Lopit Consonant & Vowel Book

Authors:

Valente Otwari Ladu (Dorik) Achaha Samuel Nartisio (Ŋotira) Caesar Ongorwo Bong (Lomiaha) Philip Oriho Odingo (Lohutok) John Kerim Fabiano (Lohutok) Paul Ahatar Gilbert (Loloŋo)

Trial Edition

SIL-South Sudan

This book is used to teach how to better read and write Lopit. Contact Address: c/o SIL-South Sudan P.O. Box 64 Juba South Sudan © 2015, Lopit Language Committee and SIL South Sudan Trial Edition February 2014 Trial Edition July 2015 Publisher: SIL-South Sudan Place of Publication: Juba

Introduction This book shows how to write words so that readers can more easily know the correct meaning. We will learn four rules that help reading and writing, as well as all the sounds that join together to make words. This book is for all Lopit readers. It is especially important for those writing books and translating Scripture to understand the lessons of this book. In the past, Lopit speakers of certain dialects made books that helped teach reading and writing. These books are helpful to those speaking the dialect of those books. However, the time has come for books that combine all the dilaects. This book does not teach one dialect of Lopit. Instead, it teaches all Lopit speakers how to read and write a combined Lopit language for all the dialects. The authors on the cover page of this book are listed along with the dialect they speak. There is an author for each of the five dialects represented in this book. In the Lopit Grammar Workshops of 2013 and 2015 in Torit, these authors agreed on how to write many words in a combined Lopit language. This book uses the spelling of these words. Each of the Lopit words in this book are listed in the Alphabet Word List at the end of this book, in five different Lopit dialects. If you need to check how a word is said in one of the dialects, you can look for the word at the end of this book. Many of the words are taken from Lopit stories. These stories are at the end of the Lopit Grammar Book. There are English words in this book that may be new to you. Each new word is underlined and explained when it is first used. If you later see the word and forget what it means, you can also find it explained in the Glossary at the back of this book. This book can be taught to participants in a workshop. A person can also use this book to teach himself/herself without a workshop or instructor. You should read each lesson and then immediately do the exercise following the lesson. The exercise will help you test your understanding of the lesson. The Answers to Exercises are in the back of the book. After completing an exercise, immediately check your answers to see how well you have understood. For each of your incorrect answers, try to understand the correct answer. Ask other Lopit if you need help.

Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Contents .................................................................................................................................................... 4 Lopit Alphabet .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Syllables .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Consonants and Vowels ........................................................................................................................... 7 Light (Single) and Heavy (Doubled) Consonants .................................................................................. 10 Vowels .................................................................................................................................................... 11 Mixed Vowels ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Doubled vowels ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Letters i, w Next to Consonants ............................................................................................................. 15 Which Dialect Word is Lopit? ............................................................................................................... 18 Letters and Rules Reviewed ................................................................................................................... 19 Alphabet Word List ................................................................................................................................ 21 Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas .............................................................................................................. 34 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................. 34 Answers to Exercises ............................................................................................................................. 35

Lopit Alphabet The first step in learning to read and write Lopit is learning the alphabet. The Lopit language has 24 letters, as shown in the following list of words.

Lopit Alphabet A a [a] awoŋ monkey B b [b] batak pig C c [c] cieŋi bird D d [d] demi knife E e [ɛ] efir he is fat, big F f [f] fotir warthog G g [g] goro gourd jug H h [h] hidoŋ drum I i [i] itak ostrich J j [ɟ] jani local broom K k [k] kebu hoe L l [l] leime lion M m [m] moti pot N n [n] noŋorwo wife Ny ny [ɲ] nyaŋi crocodiles Ŋ ŋ [ŋ] ŋidony monkey O o [ɔ] oromo digging P p [p] por mancala game R r [ɾ] rabolo bananas S s [s] sohoti palm tree T t [t] tome elephant U u [u] buhu shield W w [w] wolo dove Y y [j] yani tree

The Lopit word list at the end of this book has the same order as the list above. Exercise 1 Write each of the words in the list above next to the letters below. Say each word as you write them. Listen to the sound each letter makes. a ____________________ i ____________________ o ____________________

b ____________________ j ____________________ p ____________________

c ____________________ k ____________________ r ____________________

d ____________________ l ____________________ s ____________________

e ____________________ m ____________________ t ____________________

f ____________________ n ____________________ u ____________________

g ____________________ ŋ ____________________ w ____________________

h ____________________ ny ____________________ y ____________________

Syllables Now we learn how Lopit letters are joined together in words. Words can be divided into syllables, or beats. Each of the words below have three syllables. They can be divided into three separate beats as shown.

Each of the words below have two syllables. They can be divided into two separate beats as shown.

Two-syllable words kori ko ri giraffe jiore jio re big rocks wotti wo tti cow dung jati ja ti uncooked green vegetables itak i tak ostrich huŋu hu ŋu knee tamot ta mot bull garai ga rai bush, dry grassy area hauwe hau we arrow nyawa nya wa utter

Three-syllable words logule lo gu le elbow tuluhu tu lu hu squirrel ikarrak i ka rrak water turtle nyahuto nya hu to mettal boloroŋ bo lo roŋ hippo

boŋo bo ŋo piece of clothing ŋijim ŋi jim chin moloŋ mo loŋ baboon

Each of the words below have one syllable. They cannot be divided into more than one beat.

One-syllable words gus skin wor river, stream ker sheep raŋ bow pir point of spear or arrow ciaŋ animal

Exercise 2 Say each word below and listen to the number of beats in each word. Write the number of syllables (1, 2, or 3) in the blank ___ to the left of each word. Then divide the word into syllables in the blanks to the right of each word. Write one syllable on each blank. Do not fill more blanks than the number of syllables. The first one has been done as an example.

number of syllables divided into syllables _2_ suhe su he _____ chest _____ doŋe _____ _____ _____ mountain _____ ciwali _____ _____ _____ flute _____ mugu _____ _____ _____ granary _____ noŋorwo _____ _____ _____ wife _____ itak _____ _____ _____ ostrich _____ por _____ _____ _____ game _____ solo _____ _____ _____ spoon _____ fofoŋi _____ _____ _____ cactus tree _____ rofan _____ _____ _____ roof frame _____ igolo _____ _____ _____ bell _____ farai _____ _____ _____ leaf _____ doroŋ _____ _____ _____ barren land _____ hai _____ _____ _____ rain _____ ŋama _____ _____ _____ grains _____ hohoro _____ _____ _____ chicken _____ munu _____ _____ _____ snake

Consonants and Vowels Some letters are consonants and some letters are vowels. In the word rofan ‘roof frame’, the letters r, f and n are consonants and o and a are vowels.

Consonants usually begin syllables and sometimes end syllables. Vowels are in the middle of syllables and often end syllables. In the syllable ro, the consonant r begins the syllable, and the vowel o ends the syllable. In the syllable fan, the consonant f begins the syllable, the consonant n ends the syllable, and the vowel a is in the middle of the syllable. In a few words such as itak ‘ostrich’, the first vowel i is a syllable by itself. A vowel can be a syllable by itself, but a consonant cannot be a syllable by itself. In a few words such as ciaŋ ‘animal’, there are two vowels i, a in the middle of the syllable. Even though the word has 4 letters, the entire word is only one syllable. The following 19 letters are Lopit consonantsː

Lopit consonants B b H h N n S s C c J j Ŋ ŋ T t D d K k Ny ny W w F f L l P p Y y G g M m R r

The following 5 letters are Lopit vowelsː

Lopit vowels a e i o u

In this lesson, we learn about Lopit consonants. In following lessons, we learn about Lopit vowels. The list below has Lopit words with each of the consonants. All consonants can be at the beginning or middle of words. The consonants f, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ny, r, s, t can also be at the end of words. Word beginning Word middle Word end B b boŋo piece of clothing kebu hoe boloroŋ hippo rabolo bananas C c ciwali flute, instrument facan type of marking ciaŋ animal icet dancing ornament D d doŋe mountain hidoŋ drum doroŋ barren raised land ŋidony monkey F f fofoŋi cactus tree efir fat, big akaf hold up, raise farai leaf rofan roof frame ŋadief tongue G g gus skin mugu granary garai bush, dry grassy area logule elbow H h hohoro chicken suhe chest hauwe arrow buhu shield J j jiore big rocks taji heart

jati uncooked vegetables heju leg, foot K k kori giraffe akaf hold up, raise batak pig, hog ker sheep (sg) eikori stripped, spotted itak ostrich L l logule elbow wolo dove bel stripe leewa gazelle solo spoon kal side M m munu snake leime lion ŋijim chin moloŋ baboon demi knife igem work N n nuha burying munu snake facan type of marking naŋa slapping jani local broom itiran fog, mist Ŋ ŋ ŋama grains huŋu knee moloŋ baboon ŋijim chin boŋo piece of clothing boloroŋ hippo Ny ny nyawa utter munya liver ŋidony monkey nyahuto mettal monye father, owner tohony bite, chew P p pir point ipotit brush peri bicycles hipata mistreatment R r raŋ bow goro gourd jug fotir warthog rofan roof frame farai leaf por mancala game S s suhe chest busuk bull gus skin solo spoon isio honey, oil idis shadow of cloud T t tamot bull moti pot tamot bull tuluhu squirrel batak pig, hog murut neck W w wotti cow dung nyawa utter wor river, stream hauwe arrow Y y yaya porcupines loyiri spirit yohe ears iyaŋ (my) mother, mum Exercise 3 In each word below, circle each consonant. The first one has been done as an example.

m o r i ŋ dikdik k u r u f a t whip l o b o ŋ i tree type ny a h u t o iron, mettal y o n i hide, dried skin c i w a l i flute, wind instrument g u s skin h i p a t a mistreatment h e j u leg, foot d o r o ŋ barren high land

Light (Single) and Heavy (Doubled) Consonants The words hito ‘child’ and hitto ‘anus, source’ have two different t sounds. In hitto ‘anus, source’, the word seems to slow down and bounce on the tt like a car bounces when hitting a bump in the road. It is a heavy (doubled) consonant1 and we write tt twice in this word. In hito ‘child’, the word is smooth without a bump. It is a light (single) consonant and we write t only once in this word. As shown below, other consonants can be light or heavy in the middle of the word.2 Light Consonants Heavy Consonants d madohi beeswaxes dd hadde roots l bula cow stable ll illa please r hohoro chicken, hen rr hiyorro roar, loud sound t hito child tt hitto anus, source, root, beginning y loyiri spirit yy hoyyek firewoods Exercise 4 Carefully read and say the test words between the two lines below. The bold consonant in the middle of each test word may or may not be written correctly. Test the sound of the bold letter by comparing the word with those on the left and right. If the sound for the bold consonant is smooth like in the word on the left, circle the light consonant to the left. If the sound for the bold consonant makes a bump like in the word on the right, circle the heavy consonant to the right. Then write the correct word in the blank to the side. The first one has been done as an example. Write Correctly Light Test words Heavy

hattel hito child t hatel eggs hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t motte friend hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t muto necks hitto anus tt

1 There are no unambiguous word-medial consonant sequences. So, the ‘heavy/light (doubled/single)’ consonants may both

be analyzed as single units, and the distinction between the two can be analzyed as a strong/weak or fortis/lenis distinction

rather than as an underlying geminate/non-geminate distinction. However, since the orthography uses two/one symbol(s) to

distinguish these, it is appropriate to use the terms ‘doubled/single’ in teaching these symbols. 2 In Lomiaha, Lohutok, and Lolongo, heavy (doubled) ll occurs at the beginning of the word lleiwa ‘gazelle’ which

contrasts with leifori ‘kitchen’. In Lohutok and Lolongo, heavy tt occurs at the beginning of the word ttim ‘grass, bush,

wilderness’, which contrasts with tele ‘hail’. However, in other dialects and in all other words collected thus far, heavy

consonants do not occur at the beginning of words. So, heavy (doubled) consonants are not written at the beginning of

words in the combined Lopit language for all dialects.

____________ hito child t motti pot hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t wotti cow dung hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t ŋati side hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t huti worm hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t ittak ostrich hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t mata farms hitto anus tt

____________ hohoro chicken r hiro problems, issues hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r korri giraffe hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r dure children hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r ikarak water turtle hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r bore stable hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r leferek hare, rabbit hiyorro roar rr

Vowels There are 5 vowels in Lopit, as shown in the list below.

Vowels A a far midday, daytime E e bel stripe I i pir point O o wor river, stream U u gus skin

The following words are listed according to these vowels. Read each list below and listen carefully to the sound of the vowel. A a E e I i O o U u raŋ bow ker sheep hii breasts hoo head gus skin far midday bel stripe pir point wor river, stream huk charcoals yaya porcupines fere spear liŋ salt por mancala mugu granary nyawa utter tele hail tim bush solo spoon buhu shield hana hand fetek fish spear idis shadow wolo dove munu snake hala teeth hejek feet hiji middle goro gourd jug huŋu knee

batak pig, hog ŋijim chin boŋo cloth murut neck facan type of marking doroŋ barren land busuk bull maŋat camp, platform moloŋ baboon husuŋ cows hajaŋa flies, insects sohot palm trees tuluhu squirrel lohoho male thief boloroŋ hippo Some words have these vowels with the vowel i before or after the vowel. Read each list below and listen carefully to the sound of the vowel with i before or after. ai ei oi ui mai place seit vomit koi roads fui muscles hai rain yei death hoi your (sg) ŋwai disease eicak because hooi our jai how leime lion moite morning ŋai who ia ie io iu ciaŋ animal miet five yio cry teliu jump down fiar-fiar flaming riet red isio honey, oil jia nothing cieŋ birds rioho darkness nia that (far) hosie their jiore big rocks lia that (far) Some words have these vowels with the vowel u before or after the vowel, or with w before the vowel, which also sounds like [u]. Read each list below and listen carefully to the sound of the vowel with u or w before or after.

au eu fau earth, ground leŋeu ? first born mau maybe hauwe arrow

wa uo, wo fwara dancing place wuor trapping hole lwaha help morwo stone dwani weed hofwo flour loddwa bile, gall horwoŋ back mwarahati horn itahwo honour, praise aŋwan four The word holoŋ ‘day’ has the vowel o. The word husuŋ ‘cows’ has the vowel u. The word hutuk ‘mouth’ may have a vowel that is different than both o and u. If there are several other words found with the same vowel as in hutuk ‘mouth’, another letter such as ü could be used to show the difference between the vowel in hutuk ‘mouth’ and husuŋ ‘cows’.

o holoŋ day hutuk mouth u husuŋ cows Exercise 5 In each word below, circle each vowel. The first one has been done as an example.

h o s o k giant, large person b a l a ŋ salt h i j i middle h u r u worms l o h o h o male thief h u s u ŋ cows f e r e spear h o t o blood h a r a stool, chair

Mixed Vowels Vowels are often mixed together in the same word. In the following chart, all vowel combinations in the same word are shown. Read each word carefully and listen to the sound of the two vowels together.

Exercise 6 Carefully read and say each test word below. The vowels may or may not be written correctly. To know the correct vowels, compare the vowel sounds of the words below with those in the chart above. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.

Second Vowel in the Word

First

Vow

el

in t

he W

ord

a e i o u a mana farm hadde roots haji house tamot bull tamu helmet e leewa gazelle fere spear demi knife teterok prepare kebu hoe i hiŋa year hine goat hiji middle hito child itulu brain o rofan roof frame tome elephant moti pot wolo dove lohuruk crow u bula stable suhe chest buni pool hulo kid munu snake

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly busok bull busuk facan marking ____________ foter warthog ____________ foher farm ____________ habu chief ____________ hiju leg, foot ____________ hidi rat ____________ hinu excrement ____________ heram issue, problem ____________ tosi scorpions ____________ hoto blood ____________ hoji grasses ____________ edis shadow of cloud ____________ jore big rocks ____________ moro stones ____________ muru thigh ____________ sehi thing, property ____________ tafaŋ guinea pig ____________

Doubled vowels The word hinee ‘goats’ has a doubled vowel ee. We write it with a doubled vowel ee so that it looks different than the word hine ‘goat’. There are other words below that have doubled vowels. Doubled vowels always show a difference in meaning between words that have the same consonants and vowels. Many of these words sound the same except for tone (the high or low sound of each syllable).

[ \ ] hine goat de there [ ˍ ˍ ] [ ] hinee goats dee silently, slowly [ ˍ ˍ ] yani tree ikafuti bat

yanii trees ikafuuti bats [ ˍ ] [ ˍ ˍ ] hiŋohu nohoi your (sg) female dog ŋohe illohoi your (sg) male dogs [ hiŋohu nohooi our female dog ŋohe illohooi our male dogs [ ˍ ˍ ] ojo and he ikafuti bat

ojoo he says ikafuuti bats hodotiti le leyef person that chops lewa husband (Loloŋo)

lee (?) milk leewa gazelle type [ ˍ ] hine na laihony naŋ female goat that I ate ho hodotiti with man [ \ ] [ ˍ ] Ottu hiŋohu naa. (?) that female dog (near hearer) came. hoo head [ ˍ ] hine la laihony naŋ male goat that I ate do hoi to you (sg) [ \ ] Ottu hiŋohu laa. (?) that male dog (near hearer) came. do hooi to us We have the following spelling rule for doubled vowels.

[ \ ] [ ˍ ] [ ˍ ˍ ] hine goat de there nohoi your (sg) ojo and he ikafuti bat [ ˍ ˍ ] [ ] [ hinee goats dee silently nohooi our ojoo he says ikafuuti bats Exercise 7 Carefully read each test word and its meaning below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

dee there de hiŋohu laa that dog ________________________

hinee goat ________________________ la laihony naŋ that I ate ________________________

ajo and I ________________________ ajoo I say ________________________

do hooi to us ________________________ do hoi to you ________________________

ijoo you say ________________________ ijo and you ________________________

Letters i, w Next to Consonants The consonant y can be at the beginning of words as in yaya ‘porcupines’, or in the middle of words as in miyaŋ ‘grass’.

Spelling rule 1 (): Use doubled (long) vowels to show the difference in meaning of words1. Do not write long vowels on other words.

Beginning Middle Y y yaya porcupines miyaŋ grass yohe ears iyaŋ (my) mother, mum However, we never write y at the end of a word as in hay (wrong) ‘rain’. Instead, we write hai ‘rain’ with the vowel i. At the end of words, we spell the sound [y] with the vowel i. Correct Wrong hai rain hay rain farai leaf faray leaf ikoi road, path ikoy road, path Similarly, we never write y next to a consonant. We don’t write y next to the consonant t as in hoyto (wrong) ‘bone’. We don’t write y next to the consonant c in cyaŋ (wrong) ‘animal’. Instead, we write hoitoi ‘bone’ and ciaŋ ‘animal’ with the vowel i. When next to a consonant, we spell the sound [y] with the vowel i. Correct Wrong hoitoi bone hoytoi bone leime lion leyme lion ciaŋ animal cyaŋ animal hifioŋ water hifyoŋ water harie night harye night ŋadief tongue ŋadyef tongue belie skin belye skin In summary, we have the following rule: The consonant w can be at the beginning of words as in wotti ‘cow dung’, or in the middle of words as in nyawa ‘utter’. Beginning Middle W w wotti cow dung nyawa utter wor river, stream awoŋ monkey type We also write w after a consonant and before a vowel. In hotwai ‘inside’, we write w after the consonant t and before the vowel a. In hofwo ‘flour’, we write w after the consonant f and before the vowel o. Correct Wrong hotwai inside hotuai inside

Spelling Rule 2: At the end of words or next to a consonant, write the sound [y] as i. Do not write y at

the end of words or next to a consonant.

Spelling Rule 3: We write w after a consonant and before a vowel. However, we write u next to w

and at the end of words.

hikwai thorn hikuai thorn lolwari dry ground loluari dry ground fwara dancing place fuara dancing place hunwara ash hunuara ash hofwo flour hofuo flour However, we write u next to w. In wuor ‘hole for trapping’, we write u after w. In hauwe ‘arrow’, we write u before w. Correct Wrong wuor hole for trapping wwor hole for trapping hauwe arrow hawwe arrow We also write u at the end of words and not w. Correct Wrong mau maybe maw maybe fau earth, ground faw earth, ground teliu climb down, jump teliw climb down, jump In summary, we have the following rule:

Exercise 8 Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

hotuay inside hotwai wuor hole for trapping __________________

lotwala ash __________________ mai place __________________

belye skin __________________ haswani buffalo __________________

garay dry grassland __________________ hawwe arrow __________________

horuoŋ back __________________ hosyere front __________________

marwani old one __________________ leyfori kitchen __________________

hayyohoni shepherd __________________ hafyalay claw __________________

maw maybe __________________ teliu climb down __________________

Which Dialect Word is Lopit? This lesson helps speakers choose which of the Lopit dialects to use for writing each word. There are at least five dialects of Lopit that sometimes sound different from each other. For example, the word for ‘louse, lice’ is different in each of the following five Lopit dialects. Dorik Ŋotira Lomiaha Lohutok Loloŋo lakieti leferiti ofieri oferi haferio louse lakie lefero ofier ofer hafer lice The dialect differences are not always the same from word to word. The differences between the dialect words for ‘sister’ are not the same as the differences between the dialect words for ‘louse, lice’. Dorik Ŋotira Lomiaha Lohutok Loloŋo hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister hanacara hanasira hanasira inasira hinasira sisters However, all the dialect words are usually close enough for each dialect speaker to understand the words of the other dilaects. Understanding speakers of other Lopit dialects is not a problem. That is, everyone understands each other, regardless of the dialect (s)he speaks. So, it would be foolish to write the Scriptures and all literacy books in each of the five dialects. Instead, books only need to be written once, using one of the dialects. But, it is difficult to decide which dialect to choose for writing Scripture and literacy books. In the 2013 and 2015 workshops in Torit, speakers of five different dialects agreed on how to write many words in a combined Lopit language. They used the following rule:3 Many words are said the same in all the dialects. For example, all the dialects say the word ‘pig, hog’ in (1) as batak. So of course, the participants of the workshop decided to write it as batak. In 3 In the back of this book, the section Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas lists the number of villages for each area. It is said that

the Ngabori dialect (not represented in this book) is closest to the Dorik dialect. Based on the number of villages for each

dialect area and including the 9 Ngabori villages along with the 4 Dorik villages, the ratio of the dialect area populations

can be initially estimated as 13:16:7:7:7, or 26% Dorik, 32% Ngotira, 14% Lomiaha, 14% Lohutok, 14% Lolongo. A more

accurate estimate could be obtained by approximating the number of compounds ‘tukuls’ in each village.

Spelling rule 4: Write each word the way that the most speakers say it unless it is a borrowed

word.

the following chart, a word is underlined if it has the agreed upon spelling of the 2015 workshop in Torit. All the words of the second dialect collumn are in bold. If a word is said differently than the dialect next to it, it is also in bold. Dorik Ŋotira Lomiaha Lohutok Loloŋo D Ŋ M H L (1) batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog (2) domi demi demi demi demi knife (3) awoŋ awoŋ awoŋ awoŋ hawoŋ monkey type (4) ker kier ker ker ker sheep (5) homwoŋ homwoŋ homom homom homom face, forehead (6) naŋorwo noŋorwo oŋorwo oŋorwo aŋorwo wife (7) ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute (8) leime leime lemie lemie leme lion (9) hidoŋai risa lisa lisa lisa tail Sometimes a word is said the same by all dialects except one. Dorik speakers say the word ‘knife’ in (2) as domi, but all other dialects say demi. So, the participants chose to write it as demi. Similarly, Loloŋo speakers say the word ‘monkey type’ in (3) as hawoŋ, but all other dialects say awoŋ. So, the participants chose to write it as awoŋ. Again, Ŋotira say the word ‘sheep’ in (4) as kier, but all other dialects say ker. So, the participants chose to write it as ker. Other words are said differently by more than one dialect. Dorik and Ŋotira say the word ‘face’ in (5) as homwoŋ, whereas Lomiaha, Lohutok and Loloŋo say homom. The participants chose to write it as homom as with the three dialects instead of the two. The participants made similar choices for the words of (6), (7) and (8). They chose to write each of these words the way that the most speakers say it. However, for the word ‘tail’ in (9), the speakers chose to write hidoŋai as in Dorik, since all the other dialects say risa or lisa, which is similar to ‘tail’ in Lotuka. The Lopit prefer to have an original Lopit word rather than a borrowed word. So, even though only Dorik say hidoŋai, they chose this spelling.

Letters and Rules Reviewed In this book, we have learned the Lopit letters and three rules that help reading and writing. We now review these. There are examples after each. The page numbers show where there is further explanation. Consonants of the combined Lopit language (page 8): B b batak pig K k kebu hoe P p por mancala game C c cieŋi bird L l leime lion R r rabolo bananas D d demi knife M m moti pot S s sohoti palm tree F f fotir warthog N n noŋorwo wife T t tome elephant

G g goro gourd jug Ŋ ŋ ŋidony monkey W w wolo dove H h hidoŋ drum Ny ny nyaŋi crocodiles Y y yani tree J j jani local broom Vowels of the combined Lopit language (page 11): A a awoŋ monkey E e efir fat, big I i itak ostrich O o oromo digging U u buhu shield Spelling rule 1 (page 15): Use doubled (long) vowels to show the difference in meaning of words. Do not write long vowels on other words.

[ \ ] [ ˍ ] [ ˍ ˍ ] hine goat de there nohoi your (sg) ojo and he ikafuti bat [ ˍ ˍ ] [ ] [ hinee goats dee silently nohooi our ojoo he says ikafuuti bats Spelling Rule 2 (page 16): At the end of words or next to a consonant, write the sound [y] as i. Do not write y at the end of words or next to a consonant. Correct Wrong End of word hai rain hay rain ikoi road, path ikoy road, path Before consonant hoitoi bone hoytoi bone leime lion leyme lion After consonant ciaŋ animal cyaŋ animal hifioŋ water hifyoŋ water harie night harye night Spelling Rule 3 (page 17): We write w after a consonant and before a vowel. However, we write u next to w and at the end of words. Correct Wrong After consonant hotwai inside hotuai inside lolwari dry ground loluari dry ground fwara dancing place fuara dancing place hunwara ash hunuara ash Next to w wuor hole for trapping wwor hole for trapping hauwe arrow hawwe arrow End of words mau maybe maw maybe fau earth, ground faw earth, ground

Spelling rule 4 (page 18): Write each word the way that the most speakers say it unless it is a borrowed word. Dorik Ŋotira Lomiaha Lohutok Loloŋo D Ŋ M H L (1) batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog (2) domi demi demi demi demi knife (3) awoŋ awoŋ awoŋ awoŋ hawoŋ monkey type (4) ker kier ker ker ker sheep (5) homwoŋ homwoŋ homom homom homom face, forehead (6) naŋorwo noŋorwo oŋorwo oŋorwo aŋorwo wife (7) ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute (8) leime leime lemie lemie leme lion (9) hidoŋai risa lisa lisa lisa tail Exercise 9 Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

garay dry grassland garai hafyalai claw _________________

maruani old one _________________ wwor hole for trapping _________________

may place _________________ lotwala ash _________________

leyfori kitchen _________________ belie skin _________________

domi knife _________________ hawoŋ monkey type _________________

kier sheep _________________ lisa tail _________________

leime lion _________________ homwoŋ face, forehead _________________

mau maybe __________________ teliw climb down __________________

Alphabet Word List In the second collumn below, singular (one) words are in alphabetical order. Horizontal lines separate each of the words with different meaning. The plural (more than one) of each word is listed directly below the singular. The words are given in five different dialects. Words in the second

collumn are always in bold. If a word is different than the dialect next to it, it is also in bold. The spelling agreed to in the June 2015 workshop in Torit is underlined. The part of speech (PoS) can be a noun (n), singular noun (n.sg), plural noun (n.pl) or verbal noun (v.n). The gender of each word is given with the words inna ‘that’ (feminine singular), ille ‘that’ (masculine signular), hunna ‘those’ (femine plural), and hullo ‘those’ (masculine plural). n = noun n.sg = singular noun that has no plural form n.pl = plural noun that has no singular form v.n = verbal noun (verb used as a noun) Dorik Ŋotira Lomiaha Lohutok Loloŋo PoS Gender A a haheri akieri hahieri haheri haŋerio star n ileŋ haher akier hahier haher haŋer awoŋ awoŋ awoŋ awoŋ hawoŋ monkey type,

oribi n inna,

awaŋa awaŋa awaŋa awaŋa hawaŋa ille B b balaŋ balaŋ balaŋ balaŋ balaŋ salt n inna balaŋ balaŋa balaŋ balaŋ balaŋir balu balu balu balu balu beer n inna balwo balwo balwo balwo balwo batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog n inna, bataha bataha bataha bataha bataha ille bel bel bel bel bel stripe n inna, beli beli beli beli beli ille belelie belie belie belie belie skin n inna, belie beliejin beliesin beliesin belele ille boŋit bok bok bore boŋit goat stable,

animal pen n inna

boŋitto boŋitto boŋitto boŋitto boŋitto boloroŋ boloroŋ boloroŋ boloroŋ boloroŋ hippo n inna, boloroŋi boloroŋi boloroŋi boloroŋi boloroŋi ille boŋit boŋit boŋit boŋit boŋit stable, animal pen n inna boŋitto boŋitto boŋitto boŋitto boŋitto boŋo boŋo boŋo boŋo boŋo item of clothing,

cloth n inna,

boŋojin boŋojin boŋojin boŋojin boŋojin ille bore bore bore bore boŋit stable, animal pen n inna botin botin boŋitto boŋitto boŋitto buhu buhu buhu buhu buhu shield n inna bukwo bukwo bukwo bukwo buhwo bula bula bula bula bur cow stable,

animal pen n inna

bulacin bulasen bulahien bulasin burri buni buni buni buni bunit pool of water n inna bunico bunio bunio bunio bunii

bucuk busuk busuk busuk busuk bull n ille bucuha busuha busuha busuha busuha C c calu calu haturu haturu tur porridge n inna calujin calwo haturuhien haturo turo tiaŋ ciaŋ ciaŋ ciaŋ ciaŋ animal (general) n inna, tiaŋi ciaŋi ciaŋi ciaŋi ciaŋi ille cieŋi cieŋi cieŋi cieŋi cieŋi bird n inna, cieŋ cieŋ cieŋ cieŋ cieŋ ille ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute, wind

instrument n inna,

ciwara ciwalisen ciwalisen ciwali ciwali ille D d demai damai damai tamai damai position n inna, demacohi damaisiok damassik tamassik damassik ille domi demi demi demi demi knife n inna, domio domio demio demio demio ille doŋe doŋe doŋe doŋe doŋe hill, mountain n inna, doŋiok doŋiok doŋiok doŋiok doŋiok ille doroŋ doroŋ doroŋ doroŋ doroŋ barren high land n inna doroŋo doroŋi doroŋi doroŋi doroŋi duŋel duŋes noŋati noŋati noŋati crystallized honey n.sg inna duŋelo noŋa noŋa noŋa dwani dwani dwani dwani dwari weed n.sg inna F f facan facan facan facan facan type of marking n inna facani facani facani facani facani faiti faiti fati fati fati ebony, tree type n inna faito faito fatio fatio facio far far far far far midday, daytime n inna farrijin farrijin farrijin farrijin farrijin farai farai farai farai farai leaf n inna fara fara fara fara fara fere fere fere fere fere spear n inna, feria feria feria feria feria ille fetek fetek fetek fetek fetek fish spear n inna, feteha feteha feteha feteha feteha ille fofoŋi fofoŋi fofoŋi fofoŋi fofoŋi cactus, tree type n inna fofoŋ fofoŋ fofoŋ fofoŋ fofoŋ hob fok fou fau fau ground n.sg inna fotir fotir fotir fotir fotir warthog n inna, fotira fotira fortirak fortirak fortirak ille fuher fuher fuher fuher fuher farm away from

house n inna

fuhero fuhero fuhiara fuhiara fuhiara fur fur fur fur fur dust(Arabic) n.sg inna fure fure fure fure fure name, song n inna

fureta fureita fureta fureta fureta furio furio furo furo furo smoke n.sg inna fwara fwara fwara fwara fwara dancing place n inna fwarajin fwarajin fwarajin fwarajin fwarasin G g garai garai garai garai igara dry grassland n.sg inna giricai girisai musa musa girisa bush, forest, small

trees n inna

girica girisa musari musari girisari goro goro goro goro goro jug made from

gourd n inna

gorona gorona gorojin gorojin gorojin guc gus gus gus gus skin n inna guci gusi gusi gusi gusi H h haboroni nahob

haboloni haboloni haboloni haboloni landlord n ille

haborok hunahob

habolok habolok habolok habolok

habu habu habu habu habu chief, king n inna, habuci habusi habwok habwok habwok ille habu legala

habu lagala

habu lagala

habu lagala

habu agala

government chief n ?

habuci hulegala

habusi ilagala

habwok ilegala

habwok ilegala

habwok agala

haddeti haddeti haddeti haddeti haddeti root n inna hadde hadde hadde hadde hadde hafielai hafialai hafialai hafialai hafialai claw n ille hafiela hafiala hafiala hafiala hafiala hai hai hai hai hai rain n inna haijo haijo hai haijo haijin haidihitani haidihitani haidihitani haidihitani hedihitani leader v.n inna, haidihitak haidihitak haidihitak haidihitak hetadihok ille hajaŋati hajaŋati hajaŋati hajaŋati hajaŋati fly, insect type n inna hajaŋa hajaŋa hajaŋa hajaŋa hajaŋa haji haji haji haji haji house n inna, hajik hajik hajik hajik hasik ille halai halai oger oger oger side, end of

something n inna

halaa halaa ogeri ogeri ogeri halati halati halati halati halati tooth n inna hala hala hala hala hala halohani halohoni halahani halahani halohoni trapper v.n inna, halohak halohok halahak halahak halohak ille hami hame hami hami hami fish n inna, ham ham ham ham ham ille hamilak hamilak hamilak hamilak hamilak saliva n.pl hunna hamuke hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe shoe n inna, hamuha hamuha hamuha hamuha hamuha ille

hana hana hani hani hani hand n inna hac has has has has hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister n inna hanacara hanasira hanasira inasira hinasira hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai domestic animal n inna hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti sesame n inna hanyim hanyim hanyim hanyim hanyim haŋ haŋ haŋ haŋ haŋ home, village n inna haŋitek haŋitek haŋitek haŋitek haŋitek haŋeri haŋeri haŋeri haŋeri haŋeri fruit, seed n inna haŋer haŋer haŋer haŋer haŋerio hara hara hara hara seger stool, chair n inna harana harajin harajin harajin segeri iraci harasi halasi ilasi hilasi brother n ille iracara harasira halasira ilasira hilasira hari hari hali hali hali club, beating stick n inna hario hario halio halio halio harie harie harie harie harie night n inna hariejin hariejin hariejin hariejin hariejin harutani harutani harutani harutani harutani inheritance n inna, harutak harutak harutak harutak harutak ille hacai hasai hasai hasai tahwo calf n inna, hacak hasak hasak hasak tahwa ille hocowan haswani haswani haswani haswani buffalo n inna, hocowani haswaniho haswaani haswaani haswaani ille hatteli hatteli hatteli hatteli hattel egg n ille hattel hattel hattel hattel hattelio hauwe hauwe hauwe hauwe hawo arrow n ille hauwa hauwa hauwa hauwa hawa hayiohoni hayiohoni heyiohoni heyiohoni heyiohoni shepherd v.n inna, hayiohok hayiohok heyiohok heyiohok heyiohok ille heju heju heju heju heju leg, foot n inna, hejek hejek hejek hejek hejek ille deroti hide hide hide hide rat n inna, dero dero dioro dioro dioro ille hidoŋ hidoŋ hidoŋ hidoŋ hidoŋ drum n inna, doŋi doŋi doŋi doŋi doŋi ille hidoŋi hidoŋi hidoŋi hidoŋi hidwoŋi hammer (of

blacksmith) n inna,

hidoŋita hidoŋita hidoŋita hidoŋita hidwoŋita ille hifioŋ hifioŋ hifioŋ hifioŋ hifioŋ water n.pl hunna hiji hiji hiji hiji hiji middle n.sg inna hikwai hikwai ikwai ikwai hiwai thorn n inna, hikwa hikwa ikwa ikwa hikwa ille huhoi hikwoi huhwe huhe huhe charcoal n inna huk huk huk huk huk hulluk hiluk hilluk hulluk ibu hyena n inna, hulluhi hiluhi hilluhi hulluhi ibuho ille

hima hima hima hima hima fire n inna mati mati mati mati mati himo himo himo himo himo nose n inna meci mesi mesi mesi mesi hinei hinai hinai hinai hina breast n inna hii hii hii hii hii hine hine hine hine hine goat n inna, hinee hinee hinee hinee hinee ille hino hino hino hino hino excrement n inna hit hit hit hit hit noŋo hinoŋo noŋo noŋo noŋo deformed head n.sg inna noŋoi hinwara hinwara hunwara hunwara hunwara ash n.sg inna hinyaŋ hinyaŋ hinyaŋ hinyaŋ hinyaŋ crocodile n inna, hinyaŋa nyaŋi nyaŋi nyaŋi nyaŋi ille hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti seed (general) n inna hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hiŋa hiŋa hiŋa hiŋa hiŋa year n ŋaci ŋasi ŋasi ŋasi ŋasi hiŋohu hiŋohu iŋohu iŋohu hiŋohu dog n inna, ŋohe ŋohe ŋohe ŋohe ŋohe ille hipata hipata hipata hipata hipata mistreatment n inna hipatita hipatita hipatita hipatita hipatita hiram hiram hiram hiram hiram issue, problem n.sg inna hiriŋo hiriŋo hiriŋo hiriŋo hiriŋo meat n inna riŋoi riŋoi hiri hiri hiri hiro hiro hirro hirro hirro issue, problem n inna rori rori rori rori rori hirobi hirobi hirobi hirobi lokuho coldness n.sg inna hita hita hita hita hoyehiti fire wood n inna hoyyek hoyyek hoyyek hoyyek hoyyek hiteŋ hiteŋ hiteŋ hiteŋ hiteŋ cow n inna, hicu husuŋ husuŋ husuŋ hisuŋ ille hito hito hito hito hito child n inna, dure dure dure dure dure ille hito hito hito hito hito scorpion n inna, toci tosi tosi tosi tosi ille hitonaŋorwo hitonoŋorwo hitonoŋorwo hitonoŋorwo hitonoŋorwo woman n inna ŋorwo ŋorwo ŋorwo ŋorwo ŋorwo hitto hitto hitto hitto hitto anus,source,

beginning n inna

hittoc hittes hittos hittos hittos hiwaru hiwaru huwaru huwaru hiwaru cat (general) n inna warak warak warak warak warak ilata hiyali hiyali hiyali hiyali oil n inna ilatai yali yali yali yali hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya porcupine n inna, yaya yaya yaya yaya yaya ille hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni rope for tying n inna

yeni yeni yeni yeni yeni animal hiyok hiyok hiyok hiyok hiyok ear n inna yohe yohe yohe yohe yohe hiyorro hiyorro hiwoŋita hiwoŋita hiwoloŋita roar, loud sound n inna hiyorrita hiyorrita hiwoŋita hiwoŋita hiwoloŋita hobohoboi hobohoboi hobehobe hobehobe hobehobe back of something n inna hobohobo hobohobo hobohobo hobohobo hobohobo hodotiti hodotiti hododi hodoti hitolewa man n ille hodoti hodoti liawa liawa lewa hofiti hofiti hofiti hofiti hofiti hair, feather n inna, hofir hofir hofir hofir hofir ille hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi rope n inna hofi hofi hofito hofi hofi hofwo hofwo hofwo hofwo hofwo flour n inna hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hohoro hohoro hohoro hohoro hohoro chicken, hen n inna, hohoron hohoron hohore hohoron hohore ille hoitoi hoitoi hoite heite heto bone n inna hoit hoit hohit hoi het holoŋ holoŋ holoŋ holoŋ holoŋ sun, day n inna holoŋi holoŋi holoŋi holoŋi holoŋi holoroŋ holoroŋ holoroŋ holoroŋ holoroŋ bank, beach n inna holoroŋi holoroŋi holoroŋi holoroŋi holoroŋi homwoŋ homwoŋ homom homom homom face, forehead n inna homwaŋa homwaŋa homomite homomite homomite hotonyi honye honye hotonye hotonye mother n inna hotonye honyie honyie hotonyie hotonyie honyek honyek honyek honyek honyek eye n inna, honyehite honyehite honyehite honyehite honyehite ille hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo head n inna hoci hosi hosi hosi hosi horwoŋ horwoŋ horwoŋ horwoŋ horwoŋ back n inna horwoŋa horwoŋa horwoŋa horwoŋa horwoŋitek hocehe hosehe hosehe hosehe hosehe belly, stomach n inna hocehen hosehen hosehen hosehen hosehen hitemi hosiere hosiere hosiere hosiere front n.sg inna hocok hosok hosok hosok ohosohi giant, large

person n.sg ille

hoto hoto hoto hoto hoto blood n inna hotojin hotojin hotojin hotojin hotojin hotwa hotwai hotwai hotwai hotwai inside of

something n inna

hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwe hujiti hujiti hujiti hujiti hujiti grass for thatch n inna huji huji huji huji huji hunom hunom hinom hinom hinom cave n inna, hunomo hunomo nomi nomi nomi ille huŋu huŋu huŋu huŋu huŋu knee n inna huŋa huŋ huŋuta huŋuta huŋuta

kuri huriŋ huleŋ huleŋ huleŋ goat dung n.pl hunna huro huro hulo hulo hulo kid, young goat n inna, huroho huroho huloho huloho huloho ille huruti hutti hutti hutti hutti worm n inna huru huru huru huru huru hutuk hutuk hutuk hutuk hutuk mouth n inna hutuhen hutuhen hutuhe hutuhe hutuhie I i iboni ibwoni ibwoni iboni iboni fortune teller n inna, ibwana ibwana iboni ibwana ibwana ille icet icet icet icet hiket dancing ornament n inna iceiti iceiti iceti iceti hiketi hidik idis idis idis edis shadow of cloud n inna, hidik idis idis idis edisi hunna ido ido ido ido ido sky, heaven n.sg inna idumele idumele idumele idumele idumele darkness n.sg inna igem igem igem igem igem work n inna igemi igemi igemi igemita igemi igerit igerit igerit igerit igerit paint, decoration n inna igerita igeriti igeriti igeriti igeriti igolo igolo igolo igolog igolo bell n inna, igoloho igoloho igoloho igoloho igoloho ille iho iho iho iho iho dew n.sg inna ihoho ihoho ihoho ihoho ihoho female thief n inna hoholak hoholak hoholak hoholak hoholak ikuma ihuma ihuma ihuma ihuma tortoise, land

turtle n inna,

ikumaha ihumaha ihumaha ihumaha ihumaha ille itahafuti ikafuti ikafuti ikafuti ikafuti bat n inna, itahafujo ikafuuti ikafuuti ikafuuti ikafuuti ille iherek ikarrak ikarrak ikarrak ikarrak water turtle n inna, iherehi ikarrahi ikarrahi ikarrahi ikarrahi ille iha ikat ikat ikat hihat door n ihatin ikatin ikatin ikatin hihatin ihoi ikoi ikoi koi hihe path, road, way n inna, hoi koi ikotia koi koi ille illa illa illa illa illa please, oh friend exp inna, iloma iloma ilama ilama ilama distance n.sg inna iŋotit iŋotit iŋotit iŋotit hiŋotit adze, cutting tool n inna, iŋotiti iŋotiti iŋotiti iŋotiti hiŋotiti ille ipotit ipotit ipotit ipotit ipotit brush n inna ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti irefit irefit iliefit iliefit olefit container (for

milk) n inna,

irefiti irefiti iliefiti iliefiti olefiti ille icio isio hisio hisio isio honey, oil n inna iciojin isiojin hisiojin hisiojin isiojin itawuk itak itak itak itak ostrich n inna, itawuhi itahi itahi itahi itahi ille

itiran itiran itiran itiran itiran fog, mist n.sg inna itule itule itulit itulit itulet small hole n ille ituloho ituloho ituloho ituloho ituloho iwai iwai huwati huwati iwati wing n inna iwaa iwaa huwaa huwaa iwaa iyaŋiti iyaŋ iyaŋ iyaŋ iyaŋ (my) mother n.sg inna J j jani jani jani jani jani broom n inna janico jania jania jania jiani jati jati jati jati jati uncooked

vegetable n inna

jatio jacio jacio jacio jacio jiore jiore jiore jiore jiore big rocks, cliff n.sg ? K k kal kal kal kal kal side n.sg inna kebu kebu kebu kebu kebu hoe n inna, kebwa kebwa kebwa kebwa kebwa ille ker kier ker ker ker sheep n inna, kera kioro kioro kioro kioro ille kori kori kori kori kori giraffe n inna, korio korio korio korio korio ille kurufat kurufat kurufat kurufat kurufat whip n inna kurufati kurufati kurufati kurufati kurufati kwan kwan wan wan hwan body n inna kwanite kwaite watie wate hwatek L l loholai lahalai lahalai ahalai ohole pole (in house) n inna, loholajin lahalajin lahalajin ahalajin oholajin ille lodik ledis ohidis ohidis edis shadow n inna lodihi ledisi ohidisi ohidisi edisi leewa leewa lleiwa lleiwa llewa gazelle type n inna, leewana leewai lleiwai lleiwai llewai ille lakieti leferiti ofieri oferi haferio louse, lice n ille lakie lefero ofier ofer hafer loferre leferrek hitojo hitojo hitojo hare, rabbit n inna, loferrehi leferrehi hitojosin tojo hitojosin ille lofidik lefidik lofidik lofidik lofidik trap n inna lofidihi lefidihi lofidihi lofidihi ofidihi leifori leifori leifori leifori efori kitchen n.sg inna leime leime lemie lemie leme lion n inna leimeho lemioho lemioho lemioho emioho leiramitari leiramitari eramitari eramitari eramitari playground n.sg inna leikere lekiere okele okele okofe pebble, small rock n ille leikeren lekieren okelen okelen okofiaha lomini lemini omini omini hiwaru leopard n inna, lominiha leminiha ominiha oiminiha warak ille

lorewa lerewa loliawa loliawa olewa husband n ille rewa rewa liawa liawa lewa loyami leyame oyami oyami oyame wind n.sg inna loyiri leyiri oyiri oyiri oyiri spirit n inna loyiriha leririha oyirihien oyiriha oyirihien liŋko liŋ liŋ liŋ liŋ salt n.sg inna loboŋi loboŋi loboŋi loboŋi oboŋi tree type n inna loboŋin loboŋin loboŋin loboŋin oboŋin logule logule logule logule ogule elbow n inna loguleco loguliaha loguliaha loguliaha oguliaha lohoho lohoho lohoho lohoho lohoho male thief n ille hoholak hoholak lohuruhi lohuruhi hoholak tuhe lokuduk lohuruk lohuruk ohuruk crow, bird type n inna, tuheco lokuduhi lohuruhi lohuruhi ohuruhi ille lolwari lolwari lolwari lolwari olwar dry ground n.sg inna cola loŋohe cala cala cola compacted cow

dung n.sg inna

colacin loromori loromori loromori loromori oromori place of digging n.sg inna lorwoti lorwoti olwoti olwoti olwoti cannibal n inna, lorwot lorwot olwot halwok halwok ille lotiri lotiri lotiri lotiri lotiri small hoe, digging

tool n ille

lotiricen lotiriha lotiriha lotiriha lotirihien lotwala lotwala lotwala lotwala lotwala ash n.sg inna lowotoi lowote lowote lowote owote diarrhea n.sg inna M m madok madok immadok immadok immadok gum n inna madoho madohi immadohi immadohi immadohi mai mai mai mai mai place n inna, macohi maisihi,

maisiok massik massik massik ille

mana mana mana mana mana farm (away from house)

n inna matta matta matta matta matta maŋat maŋat maŋat maŋat maŋat camp, platform n inna maŋatin maŋatin maŋatin maŋatin maŋatin mariŋ mariŋ mariŋ mariŋ mariŋ fence, pen n inna mariŋo mariŋa mariŋa mariŋa mariŋa marwani marwani marwani marwani marwani old one n inna, marwak marwak marwak marwak marwak ille miyaŋ miyaŋ miyaŋ miyaŋ miaŋ grass(general) n.sg inna moite moite motie motie mote morning n.sg inna moloŋ moloŋ moloŋ moloŋ moloŋ baboon n inna, moloŋo moloŋo moloŋo moloŋo moloŋo ille monye monye monye monye monye father, owner n ille monyie monyie monyie monyie monyie monyiti monyiti monyiti monyiti monyiti intestine n inna monyit monyi monyit monyit monyit

monyomijiti monyomijiti lomonyomiji monyomiji lomonyomiti villager n ille monyomiji monyomiji monyomiji monyomiji monyomi moriŋ moriŋ moriŋ moriŋ moriŋ dikdik, gazelle

type n inna,

moriŋo moriŋo moriŋo moriŋo moriŋo ille morroti morroti morroti morroti morroti bean n inna, morro morro morro morro morro ille morwari morwari morwari morwari morwari rocky place n.sg inna morwo morwo morwo morwo morwo stone n inna moru moru moru moru moru moti moti moti moti moti pot n inna, motio mocio mocio mocio mocio ille motte motte motte motte motte friend n inna motteja motiarak motiarak motiarak motiak logur mugu mugu mugu mugu granary n inna loguri mugwo mugwo mugwo mugwo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo leather, dried skin n inna, muhunyon muhunyon muhuny muhuny muhuny ille munu munu munu munu munu snake n inna, muniok muniok munok munok munok ille munya munya munya munya munya liver n inna munyana munyai munyai munyai munyajin muro muro muro muro ohuya thigh n inna muroci murosi morojin muroi ohuyaha murut murut murut murut murut neck n inna mutto mutto mutto mutto mutto mwarahi mwarak mwarahati mwarahati mwarahati horn of animal n inna mwaraha mwaraha mwarak mwarak mwarak N n nalowori nolowori nolokwat nolokwat nolokwat loud sound n.sg inna naŋorwo noŋorwo oŋorwo oŋorwo aŋorwo wife n inna ŋorwo ŋorwo ŋorwo ŋorwo ŋorwo Ŋ ŋ ŋabura ŋabura ŋabura ŋabura toŋosa wound, infection n inna ŋaburaha ŋaburaha ŋaburaha ŋaburaha toŋos ŋadief ŋadief ŋadief ŋadief ŋadief tongue n inna, ŋadiefa ŋadiefa ŋadiefa ŋadiefa ŋadiafa ille ŋanyini ŋaini ŋeni ŋanai ŋanini girl n inna ŋanyinok ŋainok ŋenok ŋaniok ŋaniok ŋamari ŋamari ŋamari ŋamari ŋamari grain in field n inna ŋama ŋama ŋama ŋama ŋama ŋati ŋati ŋati ŋati ŋati side n inna ŋatijo ŋacio ŋacio ŋacio ŋacio ŋidony ŋidony ŋidony ŋidony ŋidony monkey n inna, ŋidonyo ŋidonyo ŋidonyo ŋidonyo ŋidonyo ille ŋijim ŋijim ŋijim ŋijim ŋijim chin n inna ŋijima ŋijima ŋijima ŋijima ŋijima

ŋiria ŋiria ŋiria ŋiria ŋiria asida, thick porridge

n inna ŋiriyacin ŋiriyai ŋiriasin ŋiriasin ŋiriasin Ny ny nya nya nyawa nyawa nyawa cow utter n inna nyatin nyatin nyawatin nyawatin nyawara nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto iron, mettal n ? nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyoŋati nyoŋoti nyaŋati nyaŋati nyoŋati beeswax n inna nyoŋa nyoŋo nyaŋa nyaŋa nyoŋa P p pir pir per per per bicycle n inna pirra pirra peri peri peri bwac pir pir pir pir point of spear n inna, bwaci pirra pirra pirra pirra hunna por por por por por mancala n.sg inna R r raboloti raboloi raboloti raboloti raboloti banana n inna rabolo rabolo rabolo rabolo rabolo raŋ raŋ raŋ raŋ iraŋ bow n inna raŋa raŋa raŋa raŋa iraŋi ree ree lee lee lee milk n.pl hunna hidoŋai risa lisa lisa lisa tail n inna doŋai risai lisara lisara lisara rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame n inna rufani rofani ofiot ofiot ofiot romoto romoto romote romote romote planted field n.sg inna S s cali sali sali sali sali stove, place of

cooking n inna

calico salia salito salia salito cohine sehi sehine sehine tehine thing, property n inna caŋ saŋ saŋ saŋ saŋ cihet sihet sihet sihet sihet chicken comb n inna ciheco siheti siheti siheti siheti ciŋiati siŋeta siŋatai siŋata siŋate sand n.sg inna cofe sofe sofe sofe hisofe drill, hoe n inna, cofejin sofia sofia sofia sofia ille cohoti sohoti sohoti sohoti sohoti palm tree n inna cohot sohot sohot sohot sohot colo solo solo solo solo spoon n.sg ? cumai somai somai somai somai fat n inna cumu sumu sumu sumu suma cuge suhe suhe suhe suhe chest n inna cugena suhiena suhiena suhiena suhiara

T t tafar tafar tafar tafar tafar lake, pond n inna tafara tafara tafara tafara tafara tafiŋ tafeŋ tafeŋi tafeŋi tafeŋi guinea pig n inna, tafiŋo tafeŋo tafioŋo tafioŋo tafioŋo ille taji taji taji taji taji heart n inna tajia tajia tajia tajia tajia tamot tamot tamot tamot tamot castrated bull n ille tamoti tamoti tamoti tamoti tamoti tamu tamu tamu tamu tamu helmet n inna tamuco tamwo tamwo tamwo tamwo gul na hacak

tel ifagi ifagi boŋit a tawa

calf pen n.sg inna

gula hunna hacak

tela ifagi ifagi boŋitto a tawa

tere tere tele tele tele hail n.pl hunna tim tim tim ttim ttim grass, bush,

wilderness n.sg inna

timo timotin ttimotin ttimotin tobok tobok tobok tobok tobok bowl n inna toboha toboho tobwaha tobwaha toboha togoli togoli togoli togoli togoli canoe n inna togolicen togolisen togolo togolo togolo tohoni tohoni tihoni tuŋani tuŋani person n inna, hiyo huwo huwo hiyo hiyo ille tome tome tome tome tome elephant n inna, tomia tomia tomia tomia tomia ille tuduha tuduha tuduha tuduha tuduha dust(Arabic) n.sg inna tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu squirrel n inna, tuluhucen tuluhusien tuluhusien tuluhusien tuluhusien ille tureni turenya turiana turiana toriana flower n inna, turena turenya turiana turiana hitoreniti hunna turoŋ turoŋ tallus-

tallus tallus- tallus

tallus- tallus

lump, wound n.pl hunna

tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo heel n inna tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutur tutur tutur tutur tutur forest, woods n inna tuturi tuturi tuturi tuturi tuturi W w wok wok wok wok diel valley n inna wohi wohin wohin wohin diala wolo wolo wolo wolo wolo dove n inna, woloc wolojin wolojin wolojin wolojin ille wor wor wor wor wor stream, river n inna woni woni woni woro woro wotti wotti wotti wotti wotti cow dung n.sg inna wuor wuor wuor wuor wuor hole for trapping n inna wuori wuori wuori wuori wuori

Y y afa yafa yafa yafa hafa moon, month n inna afajin yafajin yafajin yafajin hafajin yani yani yani yani yani tree (general) n inna yanii yanii yanii yanii yanii yei yei yee yee yee death n inna yeita iyeiti iyeti iyeti iyeti yoni yoni yoni yoni yoni hide, dried skin n inna yonio yonio yonio yonio yonio

Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas Ŋabori Dorik Ŋotira (West side of mountain) (East side of mountain) (East side of mountain) (West side of mountain) Buwara Logona wati Ihiran Idali Lomerok Lobelo Mehejik Lodonyok Lodo Lacarok Mura Lopit Losow Haba Lodahori Habiroŋi Losinya Lohomiliŋ Lohinyaŋ Hiyahi Lohidomok Lohobohobo Lohiri Loluro Lottodo (Dabwar 1) Ŋabori Ehana (Dabwar 2) Loŋeleyo Irube Loturumo Lomiaha Lohutok Loloŋo Iboni Hidere Mura Ibahore Hosa Mu Lohilaŋ Loŋija Obitigi Imoluha Hwarra Iduwa Ibele Sohot Hatolok Lattaraŋi Ifite Wiliwili Malaŋit Lofuluho Lahado

Glossary Word Example Definition syllable lo gu le in

logule ‘elbow’ The parts of a word that can be divided according to beats.

consonant r f n in rofan ‘roof frame’

Letter sounds that begin or end syllables; a consonant cannot be a syllable by itself.

vowel o a in Letter sounds in the middle and sometimes end

rofan ‘roof frame’ of a syllable; a vowel can be a syllable by itself. heavy (doubled) consonant

tt in hitto ‘anus, source’

Two of the same consonants together; the word seems to slow down and bounce on the tt like a car bounces when hitting a bump in the road

light (single) consonant

t in hito ‘child’

One consonant; the word is smooth without a bump on the t

doubled vowels

ee in hinee ‘goats’ hine ‘goat’

Two vowels in a word that show a difference in meaning between words that have the same consonants and vowels and sometimes differ only by tone.

Answers to Exercises Answers to the exercises of this book are given below. Exercise 1 a awoŋ i itak o oromo b batak j jani p por c cieŋi k kebu r rabolo d demi l leime s sohoti e efir m moti t tome f fotir n noŋorwo u buhu g goro ŋ ŋidony w wolo h hidoŋ ny nyaŋi y yani Exercise 2 number of syllables divided into syllables _2_ suhe su he _____ chest 2 doŋe do ŋe mountain 3 ciwali ci wa li flute 2 mugu mu gu granary 3 noŋorwo no ŋo rwo wife 2 itak i tak ostrich 1 por por game 2 solo so lo spoon 3 fofoŋi fo fo ŋi cactus tree 2 rofan ro fan roof frame 3 igolo i go lo bell 2 farai fa rai leaf 2 doroŋ do roŋ barren land 1 hai hai rain

2 ŋama ŋa ma grains 3 hohoro ho ho ro chicken 2 munu mu nu snake Exercise 3 Consonants have been underlined instead of circled. m o r i ŋ k u r u f a t whip l o b o ŋ i tree type ny a h u t o iron, mettal y o n i hide, dried skin c i w a l i flute, wind instrument g u s skin h i p a t a mistreatment h e j u leg, foot d o r o ŋ barren high land Exercise 4 Consonants have been underlined instead of circled. Write Correctly Single Test words Doubled hattel hito child t hatel eggs hitto anus tt motte hito child t motte friend hitto anus tt mutto hito child t muto necks hitto anus tt moti hito child t motti pot hitto anus tt wotti hito child t wotti cow dung hitto anus tt ŋati hito child t ŋati side hitto anus tt hutti hito child t huti worm hitto anus tt itak hito child t ittak ostrich hitto anus tt matta hito child t mata farms hitto anus tt hirro hohoro chicken r hiro problem, issues hiyorro roar rr kori hohoro chicken r korri giraffe hiyorro roar rr dure hohoro chicken r dure children hiyorro roar rr ikarrak hohoro chicken r ikarak water turtle hiyorro roar rr bore hohoro chicken r bore stable hiyorro roar rr leferrek hohoro chicken r leferek hare, rabbit hiyorro roar rr Exercise 5

Vowels have been underlined instead of circled. h o s o k giant, large person b a l a ŋ salt h i j i middle h u r u worms l o h o h o male thief h u s u ŋ cows f e r e spear h o t o blood h a r a stool, chair Exercise 6 Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly busok bull busuk facan marking facan foter warthog fotir foher farm fuher habu chief habu hiju leg, foot heju hidi rat hide hinu excrement hino heram issue, problem hiram tosi scorpions tosi hoto blood hoto hoji grasses huji edis shadow of cloud idis jore big rocks jore moro stones moru muru thigh muro sehi thing, property sehi tafaŋ guinea pig tafeŋ Exercise 7 Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly de there de hiŋohu laa that dog hiŋohu laa hinee goat hine la laihony naŋ that I ate la laihony naŋ ajo and I ajo ajoo I say ajoo do hooi to us do hooi do hoi to you do hoi ijoo you say ijoo ijo and you ijo Exercise 8 Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly hotuay inside hotwai wuor hole for trapping wuor lotwala ash lotwala mai place mai belye skin belie haswani buffalo haswani garay dry grassland garai hawwe arrow hauwe

horuoŋ back horwoŋ hosyere front hosiere marwani old one marwani leyfori kitchen leifori hayyohoni shepherd hayiohoni hafyalay claw hafialai maw maybe mau teliu climb down teliu Exercise 9 Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly garay dry grassland garai hafyalai claw hafialai maruani old one marwani wwor hole for trapping wuor may place mai lotwala ash lotwala leyfori kitchen leifori belie skin belie domi knife demi hawoŋ monkey type awoŋ kier sheep ker lisa tail hidoŋai leime lion leime homwoŋ face, forehead homom maw maybe mau teliu climb down teliu