Libro Polohic Lengua y Literatura 1er. Sem

8/20/2019 Libro Polohic Lengua y Literatura 1er. Sem

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Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm =1Qrjdbr sbdbstrb

Wbsbrvml`s t`l`s i`s lbrbne`s. ]ublm rjour`smdbktb pr`ejgjlm im rbpr`lunnjþk t`tmi ` pmrnjmilb bstb dmtbrjmi blunmtjv`, p`r numiqujbr dblj` ` pr`nbljdjbkt`, sjk im mut`rjzmnjþk lbi Jkstjtut`

Oumtbdmitbn` lb Blunmnjþk Wmlj`fþkjnm, JOBW. ^boók mrtänui`


5/337

JJJIbkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ Äkljnb

Äkljnb

¡Gjbkvbkjlm y gjbkvbkjl`! ...................................................................................... =

^bdmkm =........................................................................................................................................... =2

Ejst`rjm lb im ibkoum ............................................................................................................ =2

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .............................................................................................................................. =6

Jsmmn Fbijpb Mz`fbjfm............................................................................................................................... =6

Z` s`y dj pr`pjm pmimgrm ...................................................................................................................... =?

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ........................................................................................................................... =:

Bi p`lbr lb ims pmimgrms ....................................................................................................................... =:

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb ....................................................................................................................... 71

=. @rjobk lbi emgim ............................................................................................................... 71

7. @rjobk lb im bsnrjturm ....................................................................................................... 7=

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ........................................................................................................................... 7>

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 I`s pmrêktbsjs ...................................................................................................... 7>

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ....................................................................................................................... 7<

Bi tbxt` lbsnrjptjv` J ............................................................................................................................... 7<

Oi`smrj` .................................................................................................................................................... 72

Wbsudbk .................................................................................................................................................... 72

Mut`n`ktrì ............................................................................................................................................. 76

Kmvboub bk im rbl ................................................................................................................................ 75

^bdmkm 7........................................................................................................................................... 7:

@rjobk lbi bspmýì ................................................................................................................. 7:

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .............................................................................................................................. >1


6/337

JVJOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Mif`ks` Wbybs @ne`m .................................................................................................................................. >1

Dbljtmnjþk pmrm ukm gjigj`tbnm p`puimr .............................................................................................. >=

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ................................................................................................................................ >>

Ims pubrtms lb im ibnturm ........................................................................................................................... >>

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb ............................................................................................................................ ><

@rjobk lbi bspmýì3 Qrjdbrms jkubknjms ................................................................................... ><

=. I`s jkvms`rbs ............................................................................................................................. ><

=.= I`s jgbr`s ............................................................................................................................. ><

7. I`s nì`kjzml`rbs ................................................................................................................... >2

7.= I`s fbkjnj`s ........................................................................................................................ >2 7.7 I`s orjbo`s ......................................................................................................................... >2

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ................................................................................................................................ >5

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 I`s n`rnebtbs ............................................................................................................ >5

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ............................................................................................................................ >:

Bi tbxt` lbsnrjptjv` JJ3 Bibdbkt`s .......................................................................................................... >:

Oi`smrj` .........................................................................................................................................................


7/337

VIbkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ Äkljnb

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ................................................................................................................................ 21

Im joumilml lb lbrbne`s y `gijomnj`kbs............................................................................................. 21

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb ............................................................................................................................ 2=

Bi imtäk y su jkubknjm lbtbrdjkmktb ............................................................................................. 2=

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ................................................................................................................................ 22

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 Ims n`djiims ............................................................................................................... 22

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ............................................................................................................................ 26

\jp`s lb lbsnrjpnjþk3 Im nrjkòrmfäm .................................................................................................... 26

Oi`smrj` ......................................................................................................................................................... 2?

Wbsudbk ......................................................................................................................................................... 2?

Mut`n`ktrì .................................................................................................................................................. 25Kmvboub bk im rbl ..................................................................................................................................... 61

^bdmkm

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ................................................................................................................................ 62

Bi bcbrnjnj` lb im n`ksnjbknjm ................................................................................................................... 62

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb ............................................................................................................................ 66

Ims jkubknjms obrdíkjnm y írmgb bk bi bspmýì ..................................................................... 66

=. I`s gírgmr`s ̀ obrdmk`s .................................................................................................... 66

7. I`s írmgbs .................................................................................................................................. 6?

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ................................................................................................................................ 6:

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 Bi oujþk ....................................................................................................................... 6:


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VJJOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ............................................................................................................................ ?1

Im t`pòrmfäm................................................................................................................................................ ?1

Oi`smrj` ....................................................................................................................................................... ?=

Wbsudbk ....................................................................................................................................................... ?=

Mut`n`ktrì ................................................................................................................................................ ?7

Kmvboub bk im rbl ................................................................................................................................... ?<

^bdmkm 2.............................................................................................................................................. ?2

@trms jkfiubknjms bk bi bspmýì ................................................................................. ?2

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr ................................................................................................................................. ?6

Omgrjbim Djstrmi ........................................................................................................................................... ?6

Djs ijgr`s ....................................................................................................................................................... ??

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs .............................................................................................................................. ?:

Kubstr`s ijgr`s ............................................................................................................................................ ?:

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb .......................................................................................................................... 51

@trms jkubknjms lbi bspmýì .......................................................................................................... 51

=. Im jkubknjm mdbrjnmkm ...................................................................................................... 51

7. @trms jkubknjms .................................................................................................................... 5=

Dbc`rb su bsnrjturm ................................................................................................................................. 5>

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 Im rmym ....................................................................................................................... 5>

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml .......................................................................................................................... 5<

Im pr`s`pòrmfäm ........................................................................................................................................ 5<

Oi`smrj` ....................................................................................................................................................... 52

Wbsudbk ....................................................................................................................................................... 52

Mut`n`ktrì ................................................................................................................................................ 56

Kmvboub bk im rbl ................................................................................................................................... 55


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VJJIbkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ Äkljnb

^bdmkm 6............................................................................................................................................... 5:

Bi jlj`dm bspmýì bk im mntumijlml ......................................................................... 5:

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .................................................................................................................................. :1

Muoust` D`ktbrr`s` ................................................................................................................................. :1

Bi bnijpsb ......................................................................................................................................................... :=

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ............................................................................................................................... :>

Im `gsbrvmnjþk lb kubstr` bkt`rk` ..................................................................................................... :>

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb ........................................................................................................................... :<

Bi jlj`dm bspmýì bk im mntumijlml ................................................................................................ :<

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ............................................................................................................................... :6^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 Im gmrrm ...................................................................................................................... :6

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ........................................................................................................................... :?

Im bt`pbym ..................................................................................................................................................... :?

Oi`smrj` ........................................................................................................................................................ ::

Wbsudbk ........................................................................................................................................................ ::

Mut`n`ktrì ................................................................................................................................................. =11

Kmvboub bk im rbl .................................................................................................................................... =17

^bdmkm ?............................................................................................................................................... =1>

Ljfbrbknjms lbi jlj`dm bspmýì lb pmäs bk pmäs ..................................... =1>

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .................................................................................................................................. =1<

Vjìbtm Qmrrm .................................................................................................................................................. =1<

Lênjdm IVJJ3 ^miä lb dj nmsm uk läm ....................................................................................................=12

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ............................................................................................................................... =15

Bstuljmr, ¡quê gjbk! .................................................................................................................................... =15


10/337

VJJJJOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb .................................................................................................................................=1:

Ljfbrbknjms lbi jlj`dm bspmýì lb pmäs bk pmäs .............................................................................=1:

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm .....................................................................................................................................==<

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 Bi mstbrjsn` .....................................................................................................................==<

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ................................................................................................................................==2

Bi rbtrmt` ...............................................................................................................................................................==2

Oi`smrj` ..............................................................................................................................................................==6

Wbsudbk .............................................................................................................................................................==6

Mut`n`ktrì .......................................................................................................................................................==?

Kmvboub bk im rbl ..........................................................................................................................................==5

^bdmkm 5.................................................................................................................................................... ==:

Wbpms` lb im sbdmkm = m im ? ...........................................................................................==:

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .......................................................................................................................................=7=

Oj`n`klm Gbiij ...................................................................................................................................................=7=

Z Lj`s db ejz` ducbr .....................................................................................................................................=7=

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb ................................................................................................................................=7<

Ejst`rjm lb im ibkoum.................................................................................................................................=7<

@rjobk lbi bspmýì ....................................................................................................................................=72

Bi imtäk y su jkubknjm lbtbrdjkmtb .....................................................................................................=7?

Ims jkubknjms .............................................................................................................................................=7:

@trms jkubknjms bk bi bspmýì ..............................................................................................................=>=

Bi jlj`dm bspmýì bk im mntumijlml .....................................................................................................=>7

Ljfbrbknjms lbi jlj`dm bspmýì lb pmäs bk pmäs ..............................................................................=><

@rjbktmnj`kbs s`grb im prubgm ................................................................................................................=>?


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JUIbkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ Äkljnb

^bdmkm :.................................................................................................................................................... =>:

Ijtbrmturm prbn`i`dgjkm ............................................................................................................ =>:

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .......................................................................................................................................=


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UJOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ....................................................................................................................................=61

Im n`dukjnmnjþk bnmz .................................................................................................................................. =61

Bi dukl` lb im ijtbrmturm ............................................................................................................................=6=

Im nrþkjnm lurmktb im N`kqujstm y im Nì`kjm..................................................................................=6=

=. \rbs nmrmntbrästjnms lb im nrþkjnm lb Jkljms .......................................................................=6=

7. Qrjknjpmibs nr`kjstms lb Jkljms ...............................................................................................=67

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ....................................................................................................................................=6<

^jok`s lb puktumnjþk3 Im bxnimdmnjþk ..................................................................................................=6<

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ................................................................................................................................=62

Im gjòrmfäm .........................................................................................................................................................=62

Oi`smrj` .............................................................................................................................................................=66

Wbsudbk .............................................................................................................................................................=66

Mut`n`ktrì ...................................................................................................................................................... =6?

Kmvboub bk im rbl .........................................................................................................................................=?1

^bdmkm == ................................................................................................................................................ =?=

Bi gmrr`n` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ........................................................................................... =?=

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .......................................................................................................................................=?7

^`r Cumkm Jkês lb im Nruz ..............................................................................................................................=?7

Wbspubstm m ^`r Fji`tbm lb im Nruz............................................................................................................. =?>

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ....................................................................................................................................=?6

Dbtms m n`rt` pimz` ........................................................................................................................................=?6

Bi dukl` lb im ijtbrmturm ...........................................................................................................................=??Bi gmrr`n` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ..............................................................................................................=??

=. \rbs nmrmntbrästjnms lbi mrtb gmrr`n` ....................................................................................=??

7. \rbs nmrmntbrästjnms lb im ijtbrmturm gmrr`nm .......................................................................=??


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UJIbkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ Äkljnb

>. Qrjknjpmibs bsnrjt`rbs lbi gmrr`n` ..........................................................................................=?5

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ....................................................................................................................................=51

^jok`s lb puktumnjþk3 I`s pukt`s suspbksjv`s .................................................................................=51

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ................................................................................................................................=5=

Im mut`gjòrmfäm ...............................................................................................................................................=5=Oi`smrj` .............................................................................................................................................................=57

Wbsudbk .............................................................................................................................................................=57

Mut`n`ktrì ......................................................................................................................................................=5>

Kmvboub bk im rbl .........................................................................................................................................=5<

^bdmkm =7 ............................................................................................................................................................. =52

Bi kb`nimsjnjsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ........................................................................ =52

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .......................................................................................................................................=56

Wmfmbi Imklävmr ..................................................................................................................................................=56

^mivb nmrm pmrbks .............................................................................................................................................=5?

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ....................................................................................................................................=:1

Bi p`lbr lb im n``pbrmnjþk .......................................................................................................................... =:1

Bi dukl` lb im ijtbrmturm ...........................................................................................................................=:=

Bi kb`nimsjnjsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm .................................................................................................=:=

=. \rbs nmrmntbrästjnms ebrblmlbs lbi nimsjnjsd` bur`pb` ................................................=:=

7. Ims `rjbktmnj`kbs lb im ijtbrmturm kb`niísjnm ejspmk`mdbrjnmkm ..............................=:7

>. Im p`bsäm lbi kb`nimsjnjsd` ...................................................................................................=:7

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ....................................................................................................................................=:<

N`djiims, rmyms y pmrêktbsjs .........................................................................................................................=:<

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ................................................................................................................................=:2

Im mkênl`tm ........................................................................................................................................................=:2


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UJJJOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Oi`smrj` .................................................................................................................................................................=:6

Wbsudbk ...............................................................................................................................................................=:6

Mut`n`ktrì ........................................................................................................................................................ =:?

Kmvboub bk im rbl ...........................................................................................................................................=:5

^bdmkm => .................................................................................................................................................. =::

Bi r`dmktjnjsd` bk Ejspm`mdêrjnm ...............................................................................=::

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .........................................................................................................................................711

C`rob Jsmmns ..........................................................................................................................................................711

Dmräm ......................................................................................................................................................................71=

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ......................................................................................................................................71<

Bi d`t`r lbi md`r ..............................................................................................................................................71<

Bi dukl` lb im ijtbrmturm .............................................................................................................................712

Bi r`dmktjnjsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ....................................................................................................712

=. Nmrmntbrästjnms lbi r`dmktjnjsd` bk Ejpmk`mdêrjnm ......................................................712

7. I`s oêkbr`s ijtbrmrj`s lbi r`dmktjnjsd` ..............................................................................712

7.= Im p`bsäm ..................................................................................................................................712

7.7 Im k`vbim ...................................................................................................................................716

7.> Bi tbmtr` ......................................................................................................................................716

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ......................................................................................................................................715

^jok`s lb puktumnjþk3 I`s l`s pukt`s ....................................................................................................715

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ..................................................................................................................................71:

Bi nubkt` ................................................................................................................................................................71:Oi`smrj` .................................................................................................................................................................7=1

Wbsudbk ...............................................................................................................................................................7=1

Mut`n`ktrì ........................................................................................................................................................ 7==

Kmvboub bk im rbl ...........................................................................................................................................7=7


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UJJJIbkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ Äkljnb

^bdmkm =

Bi n`studgrjsd`, bi rbmijsd` y bi kmturmijsd`

bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ......................................................................................................................... 7=>

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr ....................................................................................................................................... 7=<

Wjnmrl` Qmidm .................................................................................................................................................... 7=<

Mnbjtukm, ukm .....................................................................................................................................................7=2

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs .................................................................................................................................... 7=?

N`dpmrtjr ............................................................................................................................................................7=?

Bi dukl` lb im ijtbrmturm ........................................................................................................................... 7=5

N`studgrjsd`, rbmijsd` y kmturmijsd`............................................................................................. 7=5 =. N`studgrjsd` .............................................................................................................................. 7=5

=.= Nmrmntbrästjnms prjknjpmibs ............................................................................................... 7=5

7. Wbmijsd` ......................................................................................................................................... 7=:

7.= Nmrmntbrästjnms prjknjpmibs ............................................................................................... 7=:

>. Kmturmijsd` ...................................................................................................................................7=:

>.= Nmrmntbrästjnms prjknjpmibs ................................................................................................ 771

Dbc`rb su `rt`ormfäm .................................................................................................................................... 777

^jok`s lb puktumnjþk3 Bi pukt` y im n`dm ...........................................................................................777

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ................................................................................................................................77>

Bi tbxt` mroudbktmtjv` ...................................................................................................................................77>

Oi`smrj` .............................................................................................................................................................. 77<

Wbsudbk .............................................................................................................................................................77<

Mut`n`ktr`i ...................................................................................................................................................... 772Kmvboub bk im rbl ......................................................................................................................................... 776


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UJVJOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

^bdmkm =2 ....................................................................................................................................................77?

Bi d`lbrkjsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ...............................................................................77?

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr .........................................................................................................................................775

Wugbk Lmrä` ......................................................................................................................................................... 775

Nmknjþk lb @t`ý` bk Qrjdmvbrm ...................................................................................................................77:

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs ......................................................................................................................................7>7

Vjvjr bk bi prbsbktb ............................................................................................................................................ 7>7

Bi dukl` lb im ijtbrmturm .............................................................................................................................7>>

Bi d`lbrkjsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ...................................................................................................... 7>>

=. Nmrmntbrästjnms lbi d`lbrkjsd` ............................................................................................... 7>> 7. Qrjknjpmibs bxp`kbktbs lbi d`lbrkjsd` .............................................................................. 7><

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm ......................................................................................................................................7>6

^jok`s lb puktumnjþk3 Im n`dm .................................................................................................................. 7>6

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml ..................................................................................................................................7>?

Bi tbxt` ljíiò` ................................................................................................................................................... 7>?

Oi`smrj` .................................................................................................................................................................7>5

Wbsudbk ...............................................................................................................................................................7>5

Mut`n`ktrì ........................................................................................................................................................7>:

Kmvboub bk im rbl ...........................................................................................................................................7


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UVJJOBW ∗ Q`i`nejn

Bi kb`nimsjnjsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm .................................................................................................. 766

Bi r`dmktjnjsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ................................................................................................... 765

Bi n`studgrjsd`, bi rbmijsd` y bi kmturmijsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ....................................... 76:

Bi d`lbrkjsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ..................................................................................................... 7?=

ssBi rboj`kmijsd` bk Ejspmk`mdêrjnm ................................................................................................. 7?>

@rjbktmnj`kbs s`grb im prubgm ............................................................................................................ ..... 7?6

Nimvbs............................................................................................................................................................... 7??

Gjgij`ormfäm ............................................................................................................................................... >=2


19/337

=Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ¡Gjbkvbkjlm y gjbkvbkjl`!

¡Gjbkvbkjlm y gjbkvbkjl`!

Bi nurs` lb Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm lbi orup` Qì`nejn (numrt` gmnejiibrmt`) ib prbpmrm pmrm

lbsbkvìvbrsb lb dbc`r dmkbrm bk sus bstulj`s sjoujbktbs. \bkbd`s trbjktm y numtr`

sbdmkms p`r lbimktb pmrm n`dpmrtjr y lbsmrrìimr ims n`dpbtbknjms dmrnmlms p`r bi Nu-

rränui` Kmnj`kmi Gmsb (NKG) y qub rbsp`klbk m bstm n`dpbtbknjm supbrj`r3

Lbsmrrìib im emgjijlml pmrm mroudbktmr, bxprbsmr b jktbrprbtmr

pbksmdjbkt`s, sbktjdjbkt`s y ebne`s, bk su n`dukjnmnjþk `rmi

y bsnrjtm, qub ib fmnjijtmk rbimnj`kmrsb mlbnumlmdbktb n`k ims

lbdís pbrs`kms.

Qbr` mktbs lb bktrmr mi lbtmiib lb ims n`dpbtbknjms pmrm bstb nurs`, bnebd`s ukm djrmlm

m im p`rtmlm lbi ijgr`. ¡Jkjnjbd`s!

Im jdmobk lb im p`rtmlm sb msbdbcm m kubstr` pimkbtm, im \jbrrm. Kubstr` pr`pþsjt` bs

qub bstb ijgr` ib pr`vbm lb t`lms ims ebrrmdjbktms, pmrm qub ustbl sb sjbktm pmrtb lb bstb

dukl` qub sb em lml` bk iimdmr dukl` oi`gmi, qub nmlm läm bs dís nbrnmk` ormnjms m

jktbrkbt.

Bstb pbqubý` ukjvbrs` jkniuyb jdíobkbs qub emnbk

miusjþk m ims n`dpbtbknjms. ̂ `k jkvjtmnj`kbs m trmgmcmr

n`k kubstrms ebrrmdjbktms lb n`dukjnmnjþk.

Bk im pmrtb nbktrmi mpmrbnb uk ijgr` mgjbr-t` y ukm piudm qub rbprbsbktmk im ijtbrm-

turm, bi mrtb lb im pmimgrm. Bk bstb nurs`,

k`s mnbrnmrbd`s m i`s mut`rbs y sus `grms

lb ljstjktms êp`nms y iuomrbs.

@trm jdmobk ljstjktjvm bs im lbi orup` lb

pbrs`kms8 n`k bii` qubrbd`s rbsmitmr im

jdp`rtmknjm lb im pbrs`km, lbi orup` y lb

im n`dukjlml p`rqub vjvjd`s bk s`njblml

y kbnbsjtmd`s n`dukjnmrk`s.


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7JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

°Nþd` minmkzmrí bsm n`dpbtbknjm n`dukjnmtjvm0

K`s bkf`nmrbd`s bk sbjs n`dpbtbknjms bspbnänms. Qmrm smgbr sj ims em minmkzmkl`, bi Nurränui` Km -

nj`kmi Gmsb pr`p`kb jkljnml`rbs lb iòr`. Bst`s jkljnml`rbs ̀ nrjtbrj`s s`k n`d` uk tbrdþdbtr` qub

djlb su lbsbdpbý` bk nmlm n`dpbtbknjm. Jrbd`s mvmkzmkl` pms` m pms`. Vmym cíkl`sb quê sbnnj`-kbs lbi ijgr` emnbk p`sjgib qub ustbl lbsmrrìib nmlm n`dpbtbknjm qub prbsbktmd`s m n`ktjkumnjþk.

N`dpbtbknjm =

= 7 > < 2 6 ? 5 : =1 == =7 => =< =2 =6 =?

Rtjij-zm i`sn`k`nj-djbkt`sijkoùäs-tjn`s

pmrm i`-ormr ukmn`du-kjnmnjþkmlbnum-lm.

Im

mvbkturmlb ibbr

x

Bi dukl`lbiibkoumcb

x x x x x x x x

Mut`n`ktr ì x x x

Kmvboubbk jktbrkbt

x x x x x


21/337

>Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ¡Gjbkvbkjlm y gjbkvbkjl`!

N`dpbtbknjm >

= 7 > < 2 6 ? 5 : =1 == =7 => =< =2 =6 =?

Vmi`rm imijtbrm-turmejspmk`-mdbrjnm-km n`d`mp`rtbnuiturmiukjvbr-

smi.

Im mvbkturmlb ibbr

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Nrbnjbkl` bkvmi`rbs

x x x x

Bi dukl` lbim ijtbrmturm

x x x x x x x x x x

Mut`n`ktr`i x x x x x x x x

Kmvboub bkjktbrkbt

x x x x x x

N`dpbtbknjm 7

= 7 > < 2 6 ? 5 : =1 == =7 => =< =2 =6 =?

Mpijnmljfb-rbktbsbstrmtb-ojms lbibnturmqub ibpbr-djtbkobkbrmrsjokj-nml`s

lb i`stbxt`squb ibb.

Im mvbkturmlb ibbr

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Nrbnjbkl`bk vmi`rbs

x

Mut`n`ktr`i x


22/337

<JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

N`dpbtbknjm <

= 7 > < 2 6 ? 5 : =1 == =7 => =< =2 =6 =?

Wblmntmljvbrs`stjp`s lbtbxt`,t`dmk-l` bknubktm imjktbknjþkn`dukj-nmtjvm

Nrbnjbkl` bkvmi`rbs x x x

Bxprêsbsbn`k nimrjlml

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Mut`n`ktrì x x x x x x x x x x x x x

N`dpbtbknjm 2

= 7 > < 2 6 ? 5 : =1 == =7 => =< =2 =6 =?

Mpijnm imsk`rdmtj-

vms orm-dmtjnmibsy `rt`-orínmsvjobktbs,mi bxprb-smr sus`pj-kj`kbs,bd`-nj`kbsy sbktj-djbkt`s.

Bi dukl`lbi ibkoumcb

x x

Dbc`rb su`rtòrmfäm

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x


23/337

2Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ¡Gjbkvbkjlm y gjbkvbkjl`!

N`k su bsfubrz`, p`lrí n`kqujstmr bstms n`dpbtbknjms m trmvês lb trbs tjp`s lb n`ktbkjl`s3

Lbnimrmtjv`s3 I`s n`ktbkjl`s lbnimrmtjv`s ib mp`rtmrík bi n`k`njdjbkt` lb i`s ljstjkt`s ms-pbnt`s tbþrjn`s y n`knbptumibs pr`pj`s lbi írbm lb n`dukjnmnjþk y ibkoumcb.

Qr`nbljdbktmibs3 N`d` jkljnm su k`dgrb, i`s n`ktbkjl`s pr`nbljdjbktmibs sb lbsmrr`iimrík

m gmsb lb bcbrnjnj`s, pr`nbljdjbkt`s ` mkíijsjs lb tbxt`s bk i`s numibs publm lbd`strmr bi

l`djkj` y im pubstm bk príntjnm lb i`s n`k`njdjbkt`s lbnimrmtjv`s.

Mntjtuljkmibs3 I`s n`ktbkjl`s mntjtuljkmibs s`k t`l` mqubii` qub tjbkb qub vbr n`k su mntjtul

mktb bi bstulj` y mktb im vjlm, bk obkbrmi. Bk bi ijgr` bkn`ktrmrí mntjvjlmlbs y rbfibxj`kbs pmrm

mprbklbr m n`kvjvjr n`k i`s lbdís.

N`dpbtbknjm 6

= 7 > < 2 6 ? 5 : =1 == =7 => =< =2 =6 =?

Rtjijzmrbnurs`sljvbrs`sbk im`gtbk-njþk lbjkf`rdm-njþk ybk im bx-prbsjþklb susmnubr-

l`s `lbs-mnubr-l`s(mrou-dbkt`s).

Nrbnjbkl`bk vmi`rbs

x x x x x

Mut`n`ktr`i x x x x x x x

Kmvboub bkjktbrkbt

x x x


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25/337


26/337


27/337

:Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ¡Gjbkvbkjlm y gjbkvbkjl`!

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb y

lb im ijtbrmturm

Bk im sbnnjþk Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb pr`fukljzmrí

bk i`s tbdms lb ormdítjnm qub mprbkljþ bk bi

orup` ]ujrjouí y Rtmtiík.

M pmrtjr lb im sbdmkm :, emrbd`s uk rbn`rrjl`

p`r Bi dukl` lb im ijtbrmturm.

I`s n`ktbkjl`s sb prbsbktmk sjoujbkl` bstb ̀ rlbk3

• jktr`lunnjþk mi tbdm,

• lbfjkjnjþk ` bxpijnmnjþk,

• bcbdpi`s y

• bcbrnjnj`s pmrm prmntjnmr i` mprbkljl`.

Dbc`rb su `rt`ormfäm

Bstuljmrí mioukms rboims gísjnms y

rbmijzmrí mntjvjlmlbs qub ib myulmrík mnujlmr im f`rdm n`rrbntm lb bsnrjgjr.

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml

N`k im prmntjnm n`kstmktb y mp`yíkl`sb bk im

`rt`ormfäm y im nmijormfäm, ustbl mprbklbrí mbxprbsmrsb n`k nimrjlml p`r bsnrjt`.

∗

Bi dukl` lbi ibkoumcb

=. @rjobk lbi emgimOrmk jknbrtjludgrb r`lbm bi `rjobk lb im ibkoum3 °Nuíkl` bdpbzþ bi sbr eudmk` m emgimr0 °Nuíibs

fubr`k ims prjdbrms nmusms qub i` n`klucbr`k m lmrib uk k`dgrb lbtbrdjkml` m ims n`sms0 °Nþd` brmk

ims prjdbrms pmimgrms0 °Bk lþklb sb usþ p`r prjdbrm vbz bi ibkoumcb ̀ rmi0 K` emy f`rdm lb smgbri` m

njbknjm njbrtm, p`rqub k` emy bvjlbknjm ljrbntm, gjbk sb publb lbnjr qub bsms prjdbrms pmimgrms sb imsiibvþ bi vjbkt`.

^b bstjdm qub bi us` lbi emgim tuv` jkjnj` bk mioók d`dbkt` bktrb i`s =11,11 y i`s


28/337

75 JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Wbvjsb su mprbkljzmcb

Dmrqub n`k uk nebqub im nmsjiim qub dbc`r jkljqub su rbkljdjbkt`. iòrml`bk

pr`nbs`

k`

iòrml`

L b s p u ê s

l b b s t u l j m r . . .

Qrbst` mtbknjþk mi tätui` lb uk tbxt` pmrm mpr`vbnemr dbc`r dj ibnturm.

Wbbxj`k` s`grb bi p`lbr lb ims pmimgrms y su jkubknjm bk qujbkbs

ims `ybk.

N`k`zn` im jdp`rtmknjm lbi surojdjbkt` lb im ibkoum emgimlm y su

bvìunjþk m im ibkoum bsnrjtm y bi mifmgbt`.

Mprbklä m usmr n`rrbntmdbktb i`s pmrêktbsjs.

Ljstjko` bktrb tbxt`s lbsnrjptjv`s njbktän`s y ijtbrmrj`s.

Mvbrjoùb qujêk lbsnjfrþ im bsnrjturm nukbjf`rdb y nþd` i` iòrþ. Bs ukm jktbrbsmktäsjdm

ejst`rjm qub bkn`ktrmrí bk3 ettp3//www.qu`.bs/njbknjm/lb-n`d`-uk-dmbstr`-lb-bsnubim-

lbsnjfr`-im-bsnrjturm-nukbjf`rdb-ormnjms-m-ukm-mpubstm

Kmvboub bk im rbl...

Mntjvjlml >. Lbsmrrìib kubvms emgjijlmlbs

Qrmntjqub im bimg`rmnjþk lb tbxt`s lbsnrjptjv`s.

=. Wbmijnb ukm lbsnrjpnjþk ijtbrmrjm mnbrnm lb im vjlm lbi sbr eudmk` bk i`s tjbdp`s bk qub bdpb-

zþ m emgimr. Rtjijnb su nrbmtjvjlml, jdmoäkbsbi` b jkvbktb. K` jdp`rtm sj k` usm lmt`s ejstþrjn`s.

^ä jdp`rtm, bk nmdgj`, qub usb su v`nmguimrj` pmrm qub bi tbxt` qublb n`d` m ustbl ib oustb.

Qrbstb bspbnjmi mtbknjþk m ims nmrmntbrästjnms, ims numijlmlbs y i`s mtrjgut`s.

7. Wbmijnb ukm lbsnrjpnjþk njbktäfjnm mnbrnm lb im bsnrjturm nukbjf`rdb. Rtjijnb n`d` gmsb im jdmobk

lb su bvìunjþk. Rtjijnb uk ibkoumcb sbrj`, n`knjs` y qub rbfibcb i` qub ustbl vb. K` jdp`rtm sj k`

usm uk ibkoumcb mtrmntjv`. ̂ ä jdp`rtm, bk nmdgj`, qub jktbktb emnbr uk ’ljguc` bsnrjt`— lb im jdm -

obk qub bijcm lbsnrjgjr. Qrbstb bspbnjmi mtbknjþk m ims nmrmntbrästjnms, ims numijlmlbs y i`s mtrjgut`s.

=1JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Mut`n`ktrì

Bi mut`n`ktrì bs su mut`bvmiumnjþk. Ib myulmrí m smgbr quê mprbkljþ, nþd` i` mprbkljþ y

quê lbgb dbc`rmr. Ims mntjvjlmlbs t`nmk i`s tbdms bstuljml`s y p`r n`ksjoujbktb i`s iòr`s

lb im sbdmkm. Bi mut`n`ktrì tjbkb trbs d`dbkt`s lb bcbrnjtmnjþk.

Mntjvjlml =3 Bs uk prjdbr d`dbkt`.

Wbsìvbrí bcbrnjnj`s qub bvmiómk im

n`dprbksjþk lbi tbdm lb im sbdmkm.

Mntjvjlml 73 Rk sboukl` d`dbkt`

bs p`kbr bk príntjnm i` mprbkljl` y

mpijnmr sus n`k`njdjbkt`s bk sjtum-

nj`kbs kubvms.

Mntjvjlml >3 Bi tbrnbr d`dbkt`

n`ksjstb bk prmntjnmr ims lbstrb-

zms mprbkljlms mktb tmrbms rbmibs

n`d` jkvbstjomr, trmgmcmr bk bquj-

p`, btn.

∗

Mut`n`ktrì

Mntjvjlml =. Lbdubstrb i` mprbkljl`.

Mk`tb bk bi pmrêktbsjs bi kódbr` n`rrbsp`kljbktb m im lbkjnjþk lb nmlm bxprbsjþk.

=. Qrjdbr mifmgbt` jkvbktml` p`r bi e`dgrb. ^ì` tbkäm n`ks`kmktbs.

7. Wbprbsbktmnjþk qub k` sb pmrbnb tmkt` mi `gcbt` qub rbprbsbktm.

Bs kbnbsmrj` n`k`nbr su sjokjfjnml` pmrm p`lbr jktbrprbtmrim.

>. Bxprbsjþk jkvbktmlm y usmlm p`r i s̀ bojpnj`s. Rtjijzm jlbòrmdms

y sjok`s n`ks`kíktjn`s.


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Oi`smrj`smvjm3 Bk g`tíkjnm, iäqujl` kutrjtjv` qub njrnuim bk bi jktbrj`r lb ims pimktms. Bkbroäm, bibdbkt` vjvjnm-l`r. Q`r bcbdpì 3 Bk t`lms sus rmdms n`rrb im smvjm iibkm lb vjlm.

sbdjl`rdjl`(m)3 Lbi imtäk sbdj-, djtml8 dblj` l`rdjl`. Q`r bcbdpi`3 Ims ducbrbs ym sbdjl`rdjlms sbouämk bspbrmkl` m sus bsp`s`s.

furtjv`(m)3 ]ub sb emnb m bsn`kljlms. Ljne` lb ukm pbrs`km, qujbrb lbnjr qub smnm pr`vbne` lb i` m cbk`m bsn`kljlms lbi lubý`. Q`r bcbdpi`3 Bi e`dgrb, n`k uk d`vjdjbkt` furtjv ̀, t`dþ ims iimvbs y sb fub.

Bsnrjgm ukm ̀ rmnjþk n`k nmlm pmimgrm lbi oi`smrj`. Bk bi nms` lb ’sbdjl`rdjl`— y ’furtjv`— rbnubr-

lb qub i`s mlcbtjv`s lbgbk n`kn`rlmr bk oêkbr` y kódbr` n`k i`s sustmktjv`s qub d`ljnmk.

Fäcbsb bk bi bcbdpi`3

sbdjl`rdjl`(m)3

smvjm3

furtjv`(m)3

Ims ducbrbs sbdjl`rdjlms bspbrmgmk m sus bsp`s`s.

72Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm =

Wbsudbk

j i j j j j i i j j i i . i j j. i 3 j

i i j j j j . i 3 j j

j . j j j ij i . i 3 j

j j i i i j . i ’ j j — ’ j —

i j i j j .

i i 3

j j 3

j 3

j 3

Qmrm fmnjijtmr im jkvbstjomnjþk njbktänm mnbrnm lbi ̀ rjobk lbi emgim, sb bstmgibnbk l`s tb`räms3

Im d`kòêkbsjs ijkoùästjnm pr`p`kb qub prjdbr` eug` ukm sìm ibkoum y lb biim surojbr`k t`lms

ims lbdís.

Im pìjoêkbsjs ijkoùästjnm pr`p`kb qub emgäm dunems n`dukjlmlbs vjvjbkl` sbpmrmlmdbktb y qub

nmlm ukm bdpbzþ m emgimr lb ljfbrbktb f`rdm.

Ims f`rdms dís rbibvmktbs lb im bvìunjþk lb im bsnrjturm s`k i`s pjntòrmdms (ljguc`s pmrbnjl`s mi

`gcbt`) y i`s jlbòrmdms (ljguc`s k` tmk pmrbnjl`s mi ̀ gcbt`) qub p`n` m p`n` bvìunj`kmk m i`s sjo-

k`s sjiígjn`s (nmlm sjok` rbprbsbktm ukm säimgm), y êst`s m su vbz m i`s sjok`s n`ks`kíktjn`s (nmlm

sjok` rbprbsbktm ukm n`ks`kmktb) y i`s sjok`s v`níijn`s (nmlm sjok` rbprbsbktm ukm v`nmi)3 ims ibtrms.

Im bsnrjturm nukbjf`rdb (n`k f`rdm lb nuým) bs im prjdbrm f`rdm lb bxprbsjþk bsnrjtm qub bi sbr

eudmk` usþ. Bstb sjstbdm bvìunj`kþ lbslb i`s pjntòrmdms emstm bi us` lb jlbòrmdms y lb sjok`s

sjiígjn`s. Fub jkvbktmlm y utjijzmlm p`r i`s sudbrj`s lbslb bi >>11 m. N. y minmkzm su bxprbsjþk dís

lbsmrrìimlm bk bi pbrj`l` lbi 511 mi 611 m. N.

Im bsnrjturm cbròiäfnm lbsmrrìimlm p`r i`s bojpnj`s bs ukm f`rdm lb bxprbsjþk bsnrjtm qub usm jlb`-

ormdms y sjok`s n`ks`kíktjn`s. Mpmrbnjþ bk bi >=11 m. N. y lbcþ lb usmrsb bk bi


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=7JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Ijgr`, nimsb rmljmi y närnui` lb bstulj`

¡û bqujp` lb trmgmc`!

Bi ijgr`, n`k sbr ukm gubkm ebrrmdjbktm, k` i` bs t`l`. Qmrm qub ustbl minmknb bi kjvbi lb

n`dpbtbknjm lbsbml`, kubstr` sjstbdm p`kb m su ljsp`sjnjþk3 bi ijgr`, im nimsb rmljmi y im

jkvjtmnjþk m pmrtjnjpmr bk uk närnui` lb bstulj`.

• Im nimsb rmljmi tjbkb n`d` fuknjþk prjknjpmi

bxpijnmr y fmnjijtmr im n`dprbksjþk lb i`s tbdms

trmtml`s bk bi ijgr`.

Qublb bsnunemr im nimsb rmljmi bk ukm bdjs`rm

lb su i`nmijlml, lbsnmromrims bk kubstrm pí-

ojkm www.jobr.blu.ot ` mlqujrjrims bk NL bk im

n``rljkmnjþk rboj`kmi.

• Bi närnui` lb bstulj` bs bi iuomrpmrm n`dpmrtjr y mprbklbr cukt`s.

Mpr`vbneb bst`s rbnurs`s y mpþybsb bk pbrs`kms lb su n`dukjlml pmrm rbsìvbr sus lulms.

• Bi ijgr` nudpib numtr` fuknj`kbs3

m. \bxt`, bk bi qub bknubktrm im jkf`rdmnjþk y bi

lbsmrrìi` lb i`s n`ktbkjl`s m bstuljmr.

g. Qjzmrrþk, pmrm qub lurmktb im nimsb rmljmi

sugrmyb jlbms jdp`rtmktbs ` rbmijnb ljstjktms

mntjvjlmlbs.

n. Numlbrk` lb trmgmc`, n`k bcbrnjnj`s pmrm prmn-

tjnmr i` mprbkljl`.

l. Ebrrmdjbktm lb mut`bvmiumnjþk, numkl` rb-

subivb su mut`n`ktrì nmlm sbdmkm.


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=>Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ¡Gjbkvbkjlm y gjbkvbkjl`!

Kubstrm dbt`lìòäm pms` m pms`

Qmrm fmnjijtmr su mprbkljzmcb y mpr`vbnemr dís y dbc`r bi bstulj` nmlm sbdmkm, sjom bst`s

pms`s. ¡K` sb smitb kjkouk`!

Ibm bi n`ktbkjl` lb im sbdmkm

Ibbr bi n`ktbkjl` k`s pbrdjtb tbkbr ukm jlbm obkbrmi lbi tbdm3 quê sm-

gbd`s, n`k quê i` rbimnj`kmd`s, btn. Bstb prjdbr n`ktmnt` tmdgjêk k`s

emrí nmbr bk im nubktm lbi bsfubrz` m rbmijzmr pmrm mprbklbr i` kubv` y k`s

p`klrí ’bk `klm— pmrm im nimsb rmljmi.

=

Bsnuneb im nimsb rmljmiN`k i`s 2 sbktjl`s

Im nimsb rmljmi bs kubstrm dmbstrm. Lb meä qub bi pròrmdm sb iimdb "Bi

Dmbstr` bk Nmsm". Ims dmbstrms y dmbstr`s i`nut`rbs bxpijnmk bi n`ktbkj-

l`, pr`p`kbk bcbrnjnj`s y `tr`s bcbdpi`s pmrm mdpijmr bi tbdm.

7

Lbspuês lb im nimsb rmljmi, su trmgmc` pbrs`kmi Bstulj` y mut`n`ktrì

Fjkmijzmlm im nimsb rmljmi bs bi d`dbkt` lb su trmgmc` pbrs`kmi. Ljstrjguym

su tjbdp`3 bs dbc`r uk p`n` nmlm läm, qub t`l` im väspbrm.

>

N`ksuitb sus lulmsRk bstuljmktb jktbijobktb smgb nuíkl` pbljr myulm

N`ksuitb i`s tbdms qub k` ib emk qublml` nimr`s bk `tr`s ijgr`s, bk jktbr-

kbt, n`k fmdjijmrbs ` mdjo`s. ^bour` qub bkn`ktrmrí pbrs`kms ljspubstms

m myulmrib.

<

Qmrtjnjpb bk uk närnui` lb bstulj`

Mprbklbr cukt`sQþkomsb lb mnubrl` n`k ̀ tr`s bstuljmktbs y ̀ romkjnbk uk närnui` lb bstu-

lj`. ^ìjnjtbk im myulm lb mioukm pbrs`km vìuktmrjm lb im n`dukjlml. Bs`

ibs myulmrí m rbsìvbr lulms y rbf`rzmr i` mprbkljl`. Mlbdís, tbklrík im

`p`rtukjlml lb jktbrnmdgjmr mprbkljzmcbs, jlbms y sbktjdjbkt`s.

Wbnubrlb qub sjbdprb publb mnuljr m su tut`r msjokml`.

2


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=<JOBW ∗ Q`i`nejn

°Nþd` mpr`vbnemr dbc`r su bstulj`0

• Gusqub uk iuomr nþd`l` y n`k gubkm jiudjkmnjþk. Bs jdp`rtmktb qub sb

mibcb lbi rujl` y lb ims ljstrmnnj`kbs.

• Bijcm uk e`rmrj` pmrm trmgmcmr y bstuljmr. Im n`kstmknjm y im ljsnjpijkm s`k

sus dbc`rbs n`dpmýbrms lb bstulj`.

• Ibm n`k mtbknjþk ims jkstrunnj`kbs lb i`s bcbrnjnj`s mktbs lb rbs`ivbri`s.

• N`ksuitb sus lulms n`k `trms pbrs`kms lb su n`dukjlml qub publmk

myulmrib.


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=2Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm =

=

Ejst`rjm lb im ibkoum

°]uê bkn`ktrmrí bstm sbdmkm0

Z` s`y dj pr`pjm pmimgrm lb Jsmmn Fbijpb Mz`fbjfm (frmodbkt` mlmptml ̀)

Ejst`rjm lb im ibkoum3 Qrjdbr` emgimd`s, iubo` bsnrjgjd`s

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 I`s pmrêktbsjs

Bi tbxt` lbsnrjptjv` J

Bstm sbdmkm i`ormrí3

Qrbstmr im mtbknjþk kbnbsmrjm mi tätui` pmrm mpr`vbnemr dbc`r im ibnturm.

Wbfibxj`kmr s`grb bi p`lbr lb ims pmimgrms.

N`k`nbr im jdp`rtmknjm lbi surojdjbkt` lb im ibkoum emgimlm y su bv`iunjþk m imibkoum bsnrjtm y bi mifmgbt`.

Rtjijzmr n`rrbntmdbktb i`s pmrêktbsjs.

Ljstjkoujr bktrb tbxt`s lbsnrjptjv`s njbktäfjn`s y ijtbrmrj`s.


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=6JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr

Jsmmn Fbijpb Mz`fbjfm(=:1: „ =::?)

Q`btm, bsnrjt`r, pr`fbs`r, blunml`r y pìätjn` n`stmrrjnbksb. Kmnb bk ^mkt`

L`djko` lb Ebrbljm, N`stm Wjnm, y dubrb bk ^mk C`sê, N`stm Wjnm.

Bs n`ksjlbrml` n`d` uk` lb i`s dís jdp`rtmktbs jktbibntumibs lb N`stm Wjnm.

Mz`fbjfm ib lbljnm sus vbrs`s prjknjpmidbktb mi md`r, mi br`tjsd`, m im ducbr,

mi lì`r lbi prþcjd` y m ims trjguimnj`kbs lbi dukl`. Lbgjl` m im pr`fukljlml

y bi dmkbc` bstêtjn` lb su nrbmnjþk ijtbrmrjm, tmdgjêk bs n`ksjlbrml` n`d` bi

p`btm dís jdp`rtmktb lbi sjoi` UU bk N`stm Wjnm, su pmäs.

Bktrb sus `grms p`êtjnms dís lbstmnmlms sb bknubktrmk3

• \ruknm Rkjlml (=:25)

• Vjojijm bk pjb lb dubrtb (=:67)

• Nmknjþk (=:6


35/337

=?Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm =

Z` s`y dj pr`pjm pmimgrm(frmodbkt` mlmptml`)

Im jdp`rtmknjmlbi tätui`

Mi ibbr mtbktmdbktbbi tätui` lb uktbxt` y pbksmr ukd`dbkt` bk su

sjokjnml`, k`sprbpmrmd`s pmrmmpr`vbnemr midíxjd` im ibnturm.

°]uê jlbm ibtrmksdjtb bi tätui`lb im ibnturm lb bstmsbdmkm0

= smvjm3 Bk g`tíkjnm, iäqujl` kutrjtjv` qub njrnuim bk bi jktbrj`r lb ims pimktms. Bkbroäm, bibdbkt` vj-vjnml`r.

7 sbdjl`rdjl`(m)3 Lbi imtäk sbdj-, djtml8 dblj` l`rdjl`.> furtjv`(m)3 ]ub sb emnb m bsn`kljlms. Ljne` lb ukm pbrs`km, qujbrb lbnjr qub smnm pr`vbne` lb

i` mcbk` m bsn`kljlms lbi lubý`.

Z` s`y dj pr`pjm pmimgrm.

Z` s`y i`s ijgr`s qub ib`.

Z` s`y bi pubgi` qub md` y bstí ebne`

lb djsbrjm y pmimgrms.

Z` s`y bi dmr lb pmimgrms y lbsb`s qub kmvbo`.

¡@e smvjm= vjvm, rä` lb smkorb, rmäz däm!

Z` s`y dj pr`pjm pmimgrm.

...ibnt`r sjk e`rm lb lbsnmks`,

qub nmlm mdmkbnbr smib m nmzmr dbtíf`rms sbdjl`rdjlms7

n`d` uk furtjv`> imlrþk lb bstrbiims p`êtjnms

y n`dp`kb bi p`bdm bsnuneíkl`sb n`d` dósjn`

y m vbnbs tmdgjêk pjlb sjibknj` ukjvbrsmi

n`d` sj bstuvjbrm myulíkl`ib m Lj`s

m nrbmr ukm kubvm nrjmturm

n`k bi trmgmc` ljok` lb miboräm y cust` lbsnmks`,

n`d` mnmg` me`rm, numkl` mdmkbnb, bstb p`bdm, y ljo` qub

bktbr`, n`d` pbrs`km,

bi e`dgrb bstí bk su pmimgrm.

Bi dukl` sb mnimrm y f`rdm

sj bi e`dgrb lm su pmimgrm. \jbkb ljokjlml lb e`dgrb

bi e`dgrb p`r su pmimgrm.

Im dbktjrm ib n`rr`dpb

sj k` bkfrbktm su pmimgrm.

Lmlm bk fmis`, ib lbsnugrb,

sjk e`dgrjblml, su pmimgrm.

\uv` bi dukl` su prjknjpj`

bk ukm s`im pmimgrm.

Z nrbm im pmtrjm eudmkm

bi e`dgrb, n`k su pmimgrm.

Jsmmn Fbijpb Mz`fbjfm


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=5JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

N`dprbksjþk lb ibnturmM. I` qub bktbkljþ lbi tbxt`3 kjvbi ijtbrmi

ûgrmyb im rbspubstm dís mlbnumlm.

=. Bi bsnrjt`r trmksdjtb m trmvês lb su tbxt` qub3

7. Bi p`bdm emgim lb im jdp`rtmknjm lb im pmim-grm bk bi sjoujbktb mspbnt`3

>. Bi bsnrjt`r sb lbfjkb m sä djsd` n`d`3

G. I` qub lbluc` lb im ibnturm3 kjvbi jkfbrbknjmi

Bsnrjgm n`k sus pr`pjms pmimgrms bi sjokjfjnml` lb i`s sjoujbktbs vbrs`s3

=. ’Z` s`y bi dmr lb pmimgrms y lbsb`s qub kmvbo`.—

7. ’Bi dukl` sb mnimrm y f`rdm / sj bi e`dgrb lm su pmimgrm.—

>. ’Z nrbm im pmtrjm eudmkm / bi e`dgrb, n`k su pmimgrm.—

N. û pbksmdjbkt`3 kjvbi nrätjn`

=. °Nrbb ustbl qub im pmimgrm bs tmk jdp`rtmktb pmrm bi sbr eudmk` n`d` ljnb Jsmmn FbijpbMz`fbjfm bk su p`bdm0 °Q`r quê0

7. Dbknj`kb p`r i` dbk`s 2 mntjvjlmlbs qub k`s rbsuitmräm jdp`sjgib rbmijzmr sjk usmr im pmimgrm3

m. Emy qub ibbr pmrm n`k`nbr dís pmimgrms

g. Bi bsnrjt`r bs myulmktb lb Lj`sn. Im pmimgrm lbfjkb mi sbr eudmk`l. Bi bsnrjt`r bs imlrþk lb bstrbiims

m. Im ljokjlml lbi e`dgrbg. Bi sjibknj` ukjvbrsmin. Bi subý` lb ims dbtíf`rmsl. Im f`rdmnjþk lb im dbktjrm

m. Nrbml`r lb su pmtrjm

g. Dósjn` y bsnrjt`r lb p`bdmsn. F`rdml`r lbi dukl`l. û pr`pjm pmimgrm


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=:Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm =

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs

Bi p`lbr lb ims pmimgrms

Ims pmimgrms n`k qub emgimd`s m i`s lbdís s`k bi rbbc` lb kubstr` jktbrj`r.

Rkm pbrs`km n`k djbl` emgimrí lb nþd` bstí lb pbijor`sm im sjtumnjþk y vbrí

m m nmlm d`dbkt` sjtumnj`kbs lb pbijor`. Rkm pbrs`km n`k miboräm emgimrí lbnþd` im vjlm bs uk ebrd`s` rbomi` y vbrí m nmlm d`dbkt` dmkjfbstmnj`kbslb bstb rbomi`.

Bstms l`s pbrs`kms tmk ljfbrbktbs vjvbk bk bi djsd` dukl`, bk bi djsd`n`ktjkbktb, bk bi djsd` pmäs, bk im djsdm njulml, bk bi djsd` vbnjklmrj` y,dunems vbnbs, emstm bk im djsdm nmsm. °Nþd` publbk pbrnjgjr bi dukl` lb tmkljstjktm dmkbrm0 \mkt` bi dukl` bk qub vjvjd`s k`s jkuyb bk im f`rdm lb vbr

im vjlm n`d` k`s`tr`s jkujd`s bk bi dukl` bk qub vjvjd`s. Bi sbnrbt` bstí

bk lmrk`s nubktm lb qub k`s`tr`s p`lbd`s lbnjljr m quê ib prbstmd`s mtbk-njþk, tmdgjêk p`lbd`s lbnjljr quê pmimgrms usmr pmrm pjktmr kubstr` dukl`

lbi n`i`r qub prbrmd`s.

Wbbxj`kb y mntóbMktbs lb bdpbzmr, mk`tb nþd` sb sjbktb bk bstb d`dbkt`3

Gjbk, lbspuês lb mk`tmr sj bstí mgurrjl`, trjstb, miborb, n`ktbkt`, mksj`s`, bd`-nj`kml` ` n`d` sb sjbktm, emomd`s bi sjoujbktb bcbrnjnj`.

Jdmojkb p`r uk d`dbkt` qub bstí bk uk ebrd`s` iuomr y emnb uk ebrd`s`

läm. Jdmojkb qub m i` ibc`s vb m ukm pbrs`km m qujbk qujbrb dune`3 Vjbkb emnjmustbl iibk` lb miboräm, n`k ukm ormk s`krjsm bk im nmrm, n`k i`s grmz`s mgjbrt`spmrm lmrib uk ormk mgrmz` mi iibomr m l`klb ustbl bstí.

°^b i` em jdmojkml`0

°Nþd` sb sjbktb ustbl bk bstb d`dbkt`0

°Em nmptml` nþd` ims pmimgrms qub usmk i`s lbdís publbk nmdgjmr kubstr`bstml` lb íkjd`0 ^up`komd`s qub uk läm ustbl smib m nmdjkmr uk p`n` y sbbknubktrm n`k mioujbk qub n`k`nb. Mi smiulmrsb, bstm pbrs`km ib ljnb3 ’¡Djrmquê gjbk tb vbs! \jbkbs i`s `c`s iibk`s lb vjlm, tu nmrm bstí iibkm lb pmz y im fb-

ijnjlml sb tb k`tm bk im s`krjsm, ¡nþd` db miborm vbrtb tmk gjbk!—.°Nþd` sb sbktjräm ustbl mi bsnunemr qub ib emgimk msä0

°Nrbb qub ustbl p`lräm emnbr mio` pmrm sbktjrsb ustbl gjbk y emnbr sbktjr gjbkm i`s lbdís0 Bxpijqub3

N`dpmrtm sus jkqujbtulbs y n`kvbrsb bk su närnui` lb bstulj` mnbrnm lbi p`lbrlb im pmimgrm bk bi nbktr` lb `rjbktmnjþk.


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71JOBW ∗ Q`i`nejn


=. @rjobk lbi emgim

Ormk jknbrtjludgrb r`lbm bi `rjobk lb im ibkoum3 °Nuíkl` bdpbzþ bi sbr eudmk` m emgimr0 °Nuíibsfubr`k ims prjdbrms nmusms qub i` n`klucbr`k m lmrib uk k`dgrb lbtbrdjkml` m ims n`sms0 °Nþd` brmkims prjdbrms pmimgrms0 °Bk lþklb sb usþ p`r prjdbrm vbz bi ibkoumcb `rmi0 K` emy f`rdm lb smgbri` mnjbknjm njbrtm, p`rqub k` emy bvjlbknjm ljrbntm, gjbk sb publb lbnjr qub bsms prjdbrms pmimgrms sb imsiibvþ bi vjbkt`.

^b bstjdm qub bi us` lbi emgim tuv` jkjnj` bk mioók d`dbkt` bktrb i`s =11,11 y i`s


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7=Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm =

7. @rjobk lb im bsnrjturmIms prjdbrms f`rdms lb bsnrjturm sb bknubktrmk rbprbsbktmlms p`r bxprbsj`kbspjntòrínms b jlbòrínms y im jkniusjþk lb bibdbkt`s sjiígjn`s ` n`ks`kíktj-n`s. Ims f`rdms dís sjokjnmtjvms lb bstb tjp` lb bsnrjturm s`k im nukbjf`rdb y im

cbròiänm.

I`s pjntòrmdms rbprbsbktmk lb dmkbrm bsqubdítjnm m uk `gcbt` rbmi, ukm ourm

`, bk miouk`s nms`s, uk sädgì`. I`s jlbòrmdms, p`r su pmrtb, mpmrbnbk lbspuêsy sb ljfbrbknjmk lb i`s pjntòrmdms bk qub bs kbnbsmrj` n`k`nbr lb mktbdmk` susjokjnml`, bs lbnjr, ym k` sb pmrbnbk tmkt` m ims ̀ gcbt`s qub rbprbsbktmk. I`s sjo-k`s sjiígjn`s, p`r su pmrtb, rbprbsbktmk bxniusjvmdbktb ukm säimgm lbtbrdjkmlm,n`d` "s "̀ ` "gj" ` "lm"8 i`s sjok`s n`ks`kíktjn`s, ukm n`ks`kmktb, n`d` "c" ` "k"` "s"8 y i`s sjok`s v`níijn`s, ukm v`nmi, n`d` "b" ` "u".

Jkjnjmidbktb mirblbl`r lb i`s mý`s >>11 m. N., i`s sudbrj`s utjijzmk uk sjstbdm lbbsnrjturm pjntòrín`. Bi sjstbdm sb lbsmrrìim emstm iibomr m im bsnrjturm nukbjf`r-db mirblbl`r lbi 7=11

m. N. y tbrdjkm bk bi


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77JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Bcbrnjnj` 7=. °]uê bs uk pjntòrmdm0

7. °]uê bs uk jlbòrmdm0

>. °Bk quê sb pmrbnb uk pjntòrmdm m uk jlbòrmdm0


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7>Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm =

Dbc`rb su `rtòrmfäm

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 I`s pmrêktbsjs

Im fuknjþk prjknjpmi lb i`s pmrêktbsjs bs jkljnmr qub ims pmimgrms qub n`ktjb-

kbk k` s`k ukm pmrtb nbktrmi lbi dbksmcb, sjk` qub n`kstjtuybk uk sboukl`ljsnurs` qub sb jksbrtm bk bi ljsnurs` prjknjpmi pmrm jktr`lunjr jkf`rdmnjþkn`dpibdbktmrjm.

N`d` sjok`s muxjijmrbs, i`s pmrêktbsjs sb usmk pmrm jktr`lunjr `pnj`kbs bk uktbxt`. ^b bknjbrrm bktrb pmrêktbsjs bi bibdbkt` qub n`kstjtuyb im mitbrkmtjvm, sbmbstm ukm pmimgrm n`dpibtm ` uk` lb sus sbodbkt`s3 Bk im p`rtmlm mpmrbnbrí bitätui`, bi(i`s) k`dgrb(s) n`dpibt`(s) lbi(lb i`s) mut`r(bs), bi iuomr y im fbnem lbbimg`rmnjþk lbi trmgmc`.

Bcbrnjnj` < Ibm mtbktmdbktb i`s sjoujbktbs pírrmf`s. Bi prjdbr` n`ktjbkb im jkf`rdmnjþk bibdbktmi qub sb

lbsbm trmksdjtjr. Bi sboukl` n`ktjbkb im jkf`rdmnjþk gísjnm y tmdgjêk jkf`rdmnjþk mljnj`kmi pmrmmnimrmr bi sjokjnml`. Jlbktjqub y bknjbrrb bktrb pmrêktbsjs im jkf`rdmnjþk mljnj`kmi lbi sboukl`

pírrmf`. @gsbrvb bi bcbdpi` mi jkjnj` lbi sboukl` pírrmf`3

Ims prjdbrms f`rdms lb bsnrjturm sb bknubktrmk rbprbsbktmlms p`r bxprbsj`kbs pjnt`-orífjnms b jlbòrífjnms y im jkniusjþk lb bibdbkt`s sjiígjn`s ` n`ks`kíktjn`s.

Ims prjdbrms f`rdms lb bsnrjturm (lb ims qub nmlm vbz sb bknubktrmk dís vbstjoj`s orm-njms m ims jkvbstjomnj`kbs mrqubìþojnms) sb bknubktrmk rbprbsbktmlms p`r bxprbsj`kbspjntòrífjnms ljguc`s qub rbprbsbktmk lb dmkbrm bsqubdítjnm uk `gcbt` rbmi b jlbòrí-fjnms ljguc`s dís bstjijzml`s qub ym k` sb pmrbnbk tmkt` mi `gcbt` qub rbprbsbktmk yim jkniusjþk lb bibdbkt`s sjiígjn`s ljguc`s qub rbprbsbktmk ljrbntmdbktb ukm säimgm,n`d` "du", "pm", "tb", pmrm jkljnmr im n`rrbntm ibnturm lb im pmimgrm ` n`ks`kíktjn`sljguc`s qub rbprbsbktmk ljrbntmdbktb ukm n`ks`kmktb, n`d` "d", "t", "p".

Bsnrjgm lbktr` lb i`s pmrêktbsjs i`s bibdbkt`s mitbrkmtjv`s n`rrbsp`kljbktbs m im pmimgrm cukt` m

im qub mpmrbnbk. Jkjnjmd`s n`k uk smiul` lb bcbdpi`3

Bstjdml`(m) bstuljmktb3

^j tjbkb mioukm lulm bk bi us` lb i`s pmrêktbsjs, n`ksóitbim bk bi nbktr` lb `rjbktmnjþk n`kbi ( ) ̀ rjbktml r̀ ( ) m nmro`. \mdgjêk publb ljsnutjr bi tbdm n`k uk` ̀ vmrj s̀ lb sus n`d-pmýbr`s bk bi nbktr`. ̂ u ( ) n`dpmýbr` ( ) publb ( ) tbkbr ukm pbrnbpnjþk ljfbrbktbqub ib myulb m ustbl m bkrjqubnbr sus n`k`njdjbkt`s. Z ustbl n`k su pbrnbpnjþk pbrs`kmi lbitbdm tmdgjêk pulb bkrjqubnbr i`s n`k`njdjbkt`s lb su ( ) n`dpmýbr` ( ).

Numkl` jktr`lunbkjkf`rdmnjþkn`dpibdbktmrjm,p`lbd`s n`dpr`-gmr qub bstík gjbkmpijnml`s sj bi rbst`lbi tbxt` dmktjbkbsu sbktjl` sj k` sbibb bi n`ktbkjl`jkniujl` bktrbpmrêktbsjs.

Bcbrnjnj` 2


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7<JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Bi tbxt` lbsnrjptjv` J

N`d` ym vjd`s bk im lênjdm sbdmkm lbi Orup` Rtmtiík, im lbsnrjpnjþk n`ksjstb

bk rbprbsbktmr, m trmvês lb im pmimgrm, ukm jiusjþk lb im rbmijlml l`klb sb fuklbim n`dprbksjþk jktbibntumi n`k njbrtm pbrnbpnjþk jdmojkmtjvm. Emy l`s tjp`sprjknjpmibs lb lbsnrjpnjþk3 im njbktänm y im ijtbrmrjm. ^b ljstjkoubk bktrb sä p`r

bi us` lbi v`nmguimrj` y i`s kbs qub nmlm ukm pbrsjoub.

Im lbsnrjpnjþk njbktänm tjbkb n`d` prjknjpmi numijlml im bxmntjtul bk im prb-sbktmnjþk lbi tbdm, sbm uk `gcbt` ̀ uk sbr lbtbrdjkml`, pmrm qub sbm mnnbsjgibmi ibnt`r y i` publm bktbklbr. Rsm uk ibkoumcb ljrbnt` y sjk ml`rk`s.

Im lbsnrjpnjþk ijtbrmrjm, bk nmdgj`, sb ljrjob m im jdmojkmnjþk lbi ibnt`r y suprjknjpmi k bs lbibjtmrib n`k im rbprbsbktmnjþk lb sbrbs u `gcbt`s rbmibs ` n-tjnj`s. Emnb us` lb uk ibkoumcb dís suobstjv` y nrbmtjv`.

Bcbrnjnj` 6Bsn`cm uk `gcbt` sbknjii` qub tbkom nbrnm y iimdb su mtbknjþk (ukm e`cm, uk iípjz, ukm d`kblm, uksmrtêk). @gsêrvbi` lbtbkjlmdbktb y rblmntb l`s lbsnrjpnj`kbs n`rtms lb bsb djsd` `gcbt`3 ukmnjbktänm y `trm ijtbrmrjm. Qmrm ljstjkoujr ims lbsnrjpnj`kbs bktrb sä, sbibnnj`kb nujlml`smdbktb bitätui` y bi v`nmguimrj` lb nmlm ukm.

@gcbt`3

Lbsnrjpnjþk njbktäfjnm3

Lbsnrjpnjþk ijtbrmrjm3

Wbvjsb su trmgmc` n`k im ijstm lb n`tbc`. Lbspuês n`dpmrtm su trmgmc` bk bi nbktr` lb `rjbktmnjþk.

Bxprêsbsb n`k nimrjlml

Jkljnml`rbs lb iòr` iòrml` bk

pr`nbs`

k`

iòrml`Bsnòä uk `gcbt` sbknjii`.

@gsbrvê mtbktmdbktb sus prjknjpmibs nmrmntbrästjnms.

Wblmntê ukm lbsnrjpnjþk njbktäfjnm y ukm ijtbrmrjm lbi `gcbt`.

^bibnnj`kê bi v`nmguimrj` pmrm nmlm ukm lb ims lbsnrjpnj`kbs.

^bibnnj`kê uk tätui` mlbnuml` pmrm nmlm lbsnrjpnjþk.


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72Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm =

Wbsudbk

Oi`smrj`smvjm3 Bk g`tíkjnm, iäqujl` kutrjtjv` qub njrnuim bk bi jktbrj`r lb ims pimktms. Bkbroäm, bibdbkt` vjvjnm-l`r. Q`r bcbdpi`3 Bk t`lms sus rmdms n`rrb im smvjm iibkm lb vjlm.

sbdjl`rdjl`(m)3 Lbi imtäk sbdj-, djtml8 dblj` l`rdjl`. Q`r bcbdpi`3 Ims ducbrbs ym sbdjl`rdjlms sbouämk bspbrmkl` m sus bsp`s`s.

furtjv`(m)3 ]ub sb emnb m bsn`kljlms. Ljne` lb ukm pbrs`km, qujbrb lbnjr qub smnm pr`vbne` lb i` mcbk`m bsn`kljlms lbi lubý`. Q`r bcbdpi`3 Bi e`dgrb, n`k uk d`vjdjbkt` furtjv ̀, t`dþ ims iimvbs y sb fub.

Bsnrjgm ukm ̀ rmnjþk n`k nmlm pmimgrm lbi oi`smrj`. Bk bi nms` lb ’sbdjl`rdjl`— y ’furtjv`— rbnubr-lb qub i`s mlcbtjv`s lbgbk n`kn`rlmr bk oêkbr` y kódbr` n`k i`s sustmktjv`s qub d`ljnmk.

Fäcbsb bk bi bcbdpi`3

sbdjl`rdjl`(m)3

smvjm3

furtjv`(m)3

Qmrm fmnjijtmr im jkvbstjomnjþk njbktänm mnbrnm lbi `rjobk lbi emgim, sb bstmgibnbk l`s tb`räms3

Im d`kòêkbsjs ijkoùästjnm pr`p`kb qub prjdbr` eug` ukm sìm ibkoum y lb biim surojbr`k t`lmsims lbdís.

Im pìjoêkbsjs ijkoùästjnm pr`p`kb qub emgäm dunems n`dukjlmlbs vjvjbkl` sbpmrmlmdbktb y qubnmlm ukm bdpbzþ m emgimr lb ljfbrbktb f`rdm.

Ims f`rdms dís rbibvmktbs lb im bvìunjþk lb im bsnrjturm s`k i`s pjntòrmdms (ljguc`s pmrbnjl`s mi`gcbt`) y i`s jlbòrmdms (ljguc`s k` tmk pmrbnjl`s mi ̀ gcbt`) qub p`n` m p`n` bvìunj`kmk m i`s sjo-k`s sjiígjn`s (nmlm sjok` rbprbsbktm ukm säimgm), y êst`s m su vbz m i`s sjok`s n`ks`kíktjn`s (nmlmsjok` rbprbsbktm ukm n`ks`kmktb) y i`s sjok`s v`níijn`s (nmlm sjok` rbprbsbktm ukm v`nmi)3 ims ibtrms.

Im bsnrjturm nukbjf`rdb (n`k f`rdm lb nuým) bs im prjdbrm f`rdm lb bxprbsjþk bsnrjtm qub bi sbreudmk` usþ. Bstb sjstbdm bvìunj`kþ lbslb i`s pjntòrmdms emstm bi us` lb jlbòrmdms y lb sjok`ssjiígjn`s. Fub jkvbktmlm y utjijzmlm p`r i`s sudbrj`s lbslb bi >>11 m. N. y minmkzm su bxprbsjþk díslbsmrrìimlm bk bi pbrj`l` lbi 511 mi 611 m. N.

Im bsnrjturm cbròiänm lbsmrrìimlm p`r i`s bojpnj`s bs ukm f`rdm lb bxprbsjþk bsnrjtm qub usm jlb`-ormdms y sjok`s n`ks`kíktjn`s. Mpmrbnjþ bk bi >=11 m. N. y lbcþ lb usmrsb bk bi


44/337

76JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Mut`n`ktrì

Mntjvjlml =. Lbdubstrb i` mprbkljl`.

Mk`tb bk bi pmrêktbsjs bi kódbr` n`rrbsp`kljbktb m im lbkjnjþk lb nmlm bxprbsjþk.

=. Qrjdbr mifmgbt` jkvbktml` p`r bi e`dgrb. ̂ ì` tbkäm n`ks`kmktbs.

7. Wbprbsbktmnjþk qub k` sb pmrbnb tmkt` mi `gcbt` qub rbprbsbktm.Bs kbnbsmrj` n`k`nbr su sjokjfjnml` pmrm p`lbr jktbrprbtmrim.

>. Bxprbsjþk jkvbktmlm y usmlm p`r i`s bojpnj`s. Rtjijzm jlbòrmdmsy sjok`s n`ks`kíktjn`s.


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7?Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm =

G. N`dpibtb bi sjoujbktb numlr̀ n`k i`s bibdbkt`s qub emomk fmitm3 bk miouk`s nms`s lbgbrí ljgucmruk pjntòrmdm8 bk ̀ tr`s, jkvbktmr uk jlbòrmdm8 y bk `tr`s, bsnrjgjr im pmimgrm n`rrbsp`kljbktb. Vbmbi bcbdpi` y rbnubrlb3 Rstbl lbgb jkvbktmr bi jlbòrmdm.

Qjntòrmdm Jlbòrmdm Mifmgbt`

" ;9 tjcbrms

nmsm

&

bstrbiim

!

sì

Ö

írgì

=. Bs duy sbknjii` rbprbsbktmr miouk`s `gcbt`s n`k i`s pjntòrmdms, °vbrlml0 °Nrbb ustbl qub sbrämjoumi lb fínji rbprbsbktmr jlbms, pbksmdjbkt`s, bd`nj`kbs y sbktjdjbkt`s0 °Nþd` p`lräm rbprb-sbktmr, p`r bcbdpi`, ukm frmsb n`d` ’Db miborm vbrtb lbspuês lb tmkt` tjbdp`—0 Ljgucb sj msä i`lbsbm.

7. °Nrbb ustbl qub bk kubstr`s tjbdp`s mók sb emnb us` lb pjntòrmdms0 °Bk quê ̀ nmsj`kbs p`lrämbkn`ktrmr ustbl pjntòrmdms0


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75JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Wbvjsb su mprbkljzmcb

Dmrqub n`k uk nebqub im nmsjiim qub dbc`r jkljqub su rbkljdjbkt`. iòrml`bk

pr`nbs`k`

iòrml`

L b s p u ê s l b b s t u l j m r . . .

Qrbst` mtbknjþk mi tätui` lb uk tbxt` pmrm mpr`vbnemr dbc`r dj ibnturm.

Wbbxj`k` s`grb bi p`lbr lb ims pmimgrms y su jkubknjm bk qujbkbs

ims `ybk.N`k`zn` im jdp`rtmknjm lbi surojdjbkt` lb im ibkoum emgimlm y subvìunjþk m im ibkoum bsnrjtm y bi mifmgbt`.

Mprbklä m usmr n`rrbntmdbktb i`s pmrêktbsjs.

Ljstjko` bktrb tbxt`s lbsnrjptjv`s njbktän`s y ijtbrmrj`s.

Mvbrjoùb qujêk lbsnjfrþ im bsnrjturm nukbjf`rdb y nþd` i` iòrþ. Bs ukm jktbrbsmktäsjdmejst`rjm qub bkn`ktrmrí bk3 ettp3//www.qu`.bs/njbknjm/lb-n`d`-uk-dmbstr`-lb-bsnubim-lbsnjfr`-im-bsnrjturm-nukbjf`rdb-ormnjms-m-ukm-mpubstm

Kmvboub bk im rbl...

Mntjvjlml >. Lbsmrrìib kubvms emgjijlmlbs

Qrmntjqub im bimg`rmnjþk lb tbxt`s lbsnrjptjv`s.

=. Wbmijnb ukm lbsnrjpnjþk ijtbrmrjm mnbrnm lb im vjlm lbi sbr eudmk` bk i`s tjbdp`s bk qub bdpb-zþ m emgimr. Rtjijnb su nrbmtjvjlml, jdmoäkbsbi` b jkvbktb. K` jdp`rtm sj k` usm lmt`s ejstþrjn`s.

^ä jdp`rtm, bk nmdgj`, qub usb su v`nmguimrj` pmrm qub bi tbxt` qublb n`d` m ustbl ib oustb.Qrbstb bspbnjmi mtbknjþk m ims nmrmntbrästjnms, ims numijlmlbs y i`s mtrjgut`s.

7. Wbmijnb ukm lbsnrjpnjþk njbktäfjnm mnbrnm lb im bsnrjturm nukbjf`rdb. Rtjijnb n`d` gmsb im jdmobklb su bvìunjþk. Rtjijnb uk ibkoumcb sbrj`, n`knjs` y qub rbfibcb i` qub ustbl vb. K` jdp`rtm sj kùsm uk ibkoumcb mtrmntjv`. ̂ ä jdp`rtm, bk nmdgj`, qub jktbktb emnbr uk ’ljguc` bsnrjt`— lb im jdm-obk qub bijcm lbsnrjgjr. Qrbstb bspbnjmi mtbknjþk m ims nmrmntbrästjnms, ims numijlmlbs y i`s mtrjgut`s.


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7:Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm 7

7

@rjobk lbi bspmýì

°]uê bkn`ktrmrí bstm sbdmkm0

Dbljtmnjþk pmrm ukm gjgij`tbnm p`puimr lb Mif`ks` Wbybs (frmodbkt` mlmptml ̀)

@rjobk lbi bspmýì3 Qrjdbrms jkfiubknjms

^jok`s muxjijmrbs3 I`s n`rnebtbs

Bi tbxt` lbsnrjptjv` JJ

Bstm sbdmkm iòrmrí3

Jlbktjnmr ims jlbms prjknjpmibs lb uk tbxt` m trmvês lb prbouktms.

Wbbxj`kmr s`grb sus eígjt`s lb ibnturm.

N`k`nbr bi `rjobk lbi jlj`dm bspmýì y sus prjdbrms jkubknjms.

Rtjijzmr n`rrbntmdbktb i`s n`rnebtbs.

Jlbktjnmr im bstrunturm lb i`s tbxt`s lbsnrjptjv`s.


48/337

>1JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn

Im mvbkturm lb ibbr

Mif`ks` Wbybs @ne`m(=55: „ =:2:)

Q`btm, bksmyjstm, kmrrml`r, ljpi`dítjn` y pbksml`r dbxjnmk`, kmnb bk D`ktbrrby

y dubrb bk Dêxjn`, L. F.

Bs n`ksjlbrml` uk` lb i`s pbksml`rbs dbxjnmk`s dís jdp`rtmktbs y dís

jkuybktbs lbi sjoi` UU. Bk bi dukl` ijtbrmrj` lbstmnm n`d` bsnrjt`r niísjn`,

f`rdmijstm, n`dbljl` qub mg`rlm i`s ormklbs tbdms lb im nuiturm niísjnm orjbom.

û pr`lunnjþk ijtbrmrjm bs bxtbksm y vmrjmlm, y sb em rbn`pjiml` bk vbjktjsjbtb

t`d`s qub mgmrnmk t`l`s i`s oêkbr`s ijtbrmrj`s, lbslb im p`bsäm (Jkfmknjm, @trm

v`z ), pmsmkl` p`r im kmrrmtjvm (Im nmsm lbi orjii`, Írgì lb pþiv`rm), bi tbmtr`

(Jfobkjm nrubi), emstm bi bksmy` (Wbtrmt`s rbmibs b jdmojkmrj`s, Im smbtm) bk

l`klb sb bknubktrm su dmy`r pr`lunnjþk.

°Lb quê trmtm im ibnturm0

Dbljtmnjþk pmrm ukm gjgij`tbnm p`puimr bs uk bksmy` mnbrnmlb im jdp`rtmknjm lb im ibnturm, i`s ijgr`s y ims gjgij`tbnms.

Bi mut`r lbsmrrìim bi tbdm emnjbkl` us` lb vmrj`s rbnurs`s3jkjnjm prbsbktmkl` uk jktbrbsmktb bcbrnjnj` pmrm bstmgibnbrbi vmi`r lb ims n`sms y iubo` i` mpijnm mi ijgr` y im ibnturm8n`ktjkóm n`k ukm grbväsjdm y kutrjlm ejst`rjm lb im bsnrjturmqub lbsbdg`nm bk im jkvbknjþk lbi ijgr` y ims ljnuitmlbs

qub mfr`ktmr`k ims prjdbrms gjgij`tbnms8 y tbrdjkm n`k ukmjkvjtmnjþk m emnbr us` mntjv` lb ims gjgij`tbnms p`puimrbs ybcbrnjtmr bi eígjt` lb ibnturm.

Dbljtmnjþk pmr m ukm gjgij`t bnm p`puimr

E`y ibbrbd`s...


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>=Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm 7

Dbljtmnjþk pmrm ukm gjgij`tbnm p`puimr (frmodbkt` mlmptml`)

Jlbktjnmr jlbms

prjknjpmibs

Lbspuês lb ibbrnmlm pírrmf`, lbtêk-omsb uk d`dbkt` yprboóktbsb3

°]uê jlbm bs im dísjdp`rtmktb lb i`qub mnmg` lb ibbr0

= W`gjksþk3 ^b rbbrb mi pr`tmo`kjstm lb im k`vbim ’W`gjks`k Nrus`b— lb Lmkjbi Lmf`b.7 grmvä`, m3 Fbr`z, jklþdjt`, smivmcb.> grbom3 Iunem n`k i`s rjbso`s y trmgmc`s pmrm supbrmr ims ljnuitmlbs.

Rk rbfrík qub t`l`s n`k`nbd`s ljnb msä3 ’Kmljb smgb i` qub tjbkbemstm k` vbri` pbrljl`.— Lbd`s m bstm sbktbknjm p`puimr ukm fjourmdís miborb3 ’Kmljb smgb bi gjbk qub tjbkb emstm k` vbri` smivml`.—

Db bxpijnmrê. W`gjksþk kmufrmom y vm m pmrmr bk ukm jsim lbsjbrtm.Iòrm smivmr miouk`s `gcbt`s3 bkt`knbs bs numkl` mprbklb m mprbnjmrbi vmi`r lb nmlm uk` lb i`s `gcbt`s qub smivm. Q`r bcbdpi`, uk emnem.Djbktrms W`gjksþk vjväm bk dblj` lb su vjlm emgjtumi y n`kf`rtmgib,m dbk`s qub fubrm uk ibýml`r, °quê nms` emräm lb uk emnem0 Qbr`me`rm, sì` bk dblj` lb im kmturmibzm grmväm, minmkzm m n`dprbklbrt`l` i` qub sjokjfjnm bstb tbs`r`. Mrdm lb lbfbksm m im vbz qub ótji bkim jklustrjm, ormnjms m biim sb mtrbvbrí m l`rdjr trmkquji` lbgmc` lb i`sírgìbs8 y ormnjms m biim pr`kt` bdpbzmrí m tudgmr írgìbs pmrm bljfjnmruk rbfuoj` dís sbour`. Rk bsnrjt`r jkoiês rbn`dbklmgm pimktmrsblb numkl` bk numkl` mktb t`lms ims n`sms qub k`s r`lbmk n`d`

W`gjksþk mktb su emnem, fjouríkl`k`s qub s`d`s uk`s kíufrmo`s yqub k`s prbouktmd`s s`grb t`l` i` qub sjokjfjnm pmrm kubstrm vjlm bkim jsim lbsjbrtm nmlm uk` lb i`s `gcbt`s m qub bstmd`s mn`studgrml`s.Bs uk gubk nrjtbrj` pmrm mprbnjmr i`s vbrlmlbr`s vmi`rbs.

Jdmojkbd`s qub db bknubktr` bk im jsim n`k ukm d`kblm lb `r` bkbi gìsjii`. Lb kmlm db sjrvb bi `r`, bi ljkbr`. Bs uk vmi`r lb `rlbksbnuklmrj ,̀ k` bs uk vmi`r jkdbljmt`. K` tbko` n`k qujêk nmdgjmrimp`r ims n`sms qub db emnbk fmitm. ^j dubstr` dj d`kblm m i`s írgìbs,i`s írgìbs k` p`r bs` db lbcmk nmbr sus frut`s bk im dmk`. ^j imdubstr` m ims fi`rbs y m i`s pícmr`s, n`d` ims fi`rbs y i`s pícmr`s kèjimk, k` p`r bs` db vmk m lmr ims tbims qub kbnbsjt` pmrm dj mgrjo`. ^j

im dubstr` m ims fjbrms qub db mdbkmzmk, ym smgbd`s i` qub sunblb.

Jdmojkbd`s me`rm qub, bktrb i`s rbst`s lb dj kmufrmoj`, bknubktrùk ijgr`. K` publ` kutrjrdb n`k êi, k` publ` lbfbklbrdb kjvbstjrdb n`k êi. Qbr` sj rbn`rr` sus píojkms, bknubktr` bk êi jlbms ysbktjdjbkt`s, tbstjd`kj`s s`grb im ebrbknjm mnuduimlm p`r bi midm lbi`s e`dgrbs. Bst`, lbslb iubo`, n`djbkzm m sbrvjrdb lb n`dpmýämy lb n`ksubi`8 db rbjkn`rp`rm `trm vbz bk im fmdjijm lb sbrbs m qubpbrtbkbzn`, db bstjduim, db ibvmktm bi íkjd`, db lm fubrzms pmrmiunemr p`r im sugsjstbknjm. Zm k` bst`y sì`3 db eb mn`rlml` lb qubs`y uk e`dgrb, y qub bi e`dgrb k` smgb bktrbomrsb sjk n`dgmtjr.

Mlbdís, bs p`sjgib qub bi ijgr` n`ktbkom bksbýmkzms y n`ksbc`s,rbsuitml`s lb im bxpbrjbknjm eudmkm8 qub db rbnubrlbk nþd` sbgusnmk ims dmtbrjms prjdms qub kbnbsjtm dj vjlm, nþd` sb fmgrjnmk i`sjkstrudbkt`s jkljspbksmgibs pmrm dj grbom n`k im kmturmibzm.

Mif`ks` Wbybs


50/337

>7JOBW ∗ Q`i`nejn

N`dprbksjþk lb ibnturmM. I` qub bktbkljþ lbi tbxt`3 kjvbi ijtbrmi

=. °Nuíkl` mprbklb W`gjksþk m mprbnjmr bi vmi`r lb i`s ̀ gcbt`s qub tjbkb0

7. °]uê pr`p`kb bi bsnrjt`r jkoiês pmrm mprbnjmr i`s vbrlmlbr`s vmi`rbs lb i`s `gcbt`s qub k`sr`lbmk0

G. I` qub lbluc` lb im ibnturm3 kjvbi jkfbrbknjmi

=. °Qmrm quê bsnrjgb bi mut`r mnbrnm lbi emnem0

7. °Qmrm quê bsnrjgb mnbrnm lb im d`kblm lb ̀ r`0

>. °Z mnbrnm lbi ijgr`0


51/337

>>Ibkoum y Ijtbrmturm ∗ ̂ bdmkm 7

Nrbnjbkl` bk vmi`rbs

Ims pubrtms lb im ibnturm

Ibbr k`s pbrdjtb n`k`nbr kubv`s dukl`s iibk`s lb jdmojkmnjþk y fmktmsäm.

Ibbr k`s mnbrnm mi n`k`njdjbkt` lb kubvms jlbms, kubvms n`sms, kubv`slbsnugrjdjbkt`s y kubv`s jkvbkt`s. \mdgjêk k`s mgrb ims pubrtms m im ejst`rjm,mi n`k`njdjbkt` lb kubstr` pmsml`, m im vjlm lb kubstr`s mknbstr`s. Mi ibbrp`lbd`s n`k`nbr kubstrm pr`pjm nuiturm y im nuiturm lb ̀ tr`s iuomrbs, kubstrmstrmljnj`kbs y ims trmljnj`kbs lb `tr`s pmäsbs.

Mi nuitjvmr y dmktbkbr bi eígjt` lb ibnturm lbsmrr`iimd`s n`kstmktbdbktbkubstr`s n`k`njdjbkt`s, mdpijmd`s kubstr`s tbdms lb n`kvbrsmnjþk ykutrjd`s kubstr` jktbibnt`, kubstr` n`rmzþk y kubstr` bspärjtu. Nrbnbd`s n`d`pbrs`kms. K`s n`kvbrtjd`s, n`k nmlm ibnturm, bk dbc`rbs sbrbs eudmk`s.

Wbbxj`kb y mntóbZ pmrm ustbl, °quê pubrtms em mgjbrt` im ibnturm0

°]uê `trms pubrtms nrbb qub publb mgrjr im ibnturm0

°Zm tjbkb ustbl uk gubk eígjt` lb ibnturm0 °]uê publb emnbr pmrm dbc`rmri`0

N`dpmrtm sus jkqujbtulbs y n`kvbrsb bk su närnui` lb bstulj` mnbrnm lb i`seígjt`s lb ibnturm bk bi nbktr` lb `rjbktmnjþk.


52/337

><JOBW ∗ Qì`nejn


@rjobk lbi bspmýì3 Qrjdbrms jkfiubknjms

Im Qbkäksuim Jgêrjnm (e`y Bspmým y Q`rtuomi) fub jkvmljlm p`r ljvbrs`s pubgi`s

bk bi trmksnurs` lb im ejst`rjm. K` sb smgb m njbknjm njbrtm qujêkbs fubr`k i`sprjdbr`s emgjtmktbs bk im êp`nm mktbrj`r mi >111 m. N.

I`s prjdbr`s jkvms`rbs fubr`k i`s jgbr`s y iubo` i`s nbitms. I`s fbkjnj`s y i`sorjbo`s sb bstmgibnbk bk nì`kjms. Iubo` iibomk ims jkvmsj`kbs n`k dmy`rjkubknjm bk bi bspmýì3 i`s r`dmk`s, i`s gírgmr`s y i`s írmgbs. Nmlm uk` lb

bst`s pubgi`s sb dbznim n`k bi mktbrj`r b jkuyb bk im bvìunjþk ijkoùästjnm lbi

jlj`dm. Bstm sbdmkm n`k`nbrbd`s uk p`n` dís lb i`s prjdbr`s jkvms`rbs ylb i`s nì`kjzml`rbs.

=. I`s jkvms`rbs =.=. I`s jgbr`s

Qr`vbkjbktbs lb uk pubgi` iimdml` Jgbrjm ugjnml` bk bi Q`kt` Buxjk` bk imnubknm lbi Dmr Kbor`, bst`s bdjormktbs lb rmzm mrjm rbn`rrbk t`lm Bur`pmemstm ims jsims grjtíkjnms, lbcmkl` m su pms`

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Libro Polohic Lengua y Literatura 1er. Sem