Lingue e Dialetti D'Italia

7/23/2019 Lingue e Dialetti D'Italia

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3/29


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7/3 Bfd~ohw rjlpn ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;1

7/1 Bfd~ohw ljklonrh ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;1

7/8 bfd~ohw c{nban //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;1

7/


4/29



HOW[FG^UHFON

Jl {hbbanuul jhoc~hrwhbl hwljhlol

JHwljhl hj }lnrn n~{f}nf ban plowl jl }{nrnoul gnj dlcchf{ o~dn{f gh ghljnwwh* dl fjw{n ljjl |~lowhw gnjjn

dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban }l{jlwn rh }~ {hrbfow{l{n loban ~ol hd}f{wlown ghrwloul rw{~ww~{ljn `{l |~nrwn5 h

ghljnwwh ofo rfjf rfof wlowh dl ljb~oh rfof loban dfjwf ghpn{rh `{l jf{f* loban rn }l{jlwh ho jfbljhw

cnfc{l`hbldnown phbhon/ Ho ljb~oh blrh |~nrwh rfof lggh{hww~{l }h rhdhjh lg ljw{n jhoc~n ban ljjhwljhlof rwnrrf/

Hj ghljnwwf |~hogh ~of gnh wlowh }lw{hdfoh b~jw~{ljh hwljhloh* ofo rfjf !bfdn rfrwhnon |~ljb~of( ~o {njhwwf gnj

}lrrlwf ho phl gh nrwhouhfon* n bfdn wljn pl }{nrn{plwf n rw~ghlwf ho |~lowf ~o horhndn gh bfofrbnoun*

nr}n{hnoun n bfd}nwnoun ban gh rfjhwf pl rfwwf hj ofdn gh w{lghuhfon* f w{lghuhfon }f}fjl{n f w{lghuhfon

b~jw~{ljn/ Hj ghljnwwf* f jl jhoc~l }h ho cnon{ljn* hj }{hdf rncof gh ghpn{rhw* n |~hogh hgnowhw* `fown gh

hgnowh`hbluhfon rfbhljn n gh l~wfhgnowh`hbluhfon r~j }hlof }rhbfjfchbf n `f{ohrbn g~o|~n ~o }{hdf ghrb{hdhon

`{l ofh n cjh ljw{h/

Pn{f ban bh rfof ljb~on ufon gnjjHwljhl ban aloof r~khwf ~ol `f{wn bfowldholuhfon gl }l{wn gnjjHwljhlof n

gfpn |~hogh jl }{fdhonoul gnjjn `f{dn ghljnwwljh pl }hlo }hlof rplonogf5 ~o nrnd}hf }fw{nkkn nrrn{n hj

{fdlonrbf }~{f gnj Knjjh fcch |~lrh honrhrwnown l [fdl* gnj w~wwf hopfjcl{hwf* wlowf gl nrrn{n bahldlwf

{fdlolbbhf/ F}}~{n Dhjlof* ban nrrnogf ghpnowlwf }{fklkhjdnown hj bnow{f }h b~jw~{ljdnown pl{hnclwf

gHwljhl* ofo }~ nr}{hdn{rh rn ofo ~whjhuulogf ~o jhoc~lcchf |~lowf }h phbhof ljjHwljhlof rwlogl{g/ Ho ljw{h

blrh* hopnbn* hj ghljnwwf {hdlon phpf n }{nrnown* wlowf ban loban h chfploh on `loof ~o ~rf }{nrrfba

|~fwhghlof ofo rfjf gl ~o }~owf gh phrwl pn{kljn dl loban r~ hown{onw !kjfc* rfbhlj onwsf{ir(/ H ghljnwwh

rfof g~o|~n pl{h dl ofo hddfkhjh* onj rnorf ban |~nrwh }frrf bldkhl{n f lggh{hww~{l nrwhoc~n{rh bfj

}lrrl{n gnj wnd}f l bl~rl gh ho`j~noun gh wh}f rfbhljn n b~jw~{ljn ban }n{dnlof ~ol gnwn{dholwl ufol

}h~wwfrwf ban ~oljw{l/ Rfof g~o|~n knoh hddlwn{hljh* f }n{ dncjhf gh{n hofccnww~ljh f pfjlwhjh }n{ba

l}}~owf aloof rfjf ~ol k{npn g~{lwl n g~o|~n ofo rh }frrfof gfb~dnowl{n rn ofo {h}{fg~bnogfjh n{nchrw{logfjh/

Hwljhlof n hwljf${fdlouf

JHwljhl `l }l{wn gnjjl [fdohl n bhf gnjjhorhndn gnh wn{{hwf{h ho b~h rh }l{jlof jn jhoc~n onfjlwhon f {fdloun

jn |~ljh rfof ~ol gh{nwwl bfowho~luhfon gnj jlwhof }l{jlwf ljjn}fbl gnjjHd}n{f {fdlof n onjjn r~n

}{fphobhn/ Jn jhoc~n onfjlwhon rfof {h}l{whwn ho |~lww{f c{logh c{~}}h5

l( jhkn{f${fdlouf* }l{jlwf onjjl }nohrfjl hkn{hbl ho R}lcol !r}lcofjf n blwljlof( n ]f{wfcljjf!}f{wfcanrn(9

k( hj cljjf${fdlouf* }l{jlwf ho @{lobhl !`{lobnrn(* onj Knjchf pljjfon* r~g$nrw gnjjl @{lobhl* PljGLfrwl* ]hndfown n Rphuun{l !`{lobf$}{fpnouljn* Jhoc~l gfbl* n }{fpnouljn f fbbhwlof( n onjjl

@{lobhl r~g$fbbhgnowljn !c~lrbfon(9

b( jhwljf${fdlouf bfd}{nogn jHwljhlof n w~wwh h ghljnwwh }l{jlwh ho Hwljhl* ofoba ljb~on dhof{lounjhoc~hrwhban gnj Blowfo Whbhof ho Rphuun{l* B{fluhl n Rjfpnohl9

g( hj glbf${fdlouf ho`hon |~njjf }l{jlwf ho [fdlohl n onjjl [n}~kkjhbl nq rfphnwhbl gnjjl Dfjglphl!{~dnof(* n ho ljb~on }l{wh gnh Kljbloh* C{nbhl n Dlbngfohl/

H ghljnwwh gHwljhl ofo gn{hplof gljjHwljhlof* dl knor glj jlwhof* ng }h }{f}{hf gn`hoh{jh ghljnwwh gHwljhl f

ghljnwwh hwljf${fdlouh louhba ghljnwwh hwljhloh/ \~nrwh ploof bforhgn{lwh bfdn pl{hnw jhoc~hrwhban lj }l{h

gh jhoc~n dlcchf{h bfdn hj @{lobnrn* jf R}lcofjf f hj ]f{wfcanrn }n{ba jHwljhlof rwlogl{g `l rh }l{wn gnjc{~}}f hwljf${fdlouf* dl ofo rh hgnowh`hbl bfo nrrf/
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


5/29


f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ >

Jlofdljhl gnjjHwljhl

Rn rh lbbnwwl* g~o|~n* ban fcoh ghljnwwf lkkhl jl pljnoul gh ~ol jhoc~l l rn bfd}fonogf g~o|~n onjjl ofrw{l

}nohrfjl ~ol pl{hnw jhoc~hrwhbl bfd}frwl gl ~ol dlcchf{loul gh dhof{loun* {hr~jwl }h `lbhjn bl}h{n

bfdn* }l{lgfrrljdnown* |~nrwl pl{hnw jhoc~hrwhbl rhl rwlwl ~of gncjh njndnowh `fogldnowljh }n{ l{{hpl{n

ljj~ohw gnj ]lnrn/ @~ ho`lwwh c{luhn ljjhghfdl wfrblof lbbnwwlwf bfdn jhoc~l wnwwf ban rh r~}n{l{fof

gl}}{hdl cjh how{hblwh bfo`hoh }fjhwhbh ban ghphgnplof jl }nohrfjl }{hdl gnjj~oh`hbluhfon/ |~hogh |~njjf

gnjjHwljhl ~o blrf lofdljf gh ~oh`hbluhfon oluhfoljn ho |~lowf `~ jl jhoc~l l gnwn{dhol{n ~of gnh }{hdh

`lwwf{h gh ~ohw !rn}}~{ bfo wlowl pl{hnw hown{ol,( n l cnwwl{n jn klrh }n{ `l{n jl Oluhfon* n ofo hj bfow{l{hf

bfdn lppnoon onjjl dlcchf{ }l{wn gncjh ljw{h blrh ho b~h ~ol pfjwl fwwno~wl jhgnowhw }fjhwhbl rh }{fbngnpl

ljj~oh`hbluhfon gh wh}f jhoc~hrwhbf/


6/29



BAL]/ H LJB^OH BFOBNWWH GH KLRN

n pnocfof {l}}{nrnowlwh gl ;< rncoh gnwwh c{l`ndh9$ Lj jhpnjjf c{lddlwhbljn j~ohw dhohdl hj df{`ndl5 &$f& hj df{`ndl ban hoghbl jl }n{rfol* hj dfgf

n hj wnd}f gnjjn luhfoh* bhf al ~ol `~ouhfon c{lddlwhbljn

$ Lj jhpnjjf jnrrhbljn j~ohw dhohdl bfd}frwl glj jnrrndl5 png$ j~ohw dhohdl jnrrhbljn ban hoghblhj wh}f gh luhfon bfd}h~wl/

@fonwhbl* df{`fjfchl n jnrrhbf rfof w~wwh jhpnjjh gh loljhrh gh ~ol glwl jhoc~l/

Nrrnogf }fh |~nrwh rncoh hown{gh}nognowh `{l jf{f* nrrh }frrfof jncl{rh n bfd}f{{n }l{wh rw{~ww~{ljh dlcchf{h/

H `fondh* {l}}{nrnowlwh gl c{l`ndh* rh jnclof n `f{dlof jn }l{fjn !df{`ndh n jnrrndh(* }h }l{fjn `f{dlof

~o rhowlcdl* }h rhowlcdh ~ol `{lrn* }h `{lrh ~o }n{hfgf n }h }n{hfgh ~o wnrwf !bfo {l{n dl rhcoh`hblwhpn

nbbnuhfoh gh wnrwh `f{dlwh loban gl ~ol rfjl `{lrn f lggh{hww~{l gl ~ol rfjl }l{fjl(/ Ho |~nrwf dfgf ~ol


7/29



gnwn{dholwl jhoc~l rwf{hbf$olw~{ljn }~ plowl{n rw{~ww~{n n bfrw{~uhfoh }{nrrfba ho`hohwn* ghdfrw{logf

bahl{ldnown jl}}jhblkhjhw gnjjl r~l bl{lwwn{hrwhbl }fwnoul/


8/29



bhf jl }{f}{hnw gnjjn jhoc~n gh }{nrnowl{n frbhjjluhfoh n `j~ww~luhfoh* }{f}{hnw dnrrl ho {hrljwf gljjl jf{f

olw~{ljn pl{hlkhjhw* dnow{n }n{ pl{hnw rh hownogn hj }{fgfwwf gh |~nrwl w{lr`f{dluhfon* bhf jlr}nwwf

rwlwhbf gnjjl pl{hluhfon rwnrrl/ Gnwwf bh rh }~ l``n{dl{n ban h ghljnwwh rhlof rfwwf}frwh l pl{hluhfoh }h f

dnof rhrwndlwhban }{nrnowlogf |~hogh lr}nwwh gh pl{hlkhjhw bfr gn`hohwh5

$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghlb{fohbl5 |~njjl pl{hluhfon ban ~o ghljnwwf f ~ol jhoc~l r~khrbn bfjolw~{ljn w{lrbf{{n{n gnj wnd}f }n{ bl~rn rfbhljh* }fjhwhban n b~jw~{ljh !nr/ hj jlwhof ban ghpnowl

hwljhlof(/ L |~nrwf wn{dhon Rl~rr~{n lrrfbh |~njjf gnjjl rhob{fohl* lg hoghbl{n ~ol }{nbhrl `lrn

gnjjl phwl gnjjn jhoc~n/

$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghlwf}hbl5 hoghbl |~njjn pl{hluhfoh ban rh aloof ho klrn lj bfownrwfcnfc{l`hbf ho b~h ~ol jhoc~l f ~o ghljnwwf pnocfof }l{jlwh/ jnclwl |~hogh ljjf r}luhf* f }n{ dncjhf

gh{n ljjl ghdnorhfon wn{{hwf{hljn/

$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghlrw{lwhbl5 gnwwl loban pn{whbljn* |~njjl jnclwl ljjn gh``n{noun gh rw{lwfrfbhljn/

$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghl`lrhbl5 |~njjl frrn{plkhjn onjjn bfopn{rluhfoh bfob{nwn ho b~h rh w{fpl hj}l{jlown* gh}nogn bhf glcjh hown{jfb~wf{h n gljjn {njluhfoh ban hown{bf{{fof `{l jf{f/ N ho |~nrwf

blrf ban }h r}nrrf rh {hrbfow{lof bldkhldnowh gh {nchrw{f !fcoh }l{whbfjl{n jhpnjjf l b~h jl jhoc~l

phnon nr}{nrrl(/

$ Pl{hluhfon f pl{hlkhjhw ghldnrhbl5 {hc~l{gl ho`hon hj dnuuf ban phnon ~whjhuulwf }n{ bfd~ohbl{n/ Rn`hof l |~ljban gnbnoohf `l bh rh jhdhwlpl lg nr}{hdn{rh |~lrh nrbj~rhpldnown ho dlohn{l f{ljn f

rb{hwwl* fcch bfo jlppnowf gh hown{onw n gnh wnjn`foh bnjj~jl{h rfof bfd}l{rh o~fph dnwfgh gh

bfd~ohbl{n bfo loonrrh {nchrw{h* jhdhwluhfoh n hoofpluhfoh/ Klrwh }norl{n lj jhoc~lcchf* l dnw `{l jf

rb{hwwf n hj }l{jlwf* ~whjhuulwf onh rfbhlj onwsf{i f phl RDR/

\~nrwh rfof g~o|~n cjh lrrh lwwf{of lh |~ljh {~fwl ~ol jhoc~l n }h onjjf r}nbh`hbf fcoh ghljnwwf* rw{~dnowh

hoghr}norlkhjh }n{ {h~rbh{n l gh``n{nouhl{on h wh}h n rbf{cn{n ljjf rwnrrf wnd}f jn {njluhfoh ban jh ~ohrbfof/

Jl Ghljnwwfjfchl n jn ghrbh}jhon l``hoh

Jl glwl bfopnouhfoljn gnjjl olrbhwl gnjjl ghljnwwfjfchl }~ nrrn{n }frwl onj


9/29



}{hdl ban hj wn{dhon pnohrrn bfohlwf !^RL* ;(/ Ljjf rwnrrf dfgf jl ghljnwwfjfchl bfjjlkf{l rw{nwwldnown

bfo jl `hjfjfchl }n{ }fwn{ {hbf{{n{n bfo rhb~{nuul lh glwh bfowno~wh onh wnrwh n gfb~dnowh gnj }lrrlwf n }n{

gl{n l |~nrwh ~ol }h }{nbhrl }frhuhfon rwf{hbl/ Ho `fonwhbl jl ghljnwwfjfchl ~whjn }n{ rw~ghl{n jhowfoluhfon

!f}{frfghl( lg nrnd}hf* ho |~lowf jl bfowldholuhfon f jhown{`n{noul gh ~o ghljnwwf r~ ~o ljw{f ho j~hrbfof

f }frrfof ho`j~h{n onj dfgf ho b~h jn }l{fjn pnocfof }{fo~obhlwn/

\~logf* f{hchol{hldnown bfdn ljjnclwf ljjLHR }fh bfdn }~kkjhbluhfon l~wfofdl* ]l~j Ran~n{dnhn{

}{nrnow hj r~f Hj jlpf{f gnh bfowlghoh jl ghljnwwfjfchl now{ l bfowlwwf bfo lobf{ }h bld}h gh rw~ghf/ Rh

w{lwwlpl gh g~n }fgn{frh pfj~dh ban gnrb{hpnplof lww{nuuh* fccnwwh* j~fcah n wnbohban gnj jlpf{f lc{hbfjf ho

Hwljhl l blpljjf `{l jn g~n c~n{{n n `nbn{f lpphbhol{n gh dfjwf jl ghljnwwfjfchl ljjnwofc{l`hl* ljjl cnfc{l`hl

~dlol* ljjl rwf{hl gnjjlc{hbfjw~{l* rwf{hl gnjjl rbhnouln gnjjl wnbohbl n ljjl rfbhfjfchl {~{ljn n gnj jlpf{f/ Ho

dlohn{l ofo ljw{nwwlowf nphgnown* dl rhb~{ldnown pljhgl* jl ghljnwwfjfchl rh jncl n bfjjlkf{l bfo jl

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jhoc~lcchf ng nr}n{hnoul(* rndlowhbl !rw~ghf gnj rhcoh`hblwf gnjjn }l{fjn(* fofdlrwhbl bfo jn r~n k{loban

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n rf}{loofdh(/


10/29




11/29




12/29




13/29


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\~nrwf plrwf horhndn gh }l{jlwn rh nrwnogn gljjl jhonl [fdl Lobfol `hof ljjl Rhbhjhl n }~ nrrn{n ghphrf ho

w{n l{nn }h fdfcnonn `{l jf{f5

$ Jl{nl dnghlol ban hobj~gn hj Jluhf l r~g gnj Wnpn{n* j^dk{hl r~g$f{hnowljn* jn Dl{ban bnow{f$dn{hghfoljh n jl }l{wn rnwwnow{hfoljn gnjjLk{~uuf !JL|~hjl n Lpnuulof(9

$ Jl{nl dn{hghfoljn* gnwwl loban ljwf dn{hghfoljn ban hobj~gn }n{ hown{f Dfjhrn* Bld}lohl nKlrhjhblwl* }fh jn Dl{ban dn{hghfoljh* w~wwf jLk{~uuf lg nrbj~rhfon gnjjl{nl dnghlol* hj Jluhf

dn{hghfoljn ~o wnd}f bld}lof* jl ]~cjhl bnow{f$rnwwnow{hfoljn `hof ljjl jhonl Wl{lowf K{hoghrh n

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14/29




15/29



$ Hj {h`h~wf gnjjl jnohuhfon }frwolrljn$ Jlppn{rhfon pn{rf cjh ho`hohwh w{fobah* dfjwf wh}hbh `hof ljjl Wfrblol$ J~rf gnj }lrrlwf {ndfwf lj }frwf gh |~njjf }{frrhdf5 alh bl}hwf 6bl}hrbrwh6

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ofoba jf rphj~}}f gh $JJ$ ho $gg$ lowhbh}logf |~hogh jn }l{jlwn }h dn{hghfoljh/ Gljjl ]~cjhl n jl J~blohl `hof

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Hj dlownohdnowf gnjjn pfbljh jlwhon5 @HJ^ `hjf`hj~* C^JL cfjlc~jl Jl bforn{pluhfon gh $i$ n $c$ onjjn }l{fjn ho b~h rfof rnc~hwn gl $h$ n $n$* }{fo~obhl lobf{l wh}hbl gnj

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17/29




18/29




19/29




20/29


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21/29


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22/29


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2/7/< Khjhoc~hrdf n ghcjfrrhl

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23/29


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24/29



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Rf{}{nognowndnown l }l{wh{n gljjl dnw gncjh looh ofplowl hj ghljnwwf* ho ljb~on ufon* al lggh{hww~{l

{hlb|~hrwlwf bld}f/ ^of gnh glwh }h hdd~wlwh {hdlon bfd~o|~n |~njjf ban pngn ~whjhuul{n hj ghljnwwf gljjn

bjlrrh rfbhljh dnof lkkhnowh ng hrw{~hwn dnow{n jn }n{rfon }h bfjwn f gh dhcjhf{n }frhuhfon rfbhljn rfof

{hdlrwn |~njjn ban rh lppljcfof dlcchf{dnown gnjj~rf gnjjhwljhlof/ [fbbl`f{wh gnjjl bforn{pluhfon

ghljnwwljn {hdlocfof jn {nchfoh gnj Of{g$Nrw n gnj R~g !ho }l{whbfjl{n Bljlk{hl n Klrhjhblwl(/

2/3 Jl}lq jhoc~hrwhbl onjjHwljhl gnj g~ndhjl

Gh `{fown ljjnphgnown }nrf ban al j~whjhuuf gnj ghljnwwf onjj~rf bfd~on gnjjl jhoc~l fcchchf{of* ho Hwljhl rh

{hrbfow{l ~ol }lq jhoc~hrwhbl gnjjl jhoc~l* ho {h`n{hdnowf ljjl bfd}{nrnoul n ljjl bfophpnoul gh }h bfghbh*

wh}fjfchbldnown n `~ouhfoljdnown gh``n{nouhlwh ho {l}}f{wf gh ghcjfrrhl n ghjljhl/ Wljn bfophpnoul ofo

}{fpfblpl n ofo }{fpfbl ghrlchf* ghrl``nuhfon f phrhkhjh r}hown gh {hpnoghbluhfon l `lpf{n gh ~of gnh g~n

bfghbh n bh ld}hldnown ghdfrw{lkhjn gljjl ghbahl{luhfoh gnjjl dlcchf{ }l{wn gncjh hown{phrwlwh ban

ghdfrw{lof bfdn h ghljnwwh ofo rwhlof l``lwwf rbfd}l{nogf dl rnd}jhbndnown d~wlogf hj jf{f {l}}f{wfbfo jl |~fwhghlohw/ Hj ghljnwwf ghpnowlwf `f{wn bfj }lrrl{n gnh rnbfjh loban c{luhn ljjhwljhlof* |~nrwl jhoc~l

ban* ~ol pfjwl lb|~hrhwl dnwwnpl jf{lwf{n onjjl }frhuhfon gh c~l{gl{n lj ghljnwwf bfdn |~ljbfrl gh

bl{lwwn{hrwhbf n rnowhdnowljdnown pljnown* wlowf gl {h`h~wl{rh gh njhdhol{jf bfd}jnwldnown/ |~h ban jl

ghcjfrrhl ghpnowl ghjljhl* ng |~h ban rh pn{h`hbl jl bfoghuhfon gh}lq jhoc~hrwhbl/

2/1 Ghljnwwh* rb~fjl n }fjhwhbl

2/1/< Ghljnwwh n rb~fjl

Bfdn rh ch phrwf hj {l}}f{wf `{l ghljnwwh n ghglwwhbl ofo rnd}{n rwlwf hghjjhlbf/ Ljb~oh rbforhgn{lwh

}{fc{lddh rbfjlrwhbh }n{ rb~fjn njndnowl{h n dnghn pl{lwh onjjl }{hdl dnw gnj ofpnbnowf ofo aloof

bforhgn{lwf jhd}f{wloul gnjjn dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban jfbljh {njnclogfjn lg ~o {~fjf gh dholbbhl }n{ ~ol

bf{{nwwl ng~bluhfon* n `lbnogfjn ghpnowl{n loban dlwn{hl gh rban{of n gn{hrhfon* ofoba rhdkfjf gh

hcof{loul/ Hj }n{hfgf `lrbhrwl `~ |~njjf ban }h gh w~wwh glooncch jl pljf{huuluhfon gnh ghljnwwh ho ph{w gnh

r~fh hgnljh gh }~{nuul n gh ~ohw n `~ rfjf l }l{wh{n glcjh looh 1= ban jl CHRBNJ !C{~}}f gh hown{pnowf n rw~ghf

onj bld}f gnjjng~bluhfon jhoc~hrwhbl( {h~rb l dfkhjhwl{rh }nrlowndnown }n{ dfgh`hbl{n h }hloh }n{ jn rb~fjn

ho`n{hf{h glogf lh ghljnwwh jf rwlw~r gh pl{hnw hghfdlwhbl gl lbbnwwl{n l }hnof whwfjf w{l w~wwn |~njjn ban

bfd}focfof hj |~lg{f d~jwh`f{dn gnjjl {nljw rfbhfjhoc~hrwhbl hwljhlol gh fcch/

2/1/; Ghljnwwh n }fjhwhbl

Ho }fjhwhbl j~whjhuuf gnjj l{dl ghljnwwf phnon `lwwf ho dlohn{l r}nrrf hd}{f}{hl n bfow{f}{fg~bnown/ Rh

wnogn ho`lwwh l wh{l{jf ho kljjf ho dlohn{l hd}{npnghkhjn rnoul wnon{ bfowf gnjjhown{nrrn gh wh}f ghglwwhbf ban

hopnbn log{nkkn glwf ljjn pl{hnw gnjjhwljhlof/ Jl olw~{l }{fpfblwf{hl ljjl |~ljn phnon lrrfbhlwl


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f}hohfoh5 nouf/rlowhjjhMjhpn/hw F}n{l w{lwwlwl }n{ rfjh hoh ghglwwhbh/ W~wwh h gh{hwwh l}}l{wnocfof lh {hr}nwwhph }{f}{hnwl{h/ ]lc/ ;>

jhd}f{wloul gnh ghljnwwh n jl jf{f }n{rnpn{luhfon l``hloblwl gl ~o {hd}hlowf ofrwljchbf gnj `fjijf{n ban hj

ghljnwwf rwnrrf ho }l{wn {l}}{nrnowl* ban }n{ w{f}}f `lbhjdnown rh w{lr`f{dl ho rnd}jhbn gh``hgnoul f

rbfow{frl bah~r~{l onh bfo`{fowh gh bah~o|~n ofo rh hgnowh`hbah bfo ~ol }l{whbfjl{n hddlchon gnj }lrrlwf/

Bfr `lbnogf rh b{nl r}nrrf louhba ~ol gfp~wl lwwnouhfon lj }{fkjndl n ljjl pljf{huuluhfon gnjjl jhoc~l

~ol rf{wl gh ghljnwwf`fkhl w~wwljw{f ban ~whjn ljjl bfnrhfon n lj }{fc{nrrf oluhfoljn/


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BAL]/ HP JN LJW[N JHOC^NFjw{n ban {hbbf gh ghljnwwh jHwljhl ~o ]lnrn }n{dnlwf gh dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban* bhf gh bfd~ohw onjjn |~ljh

jl jhoc~l gnjjl }{hdl rfbhljhuuluhfon ofo jhwljhlof dl ~o#ljw{l jhoc~l ban r}nrrf loban jhoc~l dlg{n gh

rwlwh nrwn{h/ \~nrwn bfd~ohw pnocfof gn`hohwn ljjfcjfwwn n jn dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban ljjfcjfrrhn n

nwn{fcjfrrhn/ Jn pl{hnw rwf{hban gh ljjfcjfrrhn* |~njjn bhf }{nrnowh gl }h wnd}f r~j wn{{hwf{hf oluhfoljn*

rfof w~wnjlwn gljjl jnccn 71; gnj


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jl jf{f k{npn rwf{hl ljjhown{of gnjjl }nohrfjl rwloof dlo dlof hornghlogfrh ho dlohn{l {lghblwl n

lrr~dnogf hd}f{wloul l jhpnjjf gh o~dn{f gh }l{jlowh/

7/; Hj {n}n{wf{hf gnjjn bfd~ohw ljjfcjfwwn

Loban rn rh w{lwwl gh hrfjn f }{f}lcchoh ofo khrfcol b{ngn{n ban ho |~nrwn ufon jl dhof{loul jhoc~hrwhbl

rhl jl }h ~whjhuulwl f j~ohbl lg nrrn{n ~whjhuulwl/ Jl rhw~luhfon }h bfd~on louh |~njjl gnj w{hjhoc~hrdf ban}n{dnwwn jl bfophpnoul gnjjl dhof{loul jhoc~hrwhbl bfj ghljnwwf hwljf${fdlouf jfbljn n bfo jl jhoc~l wnwwf

ban* ho blrf gh bfd~ohw khjhoc~n* }~ }f{wl{n loban l |~lg{hjhoc~hrdf/

7/2 Bfd~ohw }{fpnouljh !fbbhwlon(

Rh w{fplof ho ]hndfown* }{hobh}ljdnown `{l jn }{fphobn gh Wf{hof n B~onf/ Rfof dhof{loun ban ho Hwljhl l

gh``n{noul gnjjl bfow{f}l{wn `{lobnrn {nccfof lkklrwloul knon loban rn hj b{nrbnown rphj~}}f gnjjhwljhlof n

gnh ghljnwwh hwljf${fdlouh on aloof rhb~{ldnown ghdho~hwf j~whjhuuf* rf}{lww~wwf onjjn ufon gh dlcchf{

r}nrrf{n hog~rw{hljn n w~{hrwhbf/ L``lrbholown hj blrf gh C~l{ghl ]hndfownrn !BR( ho Bljlk{hl gfpn onj

g~nbnowf ljb~on bfd~ohw }{fpnouljh rh rwlkhjh{fof }n{ r`~cch{n gljjl dhrn{hl n gljjl }n{rnb~uhfon pnonogf

}fh bfd~o|~n gnbhdlwn* |~ljban rnbfjf }h wl{gh* rnd}{n }n{ dfwhph {njhchfrh/

7/7 Bfd~ohw {lobf$}{fpnouljh

Bfdn }n{ |~njjn }{fpnouljh* |~nrwn rndk{lof {nrhrwn{n ljjn ho`j~noun gnjjn ljw{n }l{jlwn }h ho Hwljhl ban ho

Rphuun{l n @{lobhl/ Lowhbldnown bfd~o|~n hj `{lobf$}{fpnouljn n{l dfjwf }h gh``~rf ban fcch* n pnohpl

}l{jlwf `hof l Jhfon/ Ho Hwljhl fcch |~nrwn bfd~ohw rh w{fplof }{hobh}ljdnown ho }{fphobhl gh Wf{hof n ho Pljjn

GLfrwl bfo jl gh``n{noul ban |~nrw~jwhdl {hbfofrbn glj hj `{lobnrn bfdn jhoc~l ~``hbhljn }n{dnwwnogf

|~hogh ljjn dhof{loun `{lobf$}{fpnouljh gh {nrhrwn{n }h `lbhjdnown/ Ofofrwlown jl `f{wn hwljhlohuuluhfon gnj

bl}fj~fcf gh }{fphobhl gfp~wl ljjhddhc{luhfon hohuhlwl l }l{wh{n glj rnbfogf gf}fc~n{{l* jl Pljjn GLfrwl

al rnd}{n bfd~o|~n bn{blwf gh w~wnjl{n jn }{f}{hn dhof{loun jhoc~hrwhban hrwhw~nogf bnow{h gh {hbn{bl n

bforn{pluhfon gnj }lw{hdfohf jhoc~hrwhbf/ Lj R~g* g~n bhwwlghon }~cjhnrh ho }{fphobhl gh @fcchl !@lnwf n Bnjjn

gh Rlo Phwf( }l{jlof ~o ghljnwwf `{lobf$}{fpnouljn* hd}hlowlwf |~h rhb~{ldnown l rnc~hwf gh hddhc{luhfoh

dnghnpljh* dl |~lrh bfd}jnwldnown }n{rf fcch l rnc~hwf gnjjn honphwlkhjh ho`j~noun gnjjn }l{jlwn gnj }frwf/

7/> Bfd~ohw cn{dlohban

Jn bfd~ohw cn{dlohban rfof `{l jn }h hd}f{wlowh gHwljhl }n{ nrwnorhfon cnfc{l`hbl* f{clohuuluhfon n

o~dn{f gh }l{jlowh n rfof ghrw{hk~hwn j~ocf w~wwf jl{bf lj}hof gl nrw l fpnrw/ Jl }h o~dn{frl bfdn rh

gnwwf |~njjl gnj Rgwh{fj ho Ljwf Lghcn onjjl |~ljn h }l{jlowh n jn hrwhw~uhfoh ~``hbhljh }{nghjhcfof ho bn{wn

fbblrhfoh hj wngnrbf ljjhwljhlof bfdn }{hdl jhoc~l/ }{nrnown ~ol `f{whrrhdl rw{~ww~{l gh f{clohuuluhfoh ban

dh{l l w~wnjl{n jn ljjfcjfrrhn/

Jn ljw{n bfd~ohw wngnrban rfof5

H sljrn{* rwlouhlwh ho ]hndfown n Plj GLfrwl n f{hchol{h gnjjl Klphn{l* ch~owh ho ufol onj QHHH rnbfjfbfdn kfrblhfjh* bfrw{~wwf{h n ljjnplwf{h gljwl |~fwl/ hown{nrrlown jl rhw~luhfon jhoc~hrwhbl gh Hrrhdn

!LF( gfpn bfd~ohw `{lobf$}{fpnouljh n cn{dlohban bfoghphgfof jl |~fwhghlohw bhwwlghol n rh

dnrbfjlof loban b{nlogf c{~}}h `ldhjhl{h dhrwh* {h~rbnogf w~wwlphl l w~wnjl{n now{ldkn jn

dhof{loun/

H dbanoh gnj W{nowhof* jhdhw{f`h lj R~g Wh{fjf dl dlh gh{nwwldnown l bfowlwwf bfo |~nrwf*ghrbnognowh dholwf{h gh jhoc~l !ljwf(wngnrbl rwlouhlwhrh onj Dnghfnpf l ]lj gnj @n{rhol !WO(/ Hj jf{f

ofdn gn{hpl gl dbano `l{n !wngnrbf rwlogl{g dlbano(/


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H bhdk{h* rwlouhlwh ho g~n ufon gnj Pnonwf5 jl }{hdl ho }{fphobhl gh Pn{fol ho ~o ljwf}hlof ofwfloban bfj ofdn gh Ljwf}hlof gnh W{nghbh bfd~oh }n{ phl gnh bfd~oh ban wnd}f `l }l{jlplof jl

dhof{loul cn{dlohbl* fcch {hgfwwh l ~of !Chluul(/ Bhdk{l loban ~ol bfd~ohw gnjjLjwf}hlof gh

Lrhlcf !PH( bahldlwf }n{ jl rwnrrl {lchfon gnj }{nbngnownLjwf}hlof gnh Rnwwn bfd~oh* fcch {hgfwwh lj

rfjf [flol/

Bh rfof }fh w{n }lnrh gh f{hchon l~rw{hlbl !bl{houhlol( `{l hj Pnonwf n hj @{h~jh n rfof5 Rl}}lgl&]jfgo!KJ(* Rl~{hr&Ula{n !^G( n Bl{ohl/ Whdl~* `{luhfon gnj bfd~on gh ]lj~uul !^G( bforhgn{lwl hopnbn

~ol pn{l n }{f}{hl }{f}lcchon phrwl loban jl r~l phbholoul `hrhbl bfo jl `{fowhn{l l~rw{hlbl/

Onj @{h~jh ho`hon bh rfof ljb~oh c{~}}h cn{dlof`foh ho }{fphobhl gh ^ghon ban bfoghphgfof wngnrbf nrjfpnof* {h~rbnogf l }lg{foncchl{n loban jl pl{hnw b{lohbl gnj `{h~jlof n jhwljhlof/

7/0 Bfd~ohw jlghon

Hj jlghof ~ol pl{hnw jhoc~hrwhbl {fdloul gnjjl{nl lj}hol f{hnowljn* l``hon lj `{h~jlof n gh wh}f bforn{plwhpf/

Hj r~f ofdn* gn{hplown gl JLWHO^R* gn{hpl gl ~o hohown{{fwwl w{lghuhfon }f}fjl{n/ Jlghon rfof ljb~on

pljjlwn gfjfdhwhban rhw~lwn lwwf{of lj dlrrhbbhf gnj Rnjjl* ljw{n pljjlwn gnj W{nowhof bfdn jl plj gh Ofo n jlbhww gh Bf{whol gLd}nuuf !KJ(/ |~hogh lkklrwloul bfd}jhblwf gnjhdhwl{n bfo nrlwwnuul h bfo`hoh gnjjl{nl

jlghol ho |~lowf r}luhl ho dlohn{l lkklrwloul h{{ncfjl{n n ghdfrw{l ho ljb~oh blrh `f{wh ho`j~noun gl }l{wn gh

ljw{h ghljnwwh `{h~jloh/ Ho {h`n{hdnowf lj {n}n{wf{hf hown{nrrlown ofwl{n bfdn ljb~on bfd~ohw* rf}{lww~wwf ho

}{fphobhl gh Kfjulof* bforhgn{hof hj wngnrbf bfdn jhoc~l$wnwwf ng fcch rf{cfof }{fkjndh ho {njluhfon ljjl

b{nluhfon gh ~ol pl{hnw jlghol rwlogl{g ban gfp{nkkn w{fpl{n ~o r~f ~rf ~``hbhljn onjjn ghpn{rn pljjlwn/

7/3 Bfd~ohw rjlpn

Jn bfd~ohw gh jhoc~l rjfpnol rh w{fplof rf}{lww~wwf j~ocf hj bfo`hon bfo jl Rjfpnohl n bfowlof ~o o~dn{f

gh }l{jlowh lkklrwloul l}hf !`{l h >=/=== n cjh 1=/=== hoghphg~h(/ @lwwf b~{hfrf ban rfof }{nrnowh gh``n{noun

lkklrwloul rfrwlouhljh `{l jn ghpn{rn pl{hnw gnjjf rjfpnof n ban ho ljb~on bfd~ohw wljn dhof{loul wljdnown l{blhbl gl ofo lrrfdhcjhl{n onloban ljjf rjfpnof rwnrrf/ ]h l R~g* ho Dfjhrn* ho ljb~oh bfd~oh rh

}l{jl ~ol pl{hnw gh b{flwf* hoonrwlwf |~h gljjl }f}fjluhfon rjlpl ban onj QP rnbfjf lww{lpn{r jlg{hlwhbf }n{

`~cch{n jn hoplrhfoh w~{ban n jl bfornc~nown nr}lorhfon gnjjhrjld onh Kljbloh/

7/1 Bfd~ohw ljklonrh

Jn bfd~ohw ljklonrh rfof }{nrnowh |~lrh wfwljdnown onj Bnow{f$R~g l rnc~hwf gh ~ol pn{l n }{f}{hl

ghlr}f{l pn{rf hj [ncof gh Ol}fjh g~{lwl |~lrh w{n rnbfjh* glj |~lww{fbnowf lj rnwwnbnowf/ Bfowlogf bh{bl


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gnjjn bfjfohn gnjjl Dlcol C{nbhl* h}fwnrh {nrl lobf{ }h }{fklkhjn glj `lwwf ban onj dnghfnpf jl{nl

c{nbf`fol hobj~gnpl }{nrrfba w~wwl jl Bljlk{hl dn{hghfoljn/

7/

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