8/6/2019 Lch S Th

1/13

1

CHNG 1: TH THI C I1.1 th Ai Cp c i.- Nhng th Ai Cp c i ra i t rt sm, khong 3000 TCN. Nhng th Ai Cp ci u quy t dc theo hai bn b sng Nile nh mt yu t quan trng ca nn kinh t nngnghip. Thn quyn v Vng quyn cng tc ng mnh n s hnh thnh b mt th, hnhthnh nn nhng trung tm tn gio vi nhng n th hay lng m ln.- Ngoi nhng qun th kim t thp v n i vi quy m ln c xy dng bng cn tn

ti c n nay, cc kt qu ca hot ng xy dng th phn ln b sa mc v thi gianlm mt i. Nhng hnh thc ca th lc by gi ch c th hnh dung c mt phn qua duvt cn li ca mt s th c xy dng tp trung n l phc v cho vic xy dng kim tthp. th tiu biu: Gizeh, Kahun.

1.2 th vng Lng H.- Nhng th vng Lung H v Ty l nhng bng chng sng ng nh du giai onu tin ca nn vn minh loi ngi. Tuy vy, y cng l khu vc thng xuyn b chin tranhtn ph. Thm vo , vi vt liu xy dng ch yu l gch nn hnh dng nguyn thy cachng rt kh xc nh qua s tn ph c thi gian.

- Nhng th Lng H ban u mang tnh cht trung tm hnh chnh v tn gio ca cng xnng thn, sau mi tr thnh cc trung tm thng mi trn c s pht trin th cng nghipv thng mi. Cc thnh ph c xy trn nhng b cao nhn to trnh l lt. Cc cngtrnh ch cht ca thnh ph c xy dng vi quy m cao, rng. Tng thnh c tnh chtphng ng rt mnh. Tn gio v thut xem sao rt c ch trng v th hin vic xy cccng trnh tn gio to ln. H thng ng kh hon thin, nhiu khi c lt v h thngthit b k thut cp, thot nc tng i c ch trng. th tiu biu: Khorsabad, Babylon, Persepolis.

1.3 th Hy Lp c i.- Trong thi k u, nn vn minh Hy Lp bt u ti cc o trong vng bin a Trung Hi vi

nn vn minh ca o Crete chim a v ch o. Nh chic cu ni gia hai th gii ng-Ty,Crete vi th ph Knossos, truyn b nn vn minh v trao i hng ha i khp khu vc.Vo nhng nm 1400 TCN, nn vn minh ti Crete bt u suy thoi v nhng bc cho nhngnn vn minh mi ni ln trn t lin vi cc th tiu biu nh Tyrins, Mycenae.- T th k th VIII-VI TCN, sau khi thit lp nn Cng ho qu tc v ch Dn ch ch n,mt lot cc th pht trin hoc mi xut hin. Ngoi nhng thnh ph ln ti chnh qucnh Athens v Sparta, quc Hy Lp c i by gi cn c nhiu th nm nhiu vngkhp Nam u, Ty v Bc Phi.- Cc thnh phn ca th Hy Lp c i:+ Agora: l trung tm chnh tr, hnh chnh v thng mi ca thnh ph Hy Lp c i baogm: qung trng ch, cc ca hng, ni sinh hot vn ho cng cng Agora thng c hnh

dng hnh hc v c bao quanh bi nhng hng ct thc. Agora c xut x t Hy Lp v sauny nh hng kh ln n s hnh thnh cc Forum thi k La M.+ Acropole: l trung tm tn gio, tn ngng ca th vi cc n th gn b vi cc hotng nghi l ca ngi dn ng thi l lp thnh phng v cui cng. Acrople thng chimlnh cc a th cao, nhng khu t tri ln khi thnh ph, gn b vi khung cnh thin nhin,to nn cc im nhn p.- Hnh thi hc th Hy Lp c i:

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

2/13

2

+ Kiu b cc t do: thng xut hin cc th thi k u vi Acrople v Agora l nhnght nhn t hp chnh. Cc thnh phn khc ca th tp trung xung quanh hai trung tm ny vt chc ph hp vi iu kin a hnh.+ Kiu c (Gridion): th c t chc theo l thuyt v xy dng th ca kin trc s vnh quy hoch Hypodamos. ng ch trng mt mt bng th phi c suy ngh nh l mtbn thit k dnh cho ngi dn,chc nng s dng ca nh v khng gian cng cng cn cch trong quy hoch ng ph. th tiu biu: Athens, Tyrins, Millet.

1.4 th La M c i.- Hot ng xy dng th La M c i bt u t s pht trin dn dn ca thnh Rome theolch s pht trin ca ch La M. Vo thi k u, cc im dn c cng nh nhng th LaM chu nh hng ca nn vn ho Etruria bn a v vn ho Hy Lp c i. Tp qun xydng th ca ngi Etruria c m t nh sau: "Nhng bc trng lo cho tru cy mtvng trn, v ra vng trn lm vn hoa, ri chia khu t thnh ph ra lm bn phn, conng hng Bc-Nam gi l Cardo, con ng hng ng-Ty gi l Decumanus...". NgiLa M sau ny trong thnh ph cng c hai trc ng chnh mang tn nh vy.- Cng vi s pht trin ca La M, ranh gii ca quc m rng khp Ty u, Tiu -T v Bc Phi. Trong cc cuc chin tranh m rng t ai , ngi La M xy dng hng

lot nhng th nh kiu doanh tri v sau tr thnh nhng ht nhn ca cc th thi Trungc. Ti Rome, cc hong La M rt ch xy dng cc Forum nh du triu i tr v camnh. y l ni dng lm ni hiu triu, hnh l, x pht, chiu i, diu hnh... Cc Forum cacc hong t cnh nhau hnh thnh qun th Forum ti Rome vi cc Forum nh: Nerva,Romanum, Caesar, Augustus, Trajan... Di thi La M, k thut th t trnh rt caovi nhng cu dn nc nhiu tng, h thng ng s La M ht sc bn chc vi h thngthot nc hai bn. th tiu biu: Rome, Timgad, Pompei.

1.5 th Trung Quc c i.- Cc im dn c th xut hin xut hin t rt sm vo i nh Thng, nh Chu v

thi Xun Thu. thnh Trnh Chu i nh Thng (th k XVII TCN) tm thy du vttng thnh bng t, du vt cc phng th cng nghip luyn ng, lm gm, nu ru v.v...i nh Chu (th k XII TCN),b cc thnh ph tng i l tng: cung tht t trungtm, mi cnh vung ca tng thnh c ba ca. Sau khi ch n l Trung Quc tan r, xhi phong kin Trung Quc c xc lp vo thi Chin quc v ko di n i nh Thanhxuyn sut c mt khong thi gian 24 th k.- Nn quy hoch th Trung Quc ra i sm v c ngh thut phong ph, c o. Mtbng th thng vung vn, trt t, cc khu vc cng nng c phn chia r rng, xungquanh thnh thng c tng cao ho su, gia cung in thng l hong thnh, pha hai bnthng t ch v sau cng l cc khu . Nhng qun th kin trc chnh v kin trc ln uc t vo v tr ni bt, gp phn hnh thnh v nhn mnh trc chnh ca th.

- Trong ngh thut xy dng th Trung Quc, th c thit k khng ch m bo tnh trtt m cn bo m tnh linh hot, ph hp vi a hnh. Ngh thut sn vn, cy xanh TrungQuc cng t n trnh cao, kt hp c kin trc vi thin nhin rng ln. th minBc c a hnh bng phng nn quy hoch vung vc trong khi th min Nam c a hnhphc tp nn c hnh dng khng quy tc, da theo iu kin a hnh b tr th tiu biu:Trng An i Tu-ng, thnh T Chu i Tng, Bc Kinh i Minh-Thanh.

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

3/13

3

CHNG 2: TH THI TRUNG I2.1 S bin mt ca nn vn minh th trong thi k Trung c.Ti cc nc Chu u, ch phong kin bt u hnh thnh vo th k th V sau khi qucLa M tan r. S phn nh chu u khin cho th bc sang mt thi k tiu iu, quy mcc thnh ph co li, s hoang ph trn ngp thay cho s sm ut v lng ly trc . m diTrung c ty sch v ph tri nhng nn vn minh xy dng th c c t thi Hy Lp vLa M trc . Cc qy tc phong kin ct c trn nhng lnh th nh bng cc pho i,

nhng thnh lu nh xy dng bng g vi ho nc, cu rt Nh th tr thnh ht nhn th, khng ngng cng c v tr ca tn gio ca mnh trong sut nhiu th k.

2.2 S chn hng ca hng hi trung th k v sc sng mi ca thnh ph trung th kchu u.- n th k th IX v th k th X, nn kinh t chu u, trc ht l kinh t nng nghip, cnhng thay i nht nh. Nhng Trung v Ty u vn b chia thnh qu nhiu nc nh manhmn, nn sc bt kinh t v hot ng xy dng th ca thi k ny ch c coi nh l nhngdu hiu m u. n th k XI v XII din tch phn t chu u Thin cha gio m rng ntn ranh gii ca ng La M trc kia. Lc by gi, chu u pht trin c mt h thng th c mt ln vi mng li cc ng giao thng thu, b chng cht. Lch s pht trin

v phc hng th trung th k bt u bng s pht trin nng nghip c thng d, s phttrin thng nghip v gn lin vi nhng tuyn ng bun bn v hnh hng tn gio.- Trong th trung th k, ba yu t qung trng ch, nh th v to th chnh gn b cht chvi nhau. Nhn chung, mt bng th trung th k thng pht trin t do mt cch hi ha vit nhin theo nhu cu pht trin ca th. Mc d nhng thi k sau, th c nhng bcpht trin mi nhng v p ca th trung th k lun to nn mt bu khng kh cun htmi ngi. th tiu biu: Prague, Mont Saint Miechel.

2.3 th thi k Phc Hng.- Qu trnh phi thai t bn ch ngha cng vi s ra i ca phong tro Vn ngh Phc hng th

k XV- XVI a ngh thut xy dng th ln mt bc mi. Chu u ven a Trung Hiby gi l trung tm thng mi th gii, cc th c vt lc v ti lc m rng xy dng th trong nhiu lnh vc. B mt ca th thi k Phc hng thay i rt mnh m, slng v cht lng kin trc tng ln, hnh thc kin trc v trang tr kin trc phong ph. Tuynhin, do iu kin c th ca mt giai on chuyn tip nn thnh tu ln nht ca vn minhxy dng th thi k Phc hng ch dng li vic xy dng qung trng v cc phng n th khng tng m khng xy dng c mt tng th th thc s no.- Qung trng Vn ngh Phc hng c quy m ln vi cc chc nng x hi, vn ho, tinh thnl chnh. Do p dng cc nghin cu v ton hc, hnh hc v hc tp phng thc xy dng th v kin trc Hy-La, cc qung trng thi k Phc hng c hnh dng hnh hc, ch ncc hiu qu phi cnh nhm mang li hnh nh khng gian hi ha v c tnh thm m cao. Cc

qung trng tiu biu: qung trng Saint Peter, qung trng Capitol, qung trng SaintMark.- Vi ch trng trong x hi phi c "nh nc l tng, con ngi l tng v th ltng", nhiu ngh s, kin trc s cng trnh by nhng phng n ring th hin quan imring ca mnh v mt th l tng. a s cc phng n c hnh dng hnh hc vi mngng tn x kt hp vi c v nhiu quan im mi m nh: phi ph hp vi c nng cacuc sng, phi lin kt vi mi trng t nhin xung quanh nhng nhn chung cc phng ncn phin din. Mt s phng n ch ch kha cnh phng th hoc thm m m khng nhnnhn mt cch ton din th nh l mt phm tr kinh t x hi.

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

4/13

4

2.4 th thi k Qun quyn tuyt i- Vo th k th XVII, sc mnh ca ch ngha t bn chu u tng ln v giai cp t sn mongmun c mt mi trng n nh, thng nht lm giu trong khi sc mnh ca vng quyncn rt ln. Kt qu l mt s nh nc tuyt i qun quyn ra i vi s tho hip gia bathnh phn nh vua, nh th v giai cp t sn. Theo thi gian, chu u ln lt thnh lpmt s quc gia dn tc thng nht qun quyn chuyn ch. Cc th v thnh ph ln ca ccnc ny u pht trin ton din, tr thnh cc trung tm chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho, vi y

cc iu kin xy dng v m rng vi quy m tng i.- Ngh thut xy dng th kin trc ng thi c c s l lun l ch ngha c in ly ttng duy l lm gc. Tc phm ngh thut phi tm n s trung thnh vi nh vua, tm n quytc ca s cao qu nhm t c s tuyt i, vt thi gian. Bt k tc phm ngh thut nocng phi theo ui s ho hp v i xng tru tng, phi tm ti cu trc hnh hc thun tuv quan h s hc trong tc phm. Thnh tu to ln v quy hoch th m ch ngha c in t c ch yu hai lnh vc xy dng cung in v ngh thut hoa vin ca Php v trthnh hnh mu cho cc th chu u thi by gi. th tiu biu: cung in Versailles, Karlsruhe, Saint Peterburg.

CHNG 3: TH THI K CN I

3.1 c im th thi k Cn i.- Cui th k XVI, quan h sn xut TBCN khng ngng ln mnh, nng sut lao ng ngycng cao, mu dch thng nghip cng pht t, s phn ho giai cp ngy cng mnh m. Sauth k XVI, nhng ng hng hi mi v vic chinh phc cc vng t mi kch thch sphn vinh ca cc th. n gia th k XVI, cch cuc cch mng giai cp t sn th tiuch phong kin xy dng ch t bn ch ngha. Kinh t th rt phn vinh nn cc thcng khng ngng ln ln v cc th mi khng ngng xut hin.- Nhng c im ca th thi k Cn i:+ th pht trin trong mt bi cnh nhiu mu thun: mu thun gia th v nng, giatrung tm v ngoi , gia t sn v v sn+ Phng thc sn xut i cng nghip lm thay i b cc, cng nng, kt cu ca th.

+ th c t ai tng nhanh nhng dn s m c, iu kin c tr chen chc, iu kin vsinh v mi trng km ci.+ Trong th c nhng u im v tn ti nhng nhc im v cc mt trang thit b phc vcng cng v giao thng.+ Trong th tn ti mt s vn v thm m kin trc, th.

3.2 Quy hoch v ci to th thi k Cn i.- Hin trng pht trin thiu kim sot ca th Cn i khng ch nh hng n ngi dn th m cn tc ng n c cc nh cm quyn, buc h phi tin hnh nhng hot ng xydng v ci to ph hp. Trong khi ti chu u, cng vic chnh l ci to li cc th ln nhLondon v Paris th ti M l vic quy hoch cho cc th mi nh NewYork v Washington.

- Cao tro ca quy hoch ci to Paris din ra di thi i Napoleon III. Mt "gii php ngoikhoa" c thc hin vi t tng sn sng ph b mi chng ngi vt vic ci to Paris trthnh hin thc. Di s ch o khng mt mi ca Nam tc Haussmann, trong 18 nm lin(1852 - 1870), Paris i mi v c bn v mang hnh nh ca mt th ln. Trc tin,Haussmann to nn nhng i l "trn tru nh nhng ci xi-lanh" bng vic m rng cc nghm, ph b cc gc ti, t chc cc trc ng chnh kt hp vi hai tuyn vng hnh oval, xydng nhiu qung trng mi. Tip n l gii quyt vn giao thng i ngoi cc i l nicc khu trung tm vi h thng nh ga ng st bn ngoi. Nhm to nn mt hnh nh Parisp, trt t v "rc r quang vinh", Haussmann tin hnh phng php phn khu i quy m

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

5/13

5

xy dng li cc khu ph vi kin trc theo kiu sinh li vi nhng dy nh c tng di lmca hng, cc tng trn cho thu. Haussmann cng thit lp mt h thng cy xanh cho Parisbng vic chnh trang hai cng vin rng, xy dng cc cng vin v di cy xanh. Trong nca Haussmann, c mt d kin ln m ng thc hin c l vic st nhp vng ngoi viParis vi 18 x vo thnh ph Paris th hin mt tm nhn xa v quy hoch vng trong xy dng th.- Trong hot ng xy dng th Cn i, vic xy dng cc th mi ti M nh Newyork

v Washington cng l nhng hot ng ni bt. NewYork l ni m quy hoch th th hinr nht tnh thc dng ca ch ngha t bn. Theo tng mt bng NewYork nm 1811, gn nhton b khu vc o Manhattan c vch ngang dc bi nhng tuyn ng thng gc to nnnhiu l ph nh nhau. Cc cng trnh c xy dng dy c v pht trin theo chiu cao trongiu kin gi t t . Cc cng vin ch c thm vo sau ny trong giai on pht trin sauca th. Trong khi , Washington vi vai tr l th ca nc M, li c mt tng mtbng theo kiu khc. Phng n quy hoch Washington c xut bi Charles LEnfant, vonm 1791, kt hp gia mng c v ng cho to nn v hi ho trong kin trc ng thinhn mnh hai khu vc chnh ca th l khu vc Nh Trng v khu vc Capital. Vi ccqung trng v khng gian xanh, quy hoch Washington hp thu vn ho Php v t nhiuchu nh hng ca phong cch Baroque.

CHNG 4: TH THI HIN I4.1 Nhng l lun th Hin i u th k XX.4.1.1 Nhng l lun v th l tng khng tng ca Charles Fourier, Robert Owen vWilliam Moris.- Mt th theo m hnh ca Charles Fourier bao gm ba khu vc hnh chnh, cng nghip vnng nghip tun t t trong ra ngoi. n v c bn ca thnh ph l Phalanstre (cung in xhi) cao ba tng, cc khi nh c cc hnh lang kn ni vi nhau, c si m trong ma ng vc kh nng thng gi vo ma h. Cc cnh nh gia c dng cho ngi dn v dngcho cc cng trnh c chc nng yn tnh, cc cnh nh bn phi dng lm ni tip khch, cccnh nh bn tri l cc phn xng gy ting n c tp trung ring. Trong Cung in x hi

cn b tr nh n, ni v hi, ni hp hnh...- Cc "n v th" ca Robert Owen c dng mt hnh vung, t gia cc vng t nngnghip. To nh trung tm ca "n v th" ny l bp nu v cc nh n tp th, pha bnphi l to nh dng lm nh tr, nh vn ho, ging ng, pha bn tri c to nh th vin,trng hc To nh ln bao quanh hnh vung c bn cnh vi ba cnh l nh gia nh, cnhth t dng lm nh ng cho tr em ln hn ba tui vi cc phng bo mu. Bn goi nh lvn, tip n l cc xng sn xut c kh, kho thit b nng nghip v xa nht l cc tri xenk vi nh my... Nhng "n v th" ny, ging nh nhng cng x nng thn, cn c gil nhng "Lng Tn ho hip", c th sn xut t cung t cp theo ch phn phi.- William Moris ch trng phc hi li nn sn xut m ngh th cng, mong mun xy dngmt i sng x hi nh thi Trung th k yn bnh. Theo William Moris, t ai phi c

hon ton phi th ho, tt c cc s tp trung dn c phi c ngn chn, phi lm sao chocc thnh ph ln bin mt v xy dng nhiu thnh ph nh. Nh ca phi c xy dng phntn, t cch xa nhau nh vy s tip cn vi thin nhin s tt hn.

4.1.2 Quan nim v xy dng th ca Camilo Sitte.Camilo Sitte l ngi i din cho nn quy hoch th hu c c ting vang nht nh nhiunc chu u vo cui th k XIX. Trong cun sch "Ngh thut xy dng th" (1899) ng ch trch thng thng "ch ngha c in" v "hnh dng quy tc" thng thy ng thi thayvo l mt c cu th c s hi ho v linh hot nh mt c th sng. ng vit: "Mt n

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

6/13

6

th l mt tc phm ngh thut ca kin trc, nn khng th do nhng u ban hay nhng bngiy to ra". Camilo Sitte nhit lit c ng cho kiu mt bng th khng quy tc, un ln tdo nh cc th chu u thi Trung c. ng nhn mnh vai tr ca im nhn, tm nhn, itng quan st v hiu qu ngh thut ch xut hin khi cnh quan th lun lun bin ho, thayi.

4.1.3 Hc thuyt Thnh ph vn ca Ebenezer Howard.

- Vo cui th k XIX, Ebenezer Howard ln u tin nu ra mt hc thuyt khoa hc quyhoch th Hin i: l thuyt v Thnh ph vn. Thnh ph vn c xy dng trn banguyn tc c bn sau: (1) Kim sot s bnh trng th v hn ch vic tng dn s lao ng th, (2) Loi tr nn u c t, (3) iu ho cc hot ng sinh hot.- H thng Thnh ph vn ca Howard bao gm 6 thnh ph vn (mi thnh ph c 32 000dn) bao quanh mt thnh ph m (c 58 000 dn). Mi Thnh ph vn c xy dng trnmt khu t 400 ha, vi 2000 ha vng ngoi l khu cy xanh v t dng vo mc ch nngnghip. Mi Thnh ph vn hnh thnh bi mt lot cc vng trn ng tm v c chiau bi cc i l ln. Howard vit: "Su i l ln, mi i l rng 36 m, xuyn qua thnh phxut pht t trung tm, chia thnh ph thnh 6 phn u nhau l cc khu . trung tm, mtkhng gian vng trn khong 2,2 ha c dnh cho mt vn hoa ln. Cc cng trnh cng cng

c t quanh vn hoa ny nh to th chnh, phng ho nhc, hi trng, th vin, bo tng... Quanh cng vin trung tm, ti ni ct qua cc i l b tr cc Cung thy tinh hng v phacng vin l ni gp g cho cng chng vo lc ma gi. y cng l ni trng by v bnnhng sn phm th cng nghip, tin hnh nhng dch v thng nghip... Hnh thc kiu vngtrn ca n s phc v tin li cho ton th dn chng th, t y n nh xa nht cng chc khong cch 550 m gia bn knh 550 m ni trn li c mt i l cy xanh vng trnrng 128 m, l ni t trng hc, ch chi tr em, nh th... Cc khu c b tr cc nh bpcng cng, v sinh c bo m nghim ngt. Mt tuyn xe la s c chy vng ngoi ch hng n cc nh my, trnh c hin tng cc xe ti chy xuyn qua thnh ph, cc chtthi hu c c dng vo nng nghip, khng kh c bo m trong lnh, in c dngrng ri... Vnh ngoi ca Thnh ph vn c t nhng nh my, x nghip, khng c hi.

Mi Thnh ph vn l mt n v t tr, ni lin vi thnh ph m bng 6 ng xe la v bnthn cc Thnh ph vn cng c ni lin vi nhau bi mt tuyn xe la chy vng trn. KhiThnh ph vn ln nh quy m ni, mt thnh ph mi s ra i v c ni tip nh vy.

4.1.4 Thnh ph tuyn ca Soria y Mata.- Soria y Mata c mt s say m c bit i vi vn giao thng cng nh cc vn khcca th nn vo nm 1882, ng ra m hnh Thnh ph tuyn nh mt hnh thc thtng lai. M hnh Thnh ph tuyn ca Mata l mt hnh thc phn b dn c theo mt di hprng 500 m v c th ko di tu theo s cn thit. Mata ch trng giao thng vn ti, c bitl ng st, l nhn t quyt nh s hnh thnh th. Trong khong 500 m rng ko di, tus cn thit s t ng xe chy, ng cp nc, ng dy in... Hai bn l cc khu , c

cch mt on l c mt c cu qun l th chnh. Thnh ph tuyn s l phng cch hu hiu ni lin cc im dn c th.- S nguyn tc ca Thnh ph tuyn ca Soria y Mata bao gm cc thnh phn sau y:tuyn gia l ng giao thng chnh rng 40 mt, trn trc ny c ng st in kh ho; haidi t hai bn dnh xy dng nh (di t rng chia ra 7 l t hnh ch nht theochiu su cho 7 dy nh), cc ng thng gc vi ng chnh rng 20 mt, cc nh c t ldin tch xy dng trn din tch khu t l khng ln hn 20%, mi nh c vn hoa ring vch xy dng ch 2-3 ba tng vi cc kiu a dng khc nhau; hai di ngoi cng hai bn l dnhcho cy xanh v t nng nghip.

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

7/13

7

4.1.5 Thnh ph cng nghip ca Tony Granier.- Tony Granier l ngi a ra nhiu ngh c th, chnh xc cho mt khi nim th phhp vi thi k mi: Thnh ph cng nghip. M hnh ny c kh nng tho mn c nhu cuca con ngi trong thi i cng nghip ho, ch n cu trc cn i mi thnh ph trnquan im k thut tin b, ch n ci p qun th, ch n nh hng ca cc phngtin giao thng hin i. Thnh ph cng nghip theo Tony Granier c cc chc nng sau y: ,lm vic, ngh ngi, vn ho v giao thng.

- Thnh ph c d kin cho 35 000 dn, t pha Ty v pha Nam ca thnh ph c. Khuvc pha Ty, khu vn ho th dc th thao phn gia, vng bin ca khu t cctrng k thut v ngh thut, pha Bc t bnh vin trung tm. Ri rc trong khu c b trcc trng hc ph thng. Khu vc pha Nam thnh ph c t khu cng nghip. Mt tuynng xe la phn cch thnh ph mi, thnh ph c vi khu cng nghip, trn c b tr nhga chnh v nh ga hng ho. Khu cng nghip t gn sng vi nhng bn cng ln to iukin thun tin cho vic chuyn ch hng ho. Tony Granier b tr c cy xanh cho c khucng nghip. Cc khu nh c mt bng t do, dng ca knh bng ngang, ha ln trong khnggian cy xanh vi nhng ng i b. Thnh ph c ni lin vi nhau bng xe in, khu dnc chnh tri di thnh mt tuyn 6 km rng 600 m, c t ai d tr cho c khu nh ln khucng nghip, c p thu in cung cp in cho ton thnh ph, cc trng hc c t chc

theo kiu " trng hc xanh" vi nhiu cy ci, thm c...

CHNG 5: TH HIN I NA U TH K XXChin tranh th gii I (1914 1918) li hu qu nng n chu u. Sau chin tranh, mingi v th to nn mt ln sng th ha t. Giao thng th tr thnh vn htsc cng thng, nhng l lun khng tng trc y mun thot ly khi th khng cnch ng trc thc t th c tip tc phnh to ra mi. Cng thi gian ny, cch mng thngMi thng li Nga t nn mng cho mt kiu hot ng xy dng th hon ton mi.

5.1 Cc phng n quy hoch th ca Le Courbusier.- Le Courbusier ngoi vic xy dng mt nn kin trc mi chng li phi hn lm kinh vin,

coi quy hoch th l mt cng vic c tm quan trng chin lc, sng cn i vi vn minhnhn loi. ng coi "quy hoch th l cha kho" gii quyt mi vn kin trc xy dng.Le Courbusier l tc gi ca cc phng n thnh ph ba triu dn, phng n ci to trung tmParis v nhiu phng n quy hoch cc th nhiu nc trn th gii..- M hnh thnh ph ba triu dn c Le Courbusier a ra vo nm 1922. ng ph phn kiuxy dng hn lon v chnh ph hin ti, mun thc hin mt cch xy dng c quy lut, c trtt, ch trng xy dng hng lot, xy dng cng nghip ho. M hnh Thnh ph ba triu dnl di dng mt hnh ch nht ln, c nhng trc giao thng chnh v ph an nhau 90 hoc45. gia trung tm thnh ph rng ln 350 ha l khu vc lm vic, dch v vi 24 nh chctri cao 60 tng, mi nh t cch nhau 150 mt. Bao quanh khu nh ny l khu y cy xanhdnh cho 400-600 nghn ngi vi cc nh cao tng kiu. Ngoi cng l khu kiu sn vn vi

hai triu dn. Cc khu cng nghip, cc th trn-vn c t ngoi vi. Thnh ph c hai trcgiao thng chnh thng gc vi nhau to thnh hai trc quy hoch ct nhau trung tm th,mi trc rng 180 mt. Nh ga chnh t trung tm vi h thng giao thng c trn v di mtt.

5.2 M hnh th v tinh ca Raymond Urwin.- Nm 1922, Raymond Urwin cng b cun sch "Thc tin quy hoch th", t c s nnmng cho l thuyt thnh ph v tinh. M hnh ny da trn c s thit lp mt mng li cc th nh bao quanh mt th ln qua c th phn tn bt dn cc th ln v bo m cho

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

8/13

8

trung tm th pht trin tng i c lp, nhm to iu kin sng c li hn cho nhn dn th. S h thng th v tinh l mt mng li gm 9-10 thnh ph nh bao quanh mtthnh ph chnh. thnh ph chnh ny c khu cng nghip pha ng, khu thng nghip chnh tm, vng ngoi l cc khu . Cc th v tinh t cch thnh ph chnh 40-50 km. Tuyl thuyt thnh ph v tinh ca Raymond Urwin khng c g cch tn lm so vi Thnh phvn ca Ebenezer Howard nhng li c d lun ch v c mt s thc tin chng minhrng n c th p dng c nhiu nc, trn c s b sung mt s thnh phn chc nng

th cho n.

5.3 M hnh n v lng ging ca Clarence Perry.- Clarence Perry l ngi xut mt m hnh xy dng th c ng dng nhiu nht trnth gii vi nhiu tn gi khc nhau v vn cn gi tr n ngy nay: M hnh n v lngging. l mt ng gp quan trng vo nn vn ho xy dng th Hin i, khai thng mthng pht trin th hp l mi, lun thit ca Perry thc s gy mt chn ng trong dlun cc gii chuyn mn v cng chng.- Nhng nguyn tc t chc c bn ca m hnh n v lng ging:

+ Nhng n v lng ging c bao quanh bi nhng tuyn giao thng chnh, bn trong khu ch c ng ni b, khng c xuyn qua m ch c ng ct.

+ B tr v s dng hp l cc cng trnh dch v; trng hc t gn vi li khng gian cyxanh, trng hc v nh tr ni lin vi cc ng i b, cch ly hon ton cc ng ln, khuvc ngh ngi cng cng v cc cng trnh cng cng c hp nhm t gn khng gian cyxanh. Cc ca hng nn t vnh ngoi khu , gn cc nt giao thng cng cng.+ S lng ngi ca khu ph hp vi quy m cc cng trnh phc v (5000-6000 dn tngng vi trng hc c 1000 hc sinh). Ngoi ra phi ch n bn knh phc v t trung tm ravnh ngoi bn knh nn ly khong 400m.

Vi cch t chc ny v vic s dng chung cc cng trnh dch v cc mi quan h lng gings pht trin to nn mi trng tt v sng ng.

5.4 Thnh ph thn d ca Frank Lloyd Wright v Thnh ph phn tn ca ElielSaarinen.- Thnh ph thn d kiu phn tn ca Frank Lloyd Wright ra i nm 1935 l mt s phnkhng ca ng v cuc sng trong cc th ln. Wright m t th ca mnh vi h, sng,vi cc nh bit lp xy dng trn cc khu t rng, ngp trong cy xanh. pha Ty Bc thnhph c mt khu trung tm vi mt nh hnh chnh cao t xut, c cng vin, sn bi th thao,vn ng vt, nh thu t ... Thnh ph s dng cc phng tin giao thng hin i, c nhiung t rng ni lin vi cc sn bay v cc tuyn ng xe la. Phm vi i li cho dch v,cng vic lm ch trong khong 16-32 km vi thi gian i li 10-40 pht. Khi nim th caWright gn vi vic cao c nhn, chng li con "qui vt c kh" v gii thot con ngi khicch sng "c gi".

- Thnh ph phn tn ca Eliel Saarinen cng da trn mt tng gi nh mt cch l tngv thin nhin v x hi. Saarinen cho rng nu thnh ph ban u l mt hnh vung c th sau10 nm, 20, 30, 40 nm v 50 nm sau s phn ho thnh tng mng nh nh nhng mng thutinh v hnh thnh nn mt cu trc phn lit. Saarinen c bit ch vn giao thng gia ccthnh phn trong cu trc v ng cho rng a nh my, trng i hc, vin nghin cu v ccnh lm vic vo trong khu l khng thc t. Qua nhng phn tch ca mnh, Saarinen cho rngtrong mt chng mc no thnh ph ln c th chp nhn c nh l mt n v thng nhtnhng vi iu kin l phi ci to khi n suy thoi, v phi c s phn tn hu c.

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

9/13

9

5.5 Hin chng Athens v C.I.A.M.- C.I.A.M l tn gi ca Hip hi kin trc s quc t thnh lp nm 1928 cn hin chngAthens l mt cng lnh c tnh cht chin lc v quy hoch th ca hip hi c sontho nm 1933 ti Athens. Mc ch ca C.I.A.M l c rt kinh nghim ca kin trc hin i,gii thiu nhng tng mi, ph bin rng ri t tng ca kin trc hin i vo i sng xhi, nhm gy mt cng lun ph bin c li cho nn kin trc mi. - Bn hin chng v xydng th ny - cn c vo thc t khng hong th th gii - xut ra 5 i mc chnh

l: Nh , Gii tr, Vic lm, Giao thng v di sn lch s vi 95 ngh. Phn mt ca bn hinchng cp n vn th v Vng th. Phn hai ni n tnh trng hin i ca cc th, tin hnh ph phn v ra phng php ci to chng, nu ln im u l nh (phphn tnh cnh ti tn cc th); im th hai ni n vn ngh ngi (nhn mnh tmquan trng ca khng gian cy xanh); im th ba l cng vic lm (nu ln vic b tr bt hpl cc khu vc th); im th t l nhng quan im v giao thng (nu ln hin trng vphng php ci to), im th nm bn v i sn th (ch trng cu vn nhng gi tr vnho). Phn ba (kt lun) ra vic thnh ph phi bo m v mt vt cht v tinh thn, t doc nhn, li ch tp th cho cng ng th.

5.6 Trng phi quy hoch th X Vit nhng nm 1920 - 1930.

- Sc bt mnh m ca hot ng xy dng th Lin X trong nhng nm 1920-1930 c cs kinh t-x hi t vic Lin X quc hu ho ton b t ai lnh th. Rt nhy cm vi se do ca cc th ln, cc nh kin trc th X Vit ra khi nim "Trc phn b" dnc, nhm hn ch vic to thnh cc th ln, tiu dit mu thun gia thnh ph v nng thn.Nhng trc phn b nh vy t dc theo cc tuyn ng giao thng, vi y cc thnhphn: cc khu , khu vn ho dch v, khu cng nghip v c cc khu nng nghip.- Mt m hnh quy hoch th quan trng c a vo thc tin xy dng thnh phStalingrad bi Miliutin l quan nim Thnh ph di, mt hnh thc thnh ph tuyn nhng vinhng khi nim cch tn hn. Miliutin t thnh ph tri di theo trin sng Volga, theo tht t b sng ra bn ngoi l di nh , tip n l i l sau n di cy xanh rng 500 mt:ri n di t dng cho khu cng nghip, ngoi cng l ng xe la.

CHNG 6: QUY HOCH TH HIN I THI K U SAU CHIN TRANHTH GII TH IICuc chin tranh th gii th II kt thc vi s tn tht nng n v mi mt trong c th,vic ti thit cc thnh ph ln tr nn cn thit. Cc nc TBCN phng Ty thi hu chin ch n vn xy dng cc tiu khu nh , mun tng ln ca cc n v quy hoch thun li cho vic b tr dch v v cy xanh. Trong lnh vc giao thng, xu hng chung l tinti phn cng chc nng cho cc loi ng, b tr h thng ng i b mt s khu vc thv tch h thng ny khi nhng tuyn ng t cao tc, m rng chiu rng ng, gim bts ng t, xy dng nhng xa l cao tc.

6.1 Hot ng xy dng Brasilia.- Nm 1956, chnh ph Brasil t chc cuc thi phng n quy hoch cho thnh ph th mica t nc ny-thnh ph Brasilia. Phng n ot gii nht ca Lucio Costa c cch t chckhng gian cho Brasilia c o khc thng. Thnh ph d kin cho 50 vn dn ny c hnhdng mt chic my bay, hai cnh ln b tr cc khu , thn my bay l trc chnh ca thnh phtrn b tr nhiu cng trnh cng cng quan trng, nh b tr qung trng Tam quyn hnhtam gic trn t nhng cng trnh ln u no ca Nh nc, phn ui hnh my bay tnh ga xe la v cc x nghip th cng nghip.

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

10/13

10

- Nm 1958, thnh ph c khi cng v ch my nm sau hon thnh v c bn. Trc chnh(thn my bay) di 6 km, trc ph hnh vng cung (hai cnh) di 13 km. Ni hai trc ct nhau btr cc cng trnh thng nghip, vn ho gii tr v.v..., t y i theo trc chnh v pha ng(n nh ca my bay) l 12 to nh ln dnh cho cc b, tip n l qung trng Tam quyntrn t nh Quc hi Brasil v hai to nh Ban th k, nh lm vic ca Tng thng v To nti cao. Hai khu vc nh ln hai bn trc chnh c t chc theo kiu "siu phng". Vicphn cp cc tuyn ng giao thng rt r rng, xe t khng chy vo cc khu vc , ng

s giao ct nhau lp th. ng xe la chy qua nh ga pha "ui my bay" khng ct quathnh ph. Cy xanh c b tr men theo hai khu , cc khu bit th b tr gn h nc.

6.2 Hot ng xy dng th ca Le Corbusier Php v n .- n v nh ln Marsailles (xy dng 1947-1952), di 165 mt, cao 56 mt, rng 24 mt doLe Corbusier thit k thc s l mt thnh ph, hay mt th trn. Ngoi chc nng ccphng tin dch v cng cng, vn ho gio dc, th thao cng c b tr hp khi vo trongto nh s ny. Ton b nh c 17 tng, di trng cy xanh n lan vo v lm gara t. tng 7 v tng 8, c t cc dch v phc v cp I, tng trn cng c nh tr, mu gio,trn mi c vn hoa, sn chi, ng chy, ch n ung ngoi tri, 15 tng gm 337 cn h vi cc kiu t cn h c thn n h 10 ngi, cha c 1600 ngi.

- Vic thc hin quy hoch thnh ph Chandigarh, th ph bang Panjab n ca LeCorbusier mt s kin ln khc trong hot ng xy dng th th k XX. Thnh ph nmdi chn dy Hymalaya, vi 50 vn dn d kin, c thit k da trn nhng nguyn tcsau y:+ Phn vng cng nng r rt.+ Phn loi ng giao thng hp l v t m.+ Ch mi lin h gia cc khu vc -lao ng-ngh ngi v tn trng nhng gi tr sn c cathin nhin, nhng yu t c th ca kh hu.+ Ch tc dng x hi quan trng ca th, kin trc v cao tnh cht nhn vn ca mt th kiu mi.

6.4 Qu trnh th ho Nht Bn.- c im ni bt nht Nht Bn trong thi k sau chin tranh th gii th II l s pht trinmnh m ca nn vn minh cng nghip dn n s hnh thnh cc khu vc cng nghip ln-lin th. Trong khi d, l lun th thay mt cch chng mt t nhng khi nim v hin i,hu hin i, hin i mi... Trong bi cnh , cc kin trc s Nht Bn a ra nhiu nquy hoch da trn nim tin su sc v s tin b vt bc ca khoa hc k thut.

- Kenzo Tange trong n Tokyo 60, pht trin thnh ph mi Tokyo trn bin, ngh "mtcuc ci t v c cu lm cho hnh dng hng tm v khp kn ca thnh ph tr thnh mt ccu tuyn tnh, m v c th ko di". Tokyo 60 l mt thnh ph tuyn vt ngang qua mtvnh, hnh thnh bi nhng mt xch n ni tip mt xch kia t ngang trn mt h thng ct b

tng, t tuyn mt xch ny to ra cc ng ngang, trn t cc qun th . khu vc giamt xch hnh ch nht l nhng tuyn ng cao tc khc mc cao v nhng nh lm vic treotrn nhng khi hp b tng thng ng lm nhim v gi v giao thng thng ng. Bndi l nhng ch t, khng gian cy xanh. Cc qun th l nhng khi nh cao tng cdng mi dc gi ln hnh nh kin trc Nht truyn thng.

6.5 Quy hoch th hin i Anh.- Nc Anh sau ichin th gii th II c hot ng xy dng th mnh m li nhiu kinhnghim v nhng gi tr mi cho nn vn ho xy dng thi. Thnh tu ng ch nht

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

11/13

11

Anh l trong hn ba thp k u tin sau chin tranh, nc Anh xy dng c hn 35 thmi vi ba th h khc nhau.- Th h th u tin, c xy dng trong khong thi gian nhng nm 1946-1950, bao gm14 thnh ph mi, trong c nhiu thnh ph quan trng nh Harlow, Stevenage... Cc ththuc th h th nht thng c s tp trung, tn x, gia t mt trung tm cng cng quantrng. Cc thnh ph ny thc s tr thnh nhng trung tm t tr quan trng, sau cn thuht c dn s quanh vng trong mt phm vi 20 km. thnh ph ny c s phn chia cc khu

thnh cc n v lng ging, giao thng xe hi i li thun tin vnh ngoi trung tm, btr rt nhiu bi t v trung tm cng cng vi nhiu ca hng chuyn mn ho, cc cngtrnh vn ho, hnh chnh c sc thu ht rt mnh.- Th h th th hai, ra i t nhng nm 1950-1961, trong c Cumbernauld v Hook lnhng thnh ph rt ni ting. Quy hoch th h th th hai tiu biu cho mt xu hng misau khi c s ph phn cc th thuc th h th nht. Cumbernauld khng c cc n v cs nh l tiu khu m tt c cc vng c t vy quanh khu trung tm. S lin h nh -trung tm ch mt 20 pht i b, c thc hin bng mt h thng ng i do v ng i btrn cao, tch khi ng t bn di l mt u im ng tham kho, kiu t chc giao thngny lm gim hn mt cch ng k cc tai nn giao thng Vic t chc giao thng nhiu tngv tp trung cc chc nng cn thit vo mt im t ln ca khu trung tm a n cc tin

li ng k.- Th h th th ba, ra i sau 1961, bao gm 13 thnh ph, trong c nhng thnh ph trthnh trung tm kinh t ca vng nh Irvine, Livingston v c nhng thnh ph tr thnh cc th v tinh lm cn bng dn s th vng th London nh Peterborough, Northamton...Th h th th ba sau chin tranh ca Anh rt c nhng kinh nghim t hai th h thtrc, nhng th ny ra i da trn nhng nghin cu v x hi hc, ch to kh nngthch ng vi khung cnh th mi cho ngi , s dng cu trc ht nhn cho cc khu mkhng s dng kiu t chc tng bc theo tiu khu cng nhc. T chc cu trc ht nhn l tchc dng cc n v nh kt hp vi vic to thnh cc n v ln hn c trnh t trong quyhoch nh sau:- n v nh: 20-30 nh to thnh mi trng x hi c s hay "n v lin kt x hi mnh".

- Nhm : gm 200-400 nh c cc ca hng v trng tiu hc km theo.- Qun th hay l "n v cng ng x hi", vi mt trung tm cng cng y , t cch xakhng qu 5 pht i b.- Khu nh 25 000-30 000 dn vi s a tm.

6.6 Quy hoch th Hin i Php.- Xy dng th hin i Php t sau chin tranh th gii th II c th quy t li mt snhng hot ng chnh th hin vic quy hoch - xy dng vng th Paris v xy dng mts th mi nh khu Dfense.- Mt u ca Dfense gn vi hai tuyn giao thng c cng giao thng thuc loi cao nhtParis c p dng mt trong nhng bin php xy dng c o: ton b mt t c ph

bi nhng bn beton ct thp ln, bn di l cc tuyn ng giao thng, cc ch t vng ng k thut chy ngm, bn trn l mt h thng cc nh thp cao. H thng ngngm bn di bn phng c nhiu su vi ct cao khc nhau: su th nht t cc tuynng t but, ch xe con, su th hai v th ba t cc tuyn ng t, ch xecon, h thng ng ng k thut, su th t t cc tuyn ng t but. Pha trn mtt, hng lot cc nh cao tng mc ln l tr s ca nhiu hng v cng ty ln. Khu vc nh c s tng thp hn vi mt trung tm thng nghip v nhiu dch v cng cng khc.- Vic ln ln khng ngng ca th nc Php buc phi thit lp mt d n pht trin dilu cho vng th Paris. l mt d n pht trin kiu tuyn tnh, to thnh bi hai di song

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

12/13

12

song chy bn ngoi ni thnh Paris t hng ng Nam ln pha Ty Bc, d kin ko di min tn thnh ph cng Havre. Cu trc ca n ny cho php vng th Paris pht trin mtcch hi ho khi d kin mt mng li thnh ph c v mi pht trin theo kiu tuyn tnhm hn ch kiu pht trin hng tm. Qun th th ny c din tch 12000 km c cc thnhphn cu thnh sau y:+ Ni thnh Paris v cc khu vc th ln cn Dfense, Versailles, Crteil+ Mt trc kp ln gm hai mi tn chy song song pha trn v di ni thnh Paris xc nh

hng pht trin chnh cho vng th Paris. Trc pha trn s lin kt cc thnh phn thBobigny, Saint Denis, Cergy Pontoise thnh mt trc th thng nht. Trc pha di linkt cc thnh phn th s lin kt cc th Melun, vry, Mantes thnh mt trc ththng nht.

CHNG 7: TH VIT NAMCc th c Vit Nam ban u c hnh thnh trn c s cc trung tm chnh tr v qun s, cc ta thnh phc v cho mc ch phng th v bn trong l ni n tr ca cc th lcphong kin. Bn cnh phn "" cn tn ti phn "th"; l ni tp trung cc th th cng sn xutra cc hng ha tiu dng v nhng c dn lm ngh bun bn trao i hng ha cn thit, lnhng ngi khng sn xut nng nghip. Nh vy thnh th ra i, mang tnh cht chnh tr

qun s v kinh t. Cc trung tm ny ng vai tr ch o ca c nc hay ch l trung tm cc a phng. l cc kinh ca cc triu i phong kin nh C Loa, Thng Long, Hu...v cc l s cu quan li a phng nh tnh l, huyn l, ph l nh Nam nh, Sn Ty, BcNinh... Trong iu kin nn kinh t hng ha cha pht trin tnh cht chnh tr qun s chi phiv tri hn tnh cht kinh t thng nghip. n th k XVI - XVII do ngoi thng pht trinmnh lm xut hin mt s th mang tnh cht kinh t thng mi thun ty nh Ph Hin,Hi An, Gia nh... v c cu trc th tng i hon chnh.

7.1 C Loa.- L th ca Nh nc u Lc do An Dng Vng xy dng t th k th 3 TCN. L mt th c xa nht nc ta ngy nay vn cn li nhng vt tch cc ta thnh rt r rt. C Loa

cch H Ni khong 17km v pha Ty Bc, xen gia cc g ng ngn ngang v nhng h ln,m ly v rung chim trng. - Thnh p bng t v c b c theo kiu ba vng thnh haivng ngoi theo kiu trn c, vng trong hnh ch nht, hng Nam. Vng ngoi c chu vi di8km, vng gia c chu vi di 6,5km v vng trong 1,6km. Thng ra bn ngoi bng cc ca.Thnh ngoi m bn ca ng, Nam, Bc v Ty Bc, thnh gia m nm ca Nam, Bc, TyBc, Ty Nam v ca Cng pha ng sang m C. Thnh trong ch m mt ca pha Nam.Thnh cao trung bnh khong 12m, chn thnh rng 20m v mt thnh rng khong 8-10m.Quanh tng thnh trong c p 18 t nh ra pha ngoi, bn ngoi mi vng thnh c hthng ho nc rng 30m ni lin vi h thng sng pha Ty Nam v m C pha ngNam l cn c ca thy qun.

7.2 Hoa L.- Hoa L l kinh Triu i inh, Tin L xy dng t th k IX, cch H Ni 100km v phaNam. Hoa L nm trong mt thung lng kh bng phng xung quanh bao bc nhng dy ni vi nh nhng bc tng thnh t nhin cao sng sng v him tr. Sau lng l c dy ni lnpha Nam chy t min Ty Bc xung bin ng. Pha Bc l cnh ng rng ln v csng Hong Long chy qua lm thnh mt chin ho n ng t xa. ng thi cng l mch giaothng ng thy lin h thun tin vi cc min trong nc. - Bng mi on thnh nhn toni lin cc dy ni vi li vi nhau to thnh hai vng thnh khp kn ng cnh nhau vidin tch tng cng khong 330ha. Trong vng ngoi thnh gm c nm on tng thnh

8/6/2019 Lch S Th

13/13

13

nhn to p bng t hin nay vn d dng nhn thy. on thnh Dn l on di nht ti500m v on thnh Bim l on ngn nht ch c 65m. S lin h gia hai khu thnh qua mtngch ni gi l "qun vng". Trong thnh pha ng l cc cung in ca nh vua.

7.3 Thng Long.- L kinh ca Nh nc i Vit t th k XI, tri qua nhiu triu i vi cc tn gi khcnhau: Thng Long, ng v H Ni ngy nay. Trong chiu di L Thi T nu r v tr

ca Thng Long: " vo trung tm b ci t nc, 1 ci th rng cun, hi ngi... tin th nisng trc sau... a th rng m bng phng, vng t cao m sng sa... mun vt rt thnh vphn vinh..." - Thng Long i L Trn c b cc ba vng thnh: Kinh thnh, Hong Thnh vCm Thnh. Kinh thnh tc l La Thnh va c chc nng phng ng va c chc nng ngn lttrong khu vc ny tp trung cc dn c bun bn v th cng nghip, ngoi ra cn c cc gianh quan li v qun i c t chc thnh 61 phng v mt s ch ba. Trong kinh thnhl Hong thnh l ni dnh cho cc c quan u no ca b my phong kin triu nh. Hongthnh c xy dng bng gch v m bn ca. Trong cng l Cm thnh ni dnh ring chovua v hong tc vi nhiu cung in, dinh th nguy nga.- Nm 1802 sau khi ln nm quyn nh Nguyn ng Hu v Thng Long ch cn l mtth ph. Nm 1831 Minh Mng i tn Thng Long thnh H Ni. Hong thnh phi gim bt

cao, Hong cung b tho d a vo xy dng kinh mi. Nm 1804 nh Nguyn cho xydng li thnh H Ni theo kiu Vauban ca Php. Chu vi khong 4km, thnh cao 4m, dy 6m.Bn ngoi c ho nuc rng 16m tng cng sc phng th ca thnh.

7.4 Hu.- L kinh ca cc triu i nh Nguyn, c xy dng t nm 1802 sau khi Gia Long lnngi vua. Hu nm bn b sng Hng, dng ni Ng Bnh pha Nam lm tin n, chn CnHn v cn D Vin trn sng Hng lm th phong thy t long hu h chu vo trc mt .- Thnh Hu c c mt h thng gm 3 vng thnh bao bc ln nhau l Kinh thnh HongThnh v T cm thnh. Kinh thnh l vng thnh ngoi cng c xy dng theo kiu thnh

Vauban, vi din tch 520ha, c dng hnh vung chu vi gn 10km, c 4 pho i gc v 5pho i mi mt tng thnh. Tng thnh hai mt ngoi v trong xy p gch hp dy 21mgia thnh bng t (18m) cao 6,6m. Thnh m 10 ca ra vo trn xy vng lu. Pha gc ngBc ca Kinh thnh l mt thnh nh c tn Trn Bnh i, hnh lc gic chu vi 1km c cathng vi Kinh thnh. Pha ngoi thnh cn c h thng sng o l H thnh h rng 50-60m,bao bc 3 mt cng vi sng Hng bo v thnh.- Hong thnh v T cm thnh c gi chung l i Ni. Hong thnh c mt bng hnhvung mi b hn 600m xy bng gch cao 4m dy 1m nm trn trc cn xng Bc Nam dch vpha trc ca kinh thnh. Chung quanh T cm thnh c h thng ho bo v v ra vo bng4 ca. Vi din tch 38 ha cha tnh phm vi T cm thnh trong lng n, mt bng Hongthnh c chia thnh nhiu khu vc c tng xy qu u ngi ngn cch ln nhau. T cm

thnh cng c dng hnh vung mi b khong 300m, cao 3,5m, chung quanh thnh c 7 ca ra vo vi ca chnh duy nht hng Nam l i Cung mn.

TI LIU THAM KHO1. Kin trc Vit Nam Cc dng tiu biu, Nguyn Khi, Trng i hc Kin trc Tp. HCh Minh, 1991. 2. Kin trc C i Chu , Ng Huy Qunh, Nh xut bn Vn ha thng tin,1999. 3. Lch s th, ng Thi Hong, Nh xut bn Xy dng, 2000. 4. Lch s xy dng th C i v Trung i Phng Ty, Nguyn Quc Thng, Nh xut bn Xy dng, 2000.