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8/10/2019 LNG Risks Harri Kytomaa
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Evaluating risk management and
reliability for safe, continuous and
efficient LNG operationsLNG TECH Global Summit 2013
Harri Kytmaa, Ph.D., P.E. |Corporate Vice President |[email protected]
Trey Morrison, Ph.D., P.E. |Principal Engineer |[email protected]
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Who We Are
Exponent is a multi-disciplinary consulting firmdedicated to addressing important science,engineering and regulatory issues
for our clients
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LNG Safety Fundamentals
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LNG Hazards
Onsite personnel Asphyxiation
Cryogenic contact
Fire & explosion
Adjacent populations Vapor cloud ignition
Pressurized jets
Liquid spills
Pool evaporation
Pool fire
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LNG Accident History
Approximately 200 peakshaving and LNGstorage facilities worldwide (113 in the U.S.)
13 serious accidents Cleveland, Ohio, 1944
Storage tank failure caused leak. Subsequent fire killed 128people. Tank material was inadequate for cryogenic storage
Skikda, Algeria, 2004 Ingestion of hydrocarbon spill by forced draft boiler fan
resulting in boiler explosion
Source: Univ. of Houston Institute for Energy, Law and Enterprise (IELE)(2003),LNG Safety and Security
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East Ohio Gas CompanyCleveland, Ohio, USA
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Cleveland Accident October 20, 1944
Source: Cleveland Press Collection, The Cleveland Memory Project
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Skikda LNG Algeria
Power
Plant
Train
30Train
40
Town of Skikda
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Incident at Skikda LNG, 19 Jan 2004
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Types of Releases
Liquid spill scenarios Pipe ruptures where liquid spills onto
the ground. The liquid conveyance in trenches
and troughs, and intoimpoundments.
Pressurized jetting and
flashing release scenarios: Little or no liquid from the fluid jet
reaches the ground.
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US DOE LNG Spill Test
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Jetting and Flashing Release
Source: Cleaver P, Johnson M, Ho B. A summary of Some Experimental Data on LNG Safety Journal ofHazardous Materials, Volume 140, Issue 3, pgs. 429-438, 2007
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Dense Cloud Spreading
Incident in Seward, Illinois, USA, 2007, anhydrous ammonia
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Analyzing Risk
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Objectives
Ensure adequate measures to protect: People
Environment
Assets
from undesirable consequences of activitiesundertaken at the facility
Avoid occurrences
Mitigate consequences
ALARP and tolerability
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Technical Risk Management Model
Planning
Risk Analysis
Risk Evaluation
Risk Treatment
Mo
nitorandReview
CommunicationandConsultation
RiskAssessment
Adapted from ISO 31000:2009, Risk ManagementPrinciples and Guidelines
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Technical Risk Management Model
Planning
Risk Analysis
Risk Evaluation
Risk Treatment
Mo
nitorandReview
CommunicationandConsultation
RiskAssessment
Adapted from ISO 31000:2009, Risk ManagementPrinciples and Guidelines
Risk Analysis
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Risk Analysis
Hazard
Identification
Frequency Analysis
Consequence Analysis
Identify
Initiating
Events
Estimate
Likelihoods
Risk
Evaluation
Model the
Outcomes
Estimate
Impacts
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Risk Evaluation
Authority having jurisdiction, regulatory criteria
Prescriptive versus performance-based
U.S. Prescriptive, 49CFR193, NFPA 59A Prescribed scenarios, flammable vapor cloud must
remain within facility property boundary
International performance-based
EN-1473 ISO TC 67 Working Group
Hazard identification, risk assessment
Tolerable risk guidelines
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Key Elements of Risk Analysis
Comprehensive identification of scenarios
Accurate modeling of releases
Evaluating consequences Suitable criteria for risk tolerance
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Case Study: Passive
Mitigation
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Example LNG Facility
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Passive Mitigation Systems
Examples:
Vapor barriers
Turbulence generators
Pipe in Pipe
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Modeling Vapor Barriers
Analyticallychallenging
Site/systemuniqueness
ComputationalFluid Dynamics(CFD)
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Pressurized Release
Vapor Cloud
Without Barriers
Wind Direction
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Vapor Cloud With Vapor Fences
Wind Direction
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Effect of Turbulence Generators
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Momentum Barrier
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Turbulence Generators
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Open Shrouds
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Pipe-in-Pipe Technology
Carrier
Pipe
Vacuum /
Insulation
SystemFiber Optic
Leak
DetectionInner
Pipe
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Case Study: LNG Bunkering
& Fueling
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LNG Bunkering
Onshore LNG terminal to ship
Truck tanker to ship
Ship to ship
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Potential Risks Associated with
BunkeringProduction
Storage
Marine Loading Ship to Ship
Truck Logistics Truck to Ship
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LNG Bunkering Ship to Ship
Areas of Concern: Large T of tubing, components, couplings, etc.
Control of ignition sources
Containment of spilled liquids Dense gas dispersion
Personnel
Spills on land
Spills on water Between vessels
First LNG Ship-to-Ship Transfer, 2007
http://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.html
http://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.htmlhttp://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breaking-the-offshore-LNG-stalemate.html8/10/2019 LNG Risks Harri Kytomaa
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Hull protection
Spill mitigation Personnel protection
Passengers/public?
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Truck Logistics
Distributed small LNG facilities
Valley Metro/City of Tempe/City of Scottsdale LNG Fueling Station, installed in August 2007
Northstar, Inc. Project History, May 19, 2011
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LNG Bunkering Transport Incident
LNG Road Tanker incident, 2012, USA
No injuries, 7 miles of major interstate shutdownfor several hours
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Chinese Road Tanker Incident
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Case Study: FLNG
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Shell Prelude
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How do the Risks Compare?
Risk analysis process is typical
No adjacent public populations
Allisions & collisions with LNG carrier and othervessels
Onboard congestion and confinement
Weather vaning: difficulty in protecting personnel
Effects and needs for passive mitigation
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HAZID - Personnel Operations
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Questions?
Harri Kytmaa, Ph.D., P.E. |+1 508-652-8519 |[email protected]
Trey Morrison, Ph.D., P.E. |+1 630-658-7508 |[email protected]
Thank You