Los conectores discursivos en inglésLos conectores discursivos son adverbios y conjunciones que ayudan a relacionar las diferentes ideas que constituyen un texto o una intervención oral. Se trata de relaciones temporales, de causa y efecto, de contraste y de comparación, etc. En la lección de hoy dedicaremos tiempo a estas “pequeñas” palabras que nos permiten articular nuestro discurso y transmitir nuestro mensaje con claridad.Los conectores en inglés se agrupan en diferentes categorías. En cada categoría distinguiremos entre los conectores más habituales y los de registro formal:

1. Conectores que indican la secuenciación de las ideas o de los argumentos:

· Registro neutro: first, then, next, at the same time, finally, in the end

First, watching TV every day is bad for your eyes. Second, watching TV is really a waste of time.

· Registro formal: firstly, secondly, thirdly, simultaneously, subsequently, lastly

Subsequently, the disease spread to the rest of the village.

2. Conectores para añadir información o argumentos a una afirmación anterior:

· Registro neutro: and, also / too, besides, what is more, as well

I don’t have a mobile phone. What is more, I totally dislike modern technology.

· Registro formal: moreover, in addition, furthermore

He has been appointed Prime Minister. Furthermore, this popularity with the voters is at its highest.

3. Conectores para expresar un contraste con una afirmación anterior:

· Registro neutro: although, though, even though, however, despite, inspite of, but

I was tired. However, I went jogging.

· Registro formal: on the one hand / on the other hand, by contrast, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, yet

On the one hand, children eat lots of sweets. On the other hand, they do not do enough exercise to burn those extra calories.

4. Conectores para corregir o dar otro enfoque a una afirmación anterior:

· Registro neutro: actually, in fact

The weather was awful. Actually, it rained every day.

· Registro formal: as a matter of fact, in reality

I didn’t pass the exam. As a matter of fact, I failed with the lowest mark in the class.

5. Conectores para introducir ejemplos o especificaciones:

· Registro neutro: such as, like, this means that, namely

Paintings by Impressionist artist such as Manet and Monet can be seen in the Orsay Museum in Paris.

· Registro formal: for example, for instance, that is to say, in other words

We cannot continue losing money. That is to say, unless we start making profit soon, we will be out of business by the end of the year.

6. Conectores para indicar el resultado o las consecuencias de algo:·

Registro neutro: so, consequently, as a result

They have hired new teachers and consequently they can offer new classes.

· Registro formal: therefore, thus, hence, thereby, accordingly

The evidence has disappeared. Thus, it will be impossible for the police to continue their investigation.

7. Conectores para concluir:·

Registro neutro: to sum up, in short, briefly

To sum up, we need to take urgent measures against corruption in our party.

· Registro formal: in conclusion, in summary

In conclusion, today’s economic crisis is mostly due to financial speculation.

2. CONECTORES LINGÜÍSTICO EN INGLÉS POR CATEGORÍAS

2.1. Hablando sobre el presente, la actualidad

•Hoy en día: Nowadays

•Actualmente: Currently, at present, at the present time, now, these days, in this day and age

2.2. Hablando sobre el pasado

•Hace mucho tiempo: A long time ago

•En la antiguedad: In ancient times

•Hace poco tiempo: Not long ago

•En tiempos pasados: In former times

•Antiguamente: Formerly

•En los viejos tiempos: In the old days

2.3. Dando un ejemplo o una razón adicional

•Además: in addition, what’s more, besides, furthermore, moreover

•Además de esto: Besides this

•También: Also, besides

•Es más: Moreover

•Lo que es más: What’s more

2.4. Diciendo la verdad

•Para decir la verdad, para ser sincero: To tell the truth

•En realidad, a decir verdad: In fact

•Realmente, en realidad: Actually*

*NOTA: Actually no debe confundirse con “actualmente”. Para tal fin es más común utilizar los ejemplos del apartado 2.1.

2.5. Dando información en contra de las expectativas

•Sin embargo, no obstante: However, nevertheless, all the same, still

•Aún así: Even so

•A pesar de que, a pesar de todo: notwithstanding, all the same, still, regardless

2.6. Mostrando el lado positivo y negativo de un asunto

•Afortunadamente, por fortuna: Fortunately, happily

•Felizmente, alegremente: Happily

•Desafortunadamente, desgraciadamente: Unfortunately, sadly

•Tristemente: Sadly

2.7. Aportando similitudes y diferencias

•Igualmente: Likewise --- I’ll do likewise ( Yo hare lo mismo)

•Del mismo modo: In the same way, similarly

•Por otra parte, por otro lado: On the other hand, in contrast

•De todos modos: Anyway

2.8. Declarando que algo es cierto o probablemente cierto

•Obviamente, evidentemente: Obviously

•Indudablemente: Undoubtedly

•Seguramente: Surely

•Verdaderamente, en realidad, en efecto: Indeed

•Claramente, aparentemente, al parecer: Apparently

•Posiblemente: Possibly

2.9. Mostrando una conclusión, consecuencia o un resultado directo

•Por lo tanto, por consiguiente: Therefore

•Consecuentemente, por consiguiente: Consequently

•En consecuencia, así: Thus, as a result

Los conectores o conjunciones son palabras que usamos para unir dos o más frases o dos palabras dentro de la misma oración.

Aquí tienes los conectores más comunes agrupados en categorías.

Copulativos: and, not only … but also …, not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than

Disyuntivos: or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise

Condicionales: if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of Concesivos: although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of

Conclusivos: therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently

Continuativos: then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to

Adversativos: but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary

Causales: because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as Comparativos: as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though

Funcionales: so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to

actually: en realidad, exactamente

although: aunque, a pesar de

and: y

as: como, tal como

as... as...: tan … como

because: porque, a causa de

because of: debido a

both … and …: tanto … como …

but: pero

consequently: por consiguiente

finally: al fin, finalmente

for: ya que, pues

however: no obstante, ahora bien

if: si

in adittion to: además

in case of: en caso de

in order to: con el fin de

just as … so …: así como...

like: como

maybe: quizás, a lo mejor

moreover: además

not only … but also …: no sólo … sino que también …

now: ahora bien

on the other hand: por otro lado

on time: a tiempo

only: sólo que

or: o, ni

otherwise: de otro modo

perhaps: quizás

really: realmente

since: ya que, puesto que

so that: a fin de que

so then: por tanto

so: tan, así que

still: no obstante, todavía

then: entonces, luego

therefore: por lo tanto

unless: a menos que

until: hasta que

while: mientras que, en tanto que

yet: sin embargo

Copulativos

and, not only … but also …, not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than

Disyuntivos

or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise

Condicionales

if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of

Concesivos

although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of

Conclusivos

therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently

Continuativos

then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to

Adversativos

but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary

Causales

because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as

Comparativos

as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though

Funcionales

so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to

a corto plazo: as soon as possible

a decir verdad: actually; in fact; to tell the truth

a deshora: at an unusual time; very late

a diario: day in day out; everyday

a fin de cuentas: finally

a intervalos: on and off

a la intemperie: in the open air; out of doors

al fin: at last

a la vez: at the same time

a lo mejor: maybe; perhaps

a mi parecer: in my opinion

a pesar de: despite; in spite of

a pesar de todo: all the same; despite everything

a tiempo: just in time; on time

a título de ejemplo: as an example; by way of example

a título de información: by way of information

a toda costa: at all costs

a todas luces: anyway you look at it; clearly; evidently; obviously

a través: trough

a través de los tiempos: through the ages

a última hora: at the eleventh hour; at the last minute; at the last moment

a veces: at times; sometimes

a última hora: at the last moment

actualmente: currently

además: in addition; moreover

al azar: at random

al fin: finally; in the end; in conclussion

al parecer: apparently

al principio: at the begginning; ath the start

al revés: backwards

ambos (ninguno): both (neither)

ante mí: in my presence

ante todo: above all; before all else

antes: before; earlier; previously

aparentemente: apparently

a parte de esto: apart from this

así: as; thus

así y todo: and yet; just the same

aún: still

aún así: even so

aunque: although; even though

aunque no lo parezca: incredible as it may seem

aunque parece extraño: curiosly enough

aunque sea cierto / verdad: although this may be true

bajo ningún concepto: not at all; on no account

bajo ningún motivo: on no account; under no circumstances

bajo todos los conceptos: from every point of view; in every respect

bueno: well

casi: almost

cerca: near; nearly

ciertamente: certainly

claramente: clearly

como: like

como consecuencia: as a result

como corresponde: as is only fair

como ejemplo: as an example

como quiera que sea: however it be; in any case

como remate: to top it all

como resultado: as a result

como se dice: as the saying goes

como si dijéramos: as it were; so to speak

como último recurso: as a last resort

como sea: at all costs

completamente: absolutely

completamente de acuerdo: absolutely

con buen fin: with good intentions

con detenimiento: at length

con efecto: actually; in effect; really

con el tiempo: in the course of time; in time; with time

con esa finalidad: to that end

con ese fin: to that end; with that end in view

con ese motivo: as a result

con este fin: for this purpose; to this end; with this aim

con este motivo: for this reason

con este propósito: for this purpose

con más motivo: even more so

con mayor razón: with all the more reason

con todo: after all; all in all; on the whole; still

consecuentemente: accordingly; consequently

contrario a: opposite

cuanto antes: as soon as possible

cueste lo que cueste: at all costs

LA REDACCION DE INGLES ESPECIFICO

Hay que tener en cuenta que en la tercera parte del examen de ingles especifico (production) lo unico que te piden es una redaccion de aproximadamente 100 palabras.

Asi que nos hace falta un buen “mapa” para tener claro las frases principales que no debemos olvidar y que nos van a ayudar a comenzar las frases de la redaccion y llegar rapidamente a las 100 palabras que nos piden.

Un ejemplo sencillo de “mapa” seria algo asi como:

•PRESENTACION

•ARGUMENTACION

•CONCLUSION

Veamos algunos ejemplos. Las frases subrayadas son las frases que os decia antes y el resto son sòlo un ejemplo para que le veais la forma de como quedarìa.

“La importancia de leer”/ ” The importance of reading”

•PRESENTACION

In this written exercise I am going to talk about …the importance of reading.

Otra forma seria: I would like to take advantage of the opportunity that I have today with this written exercise to talk about…

•ARGUMENTACION

What can we do to find a solution for this problem? What can we do about it? (Son preguntas retòricas q podemos “colar” en casi cualquier redacciòn)

From my personal point of view…there are a lot of reasons to say that reading is really important in these days, and I also think that …

The first one is…. blah blah blah.

The second one is…. blah blah blah.

At last… it develops our imagination, we adquire culture, to gain knowledge for example.

On the other hand, and to be honest about it, I would like to say that… blah blah blah.

•CONCLUSION

In conclusion and as a final summary i would like to… encourage everybody to read as much as possible.

Otra serìa: Finally, and as a personal conclusion, I would not like to forget…