ljjlldjiJ o.tl,3:1 J+i.j',ijr 1ri5

llrorf I ti gt{ i,{olsl I W IY'.t 6.rl-,;rJt r'trlt

Planning Reforms in the Arab World:

A Theoretical Model

Khalid Alskdit

1ntu3. alarhndR & Ptonli\

This pdper ds.uscs rhc imponaDce ol ! rheofthcal planning lrame-

wo&ln Aab cilies.It suegcsb rhat hlanrism rnd rclevxnt plannine rheo-

ries may Etrescnr a eood b6e to develot rhh riameqoii. Consequen

tially. x PlxnninA Refom Model(PR\'I). spccific b curenrseting in thc

Anb world. is levelopad. Thc nodel encourxg€s paniopatofy plrnnin8

process. which is lrking n n.n, Afub ciries. Thc paper concludes by

dis.us!trg rhe constains $hich mq lmpede lhe usage ol $Lch a model

alonswith lugge{nrnson ho$ rode.lsith then

l':r.rr .-rl4r rJ4 or"rt! LJ,l.j ru.l rFr a+ur i itl ,.u uj,iln

L:!:JraLj"jr +.)t-: Ji iltl ':b ar'ar.i--J.,ll uJlu, !i)-:-rl

arFr d rc, .ru"!l li, )rr"x ;r5 ;!E J<l Jl rs+ intjl alj L"Jill

a:-,r,-J i>t rr ej ijl-;JLrL:Lrr c/ +L+ c,L:1"; F)t-l t:r!

,!r-rr-:a!&r$ s! urrlt rlJurLLtrts lt i! c.-:-J . ai!ir.j.:j 4er,r

!:lr.LL, airrr e$j .r!,rgrr Jll!p J:r or;J& LJL!4 rs4 s/rLr

k, -Li' ii. -r".r,,r'..-]j ;;r i e:]r._ Efl

This Esearch is m atrenpr ro develop a rh€orericrl plxnning nodel

whi.h oughtro helpli cnrichinS the Ambic plrining rheoEricntbrse Ir

is aho inrended ro piornote panicip!.ry pl!nniDg pra.rice! in tighr ofrhc

tact that the nxjonr! or Arab ciries foltow I cennalize muni.iprt ptan,

nrng slsrem (Ahkan, 1993). The p4er srans bl ,ntroducina retcrmr hr

erature in rhe field. Then ir drodu.es lllamnm rndShutu Ir pnceeds ro

examrne in somc dcraik tulevnnt plirning appr.rches as wetl s retevinr

adninirrrative tooh. Thcsc apFRlches lncludc radi.i plonrng. advoct

cj' planning, th€ rradition of socialEromr and rhe con.epr ordecenrmt-

izatron. Tlrcicairer. the paper sheds llghr on rhe curt

serrngs in rhe

Aftb rvonds and n iihduces the as npnons olrhe nodetmd i6 nain

ptucess. This leads ro e\aninlng the appli.abilny of rhe modcl in rhe

Arab world eiven ns naiof sysrcfr vrnables. Con$unh rhar cotrld impenc fic apph.arions of fie modcl ft inrrodrced \ynh suggestrons on

howrodcal wrh them FlnrLll'. rhc plpercl$es qrh ncoictusnn which

summlnzes the najor tindings orrhh $ork..

Method.logy & Data and Limitrlion ofthe Re*rea.h

Thls $ork h a heorcti.rl connrucr b$cd on klanisn and ptn.ning

theorylitcrarure Thls fomolrcscd.hdependheavllj,onrheinretlecrual

contribtrlons ofthe.nss in this field.It disLsses planning th€oner and.nrique lt ln odef ro cone Ul wlrh llreailtivc co.srrucis. Unlikc orher

forms orresearch. such as survcy research- lhe nccd of primlry dtua 1n

lhspap-isoflimitedlalue. Thc dcvebtmenr ol rhcodicat .on$ruct 1n

TI

:

Thtr rerelch is )n licnpr b devctot r rhcorelicll ptrn.in8 modetshich.uShr ro hctp in enlchrig rhe AfubirphDtuig tlreortr.atb!se.Ir's x so intcndedto prom.le pamcrpnlo y ptrmrng pmcn.ds in tjehr of rheaa.r rhd rhe nxj.rny oa tuh cirLes ro os a cc.rrtize Jnuic pxt plrning sle€m (Ahkxr, 1998) The ruper srns by droductng rclcvanr LirctuMe nr rbe lield Then tt inrodtr.es Istannm !nd Sh!rr. tt pro.ceds to.ramine irr soni. deui s rctcvrnl plaDDng rppba.he\ rs wcr rs ErevaiLadnrDrtxrve rook. Tbese rppr.xches :n.lude. icdl ttanDrtrg. rdvoci.y tl!DD1ig,lhe trrdnron of soclrl refomr xid the comet! ofdc.entralftlnin.'lhdc,ner. rhc paler sheds lighr on the cunent seuincs jn rheA,rb *orlds md ir inrmduces rhe as$rnFltons ol rh€ modcr and ft ma,npro.cs This lcds ro exxmnrns the alpljcibLlir! df rhe nodet jn rhcAtub $orld glven irs nlorsystcn \arirblcs Clnjjajnh rhrr could inr

f . J . . I l . o r , F o p E e , n , . ihor t' dealsrrh them Frnrly. rhc FxpercLoscs Rirh r.on.tustoD wbrchnmm$4s the ndjd rindings orrhn $ork

UellDdoloev & Data Dnd Linftarion ot th€ Res€reach

Thtr *ork is r rheorer crt .on(nrcr bxsed oD htamtsjn anu p,annrnerheory l i rc rx ru f t Th is fo tuo tFscr tohdepcndhe lq tyonrheorcnc . ru !

.oihbunoDs oflheoris in lbtr ireld Ir d sctrsos ptrnnlig rheo cs andcnrguc tr rn oilcr b come trp rrrr ihcridrt\e con{rtrcrs. Urli[e othef.ms or [se]rch. su.h r\ \cy reseajrh. rbe need of pritrrry oro D

rh$ p{Dertr ofllnnred vxlue Thc dNe opmc

.fu reod.rt coDjru.r tn

pl.nnins is r r€ilccrion ol how other rhGries wcrc dcleloped based on

tlsl urba. cxpcrinens lnd hisron.al cvolrtrlon lt is impossible to plxcc

r comnmny ora cil, jn a lab 1n ofdd to undenake conrrolled resca,ch

At b.s *e can observe whar happens uoughout th€ lcds n or trrban

settins rndtytocrpLain n.ll n rlkes lew hors or dnysloconducrxn ei

penncnr 1n a contrclled €ntnonncnt (labonlorf)- it rvill rake tcxs or

dccades ro examin€ the bchrvlolol large soclal enlilies such N bnnaE_

as. The hdrhodoloe] olthis resedrch \villbc l1mtred ro the anlysis of es

labhshcd theoEticllcontu.ts and ufban developmenr €xtennens 1n ihc

Amb Norld Secondar!. nonrheoretical data. !u.h as uN rcpons. wll

also be usd 10 glvc indicaromlorlhe exNting scitines iI dre Arub world.

UN Epons dc cxpecred b be noE inpanial and noD-propogand,.,n m

The lireratLrc on urban devebpfrent in rhc hlamic context is nch

Mo( ol rhc dscu$ions in this field rcvolve aio$d dre innuen.€ oflslxn

on the spalill devebpmcnr ol cities. Pl$ners ii mxn! Alxlr .ountrie\

have been lascinared by old Ishnic .irics Abu-Lughod critlque thoe

plxinen Nho t] to re cEdte klamic cnies because they fo.us on Eld

ucs nor prccess€s (Abu Luehod, 1987). Hakin shoss how the widnr ol

oads lnd dininum lcdcal heights in hlam1. crles were to Ell4t the

najor nodc ol lnnspon at fie rinc (rhc canel) (Hakin. 1936) othcr

rhlnkc^ such as Akayyad has discussed lhe onginanon ot Anb Mushm

urbaDsn (Alslyyad, l99l). Houftni had \hed hghr on thc cxses used b,

onenr.lkrs and orhcs ro dm$ the lnr4e.rtho lslxnic cny (llounnl &

Srem.1970) lbulan works on rh€ devebpnrenr ol thc M*kah ptri shos

dgood exrntle olplanninA in Isl n,..rt lndeed, rhe inerhodotogcnl

rook \yhi.h wdre uled in thh expeimcnr may be of vaLue ro other cnrcs

{lrose cconom} h dnven by lorces be}ord Local conrot\ (AmnAhinadr

& El Shlksh. 1993). Al-Hxrhloul in his works on rlre Aftb lslrm. cirl

h6 shotrnh.w the Islamic reCuLaroLV s!!cn hd cLernldefinedrhe vcr!

smxll arca of rhc idl xLlosed in urbnD dcvclopnenr (Al Harhlotrl,

199.1) Mahayfr sugeens rlixr in sone Ardh counlries, vis. Syrir, rhc trr

bxn dc.ontrdli/.tion is ! produd ol I spccirl rlarionship ber{een rown

. 1 d . o ' a r l . l J L \ n J l e e . i \ d . o t " l : ' . , i f e(AmirAhmadi &El-Shaksh, 1993). Ttuvel rcules berqecn Edandwe$

hdd nrengthen the ole ol thcsc urban .enre^ as commerdal l1nk. El

sh,ksh,nd Amirahmsdihave shosi hos urbr plannins in mriorArab

citics Crtro, Aleiandrir. Bagrdad, C.snblaica, xnd Algie6 $ere hrn.

dered bt cotrccptual, l.gaLrid orgrnization.l n cfurcs (AnrAhmadi &

A(bar has sueCescd rhd the ioss.f relponsibilrr! is thc najordiffe.

cn.c bdlween old Arab lshmi. roNrs rnd c.nrempotuQ, ciri.s (Akbf,

1992) frrc\xmplo, connercirllreas nnd ircc61i rhosc oll ro\{s hlve

been supervised and monitorcd by rhe nrerchanG rhcm sclves and rhe

Muhtdsib (a euadiln olpublic sood appoimed by rulerorjudee), shitc

coitcnporary Arahic clrr- hrs assiened fintob to an ourside pany. rnrne-

ly the Municipalitl, (lbid: 109).

'lhe $ovc dis.usson dfrphr\lrs rhal the.utofiy ofrhe \yorls in rhk

neld.re niclined rosxrd rhc phln.al urbm envircn cfi olold kldmic

Arabic rowns. Those imponanr scholar] *orks have covdred a very rm

ponanr 6pd.r olubrn platrninS in the Islrhic.ontcxt. Butthoe aEotll

er dimensi.ns in rhc field $hich need 10 be c.vcrcdipanicrldy those re

lrted ro dr philsophlcll asted of pldnilna and p.rlrcrpatron 'n the

plannrngproces! Ths papcr arns d fillinc rhis need hy explonne lslan-

ic conrNnenrs wh1.h cnD worl as aphilisophic.l basc ro gulde pl.nninS

Thc iecd lor lhl\ Rork h$ ncvd been Srelter *here exn€nmen6 of

dcveLoping, redevl.ping.ndrcnerir8 toLvn\ rndcn,€s in thc Afxb $o d

a.e pendlng Pascxpcnrnent oftosn developncnr in the Amb world are

nli.lsuc.cs aDd tuilure. Allholgh taw muncrprlaulhorities \Yillddni

railures. ono can elsilyjudge rhesc cxpcnmenls by using blnc and sm

pl. indicarosi lor exdfrtle, thc dllfe€nce bexreen e\pe.red tnd ob

seNedpopulati.n fieurc iD rheselowns For eianplc, Sadrt ciry inEygPt

sas planned,n thc 1970\ lo be ane$ tNi sirh a poprl.lion o1500,000

people by thc ycaf 2001. !! lhe lum oI rbn .cmufy nre PoPuLaton *

Lcss rhan lo',i.of rhe rdrgered irgMe (Ahk!il. 1999) one causc ot rhis

discrepancy n fie llck olricludire turgeied tutrc rcldcns in rhe plor

ning proccss. Ths lom of n€ed€d pdicLp ion c.n not sc r *ih.,tr x

legnimnte klamic phnning philosoph] shich crn guide rhe plannine Po-

cess Anolher€ranplc. k dre rown ol 15 May which N not successlul.

ln tem!.f auracring mo€ people loreside, bur hrs not scor€ $ell on the

..onomLc base. Plann€ts of rhis cry did not oke int. .onsidcraron the

c.onomi. base upon {h,.h rhc cry would thnve Rrhcr n 8$med th.l

thc nuoundlng HrNri dcawLlltke orlhis issuc (Abr Ann6er.l988).

The Riyadh cny cenler rederelopmenr n rho I good ex.mple of rc-d c l , l e l r p r o e , r r 4 . b o , . . \ n h " , 1 \ . r , e . , , r r , . . e . r

anrachve but commcrixllt ildidnor livc up ro rhe exp4rarion. The .en

ter Nas not able to atrncr cnough r€ople b plaj, rhe rote ot a mnjof cr!cenrer Fof example. rhe center anracred rbour 29, ot $e orlt dlity-pcson tnp 'n rhe cny ofRiy.dh in companson rJ t7% in rhe crsc otTo

rcnto,caiada(Alsk.n,1999). Lfge capitaL invcnnenrs \yere rot enoughtotunp stun $e qcakenine city cenrcrofRiyadh

Th€ luk olai klani. paniciparory planninS philosophy,n rhe Arabworld may be Fsponsiblc for rhe problens Arxb ciries and rowns re frc

inAtoday. D,fticuhies whi.h ha Lced derelopnem prqecrs in Arab cnies nay suppon fin ckin. Pdlclpation in pLannirg s I ke), ingEdicnrfor succe$. Islannn has encouraged panicipalon in atl $pecr of tlicrhrough rhe concepr ofShua This conccpt nay prove ro bc he so uionlor nanj, orour planning toblenrs. Cuncnt planning pmcti.es ii AEbcrties and rosns !re domlnxrcd by cenrmtnrion (rs we shalt s€ tater)Shura is the matornissing element in rhese ptucri.es

Thls parl ol rhc pape. lvill inrodrce klanisn atrd appr.aches rlcvanr to the purpose ofrhis Esertuh It wilt inrod!.e lpprlachcs such !sRadicalPlann,ng, Advocacy Planning. lhe 'l mdrloi .r sociat Etom, a.dDe.entrulization as a plannine rool.

Islamisn is rhe philosophy oi Islan ln iife, knowtcdge. d d6s1on

frrk1ig lrs nrajor ideah or.omponenh which rtlare to plannina include

lEedoin. junl.e, cquht!. norrlity. respect ror rhc natuml envnonment

rnd Shura shura is hiehly relaled $ rhe NQoscolthis paD€' lr cm bc

delined as drc ad of consultnlion on Ilro pan of decirlon nakcr $irh I

rcprcscrl.livegroupofhis fcllo{ people Those peoplc mNt be sellin

lo.ned- wis€. and mo,ll. lhis grcup ol pe.plc are crlLed rhe .onsultccs

aftl rhey reprcscm rhe Shuia counciL. Thn councilna)' eri$ ar I sratc, €_

gonrl, ro*i. orconnunn! lcvel.ln rhec.nre

ofrhs plper. the shura

council l! meani to bc ar dre cily nnd/or.ommuDty Level unLes orhcr

There ar€ scvcnl elenrenls which mal b€ exploEd un.rer rhc nane

work of Shur. Qadi har identificd man] oi these elencnt some ot

shi.h sccms appropria€ ror rhc pupoF oflhis p{er Thcse elements in

cludc rhe indl!Fns$,h! olShura to Isldmic polit!, $c domlin.fshura,

d rhe merhodolog! ol shura (Qadn. l9s6) shul is indisFnsablc clc

ment of lslnnr polity because ns l.ck ma] lead ro $ci€td ri$xbiLiry

(Ibidi 22). Beciuse Shutu rdqLies con$'ltation on rhe pan ofthe &cl\lon

nakes, it cri lead to pdidparory thnning proccs. lndeed. $idine by

rhe con.enr of Shtrm will crerre lncndshlps rnd pex.eful rclationships

rmong sociery\ membe* becrusc rhey will leel pan ol thc decision md[

ing prcces De.€nt lizaron ofdecisbn nrhng s expeded ro be a mr

lor b] produ.r ofthc app|cltion ol rhe.onccpr ol Shura De.cnlahang

dd.ision makins via Shura na! resuLt in nroE responsible deckion!i rhis

ma! nor be tlre clse if such dc.isioDs rvere b be nxdc by one tngre r.

ror. lndeed. a decnlon that r approved or suggcncd b] bolh dd.ental

rcd rcros (eg communlrles leade6) lnd ceDtmlred acror(c.9. top.cn

trl plrtrict wlll bc more nghrrul. on nvenre. 'han il it LreE adopted

neiel! by the ccnlall zcd a.ror. R,da treil funher by suggesting th.t it h

helllhler to adopr tbe colLedive opiiiotr rs opposed ro rhe op,n'.n ol a

siglc doF even rI rh€ former is wilng and rhe l.ref r nght. This cn

co0rrecs colLcclvc pxn,.,p ion xnd rcduces llngulai cont.ol over the

decEion nak inC prcces ( lb1d 25) Tbcdonr ,n . fShu l !hm' ledro the

humann!. fi€l.i Divine o,ders (eg. acs of{oshLpt lc ior rn rhc htr

mos(ic ncld nDd rlns drc not in rhe d.drin of Shura. Therefore. Shur.

is ro include .ll rspects ol llli cxccpt thosc dcntndd br divine orders

Iideed. Shur!s domain may be exEnded ro idenlfy rhc .hrrx.tcrisri.s .f

rho$ wh. rE 10 he consulred. The concept $rggess rhar thc noful.on

ducN, knowledge. and ri\don of rhe consuhees musl be takeD intocon

sideftron. Thc coisulrccs nry rcptuse.( the differenr connunrties in i

cilyor r Eglof lor shich thc plaD is bcing da$n Iderllt rhe c.nsullees.

orlhose individurh sho poscs thc nrmioncd pmFcnies,.ughr b he nl

lcadcrsh,p postons,i $€ncommunlties. within rlre Shum concepr drosc

tridrvldurh ffc prclcmd to ele.red xcrtr\ H.sever. il rhe Ldeat srlre

. a ' s l , Jn tu r he . . r . r rd . r \ - r . ' o r . , c oc l p \c " ' \p

mcan xvilable bdry Allhougb Shuru nul, seen an ideal concept ro bc

undetraken, its appllcnlon is posrble should there exisrr a genuine desire

by alLplricipanh.ln ld evcn iia.onccpt N too idedl lo evdr rvril. ir

nieht bc Lsed ro gude acli.ns (Krieeer.l98l).

Th€ merhodolo:y ol ho$ lo seled rhe consultcs atrd Shux n not

sF.,icrlly deGmin€d *lrhin hLarnism. For ex.nple. if rhc dccision

maker is dre hed oI the $rd. shu .an be .onductcd throreh dircct

communicdhg \urh .,vi. lcMc6, tacrional fpEseDtatives. of hy peo

ple Fiiaily. klamnn hxs rwo f.ccs lderl and pmcticed: the romer b

xchicvcd shcn.Llnre ldeah ollslanrisn!E mer The Llter is hlllhetrr

didons ud noms *hich.rc frired sith kldm1c rcaching . This is cdled

pracliced klxnsm.It s thc prcvrlcmcuhurc in most Ar.bnations.

Radicxl planning ma] be descnbed rs a hunani$ic apprcrch. a\ op

posedroar4hnocra l i cone. In th issense. i rmiehrb€ner .e ,vedNmxc

rirny that stans fron the comfrlnirl, ,nd nat bc iot orgatuzcd by the

stute, wlrh thd ulrinale gorl orsoc,xl cmanclpdion (Fredmann, 198?).

Hud$n saN tso ndn ercrms snhin the apprcrch (Eudson. 19?9). The

fistsreamplaccs norccmphssis on pesond grc(h andcommun'r, or

ganrarion. while lhe second focuses more oi rhe thcory ot rhc $dc

(lbid:390) Bo r streanrs lend 10 Elrte soddl developmcnr to chrngrrg

the stltus quo I I rh€ tui {Eam rcprcscnh rudicalism in lhe sense lhd it

encouragcs opcdlne in rhe imestices ol dre inslilulion (e s rhe plnnning

agency). $e other srrerm which is idenrilied sth clx$ $fucrur mry

EpFsenl r tum ofn€. ndxisn.

Advdares of radrcal planning scc in thc approach cendn dttributes

rhddo nor cxst in convcnlonalplannine tr.ditions. The aptroth t€nds

ro encouraae changing rhe srlrus quo rhough lJoliti.rlly oricrtcd acLons.

Itquesrions $e eiistng plrnninestscn and .hallcnges nre dominant nl

teEn i l rc la ins toa .h ,cvecqu i ryand jus icc rndNpiEs to theno ionor

' '\vhrt thc luturc.ould bc Mo,covcr. radical plannes see tnditional.p-

poaches as manipuLarire nerns ro mlinrainthe slalu!quo. accomnodlre

dominant inler€$s, andacceptlheexistingplannins lysrem They...use

maln lrErm pLnning atptuxches ofbeing i.bri.lcd by notiois of cftl

crcnc) rnd tutomht!. dicrcb! srcnic$g coexBience and laime$

Rrdicxl plrnDine rhotrghB have beeD hnked to the decen.rlizarion ol

rlic dccsloD makire prlcess The decentrulizalion of the plrning ptu

cess is requ;ed. be.xusc rhc nodcm plrnning or mllin iExm plainLng

appsrchcs arc irrliclcnr n man] rcspccts (Cmbos.nd fleskin, ]9li).

The prcrices ol such .pproaches have been percelved $ seDrfuled lnim

the conmunities. ln lddirtun. main slEdm paradigms m no€ apt ro

vlrd cenltuliallon rr planne$ t€ndb.onrolalla.!vit1cs. lndccd, main

st€.n tla.n,ng s anri cha.ge Thc radicxl plamlng paodiCm seems to

havc *cngths whLch may nor exisr in odrer planning theones. Prcblbl]

rlrc naior component of its strenath Lies in ils apprclch ovrd problem

solving. lt derk *nr the roob of the problem x\ opp.s€d r. th€ synp

bns The lrl ofpan,c,paloi in rhc plxnnine pocess in nany Anb cit.

ics s sccn by nm! as rhe rcor crtrse of most planning rellred |roblem!.

l l

Thc mator cririque ol ftdicrl plarninE in pariculardd rheonesol so

cialchange ln general l! $enclnim oauniveni tpph.rbilit!. Pdl.ulxr

l!. $herev*.aprrlisn operaics thc nccd lor nrch rlreories are evident.

l ' ^ r i r J l r . . . ' ' i . p ' i 9 J o . . . r , . , o , l e ' e o . , !

t2

vocac! planning.lnclusion, dndd this approach, s nor.onniedh hea'

ing cirizens pospectives, n goes runhcr ro include infoming citizcns

about the undcdying thencs ofplun,ng prcposah. Davldoff alfims rhat

rhe planning proces unddsuch onunslances wrllencourage dcmocracv

in urban gov€mncnr (Faludi. 1973). He ako s.w di$oufugc'nenr of full

pafucipllion when onl) onc aEenc! .su.lr {s the cr! prannrng comms_

sion, drassrheplln\ Ir orlier inlerei gi!ups. ouNrdc rhesov'nm'fr rd

vocatc alleinalivc plans then posirive pos s blc conseq uenccs n.v tullow

Fofexlnrple, such altemarivc plrns na! convev ro rhc prblLc orherposts

ble oprions , they mighr cause rhe responsible plmnlng aeen.! to conr

pere wrh those *ho laid oul such plans ro $in pohicd suppon, or thev

might force those who critici^ rhc plan lo pmduce supenorones

The advsacyplrntunC modelpcreive s@,ct! as a heteroecnous en

fty whlch consn6 ol difierenr grcups *irh rnequll distnbution otPowcr

and rcsources (Aleran&r. 1936) Thererorc, the advoca.v Qptorch a!

pn€s b r so.icty wheft power is difirscd so thar no one eroup 'm E

domimnt ln addnion, rhe advo.acy nrodel assunes 6 so.ierv rhal con

sisG oldiveAe inrcresr g'{rups ro nllow for broad EPresenratons orintcr

csBr rhat elc.rons lre an mponanr rool lor mrs paniciplr'oni and thut

individuak can acrivcly panicipatc irr or3ani2atiotr oldiffeFnr krrds Al

rhough such dsumptions are appealing thcy nry not bc vefv Praclcal

l ' . . p o * - t r e q r . l ) d r r t u e ' l I d e \ F e J d o r d J i 1

arcu$ iniluence rhe dccision naking ptu.ess. s@ond. elecnon mlv n'r

be $e idcallool or nffs pdi.ipation. be.a!sc, bv and larec. pol(rctans

ar€ nor Esplnsire ro $e a*mgc .itizen a.d 1n prnlcllrr r' dre hdve

I J

nob wbd !E in ninorlr!. Thnd. indtvjdurL 4live prnr.iparion in djffeFent orAanrzahons. esF.cialll, rhc.orpojare gjrnr!, a.e tinreu ro oc marn

nnrh oisuch organizdions. Thar s. individuak nay paniopare!s long.srbet 'lo nor dnrurb rire crndng pos( srruduE li jddnior, the ndvocactmodcld.esnol provide fofcnrir ro idc iay whichgr.upto Dcrdlocr!ed tor orwhich olconllicring ncre$ ro be scrred.

Accoding b Fricdr.dn irr rtudilion tocuscs on thc rolq uL trj. guvcnment in rhc planning Ftuce$ rDd ihe ne N {hich m.y make its aclions nore elfccrve (Fricdmann. l98r) The.ndrloi\ main dDne nrybe ponnyed as a lnradign rhar proctdns rhe apptlcarion ol s.lenrificknowlcdge top0blic afflirs and timi!s potl!.s ro is proporooncems. Thenare. a..ord,ng to icfomiss, na! inlervenc if necessar! rn rtrce snualois Fn$ly. rJ promotc e.ononic gn\yrtri sccondtJ'. ro ndnrlin fullcmtlormeDl ldvelsr nid rhtdll,. ro assure ilf drsr.iburio. or inconc(lb1d 76) The rxdirion 0ho pals consid$abte dreDrion rorhe issueotin_{itutionalising planniigi ior example. shoutd ptrnjng bc used is ai rn$umenr or ccnrmt etridance (as shxr penoff qortd |ke b hrppen) orshould ilbedivided anone tdrgd numb.r of indepcnd€nr acto$ (as Lind.

Wnhin this tmdni.n. some scc ptlnDrng as I direcrive force ro srve' 5 . ' e r o r l e p e o p r ' , ' E . o o ' , ' . o D : o . n . r t \ 4 J n r t r . r o l

Civ,ng rmponanr *erght roihe concemcd conmuniries Bur evcn rfplan-nirg is b lollow xptrcrimncty r rop - boron app6rch. rlLc plop,e or

the conrndnity nust be invollcd lndeed. ilN possible to slv that tniel'

lectuah i. thistradirion, cvcD ifthey *e€ po!aflzed,n two groups-thole

*ho treltr rfoms fron rop lnd those who are scePricalofnn] lom or

govcnneni inrervcnrion-agree ,n pnndple on Lbe nolon thar rn([uton

al chmges,rc need (lbidilr5).lhinke( or rhis tdition lly consideE

ble *eighr on $e rol€olrhe slatein the plimrlngPrc.€ss. TlEv tvprcalll

ddrcs themselves ro the rulers or sodeties (lbid:136) Thh rerv $atc

ment is ol intcrcd to plinncs who ate r. practice 1n Atub so.ictics Ad

d'esing dre sure ts opposed to challcnging rt nay bc rlre optrnun

choicc This.tn bc achieved vir thc use of a Plrntung rools such,s dc

De.cnldizlrion has been seen as thc oplinun solulon for lll Pl,n

nine problens. Ii is r$cided Nnh democtucy md pubhc Pdn'c1pxlon.

lr is a wid€ly knosn con.€pr bur des nor havc a vefv exr'r 'l'r'riiilon

Eowever. n €ldes b powd deleerrion rd many rnrellecrunls under

$a.d n Nirhln rhis fnme$o'k Morc inrponandt, n has several forms

whrch is discused do\Yn below

'lhe g€neral liamework wnhin which mo$ foans oi decentxlrzanon

occur lics beNen reftronal (poliricrl) daentlL'lron and admrnrta

!v€ (tuncrional) dccctrralization Tcnrorid decentmlization Pemins to

tarsfemng public EsPonsibilitics to orlUizarions orgovehn'nh w rh'

in well dclined poljxcalboundrnes. Exrmplcs ol Grilonxl decentraLrzr

tion arc the provin.es nr Crnada and thc srares in the USA Admrn'sta

l 5

tive dc.cnr.rlizatioD. on rhe orherhnnd. o.cuB $hcn pohrical] indcpcndent unirs cntui some oi rhor tosers ro slbordinare tevck within rhenorelnizdloD {PonerandOhcn, 19751. Ancx,mpleotadmjnrhnrede

ccitrlraloD is rho brnsfe. ol tirncrtons ijlm a nltont c.prd ro ttreconcemcd reglonal olfi.cs. Though rhcre is a chnmc nr an overlap bdrween lhe above ryo types. mjor dlfleremcs exi$

DeceD! z.rion crr bc frdher brokcn d.sn in . lirtlc crisper irmclork of n)urcrteeoricsi deconcetrrrlon..leleAarion r. senri-rurononous

or paramhl xgencresj dcr.lLrlon ro tocrL goverrnjcnh jnd rransttr ofluncrions iron public ro non govenmenr inlirurions (Chccn"&RoDd1

nclli. lt83) Ac..rdine ro nrcsc,urhos. dcconcenrrarion pcrdrns ro E.disdburion of rcsponsiblliry Nirhin rhe cenral govemmerr. In orher{ofds, d€.oncentmrion $ shifrine rhc uorklord imm the cennd govemmenl ofticcs b Egional otnces *irhour givrng rhe lard the xulhoriry ro.nrD oot cx.lusve deciyons

The dclcgdlon !o semi turonomous rgcncies lom ofd€cenrrurz.lono..urs *hen dr ccfurlgovemrncnr delegares mrnrgemenr anddecisionaurhofiyolcenain iun.riotu r)ore.nrarons rhlch are n.r uDusr trrc urrect coD(bloflhe cen..d 8olemmenr. This form ot dcccnratizlrion alloss rhe recipicnr organizarion. whr.h ts assumcd ro be r{hnicalty dnanaecnrilycapablc, roanicuhreand inttenenr dccisions In cetu,n dr€rs wirhout rhe dnect supcrvrsi.n of highr trnirs otsovcnment lchccr ' d a n J ' d r T . 0 3 ' I n o e c o d . , q n o n r o o . ' . . r , . , f . , . R p R .scns n cle

moyc r.slrd !.uc de.enrnlzrlon Rhen comp,red ro

Devolurion, as a fom ofdeceitmlizatio..,cfes ro ihe devolulion of

functions and luthontie\ 1o d,flcrcnt unns or level of govemm€nt (Ib1d

22) That neuns en$ling localaurhoiies to take clE of.enaln rcspon-

sibilities wirhin thclr jurisdicrons. Cheema and Rondinclli drd cladly

devolurion by chaxElerizing ir $rh tivc xsp.cs: !i$1. dre local unns.f

eolcmnenb !re rk,nomous wnh lntLe or no control fton the .cnnal

goremmenr Second. rhc local eovemmenl! hrve ,denlficd boundnnes

*irh,n shich rhey nay ererise lhen powcf. Thid, the local A)vem

mcn6 have the poR€r (as in .olpode sl.tus lom) 1o ecure rcsourcs

and independently pcrtom Eovenmental fun.rions. Founh. local eov-

eFnenc oughr ro be seen by ldal .itizens ff a neans to satisfy lhen

ne€ds and should work on their cirtens bchall l1flh, the Flation\hip

b€twccn local Eovemmenrs ,nd thc ccnml govemmeni unddr devolu

!on-h reciprocrl md nuturlly beneiicill (Chemd & Rond,nclli, 1983)

Devolution Eprescnt r sienificlnt move l.wrds rull dcccntmLiz ion.

Devolufi,n. ht and laee, can be seen as r equivdcnt ro remilo al de

centJizarion which h!r be€n discusscd canlef.

Tnnncr ol functions lron prbllc innnurions to non govemnentdl

aaencies is $e founh carcgory ol decentruliTalion suggestcd. This fom

ol decentalizdion petrains to rranslering functions of task nanagenen(

rrom rhc govemment to non govcnnemal (e.g roluntlry or pnvatl

agcncles. Thh fom.ldeccntalizarion h sonetimes a$miled with pn

vatlsalion a govemnents shift the responsibility ot Productng najor

eoods md scrviccs iDm publjc organizarons ro pavnteones (lbid:2.1).

1 1

Eristing Condilions in thc Ar.b No.ld

This se.rtun .f rhe p4er dra\s lrom the llN ftpon The Hum$

Ddveloplne{BeruLtuLIbqllllllll qh,.h dris d very snd prcttrd

ot rhc Arxb wo d ln rlic ycr' 2000 rhc poptrllrior olrhe A,xb $ro'Ld

Flched 180 m'Llions l)eople dlnnbured oler l2 Jounl,ies Thl\

populafon ligurc,s sin,l!r r. rhar ofrhc US]\ bu dli.rs grcdlv !rh.n n

roncs to p'!duc!vt]' rDd pc' captrr Licomc. Thc tbllow$g pnxgrlphs

\'ll \hed ilgbr on Ele!rnl rynem v[]rbles *h,ch might expLxrn the

.Lftnr nxtds .f rhc ]\rxb World rid its dNpr'tr! J;on thc dclclopcd

Scvcful slscn vxidblcs arc 1dc.!hcd xs rclcvxm: rhcpollvcchaDgc

in any ot *hich mAhl le.d to tlre bertement of lhe current coDd(ron in

lhe Arrb wofLd.'lhis nillcen!rnl! rffecl pLrnnrnE pr.clices positivell.

The sr-lt€n vrnxbler rre Devebpdenr Srat( Htrnn Ddvelopnenr.

Frecd.m. rdd Poln,.al Set,ig Th.se \&rbl6 rre by i. ncrn .\h!N

rvc:ho$c!cr,thcy m! bcsuticcr

lo' rhc pu,posc ol rhr pecf.

DcvclopmcDr Sfutru mos cotrnties n rhe Arab world-.likc rhose in

iheThirdWorld tul inr) rhe lecond {r:e of the economlc delel.pmen(

Fr.e\s As.urlined hy W R.sro* rh.re d. bure.onon,c dclclop,noii

nrecs $ar me$uE deve opnrent iarus tri the rorLd nalions (Rostos

. 4 . & t a t . T t e e r . 3 e " l r r J J . . ' t . e . \ " " ' . . ( - , .

Fed.minrnrl) 4rrridn. dislne n.ro md prodr.. lcsr: rhc prc

.oidnLon ro ralc olt stage ryhcrc ceilnrn nlmiirctrrc is 1n plrcei the

rxkc ol1 nxee Bher rll nfirenLcue is r plrce. ircone is ris0re rnd

growth is positilci and iinally the dnve b natuntv $age where Posirlve

grcwrh is rconPanied by a divesificd indusdal bas. whilP rhe derei

oped worldis ar rhe final sase (dnvc io mlr untv) ihe deve lopins Arab'c

world s sillsrrugglins { the se.ond sas€ (pe_condltion to kke orl

HumanDeklopnenl : hrny rEree thatcducation N anong rhe no$

inponmt facros lorhufrti develoPncnt in the Arab wodd x liile 've'

50E !ft litcmre IUNDP. 2ooo) Thc uN indicaror for hunan devebp

nenr shows rhar rhe Arub wodd scor€s lcs than rhc lntematdnal rver

F eedom. urng the uN indicator iof freedon,lhe prospe.i ol the

Amb world is arim on arercge pople it the Amb word enrovs abour

17% of the inlen&onal fisure ror tEedofr (Ibid: 25) Thn conpdEs to

alno$ l00E in Nonh Amenca, 309. in Europe, and 659{ in lahn Ancn_

MunicipalG.vcrnance Mostcities in ihc Alab World tullow a munrc'

,prl goremrncc sysien which is .entalized In a suNe! conducled bv

ihe xuthor of Amb.nies, th€ thof has found lhat 91 r/o of $ese citics

dsc cenrruli?.d ptarning sy$cms Oily 94 ldopted localgovemance svs

tcm 1A!skair, r998). This. by vinue..onlribures to the llck orpanicipllo

ry plrnnng prc.es in the Anb Wrcld

Polirical Serti.g. The AFh wond cr bc clasified into three gmuPs

wnh Egard ro politicgl ryicms monarchies, civihanrepublics.and mLll

rary republics. Most of ihc Anb counlies wrhin rlres eroups hare ie

vere resrn.rion on freedom ole\Prcsion and iltedom 'l ascmbl!

It)

Having drawn rhe g€nerni picrure in the Arlb wond. it is rinel] ro

dFcuss lhe prevalent pl.nning sysrcms,n this region ofrhe world Most

Arab cities lollow ! lom olcenlirzed planning systcm. r\bour 9lo,! oa

Arxbcr,es dnd hsns ldloR r centrl municipal plannLnE sl'stejn and lo-

. . " d 1 | r ' " o r " ' . ' � \ . J i . o a s l o ' ' d r i , n r i , , = l

[e bur a iom ol deconcenrtution. Oniy 9? ofArnb roNn aid cnics usc

d lo.rl g.vemance reslmes and rhere !re no independeDr cnies in rhe

Arib $orld(lbid: 13l). Wrh rcaxrd rosour.cs of linance, 9l9cof Amb

losn ind ciries depend heavily on lhe cental soveminenl. Cental piM-

ning N usualit dc.hprii€d bl nany sid€ €ffecrs such rs in eliiciency,

wade and Don-rsponrvctrcss. Mmy Aiab rowns sutfcr lron slch prob

The poblcmatic scting dscu$cd aborc icquncs solulons that deal

ri'h 'he esFnce ollhe problem not lhe symploins Dealins Nith the rcot

ctuse of planning pDblens must be b$ed on ! connon gnund thlt peo-

pl€ believe in. hlrmism refftsenc rhe spintunL hasis. Rhich can be used

as such llcentalism isdominaDt in plannine syslems 1n Afab cirics rhcn,

by vinue. Shutu G noi practlcedud llShutu n nlssine then Islamisn is

P d r . ' 9 p o b l - . ' r , o ' p l i . ' c J v . \ . d . . d . n e ! o . r d i !They rqui€ loDg period ol dmes to be eflectirely solved. Pcoplc ma!

nor be *illlng toput up !viih long rem solutions lnd sufierwithout loei-

cal jLslticaron oi dcnnnc n\vards. Islanism along wnh ns ,deah nay

b . ' . d : ' | . . i ' r : i o n r o p J \ L . l . o l . . T \ , ? n ' . i r n p . ' i \ " ' o

trse componenN ot hlamrn in {ny planfni8 relnm inrtirtivc 1n Aob

20

ciries Lo jr[tify rhe need for chanee and tlie haidship thar nav accompanv

il Plantung Elom initiative! should nol ignoe the e\penencc oi other

$cielcs especirlly in Ihe Wes where mos nodem kno*redgc has oe

Dkcusnons ea y in rhc paper sh.sed that tudical plaDmng and thc

radirion olsocillrefonn ar sub$anial Qprorchcs qhich deal wrh the

escnce of$e pnblcm They fcnot rni changc aPprorch€s, rarherthev

prcmol€ it Many ollhe pl.nning problcns in Arab cities such,s incti'

ciency,lack ol resFnsileness, inefttclvene$ Ic nonnng bur symptons

olr root problen, namel, .entslisin in tlanning Indeed. ii mo$ rnrer

narionalcilies. \vheE cental planning is thc domrnanl pla.nrnE approth.

these symptons are p'evalcnt Thereforc, substantire planning lpproeh_

e r t . n o . . d l I ' t r ' ' " " 1 d l ' ' r d d | o n o o , ' d r E f o r J e i l r ' ' _

m€mrl in developing a model to lmProveplrnnrns pracli.e\ in Arah cr

,es. MoEover. rhc ilst slep ro deal wnh ccntaLism in plxnninE is ro

cncourage is antithesis. de.cnrmlizlrni The differeit fo,nN and lvpes

of dece.talization prolide a Sood mix tochoose from Everv.iry has rts

os. cifcunstdnccs which ma! adopt to difacenr foms of d€entaLiTr

Aneffectle planningnodel should utlizeulues pcoPle asPne ro(1s-

lanism). use rheories thar ded *ith rhe root or rhc Elblens (€g ndical

planning). and administatite PrcceduEs. which pomote pxdlcrpar'on

and democmt (decenhlization).

Tftnslom,ng non-plni.ipatorl cenlr zcd plannrng sy$cms into Par

rcLDxror! deccntdLzcd oics is itr u'ectrt nccd 1i nrm!

b ct,cs A

Pllnnlns Rero.n Mode (PRM ) ini-lhr tspond elrictilelr ro rlrr need

BcInt idcnliry]nB 'lns pr!posed nrodel (PR\'l) rnd rs nredlunr. cen!in

.hrrctn$i.s, ,l pos.sed bt (ho prosF.l pllniers. \vdl mrke rhe

clrmc.s oi n'cces beter Plorers Lrhorrcwillin! ro crr'_v rhn modeLto

xctLri life mun p.\scss trvo qurlill.! knoNcdge. and the spirlr of dr

ptuJc$,on. Th. flanicr odehl ro be In.$ledgeable of hs lJrofes$n ds

Re I n5 rlre mediunr (lhcenvrcninerr) in Lrhich lre isro prclce. ln ftdi

hoi. rhe pLine' .ughl r) hxre the \plnr ol lhe trcfelson Thr l!. he

should .onsid$ rhrr scrv,.c N dlsxls abo\c gx,n. ercllon.c ,s ibov.

mediocriry. dd lo].Lt! is rbolc lndtridual xdvanragc. Onc may scnse

!lnri arties betLreen desned chrftcrerisrics of r planner and the requiEd

.hrrccnnic\ or rhose oieho lre lo be consulled in lhe Shura process.

ldcrllt, pLrincB odghl roh. dcn!.rLrrrh rhc con$Llrces,n rcms 01n.

'Ihe l'lan.inA R€tbrm llodel

Plxnnnrg Rctonn Modcl (PRM) is r.on.+rLJ ..i{nr.r 10 b. rt

p 'ed r Atub$creres rolchrere r pelcelul tansrbnnarion iiom ccntal

i/cd pLxnning \ynems ki trniclpxrn], dcrentnli/ed one\ PRM ules NVo

sorccs ol knoslcdgc: r Nll Lsc hlamism N rhc.oinrlrnre plrituie

philosophy dd r sill dr.* compdible poinc amDr otherprmdieDN (c.g

l

The model &r[s fom horh rhe \uh{rnrve rnd procedura] compo

ien6 of plnnning thero Thc rLbrmhve rheo,)- c.mponenh of rhe rp

22

prorch lie in rhe inclusion oi sonc Edj.al planning componen* The

nodel aho aspn€ b utilize plannins rhcory as r process ror pafad'gm

chanaei a.orion rhd have hecn suggeicd bv dannins thinkcs 15 v€as

aeo {cxlloNly & Mlhtyni, l9?7) In addition, rhe modd trcs t' ded

wrh lhe oor ol lhe problens as opposed ro the svfrproms The pl@du

ralconponen6 ofthe aPprorch can be seen in rs neanr d'centanzr-

rion Lo achiev€ rhc desired ch$ges In rhirnodel lhePlanner a encour

4cd ro conccPtualie a luture state that crraih somc tealtihlc rdeah

These ideals shodld $en fron the nascs andshouldbe bdcd on Islxm_

isn bd they mud tesPond ro pdgnatrc reahnes

Therc are t*o asunptions lor PRM lpplicarion Fnn n assuncs an

AFb sociely And second, the nodel assuscs a preceding nrss cduca

tional canpdgn so that its utilizarion cm bc maxrnlzcd and not abused

by any group which nay lakc advamagc oflslanisn as a religiousLy dc_

The plannels n$ion ttrhin PRM can be sunmarized in nre f'llow_

I Thcpllnn€rians by examining the eiisting svsrenro se irn can !p

proach rhc ideah ofktanisn and orher Ealizable ideals 'hi'h rerlecr

lhe rspnatons ol the peoPle.

2 lf ihe cxhting system is appropnat b rerh these irleah the planner

stops. It is assuned that such ideah could be aplmached il the exhl

,ng srslen s paniclPatory dd decenfalffd

l. On dre olher hand, ii dre existing svstem dcs nol pronise the achieve

menl of rrcse lderh. rhen rhc tlanner ules Islani!m ns r le9iniser

f.rnmropnat.hangcs.

.J Thcplrnne.. rheitxfter c\plninshthe!lien((cg the c.nntrnirll thxt

\ . . o \ . l d . ' . ' l l J p ' ' o ' . p l , i

only sunponed by hLmisnr (e s rhrcush rlr. concepr oa Shu'a) bul

rlii br- rh. iu..cs.l rh. rpl)li.rrtun ofd..cnmliz.d slscN ,n tlr

dcvclopcd $.'1d Thc plmnc' shotrld xko commLLnicat qnh buFa!.

crrllc offuirl\10e\p!in rhe slnre subjec{

l l

The flrnner. then. nrun trche the clicna (e S ronmunitet r. n e

. . \ " \ . . " , , r - . \ . h : l L . r r t r | ' o t r ' . ' . i

6 The plnnner nll)ng sith rll conccmed phies aiicul.le. a plan ol

Mnndfrlion ro bc lddrcscd to dr rot nos ccnral a.roF bc r r

m!!or, xrg'onar eovcnor. or cvci r rarc cr

Aiid lising drc mdtof ncps n PRM. r r wonh$hiLe ro discuss eNh

oncn n io i tdc td l Srep( l )derks i rhexrnrD ingrh .narusr tuo . lndns

nep.lhe planner examines rhe exilting plmnlng !y$em ln li!hr ofhllm

,sn For cxrr.plc. docs dr slstcn addrcs rhc coiccpt of Shrrx nr fic

pLafnin8 proce$? Thlr ir. doer il !lLo\ people lo be consul'ed by lhe

tlannei r! \eLl rs by the I)ollriclnn ln dr\rins llluE pLns? All the r!

marinrg.onpoDcn[ ofIslxn]isni car be cxnmincd ro scc 1r rhc c\srine

planninAslsen.oDrde6 them. Srep (2)suCge$s thd ihepl.nnei drotrld

qui if he f'n,l\ tfu tLnniog \ystem ,\ ,n lomphrnce rrrh thieung the

.ri.cdrd,dcdls Sin.c rhc chx..cs rr ior hleh dixr thc'r cxNN su.h a

fh.ii.g rJ{.m n rli.]\rxb No,Ld. rlic plmD.r slr.uld go ro Srcp (3).

24

In stcp (3), Ihe ploner uscs lslamhn a! I legr,niser lor chan8ing rhe

sarus quo. Th€ planncr srns to infom hN locrl connlniy xbout the

dlffeEnces berseen thct exnrng Elhics aDd theirideJ philosoPhv, h_

lanisfr Thc plannerwill F.ve ro Ihecomnuniq thar rhcir ideal philo!

ophy r nor lully efrploycd or not conectlt undcstood. this n ihe.$c

when p(crlsed klamNn s the pEvailing philosophy Thc planner

should be ablc to convince the pcoplc $at tlreir id€dl philosophy, il cor

tutly cnployed. can inprole rheir urban life rs lvcll as assure the perpcr

uation ol thdnculuolulues He mdy clail] lo then that rcachina the

hishn€s in noml ideal is at rhe hcan ofklamism. lhen idcal philosophy

The planner, in step (4), nakes cled that the lnnslbrmanon b ! Par

ticipalory dccentralized planning slstem coul{l be suppoted by lslanisn

(hroogh shura) and erFnences based on hdnm knowledse (e C de.en

tratizrtion).Indeed, thc concept orshura which r r najor principal ol ls'

, x r i ! p o r ) . f n o . c . ' n C r r . r t i i o o e r \ e d e . ' f l d l n g D o . e '

such an oplosron ro ceniralism can be a powerful argrmcnr at the dF

posal ofthe pl$nerto be uscd Nhen cofrnDnicatinE wilh boih th€ com

munitieslndthe burcaucmls ln rddnion, the plannercan funhcr $rppor

hk arsufrent by presenting expcricnces fron the devcloped wo d where

public padicipation hrs bcen an outcone of dcccntmlizatio. De.enftal

ffiion, ifefie.lilely used. c$ be an,n$flmental means ror pcople to ac-

ces infomation and po*er. The ptannefcan aho show thai rhe planning

tuthontics claim ofposcsina sDecial knowlcdge and expetu€ r a ba

sic wcakness oI centalization even in dercloped countries like thc U S

25

tn ner (5) rhc plxnner hles r norc d.rve Dle 3s he Probes hr clrenls

k, sed rhxr thcy not only *am.hxnge bu rls! have rhc silL ro puNue I

A$uningrl[tt]re \ille\$6.i rhe Pa.l oflhe.lic.6 (c.g communrhes)

and rlrd burercinli. ofticLrLs trE selL,nfoincd. rhen rhe Pr)hrbilirv ot

rchielemeil ,ncrcrses *hile rqc.notr lroin centrL dols dec€.se!

Tnnsfon&on become\ susccprbLe iiir hr\ synpdh! ltrm botr \ides (

rhc pcople or rre cotunuinlcs rrd rlt hur.N.r$ r rlre Plun,ng 'intu

ron) In f r l rhcpLa iner in1h, \co i tcx i ro iks ,n rnrnrovr tvcmdrer rs

' i ' ' o o . J . o . 1 . . :

As, rctorm$ (sep {6)l. rhc pl.nrer additsds thc ccn!aL.clo. be thc

polni.iaD or rhe ruler sth $e pL.n. The.ollccnve suppoi orrhe.om-

rnunn! as *eil rs rhc uidemran{lin-q ofrhc oificirls in the Planning lrnr

ruron iccompanicd b! rhe idealish. backng oflslamisn ndl m&e lhe

relulrl of rhc plrn on rhe pd ot rh. politiclu rhf drllictrlr Thl\ can

onLy uorkcfccrlvelyif. xs $Legesedeanier x nrss cducrtionlltrogrdn

p* .cdcsrherpp l l c r ln ino f rh .mode l l l {L .h rprog iunrscondrcdr .

ccnsored then ir should preprt th. $ry Jor rhe nrAlmun rriliztrion ot

Alltlris whLch are ki bc proposed. as ! by Producr olPRNIs apth.x

ron, should involve r dccen.!liTins omp.Dcnt *irhin them This s rhe

case becruse de.cn!alLzdlon is r prc'cquisne lornrn,c,lxtory plnnning.

Horer€r .xch rype of rh€ d,fcrcDr loi 0E of&.cntrlizxrion mal be Pe

.!Lir ro dillerenr siruxloDs iir *hich PRM is ro be emtlotcd. For 1n_

ixicc.\'hen {pLr-ingPRNI ncounhos $hrch.E govemcd bt touLildi_

rtr rcginre\ thdn PRNl miy ltuLud. d.cof..nt 11i.n on thc orlicr hxrd.

)6

when PRM n b bc cmployed in a democnticily ba$d s]$en, then the

model may in.lude devolLtlon Because devolurion allows lor a much

more decen!alizeddecis,on maklng prcce$. its accePunce,n 'lemmnti-

call] oriented aovemmenh. ts opposcd ro rotalilatirn ones, h.( x h.r.r

ch$cc ol occuring. ItishoFcdrhar die applicaiion orsome snplc

ton of decentralizatio, wirhin PRM in authoritarian coundes w,ll b.

rhe fisr $cp ro$adconplele prni.ipatorl pinnning in lhese counties.

Appucalion ol th€ Mod€l

Ir is rhe aurhois asumption rhat the applicrrlon.fthe nodcl will hare

a diEct orindirect impacr on rhc intoduced system vlnables An lmpacr

lnat nay rcsult in the enhr.enent orthe shDdad ol living in rhe Ar,b

world Thc model *as narowly hilored to bc applicable to the Artbic

*ond: $dreforc. r is pr$umed to ptudu.e positlvc outcones. The fol

lotring par4Dths w,ll dis*ss the node! amhcalon, gvcn aie fiore

metrrioned system vfiables.

PRM xppllcalons may nol have an lmmediate elfecl upon the eco

non,c dcvclopmenl status ol x.oun!y, bec.use lhe puqrose of ils int!

dd.rion w$ to improve lheplrnn,ng proces asopposed tothe e.on.nlc

developmcnr pr@es. Eowerer. n n thc auihofs beLiefthat PRM. irq)

plied .oft.dy, could woft !s a spark to inprove the aonomic slatus

This is rhc .dc becaus the rceprancc of dic model on dre pan ol rhe

ho$ counry .ould lcad, in lhe long run. ro rhc Pcpadlon ot society ro

denrocruric chrnge {h,.hindurn inay lccelerare e.onom1. gfowth

) 1

\nh rcerd to huin.n develotnenr. PRM npplrction wll le {o

norcpailrcrprlion rnd rherclorc no'c hrmrn deveopmenl \hen pcople

pMicipde ro rhape ther futuc rlre] nin:le R'lh othe^ rnd thcv lcrm

hosorheAdhergrorp inorher na tnn ,hrvcaork .d ro&h ievepos i t i ve

chrngc This cd0c.liooal pnces\ bt rclls fte mosl rml]oirnlelcfr.it.

$hich sill contrbure 1. thc hcncmcf r ol hrinan devebpncr

\nh regffd b lrtcJofr PRN1 }lll rndoubEdly glve Pin,.ipxn[ d

!.ces\ ki rcsponsiblc freedom FE€drm t. dcvclopmeni r lrke kr

tlrnr, ,l plma c{r -erlLr rnh.dt rn rhcn socier! cln develop vthout

' , r ' o o o l l e l = l ' J . ' - n . d e e p " ' , ) o : c r \ " " n o

,lo Nithour lreed.ft. idbillty. rnd finmcirL suPpon. Il rhN deveLopment

F r pLanl rh€n its an. soLl. dd *!rer nre freed.m. sabllrtl..ndflnan.irl

;uppofl tospccrivcLt. lbe frcl the PRNI N x paillcipatory mode repre

scia rhc ii6t rnd mos impontr scp rosrin lreedom rndenxn.iparion

Wrh rcspccr ro n nicipll golenlic. slscms. PRM denLs $irh rhc

rorc d rcor oinris l\sue 11\trllp'o! e r egi[nr]rc hrsc trFoi shid)

pxnicipalion mry hkc pltrcc lhe adoprion ofrhe modcl itqrires rrePa,

riliprton ot dl €leunl prnies Wrhour prniciplrion th€ m.doL Ls in

ulld Therrfore. an r.ccp[r.c ot rhc PRM is 1de fa.ro rcccpr$ce ol

ln delling Rilh rbc polnic.Lstsenr and sabiln!, PRM mr] be adap.ed

b erch ol dicse syseins $ thrt it crn prod0ce ihe delred.ur.on.s a

rltr cifcrmnrnce\ allo\ Th. nodcl shouLd help in re$z,ig polnlctL$r'

bililr-. becruse ir rvllL crcntrLJLy leld (throush ic Frt,.iparoi-v conrpo

28

nentsl1o a noEjun sociciy. Jrsice n a najor pErequisitc br $rbrhy

Since rhere ire three maloreroups wnhri rhe Ar$ World: rDnrlr'us,

dvll republic ind nililar] Eovemmenr PRM rh! €ntails deconcenra-

tloD nay bc inrodrced b the rhnd group. while PRM rh! enrxils devo

luti.n may be introduced ro Ihc sccond gnJup The liNt grlup nccds a

losion of PRM that en.lih ! decenralizanon forfr sonewhere betseen

devoluron and dcconcentrrlion I! is b€lieved rhtu once rh€ nodel has

been sl.ce$lulll applled ro onc couity.rhercountries !villfollow suit.

Thdre !E consrmin[ *hich nighr imped€ rhe successlLrl npplicalon

ofthe n.d€l Theyinclude:

* Atrthonry s perceplion ol rhe planning ptu.€ss

Dispaiity belween what is ,n the plan an,l s'hat is implemcnrcd in de

The finrncilldependeDcy ol mutuc{,xl eovdmmenb on cenmroncs in

r 1he lack of eood adninhtrlive n,uclure 1n rhe mtrni.ipai syeen in

mosl ofthe developing $orld Including the Arab Norld.

* The posible mNtrsc olrhc nodel as rhe nunber ofpiolettuiar in th€ AF

T 5 , r J i . ' 1 v r ' , e B e J . e . o b . a . . . J ' r P R V l e p € r . e p r o n

oldr Arab rlrhonlies in nost olrhe Ai world ol th€ ide! ol chogc.

Mlny ol $csc ruthonrios hrre dealr lusplclously Nirh novendnrs rhar

29

dc klanicly notirared. ftough rhe change in the planning concxr is

d r l f e r r ' r o m h r , I n o h . a a l \ d . r t J ' . \ e m e n f h e F F $ g d i t r

tee thal rhe aurhoniies. in many Amb societies. will lEaceluUy deal wnh

il, let alone accept it Plannea nust be able to conmunicate wrh such

auihontes in a way that assurc rhen rhd rheir posirion as agenrs of

chanAe is ro improv€ the plannina sy$cn and nor ro thFat rhe pohical

A.orher obstlcle Nhich nat arhe heE is the typicaldispanry betweenplannirg and,mdementation in no$ developinA countfies. Mm! ofihe

pllns and projcch which weE designcd lor developing counhes havc

railed, due to inpedcct inplenenhrion, in achicving any significanr re-

suh Ben Anor and claimom found rhar nany of oe dev€lopnenr prc-jcc* in developing countdes wcre ineffecrive (Rondirelti,l976).

Thedispanry between plansanddions. which arecomnon i. ihe de

velopingsorld, aE also common in rhe AEb world.Indeed. rhis dil),ri

t]' can bc arnbut€d ro rhe intellectuatorethical inlbitiries of the ofliciah

responsjble for dev€lophenr ttujeds in these counines (Abdulhodi.

1990). A find obstfle to PRM in the A bic world is rh€ linmcirl de

pendencl ot nunicipal govemnens on ccnral auftonry. In nany ol

these.ounries regions and localities G very depcndent on c€nltul gov-

emncnh for financial suppod. This dependency nay car$ sone ditfi

culies in apply,ng ddentrilisn, whlch n the backbone ol PRM tlanu

tucrpar govemnent cannot generale its osn €vcnucs, can n ask fol

decem.liisn? The lourh obeacle which ousht ro bc consideftd js the

lack of.ofrpelenr ldninisrntivc ntu.rue in rhe localirics to carl our

l0

PRM Slncc mon tu'ned rd protesional staff is ar rhc ccnrer. n frry

not be very easy lo managc dcccitnlisfr. rhrcugh PRIVI. in the penpher

The fiith obshcle is rhe posiblc abusc oa rhe modelby opportunish as

rhe pmlohnl.las enlfees in mosr ofrhe devcloping nbi. Rorld The

tomarion olrhis clnss is r dtrecr .ons€quence ofincome dLvefgcn.c Thc

proletanat is the no{ vtrlnenblc group in r nriety for poLitical turmoil.

Whci x govcnnem undennkes n drastlc iction: aor exrmplc, whei ir in

cEases dre pnccs of baic nccesn,es. the prclelaiar wilL rcact shlQl!.

tt"fonunltely, mos of nrese shrrp icactions rre denructire In naluE

(eg desrroyine public ilcihiessuch as po$ ofti.ct. Exantles ror these

violent a.rions are nuneous. eruptins in Alsena (1933), Egypr (1977).

Tu is l l973) ,TunsandMoroc .o(1984) . andtheSudan(1935) ( Ib id :36)

The nltuE of rhese aclon$-unplnnncd sho$s how c.llical lhese srcupscan b€ illakin8 advantuee ot b] opponunNs. A hod€Llike PRM $hich

hrs r€ligious components will be more !trlncrablc for rbus as the lrroletariat clas w1dcn. One \yay ro guard rgainst such lbuse is by cducxri.g

the mlseslbourrhe modelandi* ultimare rspi rtuns

Accompanied wirh masive educarional pmgtuhs rnd supervned b}

sell tmined planne*. who are faniliar wrh Islamism, ldcal a.d prrc

tised, and plantung thcor!. the PRM wlll succeed in improring thc plan

nire syslem in the Ambic wodd All olthis shduld h.ppened in a fmne

work of prtience Planners nust be patienr *ith the mascs ifrhe nodel

is ro prclail.In addr,on. planneB mu( m.kesuE thar rhc modcl rm€ak

to rhc ma$cs nnd inplcme.re^ rllke Elen if a prceum appcah ro rhc

l t

nost ccitdl power holde , ils success wiu largety depcnr or n: appearrorheFople The lailre ofrhecol4tivis,rion of agnculuic ii yuEosta

vix (1945 - 1953) provrdes a hisiorical cx,npleotthe cnticatote ofrh€peop/e,n narcn,lizins ptans (Solomon,1973) Thenodethas arso ro ap_peal to the inplenenren (c.g. ciril $rvans) in orde, lo rul]y succed(cilris. L9s7).

Ii is hopcd rhlr PRM wilt nanage to dnw the anenrion of lne nasses1o thetr own pmblen {e.9. lmdtrd orlivint. rstamnm.,uer rcspecborher tiriths hd encouraaes Fspectful coexisrcnce wirh uner cururesmxt hanaec ro chanCc the Arab wo d by tedins n ro a moacm ano pfogEsive diEtion. ft is prfembte lo apply pRM in one urDan socrerywnhin a nrtion ro prove to orher socielies wnhin the sme nation $atit,s a bencn.ial pmeram. Indeed, Ptud nay halo a bertef chan@ of beingapphed in one ol rhe civitian republics or nonarchies as thc systens inborh cxreaorcs aE mm tikety to accepr change thm thrt ofrhehititary

This paperhas discused the theoericatframeworks olplanning which.ould be of vllue to Ardb cnies and rowns. lr discussed hransm wtrhemphasrs on shura as one ofns najor componenrs.I aho detvcd in Ete_vant pranims thcones wtrh rhe inrcmion ro cxracr approprjate erementswh'ch may inprovc plannine Frctices in lhe Arab wortd. rn addirion, ilgavc an overall ihaAe oithe exisring seflings in rhe Anb wortd. MoEover, rhe paper discussed radicat ptanninA, advocacy ptannir,s, ue ftoL

3).

rnn oi s@lxl ,cfomr. and decentrrlization in ordd to find 'ui h'N cm

$ey-along silh Islamism he rsed b develop a Plannrne n'dcl This

Mrlysis hrs shoRn thft a theorcticrlpllnning hrneNork, whi'h is bas€d

on islmrnr and reievxm wendn phnnine rheon's is inifl'menrr rof

plxnn$S p .rices in A[b c.udrie! The dis'Nsion or diis fnnc{ork

renrlted rn rhe devcloDne.t of{ Pldn$e R.lbrnr Modcl(PRM) specifi

.xlly aircrllEd lbr Arrh .nies Thr nrod€l n nendcd to €ncourge prl

ri.'patory tlanDing Process in Arab cn'cs

The con$'ainrs. *hich could lnrtedc tire iu'ccssfuldppliclhon or llre

nodel are mmy Thc pllersugge{s rh.tnasLve edumtional campaign

to infom $e publlc- highl! lruined plannes ro c!ftv out the appli'rtion

ofth€ model. and parie.ce ate rhc nosr efi4lire nean! 1o overcdnc an

ol rhesc con$rdnrs Alrhough rhe modcl was developed specificxllv to

mcct the.urent Plxnning nccds in rhc Arub worLd n is bv n' niclns rhc

only soturion for prcvrlenr pltnning prblens Other eudies in rhis rield

ffe urgemly n€edcd to bnng ut Plrnnin-q prtctices ri rhe Arxh *! d ro

l jr j+j,jl lJ r-r'-: r' l ;s;!J--Ji -dj,-ri

olf , JU< ill l l i _1

- \1{r.!! eL.lJ dr-ll {.!,}1lJl-r1 ;-r-rlirJll

ie)r-!L :-!llri ir,rr rrr ';E rt-)1 "e "4!L ;rL- J* Fl Y

i,j6rl ;.+it-:-rLrr', J- c-.srr r

. I {1^ \rF1 rr &L' al+er,,j ;rr-.,rl J.+rr

l l

J"+,ajJl A;-,li .J; c) dr,.JI fllJl ; J.+l.jJl l!; . Jiu. q5J1

. I \{1jJ*)ll! rr& ulUI i-l- tl=- - r-.J,ijl

lr!-Jr !rJ-< ; eJ-.:.:rl )lr a+t-)r i--. J-.j arlrrl , cr- Jti..rr

. l\\r u:L:Jr . iilr4rl

,;*)b {i.-i!l 'L.jrl o.!,Jr ier4ll . ojl!}l ;JJl f-rl e!|jJ'r

. Y. . Y tLu .-]jL;:r r+!,:r1 Jr!,5

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and conradictions, APA Joumal. ocrober 1979,387_406

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Prcess of Pdadien Chdgc .loumrl of The Ancncnn lnsrn0tc ot

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