# S%oar(oB %an r",'&o# Mo(o/"r!oB

I. F"/%%)"/

)T)N 8 !"#a$ *"n-"%a/an +"+"rapa &arana /"&"$a!an %"* *"n'n(an, /ar-aan

%"n,an *"*#/ +'a$ r'*a$ &a/! -a!':

1. R'*a$ Sa/! Ga!$o"# % Mo(o/"r!o

2. R'*a$ Sa/! T'#'n, R"(o % K"%r

. R'*a$ Sa/! )"r/"+'nan 3"*+"r

S"%an,/an %a#a* #n,/'n,an )G Kr"*+oon, &"n%r *"*"n'$ /ar-aan %an

*a&-ara/a! pa+r/ *"*+"r/an 7a&#!a& +"r'pa :

1. Sarana I+a%a$

2. )"r'*a$an. )o#/#n/

4. Sarana O#a$ra,a %an /"&"nan

;. Kop"ra&

I. P#,3% P#4/"$""& "& S)#4()4# O#'"&%/"/%

)T. )"r/"+'nan N'&an!ara 8 a%a#a$ &a#a$ &a!' a%an U&a$a M#/ N",ara

UMN B -an, +"r,"ra/ % +%an, p"r/"+'nan %"n,an +&n& '!a*an-a a%a#a$ ,'#a /r&!a#

p'!$ %an !"!"& +"r+a$an +a/' !"+' %an !"*+a/a'. )"r'&a$aan n *"r'pa/an p"n,,a+'n,an

an!ara )T. )"r/"+'nan 88I C 88II )"r&"roB -an, 'n! '&a$an-a +"ra%a %#a-a$

/ar"&%"nan S'ra+a-a /a+'pa!"n S%oar(o Mo(o/"r!o 3o*+an, B /ar"&%"nan K"%r

/a+'pa!"n K"%r T'#'n,a,'n, N,an('/ B /ar"&%nan "&'/ /a+'pa!"n 3"*+"r B %an

/ar"&%"nan S'ra/ar!a /a+'pa!"n K#a!"nB. A%ap'n Kan!or )'&a! +"ra#a*a!/an % (a#an

3"*+a!an *"ra$ no C ; S'ra+a-a pa%a !a$'n 2014 !"r+"n!'/ a%an U&a$a N",ara M#/

N",ara UMN B +ar' %a#a* +"n!'/ +a%an '&a$a Ho#%n, %"n,an na*a )T. )"r/"+'nan

N'&an!ara III )"r&"roB %an )T. )"r/"+'nan N'&an!ara 8 *"n(a% ana/ p"r'&a$aan % +aa$

na'n,an )T. )"r/"+'nan N'&a!ara III &"+a,a n%'/ p"r'&a$aan.



Un! '&a$a -an, %*#/ )T. )"r/"+'nan N'&an!ara 8 !"r%r 11 pa+r/ ,'#a

/"+'n !"*+a/a' %an *"*#/ ana/ p"r'&a$aan -an, +"r,"ra/ % +%an, p"#a-anan

/"&"$a!an )T. N'&an!ara M"%/a U!a*a !"r%r %ar r'*a$ &a/! B +o "!$ano#

)T. En"r, A,ro N'&an!ara B pro%'/& o/'ra "%a*a*" )T. M!ra TanB pa+r/ /ar'n,

p#a&!/ )T. Da&ap#a&! B

-%/% P#4/"$""&

M"n(a% p"r'&a$aan a,ro n%'&!r !"r/"*'/a -an, +"raa&an #n,/'n,an.

M%/% P#4/"$""&

• "r/o*!*"n *"n,$a&#/an pro%'/ +"r+a&& +a$an +a/' !"+' %an !"*+a/a' -an,

+"r%a-a &an, !n,, 'n!'/ pa&ar %o*"&!/ %an n!"rna&ona# %an +"raa&an #n,/'n,an.

• "r/o*!*"n *"n(a,a p"r!'*+'$an %an /"#an,&'n,an '&a$a *"#a#' op!*a#&a& %an

"77&"n& % &",a#a +%an,.

• M"n%"%/a&/an %r 'n!'/ &"#a#' *"nn,/a!/an n#a>n#a p"r'&a$aan +a, /"p'a&an

&!a/" $o#%"r *"#a#' /"p"**pnan noa& %an /"r(a &a*a !* &"r!a or,an&a& -an,

pro7"&ona#.

S)#")'% K,#6,#")

Da#a* 'pa-a *"napa !ar,"! %an &a&aran /n"r(a &!ra!", -an, %p#$ a%a#a$ /o*+na&

&!a+#!a& %an p"r!'*+'$an %"n,an *"*an!ap/an '&a$a po/o/ %an +'/an '&a$a po/o/ -an,

*"n,'n!'n,/an.

S)")'% B%/&%/

M"*an!ap/an '&a$a po/o/ *"#a#' pro%'/!!a& %an over all cost leadership 'n!'/

*"*p"ro#"$ $ar,a pro%'/& /o*p"!!7 %an *"n,$a&#/an pro%'/ %"n,an *'!' &"&'a

p"r*n!aan pa&ar.

Sa#a$ &a!' 'n! '&a$a &!ra!",& *#/ )T. )"r/"+'nan N'&an!ara 8 -an, +"ra%a %

S%oar(o a%a#a$ )a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon, -an, +"ra%a % %"&a Kr"*+'n, K"a*a!an

Kr"*+'n, Ka+'pa!"n S%oar(o -an, *"*p'n-a /apa&!a& !"rpa&an, 2.<00 T6D. S'*+"r

+a$an +a/' +"ra&a# %ar !"+' &"n%r TSB &"+"&ar #a$an &"a I)LB &"+"&ar ?10 %an !"+'

ra/-a! TRB &"+"&ar ?90 -an, #a-a$ /"r(an-a +"ra%a % Ka+'pa!"n S%oar(o Mo(o/"r!o

%an )a&'r'an.

Un!'/ *"n,$a%ap !an!an,an !"r&"+'! 'pa-a &!ra!", -an, %#a/'/an a%a#a$ :



1. Upa-a *"napa $ar,a po/o/ pro%'/& H))B -an, r"n%a$ *"#a#' p"nn,/a!an pro%'/&

%an p"n,"n%a#an +a-a pro%'/& &"r!a *"nn,/a!/an pro%'/!!a& &'*+"r%a-a *an'&a.

2. )"nn,/a!an "7&"n& pa+r/ %"n,an p"r+a/an %an p"n,,'naan !"$no#o, 'n,,'# -an,

&'%a$ %#a/'/an *'#a !a$'n 2012.

. )"r+a/an *'!' +a$an +a/' !"+' &"$n,,a *"*p'n-a pro!a& %an r"n%"*"n -an, op!*a#

4. M"*+na $'+'n,an -an, +"r/"&na*+'n,an %"n,an stakeholder !"r'!a*a p"!an !"+'

ra/-a!.

)a+r/ ,'#a &"+a,a &a#a$ &a!' 'n! +&n& %p*pn &"oran, G"n"ra# Mana,"r %an

% +an!' "na* Mana,"r -a!' :

1. Mana,"r Tana*an +"r!',a& % on farm

2. Mana,"r T"$n/ +"r!',a& % off farm

3. Mana,"r 5'#!-6on!ro# +"r!',a& *"n,ana#&a !',a& % on 7ar* %an o77 7ar*.

4. Mana,"r )"n,o#a$an +"r!',a& *"n,"#o#a +a$an +a/' !"+'

;. Mana,"r K"'an,an %an U*'* +"r!',a& *"n,"#o#a /"'an,an %an a%*n&!ra&.

<. Mana,"r SDM

)a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon, %$arap/an %apa! *"*+"r/an /on!r+'& &"ara

+"r/"&na*+'n,an !"r$a%ap p"r'&a$aan %"n,an *"n-'*+an, /"'n!'n,an profit B %ar

pro%'/ ,'#a -an, %$a&#/an %"n,an /'a#!a& ,'#a -an, *a*p' +"r&an, % pa&ar na*'n

%"*/an /n"r(a )G Kr"*+oon, pa%a !a$'n 2014 *"*p"ro#"$ /"'n!'n,an -an, !%a/ &"&'a

% $arap/an a/+a! !'r'nn-a $ar,a ,'#a.



STRUKTUR ORGANISASI

PABRIK GULA KREMBOONG TAHUN 2015

ASISTEN MANAJER TANAMANWILAYAH II

(PERKREDITAN &

ASISTEN MANAJER TANAMANWILAYAH I

(PERENCANAAN,

ASISTENMANAJER QC

ASISTENMANAJER

ASISTENMANAJER

ASISTENMANAJER

ASISTENMANAJER TI

ASISTENMANAJER

ASISTENMANAJER UMUM

ASISTENMANAJER SDM

KEPALA DIVISIQC &

KEPALA DIVISISDM & HI

GENERALMANAGER

MANAJERQUALITY

MANAJERPENGOLAHAN

MANAJER SDM MANAJERINSTALASI

MANAJER TANAMAN

MANAJERKEUANGAN DAN

UMUM



>

T',a& %an !an,,'n, (aa+ G"n"ra# Mana,"r

> Mana,"r K"'an,an %an U*'* KUB

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap /",a!an op""ra&ona# % +%an, a%*n&!ra& -an,

*"#p'! p"r"nanaan@p"n,aa&an p"n,"n%a#an +a-a %an /"!"r!+an +%an,

a%*n&!ra& %an a/'!an& pa+r/ ,'#a.

Mana,"r A%*n&!ra& K"'an,an %an U*'* *"*+aa$:

a. A&*an )"r"nanaan %an )ro%'/&

+. )"*+'/'an

M"*p"r!an,,'n, (aa+/an p"*+'/'an +a-a %an p"n%apa!an &"&'a %"n,an po&>

po& p"r/raan.. T.U. Ha&#



A%*n&!ra& p"*a&'/an %an p"n,"#'aran pro%'/& ,'#a %an p"*+a-aran '/a

,'#a.

%. S"/r"!ar& U*'*

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap &"*'a 'r'&an a%*n&!ra!7.

". G'%an, Ma!"ra# %an )DE

M"#a/&ana/an a%*n&!ra& ,'%an, %an *"n(a,a /"a*anan a!a& p"n-*panan +a$an +a/' +aran, p"r#"n,/apan.

7. K"a*anan

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ a!a& p"n,a*anan +a/ p"r&on# *a'p'n *a!"r#

)"r'&a$aan.

> Mana,"r Tana*an

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ /"pa%a /"pa#a a%*n&!ra!'r %a#a* +%an, !ana*an. Mana,"r

Tana*an *"*+aa$ an!ara #an:

a. A&*an Tana*an

M"n(a,a /"#anaran p"*a&'/an !"+' &"&'a /apa&!a& ,#n, +a/ %ar %a#a*

*a'p'n #'ar %a"ra$ 'n!'/ %p"r!an,,'n, (aa+/an /"pa%a Mana,"r !ana*an.

+. A&*an Koor%na!or K"+'n W#a-a$

M"n,/oor%na&/an /"#anaran p"n-"%aan !"+' 'n!'/ %p"r!an,,'n, (aa+/an

/"pa%a /"pa#a +a,an !ana*an %an *"*+aa$ +"+"rapa D&!r/.

. A&*an A&*an D&!r/ T"+an, An,/'!B

M"#a/&ana/an p"n-'#'$an %an +*+n,an !"/n& &"/a#,'& *"n,aa& p"/"r(aan

/"+'n.

> Mana,"r In&!a#a&

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ *"nan,an p"ra#a!an>p"ra#a!an pa+r/ 'n!'/ pro&"& pro%'/&.

Mana,"r In&!a#a& *"*p'n-a a/# &"+a,a Koor%na!or A&*an -an, *"*+aa$ +"+"rapa (a+a!an an!ara #an:

a. A&*an G#n,an

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap &"*'a p"/"r(aan % S!a&'n G#n,an %ar aa#

pro&"& ,#n,an &a*pa a/$r pro&"& ,#n,an.

+. A&*an "&a#

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ a!a& p"/"r(aan % +%an, or/&$op 'n!'/ pro&"& p"r+a/an

&par! par! *"&n&"p"r! : '+'!ra& M##n,BS/rapor %an #ann-a.

. A&*ano#"r "r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap p"/"r(aan -an, a%a % S!a&'n o#"r.

%. A&*an L&!r/

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap p"/"r(aan -an, +"r$'+'n,an %"n,an /"#&!r/an %

&"*'a &!a&'n.

". A&*an In&!r'*"n!a&

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap p"/"r(aan pa%a &"*'a n&!r'*"n!a& % #n,/'n,an

)a+r/ G'#a %an *"n(a,a@*"n,on!ro# -an, +"r$'+'n,an %"n,an 6on!ro#

Va#")L6 %an 6on!ro# )an"# % #n,/'n,an )a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon,.

> Mana,"r )"n,o#a$an



"r!an,,'n, (aa+ a!a& /"#an,&'n,an &",a#a pro&"& -an, !"r(a% *'#a %ar

p"r"nanaan !"+'p"n,,#n,an &a*pa %%apa!/an pro%'/ ,'#a &"&'a %"n,an

/a#!a& %an /an!!a& -an, !"#a$ %!"!ap/an.

Mana,"r )"n,o#a$an *"*p'n-a a/# &"+a,a Koor%na!or A&*an -an,

*"*+aa$ +"+"rapa (a+a!an an!ara #an:

a. A&*an )"*'rnan

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap p"/"r(aan -an, +"r$'+'n,an % S!a&'n )"*'rnan.

+. A&*an )"n,'apan

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap pro&"& p"/"r(aan -an, a%a % %a#a* S!a&'n

)"n,'apan.

. A&*an Ma&a/an

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap p"/"r(aan -an, +"r$'+'n,an % %a#a* S!a&'n

Ma&a/an.

%. A&*an )'!"ran

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap p"/"r(aan % pro&"& p'!"ran a!a' p"n,"rn,an &a*pa

/" pro&"& p"n,"*a&an%an pro&"& #ann-a -an, a%a % S!a&'n )'!"ran.". G'%an, ,'#a

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ a!a& p"n-*panan pro%'/& +"r'pa ,'#a %an &"*'a -an,

!"r(a% pa%a ,'%an, ,'#a.

> Mana,"r 56 5'a#!- 6on!ro#B

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ a!a& !"r#a/&anan-a ana#&a %an p"*an!a'an pro&"& pro%'/& +a/

On ar* %an O77 ar*. Dan +"r!an,,'n, (aa+ /"pa%a G"n"ra# Mana,"r.

Mana,"r 56 *"*+aa$ +"+"rapa (a+a!anana!ara #an :

a. 3'r' T'#&

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ pa%a pro&"& p"*+'/'an Mana,"r 56+&a (',a %&"+'!&"+a,a S"/"r!ar& Mana,"r -an, !',a&n-a *"#p'! : p"r*n!aan %ana#aporan

/"r(a %an /"p"n!n,an #ann-a %%a#a* 56.

+. A&*an On ar* B

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ &",a#a /",a!an %#'ar pro%'/& a!a' +&a %/a!a/an % %a#a*

p"r/"+'nan %an *"na/&r ('*#a$ /apa&!a& !"+' -an, a/an %pro%'/& !"+' 'n!'/

1 p"ro%" ,#n,.

. A&*an O77 ar* OB

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ &",a#a /",a!an 56 %#n,/'n,an )ro%'/& %an *"*an!a'

/'a#!a& %an *'!' &"#a*a pro%'/& &a*pa *"n(a% ,'#a.

> Mana,"r SDM S'*+"r Da-a Man'&aB

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap a%*n&!ra& % p"r/an!oran %an +"r!an,,'n, (aa+

/"pa%a p"n"r*aan r"/r'!*"n p",aa &"r!a !a$apan &"#"/&n-a.

Mana,"r SDM *"*+aa$ (a+a!an-a!' :

a. A&*an SDM

"r!an,,'n, (aa+ 'n!'/ *"#a/&ana/an %an *"n,'pa-a/an +a$a !a$apan

r"/r'!*"n %an &"#"/& /ar-aan %#a/&ana/an &"&'a %"n,an p"%o*an %an +a$an

+a/' !"/n& -an, !"#a$ %&ap/an.

I.5 T4!4"& P#"()( K#!" N")"



A%ap'n *a/&'% %an !'('an /a* *"#a/&ana/an /"r(a pra/!"/ n a%a#a$ &"+a,a

+"r/'!:

1. Dapa! *"n,"!a$' *"*p"#a(ar %an *"*a$a* &"ara #an,&'n, &&!"* *ana("*"n %an

pro&"& pro%'/& % )G Kr"*+oon,.

2. M"n"rap/an /"*a*p'an !"or!& -an, %p"ro#"$ % +an,/' /'#a$.

. "#a(ar *"n,a!a& p"r*a&a#a$an>p"r*a&a#a$an -an, a%a % #apan,an.4. M"na*+a$ p"n,a#a*an pra/!& -an, a/an +"r,'na &"+a,a +"/a# 'n!'/ !"r('n /"

*a&-ara/a! %an %'na /"r(a.

;. M"nn,/a!/an /"a$#an %a#a* r'an, #n,/'p %&p#n #*' !"/n/ /*a.

<. M"n,ana#&a /'a#!a& %an /'an!!a& &'a!' pro%'/ -an, %$a&#/an.

. Dapa! *"*+an%n,/an an!ara !"or>!"or !"n!an, *ana("*"n %an pro&"& pro%'/& -an,

!"#a$ /a* %apa!/an pa%a +an,/' p"r/'#a$an %"n,an %'na n%'&!r /$'&'&n-a

p"#a/&anaan &&!"* *ana("*"n %an pro&"& pro%'/& -an, %#a/'/an o#"$ )G

Kr"*+oon,.

I. P"(/"&""& P#"()( K#!" N")"S"+a,a p"#a/&ana %a#a* /"r(a pra/!"/ n a%a#a$ *a$a&&a T"/n/ K*a In&!!'!

T"/no#o, Na&ona# Ma#an, -an, +"ran,,o!a/an :

1. An,"# H"r'a!- N. S. 12.14.009

2. L&a L'/!a G'naan 12.14.022

Wa/!' /",a!an pra/!"/ /"r(a n-a!a n %#a/&ana/an &"#a*a /'ran, #"+$ 1 +'#an -a!'

*'#a !an,,a# 2 3'# C 2= A,'&!'& 201;.

I.7 R4"&' L%&'(46 P#"()( K#!" N")"

R'an, #n,/'p %ar pra/!"/ /"r(a n-a!a n a%a#a$ *"n,'*p'#/an n7or*a& &"r!a %a!a>

%a!a -an, +"r/a!an %"n,an /"+"ra%aan )G Kr"*+oon, %an *"*p"#a(ar pro&"& /*a -an,

%#a/'/an %a#a* pro&"& pro%'/& )G Kr"*+oon, &"r!a a#a!>a#a! -an, %,'na/an.



BAB II

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1. a$an a/'

a$an +a/' pro&"& pa+r/ ,'#a a%a#a$ !ana*an -an, +an-a/ *"n,an%'n, ,'#a.

Kan%'n,an ,'#a %a#a* !ana*an n +"ra&a# %ar $a&# pro&"& a&*#a& -an, !"r(a% %a#a*

!ana*an n. Tana*an &"+a,a +a$an +a/' pa+r/ ,'#a % In%on"&a !"r'!a*a a%a#a$ !"+'

*"*an, a%a +an-a/ !ana*an -an, (',a %apa! *"n,$a&#/an ,'#a &"p"r! /"#apa "na' npa$

%an #an &"+a,an-a. Tana*an -an, pa#n, +an-a/ %,'na/an &"+a,a &'*+"r +a$an +a/'

pa+r/ ,'#a % In%on"&a a%a#a$ !"+'. T"+' a%a#a$ !ana*an /"#'ar,a r'*p'!>r'*p'!an graminaeB -an, *"*p"r&-ara!/an /#* +an-a/ $'(an &aa! *'#a %!ana* %an &"%/! $'(an

pa%a &aa! a/an %pan"n. K"+"!'#an /on%& n &"&'a %"n,an /#* % In%on"&a -an,

*"*#/ %'a *aa* /#* -a!' *'&* p"n,$'(an %an *'&* /"*ara'. T"+' -an,

%,'na/an &"+a,a +a$an +a/' pa+r/ *"r'pa/an !ana*an /"!'r'nan $a&# p"r&#an,an an!ara

!"+' a#a* %an p*pn, 'n!'/ !'*+'$n-a (',a *"*p"r&-ara!/an /on%& !ana$ !"*pa!

!'*+'$n-a. Ma/a 'n!'/ *"*p"ro#"$ $a&# -an, &"&'a %"n,an -an, %$arap/an a,ar %

!ana*an ("n& ar"!a&B !"r!"n!' -an, &"&'a %"n,an /on%& !ana$ %an /#* &'$' an,n

%an n!"n&!a& 'ra$ $'(anB a,ar %%apa! $a&# ,'#a -an, '/'p !n,,.

G'#a &"+a,a $a&# pro&"& a&*#a& %&*pan o#"$ !ana*an % %a#a* aran &"# !"+'

aran n % #n,/'n,an pa+r/ ,'#a %&"+'! nra. S"#an('!n-a *'%a$ %*"n,"r! +a$a %



%a#a* nra !ana*an n pa&! ,'#a !"ra*p'r %"n,an +a$an>+a$an #an -an, %p"r#'/an %a#a*

p"r!'*+'$ann-a So"(ar% 200B.

a!an, !ana*an !"+' *"r'pa/an &'*+"r ,'#a.Na*'n %"*/an r"n%"*"n@p"r&"n!a&"

,'#a -an, %$a&#/an $an-a +"r/&ar 10>1;. S&a p"n,o#a$an +a!an, !"+' a%a#a$ :

1. T"!"& !"+' *o#a&"B -an, %p"ro#"$ %ar !a$ap p"*&a$an /r&!a# ,'#a %an *a&$*"n,an%'n, ,'#a ;0><0 a&a* a*no %an *n"ra#. T"!"& !"+' a%a#a$ +a$an +a/'

+'*+' *a&a/ MSG ,'#a ar %an ara/.

2. )'!/ %an !"+' -an, %p"ro#"$ %ar p"n"+an,an %,'na/an 'n!'/ pa/an !"rna/ %a#a*

+"n!'/ &#a&" p"#"! %an a7"r.

. A*pa& !"+' *"r'pa/an $a&# &a*pn,an %ar pro&"& "/&!ra& aran !"+'.

D*an7aa!/an &"+a,a +a$an +a/ar pa+r/ +a$an n%'&!r /"r!a& particle board %an

*"%a 'n!'/ +'%%a-a (a*'r a!a' %/o*pa//an 'n!'/ p'p'/.

4. #o!on, -an, *"r'pa/an $a&# &a*pn,an %ar pro&"& p"n("rn$an. a$an or,an/ n

%pa/a &"+a,a p'p'/ Anon*o'&a 2010B.

"+"rapa *a&a#a$ -an, p"r#' %p"r$a!/an %an *"*"r#'/an !n%a/ #an('! an!ara #an :

1. G'#a -an, !"r%apa! %a#a* !ana*an !"+'B *"r'pa/an $a&# pro&"& a&*#a&. )ro&"&a&*#a& $an-a %apa! %#a/'/an !ana*an !"r(a% % %a#a* $(a' %a'n %an +an!'an

&nar *a!a$ar. Kar"na !"r+"n!'/n-a ,'#a %"n,an ara n *a/a %apa! %/a!a/an -an,

*a*p' *"*+'a! ,'#a $an-a#a$ !ana*an %a#a* $a# pa+r/ ,'#a In%on"&a a%a#a$

!ana*an !"+' /ar"na !' %a#a* /",a!an % pa+r/ ,'#a $ar'& +"r'&a$a a,ar

!"r+"n!'/n-a ,'#a %a#a* !"+' a%a#a$ *a/&*a#.

2. G'#a -an, &'%a$ !"r+"n!'/ % %a#a* !"+' &"ara *a/&*a# !' $ar'& %'&a$a/an a,ar

&"#a*a pro&"& % pa+r/ ,'#a -an, &'%a$ !"r+"n!'/ !"r&"+'! !%a/ $#an, *a'p'n

r'&a/.

Un!'/ %apa! *"*p"ro#"$ $a&# &"&'a %"n,an r"nana %a!a& *a/a p"r#' %/'!

p"r/"*+an,an !"r+"n!'/n-a ,'#a % !ana*an !"+' *a'p'n #an,/a$ pa+r/a& % %a#a*

*"n,a*+# ,'#a -an, &'%a$ !"r%apa! % %a#a* !"+'.A,ar ,'#a -an, &'%a$ !"r+"n!'/

!"r&"+'! !%a/ $#an, %an !%a/ r'&a/. Kar"na !' p"!',a& -an, *"nan,an /",a!an %

pa+r/ $ar'& %apa! *"n,/'! pro&"& -an, !"r(a% +a/ &"*"n(a/ '&a$a *"n,$a&#/an

,'#a % %a#a* !ana*an *a'p'n pa%a &aa! *"*&a$/an ,'#a %ar /o*pon"n !"+' -an,

#an %a#a* pro&"& pa+r/a& So"(ar% 200B.

)"*"rn!a$ p"rna$ *"n"rap/an +"r+a,a /"+(a/an -an, &"ara #an,&'n, a!a'p'n

!%a/ #an,&'n, +"rp"n,ar'$ !"r$a%ap n%'&!r ,'#a In%on"&a. K"+(a/an p"*"rn!a$

!"r&"+'! *"*p'n-a %*"n& -an, '/'p #'a& %ar /"+(a/an np'! %an pro%'/&

%&!r+'& %an /"+(a/an $ar,a. J1

Ta+#" R",* K"+(a/an )"r,'#aan Na&ona#



T'('an '!a*a p"n,o#a$an !"+' a%a#a$ 'n!'/ *"*p"ro#"$ $a&# $a+#'r -an,

!n,,.Ha+#'r a%a#a$ ,'#a &'/ro&a -an, %/r&!a#/an. Da#a* &&!"* pro%'/& ,'#a

p"*+"n!'/an ,'#a !"r(a% %%a#a* pro&"& *"!a+o#&*" !ana*an. )ro&"& n !"r(a% % #apan,an

on farmB. )a+r/ ,'#a &"+"narn-a $an-a +"r7'n,& &"+a,a a#a! "/&!ra/& 'n!'/ *"n,"#'ar/an

nra %ar +a!an, !"+' %an *"n,o#a$n-a *"n(a% ,'#a /r&!a# )'rono 200B.

S"!"#a$ !"+' %pan"n %an %an,/'! /" pa+r/ &"#an('!n-a %#a/'/an p"n,o#a$an.)"n,o#a$an !"+' *"n(a% ,'#a p'!$ %#a/'/an % pa+r/ %"n,an *"n,,'na/an

p"ra#a!an -an, &"+a,an +"&ar +"/"r(a &"ara o!o*a!&. "+"rapa !a$ap p"n,o#a$an -a!'

"/&!ra/& nra p"n("rn$an p"n,'apan /r&!a#&a& p"*&a$an /r&!a# %an p"n,"rn,an

p"n,"*a&an &"r!a p"n-*panan T* )"n'#& 2000B.

Un!'/ p"*+'a!an ,'#a +a!an, !"+' -an, &'%a$ %pan"n %p"ra& %"n,an *"&n

p"*"ra& *"&n pr"&&B % pa+r/ ,'#a.S"&'%a$ !' nra a!a' ar p"ra&an !"+' !"r&"+'! %&arn,

%*a&a/ %an %p'!$/an &"$n,,a *"n(a% ,'#a pa&r -an, /!a /"na#. Dar pro&"& p"*+'a!an

!"+' !"r&"+'! a/an %$a&#/an ,'#a ; a*pa& !"+' 90 %an &&an-a +"r'pa !"!"& molasseB

%an ar Anon*'&B 2010B.

Da&ar p"n,o#a$an ,'#a !"+' %a#a* +"n!'/ /r&!a# a!a' na*a '*'* ,'#a pa&r

prn&pn-a *"*&a$/an ,'#a &'/ro&a %ar /o!oran>/o!oran +'/an ,'#a %an ar -an, 'n!'/ &"#an('!n-a %#a/'/an p"n,/r&!a#an. )a%a '*'*n-a pro&"& p"n,o#a$an ,'#a &"ara pa+r/



%,o#on,/an *"n(a% +"+"rapa &!a&'n -an, +"r!'r'!>!'r'! &"+a,a +"r/'! p"r!a*a &!a&'n

p"n,,#n,an /"%'a &!a&'n p"*'rnan /"!,a &!a&'n p"n,'apan /""*pa! &!a&'n

/r&!a#&a& /"#*a &!a&'n p'!aran %an /""na* &!a&'n p"n-"#"&aan. Ma&n,>*a&n, &!a&'n

n *"*p'n-a 7'n,& %an !',a& !"r&"n%r na*'n !"!ap *"r'pa/an &a!' /"&a!'an -an, &a#n,

+"r/a!an &"$n,,a $ar'& %pa$a* +"r+a,a a&p"/ op"ra&ona#n-a !"r*a&'/ p"n,"n%a#an

%an p"n,aa&an pro&"&n-a S"!-o$a% 200<B.Tana*an !"+' *"r'pa/an &a#a$ &a!' +a$an %a&ar p"*+'a!an ,'#a. )ro%'/ o#a$an

pa+r/an %a#a* +"n!'/ ,'#a /r&!a# a!a' ,'#a p'!$. Ko*po&& nra !"+' ra!a>ra!a

*"n,an%'n, &'/ro&a 10 > 11B ar 2B a! #an +'/an ,'#a 4 C <B %an &a+'! 14B

n !"r,an!'n, ("n& !"+' S"!-o$a% 200<B.

a$an +a/' 'n!'/ p"n,o#a$an ,'#a -an, pa#n, '*'* %,'na/an a%a#a$ +a!an,

!ana*an !"+'. a!an, !ana*an !"+' -an, *a&$ &",ar $a*pr &"#'r'$n-a !"r&'&'na!a& 'n&'r

/ar+on 6B $-%ro,"n HB %an O/&,"n OB. Dar &"('*#a$ !' /ra>/ra ; %an!aran-a

%a#a* +"n!'/ ar H2OB %an &&an-a %a#a* +"n!'/ +a$an /"rn,.Un!'/ /"p"n!n,an

p"n,o#a$an ,'#a +a!an, !ana*an !"+' %an,,ap !"r&'&'n a!a& nra !"+' %an a*pa&. T'('an

%ar p"n,o#a$an !"+' a%a#a$ 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an ,'#a a!a' &'/ro&a -an, !"r/an%'n, %%a#a*

+a!an, !"+' a!a' '*+ !ana*an +! ,'#a &"+an-a/>+an-a/n-a T(o/roa%/o"o"rnodan a/!r19=4B.

#a !"+' %po!on, a/an !"r#$a! &"ra!>&"ra! %an !"r%apa! aran -an, *an&. S"ra! %an

/'#! +a!an, +a&a %&"+'! &a+'! %"n,an p"r&"n!a&" &"/!ar 12; %ar +o+o! !"+'. 6arann-a

%&"+'! nra %"n,an p"r&"n!a&" =;. Nra !"r%r %ar ar %an +a$an /"rn,. J2

2.2. )ro&"& )"*+'a!an G'#a

)"*+'a!an ,'#a %ar !"+' a%a#a$ pro&"& p"*&a$an &a/$aro&a -an, !"r%apa! %a#a*

+a!an, !"+' %ar a!>a! #an &"p"r! ar a! or,an &a+'!. )"*&a$an %#a/'/an &"ara

+"r!n,/a! %"n,an (a#an !"+' %,#n, %a#a* +"+"rapa *"&n p"n,,#n, &"$n,,a %p"ro#"$

aran -an, %&"+'! nra. Nra -an, %p"ro#"$ %ar *"&n p"n,,#n, %+"r&$/an %ar a!>a! +'/an ,'#a %"n,an

p"*ana&an %an p"na*+a$an a! /*a.S"%an,/an a*pa& %,'na/an +a$an /"!"# 'ap.

1. )"*'rnan Nra

)"#a/&anaan p"*'rnan %a#a* p"*+'a!an ,'#a %+"%a/an *"n(a% *aa* -a!' :

a. )ro&"& D"7"/a&

)"*'rnan ara D"7"/a& a%a#a$ ar p"*'rnan -an, pa#n, &"%"r$ana +a$an

p"*+an!' $an-a +"r'pa /ap'r !o$or. Kap'r !o$or $an-a %,'na/an 'n!'/ *"n"!ra#/an

a&a*>a&a* -an, !"r%apa! %a#a* nra. Nra -an, !"#a$ %p"ro#"$ %ar *"&n p"n,,#n,

%+"r /ap'r &a*pa %p"ro#"$ $ar,a pH &"%/! a#/a#& pH 2 B. Nra -an, !"#a$

%+"r /ap'r /"*'%an %pana&/an &a*pa *"n%%$. En%apan -an, !"r(a% %p&a$/an

+. )ro&"& S'#7!a&)a%a p"*'rnan ara &'#7!a& p"*+"ran /ap'r +"r#"+$an .K"#"+$an /ap'r n

%n"!ra#/an /"*+a# %"n,an ,a& &'#7!".)"na*+a$an ,a& SO2 *"n-"+a+/an SO2

+"r,a+'n, %"n,an 6aO *"*+"n!'/ 6aSO -an, *"n,"n%ap.SO2 *"*p"r#a*+a!

r"a/& an!ara a&a* a*no %an ,'#a r"%'/& -an, %apa! *"n,a/+a!/an !"r+"n!'/n-a

a! arna ,"#ap.SO2 %a#a* #ar'!an a&a* %apa! *"r"%'/& on 7"rrr &"$n,,a

*"n'r'n/an "7"/ o/&%a&.

)"#a/&anaan pro&"& &'#7!a& a%a#a$ &"+a,a +"r/'! :

S'#7!a& %n,n

Nra *"n!a$ %&'#7!a& &a*pa pH = /"*'%an %+"r /ap'r &a*pa pH .

S"!"#a$ !' %pana&/an &a*pa *"n%%$ %an /o!orann-a %"n%ap/an

S'#7!a& pana&



)a%a pro&"& &'#7!a& !"r+"n!'/ ,ara* 6aSO -an, #"+$ *'%a$ #ar'! %a#a*

/"a%aan %n,n &"$n,,a a/!' %pana&/an a/an !"r(a% "n%apan pa%a ppa

p"*ana&. Un!'/ *"n",a$ $a# n p"#a/&anaan pro&"& &'#7!a& %*o%7/a&

&"+a,a +"r/'! :

D*'#a %"n,an nra *"n!a$ -an, %pana&/an &a*pa 0>=0 06 %&'#7!a&

%"+"r /ap'r %pana&/an &a*pa *"n%%$ %an a/$rn-a %"n%ap/an.)a%a &'$'/ra>/ra ;06 /"#ar'!an 6aSO pa#n, /"#.

)"n,ap'ran &"+a,an %an &'#7!a&

#a %ara &'#7!a& pana& !%a/ %apa! *"*+"r/an $a&# -an, +a/ *a/a %pa/a

ara *o%7/a& +"r/'! : p"n,ap'ran p"r!a*a &a*pa pH =0 p"*ana&an &a*pa

;0>006 &'#7!a& &a*pa pH ;1 C ; p"n,ap'ran /"%'a &a*pa pH C 2

%#an('!/an %"n,an p"*ana&an %"n,an p"*ana&an &a*pa *"n%%$ %an

p"n,"n%apan. E.H',o! 19<0 B

)"#a/&anaan &'#7!a& %pan%an, %ar &'%'! /*a %+a, *"n(a% -a!' :

S'#7!a& A&a*

Nra *"n!a$ %&'#7!a& %"n,an SO2 &"$n,,a %apa pH nra 2. S"&'%a$

&'#7!a& nra %+"r #ar'!an /ap'r &"$n,,a pH 0 C . S'#7!a& A#/a#&

)"*+"ran #ar'!an /ap'r &"$n,,a pH nra 10; %an &"&'%a$ !' %+"r SO2 pH

nra *"n(a% 0 C

S'#7!a& n"!ra#

)"*+"ran #ar'!an /ap'r &"$n,,a pH nra =; %an %!a*+a$ ,a& SO2 pH nra

*"n(a% 0 C . Ha#* K 19 B

)ro&"& Kar+ona!a&

. )ro&"& Kar+ona!

6ara n *"r'pa/an ara -an, pa#n, +a/ %&+an%n, %"n,an /"%'aara %a!a&.

S"+a,a +a$an p"*+an!' 'n!'/ p"*'rnan nra a%a#a$ &'&' /ap'r %an ,a& 6O2.

)"*+"ran &'&' /ap'r +"r#"+$an /"*'%an %!a*+a$ ,a& 6O2 -an, +"r,'na '!n'/

*"n"!ra#/an /"#"+$an &'&' &"$n,,a /o!oran>/o!oran -an, !"r%apa! %a#a* nra a/an

%/a!.

R"a/& : 6a OHB2 6a6O H2O

Kar"na !"r+"n!'/n-a "n%apan 6a6O +an-a *a/a "n%apan %apa! %"n,an *'%a$

%p&a$/an. E. H',o! 19<0 B

2. )"n,'apan

Nra -an, !"#a$ *"n,a#a* pro&"& p"*'rnan *a&$ *"n,an%'n, ar ar n $ar'&

%p&a$/an %"n,an *"n,,'na/an a#a! p"n,'ap. )"n,'apan a%a#a$ &'a!' pro&"&

*"n,$#an,/an a! p"#ar'! %ar %a#a* #ar'!an %"n,an *"n,,'na/an pana&. a! p"#ar'!

%a#a* pro&"& p"n,'apan nra a%a#a$ ar. #a nra %pana&/an !"r(a% p"n,'apan*o#"/'# ar. A/+a! p"n,'apan na a/an *"n(a% /"n!a#. S'*+"r pana& -an,

%,'na/an a%a#a$ 'ap pana&.)a%a p"*a/aan 'ap pana& !"r(a%#a$ p"r&!a

p"n,"*+'nan.S&!"* p"n,'apan -an, %pa/a p"r'&a$aan ,'#a a%a#a$ p"n,'apan

"7"/ +an-a/. So"(ar% 19; B

. )"n,/r&!a#an

)ro&"& p"n,/r&!a#an a%a#a$ &a#a$ &a!' #an,/a$ %a#a* ran,/aan pro&"& % pa+r/ ,'#a

%*ana a/an %/"r(a/an p"n,/r&!a#an ,'#a %ar #ar'!an -an, *"n,an%'n, ,'#a.

Da#a* #ar'!an "n"r (ara/ an!ara *o#"/'# &a!' %"n,an -an, #an *a&$ '/'p +"&ar.

)a%a pro&"& p"n,'apan (ara/ an!ara *a&n,>*a&n, *o#"/'# %a#a* #ar'!an !"r&"+'!

&a#n, *"n%"/a!. Apa+#a (ara/n-a &'%a$ '/'p %"/a! *a&n,>*a&n, *o#"/'# %apa!

&a#n, !ar/ *"nar/.Apa+#a pa%a &aa! !' %&"/!arn-a !"r%apa! &a/$aro&a -an,



*"#ar'! %an *o#"/'# &a/$aro&a -an, *"n"*p"# /"a%aan n %&"+'! &"+a,a #ar'!an

("n'$.

)a%a !a$ap &"#an('!n-a +#a /"p"/a!an na/ *a/a *o#"/'#>*o#"/'# %a#a* #ar'!an

a/an %apa! &a#n, +"r,a+'n, %an *"*+"n!'/ ran!a>ran!a *o#"/'# &a/$aro&a.

S"%an,/an pa%a p"*"/a!an #"+$ !n,, *a/a ran!a>ran!a &a/$aro&a !"r&"+'! a/an

%apa! &a#n, +"r,a+'n, p'#a %an *"*+"n!'/ &'a!' /"ran,/a a!a' po#a /r&!a#&a/$aro&a.

4. )"n,"rn,an

G'#a -an, /"#'ar %ar a#a! p"*'!ar %!a*p'n, %a#a* a#a! ,"!ar !a#an, ,o-an, B.

Ta#an, ,o-an, n &"#an +"r7'n,& &"+a,a a#a! p"n,"n,/'! (',a &"+a,a a#a!

p"n,"rn, ,'#a. )"n,"rn,an n *"n,,'na/an '%ara -an, %$"*+'&/an %ar +aa$

$a# n %*a/&'%/an 'n!'/ *"n,'ran, /a%ar ar %a#a* ,'#a. S"!"#a$ p"n,"rn,an ,#a

%*a&'//an %a#a* /ar'n, %an %&*pan %,'%an,.J

2.. )ro%'/ G'#a

G'#a *"r'pa/an pro%'/ a/$r %ar p"n,o#a$an !"+' !"r%apa! %a#a* +a$an /"rn, -an,

#ar'! %a#a* nra. A/an !"!ap +a$an /"rn, -an, #ar'! (',a *"n,an%'n, +a$an +'/an !"+'.3a% %apa! %+a-an,/an +"!apa /"#n-a p"r&"n!a&" ,'#a %a#a* !"+' T* )"n'#& 2000B.

G'#a *"r'pa/an &a#a$ &a!' /"+'!'$an po/o/ %an pa#n, +an-a/ %/on&'*& o#"$

*a&-ara/a!. S"+a,a pro%'/ *a/anan !"n!'n-a $ar'& *"*"n'$ &!an%ar *'!' -an, !"#a$

%!"!ap/an &"$n,,a #a-a/ 'n!'/ %/on&'*&. G'#a -an, /!a /on&'*& &"$ar>$ar a%a#a$ ,'#a

/r&!a# p'!$ &"ara n!"rna&ona# %&"+'! &"+a,a plantation white sugar . GK) %+'a! %ar

!"+' -an, %o#a$ *"#a#' +"r+a,a !a$apan pro&"& 'n!'/ In%on"&a /"+an-a/an *"n,,'na/an

pro&"& &'#7!a& %a#a* p"n,o#a$an ,'#a. Kr!"ra *'!' ,'#a -an, +"r#a/' % In%on"&a SNIB

&aa! n pa%a %a&arn-a *"n,a' pa%a /r!"ra #a*a -an, %/"na# %"n,an SHS (Superieure

Hoofd Suiker -an, pa%a p"r/"*+an,ann-a /"*'%an *"n,a#a* *o%7/a& %an !"ra/$r SNI 01>140>2001@R" 200; K'&'r( 2009B.

"r/'! n *"r'pa/an /r!"ra '( &-ara! *'!' ,'#a /r&!a# p'!$ *"n'r'! SNI>140>

2001@R" 200; a%a#a$ &"+a,a +"r/'! :

)o#ar&a& *"n'n('//an /a%ar &'/ro&a %a#a* ,'#a &"*a/n !n,, po#ar&a& &"*a/n

!n,, /a%ar ,'#an-a. a!a&an *n*a# /a%ar po# a%a#a$ 99; .

Warna /r&!a# %apa! %#$a! &"ara #an,&'n, %"n,an *a!a &"ara /'a#!a!7 %"n,an ara

*"*+an%n,/an %"n,an &!an%ar %apa! %/"!a$' !n,/a! /"p'!$an whitenessB ,'#a.

)"n,,'naan p"ra#a!an &p"/!ro7o!o*"!"r r"7#"/&B %p"r#'/an 'n!'/ p"n,'/'ran

/'an!!a!7 -an, %n-a!a/an %a#a* 6T colour typeB. S"*a/n !n,, n#a 6T &"*a/n

p'!$ arna ,'#an-a. Un!'/ ,'#a GK) /&aran n#a 6T &"/!ar ; &a*pa 10. )a%a

p"n"n!'an pr"* *'!' ,'#a arna /r&!a# n *"r'pa/an &a#a$ &a!' !o#a/ '/'r '!a*a

-an, *"n"n!'/an.

Warna #ar'!an ,'#a +"r/&ar %ar /'nn, *'%a arna *'%aB &a*pa /'nn,

/"o/#a!an arna ,"#apB %'/'r %"n,an *"!o%" I6UMSA !nternational "ommission

for #niform $ethods of Sugar AnalysisB %n-a!a/an %a#a* n%"/& arna. S"*a/n

+"&ar n%"/& &"*a/n ,"#ap arna #ar'!an. a!a&an *a/&*a# n%"/& arna 'n!'/

GK) a%a#a$ 00 '.

"&ar ("n& +'!r a%a#a$ '/'ran ra!a>ra!a +'!r /r&!a# ,'#a %n-a!a/an %a#a* *#*"!"r.

)"r&-ara!an 'n!'/ GK) a%a#a$ 0= &a*pa 11 **.



Ka%ar SO2 ,'#a pro%'/ /!a +"r/&ar ; &a*pa 20 pp* n %&"+a+/an &"+a,an +"&ar

pa+r/ ,'#a *"n,,'na/an pro&"& &'#7!a& &"$n,,a !"r%apa! r"&%' SO2 &"p"r! pa%a

/&aran !"r&"+'!. A%an-a r"&%' SO2 *"n(a% /"n%a#a 'n!'/ /on&'*& n%'&!r

*a/anan a!a' *n'*an -an, +a&an-a *"n'n!'! +"+a& SO2. Ka%ar SO2 *a/&*a#

-an, %p"r/"nan/an % In%on"&a a%a#a$ 0 pp*. Ka%ar ar a%a#a$ ('*#a$ ar B -an, !"r%apa! %a#a* ,'#a +a&an-a +a!a&an *a/&*a#

01. G'#a -an, *"n,an%'n, /a%ar ar !n,, "pa! *"n,a#a* p"n'r'nan

*'!'@/"r'&a/an %a#a* p"n-*panan +"r'+a$ arna *"nar %an &"+a,an-a.

K'&'r( 2009B.J2

2.4. K"&"#a*a!an %an K"&"$a!an K"r(a KB

K"&"#a*a!an K"r(a M"n'r'! Ma!$& %an 3a/&on 2002:24;B K"&"#a*a!an K"r(a

a%a#a$ *"r'('/ pa%a p"r#n%'n,an !"r$a%ap /"&"(a$!"raan 7&/ &"&"oran,.P T'('an

/"&"#a*a!an /"r(a -an, "7"/!7 %p"r'&a$aan a%a#a$ *"n",a$ /""#a/aan a!a' %"ra -an,

!"r/a! %"n,an p"/"r(aan. S"%an,/an Mon%- 200=:=2B K"&"#a*a!an /"r(a a%a#a$ &'a!'

p"r#n%'n,an /ar-aan %ar %"ra -an, %&"+a+/an o#"$ /""#a/aan -an, +"r/a!aan %"n,an

p"/"r(aanP. "r+"%a %"n,an p"n%apa! Man,/'n",ara 2000:1<1B *"*+"r/an p"n,"r!an

!"n!an, K"&"#a*a!an K"r(a /ar-aan a%a#a$ /"&"#a*a!an /"r(a *"n'n('//an /on%& -an,

a*an a!a' !"r$n%ar %ar p"n%"r!aan /"r'&a/an a!a' /"r',an % !"*pa! /"r(a -an, %apa!

*"n-"+a+/an /"+a/aran /"!a/'!an a#ran #&!r/ !"rpo!on, #'/a *"*ar /"&"#"o pa!a$

!'#an, /"r',an a#a! !'+'$ p"n,#$a!an %an p"n%"n,aran.P Dar !"or -an, %papar/an %apa!

%!ar/ /"&*p'#an +a$a K"&"#a*a!an K"r(a a%a#a$ *"n-an,/'! !"n!an, /"&"(a$!"raan 7&/

/ar-aan a,ar !"r$n%ar %ar /""#a/aan a!a' %"ra -an, !"r/a! %"n,an p"/"r(aan. S"#an !'

(',a *"n,$n%ar /"r'&a/an a!a' /"r',an % !"*pa! /"r(a. D"n,an a%an-a K"&"#a*a!an

K"r(a *a/a r&/o -an, !"r(a% pa%a &aa! /ar-aan +"/"r(a %apa! %*n*a#&r.M"n'r'! Mo"nr %a#a* Ma$"n%ra Ra$*an 2009:1B 7a/!or %ar /"&"#a*a!an /"r(a

%#$a! %ar #n,/'n,an /"r(a &"ara 7&/ an!ara #an:

a. )"n"*pa!an +"n%a a!a' +aran, &"$n,,a !%a/ *"*+a$a-a/an a!a' *"n"#a/a/an

oran,oran, -an, +"ra%a %!"*pa! /"r(a a!a' &"/!arn-a.

+. )"r#n%'n,an pa%a p",aa a!a' p"/"r(a -an, *"#a-an a#a!>a#a! /"r(a -an, %apa!

*"n-"+a+/an /""#a/aan %"n,an ara *"*+"r/an a#a!>a#a! p"r#n%'n,an -an,

&"&'a %an +a/.

. )"n-"%aan p"r#"n,/apan -an, *a*p' %,'na/an &"+a,a a#a! p"n",a$an

p"r!o#on,an %an p"r#n%'n,an.

K"&"$a!an K"r(a M"n'r'! p"n%apa! Mon%- 200=:=2B K"&"$a!an K"r(a *"n,a'

pa%a /"+"+a&an %ar p"n-a/! 7&/ *a'p'n "*o&ona#P. S"%an,/an *"n'r'! M",,n&on

%a#a* Man,/'n",ara 2000:1<1B K"&"$a!an K"r(a -a!' &'a!' /on%& -an, *"n'n('//an

pa%a /on%& -an, +"+a& %ar ,an,,'an 7&/ *"n!a# "*o& a!a' ra&a &a/! -an, %&"+a+/an

o#"$ #n,/'n,an /"r(a.P S"#an ' *"n'r'! Ma!$& %an 3a/&on 2002:24;B )"n,"r!an

K"&"$a!an K"r(a a%a#a$ *"r'pa/an /on%& -an, *"r'('/ pa%a /on%& 7&/ *"n!a# %an

&!a+#!a& "*o& &"ara '*'*. In%%' -an, &"$a! a%a#a$ n%%' -an, +"+a& %ar p"n-a/!

%"ra &"r!a *a&a#a$ *"n!a# %an "*o& -an, +&a *"n,,an,,' a/!!a& *an'&a nor*a#

&"ara '*'*P. Dar !"or -an, %papar/an *a/a K"&"$a!an K"r(a #"+$ *"r'('/ pa%a

p"n,$n%aran %ar !*+'#n-a p"n-a/! -an, +&a %%"r!a o#"$ /ar-aan -an, %a/+a!/an&"#a*a *"#a/'/an p"/"r(aan. K"&"$a!an K"r(a *"n(a*n /"&"$a!an /ar-aan %ar p"n-a/!



-an, +&a %!*+'#/an &"$n,,a /ar-aan %apa! !"!ap +"/"r(a &"&'a %"n,an !'n!'!an %ar

p"r'&a$aan.

M"n'r'! Man'##an, %a#a* Ma$"n%ra Ra$*an 2009:1B 7a/!or %ar /"&"$a!an /"r(a

an!ara #an a%a#a$:

a. Ln,/'n,an /"r(a &"ara *"%& K"+"r&$an #n,/'n,an /"r(a

S'$' '%ara %an "n!#a& % !"*pa! /"r(a

S&!"* p"*+'an,an &a*pa$ %an #*+a$ n%'&!r

+. Sarana /"&"$a!an !"na,a /"r(a

)"n-"%aan ar +"r&$

Sarana o#a$ ra,a

Sarana /a*ar *an% %an W6

. )"*"#$araan /"&"$a!an !"na,a /"r(a

)"#a-anan /"&"$a!an !"na,a /"r(a

)"*"r/&aan /"&"$a!an !"na,a /"r(a J4

BAB III

MANAJEMEN PRODUKSI

Mana("*"n a%a#a$ &'a!' pro&"& a!a' /"ran,/a /"r(a -an, *"#+a!/an +*+n,an a!a'

p"n,ara$an &'a!' /"#o*po/ oran,>oran, /" ara$ !'('an>!'('an or,an&a&ona# a!a' *a/&'%>

*a/&'% -an, n-a!a ran!a& 2009B. S"%an,/an *"n'r'! Ma&&" 19=B *"n-a!a/an +a$a

*ana("*"n %ar!/an &"+a,a pro&"& -an, *"n,ara$/an #an,/a$>#an,/a$ /"#o*po/

*an'n,,a# *"n'(' !'('an -an, &a*a.

Mana("*"n a%a#a$ &"+'a$ pro&"& -an, %#a/'/an 'n!'/ *"'('%/an !'('anor,an&a& *"#a#' ran,/aan /",a!an +"r'pa p"r"nanaan p"n,or,an&a&an p"n,ara$an %an



p"n,"n%a#an oran,>oran, &"r!a &'*+"r %a-a or,an&a& #ann-a T&naa! %an Sa"7'##a$

200;B. T"rr- 19=B *"n-a!a/an +a$a *ana("*"n a%a#a$ '&a$a>'&a$a 'n!'/ *"napa

!'('an -an, !"#a$ %!"!ap/an #"+$ %a$'#' %"n,an *"*p"r,'na/an /",a!an oran, #an.

T"r#"pa& %ar &", *ana para a$# !' *"*an%an, *ana("*"n %an *"n,"*'/a/an

%"7n&n-a pa%a $a//a!n-a &"!ap %"7n& !' *"n,an%'n, %a&ar 7a#&a7a$ %an 'n&'r>'n&'r

-an, +"r&a*aan -an, !"r#"!a/ pa%a :

1. D %a#a* *ana("*"n !"r%apa! !'('an -an, n,n %apa -an, !"#a$ %!"!ap/an !"r#"+$

%a$'#' a%an-a predetermined ob%ectivesB.

2. Da#a* p"napaan !'('an !"r&"+'! *ana("r !%a/ &"#a#' *"n,"r(a/an &"n%r !"!ap *"#a#'

p"n%"#",a&an ""nan,. K",a!an %#a/'/an o#"$ para +aa$an +"r%a&ar/an $"rar/

or,an&a& %"n,an *"*p"r,'na/an oran,>oran, a!a' p",aa /",a!an %#a/'/an through

the effort of other peopleB.

. Da#a* pro&"& p"napaan !'('an %#a/'/an 7'n,&>7'n,& p"r"nanaan p"n,or,an&a&an

p"n,ara$an +*+n,an %an p"n,aa&an &"$n,,a p"n,,'naan 7a/!or>7a/!or human %an non

human %apa! %#a/&ana/an &"ara "7"/!7 %an "7&"n ran!a& 2009B.

A. F4&'/% M"&"!*&

M"n'r'! T&naa! %an Sa"7'##a$ 200;B *"n,"*'/a/an 7'n,& %ar *ana("*"n

!"r%r %ar 4 7'n,& -a!':

1. )"r"nanaan a!a' &lanning' pro&"& -an, *"n-an,/'! 'pa-a -an, %#a/'/an 'n!'/

*"n,an!&pa& /""n%"r'n,an % *a&a -an, a/an %a!n, %an p"n"n!'an &!ra!", %an !a/!/

-an, !"pa! 'n!'/ *"'('%/an !ar,"! %an !'('an or,an&a&.

2. )"n,or,an&a&an a!a' rgani)ing' pro&"& -an, *"n-an,/'! +a,a*ana &!ra!", %an !a/!/

-an, !"#a$ %r'*'&/an %a#a* p"r"nanaan %%"&an %a#a* &"+'a$ &!r'/!'r or,an&a& -an,

!"pa! %an !an,,'$ &&!"* %an #n,/'n,an or,an&a& -an, /on%'&7 %an +&a *"*a&!/an

+a$a &"*'a p$a/ %a#a* or,an&a& +&a +"/"r(a &"ara "7"/!7 %an "7&"n ,'na p"napaan

!'('an or,an&a&.

. )"n,*p#"*"n!a&an a!a' *irecting' pro&"& *p#"*"n!a& pro,ra* a,ar +&a %(a#an/an o#"$

&"#'r'$ p$a/ %a#a* or,an&a& &"r!a pro&"& *"*o!a& a,ar &"*'a p$a/ !"r&"+'! %apa!

*"n(a#an/an !an,,'n, (aa+n-a %"n,an p"n'$ /"&a%aran %an pro%'/!!a& -an, !n,,.

4. )"n,"n%a#an %an )"n,aa&an a!a' "ontrolling' pro&"& -an, %#a/'/an 'n!'/ *"*a&!/an

&"#'r'$ ran,/aan /",a!an -an, !"#a$ %r"nana/an %or,an&a&/an %an %*p#"*"n!a&/an

+&a +"r(a#an &"&'a %"n,an !ar,"! -an, %$arap/an &"/a#p'n +"r+a,a p"r'+a$an !"r(a%

%a#a* #n,/'n,an %'na +&n& -an, %$a%ap.

S"%an,/an ran!a& 2009B *"*+a, 7'n,& *"na("*"n /" %a#a* ; +a,an -a!':

1. &lanning' *"n"n!'/an !'('an>!'('an -an, $"n%a/ %apa &"#a*a &'a!' *a&a -an, a/an

%a!an, %an apa -an, $ar'& %p"r+'a! a,ar %apa! *"napa !'('an>!'('an !'.



2. rgani)ing' *"n,"#o*po//an %an *"n"n!'/an +"r+a,a /",a!an p"n!n, %an *"*+"r/an

/"/'a&aan 'n!'/ *"#a/&ana/an /",a!an>/",a!an !'.

. Staffing' *"n"n!'/an /"p"r#'an>/"p"r#'an &'*+"r %a-a *an'&a p"n,"ra$an p"n-arn,an

#a!$an %an p"n,"*+an,an !"na,a /"r(a.

4. $otivating' *"n,ara$/an a!a' *"n-a#'r/an p"r#a/' *an'&a /" ara$ !'('an>!'('an.;. "ontrolling' *"n,'/'r p"#a/&anaan %"n,an !'('an>!'('an *"n"n!'/an &"+a+>&"+a+

p"n-*pan,an>p"n-*pan,an %an *"n,a*+# !n%a/an>!n%a/an /or"/!7 %*ana p"r#'.

B. P#&9"&""& Planning ;

1. P&'#)%"& P#&9"&""&

)"r"nanaan &"+a,a &"+'a$ pro&"& -an, %*'#a %ar p"n"!apan !'('an or,an&a&

*"n"n!'/an &!ra!", 'n!'/ p"napaan !'('an or,an&a& !"r&"+'! &"ara *"n-"#'r'$ 'n!'/

*"n,n!",ra&/an %an *"n,/oor%na&/an &"#'r'$ p"/"r(aan or,an&a& $n,,a !"rapan-a

!'('an or,an&a& Ro++n& 2000B. S"%an,/an Ma&&" 19=B *"n-a!a/an +a$a p"r"nanaan

a%a#a$ 7'n,& %ar *ana("*"n -an, !"#a$ *"n"n!'/an &"ara ("#a& p"*#$an po#a>po#a

p"n,ara$ 'n!'/ para p"n,a*+# /"p'!'&an &"$n,,a !"r%apa! /oor%na& %"*/an +an-a/

/"p'!'&an>/"p'!'&an %a#a* &'a!' /'r'n a/!' !"r!"n!' %an *"n,ara$ /"pa%a !'('an>!'('an

-an, !"#a$ %!"n!'/an.

S"#an !' p"r"nanaan a%a#a$ 7'n,& &"oran, *ana("r -an, +"r$'+'n,an %"n,an

*"*#$ !'('an>!'('an /"+(a/&anaan>/"+(a/&anaan pro&"%'r>pro&"%'r pro,ra*>pro,ra*

%ar a#!"rna!7>a#!"rna!7 -an, a%a Koon! 19=0B.

M"n'r'! T"rr- 19=B *"n-a!a/an +a$a p"r"nanaan a%a#a$ *"*#$ %an

*"n,$'+'n,/an 7a/!a %an *"*+'a! &"r!a *"n,,'na/an a&'*&>a&'*& *"n,"na *a&a -an,

a/an %a!an, %"n,an (a#an *"n,,a*+ar/an %an *"r'*'&/an /",a!an>/",a!an -an,

%p"r#'/an 'n!'/ *"napa $a&# -an, %n,n/an.

2. F4&'/% "#% P#&9"&""&

Ro++n& 2000B *"n("#a&/an +a$a pa#n, !%a/ a%a 4 7'n,& %ar p"r"nanaan -a!'

p"r"nanaan +"r7'n,& &"+a,a ara$an p"r"nanaan *"*n*a#/an %a*pa/ %ar p"r'+a$an

p"r"nanaan *"*n*a#/an p"*+oro&an %an /"&a>&aan &"r!a p"r"nanaan *"n"!ap/an

&!an%ar %a#a* p"n,aa&an /'a#!a&.

. T%6<)%6 P#&9"&""&

M"n'r'! Han%o/o 1992B pa#n, &"%/! a%a ; %a&ar p"n,/#a&7/a&an r"nana>

r"nana &"+a,a +"r/'! :

1. %an, 'n,&ona#

M"na/'p r"nana pro%'/& p"*a&aran /"'an,an %an p"r&ona#a. S"!ap 7a/!or

*"*"r#'/an !p" p"r"nanaan -an, +"r+"%a.2. Tn,/a!an Or,an&a&ona#



T"r*a&'/ /"&"#'r'$an or,an&a& a!a' &a!'an>&a!'an /"r(a or,an&a&. T"/n/>!"/n/ %an &

p"r"nanaan +"r+"%a 'n!'/ !n,/a!an -an, +"r+"%a p'#a.

. Kara/!"r&!/>/ara/!"r&!/ &7a!B r"nana

M"#p'! 7a/!or>7a/!or /o*p#"/&!a& 7#"/&+#!a& /"7or*a#an /"ra$a&aan +a-a

ra&ona#!a& /'an!!a!7 %an /'a#!a!7.4. Wa/!' *"n-an,/'! r"nana (an,/a p"n%"/ *"n"n,a$ %an (an,/a pan(an,. S"*a/n #a*a

r"n!an,an a/!' an!ara pr"%/& %an /"(a%an n-a!a /"*'n,/nan !"r(a%n-a /"&a#a$an

&"*a/n +"&ar.

;. Un&'r>'n&'r r"nana %a#a* '('% an,,aran pro,ra* pro&"%'r /"+(a/&anaan %an

&"+a,an-a. )"r"nanaan *"#p'! +"r+a,a !n,/a!an %an &"!ap !n,/a!an *"r'pa/an +a,an

%ar !n,/a!an -an, #"+$ !n,,.

. O#'"&%/"/% Organizing ;

1. P&'#)%"& O#'"&%/"/%

S'!ar!o 199;B *"n%"7n&/an or,an&a& &"+a,a /'*p'#an oran, pro&"& p"*+a,an

/"r(a %an &&!"* /"r(a &a*a a!a' &&!"* &o&a#. S"%an,/an T&naa! %an Sa"7'##a$ 200;

*"n-a!a/an +a$a or,an&a& a%a#a$ &"/"#o*po/ oran, -an, +"/"r(a &a*a %a#a* &!r'/!'r

%an /oor%na& !"r!"n!' %a#a* *"napa &"ran,/aan !'('an !"r!"n!'.

2. A/"/<"/"/ O#'"&%/"/%

M"n'r'! ran!a& 2009B !"r'('%n-a &'a!' or,an&a& -an, +a/ "7"/!7 "7&"n &"r!a

&"&'a %"n,an /"+'!'$an &"ara &"#"/!7 $ar'& %%a&ar/an pa%a a&a&>a&a& prn&p>prn&pB

or,an&a& &"+a,a +"r/'! :

1. &rinciple of organi)ational ob%ectives

M"n'r'! a&a& n !'('an or,an&a& $ar'& ("#a& %an ra&ona# apa +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n%apa!/an

#a+a business organi)ationB a!a'/a$ 'n!'/ *"*+"r/an p"#a-anan public organi)ationB. Ha#

n *"r'pa/an +a,an p"n!n, %a#a* *"n"n!'/an &!r'/!'r or,an&a&.

2. &rinciple of unity of ob%ectives

M"n'r'! a&a& n % %a#a* &'a!' or,an&a& p"r'&a$aan@#"*+a,aB $ar'& a%a /"&a!'an !'('an

-an, n,n %apa. Or,an&a& &"ara /"&"#'r'$an %an !ap>!ap +a,ann-a $ar'& +"r'&a$a'n!'/ *"napa !'('an !"r&"+'!. Or,an&a& a/an /aa' (/a !%a/ a%a /"&a!'an !'('an.

. &rinciple of unit command

M"n'r'! a&a& n $"n%a/n-a &"!ap +aa$an *"n"r*a p"rn!a$ a!a'p'n *"*+"r/an

p"r!an,,'n,(aa+an $an-a /"pa%a &a!' oran, a!a&an !"!ap &"oran, a!a&an %apa! *"*"rn!a$

+"+"rapa oran, +aa$an.

4. &rinciple of the span of management

M"n'r'! a&a& n &"oran, *ana("r $an-a %apa! *"**pn &"ara "7"/!7 &"('*#a$ +aa$an

!"r!"n!' *&a#n-a &a*pa %"n,an 9 oran,. 3'*#a$ +aa$an n !"r,an!'n, /"a/apan %an

/"*a*p'an *ana("r +"r&an,/'!an.

;. &rinciple of delegation authority



M"n'r'! a&a& n $"n%a/n-a p"n%"#",a&an ""nan, %ar &"oran, a!a' &"/"#o*po/ oran,

/"pa%a oran, #an ("#a& %an "7"/!7 &"$n,,a a *"n,"!a$' ""nan,n-a.

<. &rinciple of parity of authority and responsibility

M"n'r'! a&a& n $"n%a/n-a ""an, %an !an,,'n, (aa+ $ar'& &"*+an,. W""nan, -an,

%%"#",a&/an %"n,an !an,,'n, (aa+ -an, !*+'# /ar"nan-a $ar'& &a*a +"&arn-a

$"n%a/n-a ""nan, -an, %%%"#",a&/an !%a/ *"*n!a p"r!an,,'n,(aa+an -an, #"+$

+"&ar %ar ""nan, !' &"n%r a!a' &"+a#/n-a.

. &rinciple of responbility

M"n'r'! a&a& n $"n%a/n-a p"r!an,,'n,(aa+an %ar +aa$an !"r$a%ap a!a&an $ar'& &"&'a

%"n,an ,ar& ""nan, line authorityB %an p"#*pa$an ""nan,. S"&"oran, $an-a

+"r!an,,'n, (aa+ /"pa%a oran, -an, *"#*pa$/an ""nan, !"r&"+'!.=. &rinciple of departmentation

M"n'r'! a&a& n p"n,"#o*po/an !',a&>!',a& p"/"r(aan>p"/"r(aan a!a' /",a!an>/",a!an

-an, &a*a /" %a#a* &a!' 'n! /"r(a %"par!"*"nB $"n%a/n-a %%a&ar/an a!a& "ra!n-a

$'+'n,an p"/"r(aan !"r&"+'!.

9. &rinciple of personal placement

M"n'r'! a&a& n $"n%a/n-a p"n"*pa!an oran,>oran, pa%a &"!ap (a+a!an $ar'& %%a&ar/an

a!a& /"a/apan /"a$#an %an /"!"ra*p#ann-a. E7"/!!a& or,an&a& -an, op!*a#

*"*"r#'/an p"n"*pa!an /ar-aan -an, !"pa!. Un!'/ !' $ar'& %#a/'/an &"#"/& -an,

o+("/!7 %an +"rp"%o*an a!a& %ob specification %ar (a+a!an -an, a/an %&n-a.

10. &rinciple of scalar chain

M"n'r'! a&a& n $"n%a/n-a &a#'ran p"rn!a$ a!a' ""nan, %ar a!a& /" +aa$ $ar'&

*"r'pa/an *a!a ran!a "r!/a# -an, ("#a& %an !%a/ !"rp'!'&>p'!'& &"r!a *"n"*p'$ (ara/

!"rp"n%"/.

11. &rinciple of efficiency

M"n'r'! a&a& n &'a!' or,an&a& %a#a* *"napa !'('ann-a $ar'& %apa! *"napa $a&#

-an, op!*a# %"n,a p"n,or+anan -an, *n*a#.

12. &rincipal of continuityOr,an&a& $ar'& *"n,'&a$a/an ara>ara 'n!'/ *"n(a*n /"#an,&'n,an $%'pn-a.

1. &rinciple of coordination

A&a& n *"r'pa/an !n%a/ #an('! %ar a&a&>a&a& or,an&a& #ann-a. Koor%na& %*a/&'%/an

'n!'/ *"n&n/ron/an %an *"n,n!",ra&/an &",a#a !n%a/an &'pa-a !"rara$ /"pa%a &a&aran

-an, n,n %apa.

. S)#4()4# O#'"&%/"/%

Ha&+'an 2001 *"n("#a&a/an +a$a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& a%a#a$ &'a!' ,a*+ar -an,

*"n,,a*+ar/an !p" or,an&a&. )"n%"par!"*"nan or,an&a& /"%'%'/an %an ("n& ""nan,



p"(a+a! +%an, %an $'+'n,an p"/"r(aan ,ar& p"rn!a$ %an !an,,'n, (aa+ r"n!an, /"n%a#

%an &&!"* p*pnan or,an&a&.

S'a!' &!r'/!'r or,an&a& a/an *"*+"r/an n7or*a& !"n!an, :

1. Tp" Or,an&a& ar!n-a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& a/an *"*+"r/an n7or*a& !"n!an, !p"

or,an&a& -an, %p"r,'na/an p"r'&a$aan.

2. )"n%"par!"*"nan or,an&a& ar!n-a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& a/an *"*+"r/an n7or*a&

*"n,"na %a&ar p"n%"par!"*"nan +a,anB.

. K"%'%'/an ar!n-a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& *"*+"r/an n7or*a& *"n,"na apa &"&"oran,

!"r*a&'/ /"#o*po/ *ana("ra# a!a' /ar-aan op"ra&ona#.

4. 3"n& ""nan, ar!n-a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& *"*+"r/an n7or*a& !"n!an, ""nan, -an,

%*#/ &"&"oran,.

;. R"n!an, /"n%a# ar!n-a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& *"*+"r/an n7or*a& *"n,"na ('*#a$/ar-aan %a#a* &"!ap %"par!"*"n +a,anB.

<. Mana("r %an +aa$an ar!n-a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& *"*+"r/an n7or*a& *"n,"na ,ar&

p"rn!a$ %an !an,,'n, (aa+.

. Tn,/a!an *ana("r ar!n-a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& *"*+"r/an n7or*a& !"n!an, !op manager'

middle manager' %an lower manager.

=. %an, p"/"r(aan ar!n-a &"!ap /o!a/ %a#a* &!r'/!'r or,an&a& *"*+"r/an n7or*a&

*"n,"na !',a&>!',a& %an p"/"r(aan>p"r/"r(aan &"r!a !an,,'n, (aa+ -an, %#a/'/an pa%a

+a,an !"r&"+'!.

9. Tn,/a!an *ana("*"n ar!n-a &"+'a$ +a,an !%a/ $an-a *"n'n('//an *ana("r %an +aa$an

&"ara p"roran,an !"!ap (',a $"rar/ *ana("*"n &"ara /"&"#'r'$an.

10. )*pnan or,an&a& ar!n-a &!r'/!'r or,an&a& *"*+"r/an n7or*a& !"n!an, apa p*pnan

!'n,,a# a!a' p*pnan /o#"/!7 a!a' pr"&%'*.

D. P"(/"&""&=P&''#"("& Actuating ;

M"n'r'! T"rr- 19=B *"*+"r/an %"7n& p"n,,"ra/an a%a#a$ *"*+'a! &"*'a

an,,o!a /"#o*po/ a,ar *a' +"/"r(a &a*a %an +"/"r(a &"ara /$#a& &"r!a +"r,ara$ 'n!'/

*"napa &"&'a %"n,an p"r"nanaan %an '&a$a>'&a$a p"n,or,an&a&an &"%an,/an Koon!

19=0 *"n-a!a/an p"n,,"ra/an a%a#a$ $'+'n,an an!ara a&p"/>a&p"/ n%%' -an,

%!*+'#/an o#"$ a%an-a p"n,a!'ran !"r$a%ap +aa$>+aa$an 'n!'/ %apa! %*"n,"r! %an

p"*+a,an p"/"r(aan -an, "7"/!7 %an "7&"n 'n!'/ !'('an p"r'&a$aan -an, n-a!a.

3a% p"n,,"ra/an a%a#a$ /",a!an -an, %#a/'/an o#"$ p*pnan 'n!'/ *"*+*+n,

*"n,ara$/an *"n,a!'r &",a#a /",a!an '&a$a. A,ar pro&"& p"n,,"ra/an +"r(a#an "7"/!7

*"r'pa/an &'a!' /"$ar'&an +a, &"oran, *ana("r 'n!'/ *"*a$a* p"r#a/' *an'&a

&"$n,,a %apa! *"**pn or,an&a& %"n,an +a/ *"n(a#an/an /o*'n/a& %"n,an "7"/!7



%apa! *"*+"r/an *o!a& -an, !"pa! &"r!a %apa! *"np!a/an $'+'n,an -an, $ar*on&

%"n,an +aa$an ran!a& 2009B.

E. P&'">"/"&=P&',&)#,"& (Controlling ;

1. P&'#)%"& P&'">"/"&

Koon! 19=0B *"n("#a&/an +a$a p"n,aa&an a%a#a$ p"n,'/'ran %an p"r+a/an

!"r$a%ap p"#a/&anaan /"r(a +aa$an a,ar r"nana>r"nana -an, !"#a$ %+'a! 'n!'/ *"napa

!'('an>!'('an p"r'&a$aan %apa! !"r&"#"n,,ara. S"%an,/an T"rr- 19=B *"n-a!a/an +a$a

p"n,aa&an %apa! %%"7n&/an &"+a,a pro&"& p"n"n!'an apa -an, $ar'& %apa -a!'

&!an%ar apa -an, &"%an, %#a/'/an -a!' p"#a/&anaan *"n#a p"#a/&anaan %an apa+#a p"r#'

*"#a/'/an p"r+a/an>p"r+a/an &"$n,,a p"#a/&anaan &"&'a %"n,an r"nana -a!' &"#ara&

%"n,an &!an%ar.

2. T4!4"& P&'">"/"&M"n'r'! ran!a& 2009B *"n,"*'/a/an +a$a !'('an p"n,aa&an a%a#a$ &"+a,a

+"r/'!: 1B S'pa-a pro&"& p"#a/&anaan %#a/'/an &"&'a %"n,an /"!"n!'an>/"!"n!'an %ar

r"nanaQ 2B M"#a/'/an !n%a/an p"r+a/an correctiveB (/a !"r%apa! p"n-*pan,an>

p"n-*pan,an deviasiBQ B S'pa-a !'('an -an, %$a&#/an &"&'a %"n,an r"nanan-aQ 4B

M"n,$"n!/an a!a' *"na%a/an /"&a#a$an p"n-*pan,an p"n-"#""n,an p"*+oro&an

$a*+a!an %an /"!%a/a%#anQ ;B M"n",a$ !"r'#an,n-a /"*+a# /"&a#a$an p"n-*pan,an

p"n-"#""n,an p"*+oro&an $a*+a!an %an /"!%a/a%#anQ <B M"n%apa!/an ara>ara -an,

#"+$ +a/ a!a' *"*+na -an, #"+$ +a/Q B M"np!a/an &'a&ana /"!"r+'/aan /"('('ran

par!&pa& %an a/'n!a+#!a& or,an&a&Q =B M"nn,/a!/an /"#anaran op"ra& or,an&a&Q 9B

M"nn,/a!/an /n"r(a or,an&a&Q 10B M"*+"r/an opn a!a& /n"r(a or,an&a&Q 11B

M"n,ara$/an *ana("*"n 'n!'/ *"#a/'/an /or"/& a!a& *a&a#a$>*a&a#a$ p"napaan /n"r(a

-an, a%aQ 12B M"np!a/an !"r'('%n-a p"*"rn!a$an -an, +"r&$.

. A/"/<"/"/ P&'">"/"&

Koon! 19=0B *"n,"*'/a/an a&a&>a&a& p"n,aa&an -a!' :

1. &rinciple of assurance of ob%ective)"n,aa&an $ar'& %!'('/an /" ara$ !"rapan-a !'('an -a!' %"n,an *"n,a%a/an p"r+a/an

'n!'/ *"n,$n%ar p"n-*pan,an>p"n-*pan,an %ar r"nana.

2. &rinciple of efficiency of control

)"n,aa&an !' "7&"n (/a %apa! *"n,$n%ar p"n-*pan,an %ar r"nana &"$n,,a !%a/

*"n*+'#/an $a#>$a# #an -an, % #'ar %',aan.

. &rinciple of control responsibility

)"n,aa&an $an-a %apa! %#a/&ana/an (/a *ana("r +"r!an,,'n, (aa+ !"r$a%ap p"#a/&anaan

r"nana.4. &rinciple of future control



)"n,aa&an -an, "7"/!7 $ar'& %!'('/an /" ara$ p"n",a$an p"n-*pan,an>p"n-*pan,an

-an, a/an !"r(a% +a/ pa%a a/!' &"/aran, *a'p'n *a&a -an, a/an %a!an,.

;. &rinciple of direct control

T"/n/ on!ro# -an, pa#n, "7"/!7 a#a$ *"n,'&a$a/an a%an-a *ana("r +aa$an -an,

+"r/'a#!a& +a/. )"n,aa&an !' %#a/'/an o#"$ *ana("r a!a& %a&ar +a$a *an'&a !' &"rn,

+"r+'a! &a#a$.

<. &rinciple of reflection plans

)"n,aa&an $ar'& %&'&'n %"n,an +a/ &"$n,,a %apa! *"n"r*n/an /ara/!"r %an &'&'nan

r"nana.

. &rinciple of organi)ation suitability

)"n,aa&an $ar'& %#a/'/an &"&'a %"n,an &!r'/!'r or,an&a&. Mana("r %"n,an +aa$ann-a

*"r'pa/an &arana 'n!'/ *"#a/&ana/an r"nana. D"n,an %"*/an p"n,aa&an -an, "7"/!7

$ar'& %&"&'a/an %"n,an +"&arn-a ""nan, *ana("r &"$n,,a *"n"r*n/an &!r'/!'r

or,an&a&.

=. &rinciple of individual of control

)"n,aa&an %an !"/n/ p"n,aa&an $ar'& &"&'a %"n,an /"+'!'$an *ana("r. T"/n/

p"n,aa&an $ar'& %!'('/an !"r$a%ap /"+'!'$an>/"+'!'$an a/an n7or*a& &"!ap *ana("r.

9. &rinciple os standard

)"n,aa&an -an, "7"/!7 %an "7&"n *"*"r#'/an &!an%ar -an, !"pa! -an, a/an %p"r,'na/an

&"+a,a !o#o/ '/'r p"#a/&anaan %an !'('an -an, a/an %apa.

10. &rinciple of strategic point control

)"n,aa&an -an, "7"/!7 %an "7&"n *"*"r#'/an a%an-a p"r$a!an -an, %!'('/an !"r$a%ap

7a/!or>7a/!or -an, &!ra!",& %a#a* p"r'&a$aan.

11. +he e,ception principle

E7"&"n& %a#a* p"n,aa&an *"*+'!'$/an a%an-a p"r$a!an -an, %!'('/an !"r$a%ap 7a/!or

/"/"'a#an. K"/"'a#an n %apa! !"r(a% %a#a* /"a%aan !"r!"n!' /"!/a &!'a& +"r'+a$ a!a'

!%a/ &a*a.

12. &rinciple of fle,ibility of control

)"n,aa&an $ar'& #'"& 'n!'/ *"n,$n%ar /",a,a#an p"#a/&anaan r"nana.

1. &rinciple of review

S&!"* p"n,aa&an $ar'& %!n(a' +"r/a#>/a# a,ar &&!"* -an, %,'na/an +"r,'na 'n!'/ *"napa !'('an.

14. &rinciple of action

)"n,aa&an %apa! %#a/'/an apa+#a a%a '/'ran>'/'ran 'n!'/ *"n,/or"/& p"n-*pan,an>

p"n-*pan,an r"nana or,an&a& staffing' %an directing.

. J&%/<!&%/ P&'">"/"&

M"n'r'! ran!a& 2009 *"n("#a&/an +a$a a%a +"+"rapa ("n& p"n,aa&an an!ara #an

&"+a,a +"r/'! :

1. )"n,aa&an Kar-aan



)"n,aa&an n %!'('/an /"pa%a $a#>$a# -an, a%a $'+'n,ann-a %"n,an /",a!an /ar-aan.

M&a#n-a apa/a$ /ar-aan +"/"r(a &"&'a %"n,an r"nana p"rn!a$ !a!a /"r(a %&p#n

a+&"n& %an &"+a,an-a.

2. )"n,aa&an K"'an,an

)"n,aa&an !"r&"+'! %!'('/an /"pa%a $a#>$a# -an, *"n-an,/'! /"'an,an !"n!an,

p"*a&'/an %an p"n,"#'aran +a-a>+a-a p"r'&a$aan !"r*a&'/ p"n,aa&an an,,arann-a.

. )"n,aa&an )ro%'/&

)"n,aa&an n %!'('/an 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' /'a#!a& %an /'an!!a& pro%'/& -an, %$a&#/an

apa/a$ &"&'a %"n,an &!an%ar a!a' r"nana.

4. )"n,aa&an Wa/!'

)"n,aa&an n %!'('/an /"pa%a p"n,,'naan a/!' ar!n-a apa/a$ a/!' 'n!'/

*"n,"r(a/an &'a!' p"/"r(aan &"&'a a!a' !%a/ %"n,an r"nana.

;. )"n,aa&an T"/n&

)"n,aa&an n %!'('/an /"pa%a $a#>$a# -an, +"r&7a! 7&/ -an, +"r$'+'n,an %"n,an!n%a/an %an !"/n& p"#a/&anaan.

<. )"n,aa&an K"+(a/&anaan

)"n,aa&an n %!'('/an 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' %an *"n#a apa/a$ /"+(a/&anaan>

/"+(a/&anaan or,an&a& !"#a$ %#a/&ana/an &"&'a %"n,an -an, !"#a$ %,ar&/an.

. )"n,aa&an )"n('a#an

)"n,aa&an n %!'('/an 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' apa/a$ pro,ra* a!a' (a&a -an, %$a&#/an

!"r('a# &"&'a %"n,an !ar,"! -an, %!"!ap/an.

=. )"n,aa&an In"n!ar&

)"n,aa&an n %!'('/an 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' apa/a$ n"n!ar& p"r'&a$aan *a&$ a%a

&"*'an-a a!a' a%a -an, $#an,.

9. )"n,aa&an )"*"#$araan

)"n,aa&an n %!'('/an 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' apa/a$ &"*'a n"n!ar& p"r'&a$aan %an /an!or

%p"#$ara %"n,an +a/ a!a' !%a/ %an (/a a%a -an, r'&a/ apa /"r'&a/ann-a apa *a&$ %apa!

%p"r+a/ a!a' !%a/.

5. "#"<9"#" P&'">"/"&

ran!a& 2009B *"n("#a&/an +a$a &"oran, *ana("r $ar'& *"*p'n-a +"r+a,a ara

'n!'/ *"*a&!/an +a$a &"*'a 7'n,& *ana("*"n %#a/&ana/an %"n,an +a/. Ha# n %apa!

%/"!a$' *"#a#' pro&"& /on!ro# a!a' p"n,aa&an. 6ara>ara p"n,aa&an a!a' p"n,aa&an

n %#a/'/an &"+a,a +"r/'!:

1. )"n,aa&an Lan,&'n,

)"n,aa&an #an,&'n, a%a#a$ p"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an &"n%r &"ara #an,&'n, o#"$

&"oran, *ana("r. Mana("r *"*"r/&a p"/"r(aan -an, &"%an, %#a/'/an 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$'

apa/a$ %/"r(a/an %"n,an +"nar %an $a&#>$a&#n-a &"&'a %"n,an -an, %/"$"n%a/n-a.

2. )"n,aa&an T%a/ Lan,&'n,



)"n,aa&an (ara/ (a'$ ar!n-a %"n,an *"#a#' #aporan -an, %+"r/an o#"$ +aa$an.

Laporan n %apa! +"r'pa #&an a!a' !'#&an !"n!an, p"#a/&anaan p"r/"r(aan %an $a&#>$a&#

-an, !"#a$ %apa.

. )"n,aa&an "r%a&ar/an )"n,"'a#an

)"n,aa&an -an, %/$'&'&/an 'n!'/ /"&a#a$an>/"&a#a$an -an, #'ar +a&a %ar $a&# a!a'

&!an%ar -an, %$arap/an. )"n,aa&an &"*a* n %#a/'/an %"n,an ara /o*+na& #an,&'n,

%an !%a/ #an,&'n, o#"$ *ana("r.

. S%3") "& ?"()4 P&'">"/"&

M"n'r'! ran!a& 2009B *"n("#a&/an +a$a a%a +"+"rapa &7a! %an a/!'

p"n,aa&an an!ara #an &"+a,a +"r/'! :

1. &reventive "ontrol

)"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an &"+"#'* /",a!an %#a/'/an 'n!'/ *"n,$n%ar !"r(a%n-a

p"n-*pan,an>p"n-*pan,an %a#a* p"#a/&anaann-a. &reventive control %#a/'/an %"n,an

ara: 1B M"n"n!'/an pro&"& p"#a/&anaan p"/"r(aanQ 2B M"*+'a! p"ra!'ran %an p"%o*an

p"#a/&anaan p"/"r(aan !'Q B M"n("#a&/an %an a!a' *"n%"*on&!ra&/an ara p"#a/&anaan

p"/"r(aan !'Q 4B M"n,or,an&a& &",a#a *aa* /",a!anQ ;B M"n"n!'/an (a+a!an %ob

description authority' %an responsibility +a, &"!ap n%%' /ar-aanQ <B M"n"!ap/an

&&!"* /oor%na& p"#aporan %an p"*"r/&aanQ B M"n"!ap/an &an/&>&an/& +a, /ar-aan

-an, *"*+'a! /"&a#a$an.

2. -epressive "ontrol

)"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an &"!"#a$ !"r(a% /"&a#a$an %a#a* p"#a/&anaann-a %"n,an *a/&'%

a,ar !%a/ !"r(a% p"n,'#an,an /"&a#a$an &"$n,,a $a&#n-a &"&'a %"n,an -an, %n,n/an.

-epressive control n %#a/'/an %"n,an ara &"+a,a +"r/'!: 1B M"*+an%n,/an an!ara

$a&# %"n,an r"nanaQ 2B M"n,ana#&& &"+a+>&"+a+ -an, *"n*+'#/an /"&a#a$an %an

*"nar !n%a/an p"r+a/ann-aQ B M"*+"r/an p"n#aan !"r$a%ap p"#a/&anaann-aQ (/a

p"r#' %/"na/an &an/& $'/'*an /"pa%an-aQ 4B M"n#a /"*+a# pro&"%'r>pro&"%'r

p"#a/&anaan -an, a%aQ ;B M"n,""/ /"+"naran #aporan -an, %+'a! o#"$ p"!',a& p"#a/&anaQ

<B 3/a p"r#' *"nn,/a!/an /"!"ra*p#an a!a' /"*a*p'an p"#a/&ana *"#a#' training a!a'

education.

. )"n,aa&an &aa! pro&"& %#a/'/an (/a !"r(a% /"&a#a$an &","ra %p"r+a/.

4. )"n,aa&an +"r/a#a a%a#a$ p"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an &"ara +"r/a#a *&a#n-a p"r +'#an

p"r &"*"&!"r %an #an>#an.

;. )"n,aa&an *"n%a%a/ &%a/B a%a#a$ p"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an &"ara *"n%a%a/ 'n!'/

*"n,"!a$' apa p"#a/&anaan a!a' p"ra!'ran>p"ra!'ran -an, a%a %#a/&ana/an a!a' !%a/

%#a/&ana/an %"n,an +a/. )"n,aa&an *"n%a%a/ n &"/a#>&"/a# p"r#' %#a/'/an &'pa-a

/"%&p#nan /ar-aan !"!ap !"r(a,a +a/.



<. )"n,a*a!an *"#"/a! a%a#a$ p"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an &"ara n!",ra!7 *'#a %ar

&"+"#'* pa%a &aa! %an &"&'%a$ /",a!an %#a/'/an.

7. M"9"*<*"9"* P&'">"/"&

M"n'r'! ran!a& 2009B p"n,aa&an %/"na# a!a& +"+"rapa *aa* -a!' :

1. !nternal "ontrol

)"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an o#"$ &"oran, a!a&an /"pa%a +aa$ann-a. 6a/'pan %ar

p"n,aa&an n *"#p'! $a#>$a# -an, '/'p #'a& +a/ p"#a/&anaan !',a& pro&"%'r /"r(a

/"%&p#nan /ar-aan %an #an>#ann-a. Audit control a%a#a$ p"*"r/&aan a!a' p"n#aan

a!a& *a&a#a$>*a&a#a$ -an, +"r/a!an %"n,an p"*+'/'an p"r'&a$aan. 3a% p"n,aa&an a!a&

*a&a#a$ /$'&'& -a!' !"na!an, /"+"naran p"*+'/'an &'a!' p"r'&a$aan.

2. ,ternal "ontrol

)"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an o#"$ p$a/ #'ar. )"n,aa&an n!"rn n %apa! %#a/'/an &"ara

7or*a# a!a' n7or*a# *&a#n-a p"*"r/&aan p"*+'/'an o#"$ /an!or a/'n!an %an p"n#aan

-an, %#a/'/an o#"$ *a&-ara/a!.

. /ormal "ontrol

)"*"r/&aan -an, %#a/'/an o#"$ n&!an& a!a' p"(a+a! r"&* %an %apa! %#a/'/an &"ara

n!"rn *a'p'n "/&!"rn. M&a#n-a: )"*"r/&aan -an, %#a/'/an o#"$ a%an )"*"r/&a

K"'an,an )KB !"r$a%ap UMN %an #an>#ann-a.

4. !nformal "ontrol )"n#aan -an, %#a/'/an o#"$ *a&-ara/a! a!a' /on&'*"n +a/ #an,&'n, *a'p'n !%a/

#an,&'n,.

8. A")<"") P&'">"/"&

ran!a& 2009B *"n("#a&/an +a$a a%a +"+"rapa a#a! -an, %apa! %p"r,'na/an 'n!'/

*"#a/'/an 7'n,& p"n,aa&an a%a#a$:

1. 0udget An,,aranB

0udget a%a#a$ &'a!' /$!&ar $a&# -an, a/an %$arap/an %ar p"n,"#'aran -an, %&"%a/an

'n!'/ *"napa $a&# !"r&"+'!. )"n,"n%a#an budget budgetary control B %apa! %/"!a$'%aa&B apa/a$ $a&# -an, %$arap/an %ar p"n"r*aan a!a' p"n,"#'aran !' &"&'a %"n,an

-an, %n,n/an a!a' !%a/.

Ha# n %apa! %/"!a$' %"n,an ara *"*+an%n,/ann-a %"n,an budget /ar"na %a#a*

an,,aran !"#a$ %!"!ap/an ('*#a$ p"n"r*aan ('*#a$ p"n,"#'aran &"r!a $a&# -an, a/an

%p"ro#"$ 'n!'/ *a&a -an, a/an %a!an,. Apa+#a !%a/ &"&'a %"n,an an,,aran +a/

p"n"r*aan@p"n,"#'aran *a'p'n $a&# -an, %p"ro#"$ *a/a p"r'&a$aan !' !%a/ "7"/!7

/ar"na !"r%apa! p"n-*pan,an deviasiB %an p*pnan p"r'&a$aan $ar'& *"n,a%a/an

p"r+a/an.



0udgetary control +a&an-a %,'na/an &"$'+'n,an %"n,an /on!ro# +a&& -an, +"r&7a!

7'n,&ona# -a!' p"n('a#an pro%'/& %an p"*+"#an %an !%a/ !"r$a%ap on!ro# +a&& -an,

+"r&7a! 7a/!'r# *&a#n-a /'a#!a& +a-a a/!'.

2. on 0udget

a. &ersonal bservation)"n,aa&an #an,&'n, &"ara pr+a% o#"$ p*pnan p"r'&$aan !"r$a%ap /ar-aan@+aa$an

-an, &"%an, +"/"r(a. Apa+#a !"r(a% p"n-*pan,an *a/a p*pnan %apa! &","ra *"#a/'/an

/or"/& %"n,an ara *"n",'r a!a' *"*+"r/an p"!'n('/ &"$n,,a pa%a &aa! !' (',a /",a!an

!"r&"+'! %apa! &","ra %p"r+a/.

+. -eport

Laporan %+'a! o#"$ para *ana("r +aa$an *&a#n-a *ana("r pro%'/& *"n-'&'n #aporan

pro%'/& production reportsB *ana("r p"*a&aran marketing reportsB *ana("r p"r&ona#

*"*+'a! #aporan p"r&ona# personal reportsB %an *ana("r /"'an,an *"*+'a! #aporan/"'an,an financial reportsB. "r%a&ar/an #aporan>#aporan n %apa! %/"!a$' %an %aa&

p"r/"*+an,an %an /",a!an>/",a!an n %apa! %/"!a$' %an %aa& p"r/"*+an,an %an

/",a!an>/",a!an -an, #a*pa'. T"!ap (/a !"r(a% p"n-*pan,an !%a/ %apa! &","ra %/"!a$'

&"$n,,a p"r+a/an a/an !"r#a*+a!. Ha# n *"r'pa/an &'a!' /"#"*a$an a#a! p"n,aa&an %an

apa+#a %+an%n,/an %"n,an personal observation' -an, %apa! %"n,an &","ra *"n,a%a/an

p"r+a/an !"r$a%ap p"n-*pan,an -an, a%a.

. /inancial Statement

Da7!ar #aporan /"'an,an -an, +a&an-a !"r%r %ar balance sheet %an income statement

n"raa %an %a7!ar r', #a+aB. Dar /"%'a %a7!ar n %apa! %/"!a$' %an %aa& *"#a#'

ana#&& #aporan /"'an,an *"n,"na /"a%aan p"r*o%a#an p"r'&a$aan.

%. S!a!&!/

)ro&"& p"n,'*p'#an %a!a /"!"ran,an %an /"(a%an -an, !"#a$ +"r#a#'. M"n,ana#&& %a!a

!"r&"+'! %an *"n-a(/ann-a %a#a* +"n!'/>+"n!'/ !"r!"n!' *&a#n-a ,ra7/>,ra7/ /'ra>

/'ra &"$n,,a %apa! *"*'%a$/an p*pnan *"n,"!a$' /"(a%an -an, !"#a$ +"r#a#' %an

%apa! %"n,an *'%a$ p'#a %(a%/an n7or*a& &"+a,a +a$an %a#a* *"n,a*+# /"p'!'&an.

". 0reak even point S'a!' !!/ a!a' /"+"ra%aan /"!/a ('*#a$ p"n('a#an !"r!"n!' !%a/ *"n%apa! #a+a a!a'p'n

r',. 3a% ('*#a$ +a-a &a*a %"n,an ('*#a$ p"n('a#an.

7. !nternal audit

)"n,aa&an -an, %#a/'/an o#"$ a!a&an !"r$a%ap +aa$an -an, *"#p'! +%an,>+%an,

/",a!an &"ara *"n-"#'r'$ -an, *"n-an,/'! *a&a#a$ /"'an,an apa/a$ &"&'a %"n,an

pro&"%'r %an pra/!/ -an, !"#a$ %!"!ap/an.



BAB I-

PROSES PRODUKSI@ LABORATORIUM DAN UALITY ONTROL

.1. P#,// P#,4(/%

)a+r/ G'#a Kr"*+oon, *"n,$a&#/an pro%'/ '!a*a ,'#a Kr&!a# p'!$ %an $a&#

&a*pn,n-a a%a#a$ a*pa& 'n!'/ +a$an +a/ar +o#"r %an !"!"& &"%an,/an #*+a$n-a a%a#a$

+#o!on,. )ro&"& pro%'/& pa%a %a&arn-a a%a#a$ &a#a$ &a!' p"n,o#a$an +a$an +a/' !"+'

*"n(a% ,'#a. Gar& +"&ar pro&"& p"*+'a!an ,'#a %ar +a$an +a/' !"+' *"n(a% ,'#a /r&!a#

!"r%r %ar ; !a$apan pro&"& -a!':

1. S!a&'n ,#n,an

2. S!a&'n p"*'rnan

. S!a&'n p"n,'apan

4. S!a&'n *a&a/an;. S!a&'n p'!"ran

)a%a )G Kr"*+oon, pro&"& !"r&"+'! %+a, %a#a* &!a&'n p"n"r*aan &!a&'n

!*+an,an &!a&'n ,#n,an &!a&'n p"*'rnan &!a&'n p"n,'apan &!a&'n *a&a/an &!a&'n

p'!"ran &!a&'n p"*+'n,/'&an.

.1.1. P&'"""& +"$"& +"(4

a$an +a/' )G Kr"*+oon, -an, %,'na/an a%a#a$ !"+' -an, +"ra&a# %ar p"!an 90

%an %ar n%'&!r- a!a' pa+r/ 10. Un!'/ *"*"n'$ /"+'!'$an pa+r/ !"+' %%a!an,/an %ar

#'ar -a!' %ar Ma#an, L'*a(an, Mo(o/"r!o Kr"*+'n, S%oar(o 3"*+"r %an Ma%'ra.

K'a#!a& +a$an +a/' p"*+'a! ,'#a a!a' !"+' % )G Kr"*+oon, ra!a>ra!a *"*#/ /'a#!a& 6-an, *ana a%a &o,o#an a%a %a%'/ a%a p''/an a%a a/ar a%a !ana$.

.1.2. S)"/%4& 6&#%*""&

Tr'/ !"+' -an, *a&'/ )G Kr"*+oon, $ar'& %!"*pa!/an %'#' %p"na*p'n,an !r'/

!"+' &"*"n!ara &"+"#'* *a&'/ /" &!a&'n p"n,,#n,an -an, %&"+'! emplacement .

E*p#a"*"n! *"r'pa/an &'a!' !"*pa! p"n*+'nan p"n,a!'ran !"+' -an, %!*+an, %an

%,#n,. A%an-a "*p#a"*"n! %$arap/an %apa! *"nn,/a!/an /"#anaran pro&"&

p"n*+an,an %an p"n,,#n,an !"+'. )a%a )G Kr"*+oon, !"r%apa! %'a "*p#an"*"n! -a!':

a. E*p#a"*"n! %a#a* -a!' !"*pa! p"na*p'n,an !r'/ +"r*'a!an !"+' -an, !"r#"!a/ % ar"a

%"pan pa+r/.

+. E*p#a"*"n! #'ar -a!' !"*pa! p"na*p'n,an -an, !"r%apa! %+a,an #'ar pa+r/ !"pa!n-a

% ar"a pa+r/ +a,an %"pan.

)"*a&'/an !"+' %ar "*p#a"*"n! #'ar *"n,,'na/an !r'/ %an #or. D )G Kr"*+oon,

!r'/ -an, +"rop"ra& &"+an-a/ ;0 C 4=2 &"%an,/an #or -an, +rop"ra& &"+an-a/ 240.

)"*a&'/an !"+' %ar "*p#a"*"n! *"n,,'na/an &-&!"* IO r&! In r&! O'!B

%*ana (a%a# *a&'/n-a !"+' 'n!'/ %!*+an, %an %,#n, &"&'a %"n,an *a&'/n-a !"+' /""*p#a"*"n!. D+"r#a/'/ann-a &-&!"* IO n +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n(a,a r"n%"*"n !"+'



a,ar !"!ap +a/. S"#an !' (',a 'n!'/ *"n(a,a !"+' %ar p"n,ar' &nar *a!a$ar -an, %apa!

*"n-"+a+/an n"r& &a/aro&a pa%a !"+' %an ar $'(an %apa! *"n-"+a+/an !*+'#n-a !'na&

!"+' &"$n,,a %apa! *"n'r'n/an /a%ar &a/aro&a %a#a* !"+'. S"!ap !r'/ -an, *"n,an,/'!

!"+' $ar'& *"*+aa S'ra! )"rn!a$ T"+an, %an An,/'! S)TAB %ar &'pp#"r !"+' -an, !"#a$

*"*#/ /o%" r",&!ra&. )"*",an, /o%" r",&!ra& a%a#a$ p"*#/ a!a' p"n,r* !"+' -an,!"#a$ !"r%a7!ar % )G Kr"*+oon,. S)TA *"r'pa/an #"*+ar ran,/ap #*a -an, +"r+"%a

arna -a!':

> L"*+ar 1 p'!$B : ar&p )DE

> L"*+ar 2 $(a'B : ar&p &opr

> L"*+ar +r'B : ar&p +na #a-a$

> L"*+ar 4 /'nn,B : ar&p pa+r/a&

> L"*+ar ; *"ra$B : ar&p +a,an !"+an, %an an,/'! p"n"r*aanB

a$an +a/' -an, *a&'/ pro&"& pro%'/& ,'#a $ar'& *"*#/ /'a#!a& +a/ -a!' !"+'

#a-a/ ,#n, -an, *"*#/ &!an%ar! MS -a!':

> M *an&B : !"+' $ar'& *"*#/ r -an, !n,, a!a' #"+$ %ar 1; $a# n %apa!

%/"!a$' %ar /a%ar r -an, !"r'/'r.

> +"r&$B : !"+' -an, *a&'/ !%a/ *"n,an%'n, !ra&$ -an, !"r%r %ar %a%'/ a/ar

!ana$ p''/@&o,o#an pa&r %an /"r/# /ar"na %apa! *"n'r'n/an /apa&!a& ,#n,an %an

a/an *"n-'#!/an pro&"& p"*'rnan +#a !"r%apa! /o#o% !ana$ A# S" "B.

> S &",arB : a/!' an!ara !"+' %!"+an, %an %,#n, !%a/ #"+$ %ar &a!' $ar %an

*a/&*a# 4 $ar &"!a#a$ pan"n.

Ana#&a MS n %#a/'/an % "*p#a"*"n! a,ar !"+' -an, *a&'/ /" 'n! ,#n,an

a%a#a$ !"+' -an, &'%a$ *"*"n'$ &!an%ar! MS )G Kr"*+oon, pro,ra* n %!"rap/an

o#"$ )G Kr"*+oon, &"+a,a 'pa-a 'n!'/ *"nn,/a!/an /'a#!a& !"+' *"*+'a! p"*a&o/

!"+' $ar'& #"+$ &"#"/!7 %a#a* *"n,r*/an !"+'n-a. Da#a* pro,ra* n apa+#a !"+' -an,

*a&'/ %an *"*p'n-a /'a#!a& #"+$ r"n%a$ %ar &!an%ar! *a/a a/an %/"na/an r"7ra/& a!a'

r"n%"*"n /'&'&.

.1.. S)"/%4& )%*+"&'"&

T'('an:

Un!'/ *"n,"!a$' +"ra! !"+' -an, *a&'/ &"r!a +a$an>+a$an non !"+' -an, /"#'ar. A%a

!,a 'n! !*+an,an -an, %,'na/an % )G Kr"*+oon,. T*+an,an -an, +"rop"ra& -a!':a. T*+an,an !r'/ !"+' +a&a %an !r'/ !"+' ,an%"n, +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,'/'r +"ra! !"+'

-an, *a&'/ %"n,an *"n,,'na/an p"r$!'n,an &"+a,a +"r/'!:

r'!o : +"ra! !r'/ !"+'

Tarra : +"ra! !r'/

N"!!o +"ra! !"+'B : +r'!o C !arra

3'*#a$ !r'/ !"+' -an, %!*+an, %"n,an *"n,,'na/an !*+an,an /'ran, #"+$ ;0 C 4=2

!r'/@p"r $ar %"n,an +o+o! *'a!an ra!a>ra!a < >10 !on

+. T*+an,an !r'/ non !"+' +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,'/'r +"ra! +a$an non !"+' -an, /"#'ar

*a&'/. a$an>+a$an !' %an!aran-a !"!"&*o#a&&"&B a+' +"& r"&%' pr"*'*&o#ar*n-a/ r"&%'B +"#"ran, /ap'r !o$or a&a* p$o&pa! %an &o%a. o+o! *a/&*a#



!*+an,an n a%a#a$ 40 !on %"n,an +#an,an !"r/"# ; /,. !*+an,an n *"*a/a &-&!"*

!*+an,an %'a /a# -a!' !*+an,an +r'!o %an !arra.

.1.. S)"/%4& '%%&'"&

T'('an:

M"n,a*+# ,'#a -an, a%a % %a#a* !"+' &"+an-a/ *'n,/n %"n,an ara -an, #"+$

"7&"n "7"/!7 %an "/ono*& %an *"*&a$/an a*pa& %"n,an nra -an, &"+an-a/>

+an-a/n-a.

a/!or>7a/!or -an, *"*p"n,ar'$ $a&# p"*"ra$an nra % &!a&'n n an!ara #an

&"+a,a +"r/'!:

> Ka#!a& !"+'

> )"r&apan !"+' &"+"#'* *a&'/ ,#nan

> Ar *++&> D"ra(a! /o*pr"& !"r$a%ap a*pa&

> 3'*#a$ ro## ,#n,an

M"/an&*" pro&"& p"n,,#n,an

T"+' -an, !"#a$ %!*+an, /"*'%an !"+' %+on,/ar %an %an,/'! %"n,an cane

unloading %an &"#an('!n-a %*a&'//an /" %a#a* *"(a !"+' cane tableB 'n!'/ %a!'r %an

%ara$/an /" pro&"& p"n,,#n,an. )G Kr"*+oon, *"n,,'na/an 1 +'a$ an" 'n#oa%n,.

T"+'>!"+' !"r&"+'! %an,/'! o#"$ cane carrier %"n,an /""pa!an p'!ar 142; rp*

*"n'(' cane cutter %"n,an /""pa!an p'!ar ;00 rp*. "ane cutter *"r'pa/an a#a! -an,%,'na/an 'n!'/ *"*o!on, *"*"a$ %an *"n-a-a! !"+' a,ar &"#>&"# !"+' *"n(a% !"r+'/a

&"$n,,a !"+' *'%a$ %p"ra$. )G Kr"*+oon, *"*#/ %'a +'a$ cane cutter %"n,an

/""pa!an p'!ar -an, &a*a -a!' <00 rp*. 3ara/ cane cutter 1 %"n,an #an!a -a!' 20 *

%"n,an *a!a p&a' &"+an-a/ <= +'a$. T"+' -an, /"#'ar %ar cane cutter '/'rann-a *a&$

/a&ar &"$n,,a p"r#' p"nan,anan #"+$ #an('! %"n,an *"n,,'na/an #nigrator a,ar aa$an

!"+' %ar cane cutter '/'rann-a *"n(a% #"+$ $a#'& &"$n,,a *"*p"r*'%a$ %a#a* pro&"&

p"*"ra$an nra. )a%a a#a! n !"r%apa! +a,an -an, +"r+"n!'/ &"p"r! pa#' -an, +"/"r(a

&"+a,a p"n'*+'/ aa$an !"+'. )'!arann- +"r/&ar 4; C 1;00 rp*.

S"!"#a$ !"raa$ !"+' %+aa /" %a#a* ,#n,an. T"r%apa! 4 +'a$ ran,/aan *"&n,#n, %"n,an /apa&!a& ,#n,an 1100 !on@$ar. 6aa$an !"+' -an, p"r!a*a /a# %*a&'//an

/" ,#n,an 1 *"n,$a&#/an nra p"ra$an %an a*pa& ,#n,an 1. K""pa!an p'!ar ,#n,an 1

+"r/&ar 4<00 rp*. Nra a%a#a$ aran $a&# "/&!ra/& !"+' -an, *"n,an%'n, ,'#a &"%an,/an

a*pa& a%a#a$ pa%a!an &&a ,#n,an !"+' -an, !"#a$ /"$#an,an ,'#a. K"*'%an a*pa&

!"r&"+'! %an,/'! %"n,an *"n,,'na/an IM6 !ntermediate "arrier B *"n'(' ,#n,an 2.

A*pa& %ar ,#n,an 1 #an,&'n, *a&'/ /" ,#n,an 2 %"n,an *"n,,'na/an

intermediate carrier 2. A*pa& &"+"#'* *a&'/ /" ,#n,an 2 %!a*+a$/an nra $a&# %ar

,#n,an /"*'%an nra $a&# ,#n,an 2 %!a*p'n, +"r&a*a %"n,an nra $a&# p"ra$an pa%a

,#n,an 1. Ha&# p"ra$an %ar ,#n,an 2 %&"+'! nra p"ra$an 2 N 2B &"%an,/an a*pa& -an,

%$a&#/an %&"+'! a*pa& 2 A2B. K""pa!an p'!ar !'r+n ,#n,an 2 +"r/&ar =00 rp*. Nra



Cane T!"# Cane !n$%a'n Cane Ta)$e Cane "a'e

Un'a*%

G'$'nan I G'$'nan II G'$'nan III G'$'nan IV Ke*e$

Cane "!**e

Sa'nan n'a +en*a

Tan#' N'a Men*a S*a-'!n Pe+!n'an

p"ra$an %ar ,#n,an 1 %an 2 #an,&'n, %!a*p'n, % +a/ 'n!'/ %po*pa /" &arn,an DMS

Sr""n %an %a#r/an /" !an,/ nra *"n!a$ -an, &"#an('!n-a %+aa /" &!a&'n p"*'rnan

'n!'/ %pro&"&. A*pa& %ar ,#n,an 2 %!"r'&/an /" ,#n,an -an, &"+"#'*n-a !"#a$

%+a&a$ %"n,an nra p"ra$an ,#n,an 4. D ,#n,an (',a %$a&#/an a*pa& %an nra

p"ra$an . K""pa!an p'!ar !'r+n ,##n,an +"r/&ar 4400 rp*. Nran-a %,'na/an 'n!'/ *"*+a&a$ a*pa& ,#n,an 1.

A*pa& ,#n,an %+a&a$ %"n,an ar *++& -an, /"*'%an a*pa& %ar ,#n,an

%+aa /" ,#n,an 4. K""pa!an p'!aran pa%a ,#n,an 4 -a!' 400 rp*. A*pa& $a&# ,#n,an

4 %/r* /" &!a&'n /"!"# &"+a,a +a$an +a/ar /"!"#

Ar *++& -an, %!a*+a$/an pa%a a*pa& +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n-"*p'rna/an "/&!ra/&

nra %ar aa$an !"+' %an (',a 'n!'/ *"n"/an /"$#an,an ,'#a % %a#a* a*pa&. Ar *++&

-an, %,'na/an +"ra&a# %ar ar /on%"n&a! -an, %$a&#/an "apora!or %an +"r&'$' <0>0 6

*"r'pa/an &'$' op!*'* ar *++&B. Apa+#a &'$'n-a !"r#a#' !n,, *a/a a/an *"r'&a/

a#a! %an %apa! *"#ar'!/an ,"!a$ ##n -an, !"r/an%'n, %a#a* !"+' &"$n,,a !"r+"n!'/ a! ##n

*"n(a% ##nB. Na*'n %"n,an &'$' !n,, %apa! *"#ar'!/an nra -an, a%a &"%an,/an pa%a

&'$' r"n%a$ nra -an, !"r/an%'n, %a#a* a*pa& !%a/ #ar'!.

"r/'! Da,ra* a#r pa%a pro&"& p"n,,#n,an !"+' *"n(a% ,'#a % &!a&'n

p"n,,#n,an :

Ar I*++&

Nra M"n!a$



Ga*+ar 4.1. Da,ra* A#r S!a&'nG#n,an )G. Kr"*+oon,

.1.5. S)"/%4& 6*4#&%"&

T'('an:

S!a&'n n +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an /o!oran>/o!oran +'/an ,'#a -an, !"r/an%'n,

%a#a* nra *"n!a$ &"$n,,a %p"ro#"$ nra +"r&$ -an, %na*a/an nra "n"r a!a' nra ("rn$

%"n,an prn&p p"n,"n%apan.

)a%a pro&"& n %p"ro#"$ /o!oran pa%a! -an, %na*a/an blotong -an, *ana %apa!

%*an7aa!/an &"+a,a p'p'/. Kar"na %a#a* nra +an-a/ *"n,an%'n, /o!oran a!a' a!>a!

+'/an ,'#a *a/a 'n!'/ *"n%apa!/an Kr&!a# ,'#a %ar nra *a/a /o!oran a!a' /o*pon"n

+'/an ,'#a $ar'& %p&a$/an !"r#"+$ %a$'#' pa%a &!a&'n p"*'rnan.

)ro&"& )a%a S!a&'n )"*'rnan :

Nra -an, !"#a$ %&arn, % DSM Sr""n /"*'%an %a#r/an /" !an,/ nra *"n!a$.

Lan,/a &"#an('!n-a a%a#a$ p"na*+a$an p$o&pa! H)O4 %an &'&' /ap'r. H)O4 &a*pa

/a%arn-a %a#a* nra *"n!a$ *"napa 00 pp* !"!ap pa%a /"n-a!ann-a p"na*+a$an

p$o&pa! $an-a *"napa /'ran, #"+$ 1=0 pp* -an, %/ar"na/an +a-a -an, %+'!'$/an '!'/

*"napa /on%& op!*'* !"r#a#' !n,, !'('an p"na*+a$an p$o&pa! H)O4 -a!':

> *"n-"rap /o#o% %an a! arna

> *"n'r'n/an /a%ar &'&' /ap'r nra

> *"#'na//an /"ra/ "apora!or

> *"*p"r*'%a$ pro&"& p"n,"n%apan p"*+"n!'/an 7#o/B &"$n,,a nra -an, %$a&#/an#"+$ ("rn$.

Lar'!an H)O4 a&a* p$o&p$a!B a/an %!a*+a$/an apa+#a /an%'n,an p$o&p$a!" %

%a#a* !"+' /'ran, %ar 00 pp* apa+#a /an%'n,an p$o&p$a!n-a #"+$ *a/a !%a/ a/an

!"r(a% p"na*+a$an a&a* p$o&p$a! (a% !"r,an!'n, pa%a /'a#!a& nra !"r&"+'! . )"na*+a$an

&'&' /ap'r (',a 'n!'/ *"na/an )H nra /ar"na (/a nra !"r#a#' a&a* *a/a a/an &'&a$

*"n,/r&!a#. K"*'%an nra %po*pa *"n'(' )) I p"*ana& p"n%a$'#'anB a!a' -an, %apa!

%&"+'! &reHeater . )a%a )) I nra a/an %pana&/an %"n,an &'$' &"/!ar 0>=0 6 %"n,a⁰ n

&!"a* -an, %$a&#/an o#"$ +o#"r %"n,an !'('an *"*p"r"pa! pro&"& p"n,,'*pa#an /o#o%

*"*+an!' r"a/& an!ara /o*pon"n nra *"n!a$ %"n,an sakarat a*p'ran &'&' /ap'r %"n,an nra /"n!a#B %an *"*+'n'$ +a/!"r pa!$o,"n. S"!"#a$ %pana&/an nra !"r&"+'! a/an



*"n'(' reactor +"rp"n,a%'/ %*ana % %a#a* reaktor +"rp"n,a%'/ a/an !"r(a%

p"na*p'ran an!ara nra +"#"ran, %an &'&' /ap'r.

Da#a* reactor +"rp"n,a%'/ n +"#"ran, %an &'&' /ap'r a/an % a*p'r/an %"n,an nra

&"ara +"r&a*aan &a*pa *"napa )H n"!ra# a!ara <9 &a*pa 2. Da#a* reactor

+"rp"n,a%'/ &'&' /ap'r a/an %*a&'/an %ar a!a& %an +"#"ran, -an, +"r'pa ,a& a/an

%&"*pro!/an %ar +aa $a# n %#a/'/an a,ar p"na*p'ran a!ara nra &'&' /ap'r %an

+"#"ran, *"n(a% $o*o,"n. SO2a!a' +"#"ran, +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"*p"r"pa! p"*&a$an

an!ara /o!oran %"n,an nra *"n,,'na/an ,a& SO2 %"n,an pro&"& a+&or+& p"na*+a$an

+"#"ran, (',a +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n"!ra#/an +"#"ran, -an, +"r&7a! a&a* a/an n"!ra# (/a %

a*p'r/an %"n,an +a&a %"n,an /on&"n!ra& !"r!"n!'. S"+"#'* *a&'/ reactor +"rp"n,a%'/

&'&' /ap'r a/an %pana&/an %an %a*p'r/an%"n,an ar pana& /"*'%an %a%'/ %"n,an a#a!

p"n,a%'/ &"!"#a$ %%apa!/an arann-a aran !"r&"+'! a/an *"#"a! &arn,an %ar

&arn,an !"r&"+'! a/an %a*+# #ar'!an &'&' /ap'rn-a /"*'%an %a*p'r/an %"n,an nra

/"n!a# %ar ,#n,an a*p'ran an!ara nra /"n!a# %"n,an &'&' /ap'r %&"+'! %"n,an &a/ara!&a/ara! -an, !"#a$ %a*p'r $ar'& *"*#/ &!an%ar pH &"/!ar 11>12 /"a%aan +a&aB. Da#a*

p"*"+"ran sakarat (',a $ar'& *"n,"!a$' /apa&!a& ,#n, %ar nra *"n!a$ -an, a%a.

Ga& SO2 n %%apa!/an %ar p"*ana&an +"#"ran, % a#a! rotary sulfur burner a#a! n

+"r7'n,& *"na*p'r/an '%ara %"n,an +"#"ran, sulfur B %"n,an prn&p /"r(a +"rp'!ar

/"*'%an &"!"#a$ %%apa!/an ,a& +"#"ran, ,a& n a/an %$an!ar/an %"n,an +an!'an screw

-an, +"ra%a % %a#a* sublimator' /" rector .Ga& +"#"ran, n a/an +"r,"ra/ %ar +aa$ a#a!

*"n'(' /" a!a& a#a! %"n,an +an!'an +#o"r SO2a!a' +"#"ran, a/an +"r"a/& %"n,an H2O a!a'

ar *"n(a% H2SOa!a' a&a* &'#7!. Nra -an, !"r%apa! % %a#a* a#a! n a/an +"r,"ra/ %ar

a!a& *"n'(' /" +aa$ a#a! %an a/an !"ra+&or+& &"*p'rna o#"$ ,a& +"#"ran,. Ha# n

%/ar"na/an #'a& p"r*'/aan nra *"n(a% #"+$ +"&ar.

R"a/& -an, !"r(a% &"ara '*'*:

Nra /"n!a# S'&' /ap'r

612H22O11 6aOHB2

S'&' /ap'r Ga& SO2

SO2,B H2O H2SO

H2SO 2H

SO3

2-

6aOHB2 6a2 2OH>

6a2 SO3

2-

6aSO

S"#an('!n-a nra a/an *"#"a! p"! reaction tank %*ana % %a#a* p"! reaction tank

a!a' (',a +&a %&"+'! !an,/ n"!ra#"r n a/an !"r(a% p"*ro&"&an p"n,a%'/an nra -an,

%$a&#/an a,ar pH -an, %/an%'n, o#"$ nra *"n(a% #"+$ n"!ra# &"/!ar .1 prn&p /"r(a

-an, %#a/'/an &a*a &"p"r! %"n,an *"&n p"n,a%'/ /'". S"!"#a$ *"n,a#a* pro&"&

p"n,a%'/an % p"! reaction tank nra a/an *"*a&'/ *"&n )"*ana& )"n%a$'#'an II ))IIB %a#a* *"&n )"*ana& )"n%a$'#'an II nra a/an %pana&/an %"n,an *"napa &'$'



&"/!ar 100 6 &a*pa %"n,an 10; 6. T'('an %pana&/an /"*+a# pa%a p"*ana& p"n%a$'#'an⁰ ⁰

II )) IIB a%a#a$ 'n!'/ *"n'r'n/an /"#ar'!an ,ara*>,ara* *"n'r'n/an &/o&!a& %an

*"n-"*p'rna/an r"a/& an!ara nra *"n!a$ &'&' /ap'r %an ,a& SO2 a!a' +"#"ran,

*"*p"r"pa! p"n,"n%apan &"r!a *"nn,/a!/an &'$' nra 'n!'/ *"*'%a$/an pro&"&

p"n,"#'aran ,"#"*+', ,a& %a#a* nra % flash tank . S"!"#a$ !' nra a/an *a&'/ /" %a#a* flash tank % %a#a* flash tank nra a/an %p'!ar %an %a%'/ 7'n,& %ar p"*'!aran % %a#a*

*"&n flash tank a%a#a$ 'n!'/ *"n,$#an,/an ,"#"*+'n,>,"#"*+'n, ,a& -an, !%a/

!"r"*+'n/an &"$n,,a !%a/ *"n,$a*+a! pro&"& p"n,"n%apan /" %"pann-a &"#an !' 'n!'/

*"*'%a$/an p"ra*p'ran an!ara nra %"n,an floculant . Un!'/ &"#an('!n-a nra a/an *a&'/

/" %a#a* p"! p"n,"n%apan dor clarifier %a#a* !an,/ p"n,"n%apan n nra a/an %+"r/an

a! floculant %"n,an ara *"n,$"*+'&/an a!a' *"n-"*pro!/an. #o/'#an -an, % pa/a %

)G. Kr"*+oon, -a!' Amyflok . Da#a* *"&n n nra a/an *"n,a#r /" +aa$ *"&n %an

%&"*pro!/an %"n,an floculant &"%an,/an ,a&>,a& -an, !%a/ !"rpa/a a/an /"#'ar *"#a#'

p"n,"#'aran ,a& +'an,. 'n,& %ar floculant n a%a#a$ 'n!'/ *"nan,/ap /o!oran>/o!oran

-an, *a&$ *"#"/a! pa%a nra &"#an !' 'n!'/ *"n,/a! ran!a "n%apan &"$n,,a

*"n,$a&#/an ran!a "n%apan -an, #"+$ +"&ar 'n!'/ &"#an('!n-a % %a#a* *"&n n a/an

!"r(a% pro&"& p"n,"n%apan /o!oran -an, %/an%'n, o#"$ nra %an 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an an!ara

nra "n"r@("rn$ %"n,an nra /o!or. Nra /o!or a/an *"n,"n%ap &"%an,/an nra "n"r +"ra%a

% a!a&. Nra "n"r $a&# p"*&a$an %&arn, pa%a *S$ screen %"n,an !'('an 'n!'/

*"n-arn, /o!oran>/o!oran $a#'& -an, *a&$ !"r/an%'n, %a#a* nra ("rn$.

Ta+#" ('*#a$ +"#"ran, p$o&p$a!" /ap'r %an 7#o/'#an@1000 /, !"+'

Na*a 3'*#a$@1000 /, !"+'

)$o&p$a!" arB 10 /,"#"ran, ;0 /,

Kap'r 0.12 /'

#o/'#an 00 /,

.1.. S)"/%4& 6&'4"6"&

S!a&'n p"n,'apan +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an ar %"n,an nra &"r!a *"n,'+a$ nra

*"n!a$ *"n(a% nra /"n!a#. Kan%'n,an ar %a#a* nra &an,a! +"&ar &"$n,,a p"n,'apan

%#a/'/an &a*pa /an%'n,an ar %%a#a* nra +&a %/'ran, &"ara *a/&*a#. Apa+#a

/"/"n!a#ann-a /'ran, *a/a /"r(a %ar &!a&'n *a&a/an a/an *"n(a% +"ra! /ar"na !' a/an

*"*p"r#a*+a! pro&"& p"*a&a/an nra. )"n,'apan nra %#a/'/an 'n!'/ *"*a/&*a#/an

/"r(a % &!a&'n *a&a/an 'n!'/ *"*+"n!'/ /r&!a#>/r&!a# ,'#a. )a%a pa+r/ ,'#a Kr"*+oon,

*"*#/ "apora!or !"!ap $an-a 4 "apora!or -an, &"rn, %,'na/an 'n!'/ pro&"&

&"%an,/an &&an-a $an-a %,'na/an &"+a,a a%an,an. vaporator -an, !"#a$ %,'na/an

+a&an-a a/an %+"r&$/an %"n,an *"n,,'na/an &&!"* *a&a/ &o%a &o%a -an, %,'na/an

+"r'pa &o%a /a'&!/ %!a*+a$/an %"n,an &/rap !'('an p"*+"r&$an n a%a#a$ 'n!'/

*"*+"r&$/an /"ra/ -an, !*+'# % %a#a* evaporator.

)rn&p /"r(a evaporator %an evaporator vaccum a%a#a$ *"n,'ap/an &"+a,an +"&ar /an%'n,an ar -an, a%a %a#a* nra %"n,an *"n,,'na/an &&!"* uadruple effect. )ro&"&



p"rpn%a$an pana& heat transfer B %ar 'ap /" nra %a#a* ran,/aan ppa !%a/ +"r/on!a/

&"ara #an,&'n, *"#an/an /"%'an-a %p&a$/an o#"$ a%an-a ran,/aan ppa nra -an,

!"r&'&'n &"ara &"r. evaporator %"n,an &'&'nan +"ran,/a multiple effect B &"%an,/an

evaporator vaccum %"n,an &'&'nan !'n,,a# single effect B.

)ro&"& % &!a&'n p"n,'apan -a!':

1. Eapora!or

A#a! n +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,'ran, /an%'n,an ar -an, !"%apa! % %a#a* nra %"n,an

ara p"n,'apan &"r *'#a %ar +a%an aa# $n,,a +a%an a/$r. Eapora!or pa%a )G.

Kr"*+oon, !"r%apa! 4 +a%an "apora!or -a!':

a. Eapora!or I

)a%a evaporator n /on%& op"ra& %ar p"n,'apan nra %"n,an /on%& op"ra&

-a!' &'$' 'ap 1206 %an !"/anan n 0= /,7@*2 &"r!a &'$' +a%an 10;6 %an !"/anan

o'! 0 /,7@*2 &a*pa %"n,an 0; /,7@*2.

+. Eapora!or IIKon%& op"ra& p"n,'apan nra pa%a "apora!or n -a!' &'$' -an, %,'na/an

+"r/&ar an!ara ?1006 %"n,an !"/anan 'ap &"/!ar 02 &a*pa %"n,an 0 /,7@*2.

. Eapora!or III

S'$' -an, %,'na/an %a#a* evaporator n -a!' ?906 %an !"/anan 'apn-a &"/!ar

>2 *H,.

%. Eapora!or IV

Kon%& op"ra& p"n,'apan nra pa%a evaporator n -a!' &'$' &"/!ar <06 %an

!"/anan 'apn-a &"/!ar <0 &a*pa <2 *H, a!a' %a#a* /"a%aan a/'*. Dan oran,>

oran, +a&a *"n-"+'!n-a "apora!or a/'*.

a%an Eapora!or !"r%r %ar:

> a%an )"n,'ap

a%an p"n,'ap n +"r+"n!'/ &#n%"r %"n,an p"n'!'p +a,an a!a&. )"n'!'p n %,'na/an

'n!'/ *"na$an p"r/an nra %ar +aa$. a%an p"n,'ap n !"r+'a! %ar p#a! +"& a,ar

+a%an !%a/ p"a$ a/+a! !"/anan -an, !n,, %ar %a#a* +a%an /"!/a pro&"& p"n,'apan

+"r#an,&'n,. a%an p"n,'ap (',a %#ap& %"n,an &"#*'! 'n!'/ *"n",a$ a%an-a/"$#an,an pana& %ar %a#a* /"#'ar %an &"#*'! n (',a %,'na/an &"+a,a p"n,a*an.

> Kaa )"n,#$a!

Kaa p"n,#$a! pa%a +a%an "apora!or n a%a#a$ 'n!'/ *"*p"r*'%a$ *"n,a*a! !n,,

p"r*'/aan nra -an, a%a % %a#a* +a%an "apora!or. K"!n,,an nra % %a#a* +a%an

"apora!or $ar'& %p"r$a!/an %"n,an +a/ a,ar !%a/ +an-a/ nra -an, /'! +"r&a*a

%"n,an 'ap nra -an, !"r+"n!'/ %ar pro&"& "apora& n.

> )pa 6a#an%ra

)pa n %,'na/an &"+a,a !"*pa! p"*ana&an nra -an, %#'arn-a %#"a! o#"$ 'ap

p"*ana&.

> )pa S"n!ra#



)pa n !"r#"!a/ % +a,an !"n,a$ %an %/"##n, o#"$ ppa>ppa a#an%ra. )pa n (',a

*"*#/ 7'n,& &"+a,a !"*pa! /"#'arn-a nra /" +a%an a!a' pro&"& &"#an('!n-a 'n!'/

+a%an a/$rB &"!"#a$ %'ap/an.

> )pa EF'a#"r

)pa "F'a#"r +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n-a*a/an !"/anan /" 0uffer tank nra /"n!a#. )pa n

!"r%apa! pa%a +a%an a/$r.

> )pa noncondensable gas

)pa n +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,"#'ar/an ,a&>,a& -an, !%a/ !"r"*+'n/an % %a#a*

evaporator %an *"*p"r#'a& p"r*'/aan !ran&7"r pana& %a#a* "apora!or #"+$ +"&ar .

> )pa Kon%"n&a!

)pa n +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,"#'ar/an ar -an, !"r+"n!'/ o#"$ pro&"& p"n,'apan. Ar n

p"r#' %/"#'ar/an a,ar !%a/ *"n,,an,,' pro&"&.

> )pa Uap )"*ana&

)pa n +"r7'n,& &"+a,a !"*pa! *a&'/ a#ran 'ap p"*ana& -an, %,'na/an 'n!'/

*"n,'ap/an nra.

> )pa )ann,an Va'*)pa n +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"*p"r!a$an/an /on%& $a*pa '%ara a'*B % %a#a* +a%an

evaporator.

> Mano*"!"r

A#a! n *"*#/ 7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' &"+"rapa +"&ar !"/anan -an, a%a % %a#a*

+a%an evaporator .

> T"r*o*"!"r

T"r*o*"!"r +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' !"*p"ra!'r nra %an 'ap p"*ana& % %a#a*

+a%an evaporator.

2. 3'" 6a!$"r

3'" 6a!$"r n +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"nan,/ap p"r/an nra -an, !"r/an%'n, % %a#a*'ap nra. A#a! n %#"n,/ap %"n,an a#a! p"na$an -an, +"r'pa &rp>&rp %an !"r+'a! %ar

+a$an &!an#"&& &!""#. Uap nra -an, *a&'/ a/an *"na+ra/ p"na$an &"$n,,a nra -an,

/'! +"r&a*a 'ap a/an !"r!a$an o#"$ p"na$an n &"%an,/an 'ap -an, !%a/ *"n,an%'n,

nra a/an #an('! /" %a#a* pro&"& &"#an('!n-a.

. Dorr 6#ar7"r

Dorr 6#ar7"r n +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,"n%ap/an /o!oran -an, !"r/an%'n, pa%a nra.

)a%a a#a! n a/an %!a*+a$/an 7#o/'#an -a!' Amyfloc' pa%a 1 !an,/ %orr #ar7"r

%+'!'$/an 7#o/'#an &"+an-a/ /,. S'$' nra -an, *a&'/ pa%a a#a! n -a!' 100 o6. A#a!

n % #"n,/ap %"n,an 4 !ra- % &"!ap !ra- a%a <>= p"n,a%'/ %an %#"n,/ap %"n,an

po*pa *"*+ran 'n!'/ *"nar/ /o!oran (',a 4 *an$o#" 'n!'/ pro&"& p"*+"r&$an a#a!.A#a! n !"r+'a! %ar p#a! +"& +a(a. Un!'/ *"n,a#r/an nra /"#'ar %ar a#a!n /" a#a!

+"r/'!n-a %,'na/an 2 po*pa !"!ap 2 po*pa n %,'na/an &"ara +"r,an!an.

4. Kon%"n&or

Kon%"n&or -an, %,'na/an *"r'pa/an !p" direct contact condenser +"r7'n,& &"+a,a

a#a! p"n'/ar pana& an!ara 'ap +"/a& -an, /"#'ar %ar 4uice "atcher %"n,an ar p"n%n,n

a" n("/&B a!a' *"n,/on%"n&a&/an &!"a* %"n,an *"na*p'rn-a #an,&'n, %"n,an ar

p"n%n,n. Uap nra %p"a$ a!a' %%n,n/an %"n,an &ra*an ar n("/& -an, +"r&'$'

an!ara ;>=6 &"$n,,a 'ap nra n a/an !"r%n,n/an *"n(a% ar -an, +"r&'$' &"/!ar

4=>;=6.

;. 6on%"n&a! 6$"/n, )#an! 66)B



)a%a a#a! n %#a/'/an p"n,""/an ar /on%"n&a! -an, +"ra&a# %ar evaporator' heater

%an pan *a&a/. )"n,""/an n +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' /on%& ar /on%"n&a!

*"n,an%'n, nra a!a' !%a/ &"+"#'* %*an7aa!/an 'n!'/ pro&"& -an, #an %an &!a&'n

/"!"#.

<. Tan,/

Tan,/ n %,'na/an 'n!'/ *"na*p'n, ar /on%"n&a! %ar evaporator +a%an I II %an

III -an, !"#a$ %"/ % 66) &"+"#'* %,'na/an % /"!"#.

. To"r

)a%a a#a! n !"r(a% pro&"& bleaching a!a' p"*'a!an nra *"n,,'na/an ,a& SO2. )ro&"&

n %#a/'/an %"n,an *"n,on!a//an nra %"n,an ,a& SO2 %ar &'#7'r +'rn"r.

=. )"! nra /"n!a#

)"! n %,'na/an 'n!'/ *"na*p'n, nra /"n!a# -an, !"#a$ *"n,a#a* pro&"& &'#7!a&

nra /"n!a# &"+"#'* %/r&!a#&a&a % &!a&'n *a&a/an.

S"!"#a$ %ar +a%an "apora!or nra -an, !"#a$ *"n,a#a* p"*"/a!an /"*+a#

%r"a/&/an %"n,an &'#7'r. Ha# n +"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"*'a!/an arna nra /"n!a# -an, +"rarna ,"#ap &"!"#a$ %ar pro&"& p"n,'apan a,ar *"n(a% #"+$ !"ran, bleaching.

.1.7. S)"/%4& *"/"("&

S!a&'n n +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n,'+a$ &'/ro&a -an, +"r+"n!'/ #ar'!an *"n(a% Kr&!a#

,'#a -an, ra!a>ra!a +"r'/'ran 0 C 1 **. &'/ro&a -an, !"r/an%'n, %a#a* nra /"n!a#

%'ap/an &"$n,,a *"n,$a&#/an massecuite -a!' a*p'ran /r&!a# ,'#a %an #ar'!ann-a.

)"*a&a/an a/an %#a/'/an &"ara +"r!n,/a! 'n!'/ *"napa "7&"n& pro&"&. D"n,an pro&"&

+"r!n,/a! a/an %$a&#/an &a/aro&a %a#a* nra /"n!a# $n,,a *"napa /'a#!a& /r&!a#

*a/&*a#. 3'*#a$ !n,/a!an pro&"& !"r,an!'n, pa%a /"*'rnan nra. Nra %"n,an /"*'rnan

!n,, a/an %/r&!a#/an %a#a* 4 !a$ap &"%an,/an nra %"n,an /"*'rnan r"n%a$ ? =; a/an

%/r&!a#/an %a#a* !a$ap. D )G Kr"*+oon, a/an *"n"rap/an !a$ap p"*a&a/an %"n,an

pro&"& A6D.

)a%a pro&"& p"*a&a/an n +"r/"#an('!an %"n,an pro&"& p'!"ran &"n!r7',a&B.

)a%a )G Kr"*+oon, !"r%apa! = pan *a&a/an !ap -an, %pa/a $an-a < pan *a&a/an %"n,an

p"*+a,an:

1. )an *a&a/an A : pan 4;

2. )an *a&a/an 6 : pan <

. )an *a&a/an D : pan =

U/'ran /r&!a# -an, %&-ara!/an 'n!'/ *a&n, C *a&n, pan a%a#a$:

1. )an *a&a/an A : 0= C 12 **

2. )an *a&a/an 6 : 01< C 0; **

. )an *a&a/an D : ;* C 0 **

)ro&"& )a%a S!a&'n Ma&a/an :



1. Ma&a/an D2

a$an +a/' -an, %,'na/an: stroop 6 /#ar" SHS /#ar" D 7on%an.

)ro&"& -an, %#a/'/an:

a$an +a/' &"+an-a/ 200 HL %pana&/an $n,,a /"n!a# /"*'%an %!a*+a$/an 200

7on%an n! /r&!a#B. S"!"#a$ /r&!a# *'#a !"r+"n!'/ *a/a %!a*+a$/an #a, +a$an +a/'

$n,,a o#'*" *"napa 400 HL. S"!"#a$ !"r+"n!'/ /r&!a# -an, %&-ara!/an *a/a

&a*p#" %a*+# 'n!'/ *"n,"!a$' r )o# %an HK $ar,a /"*an&anB ,'#a -an,

%$a&#/an. HK -an, %n,n/an &"/!ar <0 C <4. S"#an('!n-a 200 HL $a# %po*pa /"

pan *a&a/an D1. Apa+#a HK -an, %n,n/an !%a/ !"rapa %an +"#'* !"r+"n!'/ /r&!a#

*a/a +a&an-a a/an %!a*+a$/an &"%/! nra /"n!a#.

2. Ma&a/an D1

a$an +a/' %ar pan *a&a/an D2 %*a&&a/ pa%a "ontinous 5accum &an ("5& D1

*"n,$a&#/an ,'#a D %"n,an HK ;= C ;9. S"#an('!n-a %a#r/an /" pa#'n, p"n%n,n #a#'

%po*pa /" rapid cool crystali)er 'n!'/ *"n%n,n/an /"*'%an %!"r'&/an /" p'!aran

D.

. Ma&a/an 6

a$an -an, %,'na/an: /#ar" SHS stroop A +a+onan D.

a$an +a/' &"+an-a/ 200 HL %/"n!a#/an /"*'%an %!a*+a/an +a+onan D 40 HLB

/"*'%an %/"n!a#/an #a, a,ar /r&!a# -an, !"r+"n!'/ &"*a/n +a/. S"#an('!n-a

%!a*+a$/an +a$an +a/' &a*+# !"r'& %/"n!a#/an $n,,a o#'*" 00 HL. S"!"#a$

*"napa o#'*" -an, %n,n/an /"*'%an %ana#&a r )o# %an HK n-a. HK -an,

%n,n/an a%a#a$ 0 C 2. S"!"#a$ HK %/"!a$' %!a*+a$/an #a, +a$an +a/'

/"*'%an %/"n!a#/an %an &"#an('!n-a %!'r'n/an /" pa#'n, p"n%n,n %an %a#r/an /"

p'!aran.

4. Ma&a/an A2

a$an +a/' -an, %,'na/an: nra /"n!a# /#ar" SHS +a+onan 6 %an +a+onan D.

a$an +a/' &"+an-a/ 200 HL %/"n!a#/an /"*'%an %!a*+a$/an 40 HL +a+onan 6.

S"#an('!n-a %/"n!a#/an /"*+a# &"$n,,a /r&!a# -an, !"r+"n!'/ &"*a/n +a/.

K"*'%an +a$an +a/' %!a*+a$/an #a, &"ara +"r!a$ap &a*+# !"r'& %/"n!a#/an

&"$n,,a o#'*" *"napa 400 HL. Ha&# -an, %p"ro#"$ %!"r'&/an /" pan *a&a/an A1.

;. Ma&a/an A1

a$an +a/' *a&a/an A2 +"ra&a# %ar pan A1 /"*'%an %!a*+a$/an +a$an +a/' &"ara

+"r!a$ap /"*'%an %/"n!a#/an $n,,a *"napa o#'*" 400 HL. S"!"#a$ /"n!a#

/"*'%an %!'r'n/an /" pa#'n, p"n%n,n #a#' %po*pa /" p'!aran A.

A#a! C a#a! -an, %,'na/an %a#a* &!a&'n *a&a/an:

a.B )an *a&a/

)an *a&a/ n %,'na/an 'n!'/ *"*a&a/ nra %"n,an ara *"n,'ap/an ar -an, a%a

%a#a* nra.

+.B )a#'n, )"n%n,n

)a#'n, a%a#a$ !"*pa! 'n!'/ *"na*p'n, massecuite -an, &'%a$ %*a&a/ &"+"#'*%a#r/an /" &"n!r7',a& %an &"+a,a !"*pa! p"n-"*p'rnaan /r&!a#&a&. Kar"na apa+#a



%%n,n/an *a/a /"#ar'!an a/an !'r'n &"$n,,a /r&!a# -an, %$a&#/an *"n(a% &"*a/n

+"&ar %an !"+a#.

.B Kon%"n&or

Kon%"n&or -an, %,'na/an *"r'pa/an !p" direct contact condenser +"r7'n,& 'n!'/

*"n,/on%"n&a& 'ap nra %ar pan *a&a/an. Kon%"n&or n %pa&an, pa%a &"!ap pan

*a&a/an a,ar !%a/ !"r(a% ,an,,'an a/'* an!ara pan -an, &a!' %"n,an pan -an, #an.

%.B Tan,/ /on%"n&a!

S"+a,a !"*pa! 'n!'/ *"na*p'n, ar /on%"n&a!.

".B )o*pa ar n("/&

"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"*o*pa ar p"n%n,n /" /on%"n&or.

7.B Ta#an, '#r

M"r'pa/an !"*pa! 'n!'/ *"n,a#r/an nra /" &"n!r7',a& %&"r!a %"n,an a%an-a

p"n,a%'/ -an, *"*+an!' p"n%n,nan.

.1.8. S)"/%4& 64)#"&

T'('an %ar &!a&'n p'!"ran a%a#a$ 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an an!ara /r&!a# ,'#a %"n,anarann-a *o##a&"B. Da#a* S!a&'n p'!"ran p'!"ran % +a, *"n(a% +a,an -a!' p'!"ran

,'#a ("n& A 6 %an D.

1. )'!"ran %&on!n'" 'n!'/ ,'#a A

S"+"#'* p"*'!aran %#a/'/an a#a! a/an *"*+"r&$/an &"n%r %"n,an ara p"n-ra*an

%"n,an ar pana& ? 9; o6 &"#a*a 12 C 14 %"!/. Ma'!" A %!a*p'n, pa%a pa#'n, p"n%n,n

&"#an('!n-a % a#r/an /" pa#'n, %&!r+'!or &"!"#a$ !' %!'r'n/an /" *"&n p'!"ran %an

%#a/'/an 2 /a# p"n-ra*an. S'$' ar -an, %,'na/an 'n!'/ p"n-ra*an ≥ 9; o6

!"r,an!'n, /'a#!a& ,'#a p"n-ra*an p"r!a*a &"#a*a 10 %"!/ a/an *"n,$a&#/an stoop A%an p"n-ra*an /"%'a *"n,$a&#/an /#ar" SHS %an ,'#a A. G'#a a/an !"!ap *"n"*p"# pa%a

&arn,an &"#a*a *"&n +"rp'!ar %an &"#an('!n-a %!'r'n/an /" !a#an, ,o-an, &"%an,/an

stroop A %an /#ar" SHS %a#r/an /" %a#a* !an,/ p"na*p'n, 'n!'/ %,'na/an pa%a &!a&'n

*a&a/an. S&a ,'#a -an, *"n"*p"# pa%a %n%n, *"&n p'!"ran %+"r&$/an %"n,an scrapp

D&$ar,"B. 3'*#a$ p'!"ran A a%a 2 ("n& -a!' WS W"&!rn S!a!"B %an roa! "n!. Un!'/

-an, WS a%a +'a$ %"n,an /apa&!a& 1200 /,2 +'a$B %an /apa&!a& 1000 /, 1 +'a$B.

S"%an,/an ("n& r"a! "n! a%a 4 +'a$ &"ara %"n,an /apa&!a& 1=;0 /,.

2. )'!"ran on!n'" 'n!'/ ,'#a 6

Ma&'!" 6 %!a*p'n, pa%a pa#'n, p"n%n,n &"#an('!n-a % a#r/an /" pa#'n,

%&!r+'!or &"!"#a$ !' %!'r'n/an /" *"&n p'!"ran. M"&F'!" 6 %p'!ar %an %#a/'/an p"n-ra*an &a!' /a# %"n,an ar +"r&'$' 40 C ;0 o6 &"$n,,a %p"ro#"$ stoop 6 %an ,'#a 6.

G'#a 6 %"n,an HK 9<1 %!'r'n/an % po*pa /" p"! +a+onan 6 &"%an,/an stroop 6.

3'*#a$ p'!"ran 6 a%a ; +'a$ %"n,an /""pa!an p'!ar 2400 rp*.

. )'!"ran on!n'" 'n!'/ ,'#a D

Ha&# %ar *a&a/an D %!a*p'n, %a#a* p"na*p'n, /"*'%an % po*pa /" rap%

r-&!a##"r 'n!'/ *"n'r'n/an &'$' &a*pa ;0 o6 #a#' %!'r'n/an /" p'!"ran ,'#a D1 %an

%&ra* ar %"n,an &'$' 40 C ;0 o6 &"$n,,a %p"ro#"$ ,'#a D1 %an !"!"&. T"!"& %a#r/an /"

p"na*p'n, %an %po*pa /" !an,/ p"na*p'n, !"!"& &"%an,/an ,'#a D1 %!'r'n/an /"

%&!r+'!or D2 /"*'%an %!'r'n/an /" p'!"ran D2 %an %&ra* ar %"n,an &'$' <0 o6

%$a&#/an ,'#a D %an /#ar" D. G'#a D %"n,an HK 9;< %!'r'n/an %an % po*pa /" p"!



+a+onan &"%an,/an /#ar" D %po*pa /" pana*p'n, /#ar" D. 3'*#a$ p'!"ran D1 a%a ; +'a$

%"n,an /""pa!an p'!ar *a/&*'* 2000 rp*. S"%an,/an p'!"ran D2 a%a 4 +'a$ %"n,an

/""pa!an p'!ar 2000 rp* +'a$B %an 2100 rp* 1 +'a$B.

A#a! -an, %,'na/an %a#a* &!a&'n p'!"ran a%a#a$:

1. D&on!n'" S"n!r7',"

"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an Kr&!a# ,'#a A %"n,an stroop %an K#ar". )a%a a#a! n a/an

%p"ro#"$ ,'#a SHS &"+a,a $a&# a/$r p'!aran.

2. 6on!n'" S"n!r7',"

"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an Kr&!a# ,'#a 6 %an D %ar stroop %an /#ar". )ro&"&

p"*'!aran pa%a a#a! n +"r#an,&'n, !"r'& *"n"r'& !anpa !"rp'!'&.

. )a#'n, D&!r+'&

"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n,'*pan/an *a&'!" /" *"&n p'!"ran

4. Rap% 6r-&!a#"r

"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"n'r'n/an &'$' $a&# %ar *a&a/an D &"+"#'* *a&'/ /" p'!"ran D1a,ar !"r(a% /r&!a#&a& #an('! &"$n,,a /r&!a# !%a/ *'%a$ #ar'! &aa! %&ra* ar.

;. Ta#an, ,o-an,

"r7'n,& 'n!'/ *"*+aa ,'#a *"n'(' &!a&'n p"n-"#"&aan.

.1.. P&'#%&'"& S4'"# D##;

)"n,"rn,an +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n,"rn,/an ,'#a %an 'n!'/ *"*&a$/an an!ara Kr&!a#

,'#a -an, *"*"n'$ %an !%a/ *"*"n'$ &-ara!. G'#a %ar p'!"ran %!'r'n/an /" !a#an,

,o-an, a/an *"n-"+a+/an ,'#a +"r&n,,'n,an %"n,an '%ara &"$n,,a /"#"*+a+an a/an

+"r/'ran, &"ara a#a*. K"*'%an %#an('!/an /" S',ar Dr-"r %&n ,'#a -an, *a&$

*"n,an%'n, ar %/"rn,/an %"n,an *"n,,'na/an '%ara pana& 'n!'/ *"n,$#an,/an

/"#"*+a+ann-a. S"!"#a$ !' ,'#a %/"rn,/an /"*'%an ,'#a %+aa %"n,an "#"a!or *"n'('

&arn,an ,'#a. )a%a &arn,an ,'#a ,'#a %&arn, *"#a#' &arn,an -a!' ,'#a $a#'& ,'#a

&"%an, %an ,'#a /a&ar. G'#a $a#'& %*a&'//an /" *"r /"*'%an %!a*+a$/an ar %an

%po*pa *"n'(' /" p"! nra /"n!a#. G'#a pro%'/ -a!' ,'#a SHS %!a*p'n, pa%a &#o %an

%!'r'n/an &"+an-a/ ;0 /, 'n!'/ p"n,ar'n,an.

.1.10. P*+4&'(4/"& P"9(%&';

)"*+'n,/'&an +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"n(a,a /'a#!a& ,'#a *"a#' pro&"& p"n,"pa/an. G'#a

-an, +"ra&a# %ar &#o %!'r'n/an /"+aa$ *"n,,'na/an pa/"r pa/"r a%a#a$ a#a! -an,

%pa&an, % '('n, &#o 'n!'/ *"*+a, ,'#a -an, !'r'n. )a%a )G Kr"*+oon, ,'#a %/"*a&

&"+an-a/ ;0 /, &"!ap /ar'n,n-a. D"n,an *"n,,'na/an /"*a&an p#a&!/ &"+a,a /"*a&an

pr*"r %an /ar'n, &"+a,a /"*a&an &"/'n%"r. S"!"#a$ !' %#a/'/an p"n,""/an

p"n*+an,an /"*+a# %an &"!"#a$ !' %(a$! /"*'%an *a&'/ /" %a#a* ,'%an, p"n-*panan

*"n,,'na/an on"-or. G'%an, *"r'pa/an !"*pa! p"n-*panan ,'#a pro%'/ &"!"#a$ ,'#a

%/"*a& %an %/"!a$' +"ra!n-a &'%a$ *"*"n'$ &!an%arB. A%ap'n &-ara!>&-ara!

p"n-*panan ,'#a % %a#a* ,'a%an, p"n-*panan an!ara #an:

> "ra! ("n& +'!r $ar'& &"&'a %"n,an SNI> Warna ,'#a $ar'& *"*"n'$ p"r&-ara!an



> Ka%ar ar ,'#a !%a/ +o#"$ #"+$ %ar 01.

> G'#a %/"*a& %a#a* /ar'n, %an %/"!a$' +"ra!n-a

> T"#a$ %$!'n, o#"$ p"!',a& ,'%an,





BAB -

SPESIFIKASI ALAT

STASIUN )ERSIA)AN

1. Lor T"+'

'n,& : M"*+aa !"+' %ar po& p"n*+an,an /" &!a&'n

p"n,,#n,an.

M"r/@T-p" : Ya&/aa @ E

Sp""% : 14<0

T"na,a : ;; Hp

3'*#a$ : 240 'n!

M"&&n p"n,,"ra/ : Mo!or #&!r/

2. )"n,an,/a! T"+''n,& : M"n,an,/a! !"+' %ar #or %an *"n(a!'$/an /" a!a& *"(a !"+'

a$an : "& &/' @ +"& /ana#

K""pa!an : 29 *@*"n!

Da-a ,"#",ar : 0 !on

Da-a ran" : 10 !on

. G"ar+o

Ra!o : ;0

Da-a : 1; KW

4. E#"/!o*o!or V"r!/a#

M"r/ : Ya&/aa

K""pa!an p'!ar : 140 rp*Da-a : 1; KW

;. E#"!ro*o!or Horon!a#

M"r/ : Ya&/aa

K""pa!an p'!ar : 9; rp*

Da-a : ; KW

STASIUN GILINGAN

1. M"(a T"+'

'n,& : Un!'/ *"na*p'n, %an *"n,a!'r !"+' -an, %pn%a$/an /"

an" arr"r *"n,,'na/an ran!a +"r,, -an, %apa! +"rp'!ar )an(an, : *

L"+ar : ; *

S'%'! /"*rn,an : ± ; °

Tn,, *"(a %"pan : 0= *

Tn,, *"(a +"#a/an, : 11 *

Kapa&!a& : 1; !on

)"n,,"ra/ : E#"!ro*o!or *"r/ Ya&/aa =0 o#! 14<0 rp* ; KW

)an(an, ran!a : 19 *

3'*#a$ &"! ran!a : 4 &"!

Spro/"! : 12 ,,G"ar +o : *"r AUG ra!o 1=



2. 6an" arr"r

'n,& : S"+a,a a#a! p"*+aa !"+' /" a#a! p"naa$ an" '!!"r %an

'n,ra!orB

6ara /"r(a : T"+' -an, (a!'$ %ar *"(a !"+' %+aa o#"$ an" arr"r /"

an" '!!"r 'n!'/ %po!on,>po!on,@ %aa$.

Kapa&!a& an,/a! : = !on)"n,,"ra/ : E#"/!ro*o!or

M"r/ : ,"r Haran Ho##an%

6"n" !ra"# : 2 +'a$

Da-a : 40 Hp

R)M : 142;

K""pa!an : ± 104 %"!/ @ &/#'&

. 6an" '!!"r 1 %an an" '!!"r 2

'n,& : U!'/ *"naa$ %an *"*o!on, !"+' *"n(a% po!on,an>

po!on,an /"#.

6ara /"r(a : S"!"#a$ *"#"a! an" arr"r !"+' *a&'/ /" an" '!!"r 'n!'/

%po!on, %an %aa$ +"r!'('an 'n!'/ *"*p"r#'a& +%an, p"r*'/aan &"$n,,a

pro&"& p"*"ra&an *"n(a% #"+$ *'%a$.∅ )rn,an : ; *

T"+a# +a$an :1= **

)an(an, p&a' : = *

L"+ar p&a' : 14 *

3'*#a$ prn, : 14 +'a$

3'*#a$ p&a'@prn, : 4 +'a$

3'*#a$ !o!a# p&a' : ;< +'a$R)M : ;00

)"n,,"ra/ : "#"!ro*o!or

4. Un,ra!or

'n,& : M"n'*+'/ !"+' &"$n,,a *"*p"r/"# &"#>&"# !"+' *"n(a%

'/'ran -an, &"ra,a*.

T-p" : Mar/ 7''r

Ta$'n : 1992

U/'ran : <<P × 2P

K""pa!an : 4; rp*

3'*#a$ %& : 11 +'a$3'*#a$ $a*"r : 44 +'a$

)o"r : ;; K

;. Ro## G#n,an

'n,& : M"n,,#n, !"+' &"$n,,a a/an %%apa!/an nra *"n!a$ %an

a*pa& !"+'.

3"n& a#'r : V Gro"n

U/'ran : <P × <<P

Da#a* a#'r : ;2



3'*#a$ a#'r : 2= +'a$

STASIUN )EMURNIAN

1. Sarn,an Nra M"n!a$ V+ra!n, Sr""nB

'n,& : M"n-arn, nra ,##n,an 1 %an 2)an(an, : 2 *

L"+ar : 1 *∅ L'+an, p"r7ora& : 1 **

Rp* *o!or : 14;;

Rp* &arn,an : 40

)o"r *o!or :1; K

2. Ro!ar- 6'&$ 6'&$ Ro!ar- Sr""n *a$n"B

'n,& : M"n-arn, nra *"n!a$ &"+"#'* *a&'/ /" &!a&'n p"*'rnan

T-p" : 1 "rr"r roa% Naran,+a@54;04

'a!an : A'&!ra#aTa$'n : 2012

"ra! : 1=00 K,

a+r/a& :±

2

An,'#ar : ± 02;

. Vapo'r 3'" $"a!"r

'n,& : M"*ana&/an nra *"n!a$ &"+"#'* *a&'/ /" %"7/a!or

T-p" : Horon!a#@)T. o*a

Ta$'n : 19;∅

)pa : 4;@;0

×

2003'*#a$ ppa : 204 +'a$

Ra!" : 10 #n!a&an

L) : 100 *2

4. )"*ana& Nra )"*ana& aa#@3'" $"a!"r@ Voorar*"rB

No )an(an, ppa

**B

∅ )pa

**B

3'*#a$ ppa

+'a$B

3'*#a$ pa&&"&

B

L)

*2B

1 100 2@; 400 < 12;

2 100 2@; ;01 = 1;;

100 2@; 9 12 12;4 100 2@; 400 12 12;

; <00 @< 40 11 12;

< 100 2@; 400 12 12;

;. D"7/a!or I

'n,& : S"+a,a !"*pa! +"r"a/&n-a nra %"n,an &'&' /ap'r

S!an%ar -an, %,'na/an :)H : 2 >4



Wa/!' !n,,a# : *"n!

In%a!or : T

Da!a &p"&7/a& a#a! :

Da*"!"r : 1420 **

Tn,, : 2=0 **

∅ )pa *a&'/ : =P

∅ )pa /"#'ar : =P

<. D"7/a!or II

'n,& : S"+a,a !"*pa! +"r"a/&n-a nra %"n,an &'&' /ap'r

S!an%ar -an, %,'na/an :

)H : ≥ =<

Wa/!' !n,,a# :1; %"!/

In%a!or : ))

Da!a &p"&7/a& a#a! :

Da*"!"r : =20 **Tn,, : 220 **∅ )pa *a&'/ : =P

∅ )pa /"#'ar : =P

. S'#7r!r Nra M"n!a$

'n,& : M"na*p'r &'#7! %"n,an nra *"n!a$ -an, !"#a$ %+"r &'&'

/ap'r

T-p" : )ara+o#&

U/'ran : ∅ 1<00 × 2;00 **

Wa/!' !n,,a# : ± ; *"n!

Vo#'*" : ; *

=. )o*pa Nra M"n!a$ T"r&'#7!r

Kapa&!a& : 100 *@(a*

)o"r

a. U!ara : 4; KW

+. S"#a!an : 1; KW

H"a% : ;0 */a

K""pa!an : 14; rp*

3'*#a$ : 2 +'a$9. Dap'r "#"ran, Nra M"n!a$

No.1 TB L : 14 *2

No.2 TB L : 14 *2

10. Dap'r "#"ran, Nra K"n!a#

No.1 TB L : 0< *2

No.2 TB L : 0< *2

11. Tan,/ S'&' Kap'r

'n,& : M"na*p'n, &'&' /ap'r -an, a/an % a*p'r nra *"n!a$

Vo#'*" : 1< *

12. )o*pa S'&' Kap'r

'n,& : M"*o*pa &'&' /ap'r /" %"7/a!or T-p" : "n!r7',a#



Kapa&!a& : < *@(a*

H"a% : 1; */a

Rp* : 2=<0

)o"r : ;; KW

3'*#a$ : 2 +'a$

ϕ In#"!@o'!#"! : 2;P@2;P

1. Dr'* Va''* #!"r

'n,& : M"n-"rap ,'#a -an, *a&$ !"r%apa! %a#a* nra /o!or

M"r/ : )T. Karpn%o a$a,a

U/'ran : ∅ .1;0 × .<4 **

K""pa!an : 1 rp*

14. #a&$ Tan/

Da*"!"r : ; *

Tn,, : 2; *

Wa/!' !n,,a# : 12>1; %"!/ Vo#'*" "7"/!7 : 4 *

1;. S'+#*a!or I@II

'n,& : M"*+'an, ,a&>,a& %a#a* nra -an, *"n,,an,,' pro&"&

p"n,"n%apan pa%a Door 6#ar7"r

Vo#'*" : 2= *

1<. S

'n,& : Un!'/ *"r'+a$ /""pa!an p"*+a/aran +"#"ran, *"#a#'

a'!o*a!&a& !anpa *"r'+a$ /on&"n!ra& &"&' p"r&-ara!an pro&"&B

Kapa&!a& : 400 /,@(a*

Ta$'n : 2010

STASIUN )ENGUA)AN

Na*a A#a! T-p" Da*"!"r )pa

)an(an,

3'*#a$ )pa Da*"!"r )pa

**B

Kapa&!a&

*2B

Eapora!or

I>A

D'ro

ron&@< ×

2.400

40 ;00 ;0

Eapora!or

I>

W"r/

Spoor @< ×

2.0

11= 4=0 42;

Eapora!or II

)T. ara!a @< ×

2.400

240 90 <00

Eapora!or

III

)T. ara!a @< ×

2.400

22 <00 ;00

Eapora!or

IV

W"r/

Spoor @< ×

1.;<;

244 ;90 4;0

Eapora!or

V

)T. Gr'n,

Na&ona#@< ×

1.;=0

29=4 ==0 ;00



STASIUN MASAKAN

1. Kr&!a#&"r

Na*a A#a! T-p" Da*"!"r

)pa )an(an,

3'*#a$

)pa

Kapa&!a& L)

*2

B

Kr&!a#&"r

1

6a#an%a @W"r/

Spoor 9=@102 ×

1.0;0

20 200 112

Kr&!a#&"r

2

6a#an%a@D'ro

ron&9=@100 ×

40

;<4 2;0 <0

Kr&!a#&"r

6a#an%a 9=@102 ×

9=;

20 1=0 ;<

Kr&!a#&"r 4

6a#an%a 144@1;2 ; o# 120 ;<

Kr&!a#&"r

;

6a#an%a 144@1;2 ; o# 120 ;<

Kr&!a#&"r

<

6a#an%a 144@1;2 ; o# 120 ;<

Kr&!a#&"r

6a#an%a 10@14 ; o# 120 ;<

Kr&!a#&"r

=

6a#an%a 9<@100 ×

90

41< 2;0 124

2. )a#'n, +!an D

a. Dpa/a 'n!'/ ++!an D II C 1 +'a$ o#'*" 10 *

+. Dpa/a 'n!'/ ++!an 6 C 1 +'a$ o#'*" 20 *

. )a#'n, )"n%n,n

No. )"n%n,n Vo#'*" *B K"!"ran,an Da*"!"r )an(an,

**B

1 %an 2 220 3"n& O 2200 × <;00

%an 4 240 3"n& U 2100×

<;00

; %an < 220 3"n& U 1<00 × <;00

=912 1 %an 14 120 3"n& O 1<00×

<;00

10 %an 11 1;0 3"n& U 1<00 × <;00

1; 400 3"n& U 2100×

<;00

4. S""% V"&&"#

a. Dpa/a 'n!'/ A C 1 +'a$ o#'*" 20 *

+. Dpa/a 'n!'/ D C 1 +'a$ o#'*" 10 *



;. )"!>p"! T'n,,'

No. Na*a A#a! ('*#a$ Vo#'*" *B

1 )"! !'n,,' nra /"n!a# C 1 ;

2 )"! !'n,,' &!rop C A ; =0

)"! !'n,,' &!rop C 6 ; ;04 )"! !'n,,' /#ar" C D 4 0

; )"! !'n,,' /#ar" C SHS 2 4

STASIUN )UTERAN

1. )'!aran A

3'*#a$ : 2 +'a$

Kapa&!a& p"r $ar," : ;0 /,

3'*#a$ -#" p"r (a* : 2;

Tn,, : 1=PDa*"!"r : <P

T-p" : a!$

2. )'!aran roa% "n!@ WS

3'*#a$ : 2 +'a$

Kapa&!a& p"r (a* : =00 /,

Tn,, : <P

Da*"!"r : 4=P

T-p" : on!n'o'&

. )'!aran SHS

3'*#a$ : 2 +'a$

Kapa&!a& p"r (a* :1.200 /,

T-p" : on!n'o'&

4. )'!aran 6

3'*#a$ : 1 +'a$

Kapa&!a& p"r (a* : .;00 /,

Tn,, : 4<P

Da*"!"r : 4=

T-p" : on!n'o'&@ MA>K =;0 S

;. )'!aran D

3'*#a$ : D1 4 D2 2Kapa&!a& p"r (a* : .;00 /,

Tn,, : 2=P

Da*"!"r : <P

T-p" : on!n'o'&

'n,& : M"*&a$/an Kr&!a# ,'#a %ar !"!"& a!a' #ar'!ann-a %"n,an

ara "n!r7',a#.

A#a!>a#a! p"n'n(an, : Sr" on"-or *"r SHS

BAB -I

UTILITAS@ INSTRUMENTASI@ PENGENDALIAN PROSES DAN PENGOLAHANLIMBAH



1. UTILITAS

2. INSTRUMENTASI

. PENGENDALIAN PROSES

. PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

)G Kr"*+oon, *"r'pa/an &a#a$ &a!' n%'&!r -an, *"n,$a&#/an #*+a$. Ha# n %apa!

*"n(a% &'*+"r p"n"*aran apa+#a !%a/ %#a/'/an p"nan,anan &"ara !"pa!. O#"$ /ar"na

!' &"+a,a &a#a$ &a!' %ar *a&-ara/a! n%'&!r *"n-a%ar &"p"n'$n-a a!a& !an,,'n, (aa+

&o&a# %a#a* *"n(a,a /"#"&!aran #n,/'n,an $%'p !anpa *"n,"&a*pn,/an !an,,'n, (aa+

n!"rna# p"r'&a$aan.

Da#a* $a# n &"+a,a #an%a&an /"r(a a%a#a$ &",a#a 'n%an,>'n%an, p"ra!'ran &"r!a

/"p'!'&an -an, %/"#'ar/an p"*"rn!a$.

Un%an,>'n%an, %an p"ra!'ran -an, +"r$'+'n,an %"n,an #n,/'n,an $%'p an!ara #an :

Un%an,>'n%an, R.I. No. 4 !a$'n 19=2 !"n!an, /"!"n!'an po/o/ p"n,"#o#aan #n,/'n,an

$%'p.

)"ra!'ran )"*"rn!a$ R.I. No. ;1 !a$'n 199 -an, *"n,,an!/an p"ra!'ran p"*"rn!a$

R.I. No. 29 !a$'n 19=< !"n!an, ana#&a %a*pa/ #n,/',an.

S'ra! K"p'!'&an M"n!"r )"r!anan No. <@K)TS@R" 220@<@19=9 !"n!an, p"%o*an !"/n&

p"n-'&'nan ana#&a *"n,"na %a*pa/ % #n,/'n,an D"par!"*"n )"r!anan

K"p'!'&an ;1@M"n KLH@<@19= !"n!an, p"%o*an )"n-'&'nan S!'% Ea#'a& *"n,"na

%a*pa/ #n,/'n,an.



BAB -II

KRITIK DAN SARAN



BAB -III

PENUTUP



DAFTAR PUSTAKA



LAMPIRAN

TUGAS KHUSUS

Documents

Laporan Praktek Kerja Nyata New (Autosaved)