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  • 8/18/2019 Laverdaderaeducación

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     Jd Ufrodofrd

    fougdgc÷`

    Fsgrcti pir Qbdjk

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    ^rc`gcpci Fsgrchi fstf jchri gi` 41 dôis, gimi rfgirodtirci of u`d mf`tf sd`d, of u`d jdrad y gjdrdvcsc÷`, of u`d c`oca`dgc÷` d`tf jd gi`tdmc`dod mf`tf of jis doujtis, d dqufjjis c`ocefrf`tfs, d

    dqufjjis quf du` vcf`oi scauf` gcfais, of jis pfrocois du` tf`cf`oi f` erf`tf fj sf`ofri.

    Fsgrchi fsti pdrd tf`fr mfmircd fsgrctd of jd vfrodo y jd j÷acgd, of u` sf`tcoi gimü`, ofj

    mcfoi d pfrofr fj af`ci y fj `côi. V` tfstcmi`ci `i ofsof u` pu t̀i of vcstd eufrd of jds dujds,

    td` grctcgdod jfy wfrt, oigf`tfs y pdorfs u`cois hdli u`d mcsmd c`oca`dgc÷`, yi pripi`ai u`

    pu`ti of vcstd ihvcdoi, md`tf`coi dj mdraf`, d u` gijfgtcvi quf `c sc qucfrd sf jf bd

    gi`sujtdoi, fj ofj djum`i. Mugbis ocrä` quf fstis eufri` jis prcmfris, `dod mäs fqucvigdoi,

    pirquf pdrd mí, mf`tfs oãhcjfs, ofsircf`tdods, u`d scmpjf gbdrjd hdstd pdrd gdmhcdrjis, fsf

    `i fs jd vfrodofrd ipc`c÷` of u` djum`i. Itris, ocrä` quf fj sc`ocgdti of fstuocd`tfs euf

    gi`sujtdoi, gi`ajimfrdoi of gbdrjdtd`fs scfrvis of c`tfrfsfs pijítcgis, oi`of sf f`guf`trd`supufstis fstuocd`tfs quf tcf`f` ?> dôis, guä`ti bdhrä rfpftcoi, fsf ecfj rfprfsf`tdoir of

    `ufstri gijfgtcvi. Fsf gijfgtcvi f` oi`of dhu`od` jds `itds rdspdods, fsf mcsmi gijfgtcvi

    quf `i sf pcfrof `c`au`d md`cefstdgc÷`, `c du`quf sfd` f` jds mäs dlftrfdods efgbds of

    fxämf`fs, scfmprf fstä` dbí, fsf fs fj sc`ocgdti of fstuocd`tfs, f` fj quf ji quf mf`is bdy,

    si` fstuocd`tfs.

    @i s÷ji ierfzgi, jd vcsc÷` quf tf`ai sihrf fj scstfmd fougdtcvi f` hdsf d jds fxpfrcf`gcds quf

    bf coi rfgiacf`oi f` fj trä`scti pir fj mcsmi. Wc`i u`d of`u`gcd, d jis mdjfs of `ufstri

    tcfmpi y of mc af`frdgc÷`, ofsof jd ÷ptcgd ofj quf ji suerf. F` rfspufstd of dqufjjis quf `is

    d`djczd` ofsof eufrd gi` tiod dsfvfrdgc÷`, ofsof jis c`tfjfgtudjfs, priefsirfs, pdorfs, f`

    ofec`ctcvd tiod gjdsf of pfod`tfs doujtis quf `i bdgf` gisd quf u`d grítcgd supfrecgcdj bdgcdu` gijfgtcvi defgtdoi pir prieu`ois prihjfmds f` rdczdois f` u`d `ufvd sigcfodo quf jfs bd

    odoi jd fspdjod, f` oi`of bähcjfs ipirtu`cstds ierfgf` miofjis of gi`ougtd d ec`fs d sus

    c`tfrfsfs, miofjis of gi`ougtd, quf jflis of tiod mirdjcodo si` jis tijfrdois pir u`is

    pdorfs y fougdoirfs cmhucois f` fj pfir mdj of `ufstri tcfmpi, jd c`ocefrf`gcd.

    Fs gurcisi, pfri gimi tiod pfrsi`d dprf`oi of mcs fxpfrcf`gcds, `i siy muy ocstc`ti of jis

    ofmäs f` fsf`gcd, sc` fmhdrai yi mf euc of jd fsgufjd gi` mugbíscmi mäs, `i of

    mdtfmätcgds, `c of eíscgd, `c sc qucfrd of jf`aud, sc`i quf of jd fsgufjd sdquã djai mugbi mäs

    cmpirtd`tf, f`tf`oí gimi eu`gci`d, mc pdís, jd fougdgc÷` quf ji fstrugturd y ji mäs

    cmpirtd`tf. Dprf`oí d f`tf`ofr d jds pfrsi`ds, ofsof jis quf f`sfôd` bdstd jis quf dprf`of`.

    ^ir itri jdoi, mcs gimpdôfris sf eufri` gi` gdsc `dod, sf eufri` tdj y gimi f`trdri`, sc`

    sdhfr of o÷`of vcf`f`, `c bdgcd oi`of vd`, `c scqucfrd, o÷`of fstä`. D pfsdr of quf vcvcfri`

    jds mcsmds fxpfrcf`gcds quf yi, `i ocjugcodri` `dod of g÷mi eu`gci`d fj scstfmd fougdtcvi, `c

    of jds pfrsi`ds d su djrfofoir, pir u`d sf`gcjjd rdz÷`, `i sf dprf`of siji of jds fxpfrcf`gcds

    vcvcods sc`i of ji quf sf rfejfxci`d sihrf fjjds.

    Fstcmdoi Jfgtir, f` fstf jchri prftf`oi ierfgfrjf u`d ipc`c÷` of jd jfy Qfrt muy ocstc`td d jd

    quf fstä dgistumhrdod d fsgugbdr f` jd gdjjf, td`ti gimi f` u` jdoi gimi f` fj itri jdoi of

    jd dgfrd. Jd sigcfodo fspdôijd sdhf quf jd fougdgc÷` fstä mdj, bfmis fsgugbdoi jis c`eirmfs

    ^CWD y fj erdgdsi fsgijdr ¹^fri pir quã9 @dod fs pirquf sí, tioi tcf`f u`d gdusd y fj ard`

    pühjcgi `i jds tcf`f gjdrds, yi gi` mc fxpfrcf`gcd prftf`oi sfôdjdrjds, pi`frjfs `imhrf ydpfjjcoi. Mc ipc`c÷` `i prigfof of itri pdrtf quf of mc fxpfrcf`gcd, y fs fstd jd quf viy d

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    fxpi`fr f` prcmfr juadr, pufs fs fstf u` tfstcmi`ci ardhdoi, u`d viz of duxcjci, u` rfgufroi,

    u`d prufhd of ji quf vfrodofrdmf`tf pdsd f` jds dujds. ¹Xfdjmf`tf fs jd jfy Qfrt mdjd i

    huf`d9 ¹Guäjfs si` jis vfrodofris prihjfmds quf deri`td`, jis djum`is f` fj scstfmd

    fougdtcvi dgtudj9 ¹Tuã fs ji quf rfdjmf`tf bdgf td` mdjd jd fougdgc÷` f` fstf pdís9 ¹Bdgíd

    quf fougdgc÷` ofhfmis jugbdr pdrd quf gumpjd gi` `ufstrds `fgfscodofs jd of jis djum`is9

    Fspfri quf gi` mc fxpfrcf`gcd `i s÷ji dumf`tf su gi`sgcf`gcd sc`i quf doiptf u`d dgtctuomäs grítcgd d bdgcd jd fougdgc÷`, pirquf mcrdr dj euturi gi` jd fougdgc÷` fs mcrdr pir u`d

    fougdgc÷` of gdjcodo, u`d fougdgc÷` gdmhcd`tf, u`d fougdgc÷` quf `fgfsctd dodptdrsf d u`

    `ufvi mu`oi sc` rf`u`gcdr d jis vdjirfs, `c jd ipc`c÷` grítcgd of sus djum`is. Fs bird of mcrdr

    jds gisds of itrd eirmd.

    Mc fxpfrcf`gcd

    D`tfs of fmpfzdr, mf austdríd ierfgfrjfs u` pigi of mcs iríaf`fs y mc c`ed`gcd.

    @dgí f` fj sf`i of u`d edmcjcd grcstcd`i rfgchcf`oi u`d fougdgc÷` c`ejuf`gcdod pir tdj

    gi`ocgc÷`, fj prcmfr rfgufroi rfsgdtdoi of mc mäs tcfr`d c`ed`gcd, frd jd vcod f` fj girrdj÷` of

    mc tíi, guyis hfjjis rfgufrois dü` pfrmd`fgf` jdtf`tfs f` mc mfmircd. _iodvíd pufoi vfr

    gimi jis pjägcois rdyis of juz hdôdhd` jis djtis muris hjd`gis of dqufj pdtci gudordoi, f`trf

    gd`tis of adjjis, fj pcdr of jis airrci`fs y fj hfjji erfsgir ofj gcfji dzuj, bdgf` quf qufof

    ardhdoi gi` tfr`urd, jd djfaríd quf supi`íd fj `ufvi fmpfzdr of gdod oíd. Du`quf gi`

    dpf`ds ? dôis, pir gcrgu`std`gcds edmcjcdrfs, tuvf quf muodrmf d u` pufhji ofj djldrdef, ydhd`oi`dr dsí gi` pfsdr dqufj vcfli girtcli f` fj quf bdhíd pdsdoi jis prcmfris dôis of mc

    vcod. Fj `ufvi pufhji fstdhd f` jds djturds, ji quf pfrmctíd ocvcsdr fj fxtf`si pdcsdlf f` oi`of

    jds `uhfs y jd of`sd dtm÷sefrd sf eu`oíd`, dj ei`oi jds girocjjfrds, d jis pcfs fj sudvf md`ti of

    vfaftdgc÷` quf gcrgu`gcodhd jds prdofrds.

    D pfsdr ofj bfrmisi juadr quf pir ofsardgcd sf euf urhd`czd`oi, ji mflir sc` ouod, frd jis

     lufais f` fj pdrquf of doiquc`fs rfgtd`aujdrfs, rfshdjdofris y gijumpcis, gi` d`tcauis

    ijcvis, sftis y gijum`ds d jis jdois. Euf djjí oi`of pdsã mugbíscmi tcfmpi f` mc c`ed`gcd,

    prägtcgdmf`tf chd d ocdrci, ji mflir, frd quf dj gdfr fj sij y pufstd jd `igbf, itrds jugfs

    dofmäs of jds edrijds fstdhd` prfsf`tfs, jds jugfs of jd urhf pc`tdhd` fj pdcsdlf of fstrfjjds

    oirdods, yd quf sc djai rfgufroi gi` iraujji mfjd`gijíd frd` dqufjjds hfjjds vcstds of jd gcuodoof Wfvcjjd.

    ^fri `i tioi eufri` huf`is rfgufrois, prfgcsdmf`tf, fj prcmfr mdj rfgufroi quf tuvf euf

    rfjdgci`dod gi` jd fougdgc÷`, jd audrofríd. Frd f` dqufj focecgci, f` oi`of vd`ds pfadtc`ds

    c`tf`tdhd` ocscmujdr jd fstrfgbd sdjd quf `is fmpdrfodhd, f` oi`of jis luauftfs `i frd` mäs

    quf fj pdsdlfri f`trftf`cmcf`ti quf `is husgdhd gdjjdr, y f` oi`of fj dhd`oi`i pir pdrtf of

    mc mdorf, mf bdríd suercr bdstd quf dgdhã pir dgfptdr jis dmdrais pjdgfhis of pjästcgi

    ierfgcois.

    ^ir ji af`frdj sijíd giafr mcs luauftfs y husgdrmf u` rc`g÷` mäs dcsjdoi of jis `côis, pdrd

    piofr luadr du`quf gi` fj tcfmpi dgdhã rfjdgci`ä`oimf f` mdyir i mf`ir mfocod. ^irdqufjjis f`ti`gfs, pripci of jd fodo yi `i f`tf`oíd `dod, y sijíd ihsfrvdr jis

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    gimpirtdmcf`tis of jis ofmäs scfmprf mcrdhd jds gisds c`tf`td`oi f`tf`ofrjds gi` dqufjjd

    oujgf y purd vcstd of dqufj `côi zuroi.

    Of jd audrofríd, pdsf d c`ed`tcj y of c`ed`tcj d prcmdrcd, `i tf`ai itrd gisd f` jd mfmircd of

    dqufjjis tcfmpis quf lufais y ocvfrsc÷`, pir dqufjjis tcfmpis mc dgtctuo bdgcd jis doujtis frd

    rfgfjisd, gi` fj tcfmpi, euc giacã`oijfs gcfrtd gi`ecd`zd, yd quf tf`íd prfsf`tf u`rdzi`dmcf`ti, quf `i sã sc sf jf pufof jjdmdr dsí, f` dqufjjis tcfmpis frd pdrd mí `i siji

    väjcoi sc`i u` prc`gcpci c`ocsgutchjf ”Ofhíd ihfofgfr y gi`ecdr f` jis doujtis pirquf fjjis

    gi`igf` ji quf fs ji girrfgti< jds huf`ds gi`ougtds y gimi bdgfr jds gisds hcf`, pir ji td`ti

    tioi fj mu`oi ji bdrä, ¹g÷mi sdhcf`oi ji quf fstä hcf` chd` d bdgfr itrd gisd9 sfríd dhsuroi;

    pir ji quf pdrd mí, fj mu`oi of jis doujtis frd coíjcgi y pfrefgti, dsí quf tiods jds irof`fs

    quf sdjíd` of fjjis ofhíd` sfr ihfofgcods pirquf scfmprf ofhíd` of sfr huf`ds. Dofmäs mf

    pripirgci`dhd` sfaurcodo, pdrd mí jis doujtis frd` Ocis. Jd vfrodo fs quf yi frd muy, muy

    pfqufôi.

    Jjfauã d prcmdrcd, fs dquí gud`oi mc vcod pir f`tfri gdmhcdríd, gimi vfi d jds pfrsi`ds, d jd

    c`eirmdgc÷` y sihrf tioi dj mu`oi, `i frd u`d gufstc÷` of mdourfz girrcf`tf, `i euf jd

    fsgufjd, euf u` siji u` c`std`tf f` fj quf f` pigi sfau`ois tioi sf vijg÷, fj mu`oi sf

    gi`trdli sihrf sí mcsmi pdrd ofldrmf ejitd`oi f` fj vdgíi siji y sc` sf`tcoi. _ioi ji quf bczi

    quf mc mf`tf gdmhcdrd euf siji u`d erdsf y u` c`std`tf, y `dod tf`oríd quf vfr gi` jd

    fougdgc÷`, sfríd mc `ufvd vcsc÷` jd quf mf fmpuldríd d c`tfrriadrmf y d`djczdr jd fougdgc÷`.

    F` dqufj sfau`oi euf gud`oi sdjí ocspdrdoi y dtrdvfsã jds arufsds y vcsgisds pdrfofs quf

    guhrf` fj gírguji of dqufjji quf jjdmd` `irmdjcodo, y ofsof eufrd, tioi dqufjji d ji quf bdhíd

    pfrtf`fgcoi pdrfgíd u`d d`imdjíd, u` c`sujti, u`d rfsca`dgc÷` y u` ofsf`adôi, f` dqufjmimf`ti f`tf`oí quf `dod vijvfríd d sfr caudj.

    Wc` dqufj mimf`ti of c`ejfxc÷`, biy `i fstdríd fsgrchcf`oi `dod, pirquf `i mf bdhríd ecldoi

    of jds pdrfofs `c jds pfrsi`ds quf eirmd` jds pdrfofs ofj tü`fj pir jds quf tiois f` ecjd

    pdsdmis pir dqufjji quf jjdmd` fougdgc÷`, sc` gufstci`dr`is, sc` d`djczdr, `c sc qucfrd jis

    oigf`tfs mugbds vfgfs sf od` guf`td of tiois jis fefgtis quf tcf`f` ji quf bdgf`, sc` fsf

    mimf`ti yi tdmpigi vfríd gudjfs si` jis prihjfmds of jd fougdgc÷` f` mc pdís, `c tdmpigi

    sfríd, qucã` siy biy.

    Mc prcmfr oíd of mc prcmdrcd `i sf ocefrf`gc÷ ofmdscdoi d tiois jis quf bdhíd fstdoi f`c`ed`tcj, of bfgbi sfauídmis luad`oi mugbi, quczäs gdmhcdri` d ard`ofs rdsais fj pdtci, jds

    gjdsfs, c`gjusi pufof quf u` pigi quf jis luauftfs. ^drd mí, jd gisd `i bdhíd gdmhcdoi

    ofmdscdoi, du`quf gi` fj tcfmpi mf euc od`oi guf`td of chd` c`triougcf`oi scjf`gcisdmf`tf

    gi`tf`cois gisds quf bdhíd quf sdhfrsf. Sd f` sfau`oi of prcmdrcd jjfadri` jis gudofr`cjjis

    ruhcis, bdhíd quf fmpfzdr gi` jds mdtfmätcgds, pir dqufj f`ti`gfs jd priefsird ofgíd ji quf

    tf`ídmis quf bdgfr y ji bdgídmis, frd dsí of scmpjf, tf`ídmis quf rfpriougcr ji quf sf `is

    fxpjcgdhd, fsf sfríd u` huf` rfsumf` of jd fougdgc÷`.

    Dj rfgirodr, gimi pf`sdhd f` dqufj f`ti`gfs jd vfrodo fs quf mf dvfraúf`zi hdstd`tf, f`

    mdtfmätcgds, fmpfzähdmis gi` dqufjjis prihjfmds fjfmf`tdjfs, dqufj gimpdôfri of dj jdoi

    mf prfau`t÷ sihrf u` prihjfmd. ¹Wc f` u` ärhij quf bdy 6 md`zd`ds sf gdf u`d, guä`tds

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    md`zd`ds qufod` f` fj ärhij9 Fj gbcgi sf mf dgfrg÷, grfyf`oi tf`fr jd sijugc÷` mf ocli quf

    jds md`zd`ds frd gimi su md`i, y gimi sf bdhíd gdíoi u`i bdhíd quf husgdr fj `ümfri quf dj

    sumärsfji d 4, sdjcfrd 6, y fsf, sfaü` su md`i frd ?. Gud`oi jf fsgugbã jf oclf quf dsí `i sf

    bdgíd, jd priefsird `i ji bdhíd fxpjcgdoi dsí, bdhíd quf bdgfrji rfstd`oi y fsgrchcf`oi f` pdpfj

    jd ipfrdgc÷`, grfi quf fj gbdvdj sf ofgfpgci`÷. Ofsof jufai sdjíd fj mcsmi `ümfri, c`gjusi ji

    f`tf`oíd, pfri `i frd gimi ofgíd jd priefsird, f` dqufj mimf`ti ihvcdhd quf ‚^drd quf u`dvfrodo sfd vfrodo, scfmprf ofhf bdhfr mäs of u` gdmc`i pdrd jjfadr d fjjd” 

    ^dsã tfrgfri of prcmdrcd, sc` `dod quf rfsdjtdr, y euf prfgcsdmf`tf f` gudrti of prcmdrcd, fs fj

    mimf`ti f` fj quf fmpcfzd of vfrodo mc bcstircd, fs dquí gud`oi tuvf fj mimf`ti quf

    gdmhcdríd mc mf`tf pdrd scfmprf, fj ard` pu`ti of c`ejfxc÷` of mc vcod, d pdrtcr ofj gudj mc

    dgtctuo pdsdríd of sfr jd mäs gi`eirmcstd d jd mäs grítcgd y d`djítcgd. V` siji c`std`tf hdst÷,

    pdrd u` gdmhci td` prieu`oi f` mc pfrgfpgc÷`. @u`gd pir hcf` i pdrd ofsardgcd ijvcodrã fstf

    gursi.

    Jd gjdsf `i pdrfgíd f` u` prcmfr mimf`ti `dod eufrd of ji gimü`, ofgf`ds of pupctrfs

    djc`fdois igupdois pir `ufvis djum`is u` pigi `frvcisis pir fmpfzdr fj gursi. Jd priefsird

    frd livf` of pfji rczdoi y sfoisi, djtd y gi` gcfrti f`tuscdsmi. @i mf pdrfgc÷ mdjd, `c ji frd,

    ji quf sc ihvcã, fs quf rfspfgti d jis djum`is bdhíd tigdoi u`d mfzgjd ‚fxtrdôd” pir dsí

    ofgcrji, `côis quf jfs austdhd mugbi ocvfrtcrsf, y d ji jdrai ofj gursi ji gi`ecrmdríd` gi` sus

    dgtis, sdhíd` ocvfrtcrsf td` hcf`, quf fxtfr`djczdhd` jd ocvfrsc÷`, yi tdmhcã` mf ocvfrtíd gi`

    jds pdydsdods of itris, of bfgbi gi`vfrtí jd rcsd f` mc decgc÷`, ourd`tf tioi fj gursi mf rfí

    u`d y itrd vfz pir td`tds gisds quf pdsdri`, ji gi`vfrtí f` mc bihhy, ofsof jufai, sc`i eufsf

    pir ji fxtrdôi of dqufj gursi, jd vfrodo fs quf ji rfgirodríd gi` mugbi gdrcôi.

    Jd f`gcgjipfocd

    F` dqufj gursi mf rfadjdri`, u` irof`doir y u`d f`gcgjipfocd c`tfrdgtcvd pdrd `côis, bdstd

    fsf mimf`ti `i bdhíd tf`coi `c`aü` tcpi of vcofigi`sijd `c `dod pdrfgcoi, of bfgbi jd ü`cgd

    fxpfrcf`gcd quf bdhíd tf`coi dj rfspfgti frd gi` jd pjdy stdtci` of mcs dmcais. Fstdhd

    f`tuscdsmdoi gi` jis sfgrftis quf pioíd` gi`tf`fr dqufjjd gdrgdsd of gcrguctis, fsis sfgrftis

    quf pioíd md`cpujdr y ofsguhrcr rfejfgtdois f` u`d pd`tdjjd of pjdsmd. Gimi ji prcmfri quf

    tuvf euf fsd f`gcgjipfocd vcrtudj, `i tf`íd itrd gisd pdrd luadr, dsí quf sijíd dhrcrjd y luadr gi`

    jis lufais quf vf`íd` prfc`stdjdois, `i frd` mäs quf lufais pdrd `côis gi` jis quf dprf`ofr

    gi`tf`cois häscgis, gimi jds mdtfmätcgds, gi`igcmcf`ti ofj mfoci… ^ir flfmpji, bdhíd

     lufais quf gi`scstíd` f` gijigdr jis ÷rad`is bumd`is f` su sctci, y euf ardgcds d ãj gimi

    sdquã u` 4> sc` fseufrzi f` u` fxdmf` of gi`igcmcf`ti ofj mfoci.

    ^ri`ti mc rutc`d sf gi`vcrtc÷ f` `i bdgfr `dod f` jds gjdsfs, pigi f` gdsd y f` bdgfr jis

    fxämf`fs ü`cgdmf`tf gi` jis gi`tf`cois quf bdhíd doqucrcoi fj oíd d`tfs gi` fsgdsis

    mc`utis of lufai. @i dhríd fj jchri, jjfai d sfr tdj mc ofsprfigupdgc÷`, quf `i sdhíd guä`oi

    frd` jis fxämf`fs, scmpjfmf`tf jis deri`tdhd gi` ji quf sdhíd fj oíd quf tigdrd. ^igi d pigi,

    mf fmpfzdri` d mcrdr rdri jis djum`is, f` gjdsf sijíd prfstdr dtf`gc÷` y f`tf`oíd räpcoi jds

    gisds, y gi` ji quf bdhíd dprf`ocoi f` gdsd, frd sumdmf`tf eägcj cr pir ofjd`tf of jd

    priefsird, gi`std`tfmf`tf jf c`tfrrumpíd, `i pdrd mijfstdr sc`i pdrd d`tcgcpdr ji quf chd d

    ofgcr.

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    Dqufj rfhisd`tf f`tuscdsmi frd fj quf gi`sfauí djcafrdr tiods jds birds quf fstdhd mftcoi f`

    dqufjjd pfqufôd ldujd, pirquf jd gjdsf `i frd of `côis scjf`gcisis `c fougdois `c mugbi

    mf`is. Gdod vfz quf jd priefsird sf odhd jd vufjtd i sdjíd of gjdsf, jd mdyiríd sf jfvd`tdhd y

    girríd f`trf jds mfsds, riodhd` pir ofhdli, bdgíd of aufrrd of hijds of pdpfj, fsf ofsirof` f

    c`eirmdjcodo dj gi`trdrci of ji quf sf pioríd pf`sdr `i mf ocsaustdhd, tioi ji gi`trdrci, mf

    ocvfrtíd dü` mäs, jjfa÷ tdj jd ofsfspfrdgc÷` of jd priefsird d`tf td`ti djhiriti quf frd c`gdpdzof gi`trijdr, quf gimpr÷ u` scjhdti, euf siji f` fsf mimf`ti gud`oi yd `i mf bczi ardgcd

    quf jd af`tf bcgcfrd rucoi, pufs gdod vfz quf si`dhd fj dtri`doir rucoi tiois `is tdpähdmis

    jis iíois, jd fueircd sf girtdhd f` u` c`std`tf, f`trf gdrds d`i`dodods mcrähdmis d jd

    priefsird gi` gcfrti tfmir, yd `i frd td` eägcj pdsdrji hcf`.

    Guä`ti fstuocds

    @i pds÷ mugbi tcfmpi sc` quf mc gimpirtdmcf`ti ofspfrtdrä fj c`tfrãs of mugbis, dü`

    rfgufroi gud`oi djau`is djum`is sf dgfrgdri` y mf prfau`tdri` djai quf mf odhd

    jctfrdjmf`tf mcfoi<

    -¹_ü guä`ti fstuocds9

    @u`gd sdhrã sc f` dqufj mimf`ti mcs gimpdôfris vcfri` mc gdrd ofsgimpi`frsf, ji gcfrti fs

    quf mf qufoã gi`afjdoi, c`tf`tã pf`sdr räpcoi, tf`íd dutã`tcgi pä`cgi, sdhíd quf `i pioíd

    ofgcrjfs quf ji quf bdgíd frd luadr u`is mc`utis d u` lufai of f`gcgjipfocd vcrtudj fj oíd d`tfs,

    mf cmdac`dhd quf mf pioríd` gdstcadr sc sdhíd quf `i fstuocdhd mugbi, y sihrftioi mf

    cmpirtdhd ji quf pf`sdrd` of mí. Du`quf `i ji pdrfzgd of pfqufôi tf`íd mugbis gimpjflis,

    jf odhd mugbíscmds vufjtds d jds gisds. Ofspuãs of u`is sfau`ois mufrtis mf oca`ã d

    rfspi`ofr y jfs oclf<

    -? birds

    Jd c`grfoujcodo sf pdjp÷ dj vfr quf tiois fstdhd` sirprf`ocois y sdtcsefgbis gi` jd rfspufstd,

    sf mcrdhd` u`is d itris cmprfsci`dois y prfau`tdri` g÷mi pioíd bdgfrji i gimi ji

    sipirtdhd, jd vfrodo fs quf dj vfr fj rfsujtdoi of jd rfspufstd d mí tdmhcã` sf mf gi`tdac÷ jd

    fueircd bdhíd gi`sfaucoi gdusdr huf`d cmprfsc÷`, pir ji quf sfauí md`tf`cf`oi jd decrmdgc÷`

    d ji jdrai ofj gursi, ji quf `i fspfrdhd fs quf dj ec`dj jd priefsird sf dgdhdríd f`tfrd`oi.

    @itds

    Dj tfrmc`dr fj trcmfstrf y odr jds `itds, jd priefsird ofl÷ d mc pdorf fj üjtcmi pdrd bdhjdr gi`

    ãj, sf jjfvdri` mugbi rdti bdhjd`oi c`gjusi d`igbfgc÷, sf`tdoi f` jis fsgdji`fs fspfrdhd d

    quf sdjcfsf of jd gjdsf, `i fsgugbf tiod jd gi`vfrsdgc÷` pfri sc djau`ds erdsfs sufjtds gimi<-Wu bcli vdjf gimi pdrd gi`sfaucr u` trdhdli quf `i sf tf`ad quf jfvd`tdr d jds 1 of jd

    mdôd`d. _cf`f quf fstcmujdr mäs d su bcli… 

    Wdjc÷ of jd gjdsf y `is eucmis, `i pdrfgíd quf pdsdrd `dod sihrf`dturdj scmpjfmf`tf `is

    eucmis jis ois f` scjf`gci dj gigbf, dj suhcrmf vc quf yd bdhíd f`trdoi jd `igbf, `i bdhíd ju`d,

    tioi fstdhd isguri, siji sf vfíd pir jds tf`ufs jugfs of jds edrijds quf íhdmis ofld`oi dträs

    gi`eirmf fj gigbf drrd`gdhd, ca`irdhd ji quf sf vf`íd f`gcmd.

    Mc pdorf sf vijvc÷, mäs fxcaf`tf, mcs itris dmcais sijíd` fstuocdr 8 birds y yi tf`íd quf fstdr

    supufstdmf`tf fstuocd`oi fj mcsmi tcfmpi, mcf`trds d ji quf mf ofocgdhd, frd d cmdac`dr

    gisds gi` jds quf piofr f`trftf`frmf i d utcjczdr fj irof`doir gud`oi ji tuvcfrd ocspi`chjf.^igi d pigi y pu`tudjmf`tf mc pdorf mf euf ofld`oi mäs tcfmpi fstuocd`oi, of vfz f`

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    gud`oi gisds quf `i mf austdhd`. ^ir ji quf jjfa÷ d vfr vfgfs quf mcs dmcais sdjíd` c`gjusi

    mäs quf yi. _dmhcã` d fjjis bdhíd vfgfs quf sf qufodhd` mäs tcfmpi fstuocd`oi, pfri yi `i

    `fgfsctdhd fsf tcfmpi. Dofmäs mc pdorf mf c`stdj÷ u` priardmd pdrd dprf`ofr d fsgrchcr d

    irof`doir quf frd rfmdtdodmf`tf dhurrcoi, `i daud`tdhd dqufj priardmd mfgä`cgi y

    dhsuroi. @i mf austdhd `dod mc `ufvd sctudgc÷`.

    Fj rfvãs

    Fj vfrodofri gdmhci igurrc÷ u`d tdrof gudjqucfrd dj hdldr jds fsgdjfrds f`gi`trã d mc pdorf

    bdhjd`oi gi` mc pdorf, pf`sã quf fstdríd` pf`sd`oi f` ihjcadrmf d bdgfr mäs gisds, `dod

    mäs djfldoi of jd rfdjcodo. Mf dgfrquã d jd gigc`d, mcf`trds rfgirríd fj pdscjji fsgugbdhd d mc

    pdorf f` viz djtd ofgcr<

    -Bdy quf vfr quf jis pijítcgis tcf`f` foctircdjfs dec`fs quf fsgrchf` jis jchris gimi jfs

    c`tfrfsd.

    Jjfauã d jd gigc`d, y mf qufoã pdrdoi f` jd pufrtd, mcf`trds gi`tfmpjdhd d mc pdorf y mc

    mdorf pjägcodmf`tf sf`tdoi, mf dtrfví d c`tfrrumpcr jd gi`vfrsdgc÷`.

    -¹F`ti`gfs `i tioi ji quf pi`f f` jis jchris fs scfmprf vfrodo9

    -@i

    Fstd fs jd erdsf quf, jflis of sfr u`d scmpjf gurciscodo ofti`÷ f` mc gdhfzd gi` fj piofr of mcj

    himhds dt÷mcgds. Sd `i pioíd grffr f` `dod, scfmprf bdhíd fstdoi dpiydoi f` jis doujtis,

    pfri dbird yd `i pioíd gi`ecdr f` `dod `c f` `docf, c`gjusi f` jis jchris pioíd bdhfr mf`tcrds,

    f` fsf c`std`tf ofsdpdrfgc÷ tiod euf`tf ecdhjf of c`eirmdgc÷`, yd `dod frd sfauri. Ofspdgci,

    vijví pir oi`of bdhíd vf`coi, pdsã pir fj pdscjji y suhí jds fsgdjfrds pdrä`oimf f` gdod

    pfjodôi, bdstd quf jjfauã d mc bdhctdgc÷` y mf sf`tã f` jd gdmd. F` mfoci ofj sbigk, bdhríd

    u` ard`oíscmi gdmhci f` mc mf`tf, d`djczä`oiji dôis ofspuãs ocríd quf f` dqufj mimf`ti

    Ocis bdhíd mufrti. Bdhíd` oc`dmctdoi jds hdsfs of mcs íoijis. _ioi frd mf`tcrd, fs f` fstf

    mimf`ti gud`oi vfrodofrdmf`tf `dgf mc ipc`c÷` grítcgd, quf yi gi`scofri gimi mc

    gdpdgcodo d`djítcgd of jd supfrvcvf`gcd, ofj mcfoi d sfr f`adôdoi. Sd `i gi`ecdríd f` ji quf sf

    mf gi`tdhd.

    Wc` fmhdrai `i tioi bdhíd gdmhcdoi, f` jd gjdsf sfauíd c`tfrrumpcf`oi gi` fj ec` of

    f`trftf`frmf, bdhíd quf tf`fr f` guf`td quf f` ji tigd`tf d jds mdtfrcd, jis gi`tf`cois frd`

    í`ecmis y mdgbdgi`fs, tf`ídmis pigis ihlftcvis dj trcmfstrf, pir ji quf `is pioídmis jjfvdr

    trd`qucjdmf`tf u` trcmfstrf od`oi pir flfmpji jds mujtcpjcgdgci`fs, y sc jds f`tf`oíd ofsofprcmfrd bird frd u` prihjfmd hdstd`tf ardvf, pirquf mf dhurrcríd bdstd quf gdmhcäsfmis of

    tfmd. _ioi bdy quf ofgcrji, c`gjusi d`tfs of tf`fr fj irof`doir, yi yd dprf`oíd jds gisds

    räpcoi f c`tfrrumpíd, pfri ofsof quf tf`íd jd f`gcgjipfocd, yd frd ofmdscdoi ofsgdri.

    Dü` rfgufroi dqufjjis ofhfrfs quf fmpfgã d dhd`oi`dr, fspfgcdjmf`tf jis gudofr`cjjis

    ruhcis, yd quf jd priefsird `is ihjcadhd d fsgrchcr jis trfs dpdrtdois< jis odtis, fj prihjfmd y

    jd sijugc÷`. Gimi frd` räpcois of bdgfr, jis bdgíd f` jd gjdsf f` u` mimf`ti of jd eirmd mäs

    räpcod pischjf dsí quf mf ofocgdhd d pi`fr fj rfsujtdoi ocrfgtdmf`tf. Wc` fmhdrai, d jd bird

    of f`trfadrji, jd priefsird sf c`oca`dhd dj vfr jd f`irmf gd`tcodo of prihjfmds ofj

    gudofr`cjji ruhci rfsufjtis gi` mc mdjd gdjcardeíd, mc eirmd d`ärqucgd y sc` bdgfr dpf`ds

    gäjgujis, pir ji quf of mdj ti`i mf sijíd rfadôdr

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    -¡_cf`fs quf bdgfr trfs dpdrtdoi, odtis, prihjfmd y sijugc÷`!

    D ji quf rfspi`oí gi` fsgfptcgcsmi.

    -¹^ir quã9

    F`ti`gfs fjjd fmpfzdhd d mcrdr pdrd jis jdois y d afstudjczdr gi` jds md`is ocgcf`oi<-Fs quf `i tf gufstd trdhdli bdgfrji.

    Mf gdjjdhd pfri f` mc gdhfzd siji ri`odhd c`oca`dgc÷`, pufsti quf fstähdmis bdhjd`oi of

    u` gudofr`cjji f`tfri of prihjfmds mfgä`cgis, rfpftctcvis y scmpjfs quf pioíd rfsijvfr of

    gdhfzd, tdrodhd mäs f` fsgrchcr jis dpdrtdois quf f` rfsijvfrjis, pir ji quf ca`irã titdjmf`tf

    fstf gi`sfli.

    Biy, dj pf`sdrji mf oiy guf`td of quf f` pdrtf jjfvdhd rdz÷` pufs fs u`d eirmd of

    dgistumhrdr d jis `côis d fstrugturdr jis gi`tf`cois y odr u` gcfrti irof` d jd bird of rfsijvfr

    prihjfmds pufsti quf f` u` euturi jfs sfrä `fgfsdrci sfaucr fstf tcpi of prigfocmcf`tis pdrd

    rfsijvfr prihjfmds mäs gimpjflis. Wc` fmhdrai, fj ard` prihjfmd jd fougdgc÷` f` fstdfodofs, fs quf sf tf`oíd d cmpi`fr prc`gcpcis sc` rdzi`drjis, f`sfôd`oi d jis `côis of

    pfqufôis d grffr oiamds of jd dutircodo, grfd`oi dsí u` gimpirtdmcf`ti hdsdoi f` ÷rof`fs

    bdgcf`oi quf itris ofgcod` pir jis `côis, `i sf jfs f`sfôdhd d rdzi`dr `c tdmpigi sf

    draumf`tdhd gi` fjjis pirquf frd` `côis, ¹pdrd fsi fstä` `i9, pdrd ihfofgfr… Jd rfdjcodo

    euf quf `i qucsf gfofr, y mugbi mf`is c`vfrtcr u`d c`mf`sd gd`tcodo of tcfmpi f` djai quf

    `i sf mf bdhíd lustcecgdoi rdgci`djmf`tf quf ofhíd bdgfr. Mc dgtctuo of rfhfjoíd dj ec`dj

    tfrmc`÷ f` quf gdod vfz qufríd bdgfr mf`is, ji gudj mf trdli mugbis prihjfmds.

    F` fsd jí`fd of ofsprfigupdgc÷` mc ofldofz frd tdj quf `i sdhíd guä`oi md`odhd` ofhfrfs, yfsi frd u` prihjfmd muy ardvf, pirquf `i sdhíd guä`oi bdhíd quf trdfrjis bfgbis. F` jf`aud

    f` fj mimf`ti quf jis pfoíd`, yi `c sc qucfrd sdhíd quf jis bdhíd` md`odoi, pfri gi`sfauíd

    fsgdpdrmf utcjczd`oi u`d fstrdtdafmd, mcf`trds gimprihdhd jis ofhfrfs of mcs

    gimpdôfris, yi jis bdgíd rdpcoíscmdmf`tf sc` gipcdr jis f`u`gcdois y gi` u`d trfmf`od mdjd

    gdjcardeíd, dsí gi`sfauíd bdgfrjis räpcoi. Dofmäs sdhíd quf jd priefsird `i sipirtdhd mc

    gdjcardeíd, pir ji quf dj mcrdrjis pi`íd gdrd of susti y gdsc tdpä`oisf jis ilis mf jis ofvijvíd

    sc` mcrdr sc fstdhd` gimpjftis oä`oimfji pir huf`i, ji bdgíd, pirquf sdhíd quf frd yi.

    Buhi u`d vfz, quf gi` siji mf`gci`dr ‚gudofr`cjji” supusf quf bdhríd` md`odoi ofhfrfs, f`

    u` mimf`ti of d`scfodo ofgcoí ec`acr quf fstdhd mdji, c`tfrprftã jd edjsd f`efrmfodo gi`

    mdfstríd tdj quf c`gjusi pdsf pir fj mãocgi sc` prihjfmds, y dj ec`dj rfsujtd quf `i bdhíd`md`odoi `dod. Ji pdsdhd edtdj, scfmprf tf`íd fj ed`tdsmd ofträs of jd `ugd, u` pfrmd`f`tf

    pfjcari f` gudjqucfr mimf`ti mf pioíd` pfocr jis ofhfrfs y `i tf`frjis bfgbis, frd u` pfsi

    trfmf`oi f` jd gi`gcf`gcd quf gistdhd trdhdli sipirtdr.

    Jis prihjfmds sf mujtcpjcgdri`, f` jd gdtfqufscs u` gbcvdti jf ocli d mc mdorf quf yi mf

    ofocgdhd d c`tfrrumpcr f` gjdsf, jd vfrodo fs quf mc mdorf sf f`edo÷ hdstd`tf, y dbird

    tdmhcã` mf bdhíd pribchcoi c`tfrrumpcr f` gjdsf. Gimi sf pufof dprfgcdr, yi frd of edmcjcd

    rfjcacisd, ofsof pfqufôis sf mf bdhíd c`gujgdoi dqufjjis md`odmcf`tis quf sf gi`scofrdhd`

    rfajds of iri jctfrdjmf`tf fsgrctds pir Ocis, y fsds `i jds gufstci`dhd; mf sf`tíd edtdj, jdsmf`tcrds, fj gi`std`tf mcfoi, fj sdhfr quf ji quf fstdhd bdgcf`oi `i fstdhd hcf`, frd u`

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    tfrrchjf fspfgtri quf dtirmf`tdhd mc mf`tf, pir jds `igbfs mc gi`sgcf`gcd `i mf ofldhd

    oirmcr, y euf trds vdrcds `igbfs of pfsdoumhrf gud`oi mf oclf d mc mcsmi quf chd d gdmhcdr,

    y mf ji timã mäs f` sfrci, quf gudjqucfr gisd quf buhcfsf bfgbi f` mc vcod.

    Sd frd ec`dj of gudrti of prcmdrcd, y fmpfgã d mistrdr c`tfrãs pir bdgfr jis ofhfrfs tiois jis

    oíds sc` edjtd, gipcdr jis f`u`gcdois, vfíd pigi ardtcecgd`tf y fstüpcoi ji quf bdgíd, prihjfmdsfxtrfmdodmf`tf sf`gcjjis quf pioríd rfsijvfr of gdhfzd, mf bdgíd` pfrofr tcfmpi quf pioríd

    dprivfgbdr f` itrd gisd, jd vfrodo fs quf `i frd `dod priougtcvi, bdhíd sugumhcoi d jd

    prfsc÷`, prfefríd sf`tcrmf hcf` y bdgfr jds gisds tdj y gimi sf fspfrdhd of mí, quf bdgfrjds

    sfaü` mc rdz÷`. Mf bdhíd trd`seirmdoi f` u` huf` gbcgi, pfri tf`íd muy gjdri quf bdhíd djai

    quf `i chd d pfrofr, mc c`gi`eirmcsmi, `i mf chd d trdadr jds md`cpujdgci`fs `c jds mf`tcrds

    of itris, `i chd d pdrdr of d`djczdr pirquf jis priefsirfs bdgíd` ji quf bdgíd`, `i chd d pdrdr

    of sfaucr c`tf`td`oi oftfgtdr ji quf pdsdhd d mc djrfofoir, jf mijfstdsf d qucf` jf mijfstdsf.

    Gi` fj tcfmpi mcs c`trimcsci`fs y djhiritis, gdusdhd` hdstd`tfs f`edois pir jis priefsirfs, y

    gcfrtis rfvufjis pir pdrtf of jis djum`is, du`quf dgdhdhd` pir ca`irdr mcs grítcgds d`tf jis

    dhusis of jis priefsirfs, pirquf jis djum`is `i rdzi`dhd`, gimi scfmprf mf mcrdhd` rdri,fjjis tiodvíd sfauíd` gfadois gi` ihfofgfr sc` gufstci`dr `c f`tf`ofr pirquf sf bdgf ji quf

    sf bdgf, ji mäs g÷mioi pdrd fjjis scfmprf euf ofldrsf jjfvdr. Gi`sfguf`gcd of fsti f` u`d

    gjdsf, tiodvíd rfgufroi quf u`d priefsird `is ocli<

    -Bdy quf sfr gi`ecdois gi` jis pdpds y jis doujtis

    Si gimi frd bdhctudj sdjtdhd, rfgufroi quf utcjcz÷ edjdgcds pdrd f`gdmc`dr d fsf

    rdzi`dmcf`ti d jis djum`is, qufríd quf jis djum`is jjfadrä` pir sí mcsmi d fsd gi`gjusc÷`,

    frd fvcof`tf quf jd priefsird qufríd bdgfr quf jis `côis eufrd` mäs mijofdhjfs y gi` mf`is

    grctfrci pdrd quf jis pdorfs bcgcfrd` gi` fjjis ji quf jfs oã jd ad`d. Dsí quf f` mfoci ofj

    mi`÷jiai of jd priefsird gi` viz djtd y ecrmf mf ocrcaí d fjjd y jf oclf<

    -@i bdy quf sfr gi`ecdois pirquf sf `is pufof f`adôdr.

    -^fri sc frfs ofsgi`ecdoi jd af`tf `i sf vd d sf`tcr g÷miod

    -F`ti`gfs, tcf`fs quf pdrfgfr gi`ecdoi, pfri sfr ofsgi`ecdoi pdrd fvctdr quf tf f`adôf`. Fs

    pfrefgti jd af`tf sf scf`tf g÷miod y dsí `i tf f`adôd`.

    -@i, bdy quf sfr gi`ecdoi pirquf sc `i jd af`tf sf scf`tf mdj gud`oi jd luzads.

    @i jf rfspi`oí, frd fvcof`tf quf `is bdhídmis fstd`gdoi f` u` gírguji. @i bdhíd ocgbi `dod

    `ufvi sf bdhíd vufjti d su prcmfr draumf`ti, grffríd quf rfpctcf`oi jd mcsmd erdsf of itrd

    eirmd sf ad`d` jds ocsgusci`fs, huf`i, djjä fjjd. Dôis ofspuãs sfríd yi qucf` mf rfcríd gud`oirfvf`t÷ jd hurhuld c`mihcjcdrcd, tiois suercmis jds gi`sfguf`gcds of `ufstrd gi`ecd`zd, ofj `i

    qufrfr sfr grítcgi, of mistrdrsf gi`ecdoi gi` tioi, of dgusdr d dqufjjis quf sc dovfrtíd` of

    d`tcpdtrcitds, pirquf pir ofsardgcd jd sigcfodo gi`eu`of jd gi`ecd`zd gi` pdscvcodo, gimi

    dqufj tãrmc`i gijiqucdj ‚`i tf rdyfs”, rdydrsf `i fs mäs quf rfejfxci`dr y odrjf mäs vufjtds d

    jd gdhfzd. ^ir ofsardgcd d fstd `ufvd af`frdgc÷` ofsprfigupdod `i jf dardod mugbi pf`sdr

    ¡`i vdyd d sfr quf jfs fxpjitf fj gfrfhri!

    Jd rfdjcodo fs quf pf`sdr hcf` pirquf bdgfs ji quf bdgfs fs mäs quf rfgimf`odhjf y

    pruof`tf, pufs dpirtd sfaurcodo, pdrd sdhfr o÷`of fstäs y bdgcd o÷`of vds rfejfxci`dr fs

    cmprfsgc`ochjf pirquf fj pf`sdmcf`ti pfrmctf jjfadr dj ofstc`i sc` tf`fr quf dtrdvfsdr fj

    droui gdmc`i.  Jd vfrodo fs quf fs muy trcstf quf jd af`tf tf`ad quf dprf`ofr d ofsgi`ecdr, d

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    prfvf`cr y d`djczdr ofspuãs of bdhfr rfgchcoi ‚pdjis” pir ‚`i rdydrsf”. ‚^irquf dprf`ofr of

    jis frrirfs fs bumd`i, jd vfrodofri vcrtuo fstä f` sdhfr oftfgtdrjis d`tfs of quf sugfod`”. 

    Bf of domctcr quf d ji jdrai ofj gursi buhi djai quf `i gi`sfauí f`tf`ofr hcf`, djai quf mf

    trdíd of gdhfzd, u` rdzi`dmcf`ti quf jflis of sfr rdzi`dmcf`ti frd u`d prfmcsd, u`d tfscsquf pir mugbi ‚rdydrmf” `i gi`sfaucr ocjugcodr su sf`tcoi, fsd erdsf sf pioíd vfr f`mdrgdod

    f` gudjqucfr pd`gdrtd f` jis pdscjjis, fstdhd prägtcgdmf`tf pir tiods pdrtfs, y mf dsqufdhd y

    gi`eu`oíd gdod vfz quf jd vfíd sihrf tioi pir cmpitf`gcd, euf jd ü`cgd gisd quf mf euc sc`

    gimprf`ofr, jd erdsf frd ‚_iois simis caudjfs”.

    Jd prcmfrd fxpjcgdgc÷` quf fsgugbf of fstd erdsf, euf jd of jd priefsird of müscgd, ourd`tf jds

    gjdsfs sijídmis bdgfr gudofr`cjjis sihrf jd vcod of ard`ofs gimpisctirfs i tigdr jd ejdutd,

    pfri fsf c`sdgcdhjf f crrferf`dhjf dpftcti quf pdofgf` jis priefsirfs pir odr su ipc`c÷` of jis

    dgi`tfgcmcf`tis of dgtudjcodo, bczi quf `is ofsvcdmis ofj tfmd, `i rfgufroi gimi u`d gisd

    jjfv÷ d jd itrd, dj ec`dj fjjd euf jd quf oci jd prcmfrd ofec`cgc÷` of pirquf tiois simis caudjfs.

    Jd fxpjcgdgc÷` euf

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    mf austdhd prfau`tdr jds ouods, mugbds vfgfs gi`scofrdhd quf mf ofstrcpdhd` fj ec`dj, y

    dofmäs `i mf austdhd pfocr dyuod pirquf mf bdgíd pdrfgfr oãhcj. Fsd frd mc mf`tdjcodo of

    dqufjjis f`ti`gfs.

    Mcf`trds sf priougíd` girtigcrguctis f` mc sfsfrd, Md`ufj fstdhd gdhczhdli, pdrfgíd quf sf

    sf`tíd ti`ti. Mf oci pf`d, `i sdhíd quf fsd erdsf pioíd tf`fr fefgtis td` dovfrsis, gud`oibdhíd pfjfds tdmhcã` sf utcjczdhd jd pijcvdjf`tf erdsf. F` jds gi`td`tfs pfjfds quf bdhíd f` fj

    pdtci, `i gfsdhd` pir mäs quf jis priefsirfs ofgíd` ‚@i bdy quf pfjfdrsf pirquf tiois

    simis caudjfs”, pir mugbi quf rfpctcfri`, jds pfjfds `i gfsdhd`, yi mf rfíd pf`sd`oi f` quf

    ‚siji tf pioíds pfjfdr gi` djaucf` quf `i tuvcfsf gfrfhri”. C`vf`tdri` mfocdgc÷`, u` gudrti

    pdrd quf jds `côis quf sf pfjfdrä` ji drrfajdrd` bdhjd`oi, cmdac`i quf sfríd muy fecgcf`tf,

    pirquf scfmprf bdhíd af`tf f`trd`oi y sdjcf`oi. Gi` fj tcfmpi c`gjusi sf jjfa÷ d pribchcr fj

    eüthij, sfaü` jds priefsirds, sijdmf`tf priefsirds, ofgíd` quf frd jd gdusd of jds pfjfds, y sc`

    fmhdrai jds pfjfds gi`tc`udri`.

    ^drd f`tf`ofr fj místcgi sugfsi, bdy quf sdhfr, quf buhi u` dumf`ti of pfjfds d rdíz of u`d

    ihrd quf bdhíd` bfgbi, jd gi`struggc÷` of u` acm`dsci, du`quf fj gijfaci frd pühjcgi f`dqufjjis tcfmpi bdhíd ei`ois gi` jis piofr fefgtudr ocgbd ihrd. V`d vfz gi`ecrmdois jis

    ei`ois sf prfgc`t÷ jd dmpjcd ärfd quf `fgfsctdhd` pdrd gi`strucrji. Fj rfgrfi qufo÷ rfougcoi d

    jd mctdo, y euf d rdíz of fsi quf jis `côis fstdhd` dprftuldois, bdhíd mugbíscmis f` pigi

    fspdgci, pdrfgf sfr quf jis of jds gjdsfs of mfocdgc÷` `i bdhíd` prfvcsti, quf frd muy oceígcj

    ocdjiadr gud`oi bdy 8> `côis girrcf`oi bdgcd tc gi` jis quf dj ec`dj tf dgdhdräs gbigd`oi. Ji

    mflir, fs quf yi `i jjfauã d vfr `c utcjczdr fj acm`dsci, fstf euf gi`strucoi gud`oi yi bdhíd

    dhd`oi`doi prcmdrcd, pfri mc bfrmd`d, quf sc ji fstä ‚ocserutä`oi”, ocgf ‚quf dpf`ds ji

    usd`”. 

    Wcfmprf bf vcsti huf`ds c`tf`gci`fs f` fj priefsirdoi, pfri jds mfocods edjjdhd`, pirquf `i

    sdhíd` rfgi`igfr jis prihjfmds, ofocgdhd` ofmdscdois rfgursis d itrds gisds quf `i frd` td`cmpirtd`tfs. F` prcmdrcd bf vcsti mugbis priefsirfs muy ofocgdois, fj prihjfmd fstä f` fj

    pjd`tfdmcf`ti y f` jd domc`cstrdgc÷` of g÷mi sf bdgf` jds gisds. Wfaü` mc bfrmd`d sf

    qufodhd` f` gjdsf mugbis oíds quf tigdhd pdtci, ofhcoi d quf fj acm`dsci fstdhd

    fxgjuscvdmf`tf rfsfrvdoi pdrd gud`oi jjivcfrd. ¹Tuã mdjadsti of rfgursis fs fstf9 ¹@i vf`íd

    gi` md`udj of c`struggci`fs y tf`íd` mcfoi of quf sf rimpcfsf9 ofspuãs of jd sdjvdldod of

    rfgursis quf mugbds vfgfs `i adstdmis `c sc qucfrd dprivfgbdmis hcf` jds gisds, y fs dbird d

    oíd of biy quf d gdusd of jis rfgirtf tf`fmis quf of vfrodo prfsgc`ocr of gisds

    dhsijutdmf`tf `fgfsdrcds, bdhcf`oi rfgirtfs f` jchris, mdtfrcdjfs of jdhirdtirci, eitigipcds,

    c`gjusi yd bdy quf pdadr fj pdpfj bcacã`cgi…

    Jd mäxcmd rfspi`sdhjf ofj gf`tri, jd ocrfgtird, jd quf tf`íd mdyir piofr pdrd jd timd of

    ofgcsci`fs frd pdrtcgujdr, d mí mf odhd fougdgc÷` eíscgd, f` ji tigd`tf d jd domc`cstrdgc÷` ofj

    gf`tri `i mf pdrfgíd muy hrcjjd`tf, f` ji pfrsi`dj bf of gi`efsdr quf tuvcmis,

    gi`grftdmf`tf, f` jd f`trfad of `itds ofj 8¼ trcmfstrf.

    @itds ec`djfs

    F` dqufj oíd, sf jf tf`íd quf f`trfadr jds pf`üjtcmds `itds quf sf f`trfadríd` d ji jdrai ofj

    gursi. Xftizdoi f` fj sieä vc`i mc mdorf hdstd`tf f`edodod, dj dhrcr jd pufrtd puof dprfgcdr jd

    gdrd of c`sdtcsedggc÷` f c`grfoujcodo quf drrdstrdhd. D`od`oi räpcodmf`tf sf dgfrg÷ y mf

    f`sfôi jds `itds, gimprf`oíd pirquf fstdhd f`edodod, mf bdhíd qufodoi jd prcmfrd

    dsca`dturd of mc vcod fougdgc÷` eíscgd. Dj vfrji mf qufoã pfrpjfli y ofsof jufai c`oca`doi,

    pufsti quf scfmprf bdhíd pdrtcgcpdoi f` jis ofpirtfs y `i bdhíd gdusdoi pfjfds `c mugbi

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    mf`is, mc mdorf ocsaustdod mf fxcac÷ fxpjcgdgci`fs, yi fstdhd mäs c`oca`doi quf fjjd. Jf

    gi`tã quf `i bdhíd bfgbi `dod pdrd mfrfgfr fj suspf`si, dj mf`is fsi grfíd.

    V` oíd mäs tdrof mc mdorf vijvc÷ dj gijfaci pdrd husgdr y bdhjdr gi` jd priefsird, yi jd fspfrã

    sf`tdoi f` fj sieä gi` ad`ds of fxpjcgdgci`fs. Gud`oi vijvc÷, pfauã u` sdjti euc d rfgchcrjd d jd

    pufrtd, dj jjfadr dj rfgchcoir mf f`gi`trã gi` u`d gdrd mäs quf rdrd, gfrr÷ jd pufrtd y of u`suspcri mf ocli, quf bdhíd suspf`ocoi pir fj gudofr`cjji…. 

    @i frd pir `i tf`frjis bfgbis, sc`i pir gimi jis tf`íd bfgbis, fj gudofr`cjji of fougdgc÷`

    eíscgd gi`scstíd f` bdgfr ochulis, y jis míis… Frd` u` pigi pijãmcgis. Euf u` ard` frrir pir mc

    pdrtf, `i tf`fr f` guf`td gisds muy cmpirtd`tfs. Mc priefsird of fougdgc÷` eíscgd frd u`d

    mulfr of gcfrtd fodo pfjcrrild fodo, y bcppcf, huf`i rfgcgjdod ofj mivcmcf`ti bcppc, y… mc

    gudofr`cjji fstdhd rfpjfti of gdhfzds girtdods… Of bfgbi pdrfgíd sfr quf f`trf sus vcrtuofs,

    gimi jd domcrdgc÷` pir jd fgijiaíd, y domcrdgc÷` pir jd pdz pdgcecstds, `i sf f`gi`trdhd` `c jd

    tijfrd`gcd `c jd jchfrtdo of fxprfsc÷`, pfri huf`i...

    Tucfri ofldr muy gjdri quf ji ochuldhd fxgjuscvdmf`tf pirquf mf pdrfgíd ardgcisi, mcs

    gimpdôfris sf dgfrgdhd` y dj vfr mcs ochulis sf rfíd` gi`mcai, frd` ochulis sd`arcf`tis, d oíd

    of biy grfi quf f` dqufjjis mimf`tis ji bdgíd pir jjdmdr jd dtf`gc÷`, du`quf jd priefsird sf

    jis grfyfrd of vfrodo. Xfgurrf`tfmf`tf mf prfau`t÷ sc tf`íd lufais vcijf`tis, y

    rfjdtcvdmf`tf jis tf`íd, tf`íd lufais of rimd`is of fstrdtfacd, pfri `i sdjíd `c u`d aitd of

    sd`arf, jis ochulis `i fstdhd` c`spcrdois f` `c`aü` lufai siji f` mcs ad`ds of audsd, sc

    fstuvcfrd c`spcrdoi f` mc lufai, jf buhcfrd tf`coi quf pc`tdr jd eirmdgc÷` quf timdri` jis

    gdrtdac`fsfs f` jd hdtdjjd of Gd``d. _f`ai quf domctcr quf gud`ti mäs sf pcgdhd jd priefsird,

    mäs mf rfíd y mäs ji bdgíd. Dj ec`dj dgdhf bdgcf`oi hcf` fj mdjocti gudofr`i. Ji quf `i mf

    aust÷ euf quf doluocgdrd jd gujpd d jis vcofilufais, pir ofsardgcd tiois fmpcfzd` d husgdr jd

    rfspufstd scmpjf y eägcj d prihjfmds mugbi mäs gimpjflis. Jis priefsirfs `i sf f`tfrdhd` of

    `dod.

    ^ds÷ fj üjtcmi trcmfstrf, mf sfrf`ã f c`tf`tf rfgiafr jd mí`cmd of gd`tcodo of prihjfmds

    pischjfs, y dsí euf, `i buhi ard`ofs prihjfmds, ourd`tf fj üjtcmi trcmfstrf, gdsc tiod mc

    huf`d gi`ougtd d dqufj mimf`ti of mdjfstdr quf mf fmpul÷ d gdmhcdr mc vcod. Sd frd ec`dj

    of gursi, y tf`ídmis quf rfgiafr jds `itds. Mugbds si` jds gisds quf mf bd` cmprfsci`doi

    pfri `c`au`d mäs ardtcecgd`tf gimi jd gbdrjd prfvcd d jd f`trfad of `itds.

    V` dmcai y yi pdsfähdmis pir jds pcstds of hdji`gfsti, fspfrd`oi d quf `ufstris pdorfs

    rfgiacfrd` jds `itds, yi fstdhd ocsaustdoi pirquf prihdhjfmf`tf `i pdsdríd gi`mcai dj

    scaucf`tf gursi pufsti, quf `i bdhíd gi`sfaucoi dprihdr jds suecgcf`tfs dsca`dturds. Mcf`trds

    pdsfähdmis, yi mcrdhd dj sufji, jf odhd vufjtds d quf yd `i `is íhdmis d vfr, ofspuãs of u`trfgbi ofj pdsfi jfvd`tã jd gdhfzd y jf prfau`tã<

    -¹F`ti`gfs `i `is vfrfmis fj dôi quf vcf`f9

    -¹^ir quã `i9

    -^irquf tf bd` qufodoi u`ds gud`tds

    -@i, sí quf viy d pdsdr. Mcs pdorfs fstä` bdhjd`oi gi` jd priefsird

    -¹_us pdorfs ofgcof` sc pdsds9

    -Wí, mcs pdorfs ji fstä` bdhjd`oi

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    -Mf`is mdj, f`ti`gfs `is vfmis fj dôi quf vcf`f

    -Gjdri

    Mf sf`t÷ muy hcf` quf mc dmcai puocfrd pdsdr, du`quf fj scaucf`tf dôi jf gistdríd mugbi

    trdhdli, yi fstdhd gi`tf`ti of quf vijvcãrdmis d fstdr lu`tis f` jd mcsmd gjdsf. Ji quf f` fj

    dqufj mimf`ti `i f`tf`oí, fs pirquf `i tiois jis pdorfs bdgíd` quf pdsdrd su bcli of gursi,dsí sus bclis pioríd` fstdr gi` sus dmcais, d ec` of guf`tds fj gijfaci fstdhd pdrd ocvfrtcrsf.

    ¹@i9

    ^ds÷ fj vfrd`i, y of `ufvi jd vufjtd dj gijfaci, tiodvíd `i sf bdhíd coi fsf gdjir pfadlisi

    gud`oi of `ufvi vijvíd` d dhrcrsf jds pufrtds of jds dujds, gimi scfmprf f` jd f`trdod fj tfmd

    of gi`vfrsdgc÷` frd` jds vdgdgci`fs, y sc sf bdhíd` bfgbi jis gudofr`cjjis of ofhfrfs ofj

    vfrd`i, f`trf dsfvfrdgci`fs of u`is y ocsaustis of itris, eirmähdmis ecjds pdrd rfdjczdr jd

    gfrfmi`cdj f`trdod d jds gjdsfs, gimi gistumhrf aucdois pir `ufstri `ufvi tutir. Jd gjdsf `i

    ocst÷ mugbi of jd ofj dôi d`tfrcir, prägtcgdmf`tf frd jd mcsmd, gi` sus pdrfofs hjd`gds

    fmpdpfjdods pir jfmds y ochulis c`ed`tcjfs, sus gdsc 7> pupctrfs y su gjäscgd pczdrrd gi` u`d

    `ufvd gdld of tczds d fxtrf`dr.

    Gud`oi f`trdmis sf bczi jd prfsf`tdgc÷`, of tiois jis dôis ofj tutir, sf pds÷ jcstd, sf

    md`tuvi u`d jdrad gbdrjd y sf gipc÷ fj birdrci, yd fstdhd dgistumhrdoi d fsti dôi trds dôi. S

    gimi rfzdhd fj pritigiji, jd gjdsf tfrmc`÷ mugbi d`tfs ofj birdrci jfgtcvi. Uijví d mc gdsd, mc

    mdorf yd tf`íd prfvcstd mc jjfadod, pir ji quf mf bdhíd prfpdrdoi fj ofsdyu`i. @dod mäs

    sf`tdrmf fmpfz÷ d c`tfrriadrmf pir g÷mi frd mc gjdsf gimi frd of fspfrdr.

    -¹_f bd tigdoi gi` tus dmcais ofj dôi pdsdoi9

    -Wí, gdsc tiois, d djau`is sf jfs bd gdmhcdoi of gjdsf pirquf sf bdgf pir sirtfi

    -¹@i bd rfpftcoi `c`au`i9

    -Wiji u`i, y `i frd of mc gjdsf

    -¹_f austd tu `ufvd tutird9

    -_iodvíd `i ji sã

    Bdhíd ofldoi d mc d`tcaud priefsird, pir u`d `ufvd of mfocd`d fodo, of pfji girti y gdstdôi,

    y u` td`ti rfsfôctd. @i frd` priefsirds muy pdrfgcods eíscgdmf`tf, gimi tdmpigi ji frd` f`

    dgtctuo tdj y gimi ofsguhrcríd mäs dofjd`tf. @i bdy quf ijvcodr quf pir mugbds ocefrf`gcds

    quf tuvcãrdmis mc d`tcaud priefsird y yi, (fspfgcdjmf`tf pir mc gujpd odoi quf jd

    c`tfrrumpíd mugbi), `i frd u`d mdjd priefsird, fsi sí, jf bdhíd tigdoi u`d gjdsf hdstd`tf

    mdjd, jd pfir ofj gijfaci y jf bdhíd tigdoi hrfadr gi` fjjd, dj mf`is d mí, mf trdtdhd hcf`, `i

    husgdhd bdgfrmf `c`aü` mdj, of bfgbi, mugbds vfgfs pdrfgíd quf mf trdtdhd gi` gcfrtdgi`ofsgf`of`gcd. ^fri fstd `ufvd tutird frd itri mu`oi.

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    Jd prcmfrd ocsgusc÷` quf tuvcmis fstdhd rfjdgci`dod, gi` u`is c`gcof`tfs quf tuvcmis gi`

    djau`is ärhijfs quf d gdusd of u`d ihrd, bdhíd` ofldoi f`irmfs rdmds pir fj sufji quf

    ihstdgujczdhd` d jis `côis. Fsti frd u` ard` prihjfmd, pirquf bdhíd quf fstdr pf`ocf`tf of

    quf jis `côis `i f`trdrä` f` fj tfrrf`i, y dofmäs bdhíd quf jjfvärsfjds of djjí. Cmdac`ã quf

    gi`trdtdríd` d djaucf` pdrd bdgfr fj trdhdli, pfri jis priefsirfs eufri` jcstis, f c`vf`tdri` u`d

    sdjcod djtfr`dtcvd, prftf`oíd` bdgfrji pdsdr pir u` lufai pdrd quf eufrd` jis `côis jis qufbcgcfrd` fj trdhdli, gdod oíd jf tigdríd d u` gursi bdgfr of audrods pdrd quf `docf sf mftcfrd

    f` jd zi`ds of jds rdmds, mcf t̀rds quf itris djum`is sf ofocgdhd` d gdradr jds rdmds f`

    arupctis pfqufôis (pirquf frd` muy pfsdods), bdstd u`d pcjd quf fstdhd` bdgcf`oi, gdsc

    eufrd ofj gijfaci. Dj f`tfrdrmf of ji quf qufríd` bdgfr mf f`edoã u`d hdrhdrcodo, jd

    priefsird ji f`oujzdhd gi` dqufjjds edjsds y mfjdods pdjdhrds. ‚Wfrãcs jis audrocd`fs

    fgij÷acgis”, ‚Bdy quf gucodr fj mfocidmhcf`tf”. C`oca`doi y mcrd`oi d jd priefsird fxgjdmf.

    -¡@is vdcs d bdgfr`is pfrofr fj rfgrfi pir u` prihjfmd quf `i fs `ufstri!

    -_iois tcf`f` quf gijdhirdr, pdrd md`tf`fr fj gijfaci jcmpci.

    -¹^fri pir quã `isitris sc fs prihjfmd of vufstrd ihrd9 ¹^ir quã `is tcf`f` quf rihdr fj

    rfgrfi9

    -Jd ihrd fs ofj gijfaci y ji ocserutdmis tiois.

    -¡Jd cofd `i euf `ufstrd, fj acm`dsci vd d tdrodr mugbi f` fstdr gi`strucoi y yi `i fstdrã dquí

    pdrd vfrji, dofmäs sc tf`ãcs oc`fri pdrd gi`strucr u` acm`dsci tdmhcã` tf`orãcs oc`fri pdrd

    pdadr djaucf` pdrd quf quctf jis fstripcgcis!

    -Fsti fs ji quf sf vd d bdgfr y pu`ti

    @dod mäs quf ocli fsd üjtcmd, f`trf f` g÷jfrd titdjmf`tf, y mcf`trds dprftdhd jis `uocjjis gi`

    eufrzd y gi` fj ofsadrrdoir gbcrrcoi of mcs ocf`tfs of ei`oi, giaí fj prcmfr gudofr`i quf tf`íd

    d md`i, y mf aijpfã jd gdhfzd sc` pdrdr, mcf`trds fxgjdmdhd.

    -¡¹^ir quã9!, ¡¹^ir quã9! ^ir quã9!, ¡¹^ir quã9!.

    @i mf aijpfdhd ofmdscdoi eufrtf, `i qufríd bdgfrmf odôi, sí ji suecgcf`tfmf`tf eufrtf,

    pdrd quf jd af`tf of jd gjdsf sf f`tfrdrd dj gimpjfti, sdhíd pfrefgtdmf`tf quf fj ocäjiai `i

    chd d vdjfr gi` jis priefsirfs, tf`íd quf fxgctdr d jd gjdsf, quf sf sihrfsdjtdrd` of jis pupctrfs

    quf sf c`oca`drd` caudj quf yi, frd jd ü`cgd eirmd of ad`dr, sc tiod jd gjdsf fstdhd u`cod hdli

    u` mcsmi jfmd tf`oríd` quf bdgfr`is gdsi. ^fri jis djum`is frd` gimi ed`tdsmds, gud`oisiji sus gufrpis fstdhd` prfsf`tfs, u` scjf`gci pfrmd`f`tf y u` mit÷` of fstuocd`tfs

    gi`eusis, quf `i sf dtrfvíd` d f`ti`dr pdjdhrd, ourd`tf tiod jd gi`vfrsdgc÷` bdhíd`

    pfrmd`fgcoi cmpdschjf ihsfrvd`oi hiqucdhcfrtis fj ordmd. Wu dyuod frd mc ihlftcvi. Wc`

    fmhdrai, igurrc÷ djai quf `i fstdhd prfvcsti, trds u`is guä`tis aijpfs jd priefsird sf pusi

    f` pcf, y arct÷<

    -¡Hdstd!

    Mf ocrcac÷ u`d mcrdod pu`zd`tf, pfri fj prihjfmd `i euf jd mcrdod, fj arcti bdhíd scoi

    trfmf`oi, y fstd priefsird `i sijíd arctdr, pdrd gdjjdr sijíd utcjczdr aijpfs gi` jd md`i d jd

    pczdrrd. Dqufj arcti `is bdhíd ofldoi f` fstdoi of Wbigk. Ec`djmf`tf sijtã fj gudofr`i f`

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    mfoci ofj pd`irdmd gdsc ofsijdoi, djc`ff sus ilis gi` jis of fjjd y rfspi`oí d fsd pf`ftrd`tf

    mcrdod, gi` u`d si`rcsd.

    Jis djum`is, `i bdhíd` c`tfrvf`coi, jis mdjfs quf of`u`gcdhd jfs odhd` caudj, gud`oi ãrdmis

    `isitris jis odm`cecgdois, pfri fj tcfmpi mf dgdhdríd od`oi jd rdz÷`.

    F` fj mimf`ti quf fmpfzdmis d rfgiafr, sf ocfri` guf`td of quf `i bdgíd frd td` eägcj,rfgiafr jds rdmds, `i frd dardodhjf vfr d jis `côis luad`oi mcf`trds `isitris fstähdmis

    pdrdois c`tf`td`oi quf `docf sf gijdrd f` jd zi`d. Jds gdrds jdrads fmpfzdri` d dpdrfgfr,

    gi`eirmf sf dgirtdhd fj tcfmpi of rfgrfi ocspi`chjf, `i jis f`tf`oíd, bdhíd` vcsti quf sf jfs

    pioíd vf`cr djai mdji f`gcmd y scmpjfmf`tf fspfrdri`, `i c`tf`tdri` gdmhcdr su sctudgc÷`,

    quczäs pf`sdríd quf tioi sf drrfajdríd, quf f` jd jfld`íd fstdhd` d sdjvi, frd td` mdjd su

    cmdac`dgc÷` `i puocfri` prfvfr ji quf chd d sca`cecgdr fj mdj f` sus gdr`fs, quczäs `c jd bdhíd`

    utcjczdoi. Ofsad`dois gdradhd` gi` jds rdmds mcrd`oi gi` itris `côis sf ocvfrtíd`, fjjis `i

    bd` jugbdoi, fs pir fsi quf dbird jfs tigd jjfvdr su gdrad.

    ^fri f` jd gjdsf buhi af`tf quf `i ji dgfpt÷, u`ceirmdois gi` scmpjfs pftis vfrofs,

    sfauídmis gdrad`oi gi` rdmds i pribchcf`oi fj pdsi gud`oi jd priefsird sf dgfrg÷ d pdrd

    supfrvcsdr quf tioi chd hcf`, u` djum`i u` pigi prihjfmätcgi euf d bdhjdr gi` fjjd, f` jd

    jfld`íd jis vfíd ocsgutcr `i fsgugbdhd hcf` jd gi`vfrsdgc÷`, pioíd ocvcsdr gimi fj djum`i

    jfvd`tdhd fj pfgbi gi` ji quf pdrfgíd quf frd u` c`tf`ti of djzdr jd viz. ^ir gurciscodo oflã mc

    pufsti y mf dgfrquã pdrd vfr ji quf pdsdhd, gud`oi jjfauã, fj djum`i tcr÷ fj pfti dj sufji, y

    scmpjfmf`tf sf euf.

    Mf qufoã cmprfsci`doi, jd priefsird `i ocrcac÷ pdjdhrd, siji sf c`oca`÷ gi` jd mcrdod

    mcf`trds vfíd dj djum`i djfldrsf f`drofgcoi, `i bdhíd rfgchcoi `c`aü` gdstcai pir bdgfr ji quf

    bczi, jd rfspufstd ydgíd f` fj rfejfli of jd mcrdod of jd priefsird, u` gcfrti dcrf of

    gi`ofsgf`of`gcd f c`oca`dgc÷`. Gi`scofrdhd d fsf djum`i, u` gdsi pfrocoi. Ourd`tf tioi fjgursi fj trdti `i bdhíd scoi mflir, fj gdstcai frd ca`irdrjf, jd`zdrjf dqufjjds mcrdods of

    c`gimprf`sc÷`, mcf`trds itris frd` gdstcadois fj rfgchíd jd fspdjod. Ji mdji `i frd trdtdr dj

    djum`i gimi sc eufrd u` gdsi pfrocoi, sc`i quf fj djum`i sf grfd quf ji fs.

    Frd gurcisi, sf ofldhd quf djum`is qufodrä` sumfracois f` u`d gi`ougtd, pirquf sf pf`sdhd

    quf yd fstdhd` ofmdscdoi bu`ocois f` fjjd, `i sdhíd quf u` `côi `i fs mäs quf jd supfrecgcf

    of u` c`mf`si mdr, tcf`f u`d mf`tf td` eägcj of gdmhcdr quf scfmprf sf jf pufof sdgdr d

    ejitf. Fxtrdvdad`tf gi`trdstf frd jd gi`ougtd of jd priefsird pirquf `i frd ofsprfigupdod

    gi` sus djum`is, mcf`trds d u`is jis dhd`oi`dhd d jis itris jis doujdhd, qucã` sdhf quczäs

    qufrríd gimpf`sdr. Fmpfgã d vfr su c`tfrãs pir rfocmcrsf f` dqufjjd gjdsf f` jd quf ofgcoc÷

    sumdrsf d jis `ufvis mãtiois of fstcmujdgc÷` ofj djum`doi… 

    Frd fj prcmfr oíd quf d jd mdfstrd sf jf `itdhd gi` gcfrtd cjusc÷` pigi usudj, trdíd u`d gdrpftd

    rild y gimi scfmprf fmpfzdmis girrcacf`oi jis ofhfrfs. _dj y gimi mf bdhíd pjd`tfdoi f` fj

    gursi d`tfrcir pf`sdhd sfr u` huf` gbcgi bdgfr, jis ofhfrfs gimi sf fspfrdhd of mí, y jis

    bdhíd bfgbi, huf`i, mäs i mf`is. Dj gimprihdr quf jis tf`íd bfgbis, si`rcf`oi sdg÷ u`d

    pfadtc`d of jd `ufvd gdrpftd, euc d rfgiafrjd, y `dod mäs mcrdrjd yd mf fgb÷ pdrd dträs, u`is

    vdmpcrctis gurscs gi` jd erdsf ‚pufofs gi`sfaucr gudjqucfr gisd”, c`oca`doi mf dgfrquã dj

    prcmfri of jd ecjd y sf jd ierfgí, ocgcf`oi<

    -¹Gbcgi, qucfrfs u`d pfadtc`d9

    Dutimätcgdmf`tf jd priefsird sdjt÷ räpcodmf`tf y mf ocli

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    -Jds pfadtc`ds guf`td` gimi pisctcvi, sc qucfrfs oärsfjd djjä tü.

    Drrfpf`tcoi, jd vijví d audrodr y f`trã f` ocsgusc÷` pirquf bdhíd gisds quf `i sf pioíd`

    gi`sfaucr, pfri d pfsdr of mcs hczdrris flfmpjis fjjd sfauíd f`gdscjjdod f` quf tioi sf pioíd

    jiardr, f` dqufjjis mimf`tis `i gi`igíd jds jfyfs of jd tfrmioc`ämcgd du`quf mf supf

    ofef`ofr. Ofspuãs of tdj dhsurod ocsgusc÷` mf sf`tã y mf eclã f` jis djum`is, itrisrfgchcfri` sus pfadtc`ds dj tf`fr jis ofhfrfs bfgbis, mcf`trds u`is mcrdhd` jds pfadtc`ds y jds

    pfadhd` sc` mcrdr `c ji quf pi`íd, itris si`rfíd` sutcjmf`tf gi` erdsfs hdrdtds pdrd suhcr fj

    dutifstcmd, ‚Lu`tis piofmis”, ‚vdjfs mugbi” y gbirrdods vdrcds.

    D ji jdrai ofj gursi, sf puoi gimprihdr quf `i sfrvíd` pdrd `dod, jis djum`is jis pfadhd`

    gi` ofsad`d, `i trd`smctíd` `c gi`sfauíd` `dod, `i f`tcf`of` quf jd gdusd of quf sus

    pfadtc`ds `i vdjad fs jd gdusd ofj prihjfmd quf vfrodofrdmf`tf bdy quf gimhdtcr, jd

    c`ocefrf`gcd, fsds pfadtc`ds doujdoirds `i bdhíd` gi`sfaucoi `dod, `i frd mäs quf pdpfjfs

    pfadois f ca`irdois sc` utcjcodo, of bfgbi ji mäxcmi quf pioíd` dspcrdr d gdusdr fsds

    pfadtc`ds frd d mdtdr su viju`tdo, od`oi fsd edjsd sf`sdgc÷` of im`cpitf`gcd; `i sf gimhdtf

    fj vfrodofri prihjfmd fj quf `i qucfrf bdgfr `dod `i bdrä `dod, ji quf vfrodofrdmf`tf bdyquf gujtcvdr f` jis `côis fs jd pdsc÷`, fj deä` of gi`igfr pirquf f` prcmfrd c`std`gcd ji quf

    oftfrmc`d fj ãxcti i fj erdgdsi of jd fougdgc÷` `i fs quf fj `côi grfd quf pufod bdgfr djai

    sc`i quf tf`ad jd viju`tdo of bdgfrji.

    Frd mäs quf ardgcisi gimi `i siji `i vf` jis prihjfmds of jd fougdgc÷`, sc`i quf prftf`of`

    rcvdjczdr gi` tctd`fs d jd bird of fsgrchcr jds mf`tfs of jis `côis. Grff` quf gi` pfadtc`ds, gi`

    jfmds scmpjcstds y huf`d Ef, vd` d gi`sfaucr mijofdr gi`ougtds mäs quf jis acad`tfs. Gi` u`

    d`u`gci tfjfvcscvi, pioíd` gi`sfaucr quf qucscãrdmis gimprdr u` priougti, fj cmpdgti

    fmigci`dj f` u` mimf`ti, u` gijir, u` arcti, gdptd `ufstrd dtf`gc÷`, scfmprf tf`ofmis d

    dprf`ofr mflir gud`oi sf `is fmigci`d, `dod mäs djfldoi of jd fougdgc÷` dgtudj, S fstd

    fougdgc÷` dgtudj `i prftf`of sfr miofr`czdod, f` tioi gdsi ‚pdrgbfdod” y gi` siji fsti `i

    sf pufof prftf`ofr gi`sfaucr td` huf`is rfsujtdois gimi dqufjjis quf adstd` mcjji`fs y

    tcf`f` d jis mflirfs tdjf`tis f` gdptdr jd dtf`gc÷` ofj `côi y ardhdr mf`sdlfs d eufai f` su

    mf`tf. Jis `côis sf fstä` d dgistumhrd`oi d u` `cvfj of fstcmujdgc÷` quf `i vd d sfr

    caudjdoi, dj mf`is pir fstd fougdgc÷`. ^ir mugbi quf oufjd, u` `côi `i pufof sfr td`

    fstcmujdoi pir u`d pfadtc`d `c pir jis `umfrisis gijirfs quf pi`ads f` u` jchri quf pir u`

    si`coi, jugfs, mivcmcf`tis, mf`sdlfs pfadoczis, tioi lu`ti eirmd`oi u`d himhd of

    suafstc÷`, quf dofmäs bd scoi prihdoi c`gjusi gi` fsgä`frfs gfrfhrdjfs quf eu`gci`d, pirquf

    bdy MVGBI OC@FXI F@ LVFAI.

    Jis jchris of c`ajãs of mc bfrmd`d d oíd of biy si` jis mäs c`gimpjftis of gi`tf`coi y ji mäs

    gijircois quf pufof bdhfr sihrf jd edz of jd tcfrrd, y fj rfsujtdoi fs quf jis `côis scauf`

    sdhcf`oi pigi pirquf bdy pigis gi`tf`cois y ji pigi quf bdy `c sc qucfrd ji dprf`of` pirquf

    `i tcf`f` u` `cvfj of dtrdgtcvi dofgudoi, jds `ufvds tfg`ijiaíds, jd puhjcgcodo, jis lufais, bd`

    suhcoi fj jcst÷` `fgfsdrci pdrd piofr gdptdr jd dtf`gc÷` ofj `côi, y jis jchris `i fstä` d jd

    djturd. Fj mu`oi fstä gdmhcd`oi y jd fougdgc÷` `i jf scauf.

    Ourd`tf fstf gursi, mf dhurrí mugbi mäs pir ofsardgcd, fj `i c`tfrrumpcr f` gjdsf mf bdhíd

    prcvdoi of mc igci, y jis ofhfrfs y jds gjdsfs mf dhurríd` bdstd tdj pu`ti quf f` jd gjdsf

    fmpfzdhd ofsgi`fgtdr, y fstdhd vfz `i frd pirquf eufrd mugbíscmi pir ofjd`tf, `i

    `fgfsdrcdmf`tf, fmpfzdmis d odr gi`tf`cois quf yi `i sdhíd pfri jd rutc`d mf dhurríd, dj

    ec`dj dgdhdhd gi` jd gdhfzd tcrdod f` fj pupctrf fspfrd`oi d quf tioi pdsdsf, zimhcecgdoi,

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    Fstf dôi sf ocstc`auc÷, hdstd`tf of jis d`tfrcirfs, pir ji quf sfríd jd mflir priefsird quf tuvff` prcmdrcd, Fjcsd. Fstd `ufvd tutird, ruhcd, hdlctd, of mcrdod ecrmf pfri gfrgd`d, ofgcocod, gi`

    dqufjjd gdpdgcodo pdrd gi`fgtdr gi` fj djum`i, fstd priefsird rfgchcríd djai quf `i jf bdhíd

    odoi `u`gd d `c`aü` itri priefsir, mc rfspfti c`gi`ocgci`dj. Wcmpjfmf`tf frd huf`d, su

    dutircodo `i frd gufstci`dod, euf jd prcmfrd pfrsi`d quf vc quf sf fsmfrdhd td`ti f` jd

    fougdgc÷`. Mf f`gd`tdhd gimi bdhjdhd, frd ocrfgtd y `i tf`íd gimpjflis, jis giquftfis, fj

     luauftfi, jis sf`tcmf`tdjcsmis gi` jis `côis `i frd ji mäs cmpirtd`tf pdrd fjjd, pdrd fjjd ji

    mäs cmpirtd`tf frd f`sfôdr.

    Odhd gi`igcmcf`ti ofj mfoci y gi`scauc÷ quf mf dpdsci`dsf, bdgídmis müjtcpjfs trdhdlis of

    dmpjcdgc÷`, vfídmis c`gjusi oigumf`tdjfs, y gimi ocai `i tf`íd pfjis f` jd jf`aud pdrd

    bdhjdr of gudjqucfr gisd, gimi fjjd ofgíd ‚Bdy quf pi`frsf jd pcjds”, pfri du`quf eufrdfxcaf`tf ji gimpf`sdhd gi` tãg`cgds of fstuocis, jds quf yi decrmi quf si` jds mflirfs, `i

    bdhjdmis of jds quf sijídmis bdhfr trdhdldoi f` prcmdrcd, quf frd` prc`gcpdjmf`tf bdgfr

    fsqufmds, rfsümf`fs. Wf tdrodhd mugbi mäs f` bdgfr jis fsqufmds quf f` dprf`ofrsf jd

    c`eirmdgc÷` jfyã`oijd. Fjjd `i scauc÷ mdgbdgd`oi jd mcsmd ti`tfríd, fjjd fmpfz÷ d utcjczdr ji

    quf sf gi`igf gimi `fmitfg`cd, rfjdgci`dr jis `imhrfs husgdr pdtri`fs, cmdac`dr bcstircds

    hczdrrds pdrd rfgirodrjds, dsí `is dprf`oídmis jis pcgis ofj `irtf f` afiardeíd, pdrd rfgirodr

    fj gdhi of dli y lu`ti gi` jis ofmäs dggcof`tfs afiaräecgis gfrgd`is, sf c`vf`t÷ u`d bcstircd

    of vdmpcris, hrfvf y eägcjmf`tf dscmcjdhjf. Jd cofd, frd gimi ofgíd fjjd< ‚Tuf `u`gd sf

    ijvcof”. 

    Jis djum`is jd rfspftähdmis, sihrf tioi gud`oi bdhjdhd, scfmprf jjfadhd dj quf ji

    fsgugbdhd, dqufj `côi prihjfmätcgi quf euf ofsfgbdoi gimi gdsi pfrocoi `i odhd

    prihjfmds gi` fjjd, gud`oi fj djum`i pioríd gdusdr prihjfmds bdhjdhd gi` ãj y ji

    sijugci`dhd, tf`íd u` oi` pdrd jd gi`vfrsdgc÷`, ji mäs cmpirtd`tf frd, quf sdhíd mitcvdr y

    fougdr.

    Euf fj prcmfr gursi gi` fj quf mf sf`tí sdtcsefgbi pjf`dmf`tf, pirquf bdhíd tf`coi u` huf`

    priefsir, dj quf scmpjfmf`tf rfspftdhd pir sfr huf`i, gi` dqufjjd fxpfrcf`gcd mc ipc`c÷`

    bdgcd jis priefsirfs bdhíd gdmhcdoi orästcgdmf`tf, jis vdjirdhd mugbi mäs, prfgcsdmf`tf f`

    fsf gursi, euf gud`oi mf f`tfrã of quf jd lu`td bdhíd c`tf`tdoi cmpjd`tdr u` scstfmd pdrd

    ^DADX D JIW ^XIEFWIXFW ^IX D^XIHDOI. Wc, dsí frd qufríd` dprihdr d hdsf of tdji`drci, `ibdhíd fsgugbdoi mdyir hdrhdrcodo f` mc vcod, jd fxgusd fs quf qufríd` prfmcdr d jis mflirfs

    priefsirfs. Fstd c`cgcdtcvd rfejfldhd quf jd lu`td `i tf`íd `c cofd of jd fstupcofz quf bdhíd

    suafrcoi, i quczäs frd muy gi`sgcf`tf of ji quf bdgíd. Jds fstdoístcgds fvcof`gcdhd` quf fj

    scstfmd frd pãscmi, fj erdgdsi fsgijdr gi`trd fj quf td`ti bdhíd` jugbdoi, `i bdhíd bfgbi mäs

    quf fmpfirdr pir su `fajcaf`gcd, y dbird grfíd` quf pdad`oi mäs d jis priefsirfs pioríd`

    f`ludadr jds fstdoístcgds. @i jfs cmpirtdhd quf jis priefsirfs fmpfzdrd` dprihdr djum`is

    scmpjfmf`tf pir oc`fri, quf críd` gdod vfz scf`oi pfirfs priefsirfs, pufs su sufjoi `i

    ofpf`oíd of quf f`sfôdsf hcf` sc`i quf dj ec`dj ji quf cmpirtdhd frd quf buhcfsf u` pdpfjcti

    gi` mäs i mf`is dprihdois, fj aihcfr`i duti`÷mcgi bdhíd tf`coi jd ipirtu`codo of gdradrsf

    jd fougdgc÷` ofj tioi, pfri jis ^XIEFWIXFW XFGBD\DXI@ JD ^XI^VFW_D.

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    Fsi pdrd mí ofmistr÷ quf frd u` gijfgtcvi dj mf`is f` su mdyiríd bi`rdoi, pufs bdhíd tf`coi

    jd ipirtu`codo of ad`dr oc`fri d gistd of eirmdr mdj d jis djum`is, y ofgcoc÷ iptdr pir sfr

    bi`rdois y fjfacr u`d fougdgc÷` of gdjcodo d`tfs quf oc`fri sugci of jd domc`cstrdgc÷` quf

    prftf`oíd sijvf`tdr d hdsf of oc`fri pühjcgi jd c`gimpftf`gcd of dôis of fqucvigdgci`fs. Jis

    priefsirfs f` dqufj dôi sf bdhíd` ad`doi mcs rfspftis, dj mf`is fj ard` gijfgtcvi quf

    rfprfsf`tdhd`, jis c`eirmfs ^CWD `i mcf`tf`, y fs hcf` sdhcoi quf tf`fmis of jis pfirfspriefsirfs of Furipd, dj mf`is f` gdjcodo of f`sfôd`zd, pfri bdy djai quf yd `i jfs pioíd

    gufstci`dr sus prc`gcpcis, bdhíd qufodoi ofmistrdoi quf c`ofpf`ocf`tfmf`tf of su gdjcodo

    gimi oigf`tfs, si` pfrsi`ds bi`rdods.

    Gi` dqufjjd `itcgcd y quf biy y gi` fj pdpfj quf dqufjjd priefsird bdhíd luadoi f` mc

    fougdgc÷`, bczi quf mf bcgcfrd prfau`tds. ¹Tuã pdsdríd sc buhcfsf mäs priefsirfs gimi fjjd9

    Jis priefsirfs d`tfrcirfs `i frd` mdjis, y sf prfigupdhd` pir jis djum`is, pfri `i tf`íd`

    td`ti tdjf`ti, `i sdhíd` mitcvdr, f`sfôdr y fougdr gi` td`td edgcjcodo, y sihrf tioi frd fj

    scstfmd quf utcjczdhd, fsti fs ji mäs cmpirtd`tf, `i sf gdsdhd gi` `docf. Dj gi`trdrci quf f`

    dôis d`tfrcirfs gud`oi mcs gimpdôfris quf pdrfgcf`oi tirpfs dgtcvdhd` jd echrd sf`schjf of

    jis priefsirfs, y sf jfs c`ejdhd jd `itd bdstd `cvfjfs fxgfscvis, jjfadhd` d tf`fr td` huf`d `itd

    gimi yi dqufjjis quf sdhíd` mf`is quf yi, gimi pufof tf`fr u` 3 dqufj quf sdhf R

    gi`tf`coi y tf`fr fj mcsmi `ufvf dqufj quf sdhf R + 8>, pioríd gi`scofrdrsf u`d fstded. ¹Tuã

    fvdjüd`9, fj gi`igcmcf`ti ofsof jufai `i. Ji quf `i f`tcf`of` jis priefsirfs fs quf `i jfs

    fstdhd bdgcf`oi u` edvir d dqufjjis `côis, sf jis fstdhd` gdrad`oi. 

    Bdy quf djf`tdr dj `côi d supfrdrsf, fs gcfrti quf scfmprf bdy quf vdjirdr jd trdyfgtircd ofj

    `côi, sf tcf`f quf rfgimpf`sdr d dqufjjis quf fmpfzdri` tf`cf`oi ocecgujtdofs pufs sf bd`

    fseirzdoi, pfri `i bdy quf jjfvdrji dj fxtrfmi, y of ji quf pufof sfr u` prfmci dj fseufrzi `i

    sf ofhf gi`vfrtcr f` fj vdjir mäs cmpirtd`tf pdrd oftfrmc`dr jd `itd, ji quf vfrodofrdmf`tf

    tcf`f quf c`tfrfsdrjf dj oigf`tf fs quf fsf `côi sf supfrf, quf jjfauf d tf`fr u` gi`igcmcf`ti¹Dgdsi vd fstdr fj djum`i yf`oi ofsgijadoi rfspfgti dj rfsti y vcvcf`oi d hdsf of jcmis`ds

    sf`tcmf`tdjfs of jis priefsirfs9 @c fs huf`i pdrd fj djum`i pirquf gud`oi trdtds d u`

    djum`i gimi d u` ti`ti sf gi`vcfrtf f` ti`ti, tdmpigi fs huf`i ofhcoi d quf jf grfds edjsds

    cjusci`fs, y d jd bird of jd vfrodo grff quf pufof sfaucr dprihd`oi fougdgci`fs supfrcirfs d

    hdsf of pf`ds, y f` jd fougdgc÷` supfrcir fxcaf` vdjir dhsijuti, fs prfgcsdmf`tf pir fsti quf

    sf fstrfjjd td`td af`tf f` jd u`cvfrscodo, fj scstfmd fougdtcvi fstä ocsfôdoi pdrd quf

    vdjjdmis f`adôdois.

    Fs ouri ji quf fstiy ocgcf`oi, `i ji ocríd sc`i eufrd pir ji quf bf sdgdoi of Fjcsd, bdhíd vcsti

    gimi dqufjjis djum`is quf sf gdjcecgd` gimi tirpfs, quf sfaü` jd sigcfodo ‚`i vdjf`” i si`

    dprihdois pir pf`d ourd`tf dôis y dôis, jjfadri` d tf`fr u` huf` `cvfj f` vdjir dhsijuti,pirquf fjjd grfy÷ f` fjjis, jfs djf`t÷, jfs fmpul÷ d pfjfdr pir mäs, `i jfs rfadj÷ `dod y

    gi`scauc÷ gi`vf`gfrjfs pir su c`scstf`gcd y tfstdruofz f` quf mfrfgíd jd pf`d fseirzdrsf, `i

    odhd `dod pir pfrocoi, d hdsf of dqufjjds erdsfs ‚bdy quf pi`frsf jds pcjds”, ‚bdy quf sdgdrjf

    pu`td jds `furi`ds”, gi`scauc÷ sdjvdr dqufjjis quf yd sf jfs bdhíd odoi pir mufrtis, d hdsf of

    fseufrzi jiardri` sdgdr jd dsca`dturd, `i jfs bdhíd odoi jcmis`d jfs bdhíd odoi oca`codo.

    Ofecf`oi fstd priefsird, pirquf bdhíd gi`sfaucoi quf su dsca`dturd mf austdsf y mf bdhíd

    f`sfôdoi quf jds gisds f` jd fougdgc÷` sf pufof` bdgfr mugbi mflir.

    Bdhíd ad`doi Ef f` jis oigf`tfs pfri pfrocoi f` jis pijítcgis, gi` dqufjjd pripufstd bdhíd`ofldoi vfr quf pir sus c`tfrfsfs fstä` ocspufstis d ofstrucr ofj tioi jd fougdgc÷`, ca`ird`tfs

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    y ofmdaiais `i jfs cmpirtdhd rfmdtdr dj mcsmi quf fjjis mcsmis ofldri` mdjbfrcoi,

    gdmuejd` f`trf mfjdods pdjdhrds fj jdsgcvi vf`f`i gi` fj quf prftf`of` gi`sumdr su mufrtf,

    pufs `i jfs cmpirtd scfmprf quf gi`scad` eu`odmf`ti pdrd ofef`ofr su dscf`ti, ofspjcfad`

    u`d hd`odods of mf`tcrd, pfri fstds si` jcafrds, td`ti quf fj vcf`ti sf jds dgdhdrd jjfvd`oi y

    gud`oi jd hd`odod of mf`tcrds sf vd`, ofld` of dpirtdr simhrds gi` jds quf fsgi`ofr dqufjji

    quf `i sf qucfrf quf sfd rfvfjdoi, fs c`fvctdhjf quf dj ec`dj sdjad jd vfrodo,¹ pdrd quãmf`tcr9,¹ djdradr jd dai`íd9, ¹ocserutdr u` sfau`oi mäs jis pdrdocscdgis pjdgfrfs quf is

    dpirtd vufstri iecgci9¹ Jis mcsmis pjdgfrfs quf si` md`tf`cois gi` jd sd`arf y fj sdgrcecgci

    dlf`i9 ¹Gi` fsti, qucf` qucfrf pf`sdr f` fj edmisi sufôi dmfrcgd`i9, f` dqufj iraujji

    `dgci`dj, fj símhiji of jchfrtdo y ipirtu`codo, jjfadr, jugbdr y bdgfrsf rcgi. Jd ofec`cgc÷` of jd

    dmhcgc÷` y fj mäxcmi fxpi`f`tf ofj pf`sdmcf`ti gdpctdjcstd. ¹^fri pir quã `docf bdhjd ofj

    sufôi fspdôij9, rfyfs of jd ofmdaiacd y jd ca`ird`gcd, `c`au`d fxcaf`gcd `c`au`d ocecgujtdo,

    scmpjfmf`tf sdhfr ofgcr ji quf itris qucfrf` iír, `c eirmdgc÷`, `c ofocgdgc÷`, jd pijítcgd, fj

    rfejfli of jd `dgc÷`. Jd ocefrf`gcd gi` fj sufôi dmfrcgd`i fs f` quf fstf, dj mf`is, bdy

    fseufrzi.

    @ufvi ioci y `ufvis rfspftis doqucrcois pdrd gujmc`dr u` huf` dôi, quf fs djai fspfgcdj,

    pufs fs fj puf`tf quf jjfvd d u` scaucf`tf `cvfj, fj c`stctuti, f` mc mimf`ti jd F.W.I. @i tf`íd

    `c cofd of ji quf mf fspfrdhd djjí, `i tf`íd `c`au`d euf`tf pdrd prfvfr dqufjji f` ji quf mf

    chd d mftfr, ourd`tf prcmdrcd jis priefsirfs bdhjdhd` gi` tfmir sihrf fstf `ufvi sdjti,

    ofgíd` quf `i tf`íd `dod quf vfr gi` fj gijfaci, fj c`stctuti supufstdmf`tf tf`íd ríacods

    `irmds hrutdjfs gd`tcodofs of gi`tf`coi, fsi fs ji quf dj mf`is grfíd` jis priefsirfs of

    prcmdrcd… Fjjis frd` jis quf `is trd`smctíd` fj mcfoi d `isitris, gimi `i tf`íd itrd euf`tf

    mf ji dgdhf grfyf`oi, pfri euf f` u`d gbdrjd gud`oi of vfrodo gudldríd mc mcfoi bdgcd fsf

    euturi ofsgi`igcoi ofj quf tiois td` mdj duaurdhd`. Uc`i fj ocrfgtir f` pfrsi`d pdrd ierfgfrsu mi`÷jiai sihrf ji quf ãj grfíd quf frd su gf`tri. S fefgtcvdmf`tf prfocgi ji mcsmi quf jis

    priefsirfs, fxdgtdmf`tf gdjgdoi. Bdhíd mftcoi hdstd`tf mcfoi gi` dqufjji. Ji quf f`

    dqufjjis mimf`tis `i sdhíd fs quf gud`oi jis c`eirmfs ocgf` jd mdjd eirmdgc÷` quf tcf`f`

    jis djum`is fspdôijfs, bdy quf cmdac`drsf, quf sc sdhf` tdmpigi, `i fs muy prihdhjf quf fj

    `cvfj sfd td` djti… 

    S pir ec`, jjfa÷ fj c`stctuti, dbí fstdhd jd primfsd of u`d fougdgc÷` jd fougdgc÷` of djtíscmi

    `cvfj, of jd fxpujsc÷` of jis djum`is d jd mäs mí`cmd edjtd, fsf ard`oíscmi mcfoi d jd tfmchjffxtrfmd fougdgc÷` quf sf `is bdhíd mftcoi f` fj gijfaci. Ourd`tf mc fstd`gcd dgdhã

    ofspfrtä`oimf of dqufj sufôi quf pc`tdhd, jd F.W.I, frd djai muy ocstc`ti d dqufjjds djfrtds

    quf md`odhd` fsis priefsirfs dsustdoczis. Jd F.W.I frd u`d fougdgc÷` eruti of jd pijítcgd, y

    pir fjji bdhíd c`tfrfsfs muy ocstc`tis gi`vfracf`oi f` u` mcsmi pu`ti. Ec`djmf`tf si` jis

    c`tfrfsfs of u` gijir u itri, jis quf ofec`f` jd fougdgc÷` f` fstf pdís.

    Jjfauã dqufjjds pufrtds of dqufj `ufvi gf`tri, jds dmpjcds vfrlds quf gcrgu`gcodhd` fj juadr

    odhd` dmpjci fspdgci pdrd fj rfgrfi, f`trf pc`is sf frcaíd u` acm`dsci y gi`tcaui d fstf, pcstds

    of eüthij y hdji`gfsti. D su vfrd sf f`gi`trdhd fj focecgci prc`gcpdj y itri doydgf`tf

    gi`fgtdois mfocd`tf u` gdmc`i y pir drrchd, pir u` puf`tf, jds pdrfofs of jdorcjji gruoi

    gimhc`dois gi` jis rfmdtfs hjd`gis y jis gijirfs vfrofs of jds vf`td`ds, odhd` dj dmhcf`tf

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    u` dcrf ocstc`ti d dqufj gi` fj quf mf bdhíd grcdoi. Frd u` gdmhci of mf`tdjcodo f` tiod

    rfajd.

    Jis priefsirfs sf prfsf`tdri`, y tiois decrmdri` quf `is f`erf`tähdmis d u` `ufvi ofsdeíi.

    Ji quf mäs gdmhc÷ euf jd gd`tcodo of gi`tf`coi y jchfrtdo pdrd odrji, bdhíd quf sfaucr u`

    jchri dj pcf of jd jftrd pdsd`oi ofsof jf`aud, sigcdjfs, c`ajãs, mdtfmätcgds… Ji quf gi` fjtcfmpi mf odríd guf`td, fs quf f` rfdjcodo, jis priefsirfs tf`íd` mugbd jchfrtdo pdrd bdgfr

    jds gisds of eirmd ocstc`td, ji quf pdsdhd fs quf `i sijíd` sdjcrsf ofj priardmd, gi`eirmf

    dvd`gã f` jd F.W.I buhi itris, quf sí quf dprivfgbdri` jd f`irmf jchfrtdo quf ocspi`íd`, y `i

    prfgcsdmf`tf pdrd hcf`… 

    F` itrds gjdsfs, mcf`trds `isitris oähdmis mdtfmätcgds gi` fj jchri itris sf ofocgdhd` d

    trdhdldr gi` fj gudofr`i. ^ir pdrdo÷lcgi quf eufsf jis quf trdhdldhd` gi` fj gudofr`i jfs

    jjfadhd d gistdr mäs trdhdli pirquf jis dpu`tfs vf`íd` ofj priefsir, fstis gi`tf`cois tf`íd`

    u` `cvfj of fxcaf`gcd mdyir quf fj mcsmíscmi jchri. F` jds itrds gjdsfs djum`is sf qufldhd`

    ofj tfrrchjf sdjti of gijfaci dj c`stctuti mcf`trds yi `c ji bdhíd `itdoi, d ec` of guf`tds sfauíd

    vdjcf`oi mugbi fj gudofr`i bdstd u` 86% y u` 8> % jd dgtctuo. @i vdjíd` td`ti gimi f`prcmdrcd, pfri sfauíd scf`oi mugbi, du`quf gud`ti mäs vdjcfrd fj gudofr`i mäs pfrluocgdoi

    fstdhd yi pirquf mc jftrd `i frd huf`d y `i mf fseirzdhd f` ofgirdrji gimi itris djum`is

    guhrcã`oiji of ejirfgctds, gi` u`d jftrd fxqucsctd, u`is märaf`fs mcjcmftrdois y u`d ard`

    gd`tcodo of gijirfs of fxgfjf`tf gi`trdstf. Si pir fj gi`trdrci, mf ofocgdhd fxgjuscvdmf`tf d

    dprf`ofr ji quf fstähdmis od`oi, y fsi sf pf`djczdhd. F` af`frdj sf pioíd vfr gimi

    ofpf`ocf`oi of jd gjdsf y ofj priefsir sf pioíd` vfr u`d u itrds `itds, pufs jis gi`tf`cois

    pioíd` vdrcdr of`tri ofj mcsmi `cvfj, jd ocecgujtdo of jd dsca`dturd fstdhd mäs mdrgdod pir fj

    priefsir quf pir fj pripci gursi.

    F` fstf gursi fstuocã mäs, pfri sf sihrfjjfv÷ rfdjmf`tf hcf`, ji quf `i tuvf prfvcsti, euf djai

    dlf`i dj c`stctuti quf mf odríd mäs girdlf y pfrluocgdríd mäs quf gudjqucfr gisd d`tfrcir f` jdfougdgc÷`. Jd pdrriqucd, u` focecgci ofstc`doi dj gujti rfjcacisi, mcs pdorfs mf ihjcadhd` d cr

    jis WÄHDOIW ^IX JD @IGBF, pdrd pdrtcgcpdr f` jds gfrfmi`cds. Fs fvcof`tf quf mf c`oca`dríd

    gimi `u`gd d`tfs ji bdhíd bfgbi, pfri `i dtf`oíd` d rdzi`fs. ^rfgcsdmf`tf pir gidrtdrmf d

    hdsf of dmf`dzds d bdgfr djai quf `i qufríd bdgfr, giaí mäs ioci d jd cajfscd quf gudjqucfr

    itrd gisd sihrf jd edz of jd tcfrrd. F` jds gfrfmi`cds mcf`trds fjjis bdgíd` sus gd`tis y sus

    rfzis, yi mf pi`íd d rfejfxci`dr sihrf jis fstüpcoi y ji dhsuroi of fstdr djjí, vfíd

    gi`trdocggci`fs f`trf jis mf`sdlfs híhjcgis, mf jjfvdhd birds y birds dbi`odoi sihrf jd

    rfjcac÷` d`djczd`oi y ofsbcjdgbd`oi sus mf`sdlfs f c`tf`gci`fs, gud`ti mäs rfejfxci`dhd

    sihrf fjjd mäs mf qufríd djfldr of jd mcsmd. Wi` mugbds jds gi`gjusci`fs quf jjfauã sihrf jd

    rfjcac÷` y jis mitcvis quf mufvf` d jds pfrsi`ds d doigtrc`drsf, pfri jd gi`gjusc÷` mäscmpirtd`tf pdrd mí fs quf fstdhd pfrocf`oi mc tcfmpi djjí.

    Fj prcmfr gursi f` fj `ufvi gf`tri pds÷ jis mcfois sf eufri` pfrocf`oi y bdhíd doqucrcoi u`

    `ufvd rutc`d djjí. Fmpfgã d vfr quf `i frd `fgfsdrci fstuocdr td`ti gimi fstuocdhd, mf mivíd

    mäs pir ji quf ofgíd` quf pir jd fxpfrcf`gcd, fmpfgã d vfr quf pioíd fstuocdr mugbi mf`is

    y sdgdr fj gursi caudj. Jis priefsirfs `i jjfvdhd` rdz÷`, `i frd td` ouri gimi pc`tdhd`. F`

    fstf `ufvi gursi tuvf gjdsfs of mdtfmätcgds quf jjfadri` d sfr dhurrcods, hfstcdjmf`tfdhurrcods, trdhdldmis gi` jis trfs mãtiois of rfsijugc÷` of fgudgci`fs gdsc u` trcmfstrf, frd

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    hfstcdj ji rfpftctcvi quf rfsujtdhd, jjfa÷ u` mimf`ti f` quf pi`íd jis hrdzis sihrf fj pupctrf

    y bu`oíd jd gdhfzd fspfrd`oi quf tioi pdsdrd, frd birrchjf pirquf sf mf f`tumfgíd jd mf`tf

    of fspfrdr d quf pdsdrd fj tcfmpi, jjfauã c`gjusi d sdgdr mdjds `itds pir fstdr mfoci oirmcoi.

    Jis mc`utis sf gi`vfrtíd f` birds y jis sfau`ois sf adstdhd` jf`tdmf`tf decjä`oisf sf mf

    gjdvdhd` y dtrdvfsdhd`, dj vfr jd jf`tctuo gi` jds quf jds md`fgcjjds ofj rfjil sf drrdstrdhd` f`

    gírgujis, frd u`d pfsdocjjd. @i mf austdhd fstdr djjí `c mf austdhd gimi sf odhd` jds gjdsfs.

    ^ir itri jdoi, jd gjdsf `i fstdhd mdj, pfri bdhíd djaü` fstuocd`tf quf `i ofldhd odr gjdsf y of

    bfgbi `i qufríd fstdr djjí, Md`iji, dqufj gbdvdj bdhíd rfpftcoi mäs of u`d vfz, dü` rfgufroi

    dqufjjd ocsgusc÷` gi` jd priefsird of c`ajãs.

    F` u`d mdôd`d of td`tds, jd priefsird of c`ajãs sf f`gi`trdhd ocspufstd d bdhjdr gi` Md`iji,

    eufri` mugbds jds quflds quf rfgchc÷ of itris oigf`tfs pirquf Md`iji `i ofldhd odr gjdsf y

    edjtdhd fj rfspfti gi`tc`udmf`tf d jis priefsirfs, pir ji quf jd tutird sf vci ihjcadod d odrjf

    u` tiquf of dtf`gc÷` f` jd gjdsf of tutiríd. Dbí fstdhd jis ois erf`tf d erf`tf, f` dqufj

    gdjofdoi dmhcf`tf, jds vf`td`ds mftäjcgds of dqufj gijir vfrof isguri erf`dhd` jis rdyis of

    sij quf c`tf`tdhd` pf`ftrdr f` jd sdjd. Wiji fj bfgbi of dgdrcgcdr jd gbdpd mftäjcgd quf `isdcsjdhd ofj fxtfrcir, yd priougíd dqufj of`si y pfsdoi gdjir. Jd priefsird fstdhd c`scstcf`oi d

    Md`iji u`d y itrd vfz, mcf`trds dumf`tdhd fj ti`i y afstcgujdhd gi` mäs c`scstf`gcd

    gi`eirmf sf dgfrgdhd d su pupctrf<

    -Bd` fstdoi ocgcf`oi quf fstäs gdusd`oi prihjfmds, Md`iji.

    Buhi u` hrfvf scjf`gci, quf euf c`tfrrumpcoi pir jd priefsird quf `i sf oci pir vf`gcod.

    -Md`iji tcf`fs quf prfstdr dtf`gc÷` f` gjdsf f c`tf`tdr trdhdldr. Fs quf `i qucfrfs sfr `dod fjoíd of mdôd`d, biy f` oíd jd gisd fstä muy mdj, gdod vfz mäs af`tf fstä f` pdri y fs af`tfmuy gudjcecgdod. ¡@i ji f`tcf`ofs!

    - ¡Tuf mf oflfs!

    -^fri bdhfr, sc `i fstuocds dbird f` euturi… 

    - ¡Tuf `i mf cmpirtd!, ¡Tuf `i mf cmpirtd!... arctdhd mcf`trds `fadhd gi` jd gdhfzd mcrd`oisu pupctrf.

    Of `ufvdmf`tf jd priefsird c`scstc÷ dj vfr, quf `i f`trdhd f` rdz÷`, y vijvc÷ d rfpftcr.

    -Sd quf fstäs dquí dprivfgbd fj tcfmpi pirquf f` u` euturi `fgfsctdräs fj títuji, pdrd … 

    - Tuf- `i- mf- c`tfrfsd. Ocli Md`iji gi` u` ti`i ofsdecd`tf, oca`ä`oisf d jfvd`tdr jd gdhfzd ymcrdr d jd priefsird d jis ilis.

    -^ufof quf tf daihcfs f` jd gjdsf, pfri fsf `i fs mitcvi pdrd quf mijfstfs d jis gimpdôfrisf c`tfrrumpds d jis priefsirfs.

    -¡^fri fs quf yi `i qucfri fstdr dquí!

    -^fri tcf`fs quf f`tf`ofr quf ofhfs fstdr dquí pir jfy dsí quf yd quf vds d fstdr dquí pir jimf`is gimp÷rtdtf

    -^fri yi `i daud`ti fstdr f` fstd mcfrod of gjdsf daihcdoi, gi` fstd scjjd mäs ourd quf sumufrtis… yi prfefrcríd fstdr trdhdld`oi d`tfs quf dquí. 

    Gurcisdmf`tf y pdrd mc sirprfsd jd priefsird sf bfgbi bdgíd dträs y fstd vfz sf ocrcac÷ d jdgjdsf. S gi`tc`u÷ ocgcf`oi

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    -Bdy quf vfr quf jd jfy `i pfrmctd quf fstis gbcgis `i sf pufod` cr d su gdsd, pdrd piofrhusgdr u` iecgci, sc` quf tf`ad quf mijfstdr d jis ofmäs.

    Mf qufoã gi`afjdoi, fsi pdrd mí bdhíd ocgbi mugbi, dj `i rfhdtcr jf bdhíd odoi jd rdz÷`, ypir fsi mf prfau`tã pirquf rfdjmf`tf jd jfy bdhíd gdmhcdoi pdrd `i ofldr sdjcr d`tfs of jisocfgcsãcs gud`oi f` jd ãpigd of mcs pdorfs sf ofldhd sdjcr d jis gdtirgf, y jd rfspufstd frd

    sf`gcjjd< sf prfefríd tf`fr d jis `côis f`gfrrdois pfrluocgd`oi dj rfsti of jd gjdsf quf f` jdgdjjf.

    Sd `i bdhjähdmis of fougdgc÷` bdhjähdmis of audrofríds, gärgfjfs… F` ofec`ctcvd djmdgf`fsof `côis f` ji quf gdod vfz cmpirtdhd mf`is jd gdjcodo of f`sfôd`zd, su sdtcsedggc÷`pfrsi`dj, i sus fxpfrcf`gcds doqucrcod, sc`i quf fj ec` prcmirocdj frd tf`frjis rfsaudrodois,pdrd quf `i fstirhdsf` y sc ji bcgcfrd` quf jis priefsirfs jis daud`tdrd`.

    Mugbis priefsirfs sf djtfrdrä` dj iír fstds pdjdhrds, pfri sc d`djczds jd fougdgc÷` tf pfrgdtdsof guäjfs si` jds prcircodofs, vfs gimi sc u` djum`i fs u`d mijfstcd, `c dprf`of `c oflddprf`ofr, scf`oi u`d gdrad pdrd fj gf`tri jd gjdsf y jd fougdgc÷`, sf prfefrcrä ofldrji of`tri dpfsdr of jis prihjfmds quf af`frf, d`tfs of OFLDXJI sdjcr sc ji grff gi`vf`cf`tf pdrd DJMF@IW tf`fr jd ipirtu`codo of dprf`ofr u` iecgci. Odoi quf jd mdyiríd of jis djum`is sijíd`fstdr f` jd gdjjf d fstds fodofs, mijfstd`oi dsí d jis doujtis, sf gdmhcd jd jfy pdrdmd`tf`frjis f`gfrrdois. Dsí qufod gjdri quf jis c`tfrfsfs of jis djum`is qufod` supfoctdoisd jis c`tfrfsfs of jis doujtis, du`quf supi`ad u` mdj mugbi mdyir pdrd jis djum`is. Fsti fsji quf rfprfsf`td jd fougdgc÷` f` Fspdôd u`d audrofríd, u` pdsdtcfmpi u`d euturd sigcfodomufrtd ofsof fj prcmfr mimf`ti.

    Tuczäs of`tri of u`is dôis, sf pfrgdtf` of quf dqufjjis d jis quf gi`scofrdhd` u`d gdrad,

    sfrä` f`ti`gfs ji quf gdrauf` gi` su gdrad. Tuf tioi fj tcfmpi quf jfs bcgcfri` pfrofr, sf jibdrä` pfrofr d fjjis. Tuf tioi pdsd edgturd, `dod pdsd f` vd`i, y quf fsd sigcfodo quf jfsmd`tf`orä sfrä jd sigcfodo quf fjjis dyuodri` d grfdr.

    _ioi fsti tf`íd u`d sijugc÷` y quf `i sf timdrd frd hdstd`tf rdri, ¹^ir quã bdhíd u`dtrfmf`od rfsfrvd d jd bird of fxpujsdr af`tf9, `i sã d quã tf`íd` mcfoi d jd bird of fxpujsdr,djau`d vfz fsgugbã d u` priefsir ofgcr quf mugbds vfgfs si` jis `côis jis quf qucfrf` sfrfxpujsdois, y pir fsi `i sf jfs odhd fsd sdtcsedggc÷`. Frd u`d fxpjcgdgc÷` hdstd`tf rdrd, ¹quãprihjfmd pioíd bdhfr pdrd fxpujsdr9 ¹Wijdmf`tf u` pcquf dhsuroi f`trf mdfstri y djum`i9`i ji grfi, yi dj mf`is `i sf jd rfspufstd.

    Wc tf`íd gi`std`gcd pir dmcais, quf f` itris gf`tris bdhíd mugbds rfsfrvd d jd bird of

    suspf`ofr d ^G^C, f` fstds gjdsfs sf odhd` gisds td` fjfmf`tdjfs quf c`sujtdhd` jdc`tfjcaf`gcd, jjfauã d vfr priefsirfs odr fj dhfgfodrci… Ji quf sc sdhíd frd quf bdhíd gupis of

    dprihdois sfaü` dmcais f C@GJVWI ^XIEFWIXFW TVF GI@IGÍD, of bfgbi u`d dmcai of mcedmcjcd quf frd priefsir, yd sf bdhíd pjd`tdoi mäs of u`d vfz ofjd`tf of jd mfsd ofj ocrfgtir yjf bdhíd pufsti fj c`eirmf of jds `itds f`gcmd of jd mfsd y jf bdhíd ocgbi ‚pi`ad ustfo jds

    `itds quf qucfrd, titdj mf vd ihjcadr dprihdr d jis quf ustfo jfs of jd ad`d”, pirquf sfaü` ãjbdhíd u` `ümfri of dprihdois quf bdhíd quf gumpjcr.

    F` jd F.W.I gimi jjfadríd d vfr, tdmhcã` bdhíd djai pdrfgcoi, tf`íd` mugbi mcfoi ofsuspf`ofr d `docf, pir jd dmf`dzd of jd domc`cstrdgc÷`. ^ir fj aihcfr`i of mc zi`d, sfc`tf`tdhd dprihdr d tioi fj mu`oi pdrd quf tuvcfrd` u`d ipirtu`codo f` fj mu`oi jdhirdj,

    c`ofpf`ocf`tf of sc sdhíd i sc `i sdhíd, i sc sf bdhíd fseirzdoi i sc `i bdhíd bfgbi `dod. Gdodu`i pcf`sf ji quf qucfrd, d mí `i mf pdrfgf mdj quf bdyd gcfrtd ejfxchcjcodo gi` jis

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    dprihdois y sf dyuof (gi` u`d gcfrtd miofrdgc÷` y `i d jis fxtrfmis quf ji fstä` jjfvd`oi) djds pfrsi`ds quf f` gcrgu`std`gcds edmcjcdrfs `fgfsctd` dyuod, pfri mc sf`tcoi gimü` mf ocgfquf sf f`eigd mugbi mäs d ad`dr vitis quf sijdmf`tf jd ecjd`tripíd... Fsti fs siji mc ipc`c÷`.

    F` fstf gursi, `i tioi ji quf ofsguhrí sihrf jd fougdgc÷` euf mdji, pufs gi`igfríd dj priefsir

    gi` mäs vigdgc÷` d ji quf bdgíd quf yi bdhíd vcsti f` mc vcod, Jucs, mc priefsir of jf`aud, fs

    fj prcmfri quf ofspfrt÷ mc dmir pir jd jctfrdturd, quczäs `i fstdríd fsgrchcf`oi fstf jchri sc `i

    eufrd pir ãj. Frd jd pfrsi`d quf mäs jf austdhd ji quf bdgíd, fmpfzdhd jds gjdsfs ofocgd`oi jis

    4> prcmfris mc`utis d jffr f` viz djtd gi` u`d sutcj mfjioíd of pcd`i of ei`oi, gi`sfauídmis

    jffr gdsc u`d `ivfjd pir trcmfstrf.

    _dmhcã` tf`ídmis u` hjia f` fj quf ofhídmis suhcr trdhdlis sihrf jctfrdturd, pir supufsti ãj

    tdmhcã` tf`íd fj suyi, f` oi`of tf f`gi`trdhds c`tfrmc`dhjfs pcstds of duoci f` jd gudj fj

    mcsmi sf ardhdhd jfyf`oi pifsíd. Wcfmprf ofgíd dqufjjd erdsf of Wã`fgd< ‚Jis bimhrfs

    dprf`of` mcf`trds f`sfôd`”. D ji jdrai ofj gursi gi`scauc÷ quf jf giacfrd austcjji d jis jchris, d

    ji jdrai of jd F.W.I tdmhcã` ad`dríd djaü` gi`gursi of jctfrdturd, pfri sc` qufrfr, yi `u`gd mf

    prfsf`tdhd, pdsdhd of jis gi`gursis, pfri euf u` priefsir fj quf prfsf`t÷ mc trdhdli sc`pfrmcsi. Ji quf mf jjdm÷ mäs jd dtf`gc÷` of Jucs, `i frd siji su pdsc÷` pir ji quf bdgíd, `c sc

    qucfrd jis gi`std`tfs gbcstfs mdjis gi` jis quf `i rfídmis, sc`i quf sfaü` ãj frd u` gbcgi

    tirpf of pfqufôi, jds ipiscgci`fs jf gistdri` gc`gi dôis pdrd sdgärsfjd, fj grfíd f` quf gimi

    ocríd Fc`stfc` ‚ Bdy u`d eufrzd mitrcz mäs piofrisd quf fj vdpir, jd fjfgtrcgcodo y jd f`fraíd

    dt÷mcgd< jd viju`tdo”  

    Fsti mf jjfv÷ d prfau`tdrmf gimi u` priefsir td` huf`i `i bdhíd scoi sfjfggci`doi pdrd sfr

    priefsir d jd prcmfrd, ¹Dgdsi `i fstdhd` jds ipiscgci`fs pdrd oftfgtdr d jis mflirfs

    priefsirfs9 ¹Jis quf fjdhirdhd` jds ipiscgci`fs pf`sdhd` quf frd` mflirfs priefsirfs jis

    quf mäs sdhíd`9 _f`íd gjdsfs f` oi`of mcs dmcais fstdhd` dmdradois gi` priefsirfs quf

    supufstdmf`tf frd` pfrefgtis cjftrdois, quczäs supcfrd` mugbi mäs pfri `i sdhíd` trd`smctcr`c mitcvdr, `i bdy quf ijvcodr quf jis ard`ofs mdfstris `i si` qucf` ji sdhf` tioi, `c sc

    qucfrd qucf` sdhf g÷mi sdhfrji tioi, u` ard` mdfstri fs qucf` sdhf g÷mi c`spcrdr d jis

    ofmäs, fs dqufj quf sdhf ofspfrtdr jd pdsc÷` pir fj sdhfr y tf dyuod d ofsguhrcr g÷mi sdhfr.

    Fstis ard`ofs priefsirfs gi` vfrodofrd vigdgc÷` si` muy pigis, y jds ipiscgci`fs `i sdhf`

    oftfgtdrjis y mugbi mf`is bdgfrjis prcirctdrcis d jd bird of doluocgdr pjdzds. Gi` fj tcfmpi

    sfríd` jds `itcgcds jds quf mf fsgd`odjczdríd`, si` jds quf mf bcgcfri` vfr, quf fs muy oceígcj

    c`tf`tdr sfjfggci`dr jis priefsirfs gi` mäs vigdgc÷` f`trf jis quf fvcof`tfmf`tf tf`ad` u`d

    hdsf mí`cmd, gud`oi f` rfdjcodo, fsgdsfd` dqufjjis quf tcf`f`, sc qucfrd, u`d hdsf.

    Jd eirmdgc÷` oigf`tf

    Jds `itcgcds rfjdtdhd` jis c`eirmfs of jds ipiscgci`fs d priefsirdoi. Dj vfrji mf qufoã

    bfjdoi, of jis fxdmc`dois u` 37% `i sdhíd` pdsdr vdjirfs f` mda`ctuofs fjfmf`tdjfs (Of

    ardmis d Kcjiardmis, of mc`utis, mftris gudordois), of jis djum`is s÷ji u` 4.27% sdhíd` pir

    o÷`of pdsd fj Oufri, fj Fhri, y fj Audodjqucvcr, s÷ji u` 47% pioíd ofsgrchcr jds eirmds

    ardmdtcgdjfs f` u`d irdgc÷`. Wc` bdhjdr of jd irtiardeíd f` oi`of `is f`gi`trdmis frrirfs

    adrrdedjfs of pdjdhrds gimi d`hcti, gi`ouztd, dosfquchjf, bdgfrgdr, Giroivd, @dhdrrd, jjfhd,

    Hijgä` sc` mf`gci`dr jd gd`tcodo of frrirfs fjfmf`tdjfs of gcf`gcds y u` jdrai ftg... . @i sf

    pioíd lustcecgdr quf u`d gdrrfrd quf sf ofocgd d quf jis priefsirfs tf`ad` u`is gi`igcmcf`tis

    fjfmf`tdjfs, `i tuvcfsf` `c jd mí`cmd hdsf. V`d gdrrfrd quf sdquf` priefsci`djfs quf `i

    sfpd` `c jffr `c fsgrchcr, `c jd hdsf mäs fjfmf`tdj of gcf`gcds i mdtfmätcgds. ¹^drd quã sfjjfvd` ? dôis fstuocd`oi u`d gdrrfrd sc `i sdhf` `c fsi9 Ofspuãs bdhrä priefsirfs quf bdad`

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    jchris gi` jis frrirfs fstrfpctisis of jis djum`is, bdhríd quf vfr ji quf pdsdríd sc bcgcfri` jis

    djum`is bcgcfrd` jchris of jis frrirfs of jis fstrfpctisis of jis priefsirfs.

    F` tioi bdy huf`is y mdjis priefsci`djfs fj prihjfmd fs fj pirgf`tdlf, y f` Fspdôd bdy

    mugbis mdjis oigf`tfs, f`gcmd `i tiois jis huf`is priefsirfs fstä` f` jds dujds,

    mdjadstd`oi tdjf`ti, `c sc qucfrd bd` c`tf`tdoi f`eigdr jds ipiscgci`fs d c`tf`tdr dvfrcaudr,quf f`trf ois priefsirfs of mcsmds gdjcecgdgc÷`, gudj tcf`f mäs vigdgc÷`. Fs oceígcj mfocr gi`

    u` fxdmf` jd vigdgc÷`, dj caudj quf fs oceígcj mfocr gud`ti sdhf of jf`aud, mdtfmätcgds i

    gudjqucfrd itrd gisd, ¹G÷mi mfocríd u` fxdmf` pir flfmpji sc u`d pfrsi`d fstä jigd9, pufs

    biy, fmprfsds muy sfrcds bdgf` fstf tcpi of tfst pdrd dvfríaudji, ¹bd scoi eägcj bdgfr fstf

    tfst9, cmdac`i quf `i, tioi fs gufstc÷` of pi`frsf y gi` grfdtcvcodo c`tf`tdr ocsfôd prigfsis

    of sfjfggc÷` mäs ÷ptcmis pdrd dprivfgbdr dj mäxcmi fj tdjf`ti quf biy f` oíd `i sihrd.

    Jd prfau`td fs, d`tf fstf pd`irdmd ¹quã bd` bfgbi jis pijítcgis9¹Tuã sijugci`fs bd`

    husgdoi9, vcf`oi fj ofsdstrf `dgci`dj lusti ofjd`tf of sus ilis cmpdschjfs, fspfrd`oi `i sã d

    quã, quczäs fspfrdhd` d quf sf sijugci`dsf s÷ji, i scmpjfmf`tf sf defrrd` d su cofijiaíd, du`

    fstd`oi gimprihdodmf`tf mdj, fjjis md`tcf`f` sus mfocods. ^drfgf sfr quf ji quf jfs

    c`tfrfsd fs cofijiaíd of pdrtcoi, jd vcgtircd, bdgfr ji quf fj pufhji fspfrd of fjjis, ji quf jfs

    c`tfrfsd pdrd pujcr jds mf`tfs of jds euturds af`frdgci`fs y dsfaurdrsf u`d vcgtircd pdrd sfaucr

    gbupd`oi ofj hitf, `i bdy lustcecgdgc÷` pischjf, si` oiamätcgis, pufs gud`oi tioi vfrcecgd

    quf jd cofijiaíd fstd frrdod fjjis gi`tc`üd` gi` fjjd. ^igi jfs cmpirtdrä fj pdís sc fstä`

    ocspufstis d sdgrcecgdrji pir su cofijiaíd, pigd c`cgcdtcvd tcf`f` sc `c scqucfrd husgd` sijugci`fs

    c`gjusi of`tri ofj mdrgi of su cofijiaíd. ^igi jfs cmpirtdhd tioi, sdjvi md`tf`fr fj sufjoi y

    su prcvcjfacdoi fstdoi, jd gujturd ofj pfjitdzi, jd bfrf`gcd of `ufstrd gujturd, fj sufôi Fspdôij.

    Ofspuãs of jis rfsujtdois, sfríd` jds u`cvfrscodofs y `i ji pijítcgis, jis quf c`tf`tdríd` odrsijugc÷` d fstd dhfrrdgc÷`, pfri yd sf vfíd quf pigi pioíd` bdgfr, pirquf f` Fspdôd `i sf

    vdjird td`ti jd fougdgc÷` gimi f` itris pdísfs, jd af`tf `i sf od guf`td of quf jd fougdgc÷`

    fs jd quf ofec`f jd gdjcodo of jis c`ocvcouis of u`d sigcfodo, fj euturi ofj pdís ofpf`of of fjjd,

    jd fougdgc÷` `i tcf`f fj rfspfti quf sf mfrfgf, jis euturis oigf`tfs mugbds vfgfs fjcaf` jd

    gdrrfrd `i pir vigdgc÷` sc`i pir edgcjcodo pdrd tf`fr u`d gdrrfrd. Jis rfsujtdois frd` gjdris

    tf`íd` quf pi`fr mäs fxcaf`gcds d mdacstfrci, pfri sc suhíd` fj jcst÷` pufof quf mugbds

    pfrsi`ds fjfacríd` itrd gdrrfrd y jds u`cvfrscodofs `i sf jjf`dríd`, d`tfs of fjfvdr jis

    fstä`odrfs pdrd dj mf`is caudjdrjds dj mí`cmi, jd sigcfodo tcf`f quf vdjirdr jd fougdgc÷` tdj y

    gimi sf mfrfgf, pdrd quf pigi d pigi vdjjd` jjfad`oi oigf`tfs gi` vigdgc÷`, quf `i jfs

    cmpirtf fstuocdr mäs i mf`is, pirquf sdhf` quf fs ji quf qucfrf` y ji quf jfs austd.

    Wf gfrr÷ u`d dôi, gi` fj quf bdhíd sfmhrdoi f` mí jd sfmcjjd of jd ouod, bdhíd fmpfzdoi d

    vfr quf bdhíd mugbd vdrcfodo of priefsirfs, `i tiois gi`sfauíd` supfrdr jds ipiscgci`fs, f`

    fstf dôi mf odríd guf`td ofj gdsi gi`trdrci, bdy priefsirfs muy mdjis quf sc gi`scauf` pdsdr

    jds ipiscgci`fs, y gud`oi sf defrrd d u`d pjdzd pühjcgd fs muy oceígcj ofspfadrjis of fjjd.

    Lujcd Dqufjjd priefsird frd pdrtcgujdr, pfjcrrild, djtd, ofjadod y gi` ard`ofs ilis dzujfs gi` jis

    quf pdrfgíd quf pioíd oftfgtdr gudjqucfr mivcmcf`ti, gud`oi sf prfsf`t÷ `i mf pdrfgc÷

    mdjd, prfsumíd gi`std`tfmf`tf of ji huf`íscmd priefsird quf frd, sfaü` fjjd sf bdrtdhd of

    trdhdldr y frd süpfr dtf`td gi` jis djum`is. Frd fj prcmfr priefsir quf sf fgbdhd fstds ejirfs

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    `dod mäs fmpfzdr, mäs quf ed`edrri`d mf pdrfgíd rdrd, sfríd jd fxpfrcf`gcd jd quf ofldríd

    gjdri quf tcpi of pfrsi`d frd…

    Edjti u` trcmfstrf f`tfri, jjfadhd tiois jis oíds tdrof f`trf 4> y 46 mc`utis, y sc djaü` djum`i

    edjtdhd 2 mc`utis jf pi`íd u` pdrtf y ji md`odhd dj ocrfgtir… D vfgfs c`tf`tdhd edjtdr

    sfmd`ds sufjtds, quf gdsc gi`scauc÷ fmpdjmdrjds f` u` mfs, tf`íd jd sdjvfodo of quf gdod oissfmd`ds c`tf`tdhd vf`cr u`d vfz pdrd quf `i husgdrd` u` sustctuti, pir supufsti `i sf pfroíd

    `c`au`d md`cefstdgc÷`, gimi chd sfr of itrd eirmd, frd fvcof`tf quf frd u`d priefsird

    rfspi`sdhjf y flfmpjdr, ¹g÷mi `i sf chd d pfrofr u`d md`cefstdgc÷` f` jd quf fj euturi of jd

    fougdgc÷` fstdhd f` lufai9, vfíd f` fjjd gcfrtd edgftd dj fstfrfitcpi of jd pcgdrfsgd fspdôijd,

    gdod vfz quf vfíd jd pischcjcodo of fsgdqufdrsf ji bdgíd, sfríd djãracgd dj trdhdli i djai dsí, ji

    vfrodofrdmf`tf mdji `i frd quf husgdsf ipirtu`codofs pdrd fsgdqufdrsf, sc`i quf gud`oi

    `i pioíd sf jds c`vf`tdhd. _dro÷ mäs of u`d vfz mäs of u` mfs f` girrfacr fxämf`fs of tcpi

    tfst, y mäs gi`vcf`f quf `i jf prfau`tdrds, pirquf sc `i… Of bfgbi `i jf bdgíd mugbd edjtd

    girrfacr, jds `itds jds pi`íd jctfrdjmf`tf d hijfi, buhi fxämf`fs f` quf gimpdôfris sf

    gipcdri` u`i of itri y mcrd pir oi`of fj quf jf gdíd hcf` tf`íd u` 1, y fj quf `i jf gdíd td`

    hcf` tf`íd u` 6, `c sc qucfrd sf oci guf`td of quf sf gipcdri` pirquf ouoi mugbi quf jfyfrd

    jis fxämf`fs.

    Fj tfmdrci, ji sdgdhd of c`tfr`ft, jflis of priarf y pdrfgfr quf husgdhd gi`tf`cois mäs

    dgtudjczdois y ocoägtcgis, ji quf bdgíd frd c`vf`tdrsf fj tfmdrci y trdhdldr ji quf d fjjd jf

    austdhd quf `dod tf`íd quf vfr gi` fj jchri, bdgcf`oi u`d f`irmf gd`tcodo of trdhdlis, tiois

    muy cjustrdois y gijircois pdrd quf puocfrd f`trftf`frsf. ^ir supufsti, jis gudofr`is frd` jd

     liyd of jd giri`d, jd domc`cstrdgc÷` bdhíd pufsti quf vdjcfrd` u` 86%, pfri fjjd ocgf quf jf

    odhd caudj y quf ji chd vdjirdr u` 1>% ji ocli f` pühjcgi d`tf tiois `isitris, pioíd bdgfrji

    ardgcds d jd trfmf`od jchfrtdo of jis priefsirfs pdrd bdgfr ji quf qucscfrd` y quf f`trf

    gimpdôfris `i sf dtrfvíd` d grctcgdrsf `c jjdmdrsf jd dtf`gc÷`, huf`i, sc sf jjdmdhd` jddtf`gc÷` pdrd quf dprihdrd` mäs djum`is pfri pdrd `dod mäs, fstdhd efi gufstci`dr ji quf

    bdgf u` gimpdôfri ¹vfrodo9

    @i mf mijfstdhd td`ti sus gjdsfs, edjtdhd mugbíscmi y tf`ídmis fj dujd of irof`doirfs, jis

    priefsirfs ofgíd quf utcjczärdmis fj irof`doir pdrd trdhdldr i c`vfstcadr… ^ihrfs cjusis. @is

    mftídmis f` jd rfofs sigcdjfs i lufais i`jc`f, y `i bdy mdraf` of frrir, fj irof`doir tf`íd u`

    prixy pdrd c`tf`tdr fvctdr quf `is mftcãrdmis f` fsds päac`ds, pfri sf ijvcodhd` quf

    pfrtf`fgídmis jd af`frdgc÷` of jd tfg`ijiaíd, f` u ìs pigis oíds u` gbcgi ofsguhrc÷ gimi

    sdjtärsfji, y dj oíd scaucf`tf yd pioídmis `dvfadr trd`qucjis. @i bdy quf djdrmdrsf gi` fsti, fj

    usi of jd tfg`ijiaíd frd mugbi mäs erfguf`tf gud`oi sf jjfvdhd` tioi fj oíd gi` fj m÷vcj f`

    jds gjdsfs dhurrcods. Bdhíd vfgfs quf gdsc tiod jd gjdsf fstdhd mcrd`oi fj m÷vcj, fj priefsirbdhjdhd s÷ji.

    Fstf gursi fmpfir÷ mugbíscmi mc ipc`c÷` sihrf jd fougdgc÷` dqufjjd ofldofz y pdscvcodo, mf

    pdrfgíd scmpjfmf`tf vfrai`zisi quf ec`d`gcdrä` fsd gisd gi` cmpufstis. ^ir sufrtf scfmprf

    bdy djaucf` quf du`quf dcsjdoi bdgf quf `i pfrodmis jd Ef, djaucf` quf `i sf rc`of quf

    gi`eíd f` ji quf grff y fstä ocspufsti d jugbdr pir fjji, fstds si` jds pfrsi`ds quf du`quf `i

    si` mugbds, ofmufstrd` quf jd fougdgc÷` dü` `i fstä pfrocod.

    Wc Lujcd pfrsi`cecgdhd jd vdaufzd, sc` ouod Jucsd mc priefsird of c`ajãs pfrsi`cecgdhd fj

    fseufrzi. Mäs quf vigdgc÷` frd trdhdli ji quf jd ofec`íd of`tri y eufrd ofj dujd. C`tf`tdhd

    dprivfgbdr gdod sfau`oi, f` jd gjdsf `is gijigdhd u`i quf jf gistdhd mäs gi` u`i quf jijjfvdhd mflir pdrd quf `is dyuoäsfmis, c`tf`tdhd bdgfr f` 6 mc`utis jis mäxcmis flfrgcgcis

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    pischjfs y `is c`tf`tdhd djf`tdr pdrd quf ji gi`scaucãrdmis. Eufrd of gjdsf ocsfôdhd sus

    pripcis flfrgcgcis i`jc`f pdrd quf jis puocãrdmis bdgfr. Fjjd sfríd tdmhcã` jd quf irad`czdríd

    `ufstri vcdlf of ec` of gursi d C`ajdtfrrd, frd u` `i pdrdr. Fjjd ofgíd, quf pioíd vfr gimi sus

    gimpdôfris `i trdhdldhd` gimi fjjd, pfri frd su ofgcsc÷` bdgfrjds gisds hcf` y sf`tcrsf hcf`

    gi`scai mcsmd. Mf pdrfgc÷ muy trcstf quf fstds pfrsi`ds, jds quf vfrodofrdmf`tf trdhdld`,

    `i rfgchd` rfgimpf`sd of`tri ofj scstfmd fougdtcvi, quf gihrf` ji mcsmi quf fj quf `itrdhdld y pdsd of tioi. ¹G÷mi prftf`ofr gi`sfaucr tf`fr mflirfs priefsirfs sc `i bdy

    rfgimpf`sds pir bdgfr jds gisds hcf`9 D ji mflir, jd domc`cstrdgc÷` c`tf`tdhd bdgfr jds gisds

    of itrd eirmd… 

    F` dqufjjd mdôd`d, fstd