1

ugrV wRpawljZ uVj wg byiu woj

l.a WjWj qhJ hiVjq dl>z ug qhjiju

c[ij iP.qg rjvj Fp,Dy' wvJ d;v%j Wdn>cj\Fje fdhvj|

Z.V epiP VjVw ljdhW ug##epiP VjVw sj iPf WSjw[ VjijdHS u,e bjdHbj r[l rBjdHbj$$##qjdHbj dal s[ V[C V bjr[ dVi.wji sj ljdHbj ly[ FjdHbj$$

blglJWjWj t[q dl>z ug

f+wjLw

WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug q"uPsj qhJfpiL

c[ij WjWj iP.qg rjvj Fp,Dy' wvJ@ Wdn.cj mx'V ^ 0164-2741811@ 09216513139

2

lF h,w v[tw s[ ijtr[G hV m

sPug rji ^ 2010

blglJWjWj t[q dl>z ug

f+wjLw

WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug q"uPsj qhJfpiL

c[ij WjWj iP.qg rjvj Fp,Dy' wvJ@ Wdn.cj mx'V ^ 0164-2741811@ 09216513139

Ajfw ^

df+>Br{Kv146@ dH>cglB+gbv x'wv fpbjdH>B@

b>dq+ali

3

aawija[ ldhu lph[v[ epSdh bq'v[ uea RpZjiS bjH[ 11epNCj vZqp vjvp qo{ hg fieBp dobj WjWj ug Wji[ Fdr,ta WyV 15l'Hg ujS{ l'Hg fAjS{ uj wRp Vsdi dl>is[ 16Feda FeaV hP. WdV bjHg 28H[w B[w e'dr>s wg dabjeg bVp bjl 30Fdr,t Wji[ qjaj dfaj Vjv WyV 32f+F ug Wldh ljZ wg ilVj 35zi'G Wjhi dHwJa dr,y idhSj 37uh uh itdh bjdf ah ujdH tC'rSj mm 39l.a ijq dl>z ug lPLJ rjdvbJ Vjv dqvjf 40dVNiJ sg f>c'ig 44l+g b>Ddq+ali dVrjl siLV h'S[ a[ zi fhp>ySj 48zi[ dBwjSj@ dxi zi'G yv[ ujSj 53wfPiv[ fhp.ySj 55ljZ w{ l.de Vhg wAp zjv mm 58silVp F[Ba h'a dVhjv mm 58RPV[ W[sg ljdhW;js[ Vjv dqvjf 61RPV[ ljdhW a'G y,v w[ u.ev dr,y 62h'i wHg blojVJ a[ dryi w[ zi zi'G dxi Wjhi 64dH,w qplvqjV `wgi Vjv q[v 65ueiJY fgi v,Df[ Ljh w'v ba[ dHl s[ bjl[ fjl[ 70ueijrJ a'G hnPi r,v 72hnPi sg rjiaj 73lavpu s[ dwVji[ 75lavpu dwVji[ a'G WiVjv[ r,v 78WjWj ug V[ ZV"v[ fhp>yVj 81dcRpTj sprHgbj 82

4

w'iCj A.s 83dli dt>cg A.s 84duqksji a[ dw+fj wiVg 85l.a e.ej ijq Vjv dqvjf 87l.a q>cvg Vjv debjV yiyj 89dH,w sptgH[ sj s,pt sPi wiVj 92Vjq qhjaqj ba[ diZ dlZ 94dHw duqksji a[ dwifj wiVg 98Fjig af,Ddlbj wiVg 104Fea[ fhp.yVj 112dryji 113dligH[ rjv[ sg rjiaj 115w'nj epiP s[ qvPw[ sg rjiaj 117dadV s[dtbj dulp bjdf dstjH[mm u>cJ rjv[ sj dW+aJa 124y'iJ a'G ljZ 127l[rwp wgV' lsj dVhjvp mm u>cJ rjv[ a'G apiVj 131F'vP rjvj 132c[ij WjWj iPqg rjvj Fpy' wvJ 133l>a WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug q>si qphji VjVwli a'G FppKy' ljdhW a,w 134

¬¬¬

5

bisjl

sptgbj sis r.s si Rpa[@sPi'G yvw[ bjdHbj mm

si si FBw[ n'wi tjr[@dwa'G urjW Vj fjdHbj mm

wi dqhijqa bjfSg lJHg@bjfS[ yiV vejv{ mm

qJ vjvg dfY vjvj@hRp vjv[ wj ujdHbj mm

v[tw ldaVjq dl>zdf>c a[ cj! ci"vg FjHg

adhlgv q'ej@ d;v%j xigsw'B

blglJ WjWj t[q dl>z ug c[ij WjWj i.pqg rjvjr,v'G^-q"uPsj qhJfpiL WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug c[ij WjWj iP.qg rjvj

6

lqifVdHl Ziag sj qjvw bjf[@ bjf[ Wje vejdHbj mmbjf[ fjSg dihj vejRpGsj@ bjf[ xp,v dtCjdHbj mmdtC[ xp,v tLWPbJ bjHgbJ@ qdhw Rpng lF Ziag mmWpvWv W'vg F"i[ eP.uS@ lF sj qV VdLbjdHbj mm1mmdtC[ Wje dr,y qjvw W{nj@ bjfSj bjlS vjw[ mmhjui lF l[rw yiVJ dr,y@ W{n[ bsW Wuj w[ mmsjV[É sgrjVÊ a[ qlajV[Ë@ fH[ bjV.s dr,y NPqS mmh'i W[-b>a Vj deSag bjr[@ W{n[ lgl dVrj w[ mm2mmdH,w dVqjSj W.sjÌ e.sj@ Vjv epVjhj Fdibj mmVj w'Hg l[rj dlqiS uf af@ dul a'G wpN Vj ldibj mFjeJ rjv[ l[rj wi eH[@ siLV wi qV nji[ mq>sFje[ } sil Vj h'dHbj@ Vj duRpGsj sj Vj qdibj mRpl q>s[ } dqv w[ lF V[@ dH,w dH,w xp,v xCjdHbj mWjWj ug V[ upeag sl w[ epvslaj WSrjdHbj mb,e[ ug u' a[ig l{ ] a{} wg wdi s[rJ ma[ij a[i[ yiVJ b>si a{G hg dvbj itjdHbj m

1! WjWj bV.s dl>z ug wv[iJ rjv[ m 2! l.a Whjv sjl ug m 3! l.a bdy>a ijqug m 4! dHLjij v[tw r,v ] m

7

1· ldaepi f+ljdsl+g rjdhepiP ug wg xadh

1· ldaVjqp wiaj fpitp dViFRp dVir{ipbwjv qPida buPVg l{F. epi f+ljds

mm ufp mmbjds lyp upejds lyp ] Fg lyp VjVw h'lg Fg lyp mm

lv'wc.cRpda W.sV bdVw Wji liW wvj lqio mm

c'vV a[ ijthp f+DFP VjVw s[ wdi ho mm\eRpCg W^ b^ q f| \256|

dWvjrvp q^ 4hqij dyap vpFa q'dh dWdtbj Whp spiqda q{vp Fij mmapqig l[rj wdi V lwh f+F hq dwRp wdi qpeZ aij mm

q[i[ qV udf Vihi Vjqp Vihij mmuV RPfdi dwifj f+dF Zjig dqdv ldaepi fjdi fij mm1mm ihjRphqi[ dfaj njwpi f+F lpbjqg hdi s[hp qag ulp wij mmapqi{ l.de ve[ l[ RpZi[ duRp l.e wjlB v'h aij mm2mmljwa Vi h'Ag qda qdZq duV hdi hdi l[r Vj wij mma[ Vi FjehgV sphyjig YdH uVdq qpH[ dxdi qij mm3mmduV wRp apq hdi q[vhp lpbjqg a[ VjH[ l.a't epi lij mmspiqda q{vp eHg hdi Fdubj uV VjVw fjdi fij mm4mm

\799|

8

mm sl fjaLjhg q>evJ yiV mmwp.cvgbj

epi VjVw b>es epiP bqi sjl ijqsjl mml+g biupV biupV lpV' wi' lpq,a f+wjL mmwi' lpq,a f+wjl hi e'dW>s epi fPi[ mmhdi ijdH hi iPf liW idhbj FifPi[ mmdli ABg ijt dVu hjo wg dul qPit wgV' yapi mmdVu sjl ujV Wv WpZ l+g s[h hdi dw+LV lq+o epi mm

\y"fHg|l+g epiP hi e'dW>s w[ V.sV mm sjlV w[ bz Yz dVw.sV mmduV w[ Vjq dlqi lpt fjdH mm spt sdis dtV qdh dqB ujdH mmwiSj wi{ e+.o h'dH fPiV mm dWzV wv[l hi{ lF aPiV mma[e Whjsi duVw{ Vjq mm u'i hjo daV yiV f+Sjq mm

\wdWa|b>Ddq+a w[ sja[@ Wji[ lsj@ Wgi il ija[yji'G wp.B qdh uja[@ Z.V l+g slq[L ug mdWzV hiV sjl ijtI' liVepiP ajiV aiV@ ujV[ qdhqj Vj L[L ug mf>o tjvlj lujdHY@ Ziq dh>s w' WyjdHYue upvq dqBjdHY@ wgH[ wjiu drL[L ug mwi W.s[ lgl VjdH@ wi' sjl wg lhjdH

9

dsh' dWzv VljdH dHh' dWV{ uea[; ug mqhj fpit q>evj yiV

\lr{Ij|FrwÉ FrÊ W.Z dVrjiVË wRp@ udfRp duV bjn'Ì ujq hig mmdVlÍ Wjlpi ujea u'a ufg@ rdlY dis qdh ldaVjdqhig mmhdi Vjq ufa hdiVjdq FH[@ lF q{ f[tRp bdFijqÎ hig mmepSÏ dW>+s ehgi ligi ZdiRp@ ##hiVjq hig$$ hiVjq hig mms'hij ^ Vjqp ufa hiVjq dl>z FH[ iPf hdiVjqp mmu 'i hjo dli VjdHw{ wi" yiV fiVjq mm

\wdWa|drL} sj iPf ujS fPdubj l+g ijq dl>zq>V w[ WyV daV di ,Z dl ,Z fjHg ] mmdy>a ijq Whjv sjl bjts[ Ws[h WjWjbjf Fg dWs[h h 'H [ da +LVj FvjHg ] mmVjVw epiP sj iPf q>DdVbj WjW[ V.s dl>zq>V w[ WyV wgag wnV wqjHg ] mmFjrVj bZgV@ wga[ l[rw f+ZgV@ Z.V WjWj hiVjq dl>z a[igrdcbjHg ] m

1! l.lji s[ uVq qiV s[ W>ZV m 2! bn' fdhi m 3! wBS vHg m 4! hi r[v[ m5! dsV ija m 6! lp.si m 7! lji[ epSj sj zi m

10

\wdWa|l>a iPf Zjiw{ f+eB FH[ ue qdh lda iPf ldaVjq dis[ qjdh

ZjdiY mm s[ w[ Rpfs[L lF w,B a[ wv[L dVu sjlV w[ v'w f+v'ww' lrjdiY didZ dldZ hjo u'i njcg ih{ spbji b,De@[ u'Hg wh{l'Hg h'r{ Bia Vj BjdiY mmyiV wqv fi W.sVj wia sjl wdiw[ q[hi lF dWzV dVrjdiYmm

bdCvl+g hiVjq l+de.s uea qdh bqai[ msjlV dWzV dVw.s Fea Fruv hi[ mduV vgRp Rpfs[l LWs wqjdHY mh' spt sis F" dVwB Vj daVw[ bjdHY m(

lr{Ijl.aV l.e WV[ la l.eaf>ea Vjq RpyjiV wRp-duh Fje Fv[ Vi ajdh dqv[LpF ojV l' fjf dWsjiV wY-qV dHAa fjra ] dah a[q[h bjsw sPt drljiV wRp-hiVjq iPf ##hdiVjqp hig$$FH[ W'dho fji RpajiV wRp-

11

a[ ldhu lph[v[ epSdh bq'v[uea RpZjiS bjH[

b{lgbJ hlagbJ duV%J sg ugrV uqgVg Vhk ]@ RphVJ Wji[riVS dwl ai%J wgaj uj lwsj ] m duV%J q>;vJ a[ Rph fhp>y[hp>s[ hV RpV%J aw ljcg fhp.y VhgG m Rph bqv'w hlagbJ hp.sgbJhV m wpv qjvw dHVljVg Lwv Zji w[ ljc[ spt sis lpVS rjla[braji Zjis[ hV m dH,w dHVljV qhJfpit sg ajvgq@ aigx@dqLV@ bjsiL@ v'w fiv'w LwagbJ@ di,ZgbJ dl,ZgbJ Wji[dWbjV aJ wg wi lwsj ]@ RpV%J s[ wpN s[t[ uJ lpS[ w"aw hgwvqW.s wi lwsj ] m qhJfpitJ sj ugrV dvtSj bjq dHVljVgl'y \Wp,Zg| Vjv lpq[v Vhk dwRpGdw dHh aJ dsV r[v[ lPiu sgi"LVg dr,y sgfw v{ w[ apiV s[ lqjV ] m qhJfpit sg du>segl+[LB Wp,Zg s[ dryjiS a'G w'Bg bfi.-bfji ] m ljij l.lji qVsg zjB a[ l' dihj h{ m qhJfpiL dHhg wdhS bjRpGs[ hV m uje' )Rpnw[ tC[ h'r' Rpl rwa aw Vj ndhi' us a,w q>uv[ qwLPsw' Vj fjRp m

dHVljV bjrjeqV sj y,wi ujSsj h'dHbj rg bSujSWS uJsj ]@ qVp,t iPf sg h'Gs dr,y bj w[ f+q[Li dHVljV }fpwji w[ bjtsj ] dw spVgbJ bjrjeqV sj y,wi ] dHh bldoi] m f>u drwjiJ sg vjvlj dabje w[ f+FP sg LiV dr,ybjY mqhJfpit aJ e.s[ fjSg dr,y rg bjfSg AjdHbj A,c uJs[hV@ fi dHVljV ##q{G$$ dr,y tya idh>sj ] m ##qVG$$ dr,y q{vh'r[ aJ ugrV sg zCg zp>eiPbJ rJe dWti uJsg ] fi dstjHgVhk ds.sg m FerjV dqv[ej bjaqj s[ BB'vV Vjv m FerjV }

12

fjRpSj ] aJ b>ai } uejY m l,y[ dsv sg bjrj; eP.usg ] aJsgrjiJ dhvj ds>sg ] m ljZP I'e Vjv WS[ aJ l,y@ u[ wqu'iguJ ci Vjv WS[ aJ NPn m l,y } fia,t wiV rjv[ qdhvJ s[qjvw ijq } u.evJ dr,y FBwSj dfbj m f+q[Li a'G WtLg h'HgwiqI'e sg F,ng dr,y lj} lF } uvVj h'r[ej m wiqeag BvVhk lwsg@ BjvS sj f+a,t ljZV ] qhJfpit sg l.ea u' b>aiLwag } Rpujei wisg ] m W+hq debjV q>si dr,y zdCbjv@qlus dr,y dVqju wiV Vjv Vhk dqvsj ] m ujS rjv[ qpljdxivHg i'e dH,w WhjVj hp.sj ] m wiqI'e sg F,ng sg eiqg } hibjsqg V[ ldhV wiVj h'r[ej m ijq Vjq sg Lwag Vjv fjSga[ f,oi a{iV v,e uJs[ hV m

dHVljVg ligi@ iPh ba[ bjaqj sj dH,w df>uij ] m bjaqj@iPh Vpqj f>Ag df>ui[ dr,y w{s hV m f>Ag df>ui[ dry'G dVwvsj ]aJ df>uij w.Wsj ]@ f>Ag Rpc debj aJ df>uij tjvg idh debj mdHh b>ai bjaqj } uejRpS vHg qhJfpit qVp,tg ligi dr,yZiag sg w.c a[ ugrV upeag s,lS vHg bjRpGs[ hV m dHV%JqhJfpitJ dr,Dy'G dH,w qhJfpit WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug l,y sjqjie siljRpS vHg Ziag a[ qVp,tg ugrJ s[ sp,t sg FCwsgurjvj } WpNjRpS vHg braji Zji w[ bjH[ m dHV%J s[ ugrVs[ wpN w"aw wvqW>s hV m

WjWj ug sj uVq awigWV RpVgrk lsg s[ btgi dr,y dWw+qgl.qa 1870 uJ 80 \1813 uJ 1823 Hglrk| df>c qVlPirjvdibjla wfPiovj \duv%j wfPiovj| du,Do[ b,u w,v uv.Zib>Ddq+ali i[vr[ vjdHV@ dWbjl lB[LV a'G RpKai fPiW sg Vpwidr,y dTvrJ W,l b,c[ a'G da.V wp qgv s[ xjlv[ a[ ldo,a ]@ WjWjWPC dl>z ug s[ e+dh qjaj f+ZjV w"i sg wp,Dt'G h'dHbj \f[dwbJs[ zi qjaj ug sj Vjq FjVg lg| WjWj ug s[ da.V FjHg r,Dc[

13

lV m W,ej dl>z@ sl"Gsj dl>z ba[ dVZjV dl>z m WjWj ug sj Vjqqjaj dfaj V[ dVhjv dl>z i,Ddtbj lg ba[ sl"Gsj dl>z ba[ dZbjVdl>z } bjvj dl>z ba[ x,vj dl>z s[ Vjq Vjv rg fpwjis[ lV mWjWj ug s[ VjVj ug sj Vjq wjhV dl>z@ VjVg sj Vjq V.s w"ilg s' qjq[ lV r,cj qjqj qajW dl>z ba[ A'Bj epvjW dl>z m i>ZjrjVjVdwbJ sg e'a lg m VjVw[ rg i>Zjrj df>c hg lV m WjWj ugsj e'a W,v duqksjij lg m b,u w,v% rg df>c qVlPirjv da>V zihg W,v duqksjiJ s[ hV m A'Bg Rpqi dr,y qjaj ug@ WjWj ug }qlajVj wdh dw hg dubjsj WpvJs[ lV m bjq df>c s[ v'w uJhjSg ##qjsP$$ wqvj wdh>s[ hp>s[ lV dwRpGdw bjf lsj hg qlaidh>s[ lV m

bjf ug s[ r,c[ FjHg aJ dfaj ug Vjv t[agWjCg s[ w.q dr,ydh,lj v{Gs[ lV fi bjf hi lq[G ypfyjf@ duo[ W{n[ hV Rpo[ hgW{n[ idhSj m eiqg@ lisg@ Fp,t ai[h sg f+rjh Vhk lV wis[ mh'i WjvwJ rjvgbJ e,vJ@ t[cSj@ h,lSj@ i'Sj Fjr lF WyfVsgbJ e,vJ a'G dViv[f hg lV m

F'v[ Fjv[ ba[ qla h'S wiw[ dHV%J sj Whpaj dtbjv qjajug hg wdibj wis[ lV m i'Bg fjSg tpbjRpSj dHLVjV bjdsdwRpGdw bjfS[ bjf wpN Vhk wis[ lV m dH,w aJ A'B[ h'S wiw[@dl,DZ[ ljs[ h'S wiw[ qjaj ug bjf } hg Whpa dfbji wis[ lV mws[ ws[ bjfS[ lpFjb bVplji wpN W'vs[ rg lV@ fi dwl[ }lqN Vhk bjRpGsg lg m

qhJ fpit rjdhepiP s[ i>e dr,yi,aj h'dHbj ##u[aJ W'vS a[ajdebjV hp>sj ] fi>aP Rpl debjV } lqNS rjvj w'Hg drivjhg hp>sj ] m qjdHbj dr,y qla h'Hg spVgbj dHV%J e,vJ a'G W[firjhhg idh>sg ] m dHh' hg wjiS ] dw qhJfpitJ } zi dr,y idh>DdsbJhg dHl ai%J dHwJa h'S sj q"wj dqv uJsj ] m

14

Feaj wg yjv dVijvgyjvj dVijvg Feajh w[ig dWtq qjide yvSj mmvWp v'Fp bh.wji adu da=lVj Whpap Vjhg W'vSj mm

\b>e 918|dul qhJfpit sj qV dvrvgVaj dr,y ]@ dul sg lpia Vjq

dr,y ] Rpl w'v W'vS sj lqJ hg dw,Do[ ] ( W'vsj w'S ] ( wWgiug sj woV ]@

whp wWgi APAj zBp W'v{ mFdibj h'dH lp wWhp Vj c'v{ mm

\b>e 870|\e'c WjSg wWgi ug|

FjHg episjl ug s[ woV bVpljirjdhepiP epip LWsp v{dfiq dfbjvj ypdf yW'vj m

rji 1 mm fRpCg 17 mms[ woV bVplji qla bc'v hg idh>s[ lV m wpN r,cg Rpqi

h' ujS a'G Wjbs u[ dwa[ FijrJ V[ w'Hg w.q wiV vHg bjtSJaJ bjfV[ ypfyjf hg W{n[ idhSj m wHg rji aJ eiqg lisg dr,yWjhi W{n[ idhSj m dH,w rji qjaj ug V[ ija } q>u[ a[ W{n[ h'dHbJ} s[dtbj m lF zi s[ ugb lpa[ fH[ h'S wiw[ bjrju s[ w[ dwhj m

##qlajdVbJ@ aP. lp,aj Vhk ( a{} Vks Vhk bjRpGsg (b,e'G h,l w[ W'v[ ##qJ@ ljig spVgbJ lp,ag fHg ] m dwl[ }

bjfS[ bjf sg lpia Vhk ] m$$##lF qs qja[ w'Hg Vj uje$$ dHl ai%J sj WyV wis[ hp.s[

lV us'G ws[ wiVj m

15

epNCj vZqp vjvp qo{ hg fieBp dobjWjWj ug Wji[ Fdr,ta WyV

\b>e 1096|dH,w dsV bjf dH,wv[ hg drhC[ dr,y W{n[ lV m dH,w iqaj

ljZP Vei dr,y dFdtbj q>esj-q>esj zi bj debj m dul rwasirju[ b,e[ bj w[ dFdtbj v{S vHg lsj wgag@ w'Hg zi Vjh'S wiw[ Rpl } dFdtbj fjRpS vHg w'Hg Vj bjdHbj m aJ wpNdyi RpcgwS dfA'G ljZP r[hC[ dr,y bj debj m b,e[ bjf q>ugRpa[ W{n[ lV m RpV%J l.aJ V[ bjf ug } dH,w s' rjig WpvjdHbjfi bjf ug V[ us'G l.aJ r,v a,Ddwbj aJ Rph qhjaqj Rpl[ r[v[uqgV a[ W{n eH[ m y.eg ai%J ligi s[ dy>V% y,wi h,oJ ba[ f{iJsgbJ i[tj s[ dVLjV s[tS ve fH[ m Rpl[ r[v[ qjaj ug bj eH[ mr[dtbj dw l.a uqgV a[ W{n[ hV ba[ q[ij vCwj q>u[ Rpa[ W{nj] m A[ag WjWj ug s[ w'v bj w[ wdhS veg@ ##r[ qlajdVbj@l.a uqgV a[ W{n[ hV a[ aP. q>u[ Rpa[ W{nj ] m$$ WJh xC w[ h[nJdWnjV veg m bjf V[ aJ w'Hg RpKai Vhk ds,aj fi qhjaqJ V[fpdAbj ##qjaj dHh Wjvw a[ij ] ($$ qjaj V[ ##hJ$$ dr,y RpKaids,aj ba[ s,Ddlbj dw dHh qla duhj idh>sj ] m dwl[ Vjv W'vsjyjvsj Vhk m tjS fgS sg rg w'Hg dy>aj dxwi Vhg wisj mb,e'G l.aJ V[ s,Ddlbj qjaj dHl sg WjWa w'Hg dy>aj dxwi Vjwi m dHh aJ w'Hg r,cg wqjHg rjvj fpit ] m dHl } wqvj VjlqNk@ dHh spdVbjrg W,DdybJ riej W,yj Vhk ] m dxi qhjaqjW'v[ b,Aj qjaj aP. dHw e,v sl@ ##a{G dwa[ dHl } bjq W,DdybJ

16

rJe i'Gs[@ h,ls[ s[dtbj ] dur[G dw W,y[ sj lp,a[ hg lpFj hp.sj ] m$$qjaj V[ dwhj ##ug Vhk$$ m dxi qhjaqJ wdhS v,e[ ##dHo'G hg lFwpN lqN v{ m blk NPn Vhk W'vs[ m m u' dHh bjfSg tpLg VjvwiV@ wig ujS dsY m dHh RpKyg wqjHg rjv[ qhJfpit hV m blkaJ dHV%J sj siLV wiw[ dw+ajo h' eH[ hJ m$$ dHRp WyV wiw[l.a RpKnS v,e[ aJ qjaj ug V[ dwhj W{n' ##f+Ljsj A,w w[ ujdHRp$$dxi l.a ug f=Ljsj A,w w[@ dHaV[ WyV wis[ h'H[ yv[ eH[ m

l'Hg ujS{ l'Hg fAjS{ uj wRp Vsdi dl>is[dHh Rph lqJ lg dul lq[G dH,w Rpsjlg a[ ljZP l.f+sjrJ

epiqda sj f+yji epiWjSg wgiaV@ woj ijhk lji[ Fjia dr,ydxi w[ oJ fi oJ epiP VjVw s[ dqLV sj f+yji wis[ lV a[@sPli[ lV dViqv[ m dHh s'r[G fhgH[ hp.s[ hV m s'r[G fhgbJ s[drywji dH,w Zpij hp.sj ] m s'r[G fhgH[ dH,w Zpi[ dr,y v,e[ h'H[ r,cga'G r,cg q>Dduv adh wiw[ du,Do[ ujSj h'r[ qpljxiJ } fhp.yj lws[hV m dHl[ ai%J Rpsjlg a[ dViqv[ l.a lV m hi dH,w f+jSg qja+} s[L f+s[L dry dryi w[ VeiJ ba[ LdhiJ dr,y epi LWs sjRpfs[L b>Ddq+afjV wijRpGs[ lV m dHV%J s'r[G l.f+sjrJ s[ df>cJ dr,yc[i[ rg WS[ hp.s[ lV m dHV%J c[dibJ dry rg woj wgiaV@ fjnba[ epi dHdahjl sg fPig fC%jHg wijHg uJsg lg m dHl fC+jHgs[ lq[G l.ld*a@ dWiu FjLj ba[ h'i bV[w f+wji s[ q,aJ s[ e+.org drdsbjiogbJ } fC%jMs[ hp.s[ lV m

dHh drdsbjiog drdsbj fC%V lq[G l[rj ba[ dlqiV sgiphjVg tpijw rg f+jfa wis[ lV m dHh qhJfpit RpKyg lp,yg wiVg@wqjHg rjv[ hp.s[ lV m dHV%J sg l.ea dr,y idh w[ drdsbjiogrg RPy[ ugrV rjv[ h' uJs[ lV m

17

##drdsbj rgyjig aJ fiRpfwjig$$\b>e 356|

rjvg e,v aJ dHV%J qhjaqj a[ fPig Tp,wsg lg m qhJfpitslr[G fjaLjh ug s[ lq[G epiP s[ hpwq Vjv dl,tg f+yji rjv[ fjl[v,e[ lV m wHg slr[ fjaLjh s[ h;Pig dl,tJ ba[ epiP w[ hpwqbVplji dHl fjl[ v,e[ lV m wHg slr[ fjaLjh a'G fdhv[ ldaepiJs[ lq[G Vjv l.W.Z i,ts[ lV m wHg aJ iqa[ dxi api w[ df>cj dr,yf+yji wis[ lV a[ wHgbJ s[ c[i[ df>cJ dr,y lV m l' b{l[ epidl,tqhJfpit bjadqw ugrV rjv[ W[f+rjh a[ ##W[ei; W[firjh lsji.de hi w{$$ idhS rjv[ hp>s[ lV m dHV%J qhJfpitJ sg l.ea dr,yidh w[ w'Hg Vj w'Hg drdsbjiog epiqp,t ugrV rjvj f{sj h' uJsjlg a[ dHV%J blojVJ } l.Fjv w[ b,e[ a'G b,e[ yvjHg uJs[ lV msgr[ a'G sgrj ueS rjvg dqljv lg m wHg qhJfpit q>cvgbJijhk dxi apiw[ dHh' f+yji ujig i,ts[ lV m dHV%J drdsbjiogbJ} v.ei dry'G f+Ljsj a[ aV TwS } wfCj dqv ujS wiw[ eigWa'G eigW zi sj drdsbjiog rg ##l.aV wj sjVj iPtJ l' liWdVZjV$$ tj w[ f[B Fi v{Gsj lg ba[ ##Fea uVJ wj vPeij RpTVeV Vj h'Hg bVplji ligi T,w v{Gsj lg m lWi Lpwi dr,y idhw[ drdsbj bdFbjl l[rj dlqiV dr,y v,e w[ hi f,t a'G fPiVh' uJs[ lV m dHl[ ai%J s'r[ hg l.f+sjrJ Fjr[G c[i[sji lg@ Fjr[Gdxi apiw[ q>cvgbJ ijhk drdsbj fC%jRpS rjv[ RpV%J sj dHw'hg q>ar-qpt lg dw r,Z a'G r,Z f+jSgbJ } Vjq WjSg s[ vCvjdHbj ujr[ m dHh s'r[G hg l.f+sjrJ epiP ziJ Vjv ePC%j lW.Zi,tsgbj hV m ldaepiP VjVw s[r ug s[ r,c[ ljdhW;js[ WjWj l+gy.s ug h'H[ hV m RpV%J V[ rg s[LJ f+s[LJ dr,y epiP Vjq LWs l'hvjlpSjdHbj m Fjr[G bjf ligiw a"i a[ baga ih[ dxi rg lji[ldaepiJ Vjv q[v dqvjf dihj ba[ lji[ ldaepiP dHV%J sj bsWldawji wis[ ih[ m WjWj l+g y.s ug V[ bjfS[ b>a lq[G dr,y dur[G

18

dw epi f+ajf lPiu dr,y dvdtbj ] dw epiP hi e'dW>s ljdhWa'G bjf V[ fp,DdAbj dw aphjc[ dwaV[ ljdhWujs[ hV aJ huPi V[dwhj dw f>u hV m dH,w f+v'w eqV wi debj ba[ yji WjwghV m dxi WjWj l+g y.s V[ fpdAbj ##WjW[ dwbJ } dwhCj fp,ais[Sj ]( aJ ldaepiJ V[ WyV wgaj ##dw lji[ hg WjW[ w[ hV m$$aJ WjWj l+g y.s ug V[ dwhj dw r,cj ldhW;jsj Fjr dB,wj lj}s[ dsY m Rpl lq[G ldaepiP ug Vjv yji fp,ai q"ups lV m WjWjepids,aj q,v fdhv[@ WjWj lPiu q,v sPu[@ WjWj bSg ijH[ agu[a[ WjWj a[e Whjsi y"o[ m ba[ A[r[G fjaLjh V[ WjWj epids,ajq,v } dHLjij wiw[ WjWj l+g y.s ug s[ be[ q,oj dB,,wj ds,aj mWjWj l+g y.s V[ bjfS[ bjlS a[ dWnj w[ bjfSg l%[vg a[ B'fgW?L w[ WyV wgaj ##WjWj epids,aj sgV spVg sj dB,wj@ ##l'Tgzi sj wgbj lpvajV dHl upeag Vjv WjWj l+g y.s ug V[ bjfSgl.f+sj lsj vHg bjfS[ dfaj epiP VjVw s[ q,a Vjv dqvj ds,ag mb,e'G WjWj epids,aj q,v ug s[ yji l[rw h'H[ L+g WjvP hlVj ug@l+g hixPv ug@ l+g e'sj ug ba[ y"o[ l+g bvqla ug m f+dl,Z VjqdHV%J s[ dHh lV m

Rpsjlg l.f+sj s[ qhJ fpit Vjq u.a+ fdhvg fRpCg\qPvq.ai|1· ldaVjqp wiaj fpit!!!!!!!!!!!! hg ufV rjla[ ds>s[ lV mus'G qp,T hg dH,w WS debj dxi xiw wg idh debj m ligiw dy>VaJ Fjr[G rti[-rti[ WS eH[ dHl Vjv w'Hg xiw Vhk f{Gsj mRps'G a'G hg r,c[-r,c[ epi ZjqJ sg l[rJ l.Fjv Rpsjlg qhjfpit hgwis[ ih[ m

dViqv f>o s[ Wji[ FjHg episjl ljdhW ug V[ dvdtbj ]qjdibj dl,wj ueda drdy VjVw dViqv f>op yvjdHbj m slr[GfjaLjh V[ liW v'h e+.o dr,y dViqv f>op s[ WjWa Whpa riVSwgaj ] m

19

hpS ##f>o f+wjL$$ dr,Dy'G dViqv f>o Wji[ wpN VqPVjdebjVg debjV dl>z ug sg dvta bVplji dViqv f>o sg

Rpafag epiP VjVw s[ lq[G a'G h'Hg ] ba[ debjVg debjV dl>zug V[ FjHg episjl sg dHl fRpCg a'G bji>F wgaj ] m

dxdi WjWj bjdHbj wiajifpi F[tp Rpsjlg@ lev Rpajijfdhdi l.ljig wfC[ q>ug W{dn wgbj brajij mm

\rji@ fRpCg 38|Rph Rpsjlg F[t Fjr Fer[G Wla+ duV%J dl,tJ } WtLl h'Hg

Rph dl,t dViqv[ whjRpS v,e[ mba[ bjds epiP l+g epiP VjVw s[r ug a'G v{ w[ slq fjaLjh

a,w fpla'G fpLag Vjv ih[ l[rj dlqiV wis[ ih[ lq[G bVplji dulai%J dl,t l.eaJ sg ldaepiJ rv'G fit hp>sg ihg@ dHh rg lq[Glq[G wlr,BgbJ RpKa[ fit[ uJs[ b"i fPi[ Rpais[ ih[ m ldaepiJsgbJ tpLgbJ f+jfa wis[ ih[ m

dH,w dsV wi dadV qaj wijij m FjHg y.sV vPdBY qjij mdul rwa slq fjaLjh } faj vdebj hpwq s[ w[ Rph lji[

hg xC vH[ m dxi FjHg y.sV } l,sw[ fpdAbj dw y.sV dHV%J }wg luj s[HgH[ y.sV V[ h,o u'C w[ W[Vag wgag eigW dVrju ug m

qji{ ijt{ H[w' bjdf m qjVpt w{ dwAp Vjhg hjdo mmdHl a'G ljWa hp.sj ] dViqv fs ldaepi V[ dw>Vg bjaqw

RpyajHg rjv[ dl,tj f=ag RpyjiV wgaj ] ##agug WtLl$$ Rps'Gh'Hg us'G fjRpGB[ ljdhW drt[ f>u dl,t #izpVjo$ f>Ddca w'v fC%VvHg F[u[ m RplV[ dl,tJ sg uja fp,A w[ fC%jRpS a'G dHVwji wids,aj m dxi ldaepi ug V[ f>ca } fp,DdAbj m f>Ddca s[ dxi fCjRpSrv'G dHVwji wiV Rpa[ epiP wj WyV h'dHbj duhCj ##lW+ v'he+.o$$ dr,y si; ] m

epiP ug V[ WyV wgaj h[ f>ca q{G dHV%j dl,tJ } y"sj f+wji

20

sg drdsbj WtLg ] m y"sj v'w sg drdsbj dHV%J } WtLg ] mh[ f>ca ug lpS' duV%J } aP. LPs+ dwhj@ W+jhqS v'w dHVJ a'Gdrdsbj fdC%bj wiVe[ m Rpl a'G Wjbs RpV%J f>uJ dl,tJ } l,sw[ hpwq wgaj fpV ldaepi f>u dl,t WpvjH[ m wdhY fC' apq wjLgujH[ m fpV dltV wi u'i lpVjrj m adh Fg wW hq aHg fCjrj mWlPVlpwv dft ujag lpV w[ m dsu Vj fC%jr[ LPs+ epV w{ m

dl,tJ V[ W[Vag wgag ug Fer[G Wla+ dwl ai%J aj ldaepiV[ WyV wgaj m

Wlv wtjdH Zi[ epi bjds m vt didtbjV wj r[l bVjs{ mmfhp>y[ wjlgfpig q+Nji m y[aV qB@ q{ ih[ dWyji m ujS vdebj

ldaepi V[ blgl ds,ag Rphg fplaw ejadibJ dr,y fjw[ Fer[Gi>e s[ Wla+ fdhVjw[ \devagbJ| s[ w[ Fi[ siWji dHRp WyVwgaj m

##ujRp q[i[ fpai'@ aphjcg fjvSj bjf bwjv fpit wi{ m q{GlF ZV fsjio aphjo'G wpiWjV wisj hJ m wjq bjswJ sj dabjewiw[ hi ai%J s[ iLJ wlJ } A,c w[ hdi iptg i'Bg tjdH lqjv[$$w[ woV bVplji ##sir[lJ V' v'Cgb{ iptj sg ugiJs m$$ A,figbJdr,y W{n w[ lqJ Waga wiVj m lhg bioJ dr,y blvg l.dVbjlgba[ W{ijeg w"S ] aplk dH,w VqPVj f[L wiVj ] m l.lji dr,y lFbjL+qJ rjv[ aphjcj ugrV r[t w[ dldtbj fijfa wiV m drsrjVaJ l.lji dr,y WC[ hV@ dVij fdCbj hg dwl[ w.q Vhk@ dwRpG(fdCbj qPit bjtgb{ dulp vWp v'Fp bh>wjij us'G aplk dHl ai%Js[ bjaqw ugrV rjv[ h' ujRpe[ aJ dxi aphjcj y.s+qj ba[ lPiuVjv'G Fg RpKyj qiaWj h' ujH[ej m l' dHl aiJ blglJ s[ w[ ueaepiP slq[l ug V[ WVjil fC%V vHg z,Dv[ m dul r[v[ dHh dl,tWVjil a'G fC%w[ bjH[ dxi dHV%J } bdq+>a fjV wijw[ #e>cj dl>z$#wiq dl>z$ #l{Sj dl>z$ #Wgi dl>z$ #ijq dl>z$ bjdsw Vjq it

21

ds,a[ m dH,w lq[G bV.sfpi dr,y wCjh f+Ljs sg s[e wiw[ hpwqds,aj ##dw vpB vr' )$$ da>V rji f+Ljs wiw[ da>V rji hg vpBv{S sj hpwq ds,aj m duhC[ dl>z da>V rji Vhk Rpn[@ RpV%J sgqV' brloj r[t w[ f+l.V h' w[ WyV wgaj m

##f>o dViqvj H[h qqyjv{ m fPuVgw lF h[a dWljv[ mdH>DRPG Wi s[ epiP A.s Rpyji[ m liW v'hq{ v[hp dVhji[ mm

\f>o f+wjL|dHl lq[G duhC[ dl>z vp,BS vHg Vhk Rpn[@ ljig l.ea dr,y

13 \a[ij| dl,t lV m #wiq dl>z$ #Ziq dl>z$ #e,uj dl>z$ #Z.Vjdl>z$ #y.sV dl>z$ #q>Vj dl>z$ N.cj dl>z vtWgi dl>z m dHV%Jdl>z } slq[l ug V[ ##dViqv[$$ wdh w[ l.W.ZV wgaj m Rpl a'GRpfi>a dH,w dsV aCw[ ldaepiJ V[ lF dl,tJ dr,y uj w[ epfaiPf dr,y fCajv wgag wHg dl>z lpa[ fH[@ wHg l.ljig e,vJ WjaJwi ih[ lV m u' epidl,t Vjq uf ih[ lV RpV%J } dViqv[ dl,tbjt w[ dVrjdubj m dH,w rji epiP w[ siWji hpwq bVplji F.cJV[ w'Hg dL>eji il Fjr qV } vpF'S rjvg Vwv wgag m duV%Jdl>zJ s[ qV Vj Fiq[G RpV%J } dViqv[ l.a bjt w[ l.W'ZV wgaj mdH,w rji slq fjaLjh ug V[ sgrjV dr,y ljig l.ea } hpwqwgaj ##q>e' wg q>es[ h'$$ \f>o f+wjL debjV dl>z|

duV%J } ldaepiJ V[ dViqv[ fs WtdLbj RpVJ sg dHhbjaqw brloj lg m

bW aW brip V qjeRp hdi fdhVjqp dVi>uV sgu{ dfbjdi mmVjVw yjda+w b>Ddq+a uvp qje{hdi ulp sgu{ dwifj Zjdi mm

epuig q^ 1dHo[ dH,w h'i f+l.e dvtSj ngw hg h'r[ej dw dH,w rji lW+

RpfqJ I'e l+g 108 WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ l.ea W{ng

22

h'Hg a'G l+g WjWj bjV.s dl>z ug } WyV wgaj #ditg ug wpN q>evY ($ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ h,o u'C w[ WyV wgaj dw #epis[rq{} aJ dWVJ q>eS a'G hg lF wpN dqv debj ] u[ s[Sj hg ] aJ

hqji{ H[h dwifj wgu{ mm bdv qwi.s yiV wqv dlRpG mmqVp x[di x[di igN{ mm1mm ihjRp mmbjV uvj dlRp wjup V wApb{ hdi W.Ps yjda+w wRp sgu{ mmdWVp dqvW[ Vjhg l.a'tj f[dt silVp VjVwp ugu{ m

wdvbjS q^ 5!1629dxi sPug rji WyV h'dHbj #wpN h'i q>e vY$ m sPug rjig

rg h,o u'C w[ dHh' hg W[Vag wgag m fi aglig rji dxi hpwqh'dHbj #Vhk$@ uiPi q>e' m aglij WyV ]@ tjvg Vj ujr[ m aJ dxih,o u'C w[ W[Vag wgag dw ##eigW dVrju da>Vj v'wJ dr,y lPHgs[ V,w[ duV%k ygu RpKa[ rg q[ig q[i Vj h'r[ m u[ q{G dwl[ rg yg;Rpa[ q[i wiJ aJ q{} epi dl,tg a'G tjiu wi s[Sj m$$

uj wRp bjdHY H[wp ilj mtjV fjV bjV Vhk tpdZbj aj w{ dyda V Wlj mm ihjRp mm

b>e 672Wjwg f+l.e aJ dwl[ oJ dli ds,aj ujH[ej l' dHh ] fPiV

fpitJ sg q[hw lswj qV sg brloj mdLr dWi.y bip dH>s+ v'w aj qdh uva" dxdibj mmdlqdi dlqdi lpbjqg FH[ lgav sPt sisp F+qp dhdibj mm

\lj! q! f| 1219h[ biuV W+hq v'w a'G v{ w[ duaV[ v'w@ fpViJriag lpFj

rjv[ hV@ Fjr u' v'w fp>V wiw[ dHV%J sg f+jfag wis[ hV@ fp>Vtaq h' ujS Wjs Rpo[ idh Vhk lws[ m

dH>s+ v'w dlr v'wdh u{W' mm YA[ af wdi Wjhpdi b{W' mmZVjlig F^ wWgi 69

23

fi dHl } Rphg lqNs[ hV duV%J } dHh il bjdHbj ] mdul } bjdHbj hg Vhk Rph wg ujS[ b,u s[ qVp,t } il bjdHbj] l'V[ sj@ yJsg sj@ drwjiJ sj@ dV.dsbj sj@ ypevg sj@ dsVija dHV%J } F'esj ] b"i h'i Vr[G Vr[G il v{S s[ Rpsq wisjidh>sj ] m

ilp lpdHVj ilp ipfj wjqdS ilp fiqv wg rjlp mmilp z'C[ ilp l[uj q>si ilp qgnj ilp qjlp mmH[a[ il ligi w[ w{ zdB Vjq dVrjlp mm

dligije q 115WjWj ug sg A'Bg Rpqi lq[G dH,w l.a q>cvg WjWj ug s[ uVq

Vei df>c qVlPirjv bjHg m Vei rv'G ug bjdHbj bjtS a'GWjbs l.zSg dW+AJ sg AJ h[n c[ij vj ds,aj m Vei dry'G sp,Z@b>V fjSg v'C bVplji fhp.y debj ba[ lF V[ A,w dvbj m i'us[ dV,a V[q bVplji s' r[v[ woj wgiaV sj f'+eijq hp.sj lg mRpl[ ai%J dHl[ df>c qVlPirjv rg h'dHbj m Vei sg l.ea wojwgiaV lpVS vHg eHg m WjWj ug s[ qjaj dfaj rg eH[ bjfS[dfaj Vjv RpGev xC w[ bjf rg yv[ eH[ m l.ea s[ fhp.yS a'GWjbs woj wgiaV bi>F h' debj m Wjbs dr,y dHl q>cvg s[fPuVgw qhjaqj rg l.ea dr,y bj w[ W{n eH[ m l.ea V[ l.aJ} bsW Vjv Vqlwji wgag m ba[ l.aJ V[ l.eaJ } Vqlwjiwgag ba[ W{n eH[ ba[ qhjaqj s[ Vusgw hg WjWj ug bjfS[dfaj ug sg e's dr,y W{n[ h'H[ lV m wgiaV s[ F'e a'G Wjbsqhjaqj ug V[ woj bji>F wgag m Rpl r[v[ RpV%J V[ ljig l.ear,v s[dtbj ba[ WjWj ug s[ dfaj V[C[ W{n[ h'S wiw[ WjWj ugr,v VgN vj w[ s[dtbj ba[ dxi woj bji>F wi dsag m woj wis[wHg rjig WjWj ug r,v s[ts[ ih[ fi bjf dur[G qp,T a'G bj w[l.ea dr,y W{n[ lV btgi a,w Rpl[ ai%J qla hjva dr,y W{n[ih[ m woj sg lqjfag dfA'G l.aJ V[ w'v W{n[ dH,w l[rw } dHLjij

24

wiw[ l,s dvbj a[ WjWj ug s[ dfaj ug } WpvjS vHg dwhj mdul rwa WjWj WPC dl>z ug l.aJ fjl eH[ aJ Vqlwji wiw[W{n eH[ aJ bjf rg w'v W{n eH[ aJ l.aJ V[ fpdAbj dw FjHgdl,tJ wg Vjq ] m bjf ug s[ dfaj ug V[ bjfSj Vjq sl ds,ajaJ dxi wdhS v,e[ dHh Wjvw a[ij ] aJ b,e'G hJ dr,y wdhSa'G Wjs bjf ug sj Vjq fpdAbj m dfaj ug V[ sdlbj dw blkVjq aJ #dVhjv$ idtbj ] fi dl,Zj ljZj h'S wiw[ blk dHl} qlajVJ wdh w[ WpvJs[ hJ m aJ l.a ypf wi eH[ m WjWj ugs[ dfaj V[ fpdAbj dw qhjiju wg e,v ]@ wpN sl' aJ lhg@ aJqhjaqj W'v[ lpS v{ FjHg@ aplk W[Lw qlajVj wh' uJ h'i wpA@fi ljcg lqN bVplji dHh lZjiV Wjvw Vhk m dHl rwa Wjvbrloj h'S wiw[ aplg dwl[ dViS[ a[ Vhk fhp>y lws[ m lqN bjlwSg qpLwv ] us'G sj dHh a[i[ Vjv bjdHbj ]@ dHl V[ w'Hgb>e Vhk dhvjdHbj m be'G dfaj V[ dwhj dw dHh aJ zi dryrg dHl[ ai%J hg idh>sj ] m eiqg@ lisg@ Vks@ Fp,t sg w'Hg f+rjhVhk wisj m l.aJ V[ dwhj dw u' blk a{} sdlbj ] ngw hg ] mu[ w'Hg W,yj dl,Zj ljZj h'r[ aJ Rpl} eiqg lisg aJ vesg ] mW'v[ a'G dWVJ aJ Rph rg Vhk idh lwsj m u' aplk b>sjuj vejRpGs[h'@ Rph eva ] m dHl ai%J sgbJ l'yJ dryji A,c dsY m duo[dHV%J sg dW+ag dBwg ] dB,wg idhS dsY m aphjc[ rv'G w'Hg b{lge,v Vj h'r[ dul wiw[ dHV%J s[ qV } w'Hg t'F h'r[ m lqJ bjH[ejdHh Rpy w'Bg s[ qhJfpit h'Se[ ligiw sptJ lptJ dr,y dHV%J sgdya dW+ag Vhk ] m dHh dwl[ driv[ qhJfpit sg bV.sqHgdrrloj hp>sg ] m fi RpV%J sg fdhyjV rg dwl[ driv[ } hp>sg] m FjHg V.s vjv ljdhW V[ sdlbj ] ^-

f+[qg WjN'G Iji vWJ sg w'Hg wsi wg ujS[-l' dlbjS[ mmdH,w IjwPa lpy[ sg wgqa u"hig b,t fAjS[ h' wpiWjS[ mm

25

dHl wiw[ dHV%J sg Wjvw brloj ] bu[ dHr[G hg idhSe[ mdHV%J sg lpia Whpa RpKyg ] m dxi qhjaqj wdhS v,e[ dlqiVwiV rjv[ } lF a'G fdhvJ ligi sg ljZVj rjv[ } y"GwCg qjiw[ W{nSj ;iPig ] m Fjr u' y"GwCg qji w[ W{n Vhk lwsj Rplsg lpia Vhk dHwjei h' lwsg m lpiag dHwjei dWVJ Vks Fp,teiqg lisg ligiw v'CJ rv'G W[f+rjh Vhk h'dHbj uJsj mr,cgbJ-r,cgbJ wnV ljZVJ wiw[ dHh brloj WSsg ] m Rphrg dwl[ driv[ sg ] hi dH,w sg Vhk m duhC[ siejhg qhJfpithp.s[ hV RphVJ } dHh WtdLLJ lp,a[ dl,Z hg f+jfa h' uJsgbJhV m dHV%J sg fpiWv[ uVqJ sg f+Wv wqjHg h'S wiw[ dHh WhpaRpKy[ hV m h'i dHh l.ljig dila[sjig q'h qjdHbj s[ u.ujv a' rgGWhpa Rpy[ hV m

l' dfbjdibj@ aP. ZV ] m dHV%J sg qjaj rg Z.V ] m Veirg Z.V h' dul Vei dr,y dHV%J V[ uVq Zjdibj m dHV%J s[ siLVwiw[ blk rg Z.V h' eH[ m aJ dxi RpV%J V[ idrsjl ug sj dH,wLWs fC w[ lpSjdHbj m

ijh kul swDu bYsnO hoie ] brn Abrn rMku nhI eIsuru ibmlbwsu jwnIAY jig soie ]1] rhwau ] bRhmn bYs sUd Aru K´qRIfom cMfwr mlyC mn soie ] hoie punIq BgvMq Bjn qy Awpuqwir qwry kul doie ]1] DMin su gwau DMin so Twau DMin punIqkutMb sB loie ] ijin pIAw swr rsu qjy Awn rs hoie rsmgn fwry ibKu Koie ]2] pMifq sUr CqRpiq rwjw Bgqbrwbir Aauru n koie ] jYsy purYn pwq rhY jl smIp Binrivdws jnmy jig Eie ]3]

dW!Wj!i! \858|\lw.s fpijSj|

dHl ai%J WyV wiw[ qhjaqj ypf h' eH[ m Rpl a'G Wjs l.a

q>cvg wHg dsV Vei dr,y ihg ba[ Rph qhjaqj WjWj ug sj

26

siLV hi i'u bjfS[ w'v l,s w[ wis[ ba[ ldawji wis[ ih[ ml.ljig W.sJ aJ bjfS[ wiq Av F'eS vHg l.lji dr,y bjRpGsj] a[ ws[ sptg ws[ lptg idh>sj ] m

Ajw BogMq kMd mUlµ bsMqy smIip kyhrh ]qqRgqy sMswrh nwnk sog hrKM ibAwpqy ]41]

\l!dw+!q!f!b>e 1357|dHl lv'w dr,y f>ur[G fjaLjh V[ W.s[ sg uVq a'G v{ w[ btgi

a,w hjva s,lg ] m b,u wdh>s[ hV Wwig } m dur[G Wwig wgqaga'G wgqag xv tJsg h'Hg rg awCg Vhk h' lwsg@ us'G Rpl sjdBwjSj W,Wi L[i w'v h'r[ m us'G L[i } s[t[eg Rpl sj tPV ciVjv lp,w ujr[ej m dHl[ ai%J l.lji sg ea[ Fjr hjva ] dHl} dy>aj dxwi hi r[v[ v,e[ idh>s[ hV bqgi a'G bqgi W.s[ rvr[t[@ r[tS } lptg ]@ fi@ us'G b>si'G x'v w[ s[t'G aJ faj vesj] dHl riej sptg hg w'Hg Vhk m

sgl isRldt ko rwjw duKIAw (gRpCg.suKmnI m.p)lpt w[rv Vjq dr,y ] Vjq ufS rjdvbj } ldaepiJ V[

l.a bjdtbj ] u' Vjq } ufsj ] Rpl s[ wiq dViqv[ h'S mmdUK rog ibnsy BY Brm ] swD nwm inrml qw ky krm ]

g.su.m.5

RpV%J sj dfbji ] dVidHAa w[rv ufSj a[ ufg hg ujSj mw'Hg f+aga rjvj \dfbji rjvj| hg uf lwsj ] m

Vj WPs h[y dVLJ hJ bjlqjV'G duqg mmdw l' dw iPdH a[ brpis sj as'G Vjq dVljV Vj bjhj mmdf+org ba[ bwjL sj as'G Vjq dVljV Vj bjhj mmdlw a[i[ dssji sg lj} qlaw bjV dVrjdHbj mm

\du>seg Vjqj|dHl dfbji } dfbji wiV rjv[ hg lqN lws[ hV m Lql

aWi[u rie[ qla x,wi rg wpN dHr[G hg bjts[ hV m bjsl vj

27

WPs' qV WPsq m qV bjLdw s[ig Vj bq mmus'G WjWj bjsq b>qj hrj bjsw w'Hg Vhk lg fi.aP Rpl

r[v[ q{G rg q"uPsj lJ ba[ q[ij tpsj rg q"uPs lg h[ tpsj q{G a[ijf+[qg hJ m dwl[ h'i drdsrjV V[ rg dHl blvgba } sdlbj ] m

Vj WPds VwdL s' bjsq dw i>Dde Rpvxa WPs muqjVj aidh qph,Wa V Hg uqJ b>s[ta mus'G s'hJ uhjVj sj w'Hg Vjq dVLjV Vhk lg fi Rps'G rg

dfbji i>e lg@ dfbji q"uPs lg m dfbji dHl lq[G Vhk@ dHh WhpafpijSj ] m wWgi ug V[ rg dwhj ]^

pUrb jnm hm qum@ry syvk Ab qau imitAw n jweI ]\b>e 1469|

i,W sj dfbjij r[tS } aJ spVgbJ b>si rl[ mb>si'G Rpl sg veV lJHg dr,y Rpl } r[t drel[ mm

\du>seg Vjqj|qhJfpit bJRps[ hV liW,a s[ Fv[ vHg ba[ liW,a } ugb

sjV s[Sj hg RpV%J sj w.q hp>sj ] ml.a lJHg s[ ue dr,y bjH[ daV Z.V uS[sg qjH[duVj Fpdvbj iJh iWjSj da>Vj qjie fjH[

\d;>seg Vjqj|qhJfpitJ s[ siLV wiw[ aV qV lJa h' uJsj ] qV dr,y

dlqiV wiV sj yjb f{sj hp>sj ] m lhg bioJ dr,y liW,a sj FvjVjq ilgH[@ ljHk i>e dry ia[ w'Hg driv[ epiqpt uV hg wis[ hV m

bRpeS ldF dqBjdH w{ fiRpfwjip wi[dHeRpCg!qjN!qhvj f!

28

Feda FeaV hP. WdV bjHgus'G bjf ug sg Rpqi 10 wp ljv s[ veFe h'Hg aJ dH,w

dsV WjWj ug s[ dfaj V[ dwhj ##qlajdVbJ@ aP. zi s[ fLP yjidvbjdHbj wi m$$ bev[ dsV lr[i[ df>c s[ qp>c[ l,s w[ RpV%J Vjvq,NJ yjiV vHg a'i ds,aj a[ i'Bg Vjv W.V% w[ s[ ds,ag m zi s[fLP qPhi[ vj ds,a[ m bjf fLPbJ s[ qei h' api[ m Wjhi uj w[ fLPaJ yiV ve fH[@ Vjv s[ hjSg qp>c[ t[cS ve fH[ ba[ WjWjug } qp>DdcbJ V[ dwhj dw aP. fLPbJ sj dtbjv itk m us'G ljogt[cS dr,y qla h' eH[ aJ V[C[ dHw wqjs sj t[a lg m bjfRpl dr,y rC w[ W{n eH[ m bjf ug V[ sdlbj ##blk l'dybj dwb,u e,v qpwj s[HgH[ m qpC w[ w'Hg w.q } wh[ hg Vj m$$ t[c dr,yv,e[ ljogbJ V[ rg w'Hg dZbjV VJ ds,aj m h"vg-h"vg fLP rg lji[dHZi RpZi dt>c eH[ m dul r[v[ w'Hg rg fLP Rpo[ Vj dsdlbj aJljog qp>DdcbJ V[ dVejh qjig aJ bjf rg V;i Vj bjH[ m fdhvJfLPbJ sg Fjv wgag m fLP v,FS a'G Wjs bjf } v,FS ve[ mus'G Vj dqv[ aJ zi[ bjw[ sl ds,aj ##qlajVj$$ Vhk vdFbj mfaj Vhk dwo[ yvj debj ] ( dxi zi s[ dxwiq>s h' w[ v,e[FjvS m h{ijV rg h'H[ dw dwZi yvj debj m ci rg Whpa ve[ mRpl lq[G bWjsg zB lg m u.ev Whpa lg m WdzbjC bjds qjit'i[ ujVri Whpa deSag dr,y hp>s[ lV m fLPbJ ba[ W,DdybJ sjVpwljV wis[ lV m duhC[ qjv yjiV rjv[ ljog lV RpV%J }fpdAbJ aplk dwl oJ t[cS ve[ lg m Rpl r[v[ qlajVj dwo[ tCjlg m RpV%J sdlbj blk H[Do[ hg t[cs[ lJ m dxi bjv[ spbjv[ Fjvwgag us'G Vj dqv[ aJ Fjv wiV rjdvbJ dr,Dy'G dH,w V[ dwhj##bjh wqjs rg s[t vr'$$ us'G wqjs s[dtbj aJ dryjdvY uj

29

dqv[ m qla hjva dr,y W{n[ lV m spfdhij bj debj ] i'Bg f,v[W.Vg fHg ]@ tjZg Vhk ] m Wjh'G xC w[ Rpnj w[ Wjhi v{ bjH[ mWjfP V[ h,l w[ dwhj ##fj dsagbJ V[ fPigbJ@ b,e[ a'G a[ij fajv,e debj dw aP. c.ei yjiV u'ej rg Vhk m$$ dH>DRpG wdh w[ dfajug zi v{ bjH[ ba[ qjaj } wdhS ve[ lJF v{ bjfS[ vjcv[} m Rpl a'G Wjbs bjf } w.q wiV vHg dwl[ V[ Vhk bjdtbj mRpl hg qla hjva dr,y idh>s[ lV m Rpl a'G Wjs wHg rji qjajdfaj } ija } uje bjRpSg aJ wg s[tSj dw bjf W{n[ hg VuibjRpS[ aJ qjaj dfaj V[ bjtSj aP. l"Gsj dwRpG Vhk ( dH,w rjiwdhSj a[ f{ ujSj a[@ dxi Rpn W{nSj m us'G dfAv[ fdhi qjajV[ zi sj w.q wiV vHg RpKnSj@ Rpl lq[G qjaj V[ y,wg a[ bjBjfglSj hp>sj lg a[ Wupie dfAvg ija h,v u'dCbj wis[ lV mdHh lF wpN wiV vHg r,cg ija RpKnSj f{Gsj lg m us'G qjajdfaj V[ ujeSj aJ bjf } W{n[ hg s[tSj m dHl r[v[ } epiP zidr,y ##b>Ddq+a r[vj$$ bjdtbj ] ba[ dh>sP q,a dr,y ##W+hq qhPia$$wdh>s[ hV m dHl sg qh,aaj@ rdcbjHg f+q[Lri s[ dfbjdibJs[ qV dr,y r,lg h'Hg ] m Rpsqg ba[ wdhSg wiVg s[ lpi[ VjqilgH[ qhJ fpit duaV[ rg h'H[ hV m

dHl } i'ujVj du>seg sj dH,w b>e WSjdHbj ] dHl r[v[Vks } dabje w[ ljrZjV h' w[ dlqiV wis[ hV m ldaepiJ V[@FeaJ V[@ epidl,tJ V[ b>Ddq+a r[vj lF } fif,w wijdHbj ] m

yRpo{ fhdi lpWjh w{ lpidabj Rpfu{ yjRp mmdaVj sigbjrj dlRpG s'lag qdV qpdt lyj VjY mm

\b>e 146|hdi ZVp b>Ddq+a r[v{ ra{ wj WgdubjFea tjdH tidy ih[ dVtpB{ Vjhg m

lPhg q^ 4@ b>e 734xigsj dfAdv ijda V ujdeYdh ugr.sC' qpdHRpdh

\L[t xigs 1383|

30

b>Ddq+a r[v[ s[ ujeS sg rjiaj FjHg episjl ljdhW ugV[ ijqj V.s ug s[ ugrV dr,Dy'G riVS wgag ] m

h'dH dWiwap WVjilg idh>sj ijqjV.s eplJHg mb>Ddq+da r[v[ Rpdn w{ uJsj e.ej V%jrS ajHg m

\Fea iaVjrvg|FjHg iaV vjv ug rg b>Ddq+a r[v[ ujeS sg ajwgs

wis[ hV m\d;>seg Vjqj|

#ldh; dZbjV W{ijeg$ br,loj f+jfa wiV rjv[ udebjlP} dHl sg bdab>a v'C ] m f+jfag h' ujS a'G Wjbs rg qhJfpitdHl lq[G } bjf l.Fjvs[ ba[ lda l.egbJ } dHl r[v[ sg qh,aaJs,l w[ b>Ddq+a r[vj ds+C wirjRpGs[ hV m l' dHl ai%J Wjv br,lojs[ lq[G } bjfS[ qjaj dfaj w'v idh w[ Waga wis[ hV m b>sihpdlbjSj Wjhdi F'vj mm) \FjHg episjl ug|

H[w B[w e'dr>s wg dabjeg bVp bjldH,w dsV lr[i[ hg us'G qjaj ug zi sj w.q wiV vHg RpKn[

r,cj Fij ba[ dfaj t[a r,v } y,v eH[ m qjaj ug zi s[ w.qdr,y v,e fH[ m bjf zi'G y,vw[ sdibj dWbjl u' bjf s[ zia'G wpN xiw a[ resj lg Rpls[ dwVji[ ujw[ W{n eH[ m us'G wpNdsV yC% bjdHbj bjf zi Vj dsl[ aJ qjaj V[ dH,Zi-RpKZir[dtbj fi w'Hg faj Vj v,Ddebj m dHl ai%J widsbJ dsV r,cjh' debj ba[ Vei s[ v'w bjf' bjfS[ fLP v{ w[ yjiV bj eH[ mwpN W.s[ sdibj rjv[ fjl[ fLP yjis[-yjis[ bj dVwv[ m RpV%J V[r[t w[ dlbjS dvbj ba[ bjrjuJ rg qjigbJ m fi bjf V[ w'HgRpKai Vhk ds,aj m t{i us'G t[a'G w.q wiw[ dfaj ug ba[ r,cj Fijzi bjH[ aJ faj vdebj dw #qlajVj$ zi Vhk ] m dxi l'yS

31

v,e[ hpS dwo[ FjvgH[ m zi'G Wjhi bj w[ bJT-epbJT wHgbJa'G faj wgaj m fi lF WC[ dxwi q.s h'H[ dw dwZi yvj debj@h"vg h"vg spfdhi T,vS s[ V[C[ h' debj m qjaj dxwi wiV v,eg mdwZi yvj debj m b,u i'Bg Vhk tjZg m t{i hpS dfaj ug FjvSvHg Rpn api[ m r,c[ Fij rg Vjv h' api[ m b,e[ qjv yjiV rjvjdqv debj m Rpl} fpAS a[ s,Ddlbj dw q{G sdibj s[ dwVji[ W{n[} s[dtbj ] m blk bjrj;J Whpa dsagbJ fi Rph W'dvbJ Vhk mdfaj ug ba[ Fij sdibj r,v h' api[ m dfaj ug V[ bjdtbj dwaP. A[ag A[ag apiw[ uj w[ Rpl } Rpnj w[ v{ bj m q{G rg y,v w[a[i[ qei bj dihj hJ m Rpl} aP. wpN bjtSj Vhk m Rpl faj s,lSrjv[ qp>c[ } rg Vjv v{ dvbj m dH,w Fij Rpls[ fLPbJ w'v tv'debj m l' dHRpG e,vj wis[-wis[ Rpo[ w'Hg b,e[ w'Hg dfA[ lji[hg fhp.y eH[ m r,c[ Fij V[ ba[ Rpl qp>c[ V[ fdhv'G aJ brjuJds,agbJ m fi bjf Vhk W'v[ dxi w'v uj w[ Wjh'G xCw[ Rpnj dvbja[ dwhj ##b{cg sPi wg v{S bjdHbj ] ( yv zi y,vgH[ m$$ bjfypf yjf RpV%J s[ Vjv h' api[ ba[ ila[ dr,y dfaj ug rg api[bjRpGs[ dqv fH[ m zi rjfl qpC bjH[ qjaj ug V[ fpdAbj ##dwo'Gdqdvbj ($$ dfaj a[ Fij wdhS v,e[ ##sdibj s[ dwVji[ uj W{njlg m$$ qjaj V[ h{ijV h' w[ dwhj ##Rpo[ dwr[G uj rdCbj ($$ dxiqjaj V[ w'v dWnj w[ i'Bg tpbjHg m fi FijrJ V[ dwhj ##WjfP@ dHl}b{cg sPi ujS a'G dwr[G i'wgH[ ($$ aJ dfaj V[ dwhj ##q{G wg s,lJdHl} w'Hg e,v whgH[ aJ w'Hg urjW Vhk ds>sj m q{G uJ aplkwg wi lws[ hJ ($$ H[Vg e,v wdhS a'G Wjbs dfaj ug aJ ypfwi eH[ Fij Vij; lV@ W'v[ wpN Vhk m dHl a'G Wjbs lji[ zis[ dVe%j its[ lV dw b,e[ rJe dwa[ dxi Vj yvj ujH[ m dHV%JdsVJ dr,y hg dH,w lq[G zi W{dnbJ a'G WjWj ug sg WjWa d;wiy,Ddvbj dw h'i aJ lji[ bjf' bjfSj w.q wis[ hV fi qlajV[sj ljc[ a'G Wjbs wg WS[ej ( dfaj ug V[ dwhj w'Hg lqN Vhk

32

bjRpGsg RpVJ q>cvg rjv[ l.aJ V[ aJ dwhj lg dw dHl sj w'Hgdxwi hg Vj wiVj a[ RpV%J V[ rdcbjHg rg dHl sg WCg wgaglg m qjaj V[ dwhj ##dHl s[ A'B[ hp>s[ a'G dH,w l.a V[ rg q[i[ w'vdHl } Whpa lvjdhbj lg@ dwhj lg@ q"wj bjRpS a[ fajve[ej dHh RpKy w'Bg s[ l.a WVSe[ m fi hpS aj bjfS[ bjfsg rg lpia Vhk m dfaj V[ dwhj r[t' wg WS[ m qjaj dfaj aJdHRpG duwi wiw[ ypf h' eH[ m WjWj ug bjf dHh WyV wiw[ h,lw[dwhj wis[ lV m dHh e,v lpSw[ blk qV dr,y hg i,W b,e[ bisjlwgag dw h[ f+q[Lij@ bu[ lj} dHr[G hg idhS s[ zi dsbJ a'Gvpw[ hg ihgH[ m dHl ai%J wpN lqJ v.z debj m

jo jo icqvih swD jn so lyqw mwin ]\b>e 817|

Fdr,t Wji[ qjaj dfaj Vjv WyVuh W{ljvdh ah W{lj lpbjqg uh F[udh ah ujrj mdH,w lq[G sg e,v ] WjWj ug qjaj w'v W{n[ h'H[ lV m qjaj

} wdhS v,e[ ##qJ@ q{G Wjhi } yv[ ujSj ]@ dHo[ ug Vhk v,esj m$$qjaj lpSw[ h{ijV rg h'Hg a[ wdhS v,eg ##dwo[ ujSj ] ( ws'GujSj ] ($$ bjf V[ RpKai ds,aj ##o'C[ duh[ dyi } m$$ aJ qJ V[dwhj ##bjfSj zi hg y.ej ] dWejVg oJ y.eg Vhk hp>sg m Wjhiw'Hg dwl[ } Vhk ujSsj ba[ dlbjSsj m$$ bjf V[ dwhj dw ##qJduo[ w'Hg Vj ujS[ Vj dlbjS[$$ Rpo[ WCg q"u hp>sg ]@ blv bV.sRpo[ hg bjRpGsj ] m$$ dHh WyV lpS w[ qjaj ypf wi eHg@ fiwpN Vj lqN lwg m dHh lg WjWj ug sj bjRpS rjv[ lq[G rvdH,w dHLjij m dHl } bjdtbj ] #iqu$ m qhJfpit bjRpS rjv[lq[G WjWa dHLjij aJ wis[ hV fi fPig e,v t'v% w[ Vhk s,ls[ m

s[tS dr,y aJ qhJfpit spVgbJsjiJ rie[ hg qjvPq hp.s[

33

hV m fi blv dr,y spVgbJ a'G dViv[f hp>s[ hV mh"vg h"vg RpV%J s[ WyVJ a'G Vjq sg lpe.Zg@ wlaPig sg qdhw

rJe ujdhi h'S ve uJsg ] m Fjr[G dHVJ sj qwls blvg wg] ( dHV%J V[ wg wiVj ] ( dHh e,vJ ujdhi h'S ve uJsgbJhV m qhJfpit sj w.q ] ugb sjV s[Sj Feag dr,y vjRpSj ml' dHRpG WjWj ug bjfS[ bjRpS rjv[ lq[G sg WjWa s,l ih[ lV@dw ljcg dabjig ] m

w,pN dsVJ Wjbs qjaj } dxi Rphg WyV Ijs wirjdHbj##qJ@ q{G yv[ ujSj ] m q{} tpL h' w[ a'i m$$ qJ V[ dxi Rphg urjWds,aj ##b{Grg wig uJsj ] m wg wi[Gej Wjhi uj w[ ( zi W{ndHo[ a[ij WjfP ]@ a[ij zi ] a[i[ Fij hV m lF wpN a[ij bjfSj] m Vjv[ Wjhi w'Hg dwl[ } Vhk dlbjSsj m aP. Wjhi uj w[ wpNwiV u'ej Vhk m Vj aP. dwl[ Vjv W'v[@ dxi aP. duo[ W{nj ]@ W{njhg idh>sj ] m Wjhi a[ij dVirjh Vhk h'Sj m$$ dxi bjf ug wdhSv,e[ ##qJ@ dHo[ w'Hg rg dwl[ sj Vhk m F{S@ Fij@ qJ dfRpG@ zilF wpN A,v ] m lj} tpLg Vjv a'i s[@ blk idhSj Vhk m$$ dHhwpN s,lS a'G Wjbs qjaj l'yS v,e fHg ##dHl sg debjiJ ljvsg Rpqi h' eHg ] m ws[ W'dvbj hg Vhk u[ W'dvbj aJ Whpaz,B m fi hpS sPug rji dHh e,v dwRpG bjtg m qJ V[ dwhj##qlajdVbJ@ u[ a[ij zi dy,a Vhk v,esj aJ a{} VjVwg A,cbjHgH[ m aJ bjf V[ dHVwji wi ds,aj #Vhk ujSj m$ dxi qjajV[ dwhj h'i dwo[ ujSj ] ( bjfS[ zi hg ih' m bjfV[ F'v[ Fjh,l w[ dwhj ##qJ blvg zi aj h'i ] m$$ qJ V[ fpdAbj ##h'idwhCj ($$ aJ wdhS v,e[ ##a{} dxi ws[ s,ljeJ m$$ Rpl dsV ija} qjaj V[ WjWj ug s[ dfaj w'v d;wi wgaj dw qlajVj q[i[w'v s' rjig dHh e,v bjt ypdwbj ] dw q{G zi Vhk idhSj@Wjhi yv[ ujSj ] m

34

dfaj ug wdhS v,e[ ##aP. fdhvJ Vj sdlbj ($$qjaj wdhS v,eg ##q{G fdhvg rji aJ e,v bSlpSg hg wi

ds,ag lg m fi b,u sPug rji dHh e,v lpS w[ q{} dxwi h'dHbj] m$$ dfaj ug wdhS v,e[ ##hpS q{G fp,A w[ s[tsj hJ m$$

dfaj ug V[ WjWj ug } Wpvj w[ fpdAbj@ ##qlajdVbJ aP.bjfSg qJ w'v dwhj lg dw q{G Wjhi y,v[ ujSj ] m dwo[ ujH[ej ($$fdhvg rji aJ ypf ih[ m sPug rji fpAS a[ h,l w[ wdhS v,e[##hJ ujSj ] m$$

dxi dfaj V[ dwhj ##h'i dwa[ Vhk ujSj m q[i[ Vjv t[a }y,v m$$ bjf W'v[ ##Vj w'Hg dwl[ Vjv bjdHbj ] a[ Vj w'Hg dwl[Vj ujH[ej m bjRpSj ujSj dHwdvbJ sj hg ] m dHRpG wdhw[ ypfh' eH[ m

dfaj ug l'y l'y w[ qjaj } wdhS v,e[ ##q{} aJ q>Tvgrjv[ l.aJ V[ u' dHl sg WjWa dwhj lg ba[ a{} rg l.a zi bjw[ s,l debj lg@ Rph' duhg e,v hg wpN WSsg vesg ] m$$

Rpl dsV dfaj ug t[a ujS ve[ WjWj ug } Vjv v{ eH[ mdfaj a[ sPli[ FjHg aJ w.q wiV v,e fH[ fi bjf bijq Vjvt[a dr,y dH,w r,B Rpa[ W{n eH[ m us'G qjaj ug zi'G i'Bg v{ w[Rpo[ eH[ aJ lFVJ V[ i'Bg tj vHg a[ bjf ug } dH,w s' rjidwhj m fi bjf bjfS[ qla lpFj bVplji ypf hg ih[ m dfA'G qjajug dHV%J w'v eH[ m us'G qjaj s[ wdhS a[ v'C bVplji i'Bg tjvHg@ zi } bjRpS v,e[@ Rps'G ypf yjf qjaj ug Vjv df>c }bj eH[ m

35

f+F ug Wldh ljZ wg ilVjWjWj ug s[ WyV bVplji Vei dr,Dy'G dH,w qjHg sj WjWj

ug sg qjaj Vjv Whpa dfbji lg m Rph qjHg dH,w dsV bjfS[W,y[ } Vjv v{ w[ qjaj w'v bj eHg m b,e[ qjaj ug zi s[ w.qdr,y ip,DN[ h'H[ lV a[ Rpl qjHg V[ bjRpS lji hg qjaj } dwhj##u[ w'Hg q[i[ fp,ai } wpN dyi yp,w vr[ aJ q{G a[i[ Vjv w.q wirjdsbJ m$$ qjaj V[ bjf rv dHLjij wiw[ dwhj@ ##qlajdVbj@ dHl} ypw v{ m$$ bjf ug V[ bjfS[ lpFj bVplji fdhvJ aJ w'Hg urjWVhk dsaj m dxi sPug rji qjaj s[ wdhS a[ wdhS v,e[ ##q{G VhkypwSj m$$ aglig rji qJ V[ ep,Dl[ dr,y bj w[ dwhj ##dwRpG VhkypwSj ( a[[ij A'Bj rgi ] m A'B[ rgiJ } r,c[ yp,w dvbj wis[hV m$$ qjaj V[ dwhj ##u[ aP. dHl } ypw vr[G aJ q{G A[ag drhvgh' w[ a{} VphJ dsbJeg m$$ bjf V[ r,c[ Fij r,v dHLjij wiw[dwhj ##Rpl } ypwj s[ m$$ qJ V[ dwhj Rph aJ zi sj w.q wisj] m aP. drhvj ]G m aP. yp,w v{ m$$ aJ bjf ug wdhS ve[ a.P dxidHl } uiPi hg ypwjRpSj ] aJ dxi w,pN dsVJ Wjbs dHl }i,W hg yp,w vr[ej m Rph W,yj epui debj m df>cj s[ dirju bVpljiqjaj rg Rpl qjHg s[ zi bxl'l wiV eHg aJ Rpl V[ qjaj} b,e' RpvJFj dsaj ##a[ij fp,ai fdhvJ W'dvbJ hg wpN Vhk lg mu[ W'dvbj aJ a[i[ fp,ai V[ dxi b{lg upWjV t'vg dw q[ij fp,a hgv{ dvbj m tWi[ dHl sg dwh' duhg upWjV ] m$$ dHh lpS w[ qjajrg wpN Rpsjl idhS ve fHg m WjWj ug Vjv rg W'v yjv z,Bwi ds,ag m dH,w dsV qjaj i'Bg v{ w[ bjHg aJ bjf V[ i'Bg tjSa'G dHVwji wi ds,aj a[ dwhj ##q{G tgi tjSg ] m$$ aJ qJ V[ dwhj

36

q[ig lh[vg sj fp,ai qi debj ] m tgi Vhk WVjRpSg aJ bjfV[ dwhj dw q{G i'Bg Vhk tjSg m qjaj V[ dwhj hpS tj v{ lr[i[tgi WSj dsbJeg m l' bev[ dsV qjaj V[ tgi WSj ds,ag m dulr[v[ bjf tgi tj ih[ lV aJ qJ w'v W{ng lg aJ bjf qJ } fp,ASve[ ##aP. q[i[ Vjv ep,Dl[ dwRpG ] ($$ aJ qJ wdhS v,eg aP. dwh' duhgF{Cg uWjV w,Tg m Rpl Vjv q[ij F{SJ a' r,Z dfbji lg@ aJ bjfwdhS ve[ ##u[ Rph qp>cj dxi bj ujH[ aP. dxi aJ ep,Dl[ Vhk hp.sg m$$qJ V[ dwhj ##yp,f wi r[ ws[ qi[ h'H[ rg bjH[ V[ m$$ bjf wdhSve[ ##hJ bj uJs[ hV$$ m aJ qJ V[ dwhj dwr[G@ wdhS ve[ ##dur[GuJs[ hV Rpr[G bj uJs[ hV m us'G Rph bj ujr[ej aP. r[t vrk mRphg bjH[ej fi aP. ep,Dl[ Vj h'dHbj wi m$$ wpN lq[G Wjbs Rplqjaj s[ zi dH,w h'i fp,ai h'dHbj dul s[ V{S VwL lF fdhv[vCw[ rie[ lV m dxi qJ } faj v,ej aJ qjaj Rpl lh[vg s[zi eHg m us'G zi rjfl bjHg aJ WjWj ug V[ qjaj ug } fpdAbj##dwo[ eHg lg ($$ qjaj V[ ljig e,v s,lg m dxi bjf wdhS ve[##hpS aJ tpL ] m$$ qJ wdhS v,eg ##q{G hpS Whpa tpL hJ m$$ bjfV[ dwhj ##u[ aP. q[i[ Rpa[ tpL ]G aJ q{} a'i s[ m q{G yv[ ujSj ] ma{} aglig rji wdh dsaj ] m hpS y"og rji Vhk wdhSj m h,oga'i s[r[G aJ y.eg e,v ] m u[ q{G ypf wiw[ yvj debj aJ aplkFjvs[ dxi'e[ m b,e[ aphjcg qiug m$$ qJ V[ fpdAbj ##ujH[Gejdwo[ ($$ bjf wdhS v,e[ ##dvujS rjvj duo[ dvujH[ej m$$ qJ V[fpdAbj ##w'S ] a{} dvujS rjvj m$$ bjf wdhS v,e[ ##q{} RphdvujH[ej dul V[ a[ig lh[vg sj fp,a q'C w[ ds,aj ] m h'i w'S]@ q{} dvujS rjvj ($$ dHRpG WyV wiw[ bjf h,l fH[ m Rpla'GWjbs qJ dwl[ cP.zg l'y dr,y f{ eHg m dHl ai%J dur[G fdhv[ sl[f+l.e bVplji l,F wpN s,l rg ds,aj a[ Vjv[ F[s rg i,t dvbj m

lWi b>sdi ljWig aVp H[r{ ujv[dV¶h'dV Vugdw tpsjdH s{ F[ap V dwl{ s[dV mm \b>e 1384|

37

zi'G Wjhi dHwJa dr,y idhSjljyg f+gda hq apq dlRp u'ig mm apq dlRp u'di bri l.de a'ig mdul ai%J dfA[ duwi wgaj ] Rpl a'G Wjs bjf Whpaj lqJ

zi a'G Wjhi idhS v,e fH[ m lr[i r[v[ ypfyjf zi'G api ujSj mljij dsV Wjhi hg idhSj m Ljq } zi qpC bjRpSj m ws[ zi'Gi'Bg tj ujSg@ ws[ fdhvJ hg yv[ ujSj ljij dsV dVijhji hgidhSj m us'G wHg dsV vejaji Wjhi uJs[ ih[ aJ qjaj } dxwih' debj m RplV[ dfaj ug w'v duwi wgaj m dH,w dsV dfaj ugV[ dtbjv idtbj m us'G bjf ujS ve[ aJ dfaj ug rg qeih' api[ m df>c a'G o'Cg sPi Wjhi yv[ eH[ aJ dfaj ug V[ bjrjuds,ag a[ fpdAbj ##qlajdVbJ@ dwo[ y,DdvbJ ] ($$ bjf wdhSve[ ##bjfSj w.q wiV$$

dfaj V[ fp,DdAbj a[ij dwhCj w.q ] m aJ bjf V[ dwhj ##q[ijw.q ] i,W sj Vjq u,fSj a[ Vjv hg dwhj WjfP aP. dfA[ qpC uj m$$dfaj ug Vjv b,e[ ujSj yjhp.s[ h'H[ rg uj Vhk lw[ a[ dfA[ qpCfH[ m dul rwa zi eH[ aJ qjaj V[ fpdAbj #qlajVj$ ( dfajV[ RpKai ds,aj #Rph wdh>sj ] q{G bjfSj w.q wiV ydvbJ hJ m$q{G fpdAbj #dwhCj w.q$ wdhS vej #i,W sj Vjq ufSj m$ l' RpldsV rg be[ rJe Ljq } zi qpC{ aJ qJ V[ vjc Vjv fpdAbjb,u ljij dsV dwo[ dihj i'Bg dwo'G tjZg m bjf h,l w[ yp,f wieH[ m qjaj f+Ljsj v{ bjHg aJ v'C bVplji A,w dvbj@ fi o'C%j mbev[ dsV lr[i[ bjf zi'G RpKn w[ bjf ug zi s[ V[C[ dH,w tPhlg Rpl sg q"S a[ uj W{n eH[ m dHh tPh b,u wv W.s wgaj dfbj] m u' dw blk uj w[ s[dtbj ] m WjWj ug V[ bjf dH,w rji WyV

38

wgaj lg ##dH,w tPh a[ WjiJ zpqj uqgV ljc[ dwl[ Wupie } dHVjqdr,y dqvg h'Hg lg m$$ wpN dyi Wjs Rpl df>c sj bjsqg w'v sgv.dzbj a[ r[t w'v yvj debj m bjf ug } Wjh'G xC w[ RpnjRpSv,ej m us'G Vj Rpn[ aJ WjWj ug s[ zi uj w[ sdlbj m dfaj ugeH[ aJ s[dtbj dw bjf Rpo[ hg W{n[ hV aJ Wjh'G xC w[ Rpnjdvbj a[ wdhS ve[ ##dHh a[ig W{nS sg oJ WCg y.eg ] ( dwa[h'i W{n uJsj m$$ dHRpG bjt w[ zi v{ bjH[ m dxi qJ } ljig e,vs,lg m qjaj V[ rg dwhj ##tPh a[ W{nj wg wisj lg ( v{ i'Bg tjv{ m$$ v'C bVplji i'Bg tjS a'G Wjs wpN dyi zi ndhi[@ dxi Wjhi} yv[ eH[ m hV[ij h'S a'G Wjbs zi qpC bjH[ m dfaj ug V[ dwhj##dxi ljij dsV Wjhi hg vj bjdHbj@ a{} Fpt a+[h Vhk vesg (a{} ci Vhk vesj ( ws[ tPh a[ uj W{nsj ]G m ws[ Wjhi yvjuJsj ] m$$ be'G h,l w[ W'v[@ ##WjfP ug u[ i,W sj ci q>V vHgH[@dxi h'i w'Hg ci Vhk bjRpGsj m

xiqjV ]^dViFRp uf{ lev FRp dqB{ mm

\b>e 262|f+F w{ dlqidV FRp V dWbjf{hi ai%J sj ci q>Vsj ] qV m us'G qV hg dlqiV dr,y vgV

h' debj dxi ci dwo[ mdHl a'G Wjbs qjaj ug a'G v'C bVplji f+Ljsj A,w dvbj m

wpN dyi bjijq wgaj a[ zi rjdvbJ s[ l" ujS a'G Wjbs y"GwCgqji w[ W{n eH[ m us'G lr[i[ qjaj dfaj Rpn[ aJ bjf W{n h'H[ lV m

rZp lpt i{VCgH[ df+b f+[Dqp vej mzBp spt VgsCgH[ filRp lsj fej m

\dW^q^ 5@ b>e 544|i,W sj qjie l.a uVj } vesj Whpa dfbjij mm

39

duRpG bjdLw qLpw evg uj w[ v{S hpvjij mml' qhJfpit yiV wqv sg q"u dr,y lqjH[ h'H[ idh>s[ w'Hg

wjiu wiVj h'r[ aJ hpwq bVplji wis[ lV m fi>aP qV sg dvrf+q[Lri Vjv hg v,eg idh>sg ] m Vjq s[r ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ] m

wha Vjqs[Rp lpVhp dav'yV@Wjvwp fjvV fRpTgbv[ mb>adi Wjhdi wju dWiPZg mygap lp Wjdiw ijtgbv[ mm

\Vjqs[r@ b>e 972|Fea ug spVgbjrg ds+LBJa s[ w[ qhJfpitJ sg b>ai

bjadqw brloj s,ls[ hV m dur[G qjaj W,Dy[ } f>zPC[ dr,y fjRpSa'G Wjs w.q wji wisg h'Hg rg bjfS[ W,y[ } Ijs i,tsg ] ml' qV wiw[ dHl ai%J qhJfpitJ sg brloj hp.sg ] m dHl LWss[ b>a+gr s[ Fjr bio h'i hV m dul s[ Vjv qhJfpitJ s[ qV'-brloj } WjSg spbjij Fea ug V[ lqNjdHbj ] m

uh uh itdh bjdf ah ujdH tC'rSj mmzi'G Wjhi ujw[ tPh a[ W{nS a'G Wjbs WjWj ug s[ woV

bVplji bjf ug V[ bjfS[ W{nS vHg dH,w h'i oJ v,F vHg m dHhVei a'G sPi l.zS[ sitaJ dr,y dH,w fpijSg l,f sg Wiqg h'Swi w[ NjC bjdsw Whpa lV m v'wJ s[ dya dr,y dHh dtbjvlg dw dHo[ dH,AjZjig l,f idh>sj ] duhCj bjfSg qiug bVpljiiPf Zji v{Gsj ] m dHl wiw[ v'w cis[ dHZi dsV[ rg Vhk uJs[lV m l' bjf V[ Rph lojV bjfS[ W{nS vHg ypS dvbj a[ hii'u Rpo[ uj w[ W{n uJs[ m lr[i[ yv[ ujS a[ Ljq } qpCVj m dH,wdsV bjf RpZi'G bj ih[ lV dwl[ V[ r[t w[ zi s,l ds,aj m qjajdfaj V[ fpdAbj aJ bjf ypf ih[ m bev[ dsV us'G Rpo[ ujS v,e[

40

aJ dfaj ug V[ ijh dr,y i'w dvbj ba[ fpdAbj ##dwo[ y,Ddvbj] ($$ wdhS ve[ ##Rpo[ hg duo[ v'w cis[ hV m$$ dfaj V[ dwhj##zi y,v m$$ aJ bjf V[ dwhj ##Vhk@ hpS Ljq } zi bjrJej m$$dHRpG wdhw[ bjf b,e[ yv[ eH[ m us'G zi bjH[ qJ V[ fpdAbj ##dwo[dihj ljij dsV ) dHRpG Vj wdibj wi Vj i'Bg Vj fjSg@ Fp,tjdahjdHbj idh>sj ]G m a[ig dwr[ dshjCg Wgasg ]@ uj w[ rg Rpo[W{nsj ] duo[ w'Hg Vj ujr[ m blgG ljij dsV wvfs[ idh>s[ hJ m$$wdhS v,e[ ##qJ q[ij dxwi Vj wi@ q[ij dxwi f+q[Lri } ] mlF sj Rphg itrjvj ] m$$ dHRpG wdh w[ ypf h' eH[ m

ija } v'C bVplji f+Ljsj A,w dvbj bev[ dsV lr[i[ zi'GRpn w[ apiV v,e[ m qjaj V[ bjrj; s[ w[ i''w dvbj m wdhS veg##ljij dsV Fptj wg wiJe[ m sp,Z fg w[ ujHg m ##qjaj sp,Z v{ bjHgv'C bVplji A,w w[ wdhS v,e[ ##v{ qJ hpS q{G uj dihj hJ m$$qjaj V[ dwhj ##Rpo[ uj w[ Fp.u[ hg W{n[ej m bjh yjsi v{ uj m$$dHRpG wdh w[ qjaj V[ t,si sg yjsi s[ ds,ag m yjsi v{ w[ wdhSv,e[ v{ ##qjaj@ hpS q{ ujrj m$$ qjaj V[ dwhj ##y.ej uJ m$$ l' dHlupeag Vjv bjfSg dH,Aj bVplji qjaj ug a'G hJ rg wij vHg mqjaj V[ lqdNbj dw Ljq } rjfl bj ujSe[ m fi wg faj lgiuj s[ qjvw hpS Vhk A[ag qpCw[ bjRpGs[ m dxi awigWV Wjijf>siJ ljv zi Vhk bjH[ m us'G zi'G eH[ lV ligiw a"i a[ bjfug s[ woV bVplji a[iJ y"sJ ljv sg Rpqi lg m

l.a ijq dl>z ug lPLJ rjdvbJ Vjv dqvjfdHV%J sj uVq Vei rg lPL df>c lg mb{l lq[G dHV%J sg lqjZ dTvrJ Vei dr,y hg ] m dHo[ hg

dHV%J V[ ligi dabjdebj lg m

41

dHh qhJfpit epiqda drdsbj ba[ l.ldw+a s[ WC[ awC[drsrjV lV m drbjwiV@ r[sJa ba[ I'e Ljlai s[ bjfS[ lq[Gdr,y dVfp>V q>V[ uJs[ lV ba[ iqa[ hg idh>s[ lV m dwa[ dBws[Vhk lV ba[ dViqv F[t Vjv lW.Z its[ lV m dHV%J s[ r,c[qhJfpit l.a l[rj dl>z ug h'H[ lV m duV%J V[ wvegZi ug a'Gb>Ddq+a fjV wiw[ ldaepiP ug s[ hpwq Vjv huPig dr,y idhw[wdnV l[rj dlqiV sg zjvSj zjv w[ hpwq bVplji epidl,tgf+yji wiV ve fH[ lV m l.a l[rj dl>z ug V[ A,ag ljv vejajiepiP s[ hpwq bVplji l.eaJ } uv AwjdHbj@ qLw fjSg sg Fiw[ b,n[ fdhi bjfS[ w'v itSg m l[rj dr,y a,afi idhSj m l.al[rj dl>z ug a'G ri'ljdH l.a sgrjV dl>z m l.a sgrjV dl>z a'Gri'ljdH l.a qlajV dl>z b>Ddq+aligbJ m dHV%J sg dihjdHL WjW[bB,v ljdhW s[ w'v ZiqLjvj dr,y lg m WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>zug V[ dHh lF wpN bjfS[ qp,t a' W'vw[ hg dvtjHg h'Hg epiP f+SjvgbVplji s,Ddlbj ] m Rpl rwa ZiqLjvj s[ Vjq f>u l" zpqj ;qgVba[ s' tPh dr,y v,e[ h'H[ lV m l.a qlajV dl>z s[ dfaj WjWjliPf dl>z wjr w'L s[ qhjV drsrjV lV m l.a qlajV dl>zug a'G ri'ljdH l.a q,v dl>z ug f>c'ig@ dVNiJ spbjW[ dr,y ] mdHV%J sj e'a i'w' lg m uVq Vei WCP.sg vpdZbjS[ dr,y ] m dwa[h'i rg h' lwsg ] dwRpGdw dHl dH,w VJ s[ df>c Ldhi wHgdHvjdwbJ dr,y hV m t{i l.a q,v dl>z ug fdhvJ qhJijujiSuga dl>z s[ z'C blrjiJ dr,y V"wig wis[ lV m Rpl rwaf>u ipfH[ qhgV[ sg aVtjh lg m V"wig A,c w[ l.a qlajV dl>zug s[ l[rw WS eH[ m l.a q,v dl>z ug sj blojV blk da>Vdl>zJ V[ bjf b,tk uj w[ r[dtbj ] m dHl rwa Rpo[ l.a bq'vwdl>z ug hV m l.a q,v dl>z ug a'G y"o[ uJ f>ur[G oJ a[ hV ba[v[tw } RpV%J a'G dH,w dViqv F[t sg l.f+sjdH f+Sjvg dH,w dW+As[ iPf dr,y dqdvbj ] m dul} dHl fplaw s[ qp,T dr,y dsaj

42

debj ] m Rpo'G siLV wi' dxi faj vesj ] m l.a l[rj dl>z uga'G dwaVg deSag dr,y dHh l.a qhjaqj h'H[ hV m hpS bjfJWjWj ug s[ dHdahjl r,v bjHgH[ m l' WjWj ug sj dqvjf dwl[ue%j dHV%J Vjv Fjr l.a ijq dl>z ug s[ Vjv h' debj m WjWjug s[ woV bVplji blk RphVJ a'G fdhvJ epiP zi sg drdsbjfC%g Fjr dw epiWjSg sj fjn ba[ dryji dltg m dxi l.ldw+as[ wHg e+.o fC[ dryji[ m u' h[nj siu hV m RpV%J } W[Vag wiw[##qhjiju lj} rg dlqiV wiV sg upeag sl' ($$ RpKai dr,yl.a ijq dl>z ug ##ufp ug ljdhW sj fjn wiV sj Rpfs[L dsajba[ dwhj dw dHh ljig WjSg sj dlZJa ] m h'i WjSg dHlsgdrbjdtbj ] m dHlsj duV%J rg bdFbjl h' ujH[ RpaVj y.ej ] mqPv q>ai Fjr fdhvg fRpCg sj dlqiV rg yjhgsj ] m fi aplkfdhvJ ufp ug ljdhW sj vejaji dlqiV wi' m dwRpGdw WjWj ugsg bda b>a wdnV drdsbj bdFbjl r[tw[ ba[ dHaVg agtSWp,Zg Wigw l.ld+wa s[ e+>oJ s[ dlZJa } lqNw[ RpV%J } f+l.V wgajlg m fi fC%dsbJ fC%dsbJ dVbjH[ ba[ I'e LjLa+ s[ W[b>a lv'wuWjVg Ijs wi vH[ lV m wHg rji Whpa lji[ e+>oJ sj dlZJadqvjw[ b{lj bio dl,Z wiVj RpV%J V[ lpSw[ bda f+l.V h' ujSj ml.a ijq dl>z ug Vjv u[ dwl[ h'i drsrjV V[ w'Hg dryji wiVgaJ wHg rji bjf V[ hg bjfS[ vHg drdsbj epiP a'G hpwq v{w[ o'C[ lq[G dr,y hg Rpl drsrjV } RpKai s[ w[ f+l.V wi s[Sj mdHV%J e,vJ a'G f+Fjdra h' w[ l.a ijq dl>z ug dHV%J sj Whpahg ldawji wis[ lV m us'G WjWj ug } l.a ijq dl>z ug rv'Gl+g ufp ug ljdhW s[ fjn sj hpwq h'dHbj aJ RpKai dr,y fp,DdAbj## dwaVj lqJ bdFbjl$$ Fjr dw dw>V[ fjn i'u wiV[ yjhgs[hV m RpV%J urjW ds,aj dw W[-deSa W[-b>a } dqvS vHg bjf} rg W[-b>a hg h'Sj fr[ej m dHl vHg bjf } hg lqNSj fr[ej mdw dwaVg wp v'C ] m b>sj;j vej vr' m ##lda WyV$$ wdh w[

43

dli dVrj dsaj ba[ dV,a V[q bji>F wi ds,aj m b,Zg ija s[Vjv hg Rpn W{nSj dwa[ o'hCj Wjhvj duh' duhj fjSg dqv debjdHLVjV wiw[ y"GwCj qji w[ W{n ujSj m wpN lq[G dr,y hg dH,wl" dH,w fjn wiV a,w fhp>y eH[ m dH,w dsV l.a ijq dl>z ugV[ fp,DdAbj #dw>V[ fjn wis[ h'$ aJ bjf ug V[ s,Ddlbj #dH,w l"dH,w m$ l.a h,lw[ wdhS ve[ ##bu[ deSag a'G Wjhi Vhk h'H[$$fdhvJ dwl[ dhljW Vjv deSag wis[ lV m Rph A,c ds,ag ba[dlix fjn wiV a,w hg bjfSj dVLyj wi dvbj m dxi dsV ija@b,Dn[ fdhi fjn ujig hg idhSj m ilVj a'G RpKfi RpKn w[ Fjrlpiag Vjv dHaVg a[;g Vjv dlqiV h'Sj dw uWjV Vjv'G dwV[epSj r,Z m ija } o'Cj lqJ tC[-tC[ dwa[ Vks bj eHg aJ ngw mu[ y"GwCj qjiw[ W{n eH[ aJ ljij lqJ W{dnbJ hg v.z ujSj mu[ tv' eH[ aJ tv'a[ hg idhSj m u[ tv' eH[ aJ ijq dl>z ugV[ blyiu h' ujSj ba[ wdhSj dw aplk ws[ bijq rg wi dvbjwi' m dwRpGdw bjf ug dr,y lF ai%J sgbJ drL[LajHgbJ s[t w[bjf ug sj WCj ldawji wis[ lV m bjf ug V[ h,l w[ dVq+ajVjv RpKai s[Sj@ ug q{} aJ ws[ ow[rj hp.sj hg Vhk m

dHV%J dsVJ dr,y dH,w dsV b,Zg ija sj lqJ lg dw l.a ijqdl>z ug bjfS[ bjlS a'G Rpn w[ wpN sPi eH[ duo[ dw WjWj ugy"GwCj qji w[ bjfS[ dlqiV dr,y qla lV m Rpl r[v[ WjWj ugsg aJ lqjZg v,eg h'Hg lg m l.a ijq dl>z ug } WjWj ug s[ dyhi[a[ dH,w b{lj VPi dsdlbj dw ija s[ hV[i[ dr,y WjWj ug sj dyhijdsV rjeP. hg dstjHg s[ dihj lg m dHl blyiu w'aw } s[tw[ l.a ug bdab>a f+L.V h'H[ m Rpl rwa aJ wpN VJ W'v[ m us'GdsV yC%V a'G Wjbs WjWj ug Rpn w[ dHV%J fjl bjH[ aJ dHV%JV[ dH,w w,fCj drAj w[ Rpfi W{nS vHg dwhj m WjWj ug V[ dVqiajVjv Rpai ds,aj ug aphjc[ WijWi dHYG Vhk aJ be'G RpV%J V[

44

dwhj@ #Vhk aphj} W{nSj hg fr[ej m ljcj hpwq q>V w[ W{n ujY mdxi WjWj ug } fpdAbJ dw aphjcj qjaj dfaj V[ wg Vjq idtbj] m bjf ug sls[ lV dw blk b,e[ rg sdlbj lg m fi dxi bjfSjVJ dVhjv dl>z s,l ds,aj l.a ug lpS w[ wdhS v,e[ #aphjcj Vjqblk b,u a'G hdiVjq dl>z idtbj ] m sPlig ljcg W[Vag dHh ]dw aphjcg wqjHg Whpa f+Wv ] m$

#dHl wiw[ aplk lpa.ai h' w[ bjfSg qi;g Vjv dryi' m$$bjf ug V[ W[Vag wgag ##q{G hpS dwo[ ujrJ ($$ l.a ug V[ dwhj##ljc[ epiP l.a WjWj q,v dl>z ug dVNij sg f>c'ig idh>s[ hV mu[ aphjcj q>V q>V[ aJ Rpo[ yv[ ujY m$$ bjfV[ dwhj ##Rph aJq{} ujSs[ Vhk m$$ aJ l.a ug V[ dwhj ##blk dy,ng dvt ds>s[hJ m$$ dHRpG wdhw[ RpV%J V[ dH,w fiyg dvt ds,ag a[ WjWj ug }dVNiJ sg f>c'ig l.a q,v dl>z ug w'v F[u ds,aj m

dVNiJ sg f>c'igl.a q,v dl>z ug qhjijuj iSuga dl>z sg V"wig wis[ lV

l.a qlajV dl>z ug sj Rpfs[L v{ w[ V"wig A,cw[ zi bj eH[ mzi'G dxi bjfS[ epiP fjl f>c'ig dV,Nij ih[ m dxi wpN lqJ lPl df>cih[ m dHo'G y,vw[ dWbjl dwVji[ dtvrg Vei bj w[ ih[ m dxi f>c'igdV,Nij bj w[ dBw eH[ m bjf WC[ Wgaije qhjaqJ lV ba[drsrjV rg fPiV lV m f>c'ig idhw[ A,Wg ljv lqJ fPij wiw[l.qa 1411 dWw+qg } l,yt>c eqV wi eH[ m \dHdahjl dViqvF[t dr,Dy'G 340| Z.Vrjs ldha

l.a q,v dl>z ug dV,NiJ sg f>c'ig a'G yC%s[ rjv[ fjl[ o'Cghg sPi dH,w c[i[ dr,y idh>s[ lV m dHV%J w'v dldtbjiog drdsbjfC%V vHg bjRpGs[ idh>s[ lV m dHo[ drdsbj sj v.ei a[ b>V sjv.ei s'V' hg yvs[ lV m l' WjWj ug dHV%J fjl epiPbJ sg dy,ng

45

v{ w[ fhp.y eH@[ fhp.yS a'G Wjbs l.aJ V[ dy,ng fC% w[ dH,w rtijwqij s[ ds,aj m bjf Rpo[ idhS v,e fH[ m RpV%J l.aJ w'v h'irg drdsbjiog idh>s[ lV m fi>aP RpV%J V[ bjfl dr,y h,lSj t[cSjfi WjWj ug bV.s qeV hg idh>s[ lV m Vj dwl[ w'v ujSj ba[u[ dwl[ V[ dHV%J w'v bj ujSj aJ rg w'Hg e,v Vj wiVg m u[l[rjsji V[ WvjRpS sg w'dLL rg wiVg aJ b,e' w'Hg urjW hgVj s[Sj m dHl ai%J wpN lqJ Wgdabj m

dH,w dsV l.a q,v dl>z ug V[ lji[ drdsbjiogbJ } dH,wn[wiw[ fpdAbj ##duhCj l.a ljc[ w'v l.a ijq dl>z ug sg dy,ngv{ w[ bjdHbj ] Rph wg wisj ] m$$ RpV%J V[ dwhj ug Rph aJbjfS[ wqi[ dr,y hg idh>sj ] m uJ ws[ Wjhi } yvj uJsj ] mW'vsj yjvsj dwl[ Vjv rg Vhk m ws[ Ljq } v.ei dr,Dy'G i'BgA,w v{Gsj ] m b,nJ fdhiJ dr,y dHw rjig A,wsj ] m$$ dxi vJeigdl>z } Wpvj w[ fpdAbj Rpl V[ sdlbj ##b,nj fdhiJ Wjbs r,Za'G r,Z dH,w f+Ljsj hg A,wsj ] m dHl a'G dWVJ ws[ wpN Vhkq>Ddebj m$$ dHh lpSw[ l.a q,v dl>z ug yp,f wi eH[ m wpN dsVJa'G Wjbs dH,w dsV l.a q,v dl>z ug c[i[ dr,y dxis[-dxis[ WjWjug s[ wqi[ s[ b,e[ bj eH[ a[ WjWj ug b>si W{n[ lV m WjWj ugl.aJ } s[t w[ ldawji Vjv Rpn tv'a[ a[ RpV%J V[ rg dHV%J sgidhSg WdhSg s[t w[ y.ej ldawji wgaj a[ dwhj ##u[ dwl[ ygusg v'C h'r[ aJ q>e dvbj wi' m$$ dHaVj WyV wiw[ l.a rjflqpC bjH[ m Rpl a'G Wjbs b{lj lqJ bjdHbj WjWj ug V[ bjfS[wqi[ b>si rC w[ WPhJ b>si'G W.s wi dvbj ba[ yji dsV b>sihg ih[ m y"o[ dsV l[rjsjiJ V[ l.aj w'v duwi wgaj ##u' VrJl.a bjdHbj ] Rph yji dsVJ a'G b>si hg W{nj ] m$$ RpV%J V[dwhj ##ujRp faj wi' m$$ us'G l[rjsjij V[ bj w[ r[dtbj sirjujb>si'G W>s lg m l[rjsjiJ V[ l.aJ } uj w[ s,Ddlbj ##WPhj b>si'G

46

W.s wig W{nj ] m blk brjuJ rg qjigbJ a[ tCwj rg wgaj] fi W'vsj Vhk m$$ l.a q,v dl>z ug Rpn w[ bjH[ a[ WPhjtCwjdHbj m fi WjWj ug V[ w'Hg brju Vj ds,ag m dxi RpV%J V[l[rjsjiJ a'G ata[ sg yPv fp,B w[ r[dtbj dw WjWj ug b>si y"GwCjqji w[ lqjZg dr,y W{n[ lV m Rph r[t w[ rjdfl yv[ eH[ a[WpvjdHbj Vhk m ata[ } Rpl[ ai%J e[B vj ds,aj a[ l[rjsjiJ }dwhj ##dwl[ V[ sirju[ s[ V[C[ Vhk ujSj m us'G dHh bjfS[ bjfWjhi bjrS aJ lj} sl s[Sj m$$ Rpl dsV Ljq } WjWj ug V[lqjZg t'v%g a[ Wjhi bjH[ m l[rwJ V[ l.aJ } tWi wi ds,ag aJl.a ldawji Vjv bj w[ dqv[ m fdhvJ RpV%J V[ uv fjSg fpdAbjaJ WjWj ug V[ sp,Z q>Ddebj m sp,Z A,w w[ dxi Wjhi } yv[ eH[ mus'G Wjhi'G qpC[ aJ wqi[ dr,y hg bj w[ dWiju eH[ m wpN dsVJa'G Wjbs l.a q,v dl>z ug V[ WjWj ug } bjfS[ w'v Wpvj w[e,v Wja yvjHg m dwRpGdw l.a q,v dl>z ug awC[ drsrjV wqjHgrjv[ lV m wpN f+qjio Wji[ WjWj ug Vjv f+LV wga[ m WjWj ugV[ Ioju'e RpV%J s[ RpKai dsa[ m l.a RKpai lpS w[ WC[ f+l.V h'H[ mdxi l.aJ V[ dVaV[q Wji[ fpdAbj a[ bjf V[ ufpug ljdhW s[ fjnJsj ba[ qPv q>ai s[ dlqiV sj dVaV[q s,Ddlbj m RpKai lpS w[l.a Whpa f+l.V h'H[ a[ dwhj dw aplk Z.V h' m dHl ai%J wdhw[ h,ou'C w[ bjfS[ rv'G ldawji wgaj m WjWj ug V[ h,o u'Cw[ W[Vagwgag ##ug aplk ljc[ sjsj epiP h'$$ aJ l.aJ V[ dwhj ##Rpqi wiw[uJ uVq wiw[ w'Hg r,cj Vhk WSsj wqjHg hg r,cg ] m u' wqjHgwi[ej Rph ldawji I'e ] m$$ l.aJ V[ fpdAbj ##w'Hg xpiVj aJVhk WdSbj ($$ WjWj ug V[ urjW ds,aj ##wHg rjig l.a ijq dl>zug w'v idh>DdsbJ a'G FeaJ sg WjSg fC%dsbJ h'dHbj blk dHhf>eagbJ lpSgbj lV m

YdH fiq fpit s[rjdZ s[r m Wl.a 1194Feda h[da Vidl>z F[r mm \FeaWjSg|

47

dxi blk l.a ijq dl>z ug w'v W[Vag wgag lg dw ##Vidl>z ug s[ rg siLV h' lws[ hV m$$ RpV%J V[ dwhj ##wqjHg wiVrjdvbJ } lF wpN h' lwsj ] m$$ dxi blk RpV%J } fpdAbj ##dwdwl ai%J$$ aJ RpV%J V[ RpKai dsaj lg ##Vi dl>z sj brajiFea f+dhvjs sg idtbj wiV rjla[ h'dHbj lg m Rpl a'G WjbsVi dl>z sg dwl[ V[ RpfjlVj Vhk wgag Vj dHh f+a,t h'H[ hV mRpl a'G Wjbs lj} w'Hg xpiVj Vhk h'dHbj m$$ aJ l.a q,v dl>zug V[ dwhj ##hJ ngw ] m$$

fi Vi dl>z sg f+gdtbj WCg wiCg ] m RpV%J sj siLV WCja[u rjvj ] m fi aplk dul ai%J wdnV wqjHg wi ih[ h' m dHlb,e[ w'Hg r,cg e,v Vhk ] m u[ wiVj yjh'e[ aJ h' ujSe[ m dHlai%J WyV wiw[ l.a q,v dl>z ug V[ l+g Vi dl>z wry Vjqsj dHw LWs s,Ddlbj m dwhj dw ##dHl s[ f>u fjn i'; Ljq r[v[wi dvbj wi' m$$ l.aJ V[ dwhj ##bjfSj dVljVj aJ epiP VjVwdVi>wji hg ] m$$ dHl a'G Wjbs WjWj ug RpKn w[ bjfS[ wqi[dr,y yv[ eH[ m dHl WyV a'G wpN dsVJ Wjbs l.a q,v dl>z ugc[i[ dr,y dxis[-dxis[ WjWj ug s[ wqi[ r,v yv[ eH[ m ujw[ WPh[b,e[ tv' eH[ m WjWj ug lqjZg dr,y W{n[ ih[ m Rpl rwa l.aJ }WjWj ug sg oJ Vi dl>z sj iPf ds,DDdlbj ba[ W[b>a a[u V;ibjdHbj aJ l.aJ V[ brju s[ w[ WjWj ug } dwhj ##qhJfpit' l.FvujY m$$ da>V[ rji dHh brj; ds,ag m bjrj; lpS w[ WjWj ugV[ V[ai t'v%[ aJ l.aJ V[ dwhj ##aplk aJ bjf Vi dl>z WS[ W{n[h' m WjWj ug V[ dwhj ##ug lj} aJ w'Hg faj Vhk m$$ l.aJ V[ dwhj##blk f+a,t lF wpN s[dtbj ] ba[ aphjcg dHAj fPig h' eHg ] m$$WjWj ug V[ dwhj ##ug lj} aJ siLV Vhk h'H[ m$$ aJ l.a q,vdl>z ug V[ dwhj ##us'G bjf hg RpV%J sj iPf h' eH[ aJ siLVrjvg e,v dfA[ aJ Vhk idh eHg m yv' dwa[ siLV rg h'

48

ujSe[ m$$ dxi l.a q,v dl>z ug V[ bjf ug sj Vjq fpdAbj m bjfug V[ s,Ddlbj ug l.a ijq dl>z ug V[ q[ij Vjq hdiVjq dl>z idtbj] m l.a q,v dl>z ug V[ dwhj Vhk aphjcj Vjq #qhJ hdiVjq dl>z$] m fi hpS aplk dHo'G yv[ ujY m bjfSg dHAj bVplji dryi' mdHh ljcg W[Vag ] hpwq Vhk m dwa[ ljcj l[rjsji aphjcg W[bsWgwi s[r[ dxi qpLwv WS ujH[eg m aJ bjf ug V[ fpdAbj ##q{G dwo[ujrJ($$ aJ l.aJ V[ dwhj dw ljig Ziag aphjcg hg ] m aphjc[idhS rjvg fdr,ai Ziag b>Ddq+ali ] m Rpo[ fhp>y ujY m l' dHlai%J RpV%J sj WyV q>V s[ b>Ddq+ali r,v h' api[ m lpdSbj ] dHo[l.a wjhV dl>z ug l.a q,v dl>z ug s[ y[v[ lV m RpV%J s[ fjlbj wiw[ dBw eH[ m

l+g b>Ddq+ali dVrjlsiLV h'S[ a[ zi fhp>ySj

l+g b>Ddq+ali idh>dsbj dHh dVIq i,Ddtbj dw ija TvS ljihg li'ri dry dHLVjV wiw[ dwa[ f+wiqj dr,y y"GwCj qji w[dZbjV dHldoa h' ujSj m dul r[v[ l.ea sg bjrjujHg LpiP h'ujSg Rpl[ rwa Rpo'G RpKn w[ ws[ WjWj bB,v rjvg ue%j w'vbj W{nSj m ws[ Wjhi u.ev r,v yv[ ujSj m ljij dsV WjhiidhS a'G Wjbs Ljq } Ldhi dr,y bj w[ WjWj bB,v ljdhW ugw'v dH,w hvrjHg a'G sp,Z v{ v{Sj m wsg l.a qlajV dl>z sgZiqLjvj fhp.y w[ v.ei dry b>V A,w v{Sj m dxi f+wiqj dr,ybj w[ ija } ndhi ujSj m dHl ai%J Whpa lqJ ws[ sp,Z ws[dH,w uJ b,Zj xpvwj A,wSj m b,n fdhi Wjbs hg dHh F'uVwiVj m dHl ai%j dHo[ awigWV b,n@ V"@ s,l ljv sj lqJvjdHbj m dH>V[ lq[G dr,y hg l,a v,t f,yg huji fjn ##l+g ufpug

49

ljdhW$$ s[ wga[ m dHh RpV%J sj bjfSj s,Ddlbj h'dHbj WyV ] mdHl s[ Vjv qPv q>a+ sj dlqiV rg bap,B wis[ ih[ m dHV%J dsVJdr,y hg dH,w dsV Wjhi dHwJa dry W{n[ lV m lp,a[ qV dr,ydtbjv bjdHbj dw bu[ ##Vi dl>z ug$$ siLV Vhk h'H[ m dtbjvbjRpS sg s[i hg lg Rpl[ r[v[ bjrju bjHg ##ljcg tpijw lj}s[ dsRp@ siLV wi vr' m$$ h{ijV h' w[ dHZi RpZi s[dtbj dwbjrj; dwo'G bjHg ] m dstjHg wpN Vj ds,aj fi bjrju dxi Rpl[ai%J hg bjHg m bjf lqN eH[ dwhj ##tpijw ] wg@ wg s[rJ ($$urjW bjdHbj 1 a'vj l.tgbj tj vY dHh ljcg tpijw ] m RpKntv'a[ Ldhi bj eH[ m dsV yC[ a'G Rpl[ hvrjHg } s,l w[ 1 a'vjl.tgbJ q>erj dvbj a[ ieC w[ fpCg W.V% vHg ba[ Rpo'G y,v fH[ my,vs[ y,vs[ uv.Zi s[ V[C[ fhp.y eH[ m Rpo'G dwl[ zi'G sp,Z q>edvbj m b,e[ dH,w A'Bg duhg hvrjHg sg spwjV lg m Rpl a'G Wixgv{ w[ dH,w BpwCg dr,y l.tgbj iedCbj h'dHbj fj w[ rv[%B w[A,w eH[ m Rpa'G sp,Z fg eH[ ba[ y,v fH[ m dwl[ df>c a'G o'C%g sPidH,w A,fC lg m Rpls[ dwVji[ a[ bj w[ W{n eH[ m us'G b,Zg ijah'Hg aJ dH,w RpvBg bjHg m Rpl a'G Wjbs B,Bg bjHg m dHl ai%JVjv ajf rg WCj h' debj m RpvBgbJ B,BgbJ rg bjHgbJ m fiija TvS lji dHLVjV \dur[G dw dVIq lg| wi dvbj m dH,wsita Vjv T'h vj w[ dV,aV[q dr,y upB eH[ m fi ajf RpvBgbJy,vsgbJ ihgbJ m dlqiV Vhk A,Ddcbj m dwr[G A,cS ( epiPrjw ] m

u{l[ bfV[ ZVdh f+jVg qiVp qjc{ mma{l[ l.a uVJ ijq Vjqp V Ajc{ mm

\Wl.a Vjqs[r 1195-86|whj FdHY uRp aVp FdHY dAVp dAVp mmf+[qp ujdH aRp cif{ a[i' uVp mm

bjlj idrsjl ug 486

50

dHh f+ga ] m ljigbJ f+gaj dry'G f+ga ] dur[G spVgbJsjiaJ Rps'G i'Gsj ]@ us'G Rpl sj Z.V yvj ujH[ m fi qhJfpit i,Ws[ dfbji[ Rpl r[v[ l'yrjV hp>s[ hV us'G RpV%J sg f+ga zBsgh'r[ m idrsjl ug sj woV ] m

q[ig f+gda e'dW>s dlRpG dudV zB{ mmq{G aRp q'dv qheg vHg ugb-lB{ mm

ZVjlig idrsjl ug 694RpV%J } faj ] dw dHh f+ga dwaVg qdh>eg ] m dwr[G WSsg

] m dHl vHg Rph ljrZjV h' w[ dHl f+ga } dVFjRpGs[ hV mBp,BS Vhk ds>s[f+gda f+[q aVp tjdy idhbj mm Wgy V ijHg h'a mm

yRpW'v[ q^5 \1393|ijHg sj sjSj lF a'G A'Bj sjSj ] m dHl vHg bjdtbj ] m

q[ig f+ga dr,y ijHg duaVj xiw Vj fr[ zB[ Vj@ rZ Fjr[G dw>VgujH[ m dur[G spVgbjsji yjhp>sj ] m q[ig bjqsV rZ[ m sl ipf{zB ujS dwaVj l'ysj ] m dwRpGdw zB[ w.q wiV } dya hgVhk wisj m u[ dwa[ s' iPf{ hg r,Z bj ujS aJ tpLg sj b>a Vhkidh>sj m dHr[G hg qhJfpit Vjq ZV } t,Bs[ hV m dHh Vjq RpV%Jsj blvg ZV ] m dHh dqvsj ] f+ga Vjv@ f+[q Vjv h'i dwl[aigw[ Vjv Vhk dqv lwsj m t{i hpS dHo[ b>Ddq+a r[v[ dH,w FjigtCjw h'dHbj dur[G dw Ziag fjB eHg h'r[ m Vjv hg dH,w ds,Wf+wjL lji[ hg fjl[ Vui bjdHbj m Rpl f+wjL dry'G l+g Vi dl>zug s[ siLV h'H[ m Vjv hg da>V rji dHh WyV h'dHbj dw

wdvuppde f+qjSp VjVw epip mmwdvuppde f+qjSp VjVw epip mmwdvuppde f+qjSp VjVw epip mmdHls[ Vjv hg Rph liPf bv'f h' debj m fi f+wjL Rpla'G

51

rg r,Z debj m Rpl f+wjL dr,y epiP VjVw fjaLjh ug sj liPff+a,t h' debj m dHaVj a[u LJaqHg f+Fjr wdhS woV a'G Wjhi] m fi qlag b{lg bjHg wdhS woV a'G Wjhi ] m

bvRpag wj u{l[ FdHbj Wi[cjdudV fgbj dadV ujdVbj m eRpCg wWgi \333|wpN faj hg Vj v,e[ ligi ] rg dw Vhk m dHl bV.s dr,y

W{dnbJ } Wjwg lqJ dwr[G v.dzbj@ faj hg Vj v,ej m dsV[ wHgbjRpS rjv[ v'wJ V[ r[t w[ w'Hg qdibj hg lqN dvbj m h"vgh"vg dH,w sPu[ a'G lpSw[ lF } faj v,e debj m duhC[ lpS w[r[tS bjH[ RpV%J dr,y dH,w W.sj dlbjSj lg m Rpl V[ V[C[ h' w[r[dtbj a[ dwhj ljh bjRpGsj ] Whpa e"i Vjv r[tw[ qjvPq hp.sj] m h'i v'w aJ yv[ eH[ fi H[h w'v W{n debj m wpN lq[G WjbsWjWj ug sg dWiag tpvg a[ V[a+ tpv eH[ aJ Rpl V[ fpdAbJ ##a[ijVjq wg ]@ dwhCj df>c ] ($$ WjWj ug V[ dlix dHaVj hg s,Ddlbj##df>c qVlPirjv ] m$$ W,l dHaVj s,lS sg s[i hg lg Rpl V[fAjS dvbj a[ fpdAbj ##aP. WPC dl>z sj qp>cj ] #qlajV$ m bjfV[ dwhj #hJ$ dwRpGdw dHh aJ WjWj ug s[ dfaj ug sj Whpa dqvSrjvj lg m us'G zi a'G eH[ lV Rpl r[v[ Fjv h'Hg lg aJ dHhrg Vjv hg lg FjvS rjdvbJ dr,y m faj Vj v,eS wiw[ lFzi s[ yp,f wiw[ W{n eH[ lV m dHl } ljig e,v sj faj h'Swiw[ A[ag fdhyjS bj eHg m dxi Rph W.sj W'dvbj ##aP. dwZiyvj debj lg m a[i[ lji[ zi s[ a{} Fjv-Fjv w[ o,w eH[ m$$o'Cj h,l w[ bjf W'v[ ##duo[ dvujS rjvj v{ debj m$$ Rph wdhSv,ej ##y,v q[i[ Vjv zi } m a{} i'Bg fjSg tpbj w[ a[i[ df>cfpyjrJ m$$ dxi Rpl V[ Wjh'G xC w[ RpnjSj yjdhbj m Rpdnbj Vhkdebj m dHRpG qdhlPl h'dHbj dur[G lji[ ligi sg e.T W,N eHgh'r[ m dHV%J } A,c w[ dxi Rph zi debj ba[ sp,Z v{ bjdHbj m

52

bjfV[ v'C bVplji A,w dvbj m dxi Rpl V[ dwhj ##a{} a[i[ zidwr[G fpyjrJ a{o'G aJ Rpdnbj Vhk uJsj ($$ Rph df>c dr,y ujw[ qdhi[ \dNRpi| rdh>eg rjv[ } v{ bjdHbj m ljig e,v lqNj w[dwo[ fhp.yjRpS ] ba[@ u' Rpl V[ dqhVa q>eg Rpl } s[ ds,ag mdxi qdhi[ V[ rdh>eg s[ dHw fjl[ fjSg sj zCj Fi w[ i,t dvbj@sPli[ fjl[ fgC%g cjh w[ dHVJ } dWnj w[ y,v dfbj m apis[ apis[} du,Do[ spfdhij h' debj Rpo[ AJ r[t w[ RplV[ spfdhij w,BS vHgrdh>ej i,t ds,aj ba[ bjf ug } bjfS[ w'v hg dW+A s[ VjvT' duhj vpbj w[ dWnj ds,aj m bjf l'G debj m dHo'G spfdhi s[ lq[GdH,w rji epiP VjVw fjaLjh s[ siLV h'H[ m Rph WyV bjf hgqhJ fpitJ V[ lpSjdHbj lg m sPug rji siLV h'S s[ Vjv qV'brloj h'i rg RpKyg h' eHg m dxi aJ f,a[-f,a[ dr,y VPi hg VPids,Dl[ m dHl brloj } FjHg episjl ug V[ lj} lqNjRpS vHgwpN dHVJ btiJ spbjij riVS wgaj ] ^yiV wqv Fdu wqvÉ f+ejl FH[ silÊsidl3 lq-sil dstjH[ ] mmlWs lpida bVhs dvrvgV FH[@ RpVqVÌ qeV eeV fpi AjH[ ]Í mmf+[q il Wdl h'dH dWlq dW s[h FH[@bda blyiu q{ h[ia dhijH[ ] mmepiqpdt lpt xv qdhqj bejZ W'dZ bwo woj dWV'sÎ@ wha Vj bjH[ ] mmldaepi siLV LWs bjejdZ W'Z@ bdWedaÏ edaÐ V[da Vda Ñ Vq' Vq ] mmsil dZbjV bip LWs debjV dvr@ epfa f+eB nBÉÈ fPiV W+hq ] mmdViepV liepV wplqjrvg lpe.dZÉÉ l.dZ@Ê H[w bRp bV[w iPf e.dqaj beq ] mmfiqsFpaÉË blyiu{ blyiu q@{ bwo woj bvt dWlq{ dWlq ] 4781 mmyiV wqv w' qhjaq bejdZ Wd'Z@ bda blyiu q{ Vq' Vq' Vq ] mmw'qv w'qvaj bRp lgav lgavaj w{@ WjlV lpWjlp ajlp spagbj V lq ] mmldhu lqjdZ dVu bjlV dl>zjlV l:js dWlqjs ih iligdqaj beq ] mm

1! dhis[ sj wqv 2! siLV 3! r[tw[ 4! bjfS[ liPf dr,y qeV h' eH[5! w'aw 7! blyiu 8! igag 9! W[-b>a 10! WS debj 11! q[v h' debj12! Ziq blyiu h' debj 13! bjV.s qHg w"aw

53

iPf w{ bVPf iPf@ qV qVlj owa@ bwo woj@ dWV's dWlq{ dWlq ] mmdHl brloj } riSV wiVj ldaepiP VjVw s,ls[ hV m

VjVw woVj wiCj lji mm dxi rg WjSg spbjij epiP ljdhWjV V[Feaj V[@ FjHg episjl rie[ W+hq debjVg epi dl,tJ V[ u' wpNs,lS sg w'dlL wgag ] Rpl } bljc[ lqN e'yiJ wiV vHgbtiJ spbjij dHRpG hg riVS wgaj ] m fi ligi } hiwa dr,ydvbjRpSj qpLdwv lg m dHh rg dHw w'Hg wpsiag f+gdtbj hg lg mspfdhij T,vS a'G Wjbs rdh>eg rjvj y,v dfbj m bjoS a,wqVlPirjv fhp>y debj m us'G zi eH[ aJ qjaj r[t w[ WCg h{ijVrg h'Hg ba[ dHw dH>V[ dyi df,A'G zi bjH[@ wHg ri[% hg Wjhiv,e eH[ lV sPlij WjWj ug zi'G yv[ ujS s[ Wjbs dfaj ugligi dabje eH[ lV m dHw WjWj ug zi'G Wgqji h' w[ eH[ lVlF e,vJ iv eHgbJ m qjaj V[ r{ije WCj wgaj m ev ve w[i'Hg ba[ dwhj ##a[i[ dfaj a{} dqvS vHg ails[ l.lji a'G yv[eH[ m aP. dwZi yvj debj lg m$$ dHl ai%J qjaj V[ Whpa r{ijewgaj m bjf bjfS[ i>e qla ih[ m w'Hg RpKai Vj ds,aj m rdh>e[rjvj aJ dHw ija w,B w[ rjfl y,vj debj fi bjf bjfS[ zihg ih[ m

zi[ dBwjSj@ dxi zi'G yv[ ujSjqjaj ug V[ l[rj wiVg LpiP wi ds,ag ba[ duh' duhj dHvju

Rpl r[v[ spbjHg bjdsw lg@ Rph wis[ ih[ m Rpl r[v[ WjWj ugsg Rpqi awigWV 26 \A,Wg| wp ljv sg lg m fi ligi Rpl[ ai%JWgqji lg m dHvju Vjv w'Hg xiw Vhk dfbj m u' dlqiV sj f+rjhlg Rph dVi>ai yv dihj lg m A[ qhgV[ qjaj ug hg l[rj l.Fjvwis[ ih[ m q>u[ Rpa[ dfbj sj hg B,Bg-dfljW qjaj ug wi"Gs[ ih[ mdHw dsV qjaj ug dwa[ Wjhi eH[ lV m bjf ug } B,Bg-dfLjWsg hjua h'Hg m zi s[ dwl[ h'i V[ dZbjV Vj wgaj m r,cg FiujHg

54

} dwhj aJ Rph V[ l.FjvV sg oJ m RpvBg W'vg qjig ##bj rdCbjrjfl m a{} Ndvbj Vj dwl[ V[ ( ljcj i'Bg fjSg sj r[vj ] mdHl V[ i'Bg tjSg rg sp,Fi wi ds,ag ] m$$ h'i rg bV[w ai%J s[w"C[ WyV wh[ m fi l.Fjdvbj Vhk m bjf ug V[ Rpl rwa hgdwhj ##h[ dVi>wji a[ig iuj ] m aP. dHh' wirjRpSJ lg bljc[Vjv m$$ Rpl[ r[v[ q>u[ sg f{Gs dr,y v,aJ xlJ w[ u'i qjdibj m Rpl[rwa lF u'C aCjw-aCjw wiw[ tpv% eH[ m Rpl r[v[ awvgxaJ Whpa h'Hg m Rpl[ r[v[ hg Rpn w[ q>u[ a'G h[nJ W'ig a[ W{n eH[ mqJ rg Wjhi'G bj eHg m W{n[ s[tw[ WCg tpL h'Hg wdhS v,eg ##bjhb,u w'S ngw wi debj m$$ bjf W'v[ ##dul V[ e.T W.Vg lg@ Yhgt'v% debj ] m ##Rpl a'G Wjbs f>siJ wp dsV dr,y apiV dxiVu'e[ h' eH[ m B,Bg-dfLjW rg Wjhi ujS v,e fH[ m dH,w dsV qjaj} wdhS v,e[ ##qjaj hpS q{} a'i s[ m$$ qJ V[ dwhj dw ##bu[ndhi uj m wpA h'i awCj h' m tpijw tj w[ yvj ujrk m bu[ aP.Wjhi ujS sg t[yv N,vS u'ej Vhk@ wq;'i ] m$$ dxi WjWj ugV[ FiujHg rjvg ljig ev s,lg m s,l w[ wdhS v,e[ ##v{ qJ aP.ljcg l[rj Whpa wgag ] m a[ig l[rj lsw[ a[ig W.l ih[eg m Rphrg dH,w FjHg sg h'i dwl[ sg b"vjs Vhk idhSg m lF qi tfujSe[ m duhC[ Wy[ RpV%J } i'Bg rg qpLdwv Vjv upC[eg m$$ b"vjsaJ dH,w FjHg sg hg wjdHq ]@ h'i dwl[ sg Vhk m zi'G rg w.qngw hg ] m df,A[ aJ hjva favg hg lg@ fi hpS wpN y.eg ] mda>V zi hV m dH,w w'v V.Wisjig ]@ s' h'i hV m lpS w[! qjajs[ dy,a } Whpa sp,t h'dHbj m qjaj V[ WCj u'i vjdHbj dw Vjuj fi bjf idhS vHg dabji Vj h'H[ dxi qjaj V[ dwhj ##aP.dwr[G ujr[Gej ($$ bjf wdhS v,e[ ##dur[G rdh>eg dr,y w'Hg dHo[A,c debj ] ( Rpr[G hg aplk q{} rdh>eg a[ Rpl[ df>c fpyj dsY mb,e[ q{ bjf[ h"vg-h"vg yvj ujRPGej m$$ btgi qjaj V[ quWPi h'w[ Fi[ dsv Vjv da>V w,fC[ t,si s[ dH,w wpCaj@ dH,w yjsi@

55

dH,w spf,Bj ba[ dHw A'Bg duhg wp,ug dr,y l[i dzRp fj w[ dNRpi} l,s w[ Rpl[ ai%J rdh>eg dr,y dWnj w[ duo'G b,e[ bjH[ lV@ qVlPirjv a'G wpN sPi rjB fhp>yj ds,aj m WjWj ug Rpl[ ai%j qla hjvadr,y idh>s[ lV m

l.aV bri V wjhp ujVg mmW[-firjh lsj i>Dde hdi w{uj w' fjtp lpbjqg mm ihjRp mm \B'cg q^ 5 711|dlqiV dVi>ai qPv q>ai sj dsV ija wis[ idh>s[ lV m us'G

dwa[ dya q>VSj@ q>e w[ i'Bg tj v{Sg Vhk aJ bjV.s dr,y hgidhSj m dxi dwa[ h'i fjl[ } y,v fH[ m

wfPiv[ fhp.ySjdHl df>c a'G o'Cg duhg sPi ujS Wjbs dH,w e,c[ rjvj

dqdvbj m fpAS v,ej ##l.a ug dwo[ ujYe[ ($$ Rpai ds,aj dw##l+g bV.sfpi ljdhW r,v m$$

Rph wdhS v,ej ##aplk aJ apis[ rg h"vg-h"vg h'@ dHl ai%Jws'G fhp.y'e[ ($$ bjf V[ s,Ddlbj ##ligi } awvgx h'S wiw[apdibj Vhk uJsj m$$ e,Dc[ rjvj W'dvbj ##wfPiov[ a,w aJ q[i[Vjv yv[ yv' m Rpo'G a,w q{G fpyj lwsj hJ m q{G Rpo[ a,w hg ujSj] m$$ bjfV[ dwhj ##Vhk ljcj w.q hg i'u Wjhi idhSj sj ] mdw,Do[ lrjig FjvJe[ m aP. uj m$$

Rph wdhS v,ej ##hpS aJ aplk W{n ujY m$$ Rpls[ wHg rjiwdhS Rpa[ q>V eH[ m RplV[ e,Dc[ Rpa[ q>ug itg h'Hg lg m wdhSv,ej ##dHl Rpa[ bijq Vjv W{n ujr'e[ m$$ bjf h,l w[ wdhS v,e[##WHg a[i[ aJ e,c[ Rpa[ WdhS sj ljc[ w'v wpN s[S } Vhk u[q>ug Rpa[ W{n eH[ a[ x[i FjCj q>e[ej m$$ Rph W'dvbj ##ug@ q{G wpA

56

Vhk q>esj m aplgG W{n ujY m$$ bjf W{n eH[ m Rph e,cj h"vg-h"vg a'isj dihj m ila[ dr,y duo[ Ljq f{ eHg m Rpo[ e,cj i'wds,aj m RplV[ i'Bg dabji wi vHg a[ wdhS v,ej ##l.a ug@ i'BgtjY ug m$$ bjf wdhS v,e[ ##lj} aJ Fpt Vhk@ aP. tj v{ m$$ RplV[dwhj ##aphjc[ rjla[ s' i'BgbJ it ds,agbJ hV m us'G dy,a q>V[tj v{SgbJ m$$ dHRpG wdhw[ f+Ljs[ WjWj ug s[ spf,DB[ dr,y vf[Bds,a[ m bjf i'Bg tj vHg a[ h,o Z' w[ wdhS v,ej ##l.a ug q{G aJo,Ddwbj h'dHbj hJ bijq wisj hJ m Vks bjRpGsg ] m$$ dHRpwdhw[ W'ig Rpa[ sig drAj w[ uqgV a[ v[B debj m WjWj ug wdhSv,e[ WHg aP. q>ug Rpa[ f{ uj m$$ Rph wdhS v,ej ##dHh q>ug aphjcgVdqa hg ] m hpS Vjv[ aplk Rpfi'G lji[ dVejh it'e[ m q{G odwbjh'dHbj hJ m u[ q{G q>ug Rpa[ f{ debj q{} o,Dw[ } Vks VhkbjRpSg m$$ dHl wiw[ ;qgV a[ v.qj f{ debj m o'C[ dyi l"S a'GWjbs Rpnw[ us'G RplV[ dVe%j qjig m Wvs r[t[ aJ dH,w WvsdvB dihj lg dur[G WC[ u'i sj sis h'r[@ qvPq hp.sj lg hpS qdibjdw hpS qdibj m Rph r[tw[ Rpyg-Rpyg i'S ve dfbj m bjrjulpSw[ bjf V[ V[a+ t'v%[ fpAS v,e[ m ##dwRpG WHg wg e,v h' eHg ($$i'Gsj h'dHbj W'dvbj m ##ug q{G qjdibj debj@ eigW bjsqg hJ mdrbjuP f{l[ v{ w[ q{G dHh Wvs tigdsbj ] m FjCj dwijdHbj T'hw[ epujij wisj hJ@ A'B[ A'B[ W,y[ hV m uqgV edhS[ fjHg h'Hg] m h'i w'Hg i'ug sj rlgvj Vhk m

bjf wdhS v,e[ ##awCj h'@ dul V[ f{sj wgaj ] Rph i'ugs[r[ej h"Glvj wi m$$

wdhS v,ej ##dwr[G h"Glvj wiJ ( dli a[ qpw,sqj yvsj ]dHl aigw a[ tWi[ wg x{lvj h'r[ ( Rpa'G Wvs rjvg dWfaj f{eHg m$$ i"Gsj r[tw[ qV dr,y sdHbj bj eHg m qhJfpit sj qVWCj dViqv a[ w'qv hp.sj ] m dwl[ sj spt r[t WCg A[ag dqhi

57

wis[ hV m RpV%J sg dVe%J dr,y q[hi@ yiVJ dr,y q[hi@ h,oJ dr,yq[hi m dwl[ ildaRpG w'Hg bjr[ q[hi h'Hg lqN' m blk bjf hg w'HgFp,v wi W{ns[ hJ m dulsj xv lj} spt iPf dr,y dqvsj ] m WjWjug V[ fpdAbj ##dw duhCgbJ s' i'BgbJ ljc[ vHg itgbJ hV Rphdvbj dwo[ hV m$$ RplV[ WjWj ug s[ fiV[ s[ vC a'G s' i'BgbJw,T w[ xCj ds,agbJ m dH,w i'Bg wTw[ wdhS ve[ ##v{ dHh i'BgRpl Wvs } trj dsY m

Rph wdhS v,ej ##ug Rph aJ uqgV a[ dvBg uj dihj ] mRpnsj hg Vhk m tjH[ej dwr[G ($$

bjf wdhS v,e[ ##aP. Rpl s[ w'v uj qP>h b,e[ aJ wi m b{o[e,vJ wig uJsj ] m$$ dul r[v[ Rph i'Bg v{ w[ debj Wvs V[ N,BqP>hdr,y fj vHg m tjS lji hg sis hB debj Wvs Rpn s[ tC'debj m Rph tpL h' debj m bjf wdhS v,e[ m$$ aP. hpS W[-dxwih' w[ l"G uj m Rph uj w[ l"G debj m fi dH,w-s' rji Wvs } Rpnw[ r[dtbj m Wvs ngw lg m duaVg rji Rpdnbj WjWj ug Rpl} W{n[ hg V;i bjH[ m us'G dsV ydC%bj@ apiV sg dabjig wiw[y,v fH[ ila[ dr,y Rpl V[ duwi wgag dw ##l.a ug qhjiju@ dwa[q[i[ rg y.e[ dsV bjRpSe[ ( us'G sg q{G h'L l.Fjvg ] q{G w'Hg rglp,t Vhk r[dtbj m$$ dHl ai%J wiw[ i' dfbj m bjf ug Rpai ds,aj##Vj hg lsj dsV y.e[ idh>s[ hV ba[ Vj hg lsj hg qjC[ idh>s[hV m aP. dwia wqjHg wig yv f+q[Lri Fvg wi[ej m

Rph W'dvbj ##ug dH,w q[i[ a[ dwl[ V[ qpw,sqj wgaj ] mwydhig dr,y b,u Rplsj x{lvj h'Sj ] m$$ WjWj ug h,lw[ wdhSv,e[ ##x{lvj a[i[ h,w dry h'r[ej m b,u hg h'r[ej m$$ Rph W'dvbj##ug dul W.s[ Vjv q[ij qpwsqj ] Rph WCj u'i rjvj ] m dHo[Rplsg WCg yvsg ] m$$ bjf h,l w[ W'v[ ##u[ a{} Vhk dHaWjiaJ blk RpaVj dyi a[i[ e,Dc[ Rpa[ hg ihje[@ o,v[ f{i Vhk

58

vjRpGs[ m$$ wfPiov[ fhp.yS a'G Wjbs Rpl V[ e,cj i'w ds,aj m bjfW'v[ ##uj W[-dxwi h' w[ blk W{n[ hJ a[ij qpw,sqj du,a[ a'G hgujrJe[ m$$ Rph wydhig yvj debj m dul r[v[ bsjva v,egfdhvg brj; hg dHl W.s[ } fHg ba[ u,u V[ ljij qpw,sqj lpSw[ x{lvj dHl s[ h,w dr,y s[ ds,aj m W,l dxi wg lg tpLg tpLg e,Dc[w'v bjdHbj aJ bjRpGs[ lji Rpl r,v r[t w[ WjWj ug h,Dl[ wdhSv,e[ dwRpG a[ij w.q aJ ija hg wi ds,aj lg m aP. b{r[G cig ujdihj lg m$$ wdhS v,ej ##q{} aJ aphj} i,W V[ dqvj ds,aj WCgq[hi h'Hg q[i[ eigW Rpa[ m$$ bjf W'v[ ##blk aJ hpS yvs[ hJ mbjfSj lqjv lJF v{ m$$ apiV vdebj@ Rpl } da>V WyV dwa[ mÉ! dH,w aJ dwl[ sj h,w Vj itg mÊ! duVj h' lw[ f+q[Lri } Ijs wig mË! bjfS[ dr,a bVplji bjH[ l.a ljZ sg l[rj wik m epiP VjVw

Fvg wi[ej m

ljZ w{ l.de Vhg wAp zjv mmsilVp F[Ba h'a dVhjv mm

dHo'G apiV v,Ddebj V[ dH,w VrJ r[l wi dvbj m dH,w e'sCgriej q'Bj w,fCj dul s[ Vjv bjfS[ qpt a[ fCsj hi r[v[ i,tSj myjsi sg ws[ Wp,wv qji v{Sg ws[ q'T[ Rpa[ it v{Sg m v,w t,sisj sp,fBj ba[ dH,w h,o dr,y dy,fg dH,w h,o l'Bg h"vg-h"vg apis[-apis[ RPV[ ljdhW s[ V[C[ dH,w RpujC dr,y dW+A h[n T'h vj w[W{n eH[ m o'C[ dyi dr,y W,wigbJ yjiV rjvj bjuCg bj debj mRpl V[ r[t w[ dwhj dw w'Hg x,wi W{nj ] m Rpl V[ V[C[ bj w[Vqlwji wgag a[ dwhj ##x,wi lJHk@ dHo[ ljhqS[ RPVj Ldhi ] mRpo[ uj w[ u[ dFdAbj wiVg ] aJ wi vr'@ Vhk aJ Rpo[ #W[sgbJ$sj v.ei b,Dn' fdhi y,vsj ] m Rpo[ lF } i'Bg dqvsg ] m Rpo[

59

yv[ ujY m$$ fdhv'G aJ bjf wpN Vhk W'v[@ sPug rji Rpl s[ wdhSa[ W'v[ ##dfbjdibj@ aP. w'Hg dxwi Vj wi bjfSj w.q wi ujw[$$ m Rph W,wigbJ yjisj yjisj b,e[ yvj debj m Ljq } Rphrjfl qpdCbj aJ bjf ug } Rpl aiJ Rpo[ W{n[ r[dtbj m V[C[ bjw[ Vqlwji wiw[ wdhS v,ej ##i,W rjdvY@ aplk dHo[ hg W{n[h' m dwa[ eH[ Vhk F'uV A,wS vHg ($$ bjf V[ dwhj dw ##Vhk m$$bjuCg W'dvbj ##u[ qVuPi wi' aJ dH,w W,wig sj sp,Z hg o'Cjv{ vr' m$$ bjf V[ dwhj u[ aJ dHVJ dr,y a[ig bjfSg W,wig ] aJRpl sj sp,Z s[h@ Vhk aJ dwl[ sg W,wig sj Vhk m$$ Rph W'dvbj##dHV%J dr,y s' W,wigbJ q[igbJ hV m dH,w sj v{ vr'G m$$ dHaVjbjt w[ Rph W,wig w.V' xC w[ v{ bjdHbj m bjf V[ Rplsj sp,ZdH,w dy,fg dr,y y' w[ A,w dvbj m bjuCg aJ zi yvj debja[ dul rwa bjfS[ zi uj w[ W,wig y'Hg aJ sPug W,wig s[oSJ dr,y sp,Z r[dtbj@ h{ijV duhj h' w[ l'yS v,e dfbj@ dHhW,wig aj l.aJ V[ y' vHg lg m us'G oS Fi[ r[t[ aJ sp,Z y' dvbj mfi ljig ija l'ysj dihj m dsV ydCbj aJ W,wigbJ v{ w[ lFa'G fdhvJ Rpo[ hg fhp.dybj m fi bjf Rpl s[ bjrpS a'G fdhvJhg yv[ eH[ m dxi bjuCg V[ W,wigbJ rg yjigbJ@ bjf ug sgFjv rg wgag dwa'G Vj dqv[ m sPu[ dsV rg Vj dqv[@ agli[ dsVFjv rg wgag w'Hg faj Vj v,ej m y"o[ dsV dH,w oJ dH,w dW+Ah[n W{n[ byjVw hg dqv fH[ m RplV[ fAjS w[ w'v uj w[ Vqlwjiwgag a[ W'dvbj ##ug q{G aJ@ WCg sPi a,w Fjv wgag@ dwa[ fajVhk v,ej a[ b,u byjVw hg dqv fH[ m$$ h,l w[ wdhS v,e[ ##lj}dwo'G dwo'G Fjv[ej ( aP. bjfSj w.q wi uj w[ m$$ Rph W[Vag wiVv,e ##ug sp,Z wpA h'i v{ vr' m$$ wdhS v,e[ w,v } lhg@ b,uaJ v'C Vhk m$$ bev[ dsV lr[i[ hg Rph W,wig v{ bjdHbj ##vYqhjiju ) spZ y' vr' m$$ bjf V[ sp,Z y' w[ A,w dvbj m Rpl bjuCgs[ qjvj xCg h'Hg r[t w[ WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ ##aP. alWg x[isj

60

hp.sj ] ($$ Rpl V[ dwhj wHg ljv h' eH[ m dxi fpdAbj ##dwo'GRpfs[L dvbj lg ($$ RplV[ s,Ddlbj ##ug ljcj dH,w fgi lg m RplV[ljij wpN s,Ddlbj lg Rpl V[ h'i Whpa wpN dwhj lg@ dw b>si'GWCgbJ l'hSgbJ brj;j bjRpGsgbJ hV m dxi dwl[ i,Wg VPi sgNvw rg f{S v,e uJsg m fi bu[ wpN Vhk faj v,ej m dxi WjWjug wdhS v,e[ ##ljc[ V[C[ h' a{} wpN dstjHgH[ m$$ us'G V[C[ h'dHbjaJ wdhS ve[ ##dHo[ W{n w[ hpS fC% u' a[i[ fgi V[ s,Ddlbj ] m$$us'G Rpl V[ fdC%bj aJ qV h'i hg h' debj m bV.s b{lj bjdHbjdw woV a'G Wjhi@ u' dHl } ws[ bjdHbj hg Vhk lg m qla h'debj m dxi WjWj ug W'v[ ##dwRpG WHg hpS s,l m$$ wdhS v,ej##b,vj rjdvY@ WCg idhqa wgag q[i[ eigW Rpa[ m wpiWjVujrJ m$$ dHh lF wpN b>si'G hg dstj ds,aj ] m$$ bjf h,lw[W'v[ ##hJ@ lF wpN b>si hg ] m$$

##FjHg V.s vjv ljdhW$$uqjdv Y hqj uj@ W[ hujW uvrjei blaaP. si hujdW tpsg@ Ijdi dy^ wp V.s ( 2 mmlJHg hi oj hjui Vjui@ fCsj dr,y Vj ijHga{} bjf tpsg Rphvj s,l wi[ wg qjhg mmlF dwAp zi qdh Wjhdi Vjhg mm

qjN^ q^ 5 \102|dxi bjuCg } W'v[ ##uj bjfSj w.q wi m hpS dur[G b,e[

dqhVa wi[eJ@ Vjq u,Df[ej@ dHh bV.s rZsj hg ujH[ej m fii,tk l.Fjv w[ m$$

ijq fsjiop fjdHw{wWgij eJdn Vj t'v mm 1395 mmdHl ai%J Rpl } dVhjv wiw[ bjf b,e[ yv[ eH[ mm

61

RPV[ W[sg ljdhW;js[ Vjv dqvjfdHo'G y,vw[ h'i b,e[ ujw[ RPV[ ljdhW s[ V[C[ yv[ eH[ m dHw

sita s[ h[n uj W{n[ m wHg dsV dHo[ W{dnbJ V[ Waga wga[ mdH,w dsV dHl fjl[ r,v W[sg ljdhW;js[ L[i sj dLwji wis[ h'H[bj eH[ m bjf dHo[ hg W{n[ lV m Rpl dsV aJ bjf s[ Vjv w'Hge,v Vhk h'Hg m bev[ dsV us'G Rph x[i dHZi } bjH[ bjf ug} H[o[ W{n[ r[dtbj a[ w'v bj eH[ Vqlwji wiw[ fpAS v,e[@##qhjaqj uV dwo'G bjH[ hV m$$ bjf ug V[ s,Ddlbj dw ##spbjW[r,v'G m$$ h'i ljij Vei re{ij fpAS a'G Wjbs W[sg ljdhW wdhSv,e[ w'Hg uv fjSg dwa'G Adwbj w[ Vhk m bjf W'v[ m ##bu[ awaJ Vhk Adwbj ba[ V w'Hg dH,Aj h'Hg ] m$$ dxi fpdAbj ##dFdAbjVhk wis[ ($$ RpKai ds,aj ##ws[ wi rg v{Gs[ hJ@ ws[ Vhk rgwis[ m dxi W[sg ljdhW W'v[ ##u[ hpwq dsY aJ dHo[ hg uv fjSgfhp>yj s[HgH[ m$$ WjWj ug V[ dwhj ##aplk dHaVg t[yv Vj wi' wgfaj blk ws'G dHo'G yv[ ujHgH[@ dxi aplk epiP sg b>l h' aphj}t[yv s[Sg Vhk WSsg m$$ dxi ljdhW;js[ V[ fpdAbj dw ##qpt a[w,fCj dwRpG i,ts[ h' m$$ WjWj ug V[ h,lw[ dwhj ##dHr[G hg ngw] m$$ ljdhW;js[ wdhS v,e[ ##dur[G aphjcg iuj Rpr[G hg ngw ]a[ aphjcg wiVg ] wirjRpSg Vhk m ws[ q"wj dqdvbj aJ siLVwiJe[ m dHRpG WyV wi lpSw[ W[sg ljdhW;js[ yv[ eH[ m

62

RPV[ ljdhW a'G y,v w[ u.ev dr,yRpl a'G df,A'G wHg dsV Waga wiV dfA'G dH,w dsV dxis[

dxis[ ldhu lpFj hg RPV[ ljdhW s[ V[C[ fhp>y eH[ m Wjhi hg dH,wVr[wvg ue%j Rpa[ W{n eH[ m wpN dyi Wjbs dHo'G dHw f+[qgv.dzbj m bjf ug } r[t w[ wdhS v,ej@ ##l.a ug v.ei sj rwa] m yv' f+Ljsj A,w vr'@ v.ei ria dihj ] m$$ fi bjf lqjZg$y W{n[ lV W'v[ Vhk m Rph b,e[ v.z debj m uj w[ vJeig } wdhSv,ej ##Wjhi dH,w qhjaqj W{n[ hV@ q{G RpVJ } v.ei A,wS sgW[Vag wgag lg@ fi RpV%J V[ w'Hg RpKai Vhk ds,aj m u[ aP. q{}wpA f+Ljs[ xCj s[r[G@ q{G uj w[ RpV%J } s[ bjrJ m$$ W[sg ljdhW;js[rg w'v hg tv'a[ lV fp,AS v,e[ ##dwo[ wp hV ($$ Rpl V[ dwhj##ug ) Wjhi W{n[ hV m$$ yjsi sg Wp,wv qjig ] m qP>h a[ h'i wfCjdvbj ] m ##W[sg ljdhW lqN eH[ m N,B wdhS v,e[ ##RpV%J w'vblk bjf ujrJe[ m$$ dHRpG wdhw[ sjv f+Ljs[ v{ w[ ojv dr,y i,tw[ dH,w l[rjsji } Vjv v{ w[@ Rpo[ fhp>y eH[ m WjWj ug V[ r[tw[epiP wg b>l ujSw[ ldawji wgaj ba[ dwhj ##aphj} t[yv wiVsg wg v'C lg ($$ W[sg ljdhW V[ RpKai ds,aj m ##wqjHg r,cg ]@uja@ uVq r,cg Vhk m ug bjdHbJ } vY f+Ljsj A,Dw' m$$ WjWjug V[ v'C bVplji A,w dvbj m h,o lp,y[ wiV a'G Wjbs WjWj ugV[ dwhj dw lj} bjdebj dsY@ aphjcj WyV duhCj aplk wgajlg RPV[ ljdhW bjdHY@ hpS q>V dvbj ] m ##W[sg ljdhW;js[ wdhSv,e[ ##u[ aplk hpwq dsY aJ bjh ljig uqgV sPi a,w u.ev rjvgbjfSg hg ] m du,Do[ ue%j fl.s h'r[@ Rpo[ wpBgbj WSrj ds>s[ hJba[ l[rjsji dH,w uJ s' aphjc[ fjl idhSe[ m hpwq bVplji lF

63

ygu aphj} bjlV a[ fhp.y ujdHbj wi[eg m$$ WjWj ug V[ dwhjdw ##lj} w'Hg dHwJa blojV s,Dl' m duo[ V[C[ V[C[ w'Hg bjWjsgVj h'r[@ dlix dH,w fjSg h'r[ m aJ W[sg ljdhW wdhS v,e[ RphdBwjSj ] aJ lhg m dHo'G ##wHg dsV s[ dr,y fhp.ygsj ]@ WhpasPi ] m$$ bjf W'v[ Rphg yjhgsj ] m$$

W[sg ljdhW V[ lF dVLjVgbJ s,l ds,agbJ m bjf Rpl rwahg api fH[ m h"vg h"vg f>u l,a dsVJ #y fhp>y eH[ m yji ypx[i[Rpy[ fhjCJ dryjv[ dH,w l.zS[ dWiA h[n sg Vsg sj dViqvu,v re dihj lg m dH,Do[ eiqg lisg q"qq WCj lp.si lg m l' RplVsg s[ dwVji[ W{n eH[ m WjWj ug WyV wis[ hp.s[ lV@ ##dHo[ blkf>u ljv ih[ m$$ wpN dyi WSJ dr,Dy'G xv dqv ujSj A,w v{Sj mfdhv[ qhgV[ agli[ dsV dH,w xv m sPu[ qhgV[ l,aJ dsVJ WjbsdH,w xv m agu[ qhgV f>siJ dsV Wjbs dH,w xv m y"o[ qhgV[y"GwCj qjiw[ W{h eH[ m dH,w ljv Wjbs lqjZg t'vg aJ s' xvfH[ V;i bjH[ m r[t w[ qV dr,y xpiVj bjdHbj dHh w'S i,tdebj m dH,w brj; bjHg dHh aphjc[ Vdq,a hV A,w vr' m l'dybjdHh brj; dwo'G bjHg sPug rji dxi Rphg lpSjHg ds,ag m lpSw[ xv A,w dvbj m Rpl a'G Wjbs dxi lqjZg vgV h' eH[ m s'ljv Wjbs lqjZg t'vg m aawjv dxi lqjZg vgV h' eH[ m s'ljv Wjbs dxi lqjZg t'vg m bjf hg WyV wis[ hp.s[ lV blkf>u sgbJ 3 y"GwCgbJ vjHgbJ m fdhvg 1 ljv sg sPugbJ s'-s' ljv sgbJ m

u[ w'Hg fp,A[ lqjdZYG RpnS a'G Wjbs lq[G sj debjV dwr[Gidh>sj ] m dHl sj RpKai ldaepiP V[ bjf hg WjSg dr,y ds,aj ] m

Aagh upe epWjip lj bjf[ eSa wgVg mmrji! ij! 949

h'i Aagh upe epWjip wi ridabj lp.Vjhi mm

64

qhJ fpit sg brloj h'i ] m qhJ fpit dVi>wji Vjv h' w[lq[G bVplji s[h dr,y bjRpGs[ hV m Rpl r[v[ lq[G sj debjV N,Bhg lxpiV h' uJsj ] m dwRpGdw rjdhepiP y[aV ]@ uC% Vhk mrjdhepiP sg y[aVj l,aj hg lF } y[a.V i,tsg ] m Vjq spbjijvgV fpit lsj hg y[a.V ] m l.ljig W.sj us'G dwa[ W[h'L hp.sj ]@q{G dwo[ hJ@ aplk q{} wg wi ih[ h'@ bjdsw m qhJ fpit dHla'GaJ dwa[ RpKfi hV m

lWs[ hg l'Ng fHg ly{ bjdf WpNjHg mm 5 mmrj!ij!q! 3858

h'i wHg blojVJ a[ dryi w[ zi zi'G dxi Wjhif>u ljv Wjbs bjlS yp,w w[ y,vs[ y,vs[ #hig spbji[ diLk

w[L hp.s[ h'H[ W,s+g Vjo yv[ eH[ m dxi Rpl a'G b,e[ dwl[ oj dwa[u.ev dr,y af,Ddlbj wis[ ih[ m dxi dur[G bjf s,ls[ hVblk ##h[q wp.c$$ s[ V[C[ hg dwa[ dBw[ ih[ m Rpo[ wHg didLbJ Vjvq[v h'dHbj@ duhC[ dw fpijaV lq[G a'G bjfSg dH,Aj bVplji ligii,ts[ hV m I'eg uV V[ slq[G spbji lpbjl dBwj v{S[ l"-l" WiluJ dHl a'G rg r,Z lqJ lqjZg vj w[ W{nSj m b{l[ qhjV I'eguV rg dHo[ dqv[ m dxi Rpl a'G Wjbs s,ls[ lV ##wpN b{l[ dl,tJs[ rg siLV h'H[ m duhC[ slq fjaLjh s[ lq[G a'G hg epiP w[ hpwqbVplji ligi i,t w[ u.evJ dr,y dryis[ hV m dHh dl,t Ws[hqpwa brloj rjv[ hp>s[ hV m dul r[v[ l.lji dr,y epiP ugrV rjv[zBs[ ds,lS aJ epiP w[ hpwq bVplji dHh ligi Zji w[ l.ljidr,y dxi a'G epiP dl,tg ugrV sja WtL w[ bfVj lqJ fPij wiw[siejh } yv[ uJs[ hV m dHV%J } dHh hpwq ] m dHls[ Vjv dH,wFdrta WyV wgaj dw us'G Ziqg fpit iju wi[ej Rpl r[v[ RphWtLgbJ h'HgbJ iPhJ@ lF lisjigbj@ epiP w[ hpwq bVpljiwiVegbJ m Rph lF s[ uo[sji WSVe[ m dHo'G api w[ dxi q{sjVgdHvjw[ rv bj eH[ m dHo[ W{dnbJ } hpwq h'dHbj dw ujw[ dH,w

65

rji qjaj } dqv' Rpl V[ Ijs wgaj ] m hpwq q>V w[ y,v fH[ mVei fhp.y[ m dul r[v[ zi eH[@ b,e[ qjaj sj ligi wpN dT,vjlg m zi dwl[ ug V[ bjrj; s[ w[ dwhj ##qJ@ qlajVj bj debj] m aP. Ijs wisg lg m$$ qJ V[ b,tJ t'v% w[ r[dtbj Vjv hg qjajs[ lpbjl fPi[ h' eH[ m dxi zi Vhk ndhi[ m rjdfl RpVk f{ig qpC[ mdHo'G yvs[ h'H[ Whpa sPi dVwv eH[ duo[ epiP VjVw sj dq,njignj blojV ] m dHo[ wpN dsV ndhi[ m dHo'G y,v w[ bjei[ ##ijZjlpbjqg$$ qa s[ dwl[ bjeP Vjv q[v h'dHbj m Rpl s[ fjl ndhiw[ dxi b,e[ yv[ eH[ m

dH,w qplvqjV `wgi Vjv q[vdH,w ue%j u.ev dr,y qplvqjV `wgi idh>sj lg m dHls[ V[C[

hg bjlS vj w[ W{n eH[ m wpN dyi dfA'G Rpl sj dH,w qpigs dHZibj dVwdvbj m bjf ug } W{dnbJ r[t w[ wdhS v,ej ##l.a ug@aplg dwo'G bjH[ m$$ bjf ug V[ ljig e,vWja s,lg m Rph lpSw[ wdhSv,ej@ ##aphjcj dHo[ idhSj qpLdwv ] m$$ WjWj ug V[ fpdAbj##dwRpG m$$ Rph W'dvbj@ ##q[ij fgi ] m Rph hpS aJ yvgl{ dr,yW{nj ]@ s'-yji dsVJ a,w Wjhi bjr[ej m Rph dwl[ dh>sP } y.ejVhgG lqNsj m Rpl r[v[ aphj} dHo'G ujSj fr[ej m$$ WjWj ug wdhSv,e[ ##dHh dwRpG ( u[ w'Hg dwl[ sj drejC[ Vj aJ Rpl } aJ w'Hgrg qjCj Vhk lqNsj m dxi dHh aJ x,wi ] dHl } wg dHV%J e,vJVjv ( Rph W'dvbj@ ##ug@ dHaVj aJ q{} faj Vhk m dul e,vsj q{} faj lg q{G s,l ds,aj ] m b,e[ aphjcg qi;g m u' q{} q[i[fgi sj hpwq lg q{G wdh ds,aj ] m RplV[ q{} Vlgha wgag ]dw w'Hg dh>sP q[i[ q,Do[ rg Vj v,e[ m wHg rji Rph Wjhi rg bjuJs[ hV m u[ dH,Zi bj eH[ dxi qpLdwv h'H[eg m$$ bjf ug V[w'Hg RpKai Vhk ds,aJ Rph yvj debj m Ljq } us'G fgi V[ b>siW{n[ V[ brju s[ w[ qpigs l,s w[ e,v Wja wgag m qpigs V[ fgi

66

sg e,v lpS w[ WjWj ug rjvg ljig rjiaj wdh lpSjHg m lpS w[Rph ep,Dl[ dr,y bj debj m wdhS v,ej ##uj w[ r[t m u[ Rph yvjdebj ] aJ ngw ] m u[ Vhk aJ b{l[ r[v[ hg Rpl } a'i s[h m$$Rph debj m uj w[ WjWj ug } wdhS v,ej ##l.a ug@ aplk yv[ujY m q[i[ fgi sj hpwq ] m$$ lpS w[ WjWj ug W'v[@ ##blk da>Vyji dsV dHo[ idhSj ] m bu[ Vhk ujSj m$$ lpS w[ qpC debj mRpl V[ uj w[ s,Ddlbj ##ug@ Rph q[i[ a'dibj Vhk uJsj m$$ fgiV[ dxi dH,w h'i y[vj F[dubj m Rpl V[ bj w[ dwhj ##yv[ ujY m$$b,e'G bjf V[ RpKai ds,aj m ##fgi } dqv[ dWVJ Vhk ujSj$$ y[v[V[ dwhj ##Rph aJ qplvqjV a'G dWVJ dwl[ Vjv e,vWja wiw[ Vhkij;g m aplg bjts[ h' fgi } dqvSj ] m$$ WjWj ug V[ dwhj dw##blk Rpl} dqvSj ] ba[ b,u ija } dqvSj ] m aP. Rpl }bjts[ a{} dqv w[ ujSe[ m b{r[G Vhk ujSj m Rpl V[ ujw[ fgi} s,Ddlbj ##ug@ Rph aJ dHRpG W'vsj ] m$$ lpS w[ fgi ypf dihj mb,Zg ija a'G Wjbs fgi s[ sis LpiP h' debj m r,Zsj r,Zsj r,Zdebj@ lhjdibj Vj debj m b{lj sptg h'dHbj hjH[ hjH[ wi[ m dxiqpigsJ } wdhS v,ej m##ujRp@ Rpl l.a } l,s w[ dvbjY m$$ dH,wy[vj debj m WjWj ug } uj s,Ddlbj m ##ug aphj} fgi V[ Ijswgaj ] m$$ bjf Rpl s[ Vjv h' api[ us'G w'v eH[ fpdAbj ##fgiug wg hjv ] ($$ Rph W'dvbj ##ujV dVwvsg ] sis Vjv midhqa wi' m$$ WjWj ug s[ h,o dr,y l'Bg lg m Rpl s[ f[B VjvvjHg sis W.s h' debj m dxi fpdAbj ##hpS dwr[G ] ($$ RphW'dvbj@ ##hpS aJ sis Vhk hp.sj m$$ bjf W'v[@ ##blk aJ hpSyvs[ hJ Wjwg e,v lr[i[ wiJe[ m

bev[ dsV lr[i[ Rpl V[ l[rw F[u w[ ldawji Vjv w'vl,Ddsbj ba[ bjfS[ w'v'G dH,w w,fCj drAj w[ Rpfi dWnjdHbj mRpl V[ fpdAbj ##wg Vjq ] bjfsj($$ bjf W'v[ ##ljcj Vjq

67

qhJhdiVjq dl>z ] m$$ fgi W'dvbj ug q[ij dH,w w.q dreC debj] m$$ bjf W'v[ ##Rph dwhCj ($$ fgi W'dvbj q[ij dVIq lg dwb{V[ dsV vejaji bjfSg W.seg s[ s"ijV bjfS[ bjlS Rpa[dwl[ } Vhk bjRpS s[Sj@ fi sis h'S wiw[ dVIq Bp,B debj m$$bjf h,l w[ W'v[ ##aP. dwadVbJ s[ dVIq a'C[ hV m b,u a,w deSagwiw[ r[t m ##fgi ug q{G dwr[G a'C[ ($$ aJ bjf W'v[ ##dw>V[ dh>sPv'w qplvqjV WSjH[ m Ijs wi m Rph sptg h' w[ b"vjs r,v'G@ zir,v'G a[i[ w'v bjH[ m dH,w x,wi ujS w[ fi aP. lF } qplvqjVWVS sj Rpfs[L wgaj m wHg aJ WS rg eH[ bjfSg eiu rjla[ mwg RpV%J sj w'Hg dVIq Vhk lg duhCj aP. a'dCbj h'r[ ( hpS rga[i[ hpwq Vjv a[i[ qpigs dwl[ dh>sP } a[i[ V[C[ Vhk h'S ds>s[ mb{Vg W.seg wiw[ qpaljW wiV sg wg v'C m u' a[i[ qpidLs V[a{} s,Ddlbj ] Rph aP. wi m u[ w'Hg a[ig wiVg r[t w[@ a[i[ a[LiZj wisj ]@ aP. bjfSg ajwa Vjv Rplsg spdVbjrg v'C fPigwi lwsj ]@ u[ w'Hg iPhjVgba Wji[ lrjv wi[@ wpN q>e[@ RplW.s[ sg lpia dWiag Rpo[ v,e[ h'H[ sg Rpyg wis[@ qV sg brlojWsvs[@ sgV WsvjRpS sg v'C Vhk m duo[ WPBj v,ej h'r[@ rdZbjxpdvbj h'r[@ Rpo'G fp,BS sg v'C Vhk m wg faj a[ij h'i oJ vjdHbjh'dHbj v,e[ w[ Vj v,e[ m u' wpN aP. wi dihj ]G dHh zjB[ rjvjl"sj ] m Whpa[ qpigs WSj w[ r,c[ aJ Vhk WSgsj m ugrV rjv[o'C%[ hg Wha hV@ Whpa[ ws[ h'H[ rg Vhk m$$

h{dV driv[ Vjhg zS[ x{v xwCp l.ljip mrjiJ a[ rZgw q^ 1@ 1411

WjWj ug V[ s,Ddlbj ljc[ epiP s[ zi dr,y aj dHY hpwq ]^-f+oq[ qVp fiW'Z{ bfVj fjA{ bri igNjr{ mm \b.e 381|dHh hpS r[t vY bfVj qV lqNjRpS Rpa[ wg wpN wiVj

f{Gsj ] m Rpl WyV V[ fgi ug s[ qV Rpa[ b{lj f+Fjr fjdHbj

68

dw bfV[ qV sg ljig hjva WjWj ug w'v t'v% ds,ag m Vjv s,Ddlbj##ug q[i[ r,l sg aJ w'Hg e,v Vhk m Whpa u'i vj yp,wj hJ m$$ WjWjug V[ fpDdAbj ##a[ij qpiLs dwo[ ] m$$ fgi W'dvbj ug Rph aJrxja \Fjr qi yp,w[ hV| m$$ dHRpG WyV wiw[ wdhS v,e[ wvqjlpSj m RplV[ lpSjdHbj m dxi W'v[ ##dul wvjq s[ yjvgl[ wga[ hV@Rph rg Rpl sj hg bjfS[ dVIq bVplji fjn LpiP wi s[ m dxir[t dwr[G i.e ves[ hV m$$ l,a WyV wdh w[ Rpl V[ bevg lr[ia'G hg LpiP wi ds,aj dH,w s' dsVJ dr,y hg qV sg brloj h'ih' eHg m y"o[ dsV bjf apiV } dabji h'H[ aJ h,o u'C w[ fgiV[ W[Vag wgag ##i,W rjdvY@ aplk lsj hg q[i[ w'v dBw' m q{G bjfsg d?sqa wiJej m$$ bjf W'v[@ Vhk@ blk hpS ujSj ] m$$ WjWjug fjl dH,w h,o dvta r[t w[ fpAS v,ej ##dHh dwhCg dwajW] m$$ Rph W'dvbj ##q{} s[ dsY m$$ WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ ##v{ vj@aP. epiqptg dwr[G fC[%Gej ($$ Rph W'dvbj ##q{G epiqptg fC lwsjhJ m q[ij df,Aj f>ujW sj hg ] m$$ l' Rpl V[ epBwj v{ dvbj m dxiW'dvbj ug@ ##dH,w ija h'i dBw' m$$ W[Vag q>V w[ dBw eH[ m dxifgi V[ epBw[ dr,Dy'G l=g ufp ug ljdhW sj fjn wgaj m dya f+l.Vh' debj m W[Vag wiV v,ej ##u[ hpwq dsY@ aJ q{G dHlsj rg fjnwi dvbj wiJ m bjf W'v[@ ##wi dvbj wi$$ dxi Rpl} l=g ufpug ljdhW s[ fjn sg qijIjsj lqNjHg dw dHl fjn } dHRpG wiVj] m$$

dxi W'v[ ##dHh fjn lrj v,t h' ujH[@ W[Cj fji h' uJsj ] m$$bev[ dsV api fH[ m fgi drsj wiV sPi a,w Vjv debj m wpNbe[ uj w[ tv' eH[ W'v[@ ##fgi ug@ hpS qpC ujY m duaVg spVgbJVjv'G f+gag Bp,DDB[eg@ i,W Vjv rZ[eg m W.seg wiV sj r[vj h'r[w'Hg ipwjrB ila[ dr,y bjr[@ Rpl sg f+rjh Vhk wiVk m$$

W[Tg f+gda quPig qJe{

69

uRp w'Rp AjdV Arjr{ h' mmv'e wpB>W lFhp a[ a'i{ aRp bjfV W[Tg bjr{ h' mm l'^ Vjqs[r 657fgi ug b>si Wjhi i,W lji[ hg ] m fi Rpl Vjv us'G dfbji

f{ ujr[@ dfbji b{Vj h'r[@ dur[G s,Ddlbj ] m Rph b>si'G f+a,t h'uJsj ] m W>seg Vjv dfbji wi' m dHh' hg lF a'G lpbjsvg rlaP] m ujY qpC'@ W{n' bjfS[ oJ Rpa[ m$$ fgi V[ bjtig rji fpdAbj@##u[ dwa[ dqvSj h'r[ aJ dwo[ ($$ bjf W'v[ ljcj Vjq qhJhdiVjqdl>z iPqg rjv[ ] m us'G rwa bjdHbj bjf l,s vrJe[ m

qhJfpitJ sg l.ea sj dHh xv ]q[vp t'Hg w'dB bz hi[ dViqv FH[ ygaj mm ihjRp mm

dWvrv q^ 809wgqgbjdHi ei d; dqL lj;s davj Hk sPi V[la mmajvdo h,w tjw ij@ tpilgds bVri q[ wpVs mmwi[ iljdHS rjvj l'Vj aJW[ } us ejv[ sPi Vj Fjv[tjw } lPiu wi dstvJs[ l,Dy[ ljHk rjv[ idhS lptjv{ mm

FjHg V.svjv ugl' dHl ai%J WjWj ug V[ fgi } w,BC f>ogbJ@ LiHgbj a'G

RpKyj yp,w w[ i,W rjv[ fjl[ vjdHbj m dHh `wgi dHw rji Fp,Dy'fhp.dybj lg m dHl } WjWj ug V[ ##Vjefpi rjvj$$ wdh w[ l,Ddsbjlg m Rph f+l.e dwl[ bev[ dh,Dl[ dr,y bjH[ej m

70

ueiJY fgi v,Df[ Ljh w'vba[ dHl s[ bjl[ fjl[

dHl fgi a'G drsj h' w[ ws[dwa[- ws[dwa[ dBwjSj wis[h'H[ ueijRpG bj w[ ndhi[ m dHo[ fgi v,Df[ Ljh idh>sj lg m dH,wwiVg rjvj fpit h'dHbj ] m ueijRpG dr,y dHl sg fPuj wiVrjv[ v'w LiZjvP Whpa hV m WjWj ug s[ WyV bVplji dHl Vjvq[v h'dHbj ba[ dHl V[ uv fjSg sg l[rj fp,Ag m WjWj ug V[ dH,wl[i bjBj fpijSg wSw sj@ dH,w l[i dzY@ dH,w l[i t>c@ dH,wl[i qJh sg sjv@ yji yg;J q>egbJ m Rpl V[ dvbj ds,agbJ mbjf WSj w[ A,w eH[ m lF wpN A,wS a'G dfA'G dHl s[ Vjv f+qjios[ WyV h'H[ m dH,w sPu[ } WyV wi lpS w[ fidtbj m dxi fgiug V[ WjWj ug } dwhj@ ##dHo[ wpN dyi ndhi' m$$ bjf ug V[ WyVwgaj dw ljc[ ndhiV sj lqJ bu[ Vhk m bu[ wpN dyi h'i dxiapi w[ x[i bjlS vjrJe[ m WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj v,Df[ LjhueijrJ a[ig ijuZjVg ]@ aP. ijuj ]G dHl Ldhi sj m bjfSgfiuj a[ idhq wi m$$ Rpl V[ s,Ddlbj@ ##ug dH,w rji w'Hg dHlLdhi } vp,BS vHg bj debj m Rpl r[v[ q{G WyjdHbj m$$ b,e'GWjWj ug V[ RpKai ds,aj@ ##Rps'G aJ Wyj dvbj m fi dxi dHh dwRpGdwhj dw ueijrJ } fjSg qji[ej m$$ wdhS v,ej@ ##ug@ q[i[ qP>Dh'GdVwv debj m$$ WjWj ug W'v[@ ##dH,w rji aP. Wyj dvbj m sPugrji WyjRpS rjvj qhJfpit rg bj dihj ] m$$ RplV[ fpdAbj@ dw,Do[bjr[ej ($$ bjf ug W'v[@ ##ueijRpG a'G dAfs[ fjl[ r,v Wjhi bjw[ih[ej@ Rph i,Ddtbj wi[ej m$$ dHh dHLjij WjWj bV.s dl>z ugqhjiju r,v lg m dfaj ug a'G lpdSbj ] m dHh WyV ÉÑÐÑ-ÑÈ

71

l.V ÉÑËË-ËÌ dr,y WCg Fjig WjiL h'Hg m Rpl rwa WjWj bV.sdl>z ug qhjiju VjVw li rjvg ue%j a[ ndhi[ lV f,wj bjlSvjdHbj h'dHbj lg m ueijRpG s[ bjl[ fjl[ fjSg hg fjSg lg m

WjWj bV.s dl>z ug qhjiju VjVw li a'G bjlS y,pw w[l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW sj liPf v{ w[ bjf WjiL f{Gsg dr,y l+g epiPe+.o ljdhW ug s[ liPf Rpa[ A,aig s[w[@ Wjwg ipqjv[ FjHg ci'vg} ypwj w[ wpN h'i f+[qgbJ } Vjv v{ w[ W[igbJ sg w'ng ndhi[lV m Rpl lq[G WjWj ug Vjv l[rw WjWj huPij dl>z ba[ FjHgci'vg lV m wpN lqJ Rpo[ epujdibj m dHw dsV FjHg ci'vg w'vWjWj ug V[ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ s[ d;wi wiw[ dxi dHh WyV wgajlg m ##bjh ) Rph lqJ b,u WdSbj h{ m RpV%J s[ hpwq Vjv i,dtbjh' eHg h{ m$$ dHh WyV WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ Rpl r[v[ fPij wgaj mhpS bjfJ WjWj ug s[ f+l.e r,v y,vgH[ m dHl a'G Rpfi.a WjWjug } v,f[ Ljh V[ fpdAbj@ ##dw q{} ufpug ljdhW sj fjnlpSjYe[($$ WjWj ug V[ dwhj@ ##hJ lpS v{ m$$ dHM wdh w[ fjnlpVjRpSj LpiP wi ds,aj m WjWj ug V[ fjn sj F'e fjdHbj aJ Rplsg lqjZg v,eg h'Hg lg m wpN dyi Wjbs WjWj ug V[ bjrj; s[w[ Rpl sg lqjZg tpv%jHg m v,f[ Ljh V[ dwhj@ ##qhjiju ug@ u' bV.sb,u bjdHbj h{@ d;>seg dry b,e[ ws[ VhgG bjdHbj ba[ dHaVgajwa q[i[ dry h{@ dw u[ wHg ljv a,w lqjZg vej w[ W{nVjyjhJ aJ W{n lwsj hj m b,u q{G lqNsj hJ q[ij lF wpN wgajh'dHbj@ aphjc[ siLV wiw[ lxv h' debj m$$ dxi Rpls[ W[VagwiV a[ ufpug ljdhW sj fjn Rpl} ;WjVg Ijs wirjdHbj mdxi Rpo'G drsj h' eH[ m

72

ueijrJ a'G hnPi r,vueijrJ a'G y,v w[ Wjhi dVwv[ hg lV dw ila[ dry dHw

d;qgGsji dqv dfbj m ljZP F[l a,w w[ RplV[ l[rj fp,Ag m WjWj ugV[ Rpl} dH,w l[i t>c@ dHw l[i dzY@ dHw l[i fpijSg wSw sjbjBj@ dH,w l[i qJh sg sjv s[S vHg dwhj m Rph wdhS v,ej@##b{Vj wpN aJ VhgG dH,w b,Zg i'Bg s[ ds>sj hJ m Wjwg dwa'G h'iq>e vr' m$$ WjWj ug wdhS v,e[@ ##u' wpN v{Sj h'r[@ dHw' zi a'Gv{Gs[ hJ m dqv ujr[ej aJ ngw h{@ VhgG aJ dwa[ h'i m$$ dHh WyVwiw[ Ldhi a'G Wjhi yv[ eH[ m dH,w dW+A h[n s' dsV W{n[ ih[ magli[ dsV dH,w W,wigbJ rjvj w'v bjdHbj wdhS v,ej@ ##aplgGwHg dsV a'G dHo[ W{n[ h' m q{G i'; r[tsj hJ m aplgG q>eS VhgG rguJs[ m$$ bjf wdhS v,e[ ljcj q>eSj dHh h{ dw dHw' hg zi a'Gq>egsj h{@ u[ Vj dqv[ aJ sPu[ zi VhgG uJs[ m s' dsV h' eH[dH,w a'G q>debj lg m Rpo'G dqdvbj VhgG Rpl a'G Wjbs Rpl} Rpl[ai%J hg ijLV s,l ds,aj m Rph wdhS v,ej@ ##ug q{G aJ eigW hJ mq[i[ fjl aJ s,l wp W,wigbJ hg hV m dHV%J sj sp,Z hj;i h{ m$$dxi fp,dAbj ##W,wigbJ a[igbJ hV@ dw v'wJ sgbJ($$ Rph W'dvbj@##ug@ wpN q[igbJ rg hV m$$ WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ bjfSg W,wigbJsj sp,Z s[ s[ duV%J h' lwsj h{ m$$ dxi dwhj@ ##a[igbJ W,wigbJsj sp,Z a'v dry dwaVj wp h'r[ej($$ Rpl V[ dwhj u[ hpS y'HgH[aJ o'Cj hg dVwv[ej m fi u[ bjoS[ y'HgH[ aJ l,a wp l[i dVwvsjh{ m$$ dxi WjWj ug V[ fp,DdAbj@ ##sp,Z sj wg Fjb h{ m$$ wdhS v,ej@##ug@ yji uJ f>u f{l[ l[i drwsj h{ m$$ WjWj ug lpSw[ ypf wieH[ m Rph dH,w-dH,w wiw[ W,wigbJ v{ bjdHbj a[ WjWj ug y'S

73

v,e fH[ m wpsia b{lg h'Hg dw hi dH,w W,wig V[ Rpl s[ b>sju[a'G sp,Z r,Z ds,aj m WjWj ug ljij sp,Z fg eH[ m Rph s[t w[ h{ijVh' debj a[ wdhS v,ej@ ##aplgG dwaV[ wp dsV s[ Fp,Dt[ lg m$$ bjfW'v[ ypf ihp W'vgsj VhgG hp.sj m$$ dxi fp,DdAbj s,l aP. sp,Z s[ f{l[v{S[ hV m dw sp,Z sj sp,Z v{Sj h{ m A[ag s,l m$$ Rph yp,f wi dihj mWjWj ug dxi wdhS v,e[@ ##lqdNbj h{ dw VhgG m$$ Rpo'G W[n[ hgo'C%g duhg ;qgV fp,B w[ wdhS v,e[@ ##bjh v{ xC a[i[ sp,Z a'Gr,Z hg qp,v ds>s[ hJ m s' ipfH[ Rpl s[ h,o xCjH[ m bjf Rpn w[o'C%g sPi uj w[ bjijq wiw[ hnPi dHw fpijSj wlWj h{ Rpo[ fhp.yeH[ m dHo[ rg dH,w y.eg ajwa rjvj fgi idh>sj lg m Rpl} ujw[ dqv[ m$$

hnPi sg rjiajhnPi WjWj ug dH,w x,wi } dqv[ aJ RplV[ WjWj ug sj Whpa

ldawji wgaj m dHo[ wpN dsV dBw[ m dHl x,wi sj dH,w epi-FjHgdwa[ Wjhi debj h'dHbj lg m WjWj ug s[ hp.dsbJ hg bj debjus'G Rpl V[ r[dtbj dw q[ij FjHg dwl[ h'i q,a s[ l.a } bjfS[w'v i,tg W{nj h{ a[ Rplsj Whpa qjV ldawji wisj h{@ Rph r[tw[ Whpa dVijL h'dHbj a[ W'dvbj@ ##dHl Vjv bjfSj qplvqjVJsj wg qavW( dHl } dHo'G a'i s[ m$$ Rph wdhS v,ej@ ##Vj WHgdHM VhgG a'iVj m dur[G bjH[ hV Rpr[G hg bjf[ yv[ ujSe[ m Vjv[u[ w'Hg spdVbjsji W.sj h'r[ aJ a'i s[HgH[ m$$ sPuj wdhS v,ejVhk aJ q{G a'iJ fdhvj wdhS v,ej dwr[G a'i[Gej($$ aJ sPu[ V[dwhj@ ##dur[G ljZ } ljZ a'isj h{ m$$ Fjr Lwag Vjv a'iJej mfdhvj h,l w[ wdhS v,ej@ ##a[i[ Vjv'G awCj h'dHbj aJ dxi wgwi[Gej( q{} faj h{ dw dHh Whpa hg r,cg wqjHg rjvj h{ m sPuj

74

ep,Dl[ dry bj w[ W'dvbj aP. yp,f wi uj m q{G bjf[ lqN vrJej m$$bev[ dsV lr[i[ WjWj ug W{n[ lV m sPuj rg w'v fhp.y debj m

WjWj ug } wdhS v,ej@ ##iJdNbj@ hgi dqvg h{ dw VhgG m dwa[q,NJ yjigbJ b{r[G aJ VhgG eHgbJ( u[ wpN VhgG WdSbJ aJ dwl[Vjo } epiP Zji v{ m$$ dHlsj bio dHh h{ dw b{Vg ljZVj wiw[wpN Lwag rg dqvg h{ uJ VhgG m u[ VhgG dqvg aJ dwl[ h'i sjy[vj WS uj m WjWj ug V[ dHh WyV bjf hg dH,w dsV l.eadry s,dlbj lg m l.a Whjv sjl ug Rpl dsV bjfS[ l[rwJ VjvsiLV wiV bjH[ h'H[ lV FjHg iaV dl>z ci"vg f,Dt[ sg l[rjwi ih[ lV m h;Pi W'v[@ ##blgG Rpl} wdhSj aJ wpN VhgG lgyjhp.s[@ fi us'G Rpl V[ VrJ epiP ZjiV wiV rjvg n'wi qjigaJ l'dybj dw hpS aJ epiP VjVw r,v hg RpGevg wi ds,ag h{ mhpS aJ urjW s[Sj hg fr[ej m blgG dwhj dw@ ##dHo[ aJ wHghgiJ b,e[ df,A[ apigbJ dxisgbJ hV@ ws[ dwl[ r,v r[dtbj rgVhgG@ a{} fp,AS sg wg v'C fHg h{ m$$ Rph W'dvbj@ ##aP. qP>h V.ejwiw[ q[i[ Vjv e,v wi m$$ WjWj ug W'v[@ ##`wgi lJHg@ bjfSgw'Hg vCjHg o'C%g h{ m bjfJ vCs[ y.e[ VhgG v,es[ m us'G Rph Vjhg hKdBbj aJ dxi bjf W'v[@ ##y.ej dxi h' ljhqS[@ dHM WyVwiw[ us'G qP>h a'G w,fCj fjl[ wiw[ r[dtbj aJ Rph ;qgV a[ dc,edfbj m Rpl sj epiPFjHg rg bj debj m wdhS v,ej@ ##ug@ dHhrg bjfS[ bjf } i,W lqNsj lg m y.ej hg h'dHbj A[ag fajv,e debj m$$ Rph aJ W[h'L dfbj dihj m Rpl s[ Vjv rjv[ } WjWjug V[ dwhj A[ag Vjv dHl s[ qP>h dry fjSg fjRp m$$ uv q>ejw[ dA,Bj ds,aj m h'L bjHg aJ RpKn w[ yiVJ Vjv dvfB debj mwdhS v,ej@ ##ug@ q{} dtqj wi dsY m q{o'G WCg br,Ddebj h'eHg h{ m$$

WjWj ug V[ lqNjdHbj dw w'Hg ljZP dwl[ i.e dry h'r[ Rpl

75

} Wpij Vj wh' m a{G lj} epiP r,v dHLjij wiw[ Bw'i vjHg aJdHo'G a,w e,v fhp.yg m VhgG aJ lj} wg v'C lg@ dHh w.q wiVsg( Rpl V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ q{G aJ epiP VjVw sj Vjq VhgG dvbj m$$WjWj ug W'v[@ ##us'G aP. h'i epiP ZjiV rjvg e,v wgag dHl sjqavW dHh' hg lg m ajwa WS ujH[ ui v{Sg y.eg h{ m$$ RplV[W[Vag wgag@ ##q{} rg epip VjVw sg wvjl s,Dl' m$$ aJ Rpl }qPv q>ai lpSj w[ wdhS v,e[@ ##dHl } udfbj wi m LwagbJrg Whpa bj ujSegbJ a[ qV } lpt LJag rg dqv[eg m$$

lavpu s[ dwVji[hnPi a'G yvw[ ueijrJ r,v bjH[ dxi Ldhi dry VhgG eH[ m

bjl[ fjl[ hp.s[ h'H[ lavpu sdibj dwVji[ fhp.y eH[ m dHo[ dHwq,NJ yjiV rjvj qplvqjV dHZi bj dVwdvbj m WjWj ug } W{n[s[t w[ wdhS v,ej@ ##lJHg ug@ aplgG dh>sP h' dw dl,t($$ bjf V[dwhj dl,t hJ m dxi wpN l'y w[ W'dvbj dw q{G aJ qplvqjV hJ@aphjcg l[rj dwr[G wiJ m bjh q[igbJ q,NJ rg sp,Z VhgG ds>sgbJ mdHw q,N h{ duhCg b,nJ fdhiJ Wjbs sp,Z ds>sg h{ m b,u lr[i[hg y'Hg h{ m Rph hpS w,v% } dqv[eg m bjf wdhS v,e[ dxi idhSs[ m Rph W'dvbj@ ##q[ij dy,a aJ sp,Z dfbjRpS } wisj h{ m$$ bjfug V[ dwhj@ ##u[ ;iPi dy,a wisj h{ aJ s,l sp,Z sj wg qp,vvr[Gej($$ Rpl V[ dwhj@ ##q{G aJ l[rj wiVg h{ m qp,v VhgG r[ySj mq[ig q,N V[ rg hpS dqvSj VhgG m WCg w"C h{ m$$ bjf ug W'v[ ##u[a[ij dHaVj dfbji h{ aJ dvbj q,N s[tgH[ dwhCg h{ m$$ Rph wdhSv,ej@ ##b"h WPi[ i.e sg m lF a'G b,e[[ ujS rjvg h{ m$$ bjf ugRpn w[ Rpl s[ w'v eH[ m ojfg qji w[ q,N h[n W{n eH[ m q,N tv'eHg m bjf bjfSg WjBg dry hg sp,Z y'Gs[ ih[ a[ Vjv'G Vjv fgGs[eH[ m bjfSg dH,Aj qpajWw A,w w[ Rpn tv'a[ m Rph h{ijV h' w[

76

wdhS v,ej ##i,W rjdvY aphjcgbJ aplgG hg ujS' m$$ q[i[ w'v dHlq,N } bjHg } s,l ri[% h' eH[ hV m q{o'G dWVj dwl[ } V[C[ VhgGbjRpS ds>sg m sp,Z aJ dHl V[ wg s[Sj h{ m ##bjf ug W'v[ ##i"vjVj fj lr[i[ bjHgG m dxi a[i[ Vjv w'Hg e,v wiJe[ m$$ Rph lr[i[q,N y'H[ a[ dWVJ v{ w[ bj debj m WjWj ug W'v[ ##q,N } dwM VjvdvbJsj($$ ##Rph W'dvbj$$ dHh q,N hpS q{G VhgG y'Sg@ aphjcg hgh{ m ##bjf W'v[ VhgG WHg dH,w c.e } y'dHbj wi ba[ dHw c.eblgG y'dHbj wiJe[ m ljcj dHw w.q h'i h{ a[i[ f+ag m u[ wi[GejaJ s,lgH[ m$$ Rpl V[ dwhj@ hpwq wi'@ ;iPi wiJej m ##aJ WjWjug V[ dwhj$$ blgG dHo[ yjvg dsV idhSj h{ m w'Hg oJ s,l m sPujaP. dwl[ w'v e,v Vj wigG m Rpl V[ dHw dVr[wvg duhg oJ@ dWvwpvsdibj s[ dwVji[ V[C[ dstjHg m WjWj ug ue%j fl.s wiw[ W'v[ #dHhngw h{ dHo[ dBwJe[ m Rpl } dHh hpwq wgaj ##aP. lPiu Tv[ a'Gq,NJ yjiV s[ WhjV[ Vjv bj ujdHbj wigG m blgG bjf[ hg Rpnw[ y' dvbj wiJe[ m aP. blJ } WpvjRpSj VhgG m u[ v'C h'Hg aJe,v wdibj wiJe[ m ##dHl ai%J Rpl } wdh w[ Rpo[ dBw eH[ mRph i';jVj bj w[ q,N sj sp,Z ypbj ujdHbj wi[ m us'G wpN dsVdHl[ ai%J v.z eH[ m RplV[ l'dybj r[tgH[ aJ lhg dHh wg wis[hV m aJ dHM l'y w[ Rph lPiu dAfS s[ rwa bjdHbj aJ Rpl}dHw WCj Fjig lpdVhig i.e sj l,f V;i bjdHbj a[ Rph r[tw[ ci debj m b{cj r,cj l,f dwo'G bjdHbj( dHaV[ dyi } WjWjug Wjhi bjH[ m fp,AS v,e[ dwr[G bjdHbj b{l r[v[( Rpl a'G W'dvbjVj debj m WjWj ug Rpl s[ dWvwpv V;sgw bj w[ wdhS v,e[@hpS cisj dwM h{( r[t v{ u[ wpN s[tSj h{ m aJ i' w[ wdhS v,ej@##q{} WtL vRp m q{o'G Fp,v h' eHg m qpC w[ b{lg evag VhgG wisj mdxi W'v[ y.ej hpS uj m Rph Vqlwji wiw[ yvj debj m$$

dHw dsV bjfS[ rwa bVplji q,N v{ w[ bjdHbj aJ RplV[

77

WjWj ug w'v dHw dy,DB[ i.e sj L[i r[dtbj a[ ci debj m bjfW'v[ ##aP. ci Vj dHh ljcj fdhi[sji h{ m dHl s[ Vjv sj aP. b,e[l,f s[ iPf dry r[dtbj lg m aP. yp,f wiw[ u' l[rj hp.sg h{ wigy,v m$$ dHl[ ai%J yjvg dsV fPi[ h'S a'G Wjbs dul dsV Rpo'G apiVjlg Rpl } W'v[ ##q>e v{ hpS u' q>eSj h{ m ljcg hpS dabjig h{ m$$Rpl s[ zi w'Hg W,yj VhgG lg m ujdHsjs y.eg lg m fi Rpqi r,cgh'S wiw[ Liq wi[ m bjf ug W'v[ ##LiqjRpSj VhgG m hpS q"wjh{ A[ag wi m ##Rph W'dvbj$$ ug fp,ai VhgG h{ m ##bjf ug W'v[$$a[i[ zi s' fp,ai h'Se[ a[ h'Se[ rg u'C[ m ##dHw sj Vjq itgG##b,v%j ds,aj$$ a[ sPu[ sj Vjq ##b,vj i,tj$$ m s'r[G hg WC[ y.e[V[w h'Se[ m h'Se[ rg b,u a'G dHw ljv s[ dry hg m$$ a[ dxi W'v[##wpN h'i q>e v{ m$$ Rpl sj w'Hg fp>V ujdebj a[ wdhS v,ej$$ihdq wi' m s';t a'G WyjY m bjf V[ Rpl} wvqj fC% w[ sdlbjba[ dwhj ##dHM wvqj fdC%bj wi m$$ Rpl a'G Wjbs Rpl} qjvjx[iV sg upea lqNj w[ dxi W'v[ m v{ hpS blgG yvs[ hJ m ##RphW'dvbj wpN lqJ h'i VhgG dBws[ m$$ bjf ug W'v[ VhgG@ idhSj aJqpLwv h{ m fi s' dsV h'i a[i[ rjla[ idh>s[ hJ m s' dsVJ WjbsRpl lojV a'G y,v fH[ m ujS a'G fdhvj Rpl} dHw lv'w fC% w[lpSjdHbj m

lv'w q^ 1f>du dVrjuJ rta f>du f>uj f>u[ VjRp mmfdhvj lyp hvjvp spdH aguj t{i tpsjdH mmyRpog Vgbda ijdl qVp f>urgG dlxda lVjdH mmwiSg wvqj bjdtw{ aJ qplvqjSp lsjdH mmVjVw u[a[ wPdCbji wPC[ wPCg fjdH mm

\rji qjN wg|

78

lavpu dwVji[ a'G WiVjv[ r,vlavpu s[ dwVji[ a'G y,v w[ wv[iJ s[ V;sgw fhp.y[ duo[

b,u wv VjVwli ] m dHo[ wpN dsV dBw[ m dHl ljtg sj WjWjug s[ woV bVplji hg faj vdebj ] m us'G WjWj bV.s dl>zug } VjVwli rjvg ue%j wqiw,lj t'v%S vHg hpwq h'dHbj lgFjr Rpo[ dBwS vHg hpwq wgaj lg@ Rpl rwa WyV wgaj lg##Rph ue%j rg ljcg ] m blk dwl[ lq[G Rpo[ dBw[ lg a[ dHl s[bjl[ fjl[ wHg ue%j a[ dryis[ ih[ m dHo'G yv w[ dwvg yjhvJrjvg fhp>y[ m Rpo[ u'eg fgi sj c[ij lg@ Rpo[ dBw[ m dHo'G apis[ apis[dwl[ i,Wg f=[iVj bVplji ##lpvajVfpi rv yv[ eH[ a[ dHo'G dwl[epfa blojV a[ dVrjl wgaj m dwl[ lq[G df>c ##qgH[ dr>c$$ drydryi[ m qgH[ dr>c df>c dry WjWj ug s[ dfaj s[ VjVw[ lV u'epiP b>es ljdhW s[ df>c Vje'w[ tcPi s[ V[C[ hg ] m

qgH[G dr>c sj dHw dl>z epids,a dl>z lg dul sg dsYv e'a@Rpl sg F{S l.ag@ zirjvg t[q' lg a[ vdhSj dl>z qjqj m dHwqhgVj Rpo[ ndhi[ m dHo'G b>V fjSg A,ws[ ih[@ wSw sj xpvwjqjhJ sg sjv m vdhSj dl>z s[ fp,ai f'ej dl>z a[ liqpt dl>zlg m WjWj ug s[ dfaj WjWj WPC dl>z s[ qjq[ s[ fp,ai qgH[G dr>cs[ rjlg lV m dHo'G Rpn w[ dxi c[ij ##u>sj$$ s[ vjdHbj m fdhvJepids,a dl>z V[ dxi spvj dl>z V[ l[rj wgag m dHh dvta WjWjug V[ 30 Vr>Wi 1920 Hglrg } hiy>s dl>z fp,ai lp,yj dl>zf,ag FjHg ug berjC WgWg wj a'G wirjHg m Rpla'G Wjbs 1915dry dHhg dvta FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg a[ Rplsg lpfaVg }wirjHg m dHo[ bjf bjfS[ qpt s[ dHw e'sCg riej w,fCj its[

79

lV m A'B[ A'B[ W,dybJ Vjv t[cs[ lV m RpVJ } wHg f+wji sgbJyguJ rg e'sCg dry'G w,T w[ s[SgbJ m ws[ f{l[ rg s[ s[S[ m lFwpN e'sCg dry'G hg w,T w[ s[Hg ujSj@ fi qpt V.ej VhgYG lVwis[ m dxi qjz s[ qhgV[ q>e w[ tjZj m

dHo[ WyV wis[ lV ^Wjvw sjl V[ vHg xwgig fdhvj c[ij dFtgq>e a>e w[ BpwC[ tjZ[ Wjvw cdh eH[ dH,BgdHl xwgig a'G Wjvw sjlj qpCw[ iv uj dltg mdxi dHo'G rjdfl qpC fH[ q'e[ r,v m ila[ dry dHw ##dl>zj

rjvj$$ Vei ] m dHo[ qhJfpit l.a q[hi dl>z h'H[ hV m dH>VJ }dqv[ m dHh l.a bjfS[ h,ok bjBj fgh w[ v.ei yvjRpGs[ lV m dHV%Jfjl wpN dsV ndhi[ m dHV%J l.aJ sj dHh dVIq lg b,Zg ija }dl>zJ rjv[ a'G Rpn FjHg wg ci'vg qjaj sq'sig ljdhW s[ dshpi[sg l[rj wiVg m Rpo[ NjCP s[ w[ rjdfl bj w[ h'i w'Hg w.q wis[lV m wpN lqJ WjWj ug dHV%J w'v idhw[ b,e[ yv[ eH[ m dHo'G yvw[wJeC df>c dHw ija ndhi[ m

wJeC a'G WiVjv[ r,v xiWjhg df>c fhp>y[ m dHl df>c drydHw l.a o.qS dl>z h'H[ hV m xiWjhg a'G WiVjv[ yv[ eH[ m WiVjv[Vei a'G Wjhi hg dBw[ lV m dHo[ s' dsV Wjbs wg r[dtbj dwdHw eigW zi sg qjHg u.ev dry v,wCJ WjvS ypesg dxisg] a[ i'Hg uJsg ] m WjWj ug V[ fpdAbj ##qjHg i'Gsg dwRpG ] ($$fdhvJ aJ Rpl V[ dwhj ##ug@ q[i[ wiqJ sj hg xv ] u' dqv dihj] m$$ bjf ug V[ fpdAbj dxi rg wg e,v ] m wdhS v,eg ##q[ijfag qi yp,wj ] a[ dHw f>u ljv sj vCwj ] m Rpl } dHw ljva'G b{lg dWqjig ] m w'Hg lqN Vhk bjHg m duaVg q[ig dh>qa fHgRpl } spbjHg rg wij ypwg hJ m wHgbJ l.aJ } rg q,ojdBwjdHbj@ fi dwa[ bjijq Vhk bjdHbj m W,l hpS b,u qdibj

80

dw w,v qdibj lqN' m$$ bjf wdhS v,e[ qjHg ##u[ Wy ujH[ ($$Rph W'vg ##y.ej hg ] u[ Wy ujH[ m$$ bjf W'v[ ##aP. wpA wi[Gegrg m$$ wdhS v,eg eigWSg hJ m q[i[ fjl f{lj aJ w'Hg ] Vhk @dul s[ Vjv fp>V sjV wi lwj m bjf W'v[ ##a[i[ fjl'G fp>V dlixdHw' hg wijRpSj ] m$$ Rph W'vg wg ( ##dHh W,yj dwl[ } s[ s' m$$wdhS veg ##dwl} ( dHl hjva dry vr[ej w'S ($$ aJ bjfW'v[ ##blk vrJe[$$ m

qjHg ##aplk y[vj WVjRpSj ] (WjWj ug ##a{} wg Fjr[G WSjHgH[ Fjr[G Vj WSjHgH[ m$$##dsbJe[ ijug h'H[ a'G$$##uj v{ bj W,Dy[ }$$@ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj mqjHg W,Dy[ } Rpl[ r[v[ uj w[ v{ bjHg m WjWj ug V[ s[dtbj

a[ dwhj ##WCj wqu'i h' debj m ##Rph W'vg ##s[t vY m$$ bjfW'v[ ##b{o[ ljc[ ljq%S[ uqgV a[ fj s[ m$$ Rpl V[ fj ds,aj m huPiV[ dHw w,fCj dHl s[ Rpfi s[ ds,aj m dxi qjHg } W'v[ ##hpS aP.uj w[ bjfSj w.q wi v{ m$$ Rph u,Dw' a,wg dry Rpn w[ yvg eHg mus'G WjvS v{S bjHg aJ W,y[ s[ w'v W{nS v,eg WjWj ug W'v[##uj zi } a[ dHw fdhi a'G Wjbs bjrk m$$ Rph api aJ fHg@fi dHw s' rji dfAJ qpC w[ s[tsg ihk m zi'G uj w[ uvsg hgbjHg mdul r[v[ bj w[ WjWj ug } bjrju ds,ag@ aJ bjf W'v[w,fCj ypw w[ bjfS[ fp,ai } s[t v{ m us'G Rpl s[ qP>h a'G w,fCjvjdhbj@ s[t w[ h{ijV idh eHg m vCwj aJ Rpl } dHRpG vdebjdur[G dwa[ dWqji h'dHbj hg Vhk hp>sj m WjWj ug h,l w[ W'v[ ##hpSdHh ljcj ] a[ij Vhk m ih[ej a[i[ w'v hg fi ljcj WS w[ ihPej mdHh dlZ fpit h'r[ej m dHl dHvjw[ dry us'G w'Hg w.q wiVjh'H[ej dHl s[ ijhk wdibj wiJe[ m$$ dHRpG WyV wiw[ W'v[@ ##dHhe,v dwl[ } Vhk slSg@ ypf hg idhSj ] m$$ dxi qjHg V[ fpdAbj

81

##ug aphjcj Vjq wg ] ( dwo'G bjH[ h' m$$ bjf W'v[ ##bjH[ hJdxis[ apis[ m ljcj Vjq ] qhJ hdiVjq dl>z iP>qg rjv[ m$$ dxibjf V[ W,Dy[ sj Vjq fpdAbj a[ qjHg s[ Vjq s,lS a[ W'v[ ##dHhVjq Vhk y.ej m dHl sj Vjq blk itJe[ m$$ dHls[ Vjv hgdwhj ##dHlsj Vjq ] dqiyJ tjSj m$$ qjHg W'vg dHh rg w'Hg VJ] m bjf V[ dwhj u' qiug itgH[ m dwl[ } wg m blk bjfS[ sjVjq i,t dsaj u' lj} y.ej v,debj m dxi W'v[ ##v{ uj dHl} b,e[a'G dHh qla hg ih[ej m dwl[ Vjv W'v[ej Vhk m eiqg@lisg@ Fp,t@a[h sg rg dHl } w'Hg f+rjh Vhk h'r[eg m b{r[G v{ w[ v'wJ w'vVj F,ug dxig zi hg dHl } l.Fjv w[ i,tg m$$

WjWj ug V[ ZV"v[ fhp>yVjs'hij lpS' li'aj dZbjV $s[ qV q[ Zji dryji

Vei ZV"vj fhp.y eH[ hiVjq hig sjajidcRpcj A.s ^dW+AJ s[ h[n bjlS vej dvbj@ h'dH w[ bV.s ug mdu>V%J duV%J bj w[ sil fj dvbj@ wB[ eH[ x.Z ug mdf>c rjv[ v'w rg AjdHbj s[ h[n } bjH[ h"vg h"vg ug mW{n[ bj w[ w'v Vj dwl[ q,oj B[dwbj Vj w'Hg e,v e"vg ug mbjf' dry dHw sPu[ Vjv dqvw[@ ih[ N,t qjis[ mi,W a'G W[qpt Fpv[ h'H[ Vjv a'G@ uVq drejCs[ meiqg sg ip,a a,ag re[ hrj ug dlti spfdhi lg mw'Hg W.sj w.q rjvj bjr[ Wjhi } Rph rg dH,wvj wdhi lg mveg uj dfbjl bjlS a[ W{dnbj l.a qhjiju } msl' WHg dfbjdiRp u[ fjSg dqv ujH[ s[Gs[ V[ bjrju } m

82

RpVJ dry'G dHw W'dvbJ lg h,l w[@ wisj dHLjij ug me.sj fjSg dul B'H[ dry Fdibj@ dq,Bg a[ ejij ug mdHo[ dHh'G fjSg ] ug fgS rjla[@ fgRp i,u i,u w[ mdHl a'G dWVJ h'i fjSg Vhk dqvSj@ bjdtbj lg e,u w[ mlpS w[ dHh e,v qhjiju W'vs[@ ds>s[ V[ uWjW } mdHh aJ blk idtbj aphjc[ rjla[@ A[CgH[ Vj bjW } mlpS w[ WyV dHw W.sj Rpdnbj@ qV dfbj h"v ug mypf ih' RpV%J ljdibj } bjtsj@ wi' Vj qt"v ug m

dcRpTj sprHgbjaplk l.a ug dHo[ W{n' q{G uj w[ uv dvbjrJ

a[ x[i AwjrJzi q[ij ] V[C[ dHo'G q{G A[ag qpC bjrJ

s[i Vj vjrJdHRpG wdhw[ zi } Rph apdibj v{ bjdHbj uv Fiw[

A[ag wiw[wdhS vej vY l.a ug uv bjfS[ h,o Ziw[

hdi hdi wiw[uv v{ vgaj api>a hg fgaj qPh'G wpN Vj W'v[

ih[ bc'v[lF Rpn bje[ zik lsjH[ W{n[ bijq ba'v[

bV.s bc'v[ija fHg lF v'wk lpa[ b,Z ija drhjHg

lqN Vj bjHg

83

ajf ydCbj lF qpZ[ h'H[ Vjv RpvBg bjHgWhp sptsjHg m

dsV ydC%bj lF dH,wn[ h'H[ wiV dryji dlbJS[ba[ dVbjS[

dHh wg FjSj ridabj uji' i,W s[ f[B[ ajS[i,W hg ujS[ m

w'iCj A.sfjSg AwjdHbj dulV[ qhjiju }ljdibJ y Rph s[Grsj bjrju }

w,v rjvg bjtg e,v e"v RpH[l.aJ } lg duhCj wgaj qt"v RpH[

Rpl sj hg dqdvbj ] xv bjfJ }veg ] RpAjvg a[ yCjdHbj ajfJ }

lji[ dH,wn[ h' w[ ujHgH[ RpVj fjl ugFpv WtLjY wi' bisjl ug

W[Vag lrji[ dWejC[ h'H[ wju }ljdibJ y Rph s[Grsj brju }

lji[ q>V eH[ bjtg e,v ugbjRp Fpv WtLjHgH[ l.aJ fjl y,v ug

sjV[ W.s[ h'i rg ivjRp Vjv ugdWeC[ Vj e,v wi vY dtbjv ug

lji[ h' w[ dHw,n[ eH[ l.aJ fjl ugsptCj lpSjdHbj wgaj bisjl ug

84

bjf hg lrji' dWeC[ h'H[ wju }ljdibJ y Rphg s[GrsJ bjrju }

dli dt>cg A.sWtL' WtLS hji h'Hg br,Ddebjblk hJ FpvS hji Fpv[ qpT a'G m

l.a lsj hg dsbjvP bjH[ WtLs[@apq lq w'S dw+fjvP i,W sj iPf h' m

duaVg wgag Fpv xv rg dqv debj@liV bjH[ yv wpv@ hpS Vj q'dCY m

fHg dWqjig lF} zi zi cjws[@Wy[ WpT[ Vi aCxV qgV duY m

dHYG wdh lgl dVrjdHbj spdH h,o u'C w[ev dry f,vj fjdHbj FpWk i'Grs[ m

h,l w[ W'v[ bjf y.ej dHRpG wi'uv dHl A,fC rjvj dfvj dsY lF}

h'r[ Rph bi'e u' fgr[ i,u w[@Rphg ih[ dWqji Vxia u' wi[

WyV q>V w[ l,a du>Vj fg dvbji'e wB[ aB xB qV lptg h'H[

dxi wgag bisjl dqvw[ ljdibJdHo[ wi' dVrjl wpBgbj WS ujH[

l'injh,l w[ W'v[ bjf dHh oJ idhS vj u'e ]iqa[ bjH[ ljZ iqa[ hg api ujH[Ge[ m

85

duqksji a[ dw+fj wiVgZV"v[ a'G yv w[ FjHg iPf[ s[ Vusgw uj fhp>y[ m V[C[ a[C[ s[

VeiJ dry'G f+Ljsj q>e w[ A,w v{Gs[ lV m dwl[ dH,w zi a'G hgils v{Gs[ a[ dwl[ zi f,Ddwbj f+Ljsj rg v{ v{Gs[ lV m fi v{Gs[dH,Dw' zi a'G m u[ Vj dqvsg aJ sPu[ zi Vhk uJs[ lV m dxi dwa[Wjhi uj w[ W{n uJs[ m dHl aiJ wpN lqJ epudibj m

dHw dsV b{lj q"wj bjdHbj dHw Vei dry dwl[ zi f+Ljsjq>eS rjla[ eH[ aJ be[ dHw duqksji q,N } uPC fj w[ wpBdihj lg dwRpGwg Rph spZ s[S r[v[ dhvsg lg m bjf uj WPh[ b,e[tv'a[ m duqksji s[ zi rjvg bjBj b{ w[ bjHg m WjWj ug V[ dwhj##blk aJ sp,Z v{Sj ] m$$ Rpl duqksji V[ WjWj ug sg bjrjulpS vHg a[ wdhS v,ej ##dHh w'S ] sp,Z q>eS rjvj ($$ Rpls[zi rjvg V[ sdlbj ##dHw l.a ] m$$ Rpl V[ dwhj ##sp,Z aJ ljcgq,N hg Vhk ds>sg m blk wpB wpB w[ rg ow eH[ hJ m ##WjWj ugV[ Wjhi tdC%bJ hg brju ds,ag ##u[ dqv fr[ aJ sp,Z ljcj h'r[ejm$$ Rph wdhS v,ej ##ngw ]$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##q,N sjuPC t'v s[ m$$ Rpl V[ dHr[G hg wgaj m WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ ##hpSh,o lp,Dy[ wiw[ dHls[ h[nJ W{n uj m$$ Rpl V[ h,o Z'a[ a[ ojfg qjiw[ q,N h[nJ uj W{nj m q,N V[ sp,Z vjh dvbj m du>V[ c.eJ sj sp,ZVhk dsaj lg q,N V[ Rph ljij sp,Z hg s[ ds,aj m sp,Z y'S a'G Wjbsy"Gai[ Rpfi i,t w[ WjWj ug } l,s dvbj m q>uj cjh ds,aj a[wdhS v,ej ##ug sp,Z A,w vY m ##WjWj ug q>u[ a[ W{n eH[ m sp,Zfg dvbj m dul r[v[ apiV r[v[ apiV ve[ aJ Rpl V[ dwhj ##ugsp,Z h'i rg ] m$$ bjf W'v[ ##Vhk dHh a{} ds,aj m$$ apiV vdebJ

86

a'G Rpl s[ zi rjvg h,o u'C w[ b,e[ tv' eHg aJ bjf V[ fpdAbj##wg dH,Aj ] a[ig@ W[Bj ($$ Rph W'vg zi dry sp,Z a[ fp,a sg wqg] m WjWj ug W'v[ ##wpA fC%g ] m$$ Rpl V[ dwhj ##hJ ug@ q[ig qjajV[ q{} epiqptg fC%jHg lg m$$ dxi fpdAbj ##a[i[ w'v epiWjVg sgw'Hg f'og ] m$$ Rph b>si'G uj w[ ipqjv dr,y vf[Bg dHw f'og v{bjHg m us'G bjf V[ Rplsj ipqjv t'v w[ s[dtbj Rph f>u ei>ogf'og h,o sg dvtg h'Hg lg m f'og s[t w[ W'v[ ##v{ dul zi dHhf>u ei>og f'og ] m Rpl s[ zi lF wpN ] m dHl sj b>Ddq+a r[v[Rpn w[ dHlVjV wiw[ fjn wdibj wi a[ a[i[ fag lpdSbj wiV mlF wpN ngw h' ujr[ej m dHl f'og sj ldawji wiVj ] m Rpy[lojV a[ ljx ipqjv[ dry vf[B w[ itSj ] m dHl sj dVaV[q wis[ih' m epiP VjVw s[ zi dry w'Hg zjBj Vhk m$$ dHaVj WyVwiw[ Rpo'G yv fH[ m us'G zi a'G o'C%g sPi hg eH[ aJ zi rjvjdxi F,u w[ bjdHbj a[ fpAS vej ##l.a qhjiju aphjc[ siLVdwo[ h'Se[ ($$

W[f+rjh qhJfpit W'v[ ##u[ rwa h'dHbj aJ dwa[ dHl ai%Jhg dqv frJe[ m

qhJfpit Vjq ufS rjv[@ Vjq s[ ilgH[ dul aigw[ Vjv rgdwl[ a[ dw+fj wiVg yjhp.S h' uJsg ] m bjfS[ WyV Vjv rg wids>s[ hV a[ dwl[ upeag Vjv Vjq ufj w[ rg wi ds>s[ hV m VjqufS s[ lswj RpVJ sg ilVj a[ f+q[Lri sj dVrjl hp.sj m dHlwiw[ ljdhW V[ WjSg dry woV wgaj ]^-

f+F ug Wldh ljZ wg ilVj e lp^ q^ 5RpVJ sg ilVj a'G dVwdvbj h'dHbj WyV dWioj Vhk uJsj m

hq[Lj bB,v hp>sj ] m dHl sj bevj dh,lj rg dwa[ h'i oj bjr[ej mfPi[ ldaepiP q[i[ V[ a{} dlqiV dltvjdHbjrjh rZjHg h'r[ a{} la Rpfs[L bZPij ] dvbjdHbj m

87

l.a e.ej ijq Vjv dqvjfdHw r[iJ bjf Wjhi W{n[ lV m dHw r,cg Rpqi sj qhjaqj

bjf ug fjl bjdHbj a[ Vqlwji wiw[ W{n debj m bjf V[fpdAbj ##l.a ug dwo'G bjH[ h' ( wg Vjq ] ($$ qhjaqj W'v[ ##ugiqaj hg idh>sj hJ m dxisj apisj dHZi bj dVwdvbj m q[ij Vjqe.ej ijq ] m q{G wpN f+LV fp,AS[ hV m$$ bjf W'v[ ##fp,A v{ m$$ RphwdhS v,ej ##ugr sj qV lsj sp,t lpt s[ y,wi dr,y hg idh>sj] m dHl dry'G dwl ai%J dVwv[ ( hi r[v[ qV } dHw' duhj bV.sdwr[G ih[ ( dHh yguJ q{G ei>oJ dr,Dy'G fC%gbJ aJ hV fi qV a[Vhk zBgbJ m l' dHh brloj q{} dwl[ aigw[ Vjv dqvlwsg ] ($$

dHl ai%J sj WyV FjHg V.s Vjv ljdhW V[ wgaj ]I,w sq-W-?[q ijh Vj Wpisq dw^ wglaq mb{ rjH{ Vwds du>segbq@ ijdHeJ ep;la mm4mmbjfSj bjf fAjS Vj ldwbj dHw sq lPN Vj bjHg@

tWi Vj fjHg@Whpa L'w u' ljig RpqiJ b{r[ yjdH epbjHg@

w>q Vj bjHg m\d;>seg Vjqj FjHg V.s vjv ug|

WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ ##hJ h' lwsg ] m fdhvJ dHl Vei dryuj w[ dHw zCj q>e w[ dvbj m$$ Rph zCj v{ bjdHbj dxi W'v[##yv dwa[ dHLVjV wigH[ m$$ dHl ai%J wdhw[ Rpl } Vjv v{ w[dHw A,fC s[ w'v bj eH[ m W{n w[ wdhS v,e[ ##uv Fi w[ dvbj m$$dHl ai%J Rpl V[ bjf ug } dHLVjV wijdHbj m faj Vhk dw>V[

88

zC[ Fi-Fi w[ dvbjw[ dHLVjV wijdHbj m dHLVjV wiV a'GWjbs Rpo'G Rpn w[ dHw fjl[ uj W{n[ fp,AS v,e[ ##a{} WjSg Ijs] ($$ Rph W'dvbj ##ug ufp ug ljdhW Ijs ] m$$ bjf W'v[ dHo[W{n w[ fjn lpSj m$$ Rpl V[ fjn LpiP wi ds,aj m dul rwa fjnlqjfa h'S a[ bjdHbj@ bjtig fRpCg sgbJ btgivgbJf>eagbJ fC%gbJ ^

duV wRp Vsdi wiqp daV wji mmVjVw Vsig Vsdi dVhjvdli a[ h,o itw[ W'v[ ##uj dVhjv h' debj m$$ da>V rji WyV

wgaj m us'G fjn lqjfa wgaj m dxi qhjaqJ sg lqjZg ve eHga[ qV dBw debj m wpN dyi Wjbs bjrj; s[ w[ WpvjdHbj aJRpV%J V[ V[ai t'hv[ m f+l.V h' w[ W'v[ ##uj q"u wi m diZgbj dlZgbJa[i[ yiVJ dry idhSegbJ m$$

dHl dqhi sg dVejh } WjSg dry s,Ddlbj ]@ik®pw ktwK´ Avloknu kIno dws kw dUKu ibdwirE ]

\b>e 681|ljdhdW hjv W-up; hidx tpsj@ sq V uVs me{di duwiL@ lqj brju Wrs wgv' qwjv mm5

FjHg V.s vjvj uglJHg WJN'G l.aJ s[ qpt sPug e,v Vj bjr[Vjq lJHg dWV u' wpN wdhSj lF ev brJH[qpiLs wjdqv qj@ W.segba `iqjdHs mb{ uh[@ xjdv qpWjdiw dw wpVs ljdhW hjv mm6mm

FjHg V.s vjv ugfPi[ ldaepiP q[i[ V[ a{} dlqiV hg dltvjdHbjrjh rZjHg h'r[ a{} la Rpfs[L dvbjdHbj m

89

l.a q>cvg Vjv debjV yiyjFjHg iPf[ s[ dHvjw[ a'G y,v w[ apis[-apis[ dHw h'i ue%j

yv[ eH[ m wpN lqJ dHo[ dBwS a'G Wjbs WjWj ug w'v dHwl.a q>cvg bj eHg m RpV%J V[ rg dW+A h[n c[ij vj dvbj m Ljqs[ rwa us'G RpV%J V[ bjfSj F.cjij dabji wgaj aJ WjWjug } W{n[ s[t w[ dH,w ljZP V[ bjrj; ds,ag m fi bjf bjfS[bV.s dr,y b{l[ qeV lV dw Rpl ljZP sg bjrj; lpSg hgVhk m Rph aJ bjrj; s[ w[ y,vj debj a[ F.cjij riaVj LpiPh' debj m F.cjij riajRpS r[v[ us'G qptgH[ l.aJ sg dHZi dVejhfHg aJ bjf } Rpo[ bjlS a[ hg W{n[ s[dtbj m RpVj V[ dxidHw l[rjsji } F[dubj ##l.aJ } Wpvj w[ dvbjY m$$ l[rjsjidxi sPug rji WpvjRpS debj m l[rjsji V[ dxi uj w[ s,Ddlbj##ug@ Rph aJ w'Hg urjW Vhk ds>s[ m

qhjaqj V[ dwhj ##dwhj yv' ngw ] m$$ F.cjij riaj ds,ajdebj m Rpl a'G Wjbs qhjaqj V[ ija } wHg rji Rpn w[s[tS sg w'dLL wgag m bjf bjlS a[ hg W{n[ ih[ m dsV yC%debj m fi bjf dxi rg Rpo[ hg driju[ ih[ m RpV%J qhjaqjs[ qV dr,y WCj blyiu h'dHbj dw b{lg bt>c lqjZg ] mdya dr,y dryji bjHg dw dHV%J Vjv wpN WyV wigH[ dHldryji Vjv WjWj ug fjl bj w[ W{n eH[ m fi WjWj ug aJRpl[ bV.s dr,y qla lV m wpN dyi W{n[ ih[ m fi bjf V[ lqjZgVhk t'v%g a[ qhjaqj Rpn w[ yv[ eH[ uj w[ bjfSg q>cvg rjv[ljZPbJ } wdhS v,e[ ##b,u c[ij dHo[ hg i,tSj ] m dHo'G ujSjVhk m$$ RpV%J V[ dHl sj wjiV fp,DdAbj aJ qhjaqj W'v[ ##duhC[

90

b"h l.a w,v% s[ lqjZg a'G Vhk Rpn[@ RpV%J s[ siLV wiw[ a[WyV lpS w[ yvJe[ m dHl aiJ wdhw[ qhjaqj V[ c[ij Rpo[hg i,t dvbj a[ Rpcgw wiV v,e[ dw WjWj ug ws'G lqjZg dr,Dy'GRpns[ hV m dul rwa WjWj ug V[ lqjZg t'v%g aJ lPiu Tvyp,wj lg m Rpl[ r[v[ qhjaqj V[ s[t w[ WjWj ug fjl bj w[ Vqlwjiwgag m Vjv hg qhjaqj s[ dH,w s' h'i l[rw bjH[ m dHh qhjaqjs[ y[v[ WC[ drsrjV lV m qhjaqj aJ Vqlwji wiw[ W{n eH[@fi y[v[ qV dr,y drdsbj sj bdFqjV vHg W{n[ lV m RpV%Jl[rwJ s[ qV'Fjr } fC%w[ WjWj ug V[ dHw l.ldw+a sj lv'wfdC%bj ^-

blgaI yapi' r[sjV Ziq LjlaijVg bS[ wl mW+hq aa>r Vj ujVjda sirg fjw il.a oj m

qpwagV RpfdVLs b! 2 lv'w 35dulsj Fjr bio lg - yji r[s fC% vH[ m Ziq e+.o bV[w

Ljlai rg fC% vH[ m f+>aP W+hq } Vhk ujdSbJ m w'Hg lpt Vhkdqdvbj m dur[G lji[ fsjioJ dry dxisg h'Hg wCAg tjvg idhuJsg ]@ w'Hg lpbjs Vhk slsg m

wCAgbJ dxi.dV% lpbjRp V@ ujSdV lpEgbJ ml[Hg qpt dsl.dV VjVw ia[ f+[q idl m

\e!rj! q^5@ b>e 521|dHh WyV lpSV a'G Wjbs qhjaqj aJ Vqlwji wiV v,e

fH[@ fi dH,w RpV%J sj y[vj u' WCj drsrjV lg@ Rpl V[ f+LVwgaj@ ##l.a ug qhjiju@ dxi drsrjV v'w wg h'H[ ($$ WjWj ugV[ dHw h'i lv'w fdC%bj m

Fji rjig eisF mFji ypwS rjvj dHw eZj ] mbV[w Ljwai> Whp r[dsarI wjv'

91

Ih ljiFPa> asRpfjdlarI h.l'I Ij tgidqrJWp qZIja mm

bio-Ljla+ rg Whpa hV m dul W+hq } f+jfa wiVj ]Rplsj rg w'Hg b>a Vhk m h'i lqJ Whpa o'Cj ] faj Vhk q"aws'G bj ujr[ m dWzV Whpa f{Gs[ hV m ei>oJ dry u' lji rlaP] Rpl w' f+jfa wi' m dur[G h.l fjSg dry'G sp,Z } r,t wi v{Gsj ] m

fdC fdC e,cg vsgbdh fdC fdC Figbdh ljo mmfdC fdC W[Cg fjHgb{ fdC fdC ecgbdh tja mmfCgbdh u[a[ Wil Wil fCgbdh u[a[ qjl mmfCgb{ u[ag bjiuj fCgbdh u[a[ ljl mmVjVw v[t{ dHw ev h'ip hRpq{ NtSj Njt mm

bjlj sg rji q! 1 \467|dHh WyV lpS w[ RpV%J s[ qV dr,y dryji bjdHbj ba[ lF

qhjaqj W{n eH[ m h'i WyV dWvjl hp.s[ ih[ m Wjbs dr,y WjWjug } uv fjSg fp,dAbj m bjf V[ dwhj ##u' wpN dabji ] dvbjdsY@ Vhk aJ w'Hg dH,Aj Vhk m u' wpN dHl r[v[ dabji lg dvbjds,aj a[ bjf V[ A,w dvbj m Wjbs dr,y Rpl qhjaqj V[ bjfS[y[dvbJ } l.W'ZV wiw[ dwhj@ ##W,DDdyY@ dHh Whpa hg qhjV I'egiju qhjaqj hV m dHV%J } b{r[G Vj lqN dvY m aplk drsrjV;iPi h' fi fiq a,a sg f+jfag aphj} bu[ Vhk h'Hg m u' FerjVdw+LV V[ egaj dr,y fPiV fpitJ s[ v,AS s,Dl[ hV@ Rph aplk fC[aJ hV m b,u aplk f+a,t iPf dr,y ljhqS[ W{n[ s[t vY m$$

dxi qhjaqj V[ egaj sj dHw lv'w fC% w[ lpSjdHbj ^-Lq^ La+RP #y dqai{ $y aoj qjV bfqjVI' mLga RpLV lpt spt[LP lq^ l.e drsiduah mmapv dV.sj Rplapag igq"Vg l.apL'B I[V w[V dua mmbdVwa^ dHl doi qda^ Feag qjV q[ f+Rp Vi^

Fera egaj b^ 12 lv'w 18-19

92

ausqiq inMidAw nwih ijih kMcn loh smwin ]khu nwnk suin ry mnw mukiq qwih qY jwin ]

l!q! \b>e 1427|suKu duKu ijh prsY nhI loBu mohu AiBmwnu ]khu nwnk sunu ry mnw so mUriq Bgvwn ]

l!q! \b>e 1427|dHl a'G Rpfi>a qhjaqj h'i WyV dWvjl wiw[ bjdebj v{

w[ b,e[ } yv[ eH[ m

dH,w sptgH[ sj s,pt sPi wiVjqhjaqj s[ yv[ ujS a'G Wjbs bjf rg dHo'G b,De[ yv[ eH[ m

dHw Vei s[ Wjhi dH,w dB,Wj lg m Rpl dB,DW[ a[ dH,w wigi sgAJ h[n W{n eH[ m V[C[ hg dHw d;qksji sj h,v u'dabj h'dHbjlg m d;qksji h,v rjh dihj wvgbJ ej dihj lg m WjWj ug }s[t w[ yp,f wi debj m Rpl } yp,f s[tw[ bjf wdhS ve[ ##dH,wrjig dxi lpSj@ Rph hgi rjvg wvg m$$ aJ Rpl V[ dxi Rph lpSjHg mbjf lpS w[ Whpa tpL h' w[ wdhS v,e[ ##dxi lpSj m$$ dHRpG vejajida>V yji rjig lpSg m us'G lpS hB[ aJ w'v bj w[ wdhS v,ej ##l.aug@ aphj} hgi sg wvg WCg y>eg v,eg m$$

bjf wdhS v,e[@ ##hJ Rph rg bjdLw ] m hgi a[ iJNj s'r[GbjdLw h'H[ lV m$$

Rpl V[ lpa[ dlZ hg fpdAbj ##ug@ aplk rg dwl[ s[ bjdLw h' ($$wdhS v,e[ ##hJ@ blk i,W s[ bjdLw hJ m$$ dHl ai%J WyV

wiV a'G Wjbs Rph d;qksji h,v A,c w[ w'v bj debj m us'Gw'v bjdHbj aJ WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ ##aP. zi fhp.y m$$ RplV[ dwhj##ug q{G zi'G lr[i[ hg bjdHbj hJ m$$

bjf wdhS v,e[ ##a[i[ zi W,yj W,yg h'S rjvj ] Vj@ zi[

93

a[ig hg v'C ] m$$ Rph h{ijV h' w[ wdhS v,ej ##aphj} dwr[G faj] ($$ WjWj ug ypf hg ih[ m aJ d;qksji A[ag dsV[ hv v{ w[ zifhp>y debj m Rpl sg zi rjvg } wjxg awvgx lg m Rpl r[v[Rpl V[ sjHg } Wpvj w[ u' dHvju h' lwsj lg wgaj m fi us'GwpN bijq Vj bjdHbj a[ awvgx r,Z eHg@ qV dr,y dryji wgagRpV%J l.aJ w'v yvgH[ aJ Rpl[ r[v[ WjWj ug fjl fhp.dybj m ljigawvgx s,lg m bjf wdhS v,e[ ##b,Aj@ ujh epiP Fvg wi[ej m$$Rpl} Zgiu Vj bjr[ m WjWj ug V[ Whpa dfbji Vjv dwhj ##hpSaP. zi uj@ a[ij w.q LpZ ] m$$ l' Rph api aJ dfbj m dul r[v[zi fhp.dybj aJ bjRpGs[ } sjHg V[ rZjHg ds,ag a[ dwhj ##vCwjh'dHbj ] m$$ Rpl a'G Wjbs d;qksji dxi WjWj ug fjl fhp.dybja[ ljig drdtbj s,lg m WjWj ug wdhS ve[ ##a[ij w.q h' debj] uj q"u wi m$$ ##ug q[i[ vjdHw w'Hg uv fjSg sg l[rj WtL' m$$WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ ##sp,Z A,ws[ hp>s[ hJ u[ a[i[ zi ] aJ dvbj m$$Rph lpS w[ zi bjdHbj ba[ duaVj wp sp,Z lg v{ w[ WjWj ugfjl fhp>y debj m sp,Z bjf V[ A,w dvbj m A,wS a'G Wjbs fpASv,e[ ##aJ a[ij wji'Wji dwh' duhj yvsj ] ($$ Rpl V[ dwhj ##qjCjq'Bj hg ]@ epujij hg yvsj ] m bjf wdhS v,e[ ##awCj h'@ h"Glvjwi m dul V[ f{sj wgaj ]@ Rph i';g rg ds>sj ] m$$ Rpl V[ W[Vagwgag ##ug q[i[ vHg w'Hg h'i l[rj m$$ bjf wdhS ve[ ##blk wpNdsV dHo[ dBwSj ] m dHl wigi s[ bjv[ spbjv[ lj} dH,w A,figW.V s[ m$$ RplV[ wpN dsVJ dr,y li a[ wjVj We{i dvbj w[ A,figW.V ds,ag m

dxi Rpl } wdhS v,e[ ##hpS blk wpN dsV dHl dryndhiJe[ m dHw zCj fjSg sj Fi w[ dvbj s[ ba[ dHw i'Bg lr[i[sp,Z s[ Vjv dvbj dsbj wi m h'i b,e[ dfA[ aP. ljc[ w'v VhkbjRpSj m aP. df>c dry ljc[ Wji[ w'Hg e,v Vhk wiVg ] m$$ dHl

94

ai%J wpN lqJ Rpl s[ t[a dr,y epujdibj m dHw dsV Rph duqksjibjfS[ zi dr,y fLP W.VS vHg dw,Dv[ rjla[ oJ fp,B dihj lg mbyjVw hg e.Zjvj ;qgV dry dwl[ yg; Vjv BwijdHbj m us'GRpl V[ h,o fj w[ s[dtbj aJ T,wS rieg w'Hg yg; ujfg m RplV[ whg v{ w[ B'dHbj fp,dBbj aJ Rpl dr,y dHw WiaV dqdvbjdul dry ipfH[ lV m zi dr,y WCg tpLg h'Hg m us'G bev[ dsVlr[i[ WjWj ug fjl i'Bg a[ sp,Z v{ w[ debj aJ WjWj ug V[ fpdAbj##WHg qp>c[ sj Vjq wg i,Ddtbj ] ($$ Rpl V[ dwhj ##aplk hg i,tdsY m$$ bjf wdhS v,e[ ##qp>c[ sj Vjq aJ blk wv% hg i,t ds,ajlg m us'G a{} ipfHgH[ v,DF[ lV Rps'G i,dtbj ] m$$ Rpl V[ h{ijV h'w[ fpdAbj ##ug Rps'G dwhCj Vjq i,Ddtbj ] ($$ bjf wdhS v,e[##dul s[ bjH[ a'G ZV bj debj ] m$$ dHh e,v lpS w[ Rpl V[ h,ou'C w[ Vqlwji wgag aJ bjf W'v[ b,Aj hpS ljcg dabjig ] m$$Rpl V[ dwhj ##wpN dsV aJ h'i ndhi' m$$ fi bjf W'v[ ##hpS VhkidhSj m aP. v'wJ w'v e,v wi[ej@ v'w lj} bj w[ b"t[ wiVe[ ma[ij w.q h' debj ] hpS lF ngw ] m$$ dHl sj bevj f+l.e dwl[h'i oJ bjr[ej m

Vjq qhjaqj ba[ diZ dlZdHV%J dsVJ dr,y us'G bjf Wjhi hg apis[ dxis[ lV wHg

f+wji s[ qa qaJsiJ s[ l.a qhjaqJ Vjv dqvjf hp.sj dihj mdwl[ lq[G FjHgbJ Vjv dryjiJ rg h'HgbJ m RpV%J dr,Dy'G wpN dHRpGhV m dHw rji s' ljZP y.e[ drsrjV ba[ ljZVJ wiV rjv[ bjf} dqv[ m RpV%J V[ WjWj ug sj ligiw fdhijrj s[dtbj fi w'HgdVlyj Vj wi lw[ dw dHh dwl F[t dry'G hV m us'G W{nS sjaigwj r[dtbj@ w'Hg y"wCj Vhk qjiVj@ dur[G W{n[ hV Rpl[ ai%Jhg W{n[ idhSj m btgi Whpa l'yS dryjiV a'G Wjbs RpV%J V[

95

bjf hg fpA dvbj m Rpai dry bjf V[ s,Ddlbj ##blk VjVw f>oghJ m epiP VjVw q,a s[ ZjiVg m$$ dxi f+LV wgaj ##wg w'Hg ljZVjrg wis[ h' ($$ ##Vjq ufs[ hJ dHh' ljZV ] m$$ dxi RpV%J V[ f+LVwgaj ##w'Hg I'e ljZV@ wiq wJc w'Hg dryji dwl[ fjl[ f+driag] m$$ I'e bjdsw ljZVj dWVJ ligiw Lp,Zg Vhk hp>sg ba[ ligisg LpZaj We{i dZbjV Vhk dBwsj@ dZbjV dWVJ wpN ujdSbJVhk uJsj m bjf W'v[ ##lF ljZVj a'G L+'qSg ljZV Vjq ]@ r[sLjLai fpijS@ ufap lF bjfS[-bjfS[ oJ a[ hV m liW L'+qSgL+g f+F Vjq ] m

Whp ljla+ Whp dldq+ag f[t[ liW TT'dv mmfPudl Vjhg hdi hi[ VjVw Vjq bq'v mm

eRpCg q^ q^ 5 \265|duVg Vjqp drljdibj Whp wiq wqjrdh h'di mmVjVw uqfpdi WZ[ qjigbdh duRpG l.Vg Rpfdi y'i m

lji>e rj^ q 3 1247qhjaqj V[ dwhj ##wiq aJ wiVj hg f{Gsj ] yjh[ dwl[ rg

f+wji sj h'r[ m$$ bjf ug W'v[ ##w[rv dVLwjq wiVj ] m lF wpNf+q[Lri Vdqa wiVj ] m$$

wiq wia h'r{ dVh wiq mmdalp W{lV' wj dViqv Ziq mmwjhp xv wg dHAj Vhg WjA{ mmw[rv Feda wgiaV l.de ijy{ mm

eRpCg lp^ q^ 5WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##s' f+wji s[ wiq hV@ dHw VdtZ

wiq@ sPuj wiV rjvj wiq m wiV rjv[ wiq rg yji dwlqs[ hV m 1! dVa wiq m 2! V[qdaw wiq 3! wjqI wiq 4! f+Lyawiq mm lF wiq dqvj w[ f>u WSs[ hV m$$ dHl } dryji w[ s[t'dHh lF uVq s[S rjv[ hV@ fi dya sg LpZg rjla[ dVLwjq

96

wiq wi[ dxi aJ ngw ] u[ dHVJ wiqj } hg lF lqNw[ dHV%Jdr,y hg dsV ija vej ih[ aJ

w'dB wiq W.ZV wj qPvp mmF{iRp q! 5@ 1249

w'dB wiq wi{ hRp Zji[ m l+qp fjr{ lev[ dWioji[ mmeRpCg l! q! 5 \278|

ugr wiq wiw[ uVq qiV spt lpt } F'esj ] mW.ZVJ dry x,dlbj idh>sj ] drdsbj a'G Fjr ] W+hq debjVg

W+hq sj W[aj h' ujS wiw[ wiqJ sj dabje wiw[@ dHh brlojfj v{Gsj ] m

duRp uv qdh uvp bjdH tBjVj mmdaRp u'ag l.de u'da lqjVj mmdqdB eH[ erV fjH[ dWl+jq mmVjVw f+F w{ ls wpiWjV mm

eRpCg l!q!5dxi sPlij ljZP W'dvbj ##ug dryji aJ bjf ug sg ngw

]@ q[i[ dryji dry aJ dHRpG ]@ ljZP w'v w'Hg Lwag dl,Zg h'r[aJ spVgbJ rg lawji wisg ] y.ej lqNsg ]@ Vhk aJ w'Hgfirjh Vhk wisj@ I'e ljZVj bjdsw dWVJ di,Z dl,Zg sg f+jfagVhk hp.sg m$$ bjf ug V[ RpKai dr,y dwhj ##u[ f+q[Lri a[ Fi'ljwiw[ Rpl s[ Vjq dr,y v,e ujH[@ bjfSg lF du>q[rjig Rpl Rpa[lp,B A,Dc[ ba[ bjfSj bjf Rpl} bifS wi s[r[@ aJ lqiorjdhepiP bjfS[ l[rw sg vju fa lF oJ a[@ bjf hg i,tsj ] mu' diZgbJ-dl,ZgbJ a[ LwagbJ } f+jfa wiV dry v,ej idh>sj] Rph Rpl r,Dv'G aJ sPi hg sPi yvj uJsj ] m dHV%J LwagbJdr,y hg xl uJsj ] m r,cg a'G r,cg ajwa hjlv wiw[ rg qVdr,y lpt LJag Vhk bjRpGsg m$$

97

u[ w'Hg W.sj yqC[ rJe bwjL dr,y vf[B vr[@ h'i WCgbJajwaJ f+jfa wi vr[@ Rph qpwa Vhk hp>sj m qpwag w[rv Vjqdry ] m

hpS lqJ ] wvIpe sjwv q{ qpwda Vjq a[ fjra epi Ih F[sp Wajr{ mm

dWvjrvp q!9-831fdhij bedV dhr{ zip WjZj F'uVp ljip wijHg mmlev[ spt fjSg wdi fgrj Ziag hjw yvjHg mmZdi ajijug b>Wip a'vg dfA{ B>wp yCjHg mmH[rcp rZj qjrj Vjhg lFl{ Vdo yvjHg mmH[aj ajSp h'r{ qV b>sdi wig dF bjdt wijHg mmu[rcp ljdhWp a[rc sjag s[ s[ wi[ iujHg mmVjVw Vsdi wi[ dulp Rpfdi ldy Vjdq rdcbjHg mm1mm

rji qj! q^ \147|##dHh dlxaJ Vjq dr,y hg hV m Vjq dr,y dvr u'C w[ lsgr

wjv qV } bV.s hg bV.s ] m RKpndsbJ-Wdh>dsbJ Vjq ufSdr,y vgV idhSj dHhg dZbjV ]@ ZjiSj ] ba[ lqjZg ] m$$ dVqtqja+ rg \RpVj lqj duaVj dHw rji b,t t'vS } vesj ] Rpl}dVqt dwhj ]| dHaVj dyi rg Vjq } Vhk drljiVj m$$

dsV ijag bijZhp dfbji' dVqt V wgu{ Tgvj mmep^ q^ 5-498

l' WjWj ug V[ dHl aiJ Vjq sj qh,ar s,l w[@ RpV%J s[ qVs[ l.l[ sPi wga[ m Rph WC[ f+l.V h'H[ ba[ W'v[ ##qhjiju@ bjf s[WyV Iojio hV m aplk blj} epiP zi sj dlZJa lqNjw[ ljc[l.l[ sPi wi ds,a[ hV m$$

98

dHw duqksji a[ dwifj wiVgdH,w dsV bjf dwa[ uj ih[ lV m dHw duqksji h,v u'C w[

bjfS[ t[a } uj dihj lg m ila[ dry WjWj ug Vjv dqvjf h'debj m Rpl V[ Wvs i'w w[ Vqlwji wgag m bjf ug V[ fpdAbj##dwRpG WHg f+[qgbJ@ aP. WCg s[i Vjv zi'G bjdHbj ]G m h'i v'waJ ws'G s[ bjfS[ t[a fhp.y yp,w[ hV m$$ Rph W'dvbj ##ug zidry wpN awvgx ] m dHw<vj W>sj hJ m w.q lji[ q{} hg wiV[ f{Gs[hV m Fjr[G dwaVg rg wjhvg wi vrJ q,Dv'-qvg wpr[vj h' uJsj] m$$ Rpls[ dHh e,v wis[ WjWj ug aJ dHw dWA+ sg AJ h[n ujW{n[ m faj Vhk Rpl s[ dya wg dryji bjdHbj Rpl V[ WvsJs[ ev'G f>ujvg vjh ds,ag m RpV%J } A,c w[ WjWj ug w'v bj w[W{n debj m bjf r[t w[ W'v[ ##aP. WHg uj w[ bjfVj w.q wi m dHo[W{n w[ wg wi[Gej ($$ Rpl V[ h,o u'C[ ba[ Vqlwji wiw[dwhj ##qhjiju ug@ q[ij dya aphjc[ w'v W{n w[ siLV wiV }wisj ] m w.q aJ x[i rg hp>s[ idhSe[ m$$ dHl aiJ W[Vag wiw[W{nj dihj m WjWj ug bc'v bjfS[ bjlS Rpa[ dWiju[ ih[ qhJfpits[ siLV sj f+Fjr ugr s[ qV Rpa[ Rps'G f{Gsj ] us'G w'Hg fpiWvjfp>V ujesj ] m Vhk aJ wHg rji wHgbJ s[ qhJfpitJ w'vidh>Ddsbj a'G rg q>V Rpa[ f+Fjr Vhk f{Gsj m u[ bli f{Gsj rg ]aJ Whpa o'C%j m epiP w[ dHdahjl dry'G wHg f+l.e fC%w[ s[t' aJfaj vesj ] m W[L,w l.ea wgag W[-bio Vhk uJsg m dqljvs[ a'i a[ FjHg l'Fj ijq V"r[G fjaLjh sj huPig dl,t s[e riajdihj ] m dHw dl,t V[ f+Ljs q>Ddebj l'Fj ijq V[ dwhj dw ##ndhiuj wjhvg Vj wi m$$ dl,t V[ W[Vag wgag dw ##q[ij e,cj v,Ddsbj

99

uj dihj ] m Vjv w'Hg Vhk m$$ lpS w[ l'Fj ijq } eplj bj debj mdl,t r,v r[t w[ wdhS vej ##di,A rJe beJh } apisj bjRpGsj] a{o'G ipwgsj Vhk m$$ dwRpGdw dl,t s[ qP>h Rpa[ ila[ sg ZPC fHgh'Hg lg m l'Fj ijq f+Ljs riaj dihj lg m dHw dwSwj f+Ljs sjuqgV RpKa[ dcKej dl,t sg dVe%j f{ eHg m Rpl V[ Rphg dwSwjyp,w w[ qP>h dry fjdHbj ba[ W'dvbj ##WHg dfbjdibj@ epiP s[siWji dry idhS rjv[[ epiP wj siLV wiV rjv[ s[ qV b>siu[ dHhg FjrVj ] aJ a[ig dH,Aj fPig wi s[r[ej m u{lj liPf a[ijbjfSj ] a{} Rphg dslSj ] m$$ WyV wiw[ dl,t yvj debj ml'FJ ijq } dxi di,A sj uVq v{Sj dfbj m l'Fj ijq sg di,Asg uPVg sj RpZji dxi l+g epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug V[ wgaj m qhJfpitJs[ epiP fgiJ s[@ yiVJ dry idh w[ rg qV dry w'Hg RpSajHgidh ujS wiw[ LJag Vhk bjRpGsg m fi u[ y.e[ fp>V h'S aJ FjrVjWS uJsg ] m dxi u{lg FjrVj h'r[ r{lj i.e rg v,e uJsj ] mFerjV dw+LV V[ sdlbj ] dw #h[ biupV@ da>V f+wji s[ qVp,tlsj sptg idh>s[ hV m

beIly bliZjVl l.LIjaqj drVLIdanjI v'w' dla Vj fi'V lpt> l>LIjaqjFjr dHw bdebjVg@ sPuj LiZj a'G hgS@ aguj l.l{ dW+ag

rjvj mwiq bwiq Wgyjigb{ l.wj lpdV W[s fpijV mml.lj ls dhis{ Wl{ wRpVp dhi{ bdFqjV mm

eRpCg W{ijeS WjSg idrsjl ugdHh da>V[ sptg idh>s[ hV ba[ fiqjio rv'G dF+LB h' uJs[

hV m l.lj bjaqj rjv[ }@ Vj v'w sj l,pt@ Vj fiv'w sj l,pt ] mu[ W.s[ s[ fp>V h'rS aJ dqvsg ] qhJfpit sg l.ea m dxi b{lji.e yC%sj ] u' Rpaisj Vhk m RpV%J qhJfpitJ } u[ w'Hg dfbji

100

Vjv r[t[ aJ wg dqvsj ] mf[ta hg fp>Vga h'dH F[Ba ufgb{ VjRp mm

lv'w wWgi w[fpVga sj qavW ] qV fjfJ } A,c ds>sj ]@ fdra+ h'

uJsj ] meRp sg h,Ddabj wiV rjvj@ dHla+g sg h,Ddabj wiV rjvj

bdw+azV@ epiP dHla+g Vjv wpwiq wiV rjvj b{l[ b{l[ fjfgq[i[ Fea s[ siLV ba[ lfiL Vjv Fjr RpVJ sg A'h veSVjv fdr,ai h' uJs[ hV m dHl aiJ Rph Whpa s[i a,w W{nj siLVwisj dihj m dur[G siLV wisj dihj dya dry f+[q bjdHbja[ h,o u'C w[ W[Vag wiV v,ej ##qhjiju ) u[ hpwq dsRp aJ ziuj w[ wpN f+Ljsj dabji wiw[ dvbjrJ m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgajdw ##WHg a[ig qiug ] s[t v{ m$$ Rph W'dvbj ##ug q{} l[rj sjq"wj dsY m ##WjWj ug V[ dwhj ##aP. bjfSj w.q b,u rg Vhkwgaj m$$ Rph bjdebj v{ w[ zi yv debj m zi'G s' f+Ljs[ dq,Dl[ba[ wpN q,tS v{ bjdHbj b,e[ i,t w[ W'dvbj ##vRp ug A,w' m$$WjWj ug V[ dHw f+Ljsj ba[ wpN q,tS v{ w[@ A,wS a'G WjbsRpl} W'v[ ##v{ dH,w aP. tj v{ m$$ RplV[ WyV q>V w[ b,Zj f+Ljsjtj dvbj a[ W'dvbj ##b,Zj f+Ljsj zi v{ w[ ujRpGej m$$ WjWj ugV[ fpKdAbj ##zi sj w.q aP. b,u Vhk wgaj m$$ Rph W'dvbj ##ug@uqgV lp,wg fHg ] m dHl } rjh w[ wg wiJe[ ( qkh fr[ aJ rjhVWguS sj xjHgsj ] hpS q{G zi } uJsj hJ m$$ Rph Wvs v{ w[zi } bj debj m dfAv[ fdhi wpN sp,Z v{ w[ debj m WjWj ugV[ fpKdAbj ##wg dvbJsj ] ($$ Rpl V[ dwhj ##ug sp,Z ]@ fg vr' m$$WjWj ug sp,Z fgS a'G Wjs Rpl } W'v[ ##a[i[ zi wg vr[ij ] ($$Rpl V[ dwhj ##ug s' q,NJ hV m dH,w sp,Z ds>sg ] m$$ WjWj ug V[fp,DdAbj$$ fdirji Wjv W,yj wg ] m Rpl V[ dwhj ug vCwg ] m$$

101

WjWj ug V[ fp,dAbj ##a[i[ zi'G ($$ dHaVg e,v lpS w[ Rph i'S vedfbj m bjf V[ fp,DdAbj ##lpt aJ ] ($$ Rpl V[ i'Gs[ h'H[ V[ f,v[ Vjvb,tJ fP>N w[ sdlbj ##ug Rph aJ dWqji ] m W,l b,u uj lr[i[ m$$dHaVg e,v wiV sg s[i lg x[i i' dfbj m b{Vj i'dHbj dw W{nrg Vj ldwbj m v.qj hg f{ debj m bjf V[ Zgiu ds,aj m

W'v[@ h,lw[ h"lvj wi FjHg@dwhCg e,v a'G dy,a cpvj dvbj Hg mRplsj i'e hpS uvsg h,B ujH[@ijug h'S sj lqJ dxi bj debj Hg mi'Bg dHw u' dqvg lg apZ ajHk@b,Zj dh,lj aP. bjf hg tj dvbj Hg mWjwg dihj u' Rpl} tprjv s[ aP.@ i'e lqN v{ N,B epbj dvbj Hg mh,o u'C w[ x[i Rph biu wisj@Rph aj h'L hrjl epbjHg W{ng mrjuj qjigH[ x[i rg W'vsg Vj@ ujf[ q"a dli%jS[ bjHg W{ng mW'v[ h,l w[ us'G aP. zi ujr[@a{} bjfS[ w'v WpvjdHeg Yh mljc[ wdhS sg x[i fiaga bjr[@ a{o'G q>e w[ i'Bg rg tjdHeg Yh mtpLg h'H[ a{} eqg V,l ujr[@ bjf h,Dl[eg a{} hljdHeg Rph me,v bevg slJe[ x[i a{}@a[i[ Vjv us y,v w[ bjH[eg Rph mhpS aP. ujh zi } H[o[ W{n Vjhg@ b,tk r[t uj w[ u' wpN bjdtbj H[ mblk bjfS[ rv'G Vhk wpN dwhj@

102

h'Hg Zpi siejh a'G Fjdtbj H[ mRpo'G ydvbj bjdHbj IJ zi b>si@be'G W,yg V[ tWi lpSj dsag mWjfP W[W[ ug a{} WpvJrsg ]@a{G Wjhi hg s[i vej dsag mdebj Fu w[ ujdHw[ w'v fhp>yj@q>eg i'Bg a[ Rpl V[ xCj dsag mi'Bg tjdHw[ bjtsg fag aJHg@H[l i'Bg V[ du>s Wyj ds,ag mdHw l.a V[ q{} AcjdHbj ]@Lwv s,lsg s,lsg s,l eHg mRph V[ s,Ddlbj Rpl V[ WpN dvbj@qV r,lsg r,lsg rl eHg mlpW%j Rpn w[ h'H[ dabji s'r[G@zi'G yv fH[ siLV wiV s[ vHg maV wqu'i lg Fjr[G dWqji idhw[@qV dr,y dt,y ] lg filV yiV s[ vHg mv{ w[ bjlij fag sj ihg apisg@qpLdwv Whpa h'Hg f{i ZiV s[ vHg ms'r[G bjf a[ W,yg lq[a da>V[@bjH[ V[C[ Fjr ljei'G aiV s[ vHg msil r[tw[ RplV[ fAjS dvbj@ngw Rphg ] q{} Wy"S rjvj mdc,eg q"a s[ qP>h dry fHg lg q{G@Rpo'G w,Tw[ b{o[ dvRpS rjvj mus'G eH[ V[C[ bjf h,l fH[@wdh>s[ hpS aJ dHaWji bjdHbj mspt eH[ a[i[ lptJ vjH[ c[i[@

103

dtdCbj xpv s[ rJe fdirji bjdHbjwia[ fpit sg a[i[ a[ h'Hg dwifj@lsj q[hi wisj dliuV hji bjdHbj mFpv[ FBdwbj } ijh[ fjRpS tjai@VjVw epiP sj Zi braji bjdHbj mujY zi W{n[ uf' Vjq Rplsj@ue a[ w'Hg Vhk VjVw dVi>wji riej ms[ w[ xv wigi sj wdhSj ve[@fp,ai h'dHbj lirS wpqji riej m

H[o'G qpC w[ Rph duqksji wpN f+Ljs bjds v{ w[ debj m dulr[v[ Rph Rpo[ fhp.dybj aJ bjf dHo'G dwa[ h'i ue%j yv[ eH[ lV mzi dry bjH[ ljZP qhJfpit } f+Ljs A,w"Sj f+[q Vjv bjfSglq+oj qpajWw dHw Wpiwg b>V sg ba[ dHw zpB fjSg sg rg dfvjs[Gr[ m fi dViAv dVLwfB h' w[ s[r[@ h{ aJ Vj ijt{@ bw[vj VjtjdH@ ahwgi dsvsjVg rhg dFla ujdH ( dul V[ zi dry bjH[ljZP sj dtC[ q,Do[ lrjea wgaj RplV[ lPiu s[ra[ sj fPuV widvbj m

w[rv uv dfv"S Vjv s[riju dH>s+ sj fPuS h' debj m u[f{i Z' ds,a[ aJ dfa+ fPuj h' eHg m u[ F'uV tPbj ds,aj aJ W+hqjsj fPuV h' debj mm1mm

bjfS[ zi ljZP } u' fpiL fgS rjla[ dHw ypvg fjSg sgds>sj ]@ Rpl qjV' lqp>si hg fp>V wisj ] m dHw Wpiwg F'uV rgds>sj ] aJ lqN' lpq[i fiWa lqjV hg Rpl V[ fp>V wi ds,aj ] mfi u[ qhJfpit W+hq W[aj dwl[ Fje rjv[ zi'G f+Ljs sg dH,w Wpiwgv{ vr[ aJ dHl a'G rg qhjV fp>V ] m

Ihg H[w'W+dhq dry Fp.wa[ uea da+fa bdtv> mu[ dHw qhJfpit dHw rji dwl[ zi'G F'uV wi ujH[@ aJ Rpl

104

zi'G da>Vj v'w s[ ugr ba[ s[ra[ dlZ@ lF f+wji s[ v'wJ } F'uVwirjRpS sj xv Rpl } dqv uJsj ] m dHh ] qhJfpit sg l[rjsj xv m

f+F ug Wldh ljZ wg ilVj m\l=g lptqVg ljdhW dr,y'G|

Rplsg ilVj a[ u' b>V vesj ] Rph rjdhepiP } dqvsj ]ba[ rjdhepiP liW dWbjfg h'S wiw[ Rph fsjio lF } f+jfah' uJsj ] m

V'B ^ dHl f+l.e sj bevj dh,lj dwl[ h'i oJ dxi ds,ajujr[ej m

Fjig af,Ddlbj wiVgdHl lq[G s"ijV bjf dwa[ uej dHwJa r[t w[ Rpo[ dBw eH[ m

bjf hg sls[ lV dw WCg fpijSg dNCg lg m Whpa v.qg ba[ y"Cglg m l.zS[ rS wigi ba[ h'i si,ta lV m dHo[ dHw ljv dBw[ih[ m dryjv[ dHw fjSg sj A,fC lg m duhCj qkh s[ fjSg VjvFi uJsj lg m wHg df>c Rpl s[ sPi sPi lV m us'G dwa[ dy,a q>V[@dwl[ Vei ujS m u' Rpo'G dqv[ v'C bVplji v{ bjRpSj m dxi o'C%jo'C%j Rpl dry'G i'u A,ws[ idhSj m dwVJ dyi dlix dHw Wpiwgb>V sg Rpa'G zp,B fjSg sj fg v{Sj ba[ bjV.s dr,y idhSj mdul V[ rg f+jfa wgag ] W?Lgl v{ w[ wqjHg wis[ hV m

fdhvj WjW[ fjIj W?lp si dfA' s[ dxi zjv wqjHgi[ap b,wp bhjip wdi i'CJ wg epi wig drAjHg mm

rjiJ FjHg episjl ugepiP bqisjl ug WjiJ ljv ejei T' w[ epiP WS eH[ m a[

105

dxi dw,vg xC w[ af,Ddlbj wgag ] m Rph dw,vg bu[ a,w q"uPs] m dHl[ aiJ dulV[ rg wpN f+jfa wgaj ] af wiw[ hg m epiPl[rj rg dHw af ] ##epi l[rj afJ dldi afp ljip m$$

dur[G rg dwl[ zjvSj zjvg@ Vjq udfbj a[ Rpl } x[i xvdqdvbj@ Rpls[ qpajWw hg Rph fPuVgw h' debj m

spiej s[rg hujij ds,W ri[% af wiw[ dhqjyv fiWa dryidhw[ fPuV u'e h' eHg m

lpilag e.Z qjsV fiWa a[ v,t ds,W ril a,w af wiw[fPuV I'e h' eHg m vtIqg Ipela> dsWI[ afl afa:j y lirl.fa f+sja+g y uja s[rgdV L[rSja 3 m vAqg fpLwi dry l"ds,W ril a,w a,f wiw[ lF l.fa sjV wiV dr,y lqi,o h' eHg m

ldra+ s[rg q,v fiWa a[ l,n huji ri[ af wiw[ dZbjVfPuVgw h' eHg m

dLr ug V[ l' qVr>a+ aw af wgaj ] l"q qVr.ai aw W+dhqjV[ a,f wiw[ dL+LBg ljuS sg Lwag f+jfa wgag ] m

l" qV.:ai drL} V[ af wiw[ dHh fsrg f+jfa wgag ] ml't f+sgf \V!h!Rp 596|

epip Hglip epip e'itp@ Wiqj epip@ fjiWag qjHg \ufp ug 2|dul V[ rg wpN f+jfa wgaj Vjq uf w[ wgaj m lF

rdcbJHgbJ lF lp,t Vjq dr,y hV ^epiqpdt f+dhvjds udf hdi eda fjHg mepiqpdt uVdw hdi Vjdq dvrvjHg mmepiqpdt WdlldB hdi Rpfs[lp lpSjHg mdWV epi hdi Vjqp V dwV{ fjdHbj q[i[ FjHg mepiqpdt hdi Feda hdi bjdf vhjHg m

\b>e 591|dHl brloj dry dW+ag W+dhqjwji h'Hg hp.sg h{ m qV dW=ak

106

f=q[Lri fi{S h' uJsg ] m ligiw spt lpt sj lp,a[ dl,Z hg bFjrh' uJsj h{ qV f=q[Lri fi{S wiVj hg blv I'e ] m dHo[ woV ] m

qV hg w[ Fiqa[ uea Ih s[tgbaqV hg w' Fiq eH[ uea dWvja ] - qV hg w[ Fiq ur[ig q{ Rfua ljfqV w[ dryji[ ljf ur[ig lqja ]-qV hg w[ Fiq qigywj w' uv wh[qV hg w[ Fiq lgf iPf' lj dstJa ] -lev uea Ih s[t[ qV hg w' FiqqV w[ Fiq eH[ W+hq h'dH uja ] -qV dw.Vj WvrjV ] m dwaV[ dwaV[ r,Dc[ qV V[ FiqjH[ m hi

r[v[ RpV%J } FBw"Gsj hg dihj m dVqt qja+ rg y{V Vj v{S dsaj mqV w[ bZgV qpVg f>Ddca afgli b"qV w[ bZgV u'eg uag W+dhq yjig ] -qV w[ bZgV fgi qgi lpvajV tjVqV w[ bZgV f{e.Wi yji Ijig ] -qV w[ bZgV lPi Wvg b" dViWvqV w[ bZgV ijRp i[w Vi Vjig ] -h'i lF dl=LB H[w qV w[ bZgV ih[ -debjVg wg u' eag l' a' qV a[ dVbjig ] -l' qpdV du qV wg spdWZj qji[ mmdHl vHg qV } duaS Vjv lF wpN f+jfa h' uJsj ] mfCV ePSV dwA byiu Vjhg bciu Vjhg debjV wiV -q'Vg h'dHbj byiu Vjhg byiu Vjhg WyV woV -agio fidlb{ byiu Vjhg byiu Vjhg eRpS wiV -siLV Vhk bjRpi wpA byiu byiu ] qV r,l wiV -l' duVJ V[ qV } ljZ dvbj@ qV r,l wi dvbj lF wpN

107

RpV%J } f+jfa h' debj mdHw ijuj lg m Rpl s[ s[l dry dHh q+Ijsj lg m iju f,pa

} iju Vhk lg ds,aj uJsj m dHw figdtbj i,tg h'Hg lg m Rphfigdtbj dry hi w'Hg Ljqv h' lwsj lg m iju fp,ai rg Ljqvhp>s[ lV ba[ f+uj s[ v'w rg m Rph figdtbj H[h lg wg dHw q>ujWdSbj lg m figdtbj s[S rjv[ RpKa[ W{ns[ lV m RpV%J s[ h,o dryl'Bg hp>sg lg m q>u[ h[n dH,w wp,wC A,cs[ lV q>u[ RKpa[ W{n w[ wp,wCqjis[ lV m wp,wC q>u[ s[ h[n'G Wjhi Vhk ujS s[Sj ba[ wp,wCs[ l'Bg Vhk qjiVg m Rpl} q>u[ h[n Fuj Fuj w[ dV,lv wiw[ qjiVj] m duhCj qpwii wga[ lq[G dr,y Rpl } qji s[r[@ Rpl} iju sjqjdvw WSjdHbj uJsj lg m l' dHl aiJ ijuj ] f+q[lri m duaV[qVp,t hV lF Rpls[ fp,ai hV m u' qVp,tg aV dqdvbj ]@ dHh ]dHw q>uj m q>u[ h[n w,pwC lqjV ] qV m dHl qV } qjiVj ] m

l' fpit W{ijeg ijq mmligi iPfg q>u[ RKpa[ W{nj ] ugr m dHl s[ b>si ] qV iPfg

wp,wC m qV } ligi iPf q>u[ a'G Wjhi Vhk ujS s[Sj m qV w,pwC} Vjq iPfg l'Bg Vjv z[i z[i w[ b>si hg i,tSj ] m

ijqy.s wg vldBwj m dudV qjdibj i'ep mmdW^q^5@ b>e 817

lp,t s,pt iPfg WjS Vjv q>uj WpdSbj ] m bjLj-da+LVj dHlsgbj s' WjhgbJ hV m hRpq{-qqaj s[ s' l[iP hV m

dHl q>u[ } spdWZj iPfg s"S fj w[ w,Ddlbj ] m h>wji iPfgq,v dr,y Rph s"S fHg h'Hg ] m dHl ligi iPf q>u[ s[ yji fjr[hV m RpKyg wpv sj bdFqjV@ ligi s[ Wv sj bdFqjV@ lp.siajsj bdFqjV@ ZV drdsbj sj bdFqjV m

s'hij-yji fjRp dHlw[ wi[ epVguV wia WtJV Rpy-wpvdVu@ Wv-lp.siaj@ ZV@ drdsbj@ bdFqjV m

108

dHh hV ligi iPfg q>u[ s[ yji fjr[ m l' dHRpG qV iPf wp,wC} qjiw[ f+q[Lri sg f+jfag wiVg ] m udebjlP dHRpG qV } qjiv{Gs[ hV m Rpl wp,wC } qjiw[ aJ iju dqv uJsj lg m f+>aP qV} qji w[ wg dqdvbj m wWgi ug V[ woV wgaj ] ^

Fera Fgdi lwda dlqiV wg wBg wjv F{ xjlg mmsjlp wqgip ydC%Y eC% RPfdi ijup vgY bdWVjlg mm

F{^ wj!ijq wWgij H[w FH[ ] w'dH Vj lw{ fAjVg mm

ij! w! 969dHw iPf h' eH[ m fAjS Vhk h' lwsg m h'r[ rg dwr[G (duRp uvp uv qdh f{dl V dVwl{ daRp Tpdi dqdvY upvjh' mm

Z!w! 692dHRpG zjvSj zjv w[ qhJfpit wia[ Vjv bF[s h' uJs[ hV m

dur[G dur[G wqjHg wis[ ih[ dar[G dar[G bV.sqHg brloj rZsgeHg m dxi dHw iPf h' eH[ m fi wqjHg Vhk A,cg m wis[ ih[ m l'dHRpG dHw ljv Waga wgaj m WjWjug w'v dul r[v[ w'Hg udebjlPbjRpGsj lg a[ Rpl} l.W'ZV wiV lq[G bjfSj w'Hg fpijSj WyVs,lw[ wdhSj ##brloj dwa[ rSj NjCJ Vjv Vhk veg m dHh aJuVqJ uVqJ sg wqjHg h'r[ a[ dxi dwl[ lq[G dVi>wji sg dw+fj h'r[aJ uj w[ dHh f+jfa hp>sg ] m Yh rg dwl[ driv[ } m$$

w'BV q{ VjVw w'RP VjijdHVp duh ygda mm24mmlv'w q! 9

w'dB qZ[ w' drivj l[rwp h'di lev[ dWRphjig meP;ig q!C!-495

dy>a bdy>aj l'y bl'yj l'ep v'Fp q'hp ojwj mZ!q! 671

dy>a@ bdy>a@ l'y@ bl'y dHh sP.s rjs sg brloj ] mqavW dHo[ rg qV' v{ Vhk ] m dW+ag W+dhqj wji Vhk hp>sg m

109

uhj W'v ah bAi bjrj mmuh bW'v ah qVp V ihjrj mmW'v bW'v qdZ ] l'Hg mmul Rph ]al vt V w'Hg mm2mm

ije eRpCg@ 340duo[ W'vSj ba[ ypf idhSj dHh lF qV s[ hg w.q hV m

bLBjrwi diLg V[ iju[ uVw } Rpfs[L s[ w[ debjV ds,aj aJRpl s[ sdlbj lg m

V drbIf[ V[ H[wj e+I> Vjda W'Z[ W'Z[ V qpTaj mV lpt> Vyrj spt> RpfLjalI I'deV 10bio^ ugrV qpwag rjv[ } Vj drt[f ] m dW+ag dt>cg idhS

sj Vjq drt[f ] m Vj dHwjeiaj ]@ Vj debjV ]@ Vj bdebjV]@ Vj lpt ]@ Vj spt ] m dHh qV Vjv hg lW.Z its[ hV m

w:Ziq w:yrjwjq w:yjiWj w:drr[wj mdH>s dw+adqs> V[da s.: s{ qpw:lI l'deV m12mbio^ H[l aiJ s.s rju sg brloj a'G idha I'eg uV ] m

Rpls[ Ziq bio wjq q't drr[w wiaW bwiaW dHh qV s[w.q hV m

dw+aI[ dwqdf V{rdl Vwjdf dh+sg i>uVj mIoj ugrV H[rHgh ugrV qpwalI l'deV mmbio^ Rplsj wiaW Fg w'Hg Vhk m Vj Rpl } w'Hg rjLVj

] m u' ligi sg y[LBj Fjr hjva h' eHg fi Rpl } w'Hg dy>ajVhk bLBj rw+ egaj b 18 V!h!Rp \340|

l+ijuI[ F[tI dr+ajRp y vjFj uV[ uV[ mdVi drwvf l+FjrlI V drL[L bLda I'deV mbio^ iju dqv ujH[ dFdtbj q>eSg fr[@ vjF h'r[@ VpwljV

h'r[@ dH,wvj ih[@ dHw,n dry ih[@ Rpl vHg dwl[ rlaP sg tjl

110

drL[LajHg Vhk mduh zip WVp lqldi wgbj a[ fPi[ l.lji

e^q^2@ b>e 1103u' ijup s[dh a wrV WcjHg mu" Fgt q>ejrdh a dwbJ zdB ujHg m

ePuig Vjq s[r@ b>e 525Wlaj aPBg NP.fCg@ ygi ldF dA>Vj mmujda V@ fda V@ bjsi'@ RpdsbjV F+dq>Vj mmdqa+ V@ dHn ZV iPf hgS@ dwAP ljwp V dl>Vj mmijuj levg dl+ldB wj hdi Vjdq qVp dF>Vj mmdal wg ZPdC qVp RpZi{ f+Fp h'dH lp f+l.Vj m

u{!r! f 707qjV bdFqjV q>DZ[ l' l[rwp Vjhg mm

dlig q!f!51u' qjV bdFqjV dry dihj@ Yh l[rw Vj WS ldwbj m i,W

s[ dfbjdibJ sg dwo'G a,w w'Hg Rplaag wi[ m lF Ljlai ba[r[s lq[a brajiJ s[ RpV%J sg Rplaag wis[ hV m dw+LV ugV[ biuV } Rpfs[L ds>dsbj h'dHbJ@ RpV%J sg oJ dlxa wgag ] m

IqI lir[ Lqji>Fj wjq l.wvf riduaj mmeIjVj de+iZ wiqjSP aqjhP f>Ddca> WpZ mmu' ljigbJ rjLVj a'G idha ]@ debjV beVg Vjv Flq

h' uJs[ Rpls[ wiq m b{l[ fpiL } f>Ddca dwhj ] ^l' f>Ddcap u' qVp fiW'Z{ m

eRpCg l!q!f! b.e 274bio ^ l' f>Ddcap u' da+hj epSj wg f>c Rpaji{ mm

qvji q^ 3@ zip 2@ b>e 1261aIw:sj wiq xvj l.e. dVaI da+f' dVijq+I mmwiqSg bdF f+dr+a'G bdf V{r da+f' dVijq+I mm

111

bio^ wiq wisj h'dHbj rg bdFqjV w' dabje w[ wiqq[ f+dr,ai h'w[ rg Vj wiV lqjV hp>sj ] mFjr wiq wgaj dVLxvh.sj ] m

wiq wia h'r{ dVhwiq mm dalp W{lV' wj dViqv Ziq mmIds+LjvjF l.apl'B s.:s:jag a'G drqali mlq^ dl,Zjr dl,ZRP y dw+a:jdf V dVWZjIa[ mmbio bjfS[ bjf u[ wpA dqv ujH[ Rpl dry hg f+l.V idhSj m

L'w bjds s.:s rjs a'G dViv[f idhSj qali a[ Hgitj a'G idhadiZgbJ dlZgbJ wiw[ Ij Vj wiw[ dxi rg bV.s wdhSj m u' wiqwi[ aJ W.ZV rg w'Hg Vhk

AjsV F'uV wg bjl V wiHg@bdy>ap dqv{ l' fjH[ m qjiP q 1 \1014|qjHg ig qVp q[i' qarji' mmf[dt sdHbjv bVs lpt fPiVhdi idl idfY tpqji' mm1mm ihjRp mmdViqv FH[ RPuv ulp ejra Whpdi V h'ra wji' mmyiV wqv dlRp c'ig ijyg F[dBY fpit bfji' mm1mmwip edh vgV[ liWlp sgV[ sgfw FdHY Rpuji' mmVjVw Vjdq idlw W{ijeg wpvh lqphj aji' mm

lji>e! q! f! \1225|b{l[ lV qhJ fpit liW Rpfqj I'e L+g qjV 108 WjWj qhJ

hdiVjq dl>z ug m\lr{Ij|

duh Vjq Rpyji aig eVwj@ duV Vjq bujqv fdaa RpZji[duh Vjq dlqi ApdBY eu e+jh a[ ZiP f+dhvjs bl.t RpZji[fjhV dl>Z q{G Vjq f+jfa a[ airi w[ fjhV lq aji[#hdiVjqp hig$ hi Vjqp f+ajf a[ wv qdh ugr bV'wdh aji[ mm

112

duV%J V[ l.lji dry bj w[ b{Vg wnV wqjHg wiw[ a[ dxibjfS[ bjf } Apfj w[ idtbj@ dHh' duh[ oJ bjlS vjdHbj w'HgujS hg Vhk ldwbj m duo[ dBw[ Rpo[ rg driv[ hg f+[qg siLVwiV bjRpGs[ lV m dwl[ } tjl faj Vhk h'S ds,aj m fi hJ@ u'WyV q>V w[ Wdh debj Rpl V[ lF wpN f+jfa rg wi dvbj m fil.lji dr,y dHRpG ih[ dur[G w'Hg lqN hg Vj lw[ m

Fea[ fhp.yVjdHl oJ a[ dH,w ljv dBwS a'G Wjbs dHo'G yvs[ yvs[ Fea[

fhp>y eH[ m Fea[ dry FjHg hgij dl>z ug@ FjHg y.yv dl>z uga[ FjHg ds,aj dl>z ug@ FjHg Wdhv' s[ tjVsjV dr,Dy'G lV m f,agl[vri%jdHbj s[ dr,y lV m da>V[ hg lw[ FjHg lV m fdhv' fdhvdf>c s[ V[C[ dHw A,fC lg m Rpl s[ dwVji[ a[ bjlS vjdHbj m wpNdsVJ Wjbs FjHg hgij dl>z ug WjWj ug s[ siLV wiw[ uv fjSgsg l[rj wiV vHg zi v{ bjH[ a[ bjf ug V[ wCjh f+Ljs sgils q>eg m RpV%J V[ s[ ds,ag m WjWj ug V[ RpV%J s[ zi hg wCjhf+Ljs bjf[ WSj w[ b>si hg ljij A,w eH[ ba[ WiaV ljx wiw[Wjhi } yv[ eH[ m Rpl a'G dfA'G sp,Z Aw"S sg l[rj wis[ ih[ m sp,Zrg A,ws[ lV m dHhVj da>Vj FjHgbJ dr,Dy'G WjWj hgij dl>z dVaf+ag sp,Z v{ w[ uJsj hp.sj lg m duaVj sp,Z FjHg hgij dl>z V[ v{w[ ujSj WjWj ug V[ ljij hg A,w v{Sj m dHw dsV WjWj hgij dl>z} xpiVj h'dHbj dw LjdHs WjWj ug sp,Z Vjv da+fa Vhk hp.s[ m dHhl'y w[ RpV%J V[ bjfS[ sPli[ FjHgbJ a'G sp,Z v{ w[ dHw B'wSg \dul}rvB'hg rg wdh>s[ hV@ Rpl sj awigWV rgh wp l[i ruV h'H[ej|Fiw[ WjWj ug fjl fhp>y eH[ m WjWj ug V[ Rpl s[ W{n[ W{n[ ljijsp,Z A,w dvbj m WjWj hgij dl>z h{ijV h' eH[ m lF wpN r[t w[ W'v[##ljZj@ a[i[ FPa rl wga[ hV b{Vj sp,Z fg debj ]G ($$ WjWj ugV[ h,l w[ RpKai ds,aj ##hJ m wg aP. r[tSj yjhp>sj ]G ($$ WjWj hgij

113

dl>z V[ wpN ep,Dl[ s[ vdhu[ dry dwhj@ ##drtj s[Hk m$$ dHRpG wdhw[WjWj hgij dl>z zi } bj eH[ m wpN dsVJ Wjbs WjWj hgij dl>zh'ig u.ev@ q{sjV Wjhi eH[ m us'G WjWj hgij dl>z u.ev h' w[ Rpn[aJ wg r[ts[ hV@ dH,w sl debjiJ ljv sg Rpqi sj vCwj dulsgbJ dli a'G WjrigbJ tpv%gbJ hV a[ RpKyg-RpKyg i"vj fjRpGsjWjWj hgij dl>z r,v F,u w[ bj dihj ba[ dwhj ##WyjHk@ WjWj m$$Rpl V[ dHh lqN w[ dHl vCw[ } h'i qp>c[ qjis[ h'Se[ bjfS[ w'vWpvj dvbj m Rpl qp>c[ V[ bj w[ fdhvJ aJ v,w } u,xg fj vHg mdxi dfAv[ fjl[ dHw ;'i sj f>uj qjdibj dul s[ dVLjV fPig ai%Jligi a[ tv' eH[ ba[ lp,Z Wp,Z Fp,v eHg m dfAJh fia s[dtbj aJRpo[ wpN Vhk lg m dHl[ hjva dr,y zi } bj eH[ m us'G zi rjdvbJV[ fpdAbj aJ w[rv dHaVj hg dwhj ##u' wpN h'Sj lg h' debj mhpS q{G Wy Vhk lwsj m$$ o'C[ dsVJ Wjbs dHh WjWj hgij dl>zug lpierjl h' eH[ m dHl a'G Wjbs dHl figrji V[ WjWj ug sgdHAj bVplji e,Dc[ a[ dWnj w[ WjWj qhj hdiVjq dl>z ug } dligH[rjv[ A,c ds,aj m

dryjiqhJ fpit sg dWiag f+q[Lri dr,y vgV hp.sg ] m dwl[ lq[G

rg Rpl bV.s dry'G dWiag fpBs[ Vhk m ligiw dw+bj W'vS yjvSlpa[ dlZ hg hp>sj idh>sj ] m u[ dwl[ f+[qg Vjv rg dwl[ dwlq sjw'Hg WyV hp>sj ]@ Rph Rplsg FjrVj s[ bVplji hg h' uJsj ] mri ba[ lijf qV s[ w.q hV m ep,Dl[ dr,y bjw[ lijf tpLg dr,ybj w[ ri m WjWj hgij dl>z ug s[ qV bVplji hg dHh e,v riag mqhJ fpit sj siLV uJ l[rj wiV s[ q"wj dqv[ aJ wg q>egH[ mldaepi woV wis[ hV ^

fPARp l.a q[i' njwpip w{lj m \lji>e A.^ q^ 5@ b>e 1237|qhJfpitJ a'G FjrVj bVplji xv dqvsj ] m du>V%J w'v i,W

114

Vjv dqvjf wijRpS sg ldabj ]@ RpV%J vHg Fpa drtj s[S[ w'Hgr,cg e,v Vhk m lpa[ dlZ hg wgaj WyV bB,v h' debj m a[ wpNlqJ rg Vhk v,DDdebj m l' qhJ fpit sg l[rj wiV rjv[ s[ qV$y u' xpiVj WdSbj@ qhJfpit s[ WyV bVplji a,awjv hg fPijh' debj m l[rj wiV rjdvbJ@ Rpa[ l[rj dr,y v,Ddebj b{l[ wHgq"w[ bjRpGs[ hV m dHw q"wj Rph rg bjRpGsj ] us'G qhJfpitRpfs[L wis[ hV m Rph Rpfs[L lpVS rjv[ s[ dhis[ a[ RpwdibjuJsj ] m lj} Rpl lq[G sj faj Vhk m f>+aP qhJ fpit ujSs[ hp>s[hV Rpl rwa } m qhJ fpit Rpfs[L wis[ hV@ l.ea W[-LwdwaVg W{ng h'r[ m dul s[ fioJdH h'dHej Rpl s[ dhis[ dr,y hgrl[ej m dH,w qV sg dHh rg brloj ] dw bjfS[ bjf hg w'HgdyarVg wi v{Sg a[ Rph Rpl[ rwa fPig h' ujSg m wHg rji l[rwl[rj wiV rjv[ sg dyarVg dHh' WSsg ] a[ fPig h' uJsg ] mdur[G ijuj uVw V[ bjfS[ l[rw } hpwq ds,aj ##dhqjv[ a'G fjSgv{ w[ bj m$$ Rph yvj debj ila[ dr,y uJs[ h'H[ V[ l'dybj dwq{G ijuj hp.sj aJ bjfSg dHAj bVplji duo'G dya wisj Rpo'G yg;q>e v{Gsj m uVw b>aiIjqg ujS eH[ m dul rwa uv bjdHbjuv A,w w[ uVw f+l.V h'dHbj m a[ l[rw } dwhj ##q{G a{} ijuFje WtdLbj m$$ uVw ug W'v[ ##us'G a{} blk uv v{S F[dubjlg duhCj aP. RpGs' xpiVj wgaj lg fdhvJ Yh fPij wiw[ dxi qpwagdqv[eg ba[ qpwag s[S vHg a{} epiP VjVw sj dqvjf h'dHejwvupe s[ lq[G dr,y m$$ l' dHr[G hg h'dHbj m s[t' VjVw f+l.e iju[w.rv V{V s[ f+l.e dr,y lxj 612 b^ 56

b{lg brloj rg bjRpGsg ] u' xpiVj WS debj Rph fPijh' debj m Rpl a'G Wjbs FjHg hgij dl>z ug s[ tjVsjV rjv[WjWj ug fjl bjRpGs[ ih[ m RpV%J sj WjWj ug WCj qjV wis[ ih[ba[ wdhSj aplk FjHg w[ h'@ WC[ r,Dc[ h' m\dHh f+l.e WjWj Vi{S dl>z ug ba[ qjlBi wiV{v dl>z a'G dqdvbj m|

115

dligH[ rjv[ sg rjiajdligH[ rjv[ df>c s[ yC%s[ fjl[ Wjhi dHw W[ig lg m Rpl s[

h[n dVrjl wgaj m wHg f+[qg siLV wiV bjRpGs[ ih[ m dHo[ duV%Jf+[qgbJ V[ l[rj wgag Rph da>V W+jhqS Fij lV m s' ijq eC%gH[\Fjr dqla+g lV| ipvgbj ijq@ hiVjq ba[ A'Bj apvlg dHhW+jhqS lV m w.z[ zjCj wjhV dl>z r,cj@ xPvj dl>z wrgLi A'Bj mdHVJ sj dfAj qjN[ sj h'S wiw[ qN{v wdh>s[ lV m VjVwg T[iga[ idh>s[ lV m dHo[ awigWV y[a s[ qhgV[ bjH[ m dTvrJ s[ t[adr,y ih[ m f+[qgbJ A,fig W.V ds,ag m Rpfi s,Dl[ h'H[ f+[qgbJ@ dry'Gw'Hg f+Ljs fjSg s[ uJsj lg m dHo[ WjWj ug w'v df,av sg WjBglg m lF dwlq s[ F'uV Rpl[ dr,y dH,wnj wiw[ A,w v{Gs[ lV ba[hi rwa qP>h Rpa[ wf,Cj i,tSj@ dwl[ Vjv w'Hg tjl e,v VhkwiVg m h'i wHg Vei rjdvbJ V[ u' dwa[ w'Hg e,v wiVg@ dwa[w'Hg RpKai s[Sj dwa[ y,pf wi ujSj m

i>de hldh i>de i'rdh ypf Fg wdi ujdh mmfirjh Vjhg dwl{ w[ig WjNp ly[ Vjh mm

bjlj rji@ b>e 473W[f+rjh hg idh>s[ lV m dHo'G FjHg V.s vjv ljdhW s[ dHl

L[bi } WjWj ug sg brloj Vjv dqvsj r[tw[ bfSg lqNbVplji dvtsj hJ ^

qji si q>Dduv ujVj hqj b{l' hqj Ljsg mmuil W[-hPsi q[-Vjvs wPuj W.s[q qhdqvhj mmq>uv dqa+ sg q{} tpLgbJ dHh ilaj qV Fjr[ Ljag bjr[W-xjdHsj zdCbjv ru.sj v,sj dwo[ wyjr[[-NPn[ Zjr[ m

116

fpijS[ lq[G dHh dirju hp>sj lg m duhC[ v'wJ V[ dwa[ ujSjhp.sj lg@ Rph dH,wn[ h' w[ apis[ lV m ija } duo[ dBwjSj wiVj@Rpo[ lr[i[ apiV a'G wpN lqJ fdhvJ zdCbjv r,usj hp.sj lg mdulsj qavW hp>sj lg dw wjxv[ s[ apiV sj lqJ h' debj m Rpl[rwa lF qpljdxi bjf' bjfSj lqjV W.V% w[ apiV vHg dabjih' uJs[ lV m l' FjHg ljdhW V[ woV wgaj ] m i,W s[ ila[ apiVjhg q[ig d;>seg sj dVLjVj ]@ h'i spVgbJsjig w.q wiV@ qjdHwrlgv[ q[i[ qV } dt,y Vhk fjRpGs[ m q[ij bjRpSj ujSj FiqSjFBwVj lF taq h' debj ]m

bjrS ujSp idhY mmqjiP q^ 5@ b>e 1002

bjra hit V ujra sPtj Vh dWbjf{ qV i'eVg mmlsj bV.sp epip fPij fjdHbj aRp Rpaig lev dWYeVg

ijqwvg q^ 5l' dHRpG lqJ Waga wgaj dligH[ rjv[ m WjWj ug w'v dH,w

qdhij fjSg v{ w[ bjRpGsj hp.sj lg m Rpl V[ dwa[ fjSg v{ w[ bjH[V[ wg r[dtbj ##l.a ligi A,c eH[ m$$ blv dr,y bjf fH[ h'H[hg lqjZg vgV lV m Rpl V[ r[t w[ df>c uj w[ e,v wgag m lpSw[ h'i v'w rg bj eH[ r[t w[ dryji wiV v,e[ dw hpS wg wigH[ mw'Hg wpA wh[ a[ w'Hg wpA m btgi RpV%J V[ lvjh wgag dw dHV%J} q>u[ a[ fjw[ dwa[ sPi A,c bjY m dul rwa dHh drRpGa WSjHgwpsiag WjWj ug V[ lqjZg t'v%g a[ Rpnw[ W{n eH[ m Rph r[t w[h{ijV h' eH[ a[ h"vg h"vg Rpn w[ ziJ } yv[ eH[ m

dHh WyV l[q[ Vei s[ dHw dl>z V[ s,Ddlbj ] a[ wpN dsVJWjbs dHw dsV bjf W{n[ lV m dfCj sj q"wj lg m wpN f>u l,aqp>c[ dH,wn[ h' w[ bj eH[ m fdhvJ aJ W{n[ e,vJ wis[ ih[ dxi wdhSv,e[ ##l.a ug aplk qP>h a'G wfCj vjh w[ lj} siLV dsY m aplkhi rwa bjfSj qp,t T,w w[ dwRpG its[ h' ($$ WjWj ug V[ Rpai

117

ds,aj ##qP>h a'G w,fCj RpajiV sj lqJ Vhk bjdHbj m$$ RpV%J V[dxi dwhj Vhk@ dHw r[iJ aJ vjh' m$$ WjWj ug V[ dxi dwhj ##qP>ha'G w,fCj vjh ds,aj aJ yjVS h' uJsj ] m$$ qp>c[ qavW lqNVj lw[ dus f{ eH[ m dHw qp>c[ V[ uWislag qP>h a'G wfCj Rpajids,aj m Rpl[ rwa hg ljq%S[ dfC fH[ lV m vJe[ dfC } b,e v,eeHg m dwRpGdw WjWj ug sj qp,t dfCj r,v hg lg m b,e v,eS a'GWjbs qp>c[ aJ F,u eH[ ba[ uJs[-uJs[ dfCJ dr,y v'wJ } lFs,l rg eH[ m wpN v'w aJ b,e WpNjRpS v,e[ m wpN WjWj ug fjlbjH[ m W[Vag wgag dw ##qhjiju ) ljij df>c lC ujH[ej m qp>dcbjV[ Whpa evag wgag ] m q[hi wi' b,e } LJa wi' m$$ Rpl[ rwahg f,Aq sg aix'G qkh hV[ig dHw sq hg bj debj m dHaV[ ;'isg qphv[Zji WjiL h'Hg dw u' wpN fdhv[ lC debj l' lC debj mh'i lF wpN Wy debj m Rpl[ hV[ig dr,y bjf dHo'G byjVw hgdwl[ fjl[ } yv[ eH[ m wHgbJ V[ v,FS sg w'dLL wgag fi dqv[Vhk m Rpl a'G wHg ljv Wjbs Fpy' bjH[ a[ siLV wiw[ fAjSwgag dw dHh aJ Yhg hV m

\dHh f+l.e l.a L+g ijq dl>z ug qvPw[ rjdvbJ a'G dqdvbj|

w'nj epiP s[ qvPw[ sg rjiajdHo'G y,v w[ wpN lqJ qvPw[ epujdibj m l.a L+g ijq dl>z ug

qvPw[ rjdvbJ } WjWj ug V[ dHh WyV bjf dvtjdHbj dWw+qgl.qa 1982 f'h f+drLB[ 2 dsV q>evrji } Rpl s[ qpajWw hgqvPw[ rjv[ fhp.y[ s' ijaJ dHo[ ih[ mq>ev WpZ e+jq{ rjlj m dW+hlfag qhjiju w'ng rjljRPa+ dslj q{ wgV[ rjl m Lwa lqgf{ fiq f+wjLbjdebj v{ dVu fjl dlZjHg m qvPw' e+jq fiq lptsjHg

118

lW hg qpit eH[ adh ljo l+g epiP hdiVjq dl>z s[ Rpyig ejo mdHh y"fHg l.a L+g ijq dl>z ug qvPw[ rjdvbJ sg iyg h'Hg

] m FjV dl>z sj fp,ai dVZjV dl>z m Rpls[ zi'G qjvJ@ vCwjdsbjv dl>z@ 1 qhgV[ sg dHw vCwg@ dulsj Vjq hi' lg m W{lFjr dl>z fBrjig aVtjh 12 iPf{ qhgVj m Rpl s[ zi'G dul sjVjq l'Fg m Rplsg dHw vCwg u.egi w"i m dHVJ } WyV h'dHbjdw aphjc[ vCwj h'r[ej m WjWj hdiVjq dl>z ug s[ ri bVpljiijq dw+LV ug sg ldabj ]@ dr,y slta hiVjq dl>z dw+V dl>zsj@ qvPwj rjlg uVq ijq v.T[ w[ t'l[ fJc[ w[ fBrjig f'h f+drLB[16 dsV rgirji l.qa 1972 }@ dHh WyV L+g ijq dl>z ugV[ dvtjdHbj m WjWj ug qvPw[ 1 dsV ih[ ajiPbjS[ wpN dsVdVrjl wgaj m \df>c w'nj epiP dr,y|

bjfS[ bV.s dr,y F+qS wis[ h'H[ L+g l.a qhjiju df>c Fpy'sg aix bj ih[ lV m ila[ dr,y df>c w'nj epiP d;v%j Wdn.cj drt[bjS siLV W?L[ m df>c s[ f,Aq \dAfs[| r,v \duo[ hpS q'BiJsj b,cj ]| l'Tg VijdHS dl>z sg uqgV dr,y vlPC[ s[ dWiAh[n W{n eH[ m buVWg l.a } W{nj s[t w[ ;qgV sj qjvw l'TgVijdHS dl>z bjdHbj ba[ dWVJ dwl[ ldawji lVqjV s[ bfqjVVjv W'dvbj dw ##l.a ug dwl[ h'i oJ uj w[ W{n' m$$ WjWj ug V[xpiqjdHbj@ ##FjHg yv[ ujrJe[ m$$ sPli[ dsV l'Tg x[i bjdHbjba[ Vij;eg Vjv W'dvbj ##aphj} q{G wv% dwhj lg dHo'G yv[ ujr' m;qgV } epispbjij WSj A,Ddcbj h{ m y"x[diYG v'w bj w[ c.cgbJfj ih[ hV m$$ dHh wdh l+g WjWj ug qhjiju V[ bjfS[ bV.s dryxpiqjdHbj ##f[+qgbJ dul ai%J FjrVj h{ Rpl[ ai%J hg h' ujr[ej m;qgV rg epispbji[ sg WS ujr[eg ba[ c.cgbJ rg f{

119

ujSegbJ m$$ dHh xpiqj w[ bjf l+g WjWj ug qhjiju df>c r,v} A,fC s[ dwVji[ dHw df,fv h[n W{n eH[ m

Fjr[G Whpa lji[ bjsqg dHh zBVj s[t ih[ lV@ fi l'Tg }i'wS sj h"Glvj dwl[ rg VhgG wgaj m FjHg u{ dl>z l.ZP fp,ai iSdl>z V[ bjfS[ r,c[ FjHg dwLV dl>z } ljig rjiaj lpSj w[ dwhjdw ##l.a fPiV qhJfpiL f+aga hp.s[ hV m r{l[ rg hi bdaog sjldawji wiVj ljcj Ziq h{ m w'Hg lda fpiL df.c dry'G bfqjVah' w[ VhgG ujSj yjhgsj m dHl rjla[ l.a ug } wpN dsVG i,tSsj IaV wigH[ ba[ f+Ljsj AwjHgH[ m$$ FjHg dwLV dl>z V[ dwhj##dHh dwhCg fp,AS rjvg e,v h{ m A[ag yv w[ l[rj dry hj;ih'HgH[ m$$ dHl ai%J s'V'G Fij sjv-i'Bg ba[ sp,Z sj eCrj v{ w[WjWj ug s[ yiVJ dry fp,u[ m f+Ljsj A,wS sg W[Vag wgag m f+[qgr[t w[ WjWj ug V[ f+Ljsj Adwbj m s'VJ FijrJ V[ qpC W[Vag wgag##wpN dsV l[rj sj lpFje WtL' m$$ bdZwjig ujS w[ WjWj ug V[f+rjVeg W?Lg m dHl ai%J wHg dsV df>c w'nj epiP drt[ idh w[df>c dVrjlgbJ } dl,tg dlsw WtL w[ ls Rpfs[L s[ w[ VjqWjSg s[ vC vjdHbj m

bjfSg wiVg spbjij ljZP s[ bjyiV@ ldhS Lwag wiarI} s,Ddlbj dw ljZP } ljei riej e.Fgi ba[ fhjC riej b,yvgh'Sj yjhgsj h{ m Rplaa dV>sj@ hit@ L'w@ qjV@ bfqjV@ w.yVqjBg } lqds=LBg Vjv r[tSj yjhgsj h{ m

l+g l.a ug qhjiju s[ Rpfs[L } dhis[ dry ZjiV wiw[ FjHgu{ dl>z ug l.lji a'G Rpfijq h' eH[ m bn[ fdhi dlqiV wis[ h'H[lqJ Waga wis[ m btgi df>c u.cj rjvj \d;v%J Wdn>cj| drt[l+gqjV qh.a VijdHS dl>z s[ dLL WS eH[ m

120

c[i[ dry l[rj dlqiV ba[ drdsbj bdZb{V wis[ ih[ m r[sJLjlaiJ ba[ epiqda s[ qhjV drsrjV WS eH[ m drL[l wiw[bjIPir{dsw dry f+dl,Zg ba[ lVqjV f+jfa wgaj m l+g qjV qh.aVijdHS dl>z ug a'G qei'G c[ij u.cj rjvj s[ lojVfag WS[ mc[i[ sg lp.si dHqjia WSjHg dibjla xigsw'B s[ iju siWjidry RpKyj ldawji fjdHbj m wjxg ;qgV qhjiju V[ qpbjxg dryF[GB wgag m dHl ai%J dViqv F[t dry f+dl,Z fpiL h'H[ m

df>c w'nj epiP sg Rph ;qgV dul dr,y'G l'Tg V[ uWiV Rpnjds,aj lg l'Tg VijdHS ug s[ lfp,ai l+gqjV WjWj biuV dl>zl'Tg V[ l.V 1856 lg Rpfi'wa t[a ba[ h'i ;qgV dqvj w[ wpvsl zpqj ;qgV epispbjij ep.e li ljdhW fj^ 10 rgG df>c w'njepiP } sjV wi ds,ag m u' l>V 1960 Hg^ dry qpi,Wj W.sg h'Slq[G bWjsgbJ dry wBg eHg m dul Vjv lji[ t[a dry c.cgbJf{ eHgbJ ba[ evgbJ f{ eHgbJ m dHl ai%J WjWj ug qhjijusj woV d*bjaqw iPf dry fPiV h'dHbj m

\;WjVg FjHg a[uj dl>z ug #l.} w'njepiP$|dHo[ dHw W;pie WjWj qdhajW dl>z lg m Rpl s[ Vjv Wjhi

dwa[ dqvjf h'dHbj m RplV[ r[t w[ l.a ujSw[ VqLwji wgag ba[uv fjSg fpdAbj m WjWj ug V[ h,lw[ WyV wgaj ##w'Hg dlbjSw[ hg uv fjSg fpA[ej m b{r[G w"S fp,A[($$ Rpl W;pie V[ W[Vagwgag dw ##q{G hj;i hJ m hpwq wi' zi yv w[ Aw'e[@ dw b{o[v{ w[ bjrJ($$ bjf V[ WyV wgaj ##b{o[ hg v{ bj m$$ Rph v{ w[fhp.y debj m WjWj ug V[ Wjhi hg uv fjSg A,w w[ a[ Rpl VjvWyV wis[ ih[ m lpS w[ qV b{lj f+Fjra h'dHbj WjWj ug } W[Vagwiw[ zi rg v{ bjdHbj ba[ zi dHw ypWji[ dry bjlS v,ejds,aj m l+g ijq dl>z ug qvPw[ rjdvbJ bVplji aJ d;bjsj dyi

121

ndhi[ m fi lpSV dry bjdHbj h{ awigWV l,a dsV ih[ m RphW;pie l[rj wisj dihj m Rpl Vjv WyV dWvjl rg wis[ ih[ mRpl sg FjrVj r[tw[ WyV wgaj dw a[ig b'vjs@ Whpa rZ[eg ml' b{l rwa Rpl sj firji Whpa h{ m dHo'G yv w[ ila[ drybjMdsbJ dHw qplvqjV xwgi dqv dfbj m Rpl s[ Vjv f+qjios[ WyV hp.s[ ih[ m Rpl V[ f+LV wgaj dw l.a ug q{G lpdSbj h{slr[G fjaLjh epiP e'dW>s dl>z ug V[ b"li N'Bg sj sp,Z ypbjw[ fgaj lg wg dHh l,y h{($$ WjWj ug RpKai ds,aj ##hJ@ b,ti-b,ti l,y h{ m$$ WjWj ug V[ fp,DdAbj dHh e,v dwM fp,Ag($$ RplV[ dwhj ##ug@ b{r[G hg m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##VhgG a[i[ qVdry w'Hg L.wj h{ aJ e,v wi m wijqjaJ aJ epiP w[ dl,tJ l[rwJdry rg Whpa hV m epiPbJ sg aJ e,v hg dwhCg h{($$ Rpl V[dwhj ##dxi drtjY m$$ bjf W'v[ ##api bljc[ Vjv@ duo[ dwa[ q"wjWdSbj r[t vrgG m$$ Rpl} Vjv v{ w[ us'G api fH[ dwa[ ila[ dryw'Hg fLP yjisj dxisj lg m Rpl } h,o sj dHLjij wiw[ w'vl,Ddsbj m Rpl V[ w'v bj w[ l.a lqN w[ VqLwji wgag m WjWjug Rpl } W'v[ ##bjfS[ fLPbJ dry'G dHw N'Bg v{ w[ bj m$$ RphWpLwji w[ dH,w N'Bg v{ bjdHbj m WjWj ug xwgi } W'v[ ##s,l WHgblgG y'w[ drtjHgH[@ dw a[i[ h,ogG ypbjHgH[ m$$ Rpl V[ dwhj ##aplgGy'r' m q{G r[tsj hJ m$$ WjWj ug Rpl fLP yjiV rjv[ } wdhS v,e[dvbj a[i[ w'v duhCj WiaV h{@ Rpl dry sp,Z y' m$$ Rph h{ijVh' w[ W'dvbj ##ug@ H[h aJ b"li N'Bg h{ m$$ WjWj ug h,l w[ W'v[##aP. W{n uj A[ag wi m$$ WyV qV w[ Rph W{n debj m wvj riagqhJ fpitJ sg@ N'Bg V[ sp,Z ds,aj m Rpl } WjWj ug wdhS v,e[##v{ WHg@ fgY@ Vjv[ b,tgG r[t'@ dHh aj ap,A yg;J hV epiP w[dl,tJ vHg m u[ ldaepiJ V[ dHh wpN wi ds,aj aJ RpV%J rjla[ aJ

122

w'Hg dHh r,cg e,v h{ hg VhgG m aP. L.wJ Vj wi@ h'i w'Hg e,vh{ aJ s,l m$$ lpSs[ lji hg h,o u'C vH[ ba[ W'dvbj ##W,l ug@W,l q[ig al,vg h' eHg m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##xwgi lJHgdwl[ rg epiP braji a[ ws[ dw>aP VhgG wiVj yjhgsj m bljcgaJ dHh' hg qdibjsj h{@ aP. bjfS[ bjV.s dry ih' m u' a[i[ qpiLsV[ a{} dldtbj ds,ag h{@ Rphg wiV dry hg a[ij Fvj h{ m RplaadV>sj s'r[G dabje wiV[ f{Gs[ hV m$$

Rplada dV.sj s'RP dabje{ t'u{ fsp dViWjVj muV VjVw dHhp t[vp wnVp h{ dwVh.P epiqpdt ujVj

eRpCg q^ 9@ b>e 219l' dHM dViWjV fs sg f+jfag hp.sg h{ fi dHh t[v wnV

h{ w'Hg driv[ epiqpt uV hg dHl } ujSs[ hV mwdW,a

bjH[ w' Vj hit wi[ eH[ w' Vj l'eFH[ dViv[f w{l[ qlNV[ wg Wja h{-s[h l[ lW.Z VhgG qjIj l[dfbji VhgG-qV h{ by,v whp. bjra Vj uja h{-v'wJ yji iga VhgG rji VhgG f+ga VhgG-Vj hji h{ Vj uga h{ V riV h{ Vj uja h{-b{l' uW debjV h'dH b{l' hg dZbjV h'dH-f+oq[ dabjeg hRpq{ f+gda mm spagbj dabjeg v'ej igdamma+{epS dabjde spiuV qga lqjV[ mmapigbj epS dqdv ljZ fAjV[ bjlj q^ 3-370a=Hg epSI drLIj r[sjdVqa+Hg epSI' Fr biuV

123

dVis.s[ dVaI llop dViI'e tI[q bjaqrjVeg! b! 2@ 14

h[ biuV@ r[s rg da>VJ s[ iy[ h'H[ l.lji s[ WjWa woVwis[ hV m b"i aP. da>V epS l[ idha h'@ aP. lpt@ spt@ qjV@ bfqjV@hit l'e a'G idha h' m bdWVjlg fs q[G dWiju w[ dHldoa h'@bjaqj fijdHS h'@ ligi sg fjvSj f'lSj a'G hg dViv[f h' uj m

da=hj epSj a[ ih{ dVijij l' epiqpdt l'Fj fjdHsj mqjiP q^ 5 \1075|

ugrV qpwag s[ f>u xv hV m b>ai bjaq[ wg brloj hp.sgh{ m RpV%J sg dur[G hi dHw xv sj lpbjs h{ dHl[ ai%J dHh rg hV m1! debjV idtbj Fjr w'Hg dwaVj rg wji drhji wiV f+>aP

bjfS[ liPf s[ dZbjV dry'G dW+ag VhgG fp,Bs[ m2! aglij xv h{ dWlqjs Fjr m h'i dwl[ rjs drrjs dry VhgG

bjMs[ m dur[G dwl[ V[ w'Hg wpN dwhj Fji lvjh ds,ag ba[lpS vHg yp,f h' eH[ m l.ljig W.s[ lqNS W,l hpS q[ig whge,v l.a ws[ VhgG q'Cs[ m Rpl V[ dHh lqN w[ tpL h' ujSj mdHl[ dry hg W.s[ sg hRpq{ rZsg h{ m dHh' yg; h{ duhCgqhJfpit a'G ugr } wpN f+jfa h'S VhgG ds>sg mhM dals[ yRpt>Vgb{ bjf nejH[ v'wJ FjS[ mmRph aJ VhgG ne[ uJs[V Ydh qidh V nje[ ujdh mm duV w{ ijqp rl{ qV qjdh

ufpug ljdhW - 4

hJ ugr ;iPi n,Ddebj uJsj h{ wpN f+jfa VhgG wi lwsj mFj^ episjl ug

124

ugr tjvg idh uJsj h{ m4! ugrV qpwag sj Fjr h{ sptJ sj Vjl dwl[ lq[G dwl[ ai%J

sj rg spt f+aga VhgG hp.sj mjo nru duK mih duKu nhI mwnY ]suK snyhu Aru BY nhI jw kY kMcn mwtI mwnY ]1]

\b>e 633|

5! f>urj h{ hi rwa lpt hg idhSj@ bV.s qeV idhSj msptp fihdi lptp zdi v{ ujdH ufpug-2duKu nwhI sBu suKu hI hY ry eykY eykI nyqY ]burw nhI sBu Blw hI hY ry hwr nhI sB jyqY ]1]

\b>e 1302|dHh h{ qhJfpitJ sg rdcbjHg@ dulsg lj} epiWjSg a'G

l'Ng f{Gsg ] ba[ h'i e+.o rg dHl[ ai%J erjhg ds>s[ hV m dHla'G Rpfi.a xwgi dwl[ h'i fjl[ } yvj debj m qhJfpit dwl[ h'ifjl[ dryis[ ih[ m

dadV s[dtbj dulp bjdf dstjH[mmu>cJ rjv[ sj dW+aJa

u.cJ rjv[ a[ ugGs[ s[ dra dry \wpvgrjvj| dHw A,fC lg mRpo[ dHw A'Bj duhj df,fv lg m dlix Rpl Rpa[ s' wp f,a[ lV mh'i ljij lpdwbj h'dHbj lg m bjq W'v yjv dry Rpl } v'w df,fvgbjts[ lV m Rpl ue%J Rpa[ dHw qhgVj ih[ m Rpl ue%j a[ dHwW;pie dul sj Vjq qjv%j dl>z lg m dHl V[ dHw s' rji fdhvJsiLV wga[ lV dHl[ oJ a[ hg m dHw dsV w'v bj w[ VqLwjiwgag ba[ W{n debj m W[Vag wiV v,ej ##ug q[i[ vjdHw w'Hgl[rj s,l' m$$ b,e'G WjWj ug V[ lpFjrw hg dwhj dw ##l[rj aJ h{ m

125

u[ wi lwsj h{ aJ wi v{ m$$ RplV[ dwhj ##hpwq wi' m$$ WjWj ugV[ dwhj ##blgG sp,Z A,ws[ hp.s[ hJ m$$ Rpl V[ dwhj dw sp,Z q[i[ ziWhpa h{ duaVj v'C h'r[ hpwq wi'@ fhp.y ujdHbj wi[ej m$$ bjfug V[ v'C qpajWw s,l ds,aj m Rpl V[ dHh l[rj bjfS[ up.q[ v{vHg a[ sp,Z hi i'; fp,usj dihj m ws[ ws[ w'v W{n w[ WyV rglpSV[ m qV dry wpN FjrVj rg h' eHg dwMdw WjWj ug } RplV[ wHg rji dul ai%J fdhv[ W{n[ s[tSj m us'G sp,Z v{ w[ bjRpSjdur[G fdhvJ W{n[ h'Sj@ ljij ljij dsV Rpl[ ai%J hg idhSj RphdsV eiqg s[ lV m dHl dHvjw[ dry eiqg rg bda ;'i sg f{Gsglg m fjSg ;qgV h[nJ cP.zj lg m i[avj dHvjwj lg m Zp,f VjvdHvjwj af uJsj lg m fi WjWj ug Rpl df,fv h[n'G dwa[ h'i oJuj w[ Vhk lV W{ns[ m uJ u[ dwa[ ligiw dw+bj l'ZVg hp.sg aJwpN lq[G vHg ujSj Vhk aJ duo[ fdhv[ dsV bj w[ driju[ Rpo'GVhk RpKn[ ljig dshjCg m dHl aiJ qlag dr,y W{dnbj V[ hg v.zjv{Sg m qjvj dl>z V[ r[tSj ba[ h{ijV h' ujSj m dHV%J } eiqgVhk v,esg m ljij dsV W{dnbJ bws[ ows[ Vhk m dH,w dsV h"Glvjwiw[ f,pA hg dvbj dw ##qhjiju )aplk ljij dsV eiqg dr,y hgidh.s[ h' m dH,w oJ RpKa[ hg W{n[ idh.s[ h' m$$ b,e'G RpKai ds,aj dw## qjv%J dlbJ@ eiqg lisg Vjv w'Hg l.W.Z Vhk m ligi Vjv rgw'Hg l.W.Z Vhk m$$ dHh WyV lpS aJ dvbj fi lqN Vj bjHg@yp,f dihj m fi WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj dw ##qjvj dl>bj@ w,v% }ljc[ w'v bjHk ba[ ljij dsV a{} dHo[ hg i,tJe[ m hpS aP. ujm$$bev[ dsV lr[i[ spZ v{ w[ bjdHbj aJ WjWj ug V[ sp,Z A,w dvbja[ W'v[ ##qjv%J dlbJ$$@ ##rjdhepiP@ rjdhepiP ufg yv$$ ba[ h,osj dHLjij wiw[ W'v[ ##Rpo[ W{n uj m$$ l,a WyV wdh w[ W{n debjm Vjv hg dwhj ##us'G blk WpvjHgH[@ Rps'G W'vg@ Rps'G hg Rpo'G RpKng

126

m$$ W,l W{nS sg s[i lg m dxi Rps'G faj v,debj us'G WjWj ugV[ w'v bj w[ bjrj; ds,ag aJ Rpl } faj v,ej dw lPiu dA,fdihj h{ m h{ijV h' w[ W'dvbj ljij dsV v.z debj m WjWj ug V[h,l w[ dwhj ##a{} eiqg VhgG v,eg( a[ij ljij dsV dwr[Gv.dzbj($$ qjv%J dl>z W'dvbj ##ug@ wpN faj VhgG v,debj m$$ WjWjug V[ dwhj dw ##w,v% u' a{} s,Ddlbj lg b,u drtj ds,aj m$$ lpSw[ qjv%j dl>z sj dli Np,w debj m dli` dHaVg e,v hg qP>h'G dVwvg##aphjcgbJ aplgG hg ujS' m$$ Rpl dsV a'G Fi'lj h'i rg f,wj h'debj m l[rj h'i rg tpLg Vjv wisj dihj m

AwswVu suhMdw iqsu lgY ijsu min hir crx invws ]5]\b>e 134|

dHh Rph brloj h{ dul} H[h f+jfa VhgG m Rpl vHg epiPbiuV ljdhW xpiqjMs[ hV m

AwswVu qpMdw iqsu lgY hir nwhu n ijMnw pwis ]\b>e 134|

nh sIqlµ cMdR dyvh nh sIqlµ bwvn cMdnh ]nh sIqlµ sIq ruqyx nwnk sIqlµ swD sÍjnh ]

\b>e 1357|l' dHl ai%J wiw[ qjv%j dl>z } WjWj ug V[ q[hi wiw[ l'Ng

fjHg m

127

y'iJ a'G ljZWjWj ug u.cj rjv[ hg bu[ dBw[ h'H[ lV dw dHo[ dH,w f+[qg

bjdHbj m dHw s' dsV aJ sPi'G r[t w[ yvj ujdHbj wi[ m fidHw dsV w'v bjdHbj m Vqlwji wiw[ W{n debj m WjWj ugRpl rwa sp,Z A,w ih[ lV m qjv%J dl>z rg W{nj h'dHbj lg msp,Z A,wS a'G Wjbs WjWj ug V[ Rpl} fpdAbj ##wg Vjq h{@ dwo'GbjdHbj h{G@ wg w.q wisj h{G($$ Rpl V[ l,y l,y s,l ds,aj m ##q[ijVjq hig dl>z h{@ df>c qjN[ dry h{@ u.Wi m dxi W'dvbj ug du>V[qjC[ w.q lF wga[ hV m hpS btgi } zi A,cSj hg dfbj mzi rjv[ df>c rjv[ lF V[ Z,w ds,aj m w'Hg oJ VhgG ihg m Wjhidxi apiw[ epujij wisj hJ m$$ WjWj ug lpS w[ W'v[ ##dHo'G yvjuj m$$ Rpl dsV aJ Rph yvj debj m bev[ dsV dxi bj debjWjWj ug r[t w[ wdhS v,e[ ##WHg aP. dxi bj debj h{ ($$ RplV[ dwhj ##qhjiju m w,v% q{G duaVg s[i aphjc[ w'v W{n dihj hJ@q[i[ qV } wpN LJag ihg m fi dul r[v[ yvj debj Rphg FBwSdxwi dy>aj V[ z[ij fj dvbj m$$ q;WPi h' w[ dxi dHZi } bjRpSdfbj m lpS w[ WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ ##aP. dHo[ idhSj VhgG m dHwrji siLV wiw[ qpC ujdHbj wi m$$ wHg dsV aJ siLV wiw[qpC uJsj dihj m h"vg-h"vg dur[G-dur[G siLV wisj dihj dar[G-dar[G qV wpN lpt qdhlPl wisj dihj m b?gi } dHw dsV siLVwiV bjdHbj ba[ i'S v,e dfbj m W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju ) q[i[a[ d*fj wi' qV } LJag WtL' m q[i[ spt sj dHvju aphjc[ fjlh{ m du>VJ dyi q{G dHo[ idh>sj hJ ngw h{ m sPi uj w[ dxi Rphghjva hp.sg h{ m$$ dxi RplV[ bjfSg ljig du>seg duaVg df,A[

128

dur[G dur[G epujig@ u' u' wpN wgaj@ lF l,y' l,y s,l ds,aj mbtgi i'Gs[ h'H[ V[ W[Vag wgag ##ug hpS yjh[ qji'@ yjh[ A,c'@q{G dwa[ VhgG ujSj($$ qhJfpitJ sj siLV hg b{lj h{ m us'G siLVhp.sj h{ Rpl rwa qV Rph VhgG idh>sj h{@ u' fdhvJ hp.sj h{ mqV Wsv uJsj h{ m dHhg dVLjVg h{ qhJfpitJ sg ^

##dulp dqdvb{ qdV h'dH bV.sp l' ldaepip whgb{ m$$qV dViqv h' uJsj h{ m dxi qV bjfS[ wga[ fjfJ }

Ijs wiw[ fAajrj wisj h{ m bisjl dry upCsj h{@ dlqiVwisj h{ m WpijHgbJ } A,csj h{ m Vjq uf uf w[ bjfS[ b>si'Glji[ fjfJ } Z' lp,Bsj h{ m qhJfpit sg l.ea sg qdhqj dHh'h{ m ldaepi woV wis[ hV^

ipµgul prbq pwir pry Kl cqur bkIqw ]AMDuly iqRBvx sUiJAw gur Byit punIqw ]1]mihmw swDU sMg kI sunhu myry mIqw ]mYlu KoeI koit AG hry inrml Bey cIqw ]dHl a'G b,e[ Feag wiV sj xv sls[ hV ^AYsI Bgiq goivMd kI kIit hsqI jIqw ]jo jo kIno Awpno iqsu ABY dwnu dIqw ]2]isµGu iblweI hoie gieE iqRxu myru idKIqw ]sRmu krqy dm AwF kau qy gnI DnIqw ]3]kvn vfweI kih skau byAMq gunIqw ]kir ikrpw moih nwmu dyhu nwnk dr srIqw ]

dWvjrvp q^ 5-808apvlg sjl ug V[ Fg woV wgaj h{ ^qps q>ev qI l.a lqjuP mm u' uC u.eq agio ijuP mmquV xv s[tgH[ aawjvj mm wjw h'dH dfw Wwhpqijvj mmlal.e iPf agio dry dHLVjV wiw[ aawjv hg xv dqvsj

h{ m wJ rJe w"C[ WyV rjv[@ w'dHv lqjV dq,n[ WyV wiV

129

v,e uJs[ hV m Wev[ lqjV ft>cg v'w dViqv qV@ h>lJ rie[h' uJs[ hV m dur[G h.l q'ag ypesj h{ dHl[ ai%J Rph rg brepSA,c w[ V[w WS uJs[ hV m

lpV byiu widh du Vj w'Hg mmla l.eq qdhqj Vh e'Hg mm1

apvlg sjl ugWjvqgw Vjsi zB2 I'Vg m dVdu dVu qptV whg dVu h'Vg m

uv3 yi ov4 yi VF5 si VjVj m u[ uC y[aV ugr qhjVj mmqa wgia edsa FPda FpvjHg m uW qdh IaV uhJ udh fjHg mmu' ujVa lal.a f+FjRP m v"whp r[s Vj bjV RpfjRP mm

l' qhJ fpit sg l.ea sj f+Fjr h'dHbj m Rpl sj qV rgWsv debj m W[Vag wiV v,ej ##q{} WtL vRp m q{G WC[ fjfwga[ hV m$$ wdh w[ h,o u'C w[ v.qj f{ debj m wdi ljZP b>upvgfpVp rcj h[mmwdi c.cRpa fpVp rcj h{ m

eRpCg q^ 4adsdZ f+jdS fja[V fdi df+i f+L[V l[rIj mmRpfs[dLI.da a[ debjV. eIdVV aa sidLV mbio-h[ biuV duVJ l,a fpiLJ V[ dHl a,a } ujdSbj

] RphVJ } Fvg f+wji c.c"a f+Sjq wiw[ RpV%J b,e[ W[VagwiV Vjv@ Rph l.a uV f+l.V h' w[ debjV Rpfs[L wis[ hV mdul s[ Vjv ugr } fiq a,a sg f+jfag hp.sg h{ m

ail bj debj wdhS v,e[ #wpA fdCbj h{G($ Rph W'dvbj##ug@ qjCg q'Bg epiqptg bjMsg h{ m h'i wpA VhgG m$$ dxi Rpl} fdhvg fRpCg sj fjn dltj w[ W'v[ ##dHl } udfbj wihi r[v[ m duV%J uf[Gej RpaVj hg qV } lpt dqv[ej m dHl[ dry1! vpwg h'Hg m 2! bela qpVg m 3! uv dry idhS rjv[ m 4! tpLw oJ dryidhS rjvj m 5! bwjL dry idhS rjv[ m

130

hg lF wpA h{ ba[ duhCg a[i[ qV sg FBwS h{ dHh rg qp,wujH[eg m Rpujvj h' ujr[ej@ fjf fp>V sg aqg; h' ujr[eg m duRGphg qV } dryji bjH[ej qV Wpi[ w.q A,c ujr[ej m$$

dHw aV sg q{v h{ m dHw qV sg q{v h{ m aV sg q{vRpaisg h{ m fjSg ba[ ljWS bjdsw Vjv m

BrIAY hQu pYru qnu dyh ] pwxI DoqY auqrsu Kyh ]mUq plIqI kpVu hoie ] dy swbUxu leIAY Ehu Doie ] (jpujI swihb)

u' qV sg q{v h{ Rpl} Vjq spbjij ljx wgaj uJsj h{ mqV bag lPtq h{ a[ Vjq lPtq Wigw rg h{ bloPv q'Bj rg h{ m

Awpih sUKm Awpih AsQUlw ]l' qV sg q{v Vjv Vjv Z'ag ujH[eg mBrIAY miq pwpw kY sMig ] Ehu DopY nwvY kY rMig ]

\ufpug ljdhW|Vjq ufg y,v dHl} VhgG FpvSj m duo[ qiug h'r[ ih' m

RplV[ fjl idhS sg W[Vag wgag m bjf W'v[ bu[ blgG dwa[dBwSj VhgG m w'Hg lqJ bjdHbj aJ dxi q[v h' ujH[ej m q[vh'H[ej ;iPi fi bu[ VhgG m dxi Rpl} tpLg Vjv a'i ds,aj mdul lq[G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug Fp,Dy' bjRpS ujS v,e[ a[ qjN[y,wi vjdHbj@ Rpl lq[G Rph f+[qg rg WjWj ug Vjv Fpy' siLVwiV bjdHbj a[ dxi wpN lqJ dHo[ hg dihj m v.ei sg l[rjwisj dihj m dHl sj bevj f+l.e Rpo[ hg ds,aj ujH[ej m

131

l[rwp wgV' lsj dVhjvp mmu>cJ rjv[ a'G apiVj

l' qhJfpit dHw qhgVj dHo[ hg ih[ m us'G apiV sj lqJ bjdHbjaJ qjv%J dl>z } W'v[ ##dl>z ljcg hpS dabjig h{ m$$ qjv%j dl>zV[ W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju ) q{} aJ l[rj wiV sj@ l.ea wiV sjfaj hg hpS v,ej h{ m aplgG dabji rg h' eH[ m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyVwgaj ##qjv%j dl>z@ a[ig l[rj qVuPi h{ m blgG a[i[ a[ f+l.V hJ m u'dH,Aj h{ q>e v{ m$$ Rpl V[ W[Vag wgag dy,a aJ l[rj wiV } hgwisj h{ m$$ dwMdw l[rw ws[ drACSj VhgG yjhp.sj m b>aiIjqgRpls[ qV } lqN w[ wdhS v,e[ ##a[i[ fp,ai w'Hg h{ dw VhgG($$ Rphyp,f dihj dwMdw r,cg Rpqi h'S wiw[ Liq wisj lg m WjWj ugV[ bjf WyV wgaj a[i[ zi s' fp,ai h'Se[ m dHw sj Vjq WyVdl>z ba[ sPu[ sj Vjq iaV dl>z i,tgG m$$ dHh WyV l,a h'dHbjs' hg fp,ai h'H[ ba[ dHw vCwg dul sj Vjq dH>s w"i lg m

bBv WyV ljZP uVj lF qdh f+eBjdHbj mm \dWvjrvp q^ 5|

Vjv hg WyV wgaj ##duhCg aP. ljcg l[rj q>eg h{ dHh a[ig}h ba[ f'aij f'aig wiVe[ m RpV%J } rwa dqv[ej ba[ a{}u' rjdhepiP LWs s,Ddlbj h{ aP. Rplsj fjn FuV wisj ihgG m a[ijv'w fiv'w dry epiP VjVw lhjHg h'r[ej m a{} lF wpN dqv debjh{@ hpS w'Hg dxwi dy.aj Vj wi m$$ dHM WyV wiw[ bjfS[ qjvwsg iuj dry dwl[ h'i dsLj } yv[ eH[ m

132

F'vP rjvjdHo'G yv w[ sPlig ue%j u.cj rjv[ dtbjvg rjv[ fjl[ F'vPbjSj

Vjq sj A,fC lg m Rpo[ u.c h[n dVrjl wgaj ba[ dHw dl>z dulsj Vjq epidsbjv dl>z lg m Rph sp,Z bjdsw AwjRpS sg l[rjwisj dihj m dHw dsV WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##epidsbjv dl>z@dwl[ yg; sg dH,Aj h{ aJ q>e v{ m$$ Rpl V[ W[Vag wgag ##qhjijuw'Hg dH,Aj VhgG h{ m q{G aJ aphjcj siLV wiw[ hg bV.s h' uJsjhJ m wpN q>eS } dsv hg VhgG wisj m$$ l' dHl ai%J Rpl} wHgrji WyV wgaj m fi RplV[ q>debj wpN VhgG m btgi } WjWj ugwdhS v,e[ ##epidsbjv dl>z@ aP. Vjq udfbj wi m$$ Rph W'dvbj##ug@ q{G fdC%bj wpN rg VhgG m$$ WyV h'dHbj dw ##Whpa[ fC[% h'H[sg v'C VhgG m$$ Rpl } qPv q>ai sj Rpfs[L s[ w[ W'v[ ##dHl} udfbjwi@ Rpnsj W{nsj@ l"Gsj@ ujesj@ lsj udfbj wi m dHh' Vjq h{@ba[ dHl } ufS Vjv lF xv dqvs[ hV m dul rwa ugr s[fp>V ujes[ hV aJ qhJfpit sg l.ea dqvsg h{ m Rpl a'G rg r,Dc[fp>V h'rV aJ dxi qhJfpit a'G spdVbjrgG fsjio ugr VhgG q>esj mdxi Rpl } f+jfag hp.sg h{ blvg Z.V sg m f+q[Lri sj Vjq dHhr,c[ FjeJ rjv[ dwl[ driv[ } f+jfa hp.sj h{ m

ijup V yjhRp qpwda V yjhRp qdV f+gda yiV wqvji[\s[re.Zjig q^5 534|

Fea W[Vag wisj h{ f+FP )Vj q{} iju sg v'C h{ V dHla=g bjdsw lpt sg v'C h{ m

133

c[ij WjWj iPqg rjvj Fpy' wvJdHh blojV df>c Fpy' wvJ drt[ h{@ u' dw Fpy' q>cg a'G Fea[

rjvg lCw a[ Fpy' q>cg a'G da>V wp dwv'qgBi s[ xjlv[ a[ h{ mdf>c Fpy' wvJ Wdn>cj a'G sl dwv'qgBi s[ xjlv[ a[ h{ m Wdn>cjWiVjvj lCw a[ Fpy' w{GygbJ a'G s' wp xivJe s[ xjlv[ a[ h[ mduhCgbJ W,lJ q'e[ a'G Wdn>c[ } Fea[ dry sg uJsgbJ hV@ Rphdf.c Fpy' wvJ h' w[ uJsgbj hV m vpdZbjSj uJ fdBbjvj rv'GW,lJ ijhgG bjRpS rjv[ IjaiP Fpy' w{GygbJ a[ Rpai w[@ l"t Vjvhg c[ijiPqg rjvj Fpy' wvJ fhp.y lws[ hV m

du>V%J du>V%J drsrjVJ s[ e+.oJ dry'G ba[ RpV%J s[ dV,ugldhI'e Vjv lhjdHaj dqvg@ sjl RpV%J sj Z.Vrjsg h{ m

q{} w[rv a[ig Feag sg ;iPia h{ dul Vjv q[i[ W.ZV w,B[ ujS ml' dHl ai%J wiw[ WjWj ug V[ Rpl s[ qV } r[t w[ Vjq ufSdry vj ds,aj m Rpl sj uVq lxv h{ duV%J Vjq udfbj h{ m Vjqa'G W[-qp,t fpiLJ V[ l.lji dry bj w[ wpN VhgG t,DdBbj m duV%J i,WfAjaj Vjhg Yh b,tgbJ a'G b>V[ bjH[/exva dry r>NjHg Rpq+jdWio[ ljl erjH[/i'Gs[ bjH[ dfBs[ q'H[ dqvsg daVj lujH[/bjfVGjw.q Vj wgaj e'Ij bjH[ eH[ bujH[ m

\FjHg V.s vjv ug|

134

l>a WjWj lpts[r dl>z ugq>si qphji VjVwli a'G FppKy' ljdhW a,w

l.a WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug sj uVq df>c qphji adhlgv ugij duv%jdxi'ufpi drt[ qjaj l'qjr>ag w'i ba[ dfaj lisji ueaji dl>z s[ e+dhdrt[ 1 hjC \15 uPV 1954| } b.dq+a r[v[ h'dHbj m WjWj ug s[ dfaj ugdHvjw[ dr,y fPi[ qjV ba[ ldawji rjv[ fpiL lV m bjf ug s[ dfaj ug25 ljv bjfS[ df.c s[ lif>y ih[ m WjWj ug bjfS[ fdirji dr,y 6 Fijba[ 2 F{SJ dr,y lF a'G A'B[ hV m WjWj ug V[ f>u wvjlJ bjfS[ df>c s[V[C[ liwjig f+dHqig lwPv q>si qphji dr,y fjl wgagbJ m dHl drywjiWjWj ug bjfS[ sjsj vjF dl>z \WjfP ug| Vjv uJ dHw,v[ hg WjWj lp.sisjl ug fjl ujdHbj wis[ lV m dHV%J sj c[ij df>c a'G 6 dwv'qgBi sgsPig $a[ w'B Hgl[ tJ drt[ ldoa ] m WjWj lp.si sjl ug WjWj l+g y.s sgfPuj wis[ hV ba[ Vjq ufjMs[ hV m WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug sj A"Bg Rpqidr,y hg episbji[ uj w[ lal.e dr,y hg qV vej idh.sj lg m WjWj lp>sisjl ug V[ dHV%J sg veV $a[ dyhij fCw[ WjfP vjF dl>z ug } wdhdsaj lg m dHh aJ l>a qhJ fpiL hV m WjWj ug f>urg wvjl s[ bjtigf[fi a'G Wjbs sPli[ dsV hg WjWj wp>sV dl>z ug s[ wdhS qpajWwVjVwli ueijRG bj eH[ m 12 ljv sg Rpqi dr<y WjWj wp>sV dl>z ug V[dHV%J sg dcRPBg lptqVg ljdhW sj fjn wiV ba[ u'Cg a[ hiq'Vgbq sgdrdsbj dltS dr<y vej ds,ag m wgiaV sg drdsbj a'G Wjbs WjWj ugsg dcRPBg wiVfpi njn \e>ejVei| dHvjw[ dr,y vej ds,ag m 14 ljvsg RpKqi dr,y 2 ljv aw bjf V[ dHo[ l[rj wgag m us dw w'Hg h'iWdh>eq dHo[ ujS vHg dabji Vhk lg m 16 ljv sg Rpqi dr,y bjf ugsg dcRPBg WjWj ug V[ epispbjij VjVwli vpdZbjS[ \Vdhi s[ w>T[ vjHg|Rpl njn dr,y wjxg ljv l[rj wgag m WjWj ug V[ dHo[ idh w[ vpdZbjSjVjVwli njn $a[ WjWj HgLi dl>z fWdvw lwPv FjHg iSZgi dl>z Vei} qpw>qv wijdHbj m dHl a'G Wjbs WjWj ug V[ bjfS[ df>c 15 H[wC;qgV dr,y epispbjij VjVwli q>si qphji ba[ fWdvw lwPv q>si

135

qphji sg dabjig wijHg ba[ wHg ljv dHo[ l[rj wgag m dHl a'G Wjbsl>a WjWj wp>sV dl>z ug bjf ug sg dcRPBg duo[ w>q ipwSj uJ Vrg l[rjwijRpSg h'r[@ WjWj ug bjf ug sg dcRPBg vejMs[ m bjf ug V[ A'BgRPqi dr,y hg wji l[rjrJ LpiP wijRpS Vjv wHg l[rj fPigbJ wgagbJwjxg bu[ yv ihgbJ hV duV%J dr,y'G lwPv a[ wjvu rg hV m duV%J dr,yf>ujW@ IP!fg! ijulojV@ qhjijLBi qsijl h''i rg wHg lB[BJ LjdqvhV m awigWV w'Hg 60-70 blojVJ sgbJ l[rjrJ wirjHgbJ a[ h'i rgl[rjrJ y,v ihgbJ hV m

WjWj wp>sV dl>z ug duo[ bjf ug sg dcRPBg vejMs[ lV m bjf ugl[rj fPig wiw[ wlr,Bg $a[ fPi[ Rpais[ lV m l.a WjWJ wp.sV dl>z ug fjlus'G rg Wjhivg l>ea bjRpSg uJ w'Hg W[Vag wiVg aJ WjWj ug V[wdhSJ ljij wpN lptg w'v ] Fdibj dfbj ] u' qiug v{ vr' m duo[ WjWjwp>sV dl>z ug V[ l[rj sj bjtSj WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug V[ dHvjw[ dr,y'Gl>ea dvbj w[ l[rj wijrjRpSg m FpKy' ljdhW li'ri sg l[rj bji>F h'HgWjWj wp>sV dl>z ug Wdh>eqj ba[ l>eaj lq[a WjWj t[q dl>z ug w'v FpKy'ljdhW fhp>y[ ba[ bjtS v,e[ lptj dl>z bjf ug } l"Gf ds,aj ] m dHl a'GWjbs l.a WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug sj l.a WjWj t[q dl>z ug fjl bjRpSJujSj LpiP h' debj a[ V[Caj r,Z eHg m WjWj t[q dl>z ug s[ hpwq Vjvqjvj@ epBw[ s[L s[ w'V[ w'V[ dr,y r>cS uJs[ bt>c fjn@ l.fB fjn@ apw-2 rjv[ qhJ l.fB fjn VjVw li sgbJ njnJ dr,y wirjH[ ba[ l>eaJ }b>dq+a A,wS vHg f[+iVj wgag ba[ f+yji dha wHg i[v Ijaij@ W,lIjaij@ uhju Ijaij@ ljdHwv IjaijrJ wgagbJ m l.a WjWj wp>sVdl>z ug s[ lrierjl h'S a'G Wjbs l.a WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug V[ l.aWjWj t[q dl>z ug sg[ idhVqjHg dr,y 250 wqi[ h;Pi ljdhW \liJrj| 5epispbji[ ljdhW wHg v.ei yvjH[ a[ l>a WjWj t[q dl>z bjtig BjdHq a[bjf ug sg dcRPBg uf af $a[ vejHg duhCg bjf ug V[ W[tPWg dVFjHgdHl a'G tpL h' w[ l.a WjWj t[q dl>z ug V[ x'V a[ bjf ug } tpLgbJWtLgbJ dw blk s,l Vhk lws[ dw blk a[i[ $a[ dw.V[ tpL hj m

l.a WjWj t[q dl>z ug V[ ljigbJ fjri bjx bBiiVg WjWj ug s[Vjq wgagbJ lV m 3 fjri bjx bBjiVg h;Pi ljdhW@ 2 VojV[ a[uiVv fjri bjx bBjiVg WjWj ug s[ Vjq wgagbJ lV m

136

l.a WjWj t[q dl>z ug s[ lrierjl h'S a'G Wjbs slqg s[ q'w[5-02-2010 } s[L drs[L a'G@ dViqv[@ l>fisjdH@ sqsqg Bwljv@uo[W>sgbJ dHvjw[ s[ ljigbJ f>yjdHaJ r,v'G dvta wiw[ c[i[ s[ f>ur[qp,tg l[rjsji rKv'G slaji W.sg wgag eHg ba[ c[ij WjWj iP.qg rjvj Fp,Dy'wvj sj qp,tg ojdfbj debj m l.a WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug rKv'G 14 dsVJdr,y iP>qg ljdhW df>c l[qJ dr,y aJW[ sgbJ f"CgbJ rjvj li'ri l.eaJ s[ldhI'e Vjv dabji wirjdHbj dHl l[rj lW>Zg 4 dsV Wjbs WjWjqhJhiVjq dl>z sgbJ fpijaV dvtaJ dr,y'G li'ri Wji[ dvta dqvg mli'ri fPij dvta qpajWw hg WdSbj lg m hpS WjWj lpts[r dl>z ug F,Dy'ljdhW drt[ v.ei hjv sg l[rj@ sgrjV hjv ba[ e,sg ljdhW sg l[rjwirj ih[ hV m

137

138