[LC] Lesson 7

D-q k Lesson 7

Zh b zh j bi zhn b di, know others know self, 100 battles without peril, b zh b r zh j , y shng y f, not know others but know self, a victory [for every] loss, b zh b b zh j , mi zhn b bi. not know others not know self, every battle inevitably lose.

A saying (in Classical Chinese) from Snzis Art of War (cited at the start of the video game, Three Kingdoms VIII). B that; others appears in the modern language in the word bc mutual (literally that and this) and j in the word zj self; oneself, both illustrating once again the trend towards polysyllabic words in the modern language. r, which serves as a conjunction in the classical language (and; but) appears in the modern expression rqi moreover.

7.0 / Fx review 1. Answer the questions: As you prepare to answer the following questions (written alternately in the traditional and simplified sets), encircle those characters that have two forms; then answer the questions briefly you will probably want to write the simplified set for all answers. [See glossary at the end of this section for occasional new words.]

(hud)

i)

1.

a.

2.

b.

3.

c.

4.

d. []

1

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

5.

e.

6.

f.

7.

g.

8. ?

h.

ii)

1.

a.

2.

b.

3.

c.

4.

d.

5.

e.

6.

f.

2

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

7.

g.

iii)

1.

a.

2.

b.

3.

c.

4.

d.

Yho xin wng ot Zhngxn. Bijng dti [2006].

# 1 line to O[lympic] Sta[dium] Center

3

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

vver14Line

Notes: / be connected [with]; pio ticket; yu oil; ni cow; p; zhn allowed; / chdebo able to eat [ones] fill; shji world.

2. Focus on tones: practice reading aloud the following tonal sets:

3. Compose characters from the constituents listed best to work in teams! i) (jintz) ? ? = sndinshu qngk de qng de yubinr sndinshu mitin de mi zhztu mob de mo mzpng b du de b huzpng ynwi de yn tzpng h tng de tng de yubinr sndinshu ky de kshng yu sho xi yu m (ynjng de ysi) shng yu m (shmu de m) xi you zsndinshu xinshng de xin kuzpng suy de su de zubin wngzpng sn l l de l z xing dfang de fng, dnshi sho le d-y ge bhu

ii) ? ? =

sndinshu hch de h de yubinr shng yu mng de yubianr xi yu ge xn z mzpng j su de jynzpng qngjn de jn de yubinr zubin yu ge yu z knbo de bo de yubinr

4

ynzpng xiohizi de hi de yubinr huzpng dushao de sho shng yu ge dngxi de x z xi yu ge n z xing du yyng sho le ge yu rdu shng yu ge yngru de yng xi yu ge gngzu de gng z shng yu ge b z xi yu ge ku shng yu ge rn z xi yu ge mqin de m shng yu ge yng z xi yu ge d 4. Dialogue

(F)

Bl

1990

,

5

New Characters The 300 plus characters introduced in the first six character lessons together with your knowledge of a much larger vocabulary of compounds that make use of these characters now make it feasible to introduce new characters in more diverse and interesting ways. So Characters 7 is organized around a narrative (Sets 1 and 2), a traditional tale (Set 3), and several weather reports (Set 4). The total number of characters explicitly introduced is about the same as in previous lessons, but the number presented only in glossaries is larger. A feasible goal for students would be to be able to read aloud (and comprehend!) all of the main texts without reference to the vocabulary lists; and to recognize those characters introduced in large format (with notes) but not those provided only in the glossaries in novel combinations and contexts. In other words, the focus should be, as always, on learning to recognize the core sets of characters in a variety of contexts.

7.1 Set 1

4+8 5+3 3+9 4+5 3+10 6+0 6+8 cho zhdo z bn zh sun dynasty know ancestor move; remove bamboo calculate

6+10 7+6 9+6 7+8 5+9 8+9 4+8

2+5 2+4 6+3 3+8 5+4 3+6 xin nng yng zh zhng / zhng surn county; district agriculture nurture; raise pig kind; sort / to plant although

6

6+12 3+6 2+6 4+2 / 1+5 6+3 5+3

6+6 2+6 3+3 2+6 jindn w j s hng zh simple; ordinary room tool die red straight Notes a) Contrast the left hand side of and (/); the former contains topped with . And contrast the left hand side of with ; the former contains sh arrow to the left of . The second syllable of , do, means way; route, which is the source of the word that has entered the English language as Tao. The notion obviously has great import in Chinese philosophical thought. To cite one example, the opening lines of the Do D Jng (often romanized as Tao Te Ching), The Classic of Tao and Virtue, attributed to Loz around the 4th or 3rd centuries BC, opens (in the written Chinese of two and a half centuries ago) with the cryptic and economical comment: , Do k do, fi chng do The Tao that can be spoken is not the proper Tao. b) The radical for z ancestor is(as in the of TV), whose non-combining form is sh show; indicate (to be distinguished from , the combining form of y clothes, which appears in, eg, both graphs of chnshn shirt). The right hand constituent, qi, clearly phonetic in , has lost its phonetic connection in the modern pronunciation of .

c) is composed of shuzpng the hand radical (a combining version of ) and phonetic bn, itself a combination of elements (cf. chun boat) and (cf. ). d) A reduced version of the pictographic bamboo appears as radical in characters such as and , and in general, graphs for words connected with bamboo, segmentation, and calculation.

e) The right-hand side of consists of (as radical) plus an additional stroke on top; the left hand side is often handwritten with connected to a horizontal base line so that it has 3 internal strokes,like (j tool see below). Similar connected forms also appear as handwriting versions of zhn and zh. The graph, , originally represented a word of similar pronunciation, meaning to suspend (pronounced xun in the modern language); the latter is now written /, with the lower heart radical added later to differentiate the two meanings.

7

f) contains chn, which is traditionally assigned as radical in this graph, and q; cf. chn early morning, where is clearly phonetic. g) yng goat; sheep appears as an element in many characters. Its combining form is often truncated (as in where it is traditionally assigned as radical, or in traditional , where it is not). In its function is phonetic in the traditional graph, combining with radical sh food (whose combining form appears in, eg ), but is the assigned radical in the simplified ( ). Cf. also .

h) and / have in common the element zh (as in ), which typically appears as a vestigial phonetic in words beginning with two distinct though still related sets of initials: d/t and zh/ch. In /, it appears with the radical sh pig in the traditional graph, and with the radical that is the combining form of qun dog, in the simplified. i) combines h grain (as radical, but cf. h, where it serves as a phonetic) with zhng heavy (as phonetic); the simplified substitutes a simpler phonetic . The graph represents both members of a word family, zhng kind; sort and zhng to plant. j) The traditional graph, , contains the element zhu, that is traditionally assigned radical status despite its apparent phonetic function (cf ). The simplified graph omits it and is assigned as radical. The four dots at the base of the graph (cf. / and/) are the bottom combining form of the fire radical (). The graph was apparently originally used to represent a word meaning to burn, now written with the extra huzpng added to differentiate the two words. k) /combines the bamboo radical with phonetic / jin space (as in and ). Note: the lower part of / recalls but is distinct from that graph.

l) Distinguish the two constituents sh corpse; body without the dot and h door, with it. The former appears in and in slightly different form, in (its core meaning of place recalled in words like ); the latter appears in nio urine and sh shit, as well as unexpectedly in . also contains the left hand component of (pronounced zh on its own), but its presence in does not seem to have been inspired by phonetic considerations. m) Although has no distinct simplified form, it is assigned different radicals in the two sets. In the traditional set, the radical is evil; vicious (pronounced di coincidentally); in the simplified, it is the horizontal first stroke. The bottom right element is b (distinct from ). n) combines the silk radical with phonetic gng; cf. and .

8

7.1.1 Compounds and phrases

yuncho yqin qngcho de shhou Hncho Mngcho yhu ne?

, be reasonable from the Daodejing of Laozi.

Zhdao ma? B zhdo. Yu dol. Do k do fi chng do.

gfather ancestors family seat 1st emp. of dynasty gggrandfa

zf zm zxin zj tiz goz

bnji bnzu Bndo nr? bnjnlai bnchqu

algorithm Forget about it!

zhzi zhztu dsun sunf Sun le!

Yunjingxin zi Ynnn Snshuxin zi Gungdng xinzhng Qnghxin zi Hbi

farm laborers

nngmn nngchng nngxu nnggng nngy

pension foster father

yng zh ynglojn yngf yngm yng j yng yng

zhru zhng m zhng hu zhng d surn hn li

surn mi qin surn ki surn hn k b jindn dnwi

odd days inner room furniture

dnr wzi fngw fngw jij

9

gngj chj jioj wnj nngj

Damnation! seek danger

s le s le gi s zho s hngch

up and coming person lipstick

hngrn Hng Shz Hu Hngh kuhng yzh zu

a very frank person

yzh do xinzi zhfi Bijng zhxnynr

7.1.2 Comment response

1. /

2. /

3. / 1911 1949

4. / 1927 1949

5. /

6. /

7. /

10

8. /

9. /

10. /

11. /

12. /

13. / 1899 1976 1976

14. /

15. /

Notes

/ Zhnghu China; / gud capital; / Chngqng; / dshfu chef; nindi; Shoshn; / sunpn abacus; / Zhu nli; / goxng; / Jings; / Huiyng; qsh pass away jxing auspicious; lucky

11

7.1.3 (fntz): Prepare to read out, and then answer the questions:.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9. ?

10.

11.

12. ?

13.

14.

15.

Notes Kngfz; shqing

12

7.2 Set 2

6+6 3+8 7+9 3+0 8+11 2+7 4+10

3+6 5+4 3+0 2+4 6+1 4+9 jihn qn j gunxi sh / sh marry (tie-wed) relatives self connections number / count [also to kiss] [a barrier; to close ; system; to relate]

4+9 4+5 4+6 / 2+8 2+4 1+7 3+8 ysi nng c shqing meaning (intention- able occasion thing; business thought) (thing-feeling)

Notes a) /, a verb+object construction (literally, to tie; unite + marriage); both graphs are phonosemantic, with j as phonetic in the first, and hn in the second.

b) forms its simplified version by omitting the traditional radical, a strategy seen in, eg: >, >, >.

c) Contrast the of with the of .

d) Traditional is part of the set , , , formed with . However, only some of the graphs in that set are simplified with ; cf , but, . s core meaning is a pass in the mountains, from which derive meanings such as higun a custom house; customs (sea-pass) and gunxi connections. The of , distinct from x system; department in the traditional set, merges with the latter in the simplified ().

e) shares a constituent (l) with , but this is not reflected in the pronunciation of the former. For the right-hand element of , cf. and .

f) For , note that the first graph consists of , and , while the second contains and. Cf. /yy significance (the 2nd graph as yet unencountered) and sxing thought.

13

g) The graph is said to have originally been a drawing of a bear (head, body, claws?), a meaning now restricted to xing, differentiated from the former by the 4 dots.

h) formed with the ice radical (cf. ) and (qin), the element seen in, eg /.

i) (with a lower part in common with the upper part of ) obeys the rule of 5; consists of the heart radical and the phonetic element , also seen in , and (set 4 below).

Notice on a wall, Hngzhu Dxu [2006]:

Qng jing Ptnghu; shyng gufn z. Please speak Mandarin and use standard characters.


jihn ji-guo hn jihn sn nin le fqin mqin qnqi

bosom friend zj zhj yjing gunshang le zj zu de mi gunxi gun mn

gunshang Zhngwn x shxu dnsh sh yi sh lushng

dlu shngy Shnme ysi? mi ysi b nng q sxing

d-y c shng c q-guo y c zi shu y c b nng ch zhru

shqing hn du shnme shr mi shr bn shqing zu shr mi shjin

14

7.2.2 Comment-response

1. /

2. /

3. /

4. /

5. /

6. /

7. /

Notes xi blood / yns color chun wear bis white [color] wigng /, loye maternal gfa shngy business / wipo, lolao maternal gmo / shosh-mnz minority groups

15

7.3

1893

,,,

16

Mo Zdng PN xingtn PN Shoshn PN shngf N provincial capital; cf. shud ~ gud national capital Chngsh PN shdi N generation; ADV from generation to generation zxin N ancestors qing SV poor n N mud dmin N ground; floor mshn N wooden fan, ie blinds chunghu N window jij N furniture chng V become; into huli Conj afterwards; later yu Adv once again wip N maternal grandmother chuntng SV traditional xuxio N school ysh Conj as a result; hence; thereupon xinjn SV advanced (first-enter) rnzhn SV earnest; scrupulous (know-real) dsh VO to study; read; attend school xish VO write poems bin Adv then; in that case. Cf. subin, fngbin, pinyi. cngq beginning with; from [time] on zhngf N government. Cf. shngf

17

Mijiw Cn (village), a tea-growing village near Hngzhu.

7.3.1 Questions in traditional characters

1. ()

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

18

7.4 Set 3 Filial Tales #19, from the Xiojng The Book of Filial Duty

Sleeping on ice to procure fresh carp.

7+2 3+16 3+6 4+1 2+3 2+4

7+2 3+4 w hui hu zhng dng bng lie down bad live; alive exact; just winter ice

Notes a) The simplified graph (+), is slightly different in form from the standard traditional graph (+), but is no simpler; cf. the slight shift of to .

b) The traditional graph hui consists of t ground; soil and an insert into which acts as phonetic (cf. /hui). The simplified graph substitutes , which is a close match to the bottom of the complex form as well as suggestive of the meaning.

c) consists of the water radical and the element sh tongue, that also appears in /. Though shows no obvious phonetic connection with the compounds, bothand/ show a phonetic connection to each other.

d) is usually analyzed as zh foot; step; stop plus the horizontal line (arriving at the proper position?). The core meaning of is upright; regular, with extensions onto the moral plane (rectitude; proper conduct). The graph is related to the of zhngf government (ie the seat of right conduct).

e) , with the ice radical below, is phonetic in tng to ache; hurt. Cf. dng icy; to freeze and bng the latter constructed on semantic rather than phonetic principles.


wfng wch wh yngw runw huirn

19

scoundrel; bastard leukemia life; livelihood activities hohui huidn huihu huixibng shnghu hudng

due north obverse/right side honest; unright hu do lo zhng zi ch ne zhng ho zhng bi zhngmin zhngzh

dried winter mushrooms freezing point fridge

dngtin dnggu dngg bngdin bngxing bngjlng

, of a frozen landscape bngdng sn ch, fi y r zh hn bngshn bngshu bngtin-xud ice 3 feet not 1 day of cold of a problem that is deep-rooted

7.4.2 W bng qi l

Jn Jin is the name of a petty state under the Zhou that first gained some prominence in the 7th century BC. It was located near present-day Taiyuan in Shanxi, and in the modern written language, is used as an abbreviated name (eg on licence plates) for that province. The Jin dynasty is a succession of rulers that emerged in the same area much later, between 265 and 420.

Xing as in jxing auspicious, but here, part of a personal name.

20

jm step mother; cf. ; s core meaning is follow; continue. bdelio extremely hu change, as in chemistry (transformation-study) ly carp xiojng show respect to [ones elders] (be filial-respect)

7.5 Set 4: Weather terms Tinq zi nwi wmen weather ZAI comfort us xing mng gu do like dream reach not-have

w mng de rn. dream DE people

Weather comforts us, like a dream reaching the dreamless.

From the poem, Lnghn Yux Spirit Game, by the Chinese poet Bi Do [1949-], in Unlock: Poems by Bei Dao, translated by Eliot Weinberger and Iona Man-Cheong, New York: New Directions, 2000.

8+0 8+3 8+4 8+11 3+10 3+6

2+2 8+5 3+9

y xu yn w wn d rain snow clouds fog warm degree

3+8 3+9 3+5 4+8 9+0 7+11

2+4 2+4 2+6 4+8 4+0 4+4 yn yng y qng- fng zhun female; male; night clear; fine wind moon; sun; [weather] shade light

21

6+3 3+7 2+9 2+0 3+3

3+3 2+4 2+2 j zhn q l xing

Notes a) , originally a representation of rain, is the radical in many graphs representing meteorological phenomena, including the ones shown above, and others such asdinlightning; electricity, li thunder and bo hail. The relationship between thetraditional and simplified graphs varies, however, with some preserving the rain radical, others omitting it; cf. , but , .

b) / forms a phonetic set with characters mostly pronounced yn: /yn, /yn, / yn, etc.

c) , yn, yng represent female-male contrasts such as moon-sun, moist-dry etc. contains the left ear and a right-hand side consisting of jn (phonetic?) above (yn), while is phonetically linked to chng and tng. Traditional, informal simplifications of and as and (making use of yu moon and r sun in well-motivated semantic substitutions) was formalized in the new official simplified set.

d) y contains moon obscured by a rightward slanting stroke (n); cf:, , . Mainland dictionaries (of the simplified set) assign the first two (top) strokes as radical rather than the traditional , allowing for a more discrete division of constituents into top and bottom.

e) , as noted earlier, is part of a large, regular phonetic set whose members include and .

f) , the traditional form, has on its inside, an element made up of the insect radical () plus a top stroke; cf. /, where the upper part is a box. In the simplified, the innards are reduced to a cross; cf. >.

g)/ represents a pair of closely related words, zhun turn; change; transmit (the meaning relevant to the weather forecasts) and zhun revolve; rotate; stroll. The graph has the vehicle radical with the phonetic element / zhun, also seen in eg /chun; zhun.

22

h) contains the silk radical and phoneticj, also seen in the simplified version of the j / of hojle /. Contrast ni, seen in the of .

i) /, originally a battle array, but now most commonly representing a M-word for sudden events or bouts: /, /. Contrast /, the surname.

j) contains phonetically irrelevantpn (itself made up of phonetically irrelevantkus). Contrast with xing direction; towards; to (in this set) and hu return.

k) l strength, an element in eg /, , and simplified and . Contrast, .

Shnghi dti [2006]: Public safety notice and advertisement for bottled water.

Wixin! Ynjn tior. (Danger! Strictly prohibited to jump-enter.)'


xi dy biyn y xi+de hn d zi xiy chng xiy

yy ynhi b chng xiy wnd fng hn d

J ninj?

rshsn d snj sn ninj by le

demeaner; style xixu xiw miyou fng fngd yntin

23

midnight yl bny qngtin zhunyn zhunqng

dq y zhn y y zhn fng fngl rnl

strength centrifugal force rain showers direction lqi lxnl zhny yjin fngxing

urban district 90% Bifng h Tiyang (a story) shq bifn-zhjish

7.5.2 Dialogues (traditional set)

1

2 (Sh Ln)

24

7.5.3 Weather reports (in simplified characters) Weather reports follow a very consistent format which makes them a good genre for beginning reading. Three examples are cited in this section; current ones can be found in most Chinese newspapers as well as on the web.

Shanghai residential development, with bus stop and public health notices. [2006]

B sud ttn, b jing chu znghu! (Not randomly spit, not speak vulgar lg [or] dirty lg.)

25

(a)

25 20 26 20

(~)

09 ~ 17 ()

16 ~ 21 ()

10 ~ 19 ()

20 ~ 29 ()

HK 23 ~ 28 ()

21 ~ 27 ()

25 ~ 29 ()

17 ~ 24 ()

16 ~ 20 ()

14 ~ 20 ()

Hngzhu 16 ~ 22 ()

18 ~ 25 ()

19 ~ 28 ()

20 ~ 25 ()

tinq ybo weather forecast qun gu whole country

Cities cited in most cases, you can guess from the parts you know: Xinggng; Nnnng; Hiku; Guln; Whn; Hngzhu; Fzhu; Ximn

26

(b) )

27- 33; 27- 33; 4-5 6

shq jb fngxing pin city+region local wind+dirn inclined

(c) )

20%

60%

20% 19

() jingshu(ling) precipitation (drop-water-amount) zu gil likelihood (approximate-ratio) yjin at night (night-space)

20% is read 30% , etc.

7.6 On the street #7

7.6.1 Support or oppose Because Chinese characters can represent language in very succinct form, they are particularly suited to signs, headlines, advertisements or other contexts where space is at a premium. Pharmacies display /, dentists , pawnbrokers (all often in a calligraphic version designed to fit the space and catch the eye). In countries such as Japan which make use of Chinese graphs to write words that originate in Chinese or arehomologous with Chinese, or Korean that used to make use of Chinese graphs to write words borrowed from Chinese, demonstrators still use Chinese graphs to write their slogans or otherwise express their positions on issues.

Here are some basic phrases to use on your own posters:

27

vver14Line

vver14Line

hunyng [X] welcome

ddo [X] down with (hit-collapse)

yngh [X] up with; support

[X] dl independence (alone-stand)

fndu [X] oppose (overturn-face)

Yo mnzh yo zyu. Democracy (people-host) and freedom (self-source)!

Ddo dguzhy! Down with imperialism (imperial-country-ism)!

Ddo zchn-jij h tmen de zugu! Down with the bourgeois class and their running dogs!

7.6.2 More shop signs

yofng mirng pf shgng drug-store beauty-appearance batch-distribute carry+out-work pharmacy beautician wholesale construction [site]

28

Pedestrian underpass, Tiananmen Square [2005]

Rnxng tngdo, jnzh zuw. 'Pedestrian underpass: no sitting or lying.'

/ Jishy The End (conclude-language)

This concludes the character lessons. By now, you have come to understand the principles of the writing system; you have got used to a system that uses characters as a medium to convey information; and you have a basic repertoire of some 450 characters. At this point, it is recommended that you proceed with material with a strong narrative structure, such as traditional stories which also convey interesting cultural content. Yale University Press has published a number of such works for students, including The Lady in the Painting (/ , Hushng de Mirn), an adaptation of a traditional folktale, and Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (/ , Liozhi Gshi), that contains simplified versions of 20 tales adapted from the Chinese classic, Liozhi Zhy (Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio). Regardless of the choice of material, it will make sense for most students to read primarily in the simplified character set, while still observing the relationship between simplified and the traditional versions of new characters, and occasionally re-reading continuous text in the traditional set.

----------::----------

29

MIT OpenCourseWarehttp://ocw.mit.edu

21G.107 / 21G.157 / 21G.181 Chinese I (Streamlined)Fall 2014

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

http://ocw.mit.edu/termshttp://ocw.mit.edu/

D-q k Lesson 7

Documents

[LC] Lesson 7