Lecture 04 Inside the Computer Topics Data storage and
representation ( ) Components ( )inside PC About computer
performance( ) 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 1
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Data Storage and Representation Analog Continuous waveforms
Digital Data is described using only two states: on and off The
Language of Computers 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 2
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Data Storage and Representation Digitize to convert data,
analog signals, and images into 1s and 0s used by computers 2005
Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 3
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Data Storage and Representation Binary two-digit numbering
system 1 represents on 0 represents off Each 1 or 0 is called a bit
Bit short for binary digit 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 4
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Data Storage and Representation Encoding systems ASCII American
Standard Code for Information Interchange ANSI American National
Standards Institute UNICODE capable of handling most printed
languages 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 5
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Data Storage and Representation Byte collection of bits that
represent a character ASCII 7 bits/byte ANSI 8 bits/byte UNICODE 16
bits/byte 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 6
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Data Storage and Representation Binary (base 2) confusing for
humans; only uses 1s and 0s Hexadecimal (base 16) used to represent
numbers using fewer digits A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15 2005
Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 7
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Components Inside PC Motherboard ( ) Chipset ( ) group ( ) of
integrated circuits (IC) that control ( ) communication ( ) between
system components ( ) 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 8
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Components Inside PC Motherboard (cont) System bus permits ( )
communication between components Device controllers ( ) control
peripheral ( ) devices ( ) 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 9
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Components Inside PC Connected ( ) to the Motherboard: Chipset
CPU (central ( ) processing ( ) unit) or processor ( ) Memory ( )
chips Expansion ( ) boards ( ) 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide
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Components Inside PC CPU examples ( ) Pentium 4 Celeron Xeon TM
Itanium TM 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 11
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Components Inside PC CPU CU (Control unit) Registers ( ) ALU
(Arithmetic ( ) and logic ( ) unit) 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide
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Components Inside PC CU Reads and interprets ( ) instructions (
) Directs the operation ( ) of internal ( ) processor components
Registers/ ALU/.. Controls the flow ( ) of programs ( ) and data (
) in and out of RAM 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 13
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Components Inside PC CU (cont) Decoder ( ) interprets
instructions that have been retrieved from RAM Registers high-speed
working storage ( ) areas instruction register ( ) contains
instruction to be executed ( ) program register ( ) contains
location ( ) of next instruction to be executed 2005 Prentice-Hall,
Inc.Slide 14
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Components Inside PC ALU Performs ( ) arithmetic computations (
) Performs logical operations (comparisons, ) Accumulator ( )
register where answers are stored 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide
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Components Inside PC Memory Chips ( ): Digital Warehouse ( )
RAM (Random ( ) Access ( ) Memory): High-speed holding area for
data and programs Volatile ( ) memory data is lost if electrical
current ( ) is not maintained ( ) Address ( ) specific ( ) location
in RAM 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 16
Components Inside PC Cache ( ) Throughput ( ) rate ( ) at which
the computer works Cache Memory faster than RAM 2005 Prentice-Hall,
Inc.Slide 18
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Components Inside PC Other High-Speed Memories ROM (read-only
memory) contains instructions to the computer that the user cannot
change PROM (programmable ( ) ROM) user can store read-only
programs and data 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 19
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Components Inside PC Other High-Speed Memories (cont) Flash ( )
Memory Nonvolatile ( ) memory does not lose data in a power outage
( ) Easily upgraded ( ) BIOS (Basic Input Output System) stored in
flash memory 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 20
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Components Inside PC Instruction Set ( ) Machine language ( )
what a computer actually understands ( ) All instructions to a
computer must be converted ( ) to binary 2005 Prentice-Hall,
Inc.Slide 21
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Components Inside PC Instruction Set (cont) CISC (complex
instruction set computer, ) understands many different instructions
RISC (reduced instruction set computer, ) understands a smaller
list of instructions 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 22
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Components Inside PC Instruction Cycle ( ) Instruction time
(I-time, ) instruction is retrieved from memory and decoded
Execution time (E-time, ) instruction is executed and result ( ) is
placed in memory 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 23
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Components Inside PC Instruction Cycle (cont) Pipelining ( )
processor begins working on another instruction before the current
( ) instruction is completed ( ) 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide
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Components Inside PC Buses ( ) and Ports ( ) PCI (peripheral (
) component ( ) interconnect ( )) local bus allows for circuit
boards ( ) to connect to the common ( ) system bus 2005
Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 25
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Components Inside PC Buses and Ports (cont) Expansion slots ( )
where expansion boards are installed Expansion boards or expansion
cards provide additional ( ) capabilities ( ) to the computer 2005
Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 26
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Components Inside PC Buses and Ports (cont) AGP (accelerated (
) graphics ( ) port) bus speeds up high- resolution ( ) 3-D
graphics 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 27
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Components Inside PC Buses and Ports (cont) USB (universal ( )
serial ( ) bus) used to connect peripheral devices to the PC USB
hub ( ) connects to the USB port and provides additional places to
plug ( ) USB devices 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 28
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Components Inside PC Buses and Ports (cont) Hot plug ( ) USB
devices can be attached ( ) or removed ( ) while the PC is running
USB 2.0 about 40 times faster than original ( ) USB (USB 1.0) 2005
Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 29
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Components Inside PC Buses and Ports (cont) IEEE 1394 bus
similar to USB in speed FireWire Apple terminology ( ) Supports hot
plugging 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 30
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Components Inside PC Buses and Ports (cont) SCSI (small
computer system interface) or scuzzy bus early alternative ( ) to
expansion slots in PCs 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 31
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Components Inside PC Legacy ( ) and Other PC Ports Serial port
(COM) data flows one bit at a time Parallel ( ) port data flows
several ( )bits at a time IrDA port or infrared ( ) port data sent
by light waves ( ) Bluetooth ( ) data sent by radio frequency ( )
2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 32
Components Inside PC PC Cards: PCMCIA Technology PCMCIA card or
PC card Usually used on notebook computers Expand RAM NIC Hard-disk
cards GPS (geographical ( ) positioning ( ) system) 2005
Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 34
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Components Inside PC Build Your Own PC Advantages ( ) Cheaper
(for high-end systems) Meets your requirements ( ) Disadvantages (
) No warranty ( ) on system No help desk 2005 Prentice-Hall,
Inc.Slide 35
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About Computer Performance Word or Bus Width number of bits
handled as a unit 32bits/Windows XP 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide
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About Computer Performance Core ( ) Speed: GHz, MIPS, and FLOPS
Gigahertz (GHz) billions ( ) of clock cycles per second (10 9 /sec)
Megahertz (MHz) millions ( ) of clock cycles per second (10 6 /sec)
2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 37
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About Computer Performance Core Speed: GHz, MIPS, and FLOPS
(cont) MIPS millions of instructions per second FLOPS floating
point ( ) operations per second; used to measure ( ) speed of
supercomputers ( ) 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 38
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About Computer Performance Bus Speed Most processors operate at
GHz Most buses operate at MHz Major block ( ) to efficiency ( ) in
a PC 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 39
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About Computer Performance Memory Capacity ( ) MB (megabyte)
approximately 1 million bytes (10 6 ) GB (gigabyte) approximately 1
billion bytes(10 9 ) TB (terabyte) approximately 1 trillion ( )
bytes(10 12 ) 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 40
About Computer Performance Processor Design ( ) Approaches ( )
Parallel processing ( ) multiple ( ) processors in one computer
system MPP (Massively parallel processing, ) parallel processing
with thousands of processors 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 42
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About Computer Performance Processor Design Approaches (cont)
Grid Computing ( ) users on the Internet share ( ) their unused
computer power 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Slide 43
